title: Population pharmacokinetics of delavirdine and N-delavirdine in HIV-infected individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination regimens for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Our objective was to characterise the population pharmacokinetics of delavirdine in HIV-infected patients who participated in the adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) 260 and 261 studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  ACTG 261 was a randomised, double-blind study of delavirdine 400mg three times daily, in various combination regimens; ACTG 260 was a concentration-targeted monotherapy study. Two hundred and thirty-four patients, and 1254 and 1251 plasma concentrations for delavirdine and N-delavirdine, respectively, were available for population pharmacokinetic analysis. The pharmacokinetic model (and initial parameters), based on previous studies, included two compartments for delavirdine (peripheral and central) and parallel clearance pathways (nonlinear conversion to N-delavirdine and first order clearance from the body). The model was one compartment for N-delavirdine with first order clearance. Diurnal variation of delavirdine and N-delavirdine oral clearance was modelled as a cosine function, with amplitude variation a fitted parameter. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were derived from iterative two-stage analysis; observed delavirdine and N-delavirdine concentrations fit with weighting by the inverse observation variance. Covariates were analysed by multiple general linear modelling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (percent coefficient of variation [%CV]) CD4 count was 315 (109) cells/mm(3), weight 76.9 (14.7) kg, age 37 (8.5) years, and 15% of the population were women. Mean (%CV) population pharmacokinetic parameter estimates for delavirdine were: volume of distribution at steady state 67.6 (100) L, intrinsic oral clearance 19.8 (64) L/h, concentration at half the maximum velocity of metabolism (V(max)) 6.3 (69) micromol/L and first order oral clearance 0.57 (86) L/h. For N-delavirdine, the mean (%CV) apparent volume of distribution was 24.7 (75) L and apparent clearance 29.7 (42) L/h. The mean V(max) was 1376 (68) mg/day. The final model for average intrinsic clearance of delavirdine included race, sex, weight and age as significant covariates (p < 0.05); however, these covariates do not explain a significant proportion of the overall variability in the population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Delavirdine disposition exhibits nonlinear pharmacokinetics and large interpatient variability, and is significantly altered by time of day (impacting potential therapeutic drug monitoring and future pharmacokinetic study designs). Although race and sex appear to influence delavirdine pharmacokinetics, men and women and patients of different races should receive similar mg/kg dosage regimens. The presence of large interpatient variability supports the further investigation of the utility of therapeutic drug monitoring for delavirdine, if target drug concentrations can be better defined.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Support Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 219 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. pfsmith@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: Patrick F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dicenzo
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Friedland
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Para
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fischl
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: DiFrancesco
authors.forename: Gene D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Morse
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001835:Body Weight; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D020008:Delavirdine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D044469:Racial Groups; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D002220:Carbamazepine; D020008:Delavirdine; C012227:carbamazepine epoxide