title: Risk factors for cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in type 1 diabetes. Apart from glycaemic control, risk factors for CAN have not been extensively studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study, CAN--defined as either a loss of heart rate variability or postural hypotension on standing--was assessed at baseline and follow-up (7.3+/-0.6 years from baseline) in patients with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up measurements were available for 956 participants without CAN at baseline (age at baseline 31.3+/-8.9 years, duration of diabetes 13.5+/-8.3 years). During follow-up, 163 (17%) subjects developed CAN, yielding an incidence of 23.4 per 1,000 person-years. Blood pressure, weight, the presence of cardiovascular disease, albuminuria, distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSP) and retinopathy at baseline were associated with the incidence of CAN after adjustment for sex, duration of diabetes and HbA(1)c. In a multivariate regression model, baseline factors associated with an increased risk of developing CAN were age [odds ratio (OR)=1.3 per decade, 95% CI 1.1-1.7], HbA(1)c (OR=1.2 per percentage point, 95% CI 1.1-1.4), systolic blood pressure (OR=1.1 per 10 mmHg, 95% CI 1.0-1.3), feeling faint on standing (OR=2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.2), DSP (OR=1.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.0) and retinopathy (OR=1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the importance of exposure to hyperglycaemia as a risk factor for CAN. A small set of variables, including HbA(1)c, hypertension, DSP and retinopathy, predict the risk of CAN. Clinical trials are needed to address the impact of intensive antihypertensive treatment on CAN in type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. d.witte@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tesfaye
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.forename: S E M
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kempler
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Fuller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006329:Heart Conduction System; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides