title: Intravenous amiodarone bolus for treatment of atrial fibrillation in patients with advanced congestive heart failure or cardiogenic shock.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical course of patients with advanced organic heart disease is often complicated by the occurrence of atrial fibrillation. Slowing the ventricular rate and, if possible, restoration of normal sinus rhythm is crucial but difficult in the state of decreased ventricular function.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 78 consecutive patients with atrial fibrillation and heart rate above 135 beats min(-1) in an observational, uncontrolled study in the coronary care unit of a tertiary care center. Thirty-nine patients suffered from advanced congestive heart failure, 26 patients had pulmonary edema, and 13 patients were in cardiogenic shock. All patients were treated with 450 mg amiodarone given as a single intravenous bolus through a peripheral venous access without further infusion. Ventricular heart rate and cardiac rhythm were measured within 30 minutes after drug administration. Cardiac rhythm was monitored for 24 hours. The site of venous access was examined 30 minutes after drug administration and every 6 hours until the needle was removed after a maximum of 48 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five patients (32%) converted to normal sinus rhythm within 30 minutes. Another 15 (19%) reverted into sinus rhythm during the following 24 hours. Within 30 minutes after amiodarone administration, ventricular heart rate decreased significantly from 152 +/- 12 to 88 +/- 17 (p < 0.0001) beats min(-1) in patients who converted to sinus rhythm and from 157 +/- 14 to 98 +/- 16 beats min(-1) in patients who did not. The degree of reduction in heart rate was similar among patients presenting with exacerbated congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, or cardiogenic shock. Systolic blood pressure decreased in two patients, from 115 to 80 mmHg and from 130 to 100 mmHg, but was reversible after 10 and 90 minutes respectively without specific intervention. No proarrhythmia or clinical relevant bradycardia was observed, and no inflammation detected at the site of venous access.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amiodarone, given as a single intravenous bolus through a peripheral vein rapidly reduced ventricular rate and was well tolerated in patients with atrial fibrillation, even in the presence of congestive heart failure and cardiogenic shock.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, City Hospital Linz, Linz, Austria. robert.hofmann@akh.linz.at
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steinwender
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kammler
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kypta
authors.forename: Gottfried
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wimmer
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leisch
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000638:Amiodarone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D000638:Amiodarone