title: Alcohol and risk for ischemic stroke in men: the role of drinking patterns and usual beverage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association of light to moderate alcohol consumption with risk for ischemic stroke remains controversial, as do the roles of beverage type and drinking pattern.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association of drinking patterns and beverage type with risk for ischemic stroke among men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  38 156 male health professionals who were free of known cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline in 1986.
  
  
  METHODS
  With a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire, the authors individually ascertained consumption of regular and light beer, red and white wine, and liquor every 4 years. Alcohol consumption was categorized as light (0.1 to 9.9 g/d, or <1 drink daily), moderate (10.0 to 29.9 g/d, or 1 to 2 drinks daily), and heavier (> or =30.0 g/d, or > or =3 drinks daily).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a follow-up period of 14 years, 412 cases of incident ischemic stroke were documented. Compared with abstainers, light drinkers had a multivariate-adjusted relative risk of 0.99 (95% CI, 0.72 to 1.37), moderate drinkers had a multivariate-adjusted relative risk of 1.26 (CI, 0.90 to 1.76), and heavier drinkers had a multivariate-adjusted relative risk of 1.42 (CI, 0.97 to 2.09; P = 0.01 for trend). Consumption of 10.0 to 29.9 g of alcohol per day on 3 to 4 days per week appeared to be associated with the lowest risk (relative risk, 0.68 [CI, 0.44 to 1.05]). Red wine consumption was inversely associated with risk in a graded manner (P = 0.02 for trend), but other beverages were not. The apparently higher risk for ischemic stroke with heavier alcohol use appeared to be most pronounced for the embolic subtype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study had limited power to examine specific drinking patterns and heavy drinking and could not assess risk for hemorrhagic stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this sample of male health professionals, light and moderate average alcohol use was generally not associated with an increased risk for ischemic stroke, although drinking pattern and beverage type modified this relation. Intake of more than 2 drinks per day may be associated with a higher risk for ischemic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. kmukamal@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Mukamal
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ascherio
authors.forename: Murray A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mittleman
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Conigrave
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawachi
authors.forename: Meir J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires