title: Acyclic retinoid inhibits human hepatoma cell growth by suppressing fibroblast growth factor-mediated signaling pathways.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common human malignancies. Its high mortality rate is mainly a result of high intrahepatic recurrence. The novel synthetic retinoid acyclic retinoid (ACR) has been reported to prevent the recurrence of human HCC after surgical resection of primary tumors, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects remain to be elucidated. In this study, we clarified the molecular targets of ACR.
  
  
  METHODS
  The inhibitory effects by ACR on growth were examined. Intracellular signaling induced by ACR was comprehensively studied by a reporter assay. Gene expression changes by ACR were examined using a microarray. From these results, a candidate signaling pathway modulated by ACR was determined and whether antagonizing this pathway reverses the effect was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that ACR inhibits the growth of HCC cells through the down-regulation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor 3 expression and FGF-mediated signaling, which in turn suppresses the activity of Rho and serum response factor-mediated transcription. Conversely, overexpression of the active form of FGF receptor 3 or the addition of FGF reverses the ACR-mediated inhibition of growth. In addition, silencing the FGF receptor 3 gene by RNA interference inhibits cell growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies show that ACR is a potent inhibitor of FGF signaling and that selective blocking of the FGF-mediated pathway could be a promising therapeutic approach for the management of patients with HCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Run-Xuan
authors.initials: RX
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Motoyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otsuka
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Hiroyoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: Yujin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hoshida
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moriyama
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawabe
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Omata
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000187:drug effects; D051498:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor / Q000187:drug effects; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; D014212:Tretinoin; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; C034534:3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid; C496365:FGFR3 protein, human; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051498:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins