title: The magnitude of methylmercury-induced cytotoxicity and cell cycle arrest is p53-dependent.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methylmercury (MeHg), a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, is a known potent teratogen selectively affecting the developing central nervous system. While a definitive mechanism for MeHg-induced developmental neurotoxicity remains elusive, in utero exposure has been associated with reduced brain weight and reduction in cell number. This suggests early toxicant interference with critical molecular signaling events controlling cell behavior, i.e., proliferation.
  
  
  METHODS
  To examine the role of p53, a major regulator of the G(1)/S and G(2)/M cell cycle checkpoints, in MeHg toxicity, we isolated GD 14 primary embryonal fibroblasts from homozygous wild-type p53 (p53+/+) and homozygous null p53 (p53-/-) mice. Cells were treated at passages 4-7 for 24 or 48 hr with 0, 1.0, or 2.5 microM MeHg and analyzed for effects on viability, cell cycle progression (using BrdU-Hoechst flow cytometric analysis), and apoptosis via annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The p53+/+ cells are more sensitive than p53-/- cells to MeHg-induced cytotoxicity, cell cycle inhibition, and induction of apoptosis: at 24 hr, 2.5 microM MeHg reduced p53+/+ cell viability to 72.6% +/- 3.2%, while p53-/- viability was 94.6% +/- 0.4%. The p53-/- cells underwent less necrosis and less apoptosis following MeHg treatment. MeHg (2.5 microM) also halted all cycling in the p53+/+ cells, while 42.6% +/- 7.2% of p53-/- cells were able to reach a new G(0)/G(1) in 48 hr. Time- and dose-dependent accumulation of cells in G(2)/M phase (1.0 and 2.5 microM MeHg) was observed independent of the p53 genotype; however, the magnitude of change was p53-dependent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies suggest that MeHg-induced cell cycle arrest occurs via both p53-dependent and -independent pathways in our model system; however, cell death resulting from MeHg exposure is highly dependent on p53.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Gribble
authors.forename: Sung-Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Faustman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53