title: Endoscopic ultrasound-assisted endoscopic resection of carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Usually found in the gastrointestinal tract, carcinoids are the most frequent neuroendocrine tumors. Most of these lesions are located in areas that are difficult to access using conventional endoscopy (small intestine and appendix); carcinoid tumors found in the gastroduodenal tract and in the large intestine can be studied endoscopically; in these cases, if localized disease is confirmed, local treatment by endoscopic resection may be the treatment of choice. Since endoscopic ultrasonography has been shown to be the technique of choice for the study of tumors exhibiting submucosal growth, the selection of patients who are candidates for a safe and effective local resection should be based on this technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected patients with gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors who were endoscopically treated between 1997 and 2002. Those patients with tumors measuring less than 10 mm, which had not penetrated the muscularis propria, and those with localized disease were considered candidates for endoscopic resection. The endpoints of this study were to assess the effectiveness (complete resection) and safety (complications) of the technique. Follow-up consisted of eschar biopsies performed one month and twelve months after the resection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the aforementioned period, we resected endoscopically 24 tumors in 21 patients (mean age: 51.7 years; 71.5% males). Most lesions were incidental discoveries made during examinations indicated for other reasons. Resection was indicated in most cases as a result of the suspected presence of a carcinoid tumor after endoscopic ultrasonography. Endoscopic ultrasonography also enabled us to clearly identify the layer where the lesion had originated, as well as the size of the lesion. The carcinoid tumor was removed in 13 cases (54.2%) by using the conventional snare polypectomy technique, in 9 cases (37.5%) assisted by a submucosal injection of saline solution and/or adrenaline, and in 2 cases (8.3%) after ligating the lesion with elastic bands. In all cases the resection was complete, with no recurrence during the follow-up period, and no major complications, except for a single case in which a post-polypectomy hemorrhage occurred that was endoscopically solved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In properly selected patients, the endoscopic resection of carcinoid tumors is a safe and effective technique that permits a complete resection in all cases with few complications. Endoscopic ultrasonography is the technique of choice for selecting the patients who are candidates for endoscopic resection.
authors.affiliation: Service of Digestive Diseases, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Juan Canalejo, A Coruña, Spain. martinezares7@hotmail.com
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martínez-Ares
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Souto-Ruzo
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Varas Lorenzo
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Espinós Pérez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yáñez López
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abad Belando
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Alonso Aguirre
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Miquel Colell
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Váquez Iglesias
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014463:Ultrasonography