title: Dietary intake of differently fed salmon; the influence on markers of human atherosclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardioprotective effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) of marine origin are well recognized. Because of the shortness of marine resources vegetable oils are increasingly used in fish farming. The effects on human health of fish fed on vegetable oils are largely unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blinded intervention study, 60 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) were randomly allocated to three groups consuming approximately 700 g per week for 6 weeks of differently fed Atlantic salmon: 100% fish oil (FO), 100% rapeseed oil (RO) or 50% of each (FO/RO), resulting in fillets with high, intermediate and low levels of marine n-3 PUFAs. Patient analyses before and after the intervention period included serum fatty acid profile, serum lipoproteins, and markers of vascular inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The serum fatty acid profiles of the patients after the intervention mirrored those of the corresponding salmon fillets and the respective salmon feeds. Significant differences between the groups were obtained, especially for the levels of total n-3 PUFAs and the n-3/n-6 FA ratio, which were markedly increased in the FO group in contrast to the two other groups (P < 0.02 for all). Additionally, significant reductions of serum triglycerides and of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and interleukin-6 were obtained in patients receiving the FO diet when compared with the two other groups (P < 0.05 for all).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tailor-made Atlantic salmon fillets very high in n-3 PUFAs of marine origin seem to impose favourable biochemical changes in patients with CHD when compared with ingestion of fillets with intermediate and low levels of marine n-3 PUFAs, when replaced by rapeseed oil.
authors.affiliation: The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Seierstad
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Seljeflot
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haugen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosenlund
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frøyland
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arnesen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D004032:Diet; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010938:Plant Oils; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D012474:Salmon / Q000378:metabolism; D017747:Seafood; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010938:Plant Oils; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D014280:Triglycerides; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1