title: Coping with infertility among Kuwaiti women: cultural perspectives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although previous studies conducted in western countries have reported that psychological factors are part of the experience of infertility, no study has assessed this relationship in Arab women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine psychological distress among Kuwaiti women with infertility problems and explore the perceived causes of infertility.
  
  
  METHODS
  An Arabic version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to examine the psychological status of 120 Kuwaiti infertile women and an age-matched sample of 125 healthy pregnant women as a control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with age-matched pregnant control sample. The infertile women exhibited a significant higher psychopathology in all HADS parameters in the form of tension, hostility, anxiety, depression, self-blame and suicidal ideation. The illiterate group attributed the causes of their infertility to supernatural causes such as evil spirits, witchcraft and God's retribution, while the educated group blamed nutritional, marital and psychosexual factors for their infertility. Faith and traditional healers were considered as the first treatment choice among illiterate women, while the educated women opted for an infertility clinic for treatment. Childlessness results in social stigmatization for infertile women and places them at risk of serious social and emotional consequences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence and severity of psychological distress in this sample of infertile Kuwaiti women indicates the appropriateness of referring these patients for psychological evaluation. Successful programmes in dealing with infertility in Kuwait need to include the establishment of a community based intervention strategy to educate people about infertility and to give guidelines for treatment options.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat.
authors.forename: Abdullahi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fido
authors.forename: Muhammad Ajmal
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zahid
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology*; D003469:Culture; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D007730:Kuwait; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires