title: Psychiatric effects of ephedra use: an analysis of Food and Drug Administration reports of adverse events.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As part of a synthesis of evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of ephedra, the authors describe data on psychiatric adverse events from reports submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed all 1,820 adverse event reports related to dietary supplements containing herbal ephedra from FDA MedWatch files as of Sept. 30, 2001. Fifty-seven serious psychiatric events were reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most commonly reported events were psychosis, severe depression, mania or agitation, hallucinations, sleep disturbance, and suicidal ideation. Ten events involved physical harm to self or others; five events resulted in legal action due to criminal behavior. Twenty-six events resulted in hospitalization, at least six of which were involuntary. Of importance, two-thirds of all cases involved patients with preexisting psychiatric conditions and /or use of other medications or illicit substances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should be aware that serious psychiatric symptoms could be associated with ephedra use.
authors.affiliation: RAND, Santa Monica, CA 90407, USA. maglione@rand.org
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maglione
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miotto
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iguchi
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jungvig
authors.forename: Sally C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Shekelle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D029789:Ephedra / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D028321:Plant Preparations