title: Aerobic biodegradation of organotin compounds in activated sludge batch reactors.
abstract: The biodegradation behavior of four organotin (OT) compounds, namely tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), monobutyltin (MBT) and triphenyltin (TPhT), was studied in lab-scale activated sludge batch reactors. The activated sludge was spiked with the OT compounds at a level of 100 microg l(-1) as Sn. Determination of the OT compounds by GC-FPD after ethylation in the dissolved and particulate phase revealed that 24 h after the start of the experiments, almost the total of OT compounds has been removed from the dissolved phase and is associated with the suspended solids. Calculation of mass balance in batch reactors showed that OT compounds biodegradation was performed via a sequential dealkylation process. Removals due to biodegradation were differentiated according to the parent compound. In experiments with non-acclimatized biomass, a percentage of 27.1, 8.3, 73.8 and 51.3 was still present as TBT, DBT, MBT and TPhT, respectively, at the end of the experiment (18th day). Half-lives (t1/2) of 10.2 and 5.1 days were calculated for TBT and DBT, respectively, whereas apparent t1/2 values could not be determined for MBT and TPhT (t1/2>18 days). The capacity of activated sludge to biodegrade OT compounds in the absence of supplemental substrate indicated that these compounds can be metabolized as single sources of carbon and energy in activated sludge systems. Excluding TBT, the presence of low concentrations of supplemental substrate did not affect the biodegradation potential of activated sludge. The acclimatization of biomass on OT compounds enhanced significantly biodegradation, resulting in significant decreases of half-lives of OT compounds. As a result in the presence of acclimatized biomass, half-lives of 1.4, 3.6, 9.8 and 5.0 days were calculated for TBT, DBT, MBT and TPhT, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Studies, Water and Air Quality Laboratory, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene 81 100, Greece. astas@env.aegean.gr
authors.forename: Athanasios S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Stasinakis
authors.forename: Nikolaos S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Thomaidis
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nikolaou
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kantifes
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D006207:Half-Life; D007220:Industrial Waste; D009947:Organotin Compounds; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D009947:Organotin Compounds; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; C056189:di-n-butyltin; C011559:tributyltin; C030665:triphenyltin