title: The tip of the iceberg for child abuse: the critical roles of the pediatric trauma service and its registry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of child abuse is approximately 10% of all children presenting to an emergency department (ED), with a mortality rate less than 1%. By contrast, the characteristics of the subset of abused children presenting to a pediatric trauma service (PTS) is not well defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a retrospective evaluation of prospectively collected information from an urban Level I pediatric trauma registry from 1990 to 2002 (n = 11,919). Child abuse cases and their perpetrators were identified by E-codes. Patterns of injuries were examined by integer International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes, and diagnostic model was evaluated by discrimination and goodness-of-fit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 171 cases of child abuse (1.4%) were identified, and the majority were boys (59%, p > 0.05 vs. nonabuse cases). The median age of the abused cohort was younger than 1 year old, and the number of abuse cases did not differ over time (mean, 11 per year.) Abused children present with a higher median Injury Severity Score (10 vs. 4, p < 0.01), more severe injuries of the head and integument, longer hospital lengths of stay (4 vs. 1 day, p < 0.01), and a higher mortality rate (12% vs. 2%, p < 0.01). The following variables emerged with significant association to abuse: fracture of base or vault of skull, contusion of eye, rib fracture, intracranial bleeding, multiple burns, and age. A new Diagnostic Index for Physical Child Abuse was created.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant characteristics of the abused children in this pediatric trauma service include higher Injury Severity Score (especially in the head and integument), requirement for longer lengths of stay, and a nearly 10-times higher risk of death compared with the ED population. The Diagnostic Index for Physical Child Abuse is proposed as a new tool to assist in the identification of child abuse among pediatric trauma patients. An epidemiologic triangle for child abuse is described, with different prevalence and severity of child abuse seen at different levels of our health care system, starting with primary care providers, followed by the ED, the PTS, and ultimately the medical examiners. The number of cases decreases from the bottom to the top of the health care system, but the mortality rate increases as abuse escalates through the triangle. This establishes the PTS as possibly the final gatekeeper before an abused case becomes a fatality. These data emphasize the need for rigorous registry evaluation and subsequent evidence-based prevention initiatives.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, and New York Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Vinita
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ziegfeld
authors.forename: Adil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haider
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Warfield
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paidas
mesh_terms: D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality