title: Oncogenic AKAP9-BRAF fusion is a novel mechanism of MAPK pathway activation in thyroid cancer.
abstract: Genes crucial for cancer development can be mutated via various mechanisms, which may reflect the nature of the mutagen. In thyroid papillary carcinomas, mutations of genes coding for effectors along the MAPK pathway are central for transformation. BRAF point mutation is most common in sporadic tumors. By contrast, radiation-induced tumors are associated with paracentric inversions activating the receptor tyrosine kinases RET and NTRK1. We report here a rearrangement of BRAF via paracentric inversion of chromosome 7q resulting in an in-frame fusion between exons 1-8 of the AKAP9 gene and exons 9-18 of BRAF. The fusion protein contains the protein kinase domain and lacks the autoinhibitory N-terminal portion of BRAF. It has elevated kinase activity and transforms NIH3T3 cells, which provides evidence, for the first time to our knowledge, of in vivo activation of an intracellular effector along the MAPK pathway by recombination. The AKAP9-BRAF fusion was preferentially found in radiation-induced papillary carcinomas developing after a short latency, whereas BRAF point mutations were absent in this group. These data indicate that in thyroid cancer, radiation activates components of the MAPK pathway primarily through chromosomal paracentric inversions, whereas in sporadic forms of the disease, effectors along the same pathway are activated predominantly by point mutations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0529, USA.
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ciampi
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Knauf
authors.forename: Roswitha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kerler
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: Zhaowen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Marina N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Nikiforova
authors.forename: Hartmut M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Rabes
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fagin
authors.forename: Yuri E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Nikiforov
mesh_terms: D054758:A Kinase Anchor Proteins; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D047852:Chernobyl Nuclear Accident; D002648:Child; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D002897:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7 / Q000235:genetics; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D051379:Mice; D017354:Point Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014633:Valine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054758:A Kinase Anchor Proteins; C119719:AKAP9 protein, human; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D014633:Valine