title: Involvement of mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptor subtypes in the discriminative-stimulus effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many behavioral effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), including its discriminative-stimulus effects, are modulated by endogenous opioid systems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate opioid receptor subtypes involved in the discriminative effects of THC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats trained to discriminate 3 mg/kg i.p. of THC from vehicle using a two-lever operant drug-discrimination procedure, were tested with compounds that bind preferentially or selectively to either mu-, delta- or kappa-opioid receptors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The preferential mu-opioid receptor agonist heroin (0.3-1.0 mg/kg, i.p.), the selective delta-opioid receptor agonist SNC-80 (1-10 mg/kg, i.p.) and the selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist U50488 (1-10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not produce generalization to the discriminative effects of THC when given alone. However, heroin, but not SNC-80 or U50488, significantly shifted the dose-response curve for THC discrimination to the left. Also, the preferential mu-opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (0.1-1 mg/kg, i.p.), the selective delta-opioid receptor antagonist, naltrindole (1-10 mg/kg, i.p.) and the kappa-opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (n-BNI, 5 mg/kg, s.c.), did not significantly reduce the discriminative effects of the training dose of THC. However, naltrexone, but not naltrindole or n-BNI, significantly shifted the dose-response curve for THC discrimination to the right. Finally, naltrexone, but not naltrindole or n-BNI, blocked the leftward shift in the dose-response curve for THC discrimination produced by heroin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  mu- but not delta- or kappa-opioid receptors are involved in the discriminative effects of THC. Given the role that mu-opioid receptors play in THC's rewarding effects, the present findings suggest that discriminative-stimulus effects and rewarding effects of THC involve similar neural mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Health, Room 318, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA. msolinas@intra.nida.nih.gov
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Solinas
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D019900:3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer / Q000494:pharmacology; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005502:Food; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003932:Heroin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects*; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D001549:Benzamides; D006213:Hallucinogens; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D010879:Piperazines; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; C088464:4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide; C051844:norbinaltorphimine; D009271:Naltrexone; D019900:3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer; D003932:Heroin; D013759:Dronabinol