title: Holographic glucose sensors.
abstract: A novel holographic sensor system capable of detecting dynamic changes in glucose concentration has been developed. The hologram is recorded within a bio-compatible hydrogel matrix containing phenylboronic acid derivatives. On binding glucose, the colour of the hologram red-shifts to longer wavelengths as the hydrogel expands and this colour change is used to quantify glucose concentration. However, phenylboronic acids are non-selective and bind a wide variety of cis-diols. In blood, glucose is the only sugar found free at high concentration, whilst other sugars are typically found as part of glycoproteins and macromolecular structures. Although glycoproteins have been shown to have no effect on the sensor, phenylboronic acids can bind lactate much more readily than glucose. We have designed two polymer hydrogel systems to increase the selectivity of the sensor for glucose over lactate. The first involved the use of high concentrations of 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid (3-APB) whilst the second system utilised 2-acrylamido-5-fluorophenylboronic acid (5-F-2-MAPB). Both systems displayed an increased selectivity to glucose over lactate at physiological pH and ionic strength and could be deployed as selective holographic sensors for glucose detection in physiological fluids.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK.
authors.forename: Satyamoorthy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kabilan
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Felicity K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Sartain
authors.forename: Mei-Ching
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Abid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blyth
authors.forename: Njeri
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karangu
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Domschke
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Lowe
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006696:Holography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D001897:Boronic Acids; D020100:Hydrogels; C028592:3-aminobenzeneboronic acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D005947:Glucose