title: Effects of acute exhaustive exercise and chronic exercise training on type 1 and type 2 T lymphocytes.
abstract: The present study examined the effects of acute exhaustive exercise and chronic exercise training on type 1 and type 2 T lymphocyte distribution and intracellular cytokine production. Seven endurance-trained male cyclists completed exercise trials to exhaustion before, immediately after, and following 2 weeks of resting recovery from a 6-day intensified training period (ITP). During each trial, resting and post-exercise blood samples were incubated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin and stained for T lymphocyte surface antigens (CD3). Cells were then permeabilised, stained for intracellular cytokines and analysed using flow cytometry. Acute exhaustive exercise before and following 2 weeks of recovery from the ITP, but not immediately after the ITP, significantly reduced the circulating percentage and number of lFN-gamma+ (type 1) T cells (P<0.05). In addition, the amount of IFN-gamma produced by stimulated T lymphocytes was decreased (P<0.05) post-exercise during each trial. The percentage and number of interferon (IFN)-gamma+ T lymphocytes was decreased (P<0.05) at rest immediately after the ITP compared with before and following 2 weeks of resting recovery from the ITP. However, the amount of IFN-gamma produced by stimulated T lymphocytes at rest was unaltered following the ITP. Neither acute exercise nor chronic exercise training caused an alteration in the circulating percentage or number of interleukin (IL)-4+ (type 2) T lymphocytes. These results suggest a possible mechanism for the increased incidence of infection reported during chronic exercise training via modulation of type 1/type 2 T lymphocyte distribution.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. Graeme.Lancaster@rmit.edu.au
authors.forename: Graeme I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Lancaster
authors.forename: Shona L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Halson
authors.forename: Qamar
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Pam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Drysdale
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Asker E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Jeukendrup
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Drayson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gleeson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000276:immunology; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007371:Interferon-gamma; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D004837:Epinephrine