title: Intrapleural tissue plasminogen activator for complicated pleural effusions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study is aimed at evaluating the safety and efficacy of intrapleural tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) for complicated pleural effusions, including posttraumatic hemothorax.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were retrospectively collected from hospitalized patients over a 4-year period (1999-2003) who were treated with intrapleural TPA after failing drainage by tube thoracostomy. Pre- and post-TPA imaging studies were reviewed and scored by a blinded radiologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-one consecutive patients with 42 effusions were identified with the following indications: 6 traumatic hemothoraces (14%), 22 loculated pleural effusions (52%), 2 line-associated hemothoraces (5%), and 12 empyemas (29%). Nine patients (22%) required operative drainage including two with posttraumatic hemothoraces. All patients managed nonoperatively demonstrated radiographic improvement after TPA administration. One patient (2.4%) developed hematuria, requiring transfusion. No trauma patient required TPA-related blood transfusion and no deaths were attributable to TPA therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrapleural TPA administration appears safe for use in complicated pleural effusions and may decrease the need for operative intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Dionne A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Skeete
authors.forename: Edmund J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Rutherford
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Schlidt
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Preston B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Rich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015897:Comorbidity; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator