title: Comparing effects of methylphenidate, sertraline and placebo on neuropsychiatric sequelae in patients with traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to investigate the effects of methylphenidate and sertraline compared with placebo on various neuropsychiatric sequelae associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a 4 week, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Thirty patients with mild to moderate degrees of TBI were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups (n = 10 in each group) with matching age, gender and education, i.e. methylphenidate (starting at 5 mg/day and increasing to 20 mg/day in a week), sertraline (starting at 25 mg/day and increasing to 100 mg/day in a week) or placebo. At the baseline and at the 4 week endpoint, the following assessments were administered: subjective (Beck Depression Inventory) and objective (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) measures of depression; Rivermead Postconcussion Symptoms Questionnaire for postconcussional symptoms; SmithKline Beecham Quality of Life Scale for quality of life; seven performance tests (Critical Flicker Fusion, Choice Reaction Time, Continuous Tracking, Mental Arithmetic, Short-Term memory, Digit Symbol Substitution and Mini-Mental State Examination); subjective measures of sleep (Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire) and daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale). All adverse events during the study period were recorded and their relationships to the drugs were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neuropsychiatric sequelae seemed to take a natural recovery course in patients with traumatic brain injury. Methylphenidate had significant effects on depressive symptoms compared with the placebo, without hindering the natural recovery process of cognitive function. Although sertraline also had significant effects on depressive symptoms compared with the placebo, it did not improve many tests on cognitive performances. Daytime sleepiness was reduced by methylphenidate, while it was not by sertraline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methylphenidate and sertraline had similar effects on depressive symptoms. However, methylphenidate seemed to be more beneficial in improving cognitive function and maintaining daytime alertness. Methylphenidate also offered a better tolerability than sertraline.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Research Institute of Medical Science, Chonnam National University Medical School, Kwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hoon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sung-Wan
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jae-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Il-Seon
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Su-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jin-Sang
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018579:Patient Selection; D038223:Post-Concussion Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011581:Psychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D020280:Sertraline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate; D020280:Sertraline