title: Women's employment status and mortality: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As women's labor force participation in the United States has increased over the past decades, there has been an interest in the potential health effects of employment. To date, however, research findings have been contradictory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between employment status and mortality among 7361 middle-aged African American and white women who participated in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Women were classified as employed or homemakers at the baseline examination (1987-1989) and were followed for approximately 11 years. Proportional hazards regression was used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for sociodemographic factors and selected risk factors for mortality, employed women had a lower risk of mortality than homemakers (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.49, 0.86). This decreased risk of mortality persisted in additional analyses that excluded those who died within the first 2 years of follow-up or, alternatively, those with a history of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, cancer, hypertension, diabetes, or a perception of fair or poor health at baseline. In cause of death-specific analyses, the mortality advantage among employed women persisted for circulatory system-related deaths; however, the association for cancer-related deaths was weaker, and the CI included one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the association between employment status and mortality was not explained by known risk factors for mortality, additional research is needed to identify other potential factors that may help to explain this relationship.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel-Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA. kathryn_rose@unc.edu
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: April P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Catellier
authors.forename: Ana V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Diez Roux
authors.forename: Carles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muntaner
authors.forename: Herman A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Tyroler
authors.forename: Sharon B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Wyatt
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*