title: Rapid monitoring of microbial contamination on herbal medicines by fluorescent staining method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To apply fluorescent staining method for fast assessment of microbial quality of herbal medicines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of total bacteria and esterase-active bacteria on powdered traditional Chinese medicines were enumerated by fluorescent staining method using 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (6CFDA) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and they were compared with colony-forming units (CFU). The CFU was approximately 10(3) per gram in ginseng radix, and no bacterial colonies were detected from others. However, the total bacterial number (TDC) was more than 10(7) per gram, and number of bacteria possessing esterase activity ranged from 1 to 3% of TDC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many bacteria in each Chinese medicine had enzyme activity and most of them could not be detected by conventional plate counting technique. Enumeration of bacterial cells on traditional Chinese medicines by fluorescent staining method requires less than 1 h. The double staining method with 6CFDA and DAPI could be applicable to rapid microbial monitoring of crude drugs.
authors.affiliation: Hiya Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001630:Bezoars / Q000382:microbiology; D002417:Cattle; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004340:Drug Contamination; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism*; D029001:Herbal Medicine; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional; D005894:Panax / Q000382:microbiology; D029645:Thymelaeaceae / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors; D001503:Ursidae / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007211:Indoles; C024098:6-carboxyfluorescein; C007293:DAPI