title: Intracranial complications of otitis media: 15 years of experience in 33 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Complications in the central nervous system (CNS) from acute otitis media (AOM) and chronic otitis media (COM) are becoming fewer, although they still represent a challenge for early recognition, adequate treatment, and satisfactory results. This retrospective study analyzed clinical data and therapeutic options in 33 patients with intracranial involvement resulting from otitis media. Important clinical features of intracranial complications and the sequence of the most efficient therapeutic maneuvers are discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Charts of six patients with AOM and 27 patients with COM associated with CNS complications were analyzed for clinical presentation, imaging, and therapeutic approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ages ranged from 6 months to 79 years, with no gender predilection. Persistent fever, headache, and purulent otorrhea were the main symptoms. Proteus mirabilis , Enterococcus , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common microorganisms in COM, and Pneumococcus and Haemophilus were the most common microorganisms in AOM. Nineteen patients (58%) presented with more than 1 CNS complication, resulting in a total of 56 complications, including 26 cases of otogenic brain abscess, 21 cases of meningitis, 5 cases of lateral sinus thromboses, two cases of subdural empyemas, 1 case of epidural empyema, and 1 case of meningocele. Surgical interventions included craniotomy and drainage of the abscess (n = 17), open mastoidectomy with abscess drained through the mastoid (n = 10), open mastoidectomy alone (n = 8), and closed mastoidectomy (n = 2). Twelve patients who underwent craniotomy had subsequent mastoidectomy for recurrent abscess. At the 6-month, 66% of patients presented without sequelae, 24% presented with sequelae, and 9% died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early identification and prompt clinical and surgical intervention with mandatory drainage of the middle ear (primary disease), was essential for better outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, Escola Paulista De Medicina, Brazil. gomessampa@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Norma de Oliveira
authors.initials: Nde O
authors.lastname: Penido
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borin
authors.forename: Luiz C N
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Iha
authors.forename: Vinicius M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Suguri
authors.forename: Ektor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Onishi
authors.forename: Yotaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Oswaldo Laércio M
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Cruz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000150:complications*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors