title: Cyt1A of Bacillus thuringiensis delays evolution of resistance to Cry11A in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus.
abstract: Insecticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis have been used for mosquito and blackfly control for more than 20 years, yet no resistance to this bacterium has been reported. Moreover, in contrast to B. thuringiensis subspecies toxic to coleopteran or lepidopteran larvae, only low levels of resistance to B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis have been obtained in laboratory experiments where mosquito larvae were placed under heavy selection pressure for more than 30 generations. Selection of Culex quinquefasciatus with mutants of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis that contained different combinations of its Cry proteins and Cyt1Aa suggested that the latter protein delayed resistance. This hypothesis, however, has not been tested experimentally. Here we report experiments in which separate C. quinquefasciatus populations were selected for 20 generations to recombinant strains of B. thuringiensis that produced either Cyt1Aa, Cry11Aa, or a 1:3 mixture of these strains. At the end of selection, the resistance ratio was 1,237 in the Cry11Aa-selected population and 242 in the Cyt1Aa-selected population. The resistance ratio, however, was only 8 in the population selected with the 1:3 ratio of Cyt1Aa and Cry11Aa strains. When the resistant mosquito strain developed by selection to the Cyt1Aa-Cry11Aa combination was assayed against Cry11Aa after 48 generations, resistance to this protein was 9.3-fold. This indicates that in the presence of Cyt1Aa, resistance to Cry11Aa evolved, but at a much lower rate than when Cyt1Aa was absent. These results indicate that Cyt1Aa is the principal factor responsible for delaying the evolution and expression of resistance to mosquitocidal Cry proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Margaret C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.forename: Hyun-Woo
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Federici
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000235:genetics*; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D010572:Pest Control, Biological
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis