title: Design and injury assessment criteria for blunt ballistic impacts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Less-lethal technologies are used in situations where lethal force is not warranted; however, a variety of injuries have been reported. Design and injury criteria are needed to assess the safety of these munitions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Injury data from ballistic impacts of cadavers were analyzed to validate design and injury criteria. Logistic regression analysis determined the predictive ability of the blunt criterion (BC) for munition design and the viscous criterion (VC) for injury risk assessment. Differences in risk for men and women were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For a 50% risk of Abbreviated Injury Scale 2 or 3 thoracic injury, BC = 0.37 (chi = 17.71, p = 0.001) and VCmax = 0.8 m/s (chi = 11.28, p = 0.001). The 5th percentile female subject has a 36% lower tolerance to ballistic energy than the 50the percentile male subject.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The BC can be used in the development of kinetic energy munitions and the VC for testing impact injury risk. These criteria provide much needed tools for the development and progression of less-lethal munitions.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA. cbir@wayne.edu
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bir
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Viano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005389:Firearms; D044709:Forensic Ballistics; D006801:Humans; D035846:Law Enforcement; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008887:Military Medicine; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*