title: Power gain exhibited by motile mechanosensory neurons in Drosophila ears.
abstract: In insects and vertebrates alike, hearing is assisted by the motility of mechanosensory cells. Much like pushing a swing augments its swing, this cellular motility is thought to actively augment vibrations inside the ear, thus amplifying the ear's mechanical input. Power gain is the hallmark of such active amplification, yet whether and how much energy motile mechanosensory cells contribute within intact auditory systems has remained uncertain. Here, we assess the mechanical energy provided by motile mechanosensory neurons in the antennal hearing organs of Drosophila melanogaster by analyzing the fluctuations of the sound receiver to which these neurons connect. By using dead WT flies and live mutants (tilB(2), btv(5P1), and nompA(2)) with defective neurons as a background, we show that the intact, motile neurons do exhibit power gain. In WT flies, the neurons lift the receiver's mean total energy by 19 zJ, which corresponds to 4.6 times the energy of the receiver's Brownian motion. Larger energy contributions (200 zJ) associate with self-sustained oscillations, suggesting that the neurons adjust their energy expenditure to optimize the receiver's sensitivity to sound. We conclude that motile mechanosensory cells provide active amplification; in Drosophila, mechanical energy contributed by these cells boosts the vibrations that enter the ear.
authors.affiliation: Volkswagen Foundation Research Group, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Weyertal 119, D-50923 Cologne, Germany. m.gopfert@uni-koeln.de
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Göpfert
authors.forename: A D L
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Humphris
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hendrich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000502:physiology*; D004423:Ear / Q000294:innervation*; D006309:Hearing; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000502:physiology*; D014732:Vibration