title: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in childhood: clinical aspects and neurological and cognitive long-term outcome in three cases.
abstract: We report clinical findings, risk factors and neurological and cognitive long-term outcome in three Italian children aged 7, 8 and 5, respectively, who experienced cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). All children presented with headache, associated to nausea, vomiting and papilloedema. None suffered from epileptic seizures. In two of them a paresis of the sixth cranial nerve with diplopia was found. Diagnosis was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging angiography (angio MRI) in all cases. In all patients plasma levels of protein C, protein S, antithrombin III (AT III), antiphospholipid antibodies (ApA) and homocysteine were detected. Furthermore, factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin mutation G20210A and MTHFR mutation were searched for. A Protein C reduction was detected in all patients at onset; this finding, however, was not confirmed at follow-up in all of them. At one-year follow-up, neurological examination was normal in all children and neuropsychological assessment, aimed at excluding linguistic and non-linguistic cognitive deficits, revealed normal performances in two of them. In the third child, cognitive assessment confirmed a previously diagnosed developmental dyslexia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Section of Physiology, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, I-43100 Parma, Italy. giovanni.buccino@unipr.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buccino
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cossu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Fanti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Manotti
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Izzi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mancia
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000523:psychology; D005334:Fever / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011486:Protein C / Q000378:metabolism; D012851:Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D011486:Protein C