title: Clinical characteristics of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Very few studies have compared the symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders between depressed children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to reproduce and extend these findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, present version (KSADS-P) was administered to parents (about their children) and in face-to-face interviews with 916 subjects aged 5.6 to 17.9 years with MDD (DSM criteria) (715 adolescents and 201 children; 348 male and 568 female). The subjects were consecutive referrals to an outpatient mood and anxiety disorders clinic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depressed adolescents had significantly more hopelessness/helplessness, lack of energy/tiredness, hypersomnia, weight loss, and suicidality compared with children (p values < or = .001). In comparison with children, adolescents had significantly more substance abuse and less comorbid separation anxiety disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (p values < or = .001). Depressed female adolescents had significantly more suicidality than depressed male adolescents (p < or = .001). There were no other sex differences between males and females. The symptoms of depressed adolescents grouped into 3 factors (endogenous, negative cognitions/suicidality, and appetite/weight), whereas the symptoms in children grouped into 2 factors (endogenous/negative cognitions/suicidality and appetite/weight).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide further evidence for the continuity of MDD from childhood to adolescence.
authors.affiliation: Gülhane Military Medical Faculty, the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey. oyorbik@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ozgur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yorbik
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Birmaher
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Axelson
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Neal D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D000367:Age Factors; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology