title: Speech production of preschoolers with cleft palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present investigation was conducted to examine the prevalence of preschoolers with cleft palate who require speech therapy, demonstrate significant nasalization of speech, and produce compensatory articulations. The relationship among these three dependent variables and the independent variables of cleft type and age of primary palatal surgery was also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants included 212 preschoolers with repaired cleft palate aged 2 years 10 months to 5 years 6 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chi-square analyses were performed to examine the relationship between two independent variables (cleft type and age of surgery) and three dependent variables (percentage of children requiring speech therapy, percentage demonstrating moderate to severe hypernasality and receiving secondary management for velopharyngeal insufficiency, and percentage producing glottal/pharyngeal substitutions).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-eight percent of the children were enrolled in (or had previously received) speech therapy. Thirty-seven percent of the children demonstrated moderate-severe hypernasality or had received secondary surgical management for velopharyngeal insufficiency. Chi-square analyses revealed a significant relationship between cleft type and the number of children referred for speech therapy as well as the number of children with significant hypernasality. The analyses also revealed a significant relationship between age of palatal surgery and number of children with significant hypernasality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite advances in surgical management and the advantages offered by team care, the majority of preschoolers with cleft palate continue to demonstrate delays in speech sound development that require direct speech therapy. An optimal treatment regimen for these children is one that includes primary palatal surgery no later than 13 months of age.
authors.affiliation: Division of Communication Disorders at the University of Wyoming, Wyoming 82071-3311, USA. mhardinj@uwyo.edu
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hardin-Jones
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013070:Speech Therapy; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000209:etiology