title: To evaluate and compare the effects of first generation anti-histamine (chlorpheniramine maleate) and second generation anti-histamine (loratadine) on isolated trachea of rabbit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of respiratory allergy has increased gradually over the past several years and current estimates suggest that allergic rhinitis affects approximately 20% of the population. Large scales population surveys indicate that up to 38% of patients with rhinitis have asthma. The allergic response in the airways is an important pathogensis to cause bronchoconstriction owing to increased responsiveness of tracheo bronchial tree to various stimuli and also causes the release of histamine and other chemical mediators from mast cells. Histamine has been shown to be an important mediator of an allergic reaction in both the upper and lower respiratory airways. Chlorpheniramine maleate is a stable, most potent, sedative first generation anti-histamine and is effective in the treatment of allergic disorders. Loratadine is a highly potent, non-sedating, long acting tricyclic, second generation anti-histamine. It is indicated in allergic rhinits, chronic idiopathic urticaria and allergic bronchial asthma. The purpose of study was to evaluate the antagonistic effects of chlorpheniramine maleate and loratadine on histamine induced contractions in isolated trachea of rabbit and also to compare the effects of first generation anti-histamine (chlorpheniramine maleate and second generation anti-histamine loratadine).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study twenty-four experiments were performed on isolated trachea of rabbit, in the presence of selected standard concentration of histamine dihydrochloride, antagonistic effects of various concentrations of chlorpheniramine maleate (10-18 to 10(-3) gm/ml) and loratadine from concentrations 10(-18) to 10(-3) gm/ml were recorded by Polygraph Model 7B in terms of rate and amplitude.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chlorpheniramine maleate showed non-significant antagonistic effect from concentrations 10(-18) to 10(-3) gm/ml in case of rate and 10(-18) to 10(-8) gm/ml in case of amplitude. Significant response showed from concentrations 10(-8) to 10(-3) gm/ml in case of rate (P<0.001) and 10(-7) to 10(-3) gm/ml in case of amplitude (P<0.001) while, loratadine showed non-significant response from concentrations 10(-18) to 10(-12) gm/ml in case of rate and from concentration 10(-18) to 10(-14) gm/ml in case of amplitude. Significant response observed from concentrations 10(-11) to 10(-3) gm/ml in case of rate and 10(-13) to 10(-3) gm/ml in case of amplitude.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that chlorpheniramine maleate antagonized the histamine induced contractions 80.65% at concentration 10(-3) gm/ml in case of amplitude and 11.35% at concentration 10(-3) gm/ml in case of rate and loratadine 76.82% in case of amplitude and 10.59% in case of rate.
authors.affiliation: Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad/Jamshoro.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Jalbani
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aamir
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Unar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Soomro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002744:Chlorpheniramine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D039563:Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017336:Loratadine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011817:Rabbits; D014132:Trachea / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D039563:Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating; D002744:Chlorpheniramine; D017336:Loratadine