title: Intraoperative pleural lavage: is it a valid prognostic factor in lung cancer?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients undergoing lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the primary TNM (tumor-regional lymph node-distant metastasis) staging system is the best prognostic factor. However, it is necessary to investigate other factors that could more accurately predict a patient's prognosis. In this study we evaluated the significance of positive intraoperative pre-resectional lavage in patients with NSCLC.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 84 patients (79 men, 5 women) aged between 36 and 81 years (mean age, 64.8 years) undergoing a major lung resection for NSCLC, with no preoperative evidence of pleural effusions. Intraoperatively, the patients were given a pre-resectional pleural lavage with physiologic saline solution. The fluid was aspirated and sent to cytology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre-resectional pleural lavage was positive in 19 patients (22.6%). The lavage was positive in 7.3% in patients with early stage I disease (3/41) and 37.2% in patients with stage II/III disease. In the group of 16 patients with chest wall neoplastic involvement (T3), 9 had a positive lavage (56.2%; p = 0.05). No significant correlation was found between positive lavage and nodal status, visceral pleural involvement, or histologic findings. Patients with malignant cells in the pre-resectional lavage had a significantly shorter survival than patients with a negative lavage (p = 0.025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A positive cytology finding of intraoperative pre-resectional pleural lavage could be an important prognostic factor in patients undergoing major lung resection for NSCLC. Patients with a positive lavage should be upstaged. However, larger series are needed to define accurately the role of this technique in early stage lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. gmvicidomini@yahoo.it
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vicidomini
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fiorello
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Parascandolo
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Calabrò
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pastore
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D015993:Life Tables; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D035422:Pleural Cavity / Q000166:cytology*; D016066:Pleural Effusion, Malignant / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation