title: Central nervous system infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical profiles of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with central nervous system (CNS) infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed patients with SLE with CNS infections from January 1983 to June 2003. The clinical features, laboratory data, and prognoses of these patients were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 20-year review period, 17 SLE patients with CNS infections were identified. The mean age at CNS infection was 29.6 +/- 15.3 years. Cryptococcal infection was identified in 10 patients and bacterial meningitis in 7. Most patients (94%) had active SLE at the time of CNS infection. Fifteen patients received corticosteroid therapy and of these, 7 received it in conjunction with immunosuppressive agents. The most common presentation was headache, fever, and vomiting. The mortality rate among the 17 patients was high (41.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cryptococcal meningitis played the major role in CNS infection of patients with SLE, and it cannot be ruled out even when the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) white blood cell count is within normal range. CSF India ink and latex agglutination testing for cryptococcal antigen should be performed and are effective screening tools to establish an early diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jeng-Juh
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Liang-Shiou
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.forename: Wen-I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jing-Long
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016919:Meningitis, Cryptococcal / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents