title: Allurin, a 21 kD sperm chemoattractant, is rapidly released from the outermost jelly layer of the Xenopus egg by diffusion and medium convection.
abstract: Allurin, a 21 kD protein from Xenopus laevis egg jelly, has been demonstrated to attract sperm by video microscopy and by quantitative chemotaxis chamber assays. Here, we use immunocytochemistry to demonstrate that this sperm chemoattractant is located in the outermost layer of egg jelly (J3) and is rapidly released into the surrounding medium. SDS-PAGE analysis and Western blotting confirm the appearance of allurin in the medium within 1.5 min and separation of proteins in the medium by anion exchange FPLC, shows that nearly half of the allurin released over a 12-hr period is discharged in the first 5 min. The kinetics of allurin release from J3 and its appearance in the medium were quantitatively accounted for, by computer simulation of mathematical diffusion and convection models. Comparison of simulation data to quantitative measurements of allurin appearance in the medium suggests that allurin, although larger than most chemoattractants, is effectively dispersed by a combination of diffusion and medium mixing at the jelly surface during spawning. Our model further predicts that the innermost jelly layer, J1, is less permeable to allurin than the other layers, allowing it to act as a "reflector" to speed up allurin discharge.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and the Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors.forename: Xueyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kittelson
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bieber
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chandler
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018481:Convection; D004058:Diffusion; D004527:Egg Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010063:Ovum / Q000378:metabolism*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000737:chemistry; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002630:Chemotactic Factors; D004527:Egg Proteins; C438377:allurin