Hand movements in laparoscopic suturing: a simple vector analysis.
BACKGROUND
Laparoscopic suturing is a complex task that is vital to the performance of many advanced laparoscopic procedures. Mastery can be difficult and problematic for surgical trainees.


METHODS
We present a description of hand movements in laparoscopic suturing. Complex maneuvers are simplified into linear motions using vectors. The analysis is intended to be a tool for training in the art of laparoscopic surgery.


RESULTS
Linear hand movements in the x and y axes produce opposite motions at the instrument tip. Position along the z axis influences the extent of hand movement relative to the instrument tip. Rotational movements of the hand produce an equal rotation of the instrument tip. Revolution is a complex motion that combines movements in x and y axes. Vector analysis reveals that the arc of revolution must be reversed to produce the desired needle motion.


CONCLUSIONS
A conceptual understanding of hand-movement vectors facilitates the efficient mastery of the complex skills required for laparoscopic suturing.
Hansen
A J
AJ
Department of General Surgery, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, 13400 E. Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
Schlinkert
R T
RT
D006804:Ergonomics; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008433:Mathematics; D009068:Movement; D013536:Suture Techniques