title: Determination of functional and morphologic changes in palmar digital nerves after nonfocused extracorporeal shock wave treatment in horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine functional and morphologic changes in palmar digital nerves after nonfocused extracorporeal shock wave (ESW) treatment in horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medial and lateral palmar digital nerves of the left forelimb were treated with nonfocused ESWs. The medial palmar digital nerve of the right forelimb served as a nontreated control nerve. At 3, 7, and 35 days after treatment, respectively, 2 horses each were anesthetized and nerves were surgically exposed. Sensory nerve conduction velocities (SNCVs) of treated and control nerves were recorded, after which palmar digital neurectomies were performed. Morphologic changes in nerves were assessed via transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly lower SNCV in treated medial and lateral nerves, compared with control nerves, was found 3 and 7 days after treatment. A significantly lower SNCV was detected in treated medial but not lateral nerves 35 days after treatment. Transmission electron microscopy of treated nerves revealed disruption of the myelin sheath with no evidence of damage to Schwann cell bodies or axons, 3, 7, and 35 days after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonfocused ESW treatment of the metacarpophalangeal area resulted in lower SNCV in palmar digital nerves. This effect likely contributes to the post-treatment analgesia observed in horses and may result in altered peripheral pain perception. Horses with preexisting lesions may be at greater risk of sustaining catastrophic injuries when exercised after treatment.
authors.affiliation: Equine Health Studies Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bolt
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Burba
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hubert
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Strain
authors.forename: Giselle L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Hosgood
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Henk
authors.forename: Doo-Youn
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb / Q000294:innervation*; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000502:physiology; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery / Q000648:ultrastructure