title: Self-cross-linking biopolymers as injectable in situ forming biodegradable scaffolds.
abstract: The injectable polymer scaffolds which are biocompatible and biodegradable are important biomaterials for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Hydrogels derived from natural proteins and polysaccharides are ideal scaffolds for tissue engineering since they resemble the extracellular matrices of the tissue comprised of various amino acids and sugar-based macromolecules. Here, we report a new class of hydrogels derived from oxidized alginate and gelatin. We show that periodate-oxidized sodium alginate having appropriate molecular weight and degree of oxidation rapidly cross-links proteins such as gelatin in the presence of small concentrations of sodium tetraborate (borax) to give injectable systems for tissue engineering, drug delivery and other medical applications. The rapid gelation in the presence of borax is attributed to the slightly alkaline pH of the medium as well as the ability of borax to complex with hydroxyl groups of polysaccharides. The effect of degree of oxidation and concentration of alginate dialdehyde, gelatin and borax on the speed of gelation was examined. As a general rule, the gelling time decreased with increase in concentration of oxidized alginate, gelatin and borax and increase in the degree of oxidation of alginate. Cross-linking parameters of the gel matrix were studied by swelling measurements and trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) assay. In general, the degree of cross-linking was found to increase with increase in the degree of oxidation of alginate, whereas the swelling ratio and the degree of swelling decreased. The gel was found to be biocompatible and biodegradable. The potential of the system as an injectable drug delivery vehicle and as a tissue-engineering scaffold is demonstrated by using primaquine as a model drug and by encapsulation of hepatocytes inside the gel matrix, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Polymer Chemistry Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Satelmond Palace Campus, Poojapura, Trivandrum, Kerala 695012, India.
authors.forename: Biji
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balakrishnan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jayakrishnan
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000042:Absorption; D000464:Alginates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D004343:Drug Implants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005780:Gelatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D006244:Hardness; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D007267:Injections / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008970:Molecular Weight; D016062:Porosity; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013499:Surface Properties; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001704:Biopolymers; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D004343:Drug Implants; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020100:Hydrogels; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D005780:Gelatin