title: Breath and string test: a diagnostic package for the identification of treatment failure and antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori without the necessity of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) resistance after failed eradication has a major impact on the outcome of a further treatment regimen. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of a non-invasive strategy using the 13C-urea breath test (UBT) and the gastric string test in identifying post-treatment resistance of H pylori.
  
  
  METHODS
  The UBT was routinely performed 4 to 6 wk after H pylori eradication therapy. Forty-two patients (24 females, 18 males, mean age 48 years) with a positive UBT were included in the study. A gastric string test using a capsule containing a 90 cm-long nylon fiber was performed. Before the capsule was swallowed, the free end of the string was taped to the cheek. After one hour in the stomach, the string was withdrawn. The distal 20 cm of the string was inoculated onto an agar plate and processed under micro-aerophilic conditions. Following the string test, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed to obtain gastric biopsies for conventional culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  H pylori was successfully cultured from the gastric string in 34 patients (81%), but not in 5 patients due to contamination with oropharyngeal flora. H pylori was cultured from the gastric biopsies obtained at endoscopy in 39 patients (93%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The UBT followed by the gastric string test in the case of treatment failure is a valid diagnostic strategy with the aim of determining the post-therapeutic antibiotic resistance of H pylori with little inconvenience to the patient. Upper GI-endoscopy can be avoided in several cases by applying consequently this diagnostic package.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Magdeburg, Germany. andreas@leodolter.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leodolter
authors.forename: Kathlen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wolle
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: von Arnim
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kahl
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Treiber
authors.forename: Matthias-P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ebert
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Peitz
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malfertheiner
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D001944:Breath Tests; D002214:Capsules; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009757:Nylons
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002214:Capsules; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009757:Nylons