title: Demographic and social variables associated with psychiatric and school-related indicators for Asian/Pacific-Islander adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Factors associated with Asian/Pacific-Islander adolescent adjustment is a greatly neglected research area.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relation between demographic, social and adjustment measures based on a large-scale investigation of Asian/Pacific-Islander youths.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2577 adolescents were surveyed across 4 public schools in Hawai'i during the 1992--1993 school year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three social variables (number of relatives frequently seen, family support and friends' support) exhibited statistically significant but low correlations. Family support had the highest negative association with the four psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, aggression, substance use). Friends' support was inconsistently associated with the adjustment measures, and the number of relatives frequently seen resulted in negligible effects. In contrast, demographic variables, especially ethnicity, played a much greater role in the association with the four school-related measures (grade-point average, absences, suspensions, conduct infractions).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For Asian/Pacific-Islander youths, the quality of the social supports, including family relations, may be particularly important in the adolescents' adjustment. When examining school-related outcomes, demographic variables, with particular emphases on ethnicity and culture, must be considered. When developing and implementing prevention and intervention services and programs, consideration of family and ethnic-cultural influences should be taken into account, with further research needed in several related domains: other SES influences, life stressors, migration-generational effects, ethnic identity, self-concept indicators and socio-political aspects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, John A Burns School of Medicine, USA. earlhish@aol.com
authors.forename: Earl S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Hishinuma
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Barry S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Carlton
authors.forename: Naleen N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Stephanie T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Goebert
authors.forename: Noelle Y C
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.forename: Eldon L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Wegner
authors.forename: George K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Makini
authors.forename: Linda B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Nahulu
authors.forename: Iwalani R N
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Else
authors.forename: Janice Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends; D006254:Hawaii; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012944:Social Support; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires