title: Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and nitric oxide donors modulate the biosynthesis of thaxtomin A, a nitrated phytotoxin produced by Streptomyces spp.
abstract: Evidence for the involvement of a bacterial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the biosynthesis of a phytotoxin is presented. Several species of Streptomyces bacteria produce secondary metabolites with unusual nitrogen groups, such as thaxtomin A (ThxA), which contains a nitroindole moiety. ThxA is a phytotoxin made by three pathogenic Streptomyces species that cause common scab of potato. All three species possess a gene homologous to the oxygenase domain of murine inducible NOS, and this gene, nos, is essential for normal levels of ThxA production. We grew Streptomyces turgidiscabies in the presence of several known NOS inhibitors and a nitric oxide (NO) scavenger to determine their effect on ThxA production. The NO scavenger (CPTIO) and four NOS inhibitors (NAME, NMMA, AG, and 7-NI) reduced ThxA production without affecting bacterial growth. A strain of S. turgidiscabies from which the nos gene had been deleted was grown in the presence of three NO donors (DEANO, SIN, and SNAP), and all three partially restored ThxA production. Our data suggest that bacterial nitric oxide synthases may, at least in part, produce NO for biosynthetic purposes, rather than for cellular signaling, as they do in mammals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wach
authors.forename: Johan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kers
authors.forename: Stuart B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Krasnoff
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Loria
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gibson
mesh_terms: D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010879:Piperazines / Q000378:metabolism*; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D006146:Guanidines; D007191:Indazoles; D007211:Indoles; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D010879:Piperazines; C406691:thaxtomine A; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C004479:pimagedine; C080122:7-nitroindazole; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester