title: Effects of electrophoresis and electroosmosis during alternating current iontophoresis across human epidermal membrane.
abstract: Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that skin electrical resistance can be controlled by an alternating current (AC) electric field. By maintaining constant skin resistance, AC iontophoresis has been shown to reduce the iontophoretic flux variability of neutral permeants. Recently, it was found that symmetric square-wave AC could enhance iontophoretic transport of both neutral and ionic permeants by means of electrophoresis and/or electroosmosis in a synthetic membrane system, and a model was presented to describe the experimental results. The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of AC voltage and frequency and direct current (DC) offset on the flux of neutral and ionic model permeants with human epidermal membrane (HEM). Experiments were conducted under two different conditions: constant AC voltage iontophoresis and iontophoresis using constant HEM resistance with DC offset voltage. The following are the main findings in these experiments. In the constant AC voltage study, when the permeability data were compared at the same HEM electrical resistance, it was demonstrated that AC even at high frequency (approximately 1 kHz) could enhance the transport of the ionic permeant (tetraethylammonium ion) across HEM, but no enhancement was observed for the neutral permeant (arabinose). For the ionic permeant flux enhancement, the higher the applied AC voltage, the greater the flux enhancement. There was little or no AC frequency dependence of the flux enhancement in the frequency range of 50-1000 Hz. In the constant HEM resistance study of AC with DC offset, approximately linear relationships were observed between flux enhancement and the DC offset voltage for both the neutral and ionic permeants, and these results were found to be consistent with predictions of the modified Nernst-Planck model for conventional constant voltage DC iontophoresis. When the DC offset voltage was increased, the AC component of the flux enhancement for the ionic permeant decreased, eventually appearing to contribute negligibly to the total flux enhancement at high DC offset voltages.
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 30 S 2000 E, Skaggs Hall 213, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Kendall D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.forename: Honggang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: William I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: S Kevin
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D004586:Electrophoresis / Q000379:methods; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D009995:Osmosis