title: Impact of prolonged elevated heart rate on incidence of major cardiac events in critically ill patients with a high risk of cardiac complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the incidence of major cardiac events in critically ill patients with a high risk of cardiac complications presenting with an elevated heart rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational, retrospective study in a 15-bed medical/surgical Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at a university hospital for a period of 12 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied patients with a high risk of cardiac complications, according to the revised Goldman index, who were treated for at least 36 hrs in the ICU. Patients presenting with prolonged elevated heart rate, defined as a heart rate >95 beats/min for >12 hrs in at least one 24-hr period of their ICU stay, were investigated. Cardiac high-risk patients not developing this criterion served as controls. Major cardiac events, defined as nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal cardiac arrest, and cardiac related death, were the primary outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From a total of 791 patients, 69 patients were assessed as cardiac high-risk patients. Of 39 patients with prolonged elevated heart rates, 19 (49%) sustained major cardiac events, whereas in the control group of 30 patients, only four patients (13%) had a major cardiac event (p = .002; odds ratio, 6.2). Patients with elevated heart rate had to be treated 4.5 days longer in the ICU (p = .01), whereas the ICU and 30-day post-ICU discharge survival rates did not differ significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we provide evidence for an increased incidence of major cardiac events in critically ill, cardiac high-risk patients with a prolonged elevated heart rate during their ICU stay. In addition, elevated heart rate was associated with a significantly longer ICU stay.
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: Ingeborg D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Welters
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Foëx
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sear
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D003422:Critical Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000401:mortality*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality