title: Ethnicity, goal striving and schizophrenia: a case-control study of three ethnic groups in the United Kingdom.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The need to achieve is common to all societies, and failure to do so may have a highly detrimental psychological impact. For those on the margins of mainstream society, especially migrants or descendants of migrants, the impact of failed or poor achievements may increase their vulnerability to mental illness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In a prospective study of schizophrenia in three ethnic groups (White, Indian and African-Caribbean) we studied the impact of goal striving and investigated whether the gap between the poor achievement and the high aspirations of members of some minority ethnic groups was potentially a factor contributing to the development of the illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients and age- and sex-matched controls from their respective communities were asked to rate their perceived current levels of achievement and their past and future expectations in five domains--social standing, housing, education, employment and financial status on a 10-point scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The control subjects from the three ethnic groups scored similarly in most areas, supporting the validity of inter-ethnic comparisons. The gap between achievement and expectations did not appear to cause high disappointment levels in any group, and in fact only in the domain of housing did the African-Caribbean patients assess their current achievement as being significantly lower than that of their matched controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor housing conditions may be one of the risk factors contributing to the high incidence of schizophrenia in African-Caribbeans.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
authors.forename: Rosemarie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mallett
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leff
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhugra
authors.forename: Nori
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takei
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Corridan
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000208:ethnology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom