title: Increased expression of activation markers on monocytes and neutrophils in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activation of leukocytes is obligatory for adherence to the endothelium and atherogenesis. Since leukocyte activation by triglycerides (TG) and glucose has been described in vitro, we hypothesised higher leukocyte activation in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using flow cytometry, we studied the expression of the leukocyte activation markers CD11A, CD11B, CD62L and CD66B in 15 patients with type 2 diabetes without clinical evidence of atherosclerosis (55+/-7 years) and in 15 healthy controls (53+/-2 years). All patients were on oral antidiabetic treatment (glyHb 6.3+/-0.9%) and not taking statins or anti-inflammatory drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with controls, the patients had a higher waist circumference (1.08+/-0.09 vs 0.94+/-0.11 m, p<0.005) and higher fasting glucose (8.4+/-2.3 vs 5.3+/-0.7 mM, p<0.005), whereas fasting plasma lipids were not statistically different. The leukocyte count was higher in the patients (6.55+/-1.55 vs 5.07+/-1.10 x 10(9) cells/l, p<0.005) due to higher neutrophils and lymphocytes (+34% and +24%, p<0.05 for each). CD11B on monocytes and CD11B and CD66B on neutrophils were higher in the patients (+30%, +52% and +43%, P<0.05 for each). Fasting glucose, waist circumference, body mass index and systolic blood pressure were positively associated with the leukocyte and neutrophil count. The expressions of CD11B and CD66B on monocytes and neutrophils were strongly positively interrelated, but unrelated to TG and glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with type 2 diabetes, the expression of activation markers on monocytes and neutrophils is enhanced and not correlated to fasting glucose or TG. These results suggest a proinflammatory situation in type 2 diabetes and most likely represent increased adhesive capacity of neutrophils and monocytes to the endothelium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, F02.126, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Oostrom
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Wijk
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Sijmonsma
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Rabelink
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castro Cabezas
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D018375:Neutrophil Activation; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers