title: Image analysis of oronasal fistulas in cleft palate patients acquired with an intraoral camera.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the clinical technique of using an intraoral camera to monitor the size of residual oronasal fistulas in cleft lip-cleft palate patients, to assess its repeatability on study casts and patients, and to compare its use with other methods. Seventeen plaster study casts of cleft palate patients with oronasal fistulas obtained from a 5-year series of 160 patients were used. For the clinical study, 13 patients presenting in a clinic prospectively over a 1-year period were imaged twice by the camera. The area of each fistula on each study cast was measured in the laboratory first using a previously described graph paper and caliper technique and second with the intraoral camera. Images were imported into a computer and subjected to image enhancement and area measurement. The camera was calibrated by imaging a standard periodontal probe within the fistula area. The measurements were repeated using a double-blind technique on randomly renumbered casts to assess the repeatability of measurement of the methods. The clinical images were randomly and blindly numbered and subjected to image enhancement and processing in the same way as for the study casts. Area measurements were computed. Statistical analysis of repeatability of measurement using a paired sample t test showed no significant difference between measurements, indicating a lack of systematic error. An intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.97 for the graph paper and 0.84 for the camera method showed acceptable random error between the repeated records for each of the two methods. The graph paper method remained slightly more repeatable. The mean fistula area of the study casts between each method was not statistically different when compared with a paired samples t test (p = 0.08). The methods were compared using the limits of agreement technique, which showed clinically acceptable repeatability. The clinical study of repeated measures showed no systematic differences when subjected to a t test (p = 0.109) and little random error with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.98. The fistula size seen in the clinical study ranged from 18.54 to 271.55 mm. Direct measurements subsequently taken on 13 patients in the clinic without study models showed a wide variation in the size of residual fistulas presenting in a multidisciplinary clinic. It was concluded that an intraoral camera method could be used in place of the previous graph paper method and could be developed for clinical and scientific purposes. This technique may offer advantages over the graph paper method, as it facilitates easy visualization of oronasal fistulas and objective fistulas size determination and permits easy storage of data in clinical records.
authors.affiliation: Charles Clifford Dental Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tania C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Derrick R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Willmot
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D003735:Dental Casting Technique; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D005402:Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D009668:Nose Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D016155:Oral Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D010209:Paper; D010781:Photography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D015203:Reproducibility of Results