title: Breech delivery and intelligence: a population-based study of 8,738 breech infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Long-term intellectual performance in breech-presented infants may be negatively affected by vaginal delivery. We evaluated the effect of presentation at birth and delivery mode on intellectual performance at age 18 years in a nationwide population study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 8,738 male infants in breech and 384,832 males in cephalic presentation registered in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, 1967-1979, and linked to data registered at the National Conscript Service, 1984-1999. Test scores of intelligence testing at conscription were presented as standard nine ("stanine") scores. Mean stanine scores and odds ratios of low score were computed and adjusted for birth order, maternal age, and education.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean stanine score was slightly higher among breech-presented males than among cephalic-presented males (5.26 versus 5.22, P = .05), whereas after adjustment the difference disappeared (P = .3). Breech-presented infants had lower mean scores if delivered by cesarean compared with vaginal breech delivery (P = .03), and cephalic-presented males scored lower if their mothers had a cesarean delivery instead of a vaginal delivery (P < .001). Comparing cesarean and vaginal delivery in breech births, the odds ratio of having a stanine score less than or equal to 3 was 1.12 (95% confidence interval 0.92,1.36), after adjustment for confounding factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presentation at birth did not affect adult intellectual performance. Cesarean delivery of breech-presented infants did not improve adult intellectual performance when compared with a vaginal delivery. The excess perinatal hazards of breech-presented infants with a vaginal delivery were not reflected in adult intellectual performance.
authors.affiliation: Section for Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Norway. martha.eide@mfr.uib.no
authors.forename: Martha G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Eide
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Øyen
authors.forename: Rolv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Skjaerven
authors.forename: Lorentz M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Irgens
authors.forename: Tor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bjerkedal
authors.forename: Stein Tore
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Nilsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001722:Birth Order; D001724:Birth Weight; D001946:Breech Presentation; D002585:Cesarean Section; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D004522:Educational Status; D005113:Extraction, Obstetrical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007360:Intelligence; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008423:Maternal Age; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy