title: Membrane estrogen receptor-alpha levels in MCF-7 breast cancer cells predict cAMP and proliferation responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  17beta-estradiol (E2) can rapidly induce cAMP production, but the conditions under which these cAMP levels are best measured and the signaling pathways responsible for the consequent proliferative effects on breast cancer cells are not fully understood. To help resolve these issues, we compared cAMP mechanistic responses in MCF-7 cell lines selected for low (mERlow) and high (mERhigh) expression of the membrane form of estrogen receptor (mER)-alpha, and thus addressed the receptor subform involved in cAMP signaling.
  
  
  METHODS
  MCF-7 cells were immunopanned and subsequently separated by fluorescence activated cell sorting into mERhigh (mER-alpha-enriched) and mERlow (mER-alpha-depleted) populations. Unique (compared with previously reported) incubation conditions at 4 degrees C were found to be optimal for demonstrating E2-induced cAMP production. Time-dependent and dose-dependent effects of E2 on cAMP production were determined for both cell subpopulations. The effects of forskolin, 8-CPT cAMP, protein kinase A inhibitor (H-89), and adenylyl cyclase inhibitor (SQ 22,536) on E2-induced cell proliferation were assessed using the crystal violet assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated a rapid and transient cAMP increase after 1 pmol/l E2 stimulation in mERhigh cells; at 4 degrees C these responses were much more reliable and robust than at 37 degrees C (the condition most often used). The loss of cAMP at 37 degrees C was not due to export. 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX; 1 mmol/l) only partially preserved cAMP, suggesting that multiple phosphodiesterases modulate its level. The accumulated cAMP was consistently much higher in mERhigh cells than in mERlow cells, implicating mER-alpha levels in the process. ICI172,780 blocked the E2-induced response and 17alpha-estradiol did not elicit the response, also suggesting activity through an estrogen receptor. E2 dose-dependent cAMP production, although biphasic in both cell types, was responsive to 50-fold higher E2 concentrations in mERhigh cells. Proliferation of mERlow cells was stimulated over the whole range of E2concentrations, whereas the number of mERhigh cells was greatly decreased at concentrations above 1 nmol/l, suggesting that estrogen over-stimulation can lead to cell death, as has previously been reported, and that mER-alpha participates. E2-mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase and downstream participation of protein kinase A were shown to be involved in these responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rapid mER-alpha-mediated nongenomic signaling cascades generate cAMP and downstream signaling events, which contribute to the regulation of breast cancer cell number.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA. ddzivadi@utmb.edu
authors.forename: Dragoslava
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zivadinovic
authors.forename: Bahiru
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gametchu
authors.forename: Cheryl S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D002462:Cell Membrane; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D000242:Cyclic AMP