title: Randomized, double-blind trial of antibiotic exit site cream for prevention of exit site infection in peritoneal dialysis patients.
abstract: Infection is the Achilles heel of peritoneal dialysis. Exit site mupirocin prevents Staphylococcus aureus peritoneal dialysis (PD) infections but does not reduce Pseudomonas aeruginosa or other Gram-negative infections, which are associated with considerable morbidity and sometimes death. Patients from three centers (53% incident to PD and 47% prevalent) were randomized in a double-blinded manner to daily mupirocin or gentamicin cream to the catheter exit site. Infections were tracked prospectively by organism and expressed as episodes per dialysis-year at risk. A total of 133 patients were randomized, 67 to gentamicin and 66 to mupirocin cream. Catheter infection rates were 0.23/yr with gentamicin cream versus 0.54/yr with mupirocin (P = 0.005). Time to first catheter infection was longer using gentamicin (P = 0.03). There were no P. aeruginosa catheter infections using gentamicin compared with 0.11/yr using mupirocin (P < 0.003). S. aureus exit site infections were infrequent in both groups (0.06 and 0.08/yr; P = 0.44). Peritonitis rates were 0.34/yr versus 0.52/yr (P = 0.03), with a striking decrease in Gram-negative peritonitis (0.02/yr versus 0.15/yr; P = 0.003) using gentamicin compared with mupirocin cream, respectively. Gentamicin use was a significant predictor of lower peritonitis rates (relative risk, 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.29 to 0.93; P < 0.03), controlling for center and incident versus prevalent patients. Gentamicin cream applied daily to the peritoneal catheter exit site reduced P. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative catheter infections and reduced peritonitis by 35%, particularly Gram-negative organisms. Gentamicin cream was as effective as mupirocin in preventing S. aureus infections. Daily gentamicin cream at the exit site should be the prophylaxis of choice for PD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernardini
authors.forename: Filitsa
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Florio
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sloand
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Palmmontalbano
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Piraino
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000382:microbiology*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016712:Mupirocin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009824:Ointments; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005839:Gentamicins; D009824:Ointments; D016712:Mupirocin