title: COX-3 and the mechanism of action of paracetamol/acetaminophen.
abstract: Paracetamol produces analgesia in the mouse writhing test through a central action which is paralleled by a reduction in brain PGE(2) concentrations. In contrast, diclofenac has a peripheral analgesic action in this test. Paracetamol-induced hypothermia is also accompanied by a reduction in brain PGE(2) concentrations in C57/Bl6 mice. This hypothermic effect of paracetamol was reduced in COX-1 but not in COX-2 gene-deleted mice. These results support the view that analgesia and hypothermia due to paracetamol are mediated by inhibition of a third COX isoenzyme (designated COX-3). In cultured mouse macrophages, COX-2 is induced by treatment with LPS or with high concentrations of diclofenac. Diclofenac-induced COX-2 is inhibited with low concentrations of paracetamol, whereas LPS-induced COX-2 is insensitive to paracetamol inhibition. The mechanisms of induction and possibly the functions of these two COX-2 enzymes are also different.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Pathology Group, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, The John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, St Bartholomew's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London EC1M 6BQ, UK. r.m.botting@qmul.ac.uk
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Botting
authors.forename: Samir S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ayoub
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D000082:Acetaminophen; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C466421:cyclooxygenase-3