title: The activity in the three regions of the trapezius under controlled loading conditions--an experimental and modelling study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a degree of conflict in the literature regarding the biomechanical role of the three regions of trapezius. It is suggested that some of this may result from a lack of experiments using a well defined loading regime.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the activity of the three regions of trapezius under controlled load in order to gain further insight into its role in shoulder biomechanics.
  
  
  METHODS
  The emg activity of the three regions of trapezius was studied on five subjects using a specially designed test system which allowed the application of either a uniaxial shrug force or a pure couple in the coronal plane.
  
  
  METHODS
  Test rigs were designed and constructed to measure isometric loads applied by shoulder shrugging and isometric pure moments produced in coronal plane abduction and adduction. Surface emg of the three regions of trapezius was performed simultaneously with loading.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The activity of upper trapezius was always present but changed little with the type of loading. Middle trapezius was dominant during both shrug and abduction whereas the lower fibres predominated during adduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of a test system applying defined loading at the shoulder allows the detail analysis of trapezius muscle activity. The reproducible technique can be extended to other shoulder muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The biomechanics of the shoulder calls for detailed analysis of the activity of all the interacting muscles. This paper describes a techniques which allows study of muscle activity under carefully defined loading.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Rehabilitation and Engineering Studies, Stephenson Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK. g.r.johnson@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Garth R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Anand D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pandyan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D019415:Torque; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*