title: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta inhibits epidermal cell proliferation by down-regulation of kinase activity.
abstract: Recent work has shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta (PPARbeta) attenuates cell proliferation and skin carcinogenesis, and this is due in part to regulation of ubiquitin C expression. In these studies, the role of PPARbeta in modulating ubiquitin-dependent protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) levels and phosphorylation signaling pathways was evaluated. Intracellular phosphorylation analysis showed that phosphorylated PKCalpha and other kinases were lower in wild-type mouse skin treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) as compared with PPARbeta-null mouse skin. No differences in expression levels of other PKC isoforms present in skin were observed. Lower ubiquitination of PKCalpha was found in TPA-treated PPARbeta-null skin as compared with wild-type, and inhibition of ubiquitin-dependent proteasome degradation prevented TPA-induced down-regulation of PKCalpha. The activity of PKCalpha and downstream signaling kinases is enhanced, and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is significantly greater, in PPARbeta-null mouse skin in response to TPA compared with wild-type mouse skin. Inhibition of PKCalpha or COX-2 reduced cell proliferation in TPA-treated PPARbeta-null keratinocytes in a dose-dependent manner, whereas it only slightly influenced cell proliferation in wild-type keratinocytes. Combined, these studies provide strong evidence that PPARbeta attenuates cell proliferation by modulating PKCalpha/Raf1/MEK/ERK activity that may be due in part to reduced ubiquitin-dependent turnover of PKCalpha.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Dae J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Iain A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Gary H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Perdew
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000502:physiology*; D048068:PPAR-beta / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D047495:PPAR gamma; D048068:PPAR-beta; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D025801:Ubiquitin; C496630:Prkca protein, mouse; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate