title: Visualizing cytokine-secreting cells in situ in the rhesus macaque model of chronic gut inflammation.
abstract: Cytokine-producing cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissues of rhesus macaques with chronic enterocolitis were studied. The confocal microscopy technique that we developed enables simultaneous in situ visualization of multiple extra- and/or intracellular antigens at a resolution higher than that allowed by light or epifluorescence microscopy. The presence of interleukin-6 (IL-6)-, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-, and IL-1-alpha-producing cells was focally intense in the colon lamina propria of the affected animals. The IL-1-alpha-producing cells were T lymphocytes (CD3+), while the TNF-alpha-producing cells were both macrophages (CD68+/HAM56+/LN5+) and T lymphocytes (CD3+). The IL-6-producing cells within the colon consisted of T lymphocytes and macrophages. The amount of IL-6-producing cells seen in macaques with enterocolitis was significantly higher (P<0.001) than that seen in the healthy control animal, while TNF-alpha- and IL-1-alpha-producing cells were seen only in macaques with enterocolitis. Most of the T lymphocytes that produced cytokines were detected in the lamina propria, while the macrophages were most prominent in highly inflamed regions of the lamina propria. Taken together, our findings indicate that there might be immunological similarity between chronic enterocolitis of rhesus macaques and humans, suggesting the potential use of the nonhuman primate model for the validation of novel therapies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center and Tulane University Health Science Center, 18703 Three Rivers Rd., Covington, LA 70433, USA.
authors.forename: Geeta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramesh
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Juan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Borda
authors.forename: Pyone P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Aye
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lackner
authors.forename: Karol
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sestak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004760:Enterocolitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000276:immunology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha