title: Penetration pharmacokinetics of topically administered 0.5% moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution in human aqueous and vitreous.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the penetration of 0.5% moxifloxacin hydrochloride into the aqueous and vitreous after topical administration in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, nonrandomized study of 20 patients scheduled for vitrectomy surgery between September 1 and December 31, 2003. Aqueous and vitreous samples were obtained and analyzed after topical administration of 0.5% moxifloxacin hydrochloride, every 2 hours (q2h) or every 6 hours (q6h), for 3 days before surgery. Assays were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean +/- SD moxifloxacin concentrations in the q2h group for the aqueous (n = 9) and vitreous (n = 10) were 2.28 +/- 1.23 and 0.11 +/- 0.05 microg/mL, respectively. Mean +/- SD moxifloxacin concentrations in the q6h group for the aqueous (n = 10) and vitreous (n = 9) were 0.88 +/- 0.88 and 0.06 +/- 0.06 microg/mL, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration for 90% of isolates (MIC(90)) was far exceeded in the aqueous for a wide spectrum of key pathogens, whereas it was not exceeded in the vitreous for several organisms. However, the minimum inhibitory concentration for 50% of the isolates was exceeded in the q2h vitreous group for Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Bacillus cereus, and other gram-negative pathogens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study revealed that 94.2% of isolates from postoperative endophthalmitis are gram-positive pathogens. Moxifloxacin has a spectrum of coverage that appropriately encompasses the most common organisms in endophthalmitis. The pharmacokinetic findings of this investigation show that relatively high aqueous levels can be achieved after topical administration. Further studies will help define the precise role of 0.5% moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution in the treatment of or prophylaxis against intraocular infections.
authors.affiliation: Barnes Retina Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63144, USA. haripras@excite.com
authors.forename: Seenu M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hariprasad
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Blinder
authors.forename: Gaurav K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Rajendra S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Apte
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosenblatt
authors.forename: Nancy M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Holekamp
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Mieler
authors.forename: Jingduan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Randall A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Prince
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001372:Aza Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011804:Quinolines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014821:Vitrectomy; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001372:Aza Compounds; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D011804:Quinolines; D000077266:Moxifloxacin