title: The effects of nefazodone on women with seasonal affective disorder: clinical and polysomnographic analyses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To outline the clinical and polysomnographic changes induced by nefazodone in patients with seasonal affective disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients were enrolled, and 9 of them studied, in an open-label trial with objective and subjective measurements. The mean age of the studied patients was 45 (range 35-58) years. They met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), criteria for major depressive disorder and current major depressive episode with seasonal patterns. The patients' mean baseline score on the Seasonal Patterns Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) was 15.7 (standard deviation [SD] 5.3). The total nefazodone treatment period was 8 weeks, and the daily dosages were 100 mg in week 1, 200 mg in week 2, 300 mg in week 3, and up to 400 mg in weeks 4-8. Each patient received the 29-item version of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A) and 2-night polysomnographic assessments on 3 occasions: before treatment (baseline, W0), at the end of week 4 (W4) and at the end of week 8 (W8).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were statistically significant improvements in depression, anxiety, sleep latency and sleep efficiency during the 8-week treatment protocol. Repeated-measures analysis of variance results indicated that nefazodone has a time-dependent effect on both HAM-D and HAM-A scores. After 8 weeks of nefazodone therapy, HAM-D scores decreased from 33.4 (SD 8.1) to 11.6 (SD 5.6) (F(2,14) = 13.68, p = 0.001) and HAM-A decreased from 26.6 (SD 7.0) to 11.5 (SD 11.1) (F(2,14) = 13.46, p = 0.001). The results of paired t tests show that, compared with baseline, HAM-D and HAM-A scores decreased at both W4 (p = 0.004 and p = 0.002, respectively) and W8 (p = 0.002 and p = 0.005, respectively). The time-dependent effects on stage 1 sleep (F(2,16) = 6.06, p = 0.011) and periodic leg movement index (F(2,16) = 4.31, p = 0.035) were also significant. The mean sleep latency of these patients decreased from 39.9 (SD 32.7) minutes at W0 to 16.6 (SD 15.3) minutes at W8 (p < 0.05). Sleep efficiency increased from 78.8% (SD 14.6%) at W0 to 91.5% (SD 5.5%) at W8 (p < 0.05). Stage 1 sleep decreased from 4.9% (SD 1.9%) at W0 to 3.4% (SD 2.6%) at W8 (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this preliminary study indicate that nefazodone not only has favourable antidepressant and anxiolytic effects but also enhances sleep efficiency and sleep latency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, ON. jianhuas@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Sidney H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Levitan
authors.forename: Leonid
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kayumov
authors.forename: Colin M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010879:Piperazines; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods; D016574:Seasonal Affective Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D010879:Piperazines; D014230:Triazoles; C051752:nefazodone