title: Advantages in the use of carvedilol versus propranolol for the protection of cardiac mitochondrial function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carvedilol is a neurohormonal antagonist of multiple action which is used in clinical practice for the treatment of congestive heart failure, mild to moderate hypertension and myocardial infarction. Previous results from our group have demonstrated that one of the main targets for the protective effect of carvedilol is the cardiac mitochondrial network. In-this work, we compare the effect of carvedilol with propranolol in different models of mitochondrial dysfunction and in the generation of transmembrane electric potential (EP). We further tested if carvedilol was able to inhibit the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) induced by doxorubicin and calcium-dependent cytochrome c release, a phenomenon frequently associated with apoptotic cell death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiac mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugation. Oxygen consumption and mitochondrial EP were determined using an oxygen electrode and a tetraphenylphosphonium-sensitive electrode, respectively. Changes in mitochondrial volume and the release of cytochrome c were measured with spectrophotometric techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Propranolol, compared with carvedilol, had only a marginal effect, not only in protection against MPT induction, but also against oxygen consumption linked to the oxidation of external NADH, a process that is considered by several authors as key in the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin. Regarding EP generation, propranolol had no effect, in contrast to carvedilol, which was confirmed to act as a protonophore. For the first time we also show that carvedilol inhibits the MPT induced by doxorubicin and calcium-dependent cytochrome c release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With this work, we further support the notion that carvedilol is effective in several models of mitochondrial dysfunction, particularly those involving oxidative stress. The results demonstrate that for some pathological conditions, carvedilol and propranolol have different mechanisms of action at the sub-cellular level, as propranolol seems to lack effectiveness in the protection of cardiac mitochondria.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular de Coimbra, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. pauloliv@ci.uc.pt
authors.forename: Paulo J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Anabela P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Rolo
authors.forename: Vilma A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Sardão
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.forename: Lino
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Luís A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Providência
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Palmeira
authors.forename: António J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Moreno
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011433:Propranolol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: C103832:BM 910228; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol; D011433:Propranolol