title: Deep pain thresholds in the distal limbs of healthy human subjects.
abstract: Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) in distal limbs have been under-investigated despite their potential clinical importance. Therefore, we compared PPTs over nail bed, bony prominences, and muscle in distal parts of upper and lower limbs. We investigated 12 healthy subjects using three handheld devices: a spring-loaded, analogue pressure threshold meter (PTM) with two operating ranges, and an electronic Algometer. PPTs were determined with three series of ascending stimulus intensities with a ramp of about 50 kPa/s. PPTs were normally distributed in logarithmic space. PPTs over different tissues varied significantly (ANOVA, p<0.001): mean thresholds and 95% confidence intervals were 615 kPa (266-1424 kPa) over the nail bed, 581 kPa (271-1245 kPa) over bony prominences, and 520 kPa (246-1100 kPa) over muscles. PPTs on the foot were higher than on the hand (ANOVA, p<0.01), except over muscles. PPTs were significantly lower with the Algometer than with PTMs (ANOVA, p<0.01); again these differences were least when testing over muscle. There was no significant right-left difference (ANOVA, p=0.33). In spite of considerable variability across subjects, reproducibility within subjects was high (correlation coefficients>0.90). For within-subject comparisons, threshold elevations beyond 33-43% would be abnormal (95% confidence intervals), whereas only deviations from the group mean by at least a factor of two would be abnormal with respect to absolute normative values. PPTs over distal muscles were comparable to published values on proximal limb and trunk muscles. These findings suggest that pressure pain testing over distal muscles may be a sensitive test for deep pain sensitivity and that the simple and less expensive devices are sufficient for testing this tissue type. Intra-individual site-to-site comparisons will be more sensitive than absolute normative values.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Saarstr. 21, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rolke
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andrews Campbell
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Magerl
authors.forename: R-D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Treede
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005121:Extremities / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000502:physiology*; D015588:Observer Variation; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects; D012016:Reference Values