title: Doxorubicin pharmacokinetics following a single-dose infusion to sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin in sulphur-crested cockatoos, so that its use in clinical studies in birds can be considered.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pharmacokinetic study of doxorubicin, following a single intravenous (i.v.) infusion over 20 min, was performed in four healthy sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita).
  
  
  METHODS
  Birds were anaesthetised and both jugular veins were cannulated, one for doxorubicin infusion and the other for blood collection. Doxorubicin hydrochloride (2 mg/kg) in normal saline was infused i.v. over 20 min at a constant rate. Serial blood samples were collected for 96 h after initiation of the infusion. Plasma doxorubicin concentrations were assayed using an HPLC method involving ethyl acetate extraction, reverse-phase chromatography and fluorescence detection. The limit of quantification was 20 ng/mL. Established non-parametric methods were used for the analysis of plasma doxorubicin data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the infusion the mean +/- SD for the Cmax of doxorubicin was 4037 +/- 2577 ng/mL. Plasma concentrations declined biexponentially immediately after the infusion was ceased. There was considerable intersubject variability in all pharmacokinetic variables. The terminal (beta-phase) half-life was 41.4 +/- 18.5 min, the systemic clearance (CI) was 45.7 +/- 18.0 mL/min/kg, the mean residence time (MRT) was 4.8 +/- 1.4 min, and the volume of distribution at steady state (V(SS)) was 238 +/- 131 mL/kg. The extrapolated area under the curve (AUC(0-infinity)) was 950 +/- 677 ng/mL x h. The reduced metabolite, doxorubicinol, was detected in the plasma of all four parrots but could be quantified in only one bird with the profile suggesting formation rate-limited pharmacokinetics of doxorubicinol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Doxorubicin infusion in sulphur-crested cockatoos produced mild, transient inappetence. The volume of distribution per kilogram and terminal half-life were considerably smaller, but the clearance per kilogram was similar to or larger than reported in the dog, rat and humans. Traces of doxorubicinol, a metabolite of doxorubicin, were detected in the plasma.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Filippich
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Charles
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D046410:Cockatoos / Q000378:metabolism*; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D004317:Doxorubicin