title: Induced sputum versus gastric lavage for microbiological confirmation of pulmonary tuberculosis in infants and young children: a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For microbiological confirmation of diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in young children, sequential gastric lavages are recommended; sputum induction has not been regarded as feasible or useful. We aimed to compare the yield of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from repeated induced sputum with that from gastric lavage in young children from an area with a high rate of HIV and tuberculosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 250 children aged 1 month to 5 years who were admitted for suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa. Sputum induction and gastric lavage were done on three consecutive days according to a standard procedure. Specimens were stained for acid-fast bacilli; each sample was cultured singly for M tuberculosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age of children was 13 months (IQR 6-24). A positive smear or culture for M tuberculosis was obtained from 62 (25%) children; of these, 58 (94%) were positive by culture, whereas almost half (29 [47%]) were smear positive. Samples from induced sputum and gastric lavage were positive in 54 (87%) and 40 (65%) children, respectively (difference in yield 5.6% [1.4-9.8%], p=0.018). The yield from one sample from induced sputum was similar to that from three gastric lavages (p=1.0). Microbiological yield did not differ between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children (p=0.17, odds ratio 0.7 [95% CI 0.3-1.3]). All sputum induction procedures were well tolerated; minor side-effects were increased coughing, epistaxis, vomiting, or wheezing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sputum induction is safe and useful for microbiological confirmation of tuberculosis in young children. This technique is preferable to gastric lavage for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected infants and children.
authors.affiliation: School of Child and Adolescent Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa. hzars@ich.uct.ac.za
authors.forename: Heather J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Zar
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hanslo
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Apolles
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Swingler
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hussey
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D000336:Aerosols; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005751:Gastric Lavage; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013019:South Africa; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D012965:Sodium Chloride