title: Preliminary investigation of the use of high frequency ultrasound imaging in the chick embryo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using high frequency ultrasound to study the chick embryo in a noninvasive and longitudinal fashion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 10 SPF White Leghorn chick embryos (GDs 11-17; Hamburger and Hamilton stage 37-43) were consecutively examined with a GE Logiq 400 ProSeries ultrasound unit using an 11-MHz small parts ultrasound probe. Access for ultrasound visualization of the embryos was accomplished by opening a 2-3-cm window either in the air cell over the blunt end of the egg or laterally over the embryo-dependent side of the egg. Warmed ultrasound coupling gel was used for imaging, and thermal regulation was maintained with infant heel warmers. The ultrasound images were recorded directly on digital video using a Sony TRV 900 DV camcorder. The images were directly converted to jpeg and mjeg2 files for further analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Effective visualization of each embryo was possible on each day of the study period. The embryos were best visualized through the opening made in the air cell at the blunt end of the egg. The extent of the anatomic survey of the chick embryo was dependent upon the position of the embryo in the egg relative to the opening in the air cell. Doppler color flow mapping studies were obtained of the embryonic and extraembryonic circulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preliminary investigation clearly shows the feasibility of high frequency ultrasound imaging to study chick embryo development in a longitudinal and noninvasive fashion. Further studies are presently ongoing regarding earlier embryo development, as well as to determine the stability and dynamics of the methodology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. maschellpfeffer@pol.net
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schellpfeffer
authors.forename: Randall S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kuhlmann
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bolender
authors.forename: Carmel G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Ruffolo
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Kolesari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D014463:Ultrasonography