title: Age differences in vitamin A intake among Canadian Inuit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inuit traditional food provides ample amounts of preformed vitamin A. However, the dietary transition away from traditional food raises concerns regarding dietary adequacy. Vitamin A is an essential nutrient with inadequate and excessive exposures having adverse effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate total dietary vitamin A intake for Canadian Inuit from market food and traditional food sources and to evaluate retinol concentrations in liver and blubber.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary surveys were conducted in 18 communities representing 5 Inuit regions, and traditional food items were evaluated for nutrient content.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among those 15-40 years of age, 68% of men and 60% of women had a dietary vitamin A intake below the estimated average requirement (EAR) for retinol activity equivalents (RAE)/day. Among those over 40 years of age, only 11 % of men and 15% of women had a dietary vitamin A intake below the EAR. Young Inuit men had a relative risk of 6.2 (95% CI= 4.5-8.4), and young Inuit women had a relative risk of 4.0 (95% CI= 3.1-5.0) for dietary inadequacy compared to the older Inuit men and women, respectively. The median retinol content of liver of ringed seal, caribou, and fish were comparable to levels observed in market food liver. Liver was less frequently consumed by those 15-40 years of age than among older Inuit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sub-optimal vitamin A intake is the predominant nutritional concern rather than excessive exposures. Public health education campaigns are needed to improve vitamin A intake among the younger generations of Inuit men and women.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment and School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC. grace.egeland@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Grace M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Egeland
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berti
authors.forename: Rula
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soueida
authors.forename: Laura T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Arbour
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Receveur
authors.forename: Harriet V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Kuhnlein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002170:Canada; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D004930:Inuit; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A