title: The evolving role of spinal agents in acute pain.
abstract: Local anesthetics and opioids were among the earliest pharmacologic agents used for intrathecal injection. Side-effect profiles have limited the use of additional agents and, after a century of clinical use, local anesthetics and opioids remain the most widely used intrathecal or epidural medications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 111 South 11th Street, Suite G8490, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5092, USA. james.heitz @jefferson.edu
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Heitz
authors.forename: Eugene R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Viscusi
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000639:trends*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009294:Narcotics