title: Suspected opioid-related emergency medical services encounters in a rural state, 1997-2002.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  News organizations and governmental agencies have reported substantial increases in the number of opioid-related overdose cases in recent years.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the utilization of emergency medical services (EMS) for suspected opioid-related overdose cases in a rural state during the period 1997 through 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Statewide EMS records were reviewed for 1997 through 2002. Data reviewed included prehospital diagnosis and medications given to all patients by prehospital providers. For cases with a prehospital diagnosis of poisoning or overdose, data reviewed included medications given to patients by prehospital providers, pupil size, and respiratory rate. All records were reviewed in a defined sequence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study period encompassed 1,175,781 patient encounters. Poisoning or overdose patients accounted for 19,808 (1.7%) encounters. Naloxone was administered by the EMS provider to 2,668 (0.2%) patients. For all poisoning or overdose patients, 1,308 (6.6%) had miotic pupils, 450 (2.2%) had a respiratory rate of <12 breaths/min, and 1,569 (7.9%) received naloxone. During the investigation period, total EMS patient encounters increased 25%, while patients with a complaint of poisoning or overdose increased 47%. The incidences of EMS overdose patients with miotic pupils, respiratory rate <10 breaths/min, and naloxone administration increased 167%, 295%, and 154%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this rural state, prehospital patients with findings suspicious for opioid overdose disproportionately outpaced the growth of all EMS encounters as well as general overdose encounters during the defined investigation period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine 04102, USA. alexajo@mmc.org
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: Jay R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.forename: Faith
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Colin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008281:Maine / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009270:Naloxone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009294:Narcotics / Q000506:poisoning*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D009270:Naloxone