title: Characterization and partial purification of the rat and human enzyme systems active in the reduction of N-hydroxymelagatran and benzamidoxime.
abstract: The enzymic basis for intracellular reduction of N-hydroxylated amidines to their corresponding amidines, and hydroxylamines to their corresponding amines, is unknown. The hydroxylated amidines can be used as prodrug moieties, and an understanding of the enzyme system active in the reduction can contribute to more efficient drug development. In this study, we examined the properties of this enzyme system using benzamidoxime and N-hydroxymelagatran as substrates. In rats and humans, the hepatic enzyme system was localized in mitochondria as well as in microsomes, using preferably NADH as cofactor. Potassium cyanide, N-methylhydroxylamine, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, and desferrioxamine were efficient inhibitors, whereas typical cytochrome P450 (P450) inhibitors were ineffective. In rats, the highest specific activity was found in liver, adipose tissue, and kidneys, whereas in humans, the specific activity in the preparations of adipose tissue examined was lower. A sex difference was observed in rat liver, where 4-fold higher activity was seen in microsomes from female rats. No gender differences were present in any other tissue investigated. Partial purification of the hepatic system was achieved using polyethylene glycol fractionation followed by Octyl Sepharose chromatography at low detergent concentrations, whereas the enzyme was denatured after complete solubilization. The unique appearance of the enzyme activity in adipose tissue, together with the cyanide sensitivity and the failure of typical P450 inhibitors to impede the reaction, indicates that the enzyme system active in reduction of benzamidoxime and N-hydroxymelagatran formation is not of cytochrome P450 origin, but likely consists of an NADH-dependent electron transfer chain with a cyanide-sensitive protein as the terminal component.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Toxicology, IMM, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Asa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nordling
authors.forename: Xue-qing
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nivelius
authors.forename: Tommy B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ingelman-Sundberg
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000201:enzymology; D000578:Amidines / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001384:Azetidines / Q000378:metabolism*; D001550:Benzamidines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D002847:Chromatography, Agarose; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D012737:Sex Factors; D013045:Species Specificity; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D000578:Amidines; D001384:Azetidines; D001550:Benzamidines; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; C479417:N-hydroxymelagatran; C053561:benzamidoxime; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C418330:NADH-benzamidoxime reductase