title: Pursuit of the muscular ideal: Physical and psychological consequences and putative risk factors.
abstract: Developing a lean muscular figure for the purposes of sports and/or appearance has become a central issue for males. Concern has been raised because the desire to develop such a body build may lead to the adoption of numerous health-threatening behaviors. Consequently, this review presents a comprehensive analysis of the physical and psychological consequences that result from the use of steroids (legal and illegal), ephedrine, and deleterious dieting strategies specific to males. Putative risk factors for these behaviors will be identified, and the clinical disorder associated with the extreme abuse of these behaviors, muscle dysmorphia, will be examined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-8200, USA.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cafri
authors.forename: J Kevin
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ricciardelli
authors.forename: Marita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smolak
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yesalis
mesh_terms: D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001828:Body Image; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D003469:Culture; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D013566:Sympathomimetics; D004809:Ephedrine