title: Autocrine and paracrine calcium signaling by the CD38/NAD+/cyclic ADP-ribose system.
abstract: CD38, a multifunctional enzyme, generates two potent Ca2+-releasing signal metabolites, cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and NAADP+, thereby upmodulating many important Ca2+-mediated cell functions. A topological paradox has long been recognized, as CD38 is an ectoenzyme, or an intravesicularly located enzyme in subcellular membrane vesicles, therefore apparently shielded from its substrate NAD+. Moreover, cADPR generated by CD38 should be unavailable to its target Ca2+ stores, the ryanodine receptors (RyR). We have solved this paradox by identifying some NAD+ and cADPR transmembrane transporters, whose interplay mediates a hitherto-unrecognized subcellular and intercellular trafficking of nucleotides that enhances intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). Connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels mediate an equilibrative transport of NAD+ from the cytosol to the active site of CD38 (either ectocellular or intravesicular). Subsequent translocation of in situ-generated cADPR to reach the RyR is performed, (i) by CD38 itself (concentrative) or (ii) by nucleoside transporters (NT) (one equilibrative and three concentrative). Besides this autocrine mechanism, the same transporters also mediate intercellular (paracrine) trafficking. Thus, Cx43+ and CD38+ cells can provide cADPR to neighboring RyR+ parenchymal cells and enhance their [Ca2+]i levels and Ca2+-dependent functions accordingly. Examples of cADPR-responsive cells via paracrine processes include (i) smooth myocytes, (ii) 3T3 murine fibroblasts, (iii) hippocampal neurons, and (iv) human hemopoietic stem cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1-16132 Genova, Italy. toninodf@unige.it
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Flora
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zocchi
authors.forename: Lucrezia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guida
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: Santina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bruzzone
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D036541:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase / Q000378:metabolism*; D051997:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000378:metabolism; D036563:Cyclic ADP-Ribose / Q000737:chemistry*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D009243:NAD / Q000737:chemistry*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D019899:Paracrine Communication; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D018031:Connexin 43; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; D009243:NAD; D036563:Cyclic ADP-Ribose; D036541:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase; C498154:CD38 protein, human; C498155:Cd38 protein, mouse; D051997:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1; D002118:Calcium