title: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase inhibitor, fluvastatin, as a novel agent for prophylaxis of renal cancer metastasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, also called statins, are currently used widely as a safe, effective therapeutic in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Recently, statins have been recognized for their activity against cancer. In the present study, we examined the effect of a synthetic statin, fluvastatin, on the development of renal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of fluvastatin on cell viability, cell cycle, in vitro angiogenesis, and invasive properties were examined in murine renal cancer cell Renca. The changes in cell cycle-associated proteins, p21(Waf1/Cip1) and p53, and rac1 phosphorylation were analyzed by Western blotting. The prophylactic efficacy of fluvastatin to murine pulmonary metastasis of Renca was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluvastatin inhibited in vitro growth of Renca cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with up to 70% inhibition at a concentration of 10 mumol/L. This inhibitory effect was due to cell cycle arrest at the G(1) phase and induction of apoptosis accompanied by up-regulation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) and p53. The invasive properties of Renca cells through Matrigel were inhibited by fluvastatin, with decreased phosphorylation of rac1. In vitro angiogenesis was also inhibited by fluvastatin. Furthermore, oral administration at doses of 1 to 10 mg/kg/d, for 12 days after inoculation of Renca cells via the tail vein, significantly decreased the amount of pulmonary metastasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because our results suggest that fluvastatin may effectively inhibit in vitro tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis of Renca cells, oral administration of fluvastatin could be a novel, safe, and effective agent for preventing metastasis of renal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan. impreza@cb3.so-net.ne.jp
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horiguchi
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sumitomo
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Asakuma
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.forename: Tomohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.forename: Masamichi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077340:Fluvastatin; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000556:secondary*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; C493957:Cdkn1a protein, mouse; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D009479:Neuropeptides; C484602:Rac1 protein, mouse; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D000077340:Fluvastatin; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein