title: Impact of vascular endothelial growth factor-C and -D expression in human pancreatic cancer: its relationship to lymph node metastasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and -D in pancreatic cancer and to reveal its relation to lymph node metastasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks were obtained from 58 patients with pancreatic head cancer. All of the patients underwent a curative resection. The total number of resected lymph nodes was 1,058. The expressions of VEGF-C and -D were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. To evaluate the relation to lymph node metastasis, the expressions of VEGF-C and -D between the marginal and central portions in the tumor were compared. When >25% of the tumor cells showed distinct staining, the portion was judged as high expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two groups with high expression of VEGF-C (P = 0.015) and VEGF-D (P = 0.020) in the marginal portion had a significantly higher incidence of lymph node metastasis compared with the groups with low expression, respectively. Furthermore, the group with high expression of both VEGF-C and -D in the marginal portion had a higher incidence of lymph node metastasis compared with the group with low expression (P = 0.007). The 5-year survival rate of patients with high expression of both VEGF-C and -D in the marginal portion was significantly lower than that of patients with low expression of both VEGF-C and -D (P = 0.017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VEGF-C and -D expression in tumor cells in the marginal portion of the tumor significantly associated with lymphatic metastasis and prognosis in patients with pancreatic head cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Oncology and Research Center for Life Science Resources, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kurahara
authors.forename: Sonshin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takao
authors.forename: Kousei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maemura
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shinchi
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Natsugoe
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aikou
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000378:metabolism*; D042643:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D042643:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D