title: Encapsulation and sustained release of a model drug, indomethacin, using CO(2)-based microencapsulation.
abstract: A carbon dioxide (CO(2))-based microencapsulation technique was used to impregnate indomethacin, a model drug, into biodegradable polymer nanoparticles. Compressed CO(2) was emulsified into aqueous suspensions of biodegradable particles. The CO(2) plasticizes the biodegradable polymers, increasing the drug diffusion rate in the particles so that drug loading is enhanced. Four types of biodegradable polymers were investigated, including poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PLA), poly(d,l-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) with two different molar ratios of LA to GA, and a poly(d,l-lactic acid-b-ethylene glycol) (PLA-PEG) block copolymer. Biodegradable nanoparticles were prepared from polymer solutions through nonsolvent-induced precipitation in the presence of surfactants. Indomethacin was incorporated into biodegradable nanoparticles with no change of the particle size and morphology. The effects of a variety of experimental variables on the drug loadings were investigated. It was found that the drug loading was the highest for PLA homopolymer and decreased in PLGA copolymers as the fraction of glycolic acid increased. Indomethacin was predicted to have higher solubility in PLA than in PLGA based on the calculated solubility parameters. The drug loading in PLA increased markedly as the temperature for impregnation was increased from 35 to 45 degrees C. Drug release from the particles is a diffusion-controlled process, and sustained release can be maintained over 10 h. A simple Fickian diffusion model was used to estimate the diffusion coefficients of indomethacin in the biodegradable polymers. The diffusion coefficients are consistent with previous studies, suggesting that the polymer properties are unchanged by supercritical fluid processing. Supercritical CO(2) is nontoxic, easily separated from the polymers, can extract residual organic solvent, and can sterilize biodegradable polymers. The CO(2)-based microencapsulation technique is promising for the production of drug delivery devices without the use of harmful solvents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0166, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Finn
authors.forename: M Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Yates
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010316:Particle Size; D012995:Solubility; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D007213:Indomethacin