title: A practical approach to thermography in a hyperthermia/magnetic resonance hybrid system: validation in a heterogeneous phantom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the feasibility and accuracy of noninvasive magnetic resonance (MR) monitoring for a system that includes a multiantenna applicator for part-body hyperthermia (SIGMA-Eye applicator, BSD-2000/3D) and a 1.5 Tesla MR tomograph (Siemens Magnetom Symphony).
  
  
  METHODS
  A careful electrical decoupling enabled simultaneous operation of both systems, the hyperthermia system (100 MHz, up to 1600 W) and the MR tomograph (63.9 MHz). We used the phase data sets of a gradient echo sequence (long echo time TE = 20 ms) according to the proton frequency shift (PFS) method to determine MR temperature changes. Data postprocessing and visualization was conducted in the software platform AMIRA-HyperPlan. Heating was evaluated in an elliptical Lucite cylinder of 50 cm length filled with tissue-equivalent agarose and a skeleton made from low-dielectric material to simulate the heterogeneity of a real patient. Multiple catheters were included longitudinally for direct thermometry (using Bowman high-impedance thermistors). The phantom was positioned in the 24-antenna applicator SIGMA-Eye employing the integrated water bolus (filled with deionized water) both for coupling the radiated power into the lossy medium and to enable a correction procedure based on direct temperature measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In eight phantom experiments we monitored the heating in the applicator not only by repetitive acquisition of three-dimensional MR datasets, but also by measuring temperature-time curves directly at selected spatial positions. For the correction, we specified regions in the bolus. Direct bolus temperatures at fixed positions were taken to aim at best possible agreement between MR temperatures and these direct temperature-time curves. Then we compared additional direct temperature-position scans (thermal maps) for each experiment with the MR temperatures along these probes, which agreed satisfactorily (averaged accuracy of +/- 0.4-0.5 degrees C). The deviations decreased with decreasing observation time, temperature increase, and thermal load to the surroundings (corresponding to bolus heating)-estimating a resolution of, at best, +/- 0.2-0.3 degrees C. The acquired MR temperature distributions give also insight into limitations and control possibilities of regional hyperthermia (annular phased array technology) for various tumor sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On-line MR monitoring of regional hyperthermia by using the PFS method is feasible in a phantom setup and can be further developed for clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gellermann
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wlodarczyk
authors.forename: Hildegard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ganter
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nadobny
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fähling
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seebass
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wust
mesh_terms: D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010388:Pelvis; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013817:Thermography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*