title: Incremental cost-effectiveness of supplementary immunization activities to prevent neonatal tetanus in Pakistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of supplementary immunization activities to prevent neonatal tetanus in the Loralai district of Pakistan. The supplemental immunization activities were carried out in two phases during 2001-03.
  
  
  METHODS
  A state-transition model was used to estimate the effect of routine vaccination with tetanus toxoid as well as vaccination with tetanus toxoid during supplementary immunization activities. The model follows each woman in the target population from birth until the end of her childbearing years, using age-specific fertility data and vaccination history to determine the number of births at risk for neonatal tetanus. Recently published data on the incidence of neonatal tetanus from Loralai were used to determine the number of cases occurring with and without supplementary immunization activities. Data on the costs of the activities were collected from the UNICEF office in Balochistan and from the Provincial Health Department.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using base-case assumptions we estimated that the supplementary immunization activities would prevent 280 cases of neonatal tetanus and 224 deaths from neonatal tetanus between 2001 and 2034. Implementation of the supplementary activities was relatively inexpensive. The cost per tetanus toxoid dose delivered was 0.40 U.S. dollars. In the base-case analysis the cost per death averted was 117.00 U.S. dollars (95% confidence interval (CI) = 78-205 U.S. dollars) and the cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted was 3.61 U.S. dollars (95% Cl = 2.43-6.39 U.S. dollars).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with similar analyses of other interventions, the cost per DALY averted is a favourable cost-effectiveness ratio. However, if routine diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination coverage in the Loralai district had been higher (at a coverage rate of about 80%) the cost-effectiveness of the intervention would have been even more favourable, at 2.65 U.S. dollars per DALY averted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. griffithsu@who.int
authors.forename: Ulla K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: Lara J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wolfson
authors.forename: Arshad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quddus
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Younus
authors.forename: Rehan A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hafiz
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000191:economics*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010154:Pakistan; D013742:Tetanus / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D013745:Tetanus Toxoid