title: Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of candidate genes for reliable identification of alleles by capillary array electrophoresis.
abstract: We investigated the reliability of capillary array electrophoresis-single strand conformation polymorphism (CAE-SSCP) to determine if it can be used to identify novel alleles of candidate genes in a germplasm collection. Both strands of three different size fragments (160, 245 and 437 bp) that differed by one or more nucleotides in sequence were analyzed at four different temperatures (18 degrees C, 25 degrees C, 30 degrees C, and 35 degrees C). Mixtures of amplified fragments of either the intron interrupting the C-terminal WRKY domain of the Tc10 locus or the NBS domain of the TcRGH1 locus of Theobroma cacao were electroinjected into all 16 capillaries of an ABI 3100 Genetic Analyzer and analyzed three times at each temperature. Multiplexing of samples of different size range is possible, as intermediate and large fragments were analyzed simultaneously in these experiments. A statistical analysis of the means of the fragment mobilities demonstrated that single-stranded conformers of the fragments could be reliably identified by their mobility at all temperatures and size classes. The order of elution of fragments was not consistent over strands or temperatures for the intermediate and large fragments. If samples are only run once at a single temperature, small fragments could be identified from a single strand at a single temperature. A combination of data from both strands of a single run was needed to identify correctly all four of the intermediate fragments and no combination of data from strands or temperatures would allow the correct identification of two large fragments that differed by only a single single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) from a single run. Thus, to adequately assess alleles at a candidate gene locus using SSCP on a capillary array, fragments should be < or =250 bp, samples should be analyzed at two different temperatures between 18 degrees C and 30 degrees C to reduce the variability introduced by the capillaries, data should be combined from both strands and both temperatures, and undenatured double-stranded (ds)DNA molecular weight standards, such as ROX 2500, should be included as internal standards.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA. kuhnd@fiu.edu
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borrone
authors.forename: Alan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Meerow
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Motamayor
authors.forename: J Steven
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Raymond J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schnell
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D002099:Cacao / Q000235:genetics; D018744:DNA, Plant; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant