title: Estimating direct and indirect costs of premenstrual syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the economic impact of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) on the employer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 374 women aged 18-45 with regular menses. Direct costs were quantified using administrative claims of these patients and the Medicare Fee Schedule. Indirect costs were quantified by both self-reported days of work missed and lost productivity at work. Regression analyses were used to develop a model to project PMS-related direct and indirect costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 29.6% (n = 111) of the participants were diagnosed with PMS. A PMS diagnosis was associated with an average annual increase of $59 in direct costs (P < 0.026) and $4333 in indirect costs per patient (P < 0.0001) compared with patients without PMS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A PMS diagnosis correlated with a modest increase in direct medical costs and a large increase in indirect costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borenstein
authors.forename: Chiun-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wade
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D002140:California; D002204:Capitation Fee / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005245:Fee Schedules / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007344:Insurance Claim Reporting / Q000191:economics; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000191:economics*; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000191:economics*