title: Sex and the pregnant kidney: does renal allograft gender influence gestational renal adaptation in renal transplant recipients?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Animal work indicates that ovarian hormones are important in initiating and maintaining enhanced renal function in pregnant rats and that a renal response resembling pregnancy can be provoked in male rats exposed to pregnancy hormones. Women becoming pregnant following renal transplantation provide an opportunity to compare the functional response of male and female allografts to the gestational endocrine environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective observational study included 20 renal allograft recipients (age 29.7 +/- 2.4 yrs) (mean +/- SE) who had 22 pregnancies beyond 24 weeks (gestation at delivery 35.5 +/- 0.6 weeks). Donor characteristics, transplant details, renal follow-up data, and information about pregnancy and allograft function were obtained from hospital notes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen women received male allografts (donor age 30.0 +/- 3.9 years) (mean +/- SEM) and 7 women, female allografts (donor age 45.1 +/- 6.0 years) (P = .04). There were no significant differences between the two groups in maternal recipient age, transplant to pregnancy interval, antenatal complications, pregnancy outcome, or postnatal graft function. Compared to prepregnancy values serum creatinine (SCr) decrements and augmented 24-hour creatinine clearance (CrCl) were observed over the first trimester in both male and female allografts: Delta CrCl from 106.8 +/- 13.2 mL/min to 114.4 +/- 11.4 mL/min (35.6% increase) and 71.8 +/- 7.4 to 89.5 +/- 11.3 mL/min (24.7% increase), respectively, and Delta SCr from 90.1 +/- 5.4 micromol/L to 73.6 +/- 6.6 micromol/L (17.8% decrease) and 99.8 +/- 9.7 micromol/L to 78.0 +/- 5.7 micromol/L (13.5% decrease), respectively. Differences between the two groups did not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Donor gender and/or age do not appear to influence the gestational renal response in kidney transplant recipients.
authors.affiliation: University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Sturgiss
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Milne
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davison
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine