title: Maintenance of pulmonary vasculature tone by blood derived from the inferior vena cava in a rabbit model of cavopulmonary shunt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After cavopulmonary shunt in which the superior vena cava is anastomosed to the right pulmonary artery, the right lung is in a unique condition without flow pulsatility and hepatic venous effluent. In a previous study, we reported that hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction disappeared in the pulmonary circulation after cavopulmonary shunt. In this study, however, to investigate the influence of pulsatility and hepatic venous effluent on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the pulmonary circulation, we developed an alternative cavopulmonary shunt rabbit model that included hepatic venous effluent in the pulmonary circulation and reduced the pulsatility of the pulmonary arterial blood flow. We then observed the physiologic characteristics of the peripheral pulmonary artery after cavopulmonary shunt, specifically the disappearance of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen Japanese white rabbits (12-16 weeks old) were used in this study. With general anesthesia, a cavopulmonary shunt was established by anastomosing the right superior vena cava to the right pulmonary artery in an end-to-side fashion. Of the 16 rabbits for the study, the proximal right pulmonary artery was completely ligated in 5 (atresia group) and partially ligated in 6 (stenosis group). Sham operation was performed in the remaining 5 rabbits. Two weeks later, we analyzed the response of the pulmonary artery (which was divided into three categories: segmental, lobular, and acinar level artery) to hypoxia (8% oxygen inhalation) with a specially designed video radiographic system. Morphometric analysis of the resistance pulmonary artery was done in each group after angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean pressure and pulse pressure in the right pulmonary artery were not significantly different between the atresia and stenosis groups. The mean pulmonary artery pressures in the atresia and stenosis groups were 8 and 11 mm Hg, respectively. However, the pulse pressure was less than 2 mm Hg in both groups. The baseline internal diameter of the resistance pulmonary artery of the atresia group was significantly different from those of the stenosis and sham groups. In the atresia group, the resistance pulmonary arteries did not respond to hypoxia. In contrast, significant constriction (as assessed by percentage change of internal diameter of the resistance pulmonary arteries in the acinar and lobular level arteries) was observed in the pulmonary arteries of the sham and stenosis groups (atresia vs stenosis vs sham 0.4% vs - 19.0% vs - 18.8%, P = .01). In our morphometric study, we observed vasodilation of the resistance pulmonary artery with a thinner medial layer in the atresia group, consistent with the result of microangiography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We developed a cavopulmonary shunt rabbit model in which the inferior vena caval blood was derived from the right ventricle. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction was maintained in the model with the blood flow from the right ventricle. When the blood flow was not maintained, however, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction disappeared. This phenomenon strongly suggests that a substance in hepatic venous effluent partially regulates the physiological pulmonary vascular function in the rabbit lung.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ikai
authors.forename: Mikiyasu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shirai
authors.forename: Kazunobu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kameyama
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueyama
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komeda
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D018610:Heart Bypass, Right / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011336:Probability; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D011817:Rabbits; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014655:Vascular Resistance; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000601:surgery*