title: Characterizing the musical phenotype in individuals with Williams Syndrome.
abstract: Williams Syndrome (WS), a neurodevelopmental genetic disorder, is characterized by peaks and valleys in mental function: substantial impairments in cognitive domains such as reasoning, arithmetic ability, and spatial cognition, alongside relatively preserved skills in social domains, face processing, language, and music. We report the results of a comprehensive survey on musical behaviors and background administered to the largest sample of individuals with WS to date (n = 118, mean age = 20.4), and compare the results to those obtained from a control group of typically developing normal individuals (n = 118, mean age = 20.9) and two groups of individuals with other neurodevelopmental genetic disorders, Autism (n = 30, mean age = 18.2) and Down Syndrome (n = 40, mean age = 17.2). Individuals with WS were found to be rated higher in musical accomplishment, engagement, and interest than either of the comparison groups, and equivalent on most measures to the control group. Compared to all other groups including the controls, the WS individuals displayed greater emotional responses to music, manifested interest in music at an earlier age, and spent more hours per week listening to music. In addition, the effects of music listening (whether positive or negative) tended to last longer in the WS group. A factor analysis extracted seven principal components that characterize the musical phenotype in our sample, and discriminant function analysis of those factors was able to successfully predict group membership for the majority of cases. We discuss the neurobiological implications of these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Faculty of Music, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada. levitin@psych.mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Levitin
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiles
authors.forename: Zona
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lincoln
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bellugi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003405:Creativity; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology*; D015588:Observer Variation; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*