title: Frame-based and frameless stereotactic hematoma puncture and subsequent fibrinolytic therapy for the treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Comparison of two minimally invasive procedures for the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage and subsequent lysis with regard to technical implications and clinical outcome of the patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of 126 patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage treated by frame-based (n=53) or frameless (n=75) hematoma aspiration and subsequent fibrinolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). Data were analysed for the whole group as well as for the two subsets of patients with regard to hematoma reduction, procedure-related complications, and the early and long term clinical outcome of the patients. Functional outcome was rated using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and Barthel-Index (median follow-up 178 weeks). The prognostic impact of patient related covariates on the GOS was analysed using logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  49 out of 126 patients (38.9 %) died, 25 of them in the early postoperative period. Only 22/126 (17.5 %) had a favorable long term outcome (GOS >3). Age > 65 years was significantly (p<0.03, OR 3.6) associated with a higher risk for an unfavorable long term outcome (GOS < or = 3). Treatment had no impact on outcome. Both techniques were highly effective in reducing the intracerebral blood volume by 75.8+/-21.4% of the initial hematoma volume in frame-based and 64.8+/-25.4 % in frameless stereotaxy within 2 days of rt-PA-therapy. Malpositioning of the catheter occurred more often in the frameless group (21.3% vs. 9.4 % in the frame-based procedure) without gaining statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frame-based and frameless stereotactic hematoma aspirations with subsequent fibrinolysis are effective in volume reduction of intracerebral hemorrhage with comparable clinical outcome. The frameless procedure is associated with a higher risk for malpositioning of the catheter. Despite effective hematoma reduction with both techniques, the percentage of patients with a good clinical outcome remained limited especially in the elder subpopulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52057, Aachen, Germany. ruth.thiex@post.rwth-aachen.de
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thiex
authors.forename: Veit
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mayfrank
authors.forename: Zeliha
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zeki
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thron
authors.forename: Joachim M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gilsbach
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uhl
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D011379:Prognosis; D011677:Punctures / Q000009:adverse effects; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome