title: Anticoagulant drugs increase natural killer cell activity in lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In preclinical studies in animal models and in initial clinical trials, anticoagulation drugs have been shown to be effective in the prevention and treatment of haematogenous metastasis, and in the prolongation of survival in animal models. However, only a few studies have been performed on the direct influence of anticoagulation drugs on the immune system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of warfarin, unfractioned heparin, low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), and acetylsalicylic acid anticoagulants on the functional activity of natural killer (NK) cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytotoxic activity in patients with early, operable stages of non-small-cell lung cancer was compared with healthy volunteers. Cytotoxic studies were also carried out in tumor-bearing animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lung-cancer patients were characterized by significantly lower NK cell cytotoxicity (7.07 +/- 3.15) than healthy donors (44.12 +/- 10.62, P < 0.001). NK cell activation was found in both in vitro experiments using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors and ex vivo in lung carcinoma patients after treatment with unfractionated heparin and fraxiparine. Similarly, potentiation of NK cell activity in Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice was found after therapy with unfractionated heparin. NK cell activity is lower in lung cancer patients than in normal subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NK cell activation was increased by LMWHs. Other anticoagulants augment the effector function of NK cells in cancer patients and in an animal model of lung cancer. This is a novel effect of these compounds, which were thought previously to exert their effect only via their anticoagulant properties.
authors.affiliation: Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Department of Molecular Biology, Ruska 87, 10034 Prague, Czech Republic. vbobek@centrum.cz
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bobek
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boubelik
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fiserová
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: L'uptovcová
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vannucci
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kacprzak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kolodzej
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Majewski
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018827:Carcinoma, Lewis Lung / Q000276:immunology*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000276:immunology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants