title: Systematic review of early recurrent stenosis after carotid angioplasty and stenting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) has emerged as a potential alternative to endarterectomy (CEA) for the treatment of carotid artery disease. Aside from the periprocedural complication rates, the benefits of CAS will be affected by the incidence of recurrent carotid stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic analysis of all peer-reviewed studies reporting on the rate of restenosis (> or =50%) after CAS based on duplex ultrasound or angiography that were published between January 1990 and July 2004. We identified 34 studies that reported on a total of 4185 patients with a follow-up of 3814 arteries over a median of 13 months (range, 6 to 31 months). The ultrasound criteria and the lower thresholds for defining a recurrent stenosis were very heterogeneous.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulative restenosis rates after 1 and 2 years were approximately 6% and 7.5% in those studies, which used a lower restenosis threshold > or =50% to 70% and approximately 4% in the first 2 years after CAS in those studies, which used a lower restenosis threshold >70% to 80%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In reviewing the current literature, the early restenosis rates after CAS compare well with those reported for CEA. However, this analysis of the peer-reviewed literature also indicates that the early restenosis rates after CAS might be higher than previously suggested in observational surveys. Therefore, an active follow-up of all stented arteries seems to be warranted. Moreover, the bulk of endovascular data are derived from small studies with short follow-up periods so that the long-term durability of CAS still needs to be established in large trials. Ideally, these studies should use a clear and uniform definition of restenosis and identical follow-up schedules.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Neurology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gröschel
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riecker
authors.forename: Jörg B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ernemann
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kastrup
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000379:methods*; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000379:methods; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D039781:PubMed; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex