[How many pieces to build a circadian clock?].
Biological rhythms represent a fundamental property of various living organisms. In particular, circadian rhythms, i.e. rhythms with a period close to 24 hours, help organisms to adapt to environmental daily rhythms. Although various factors can entrain or reset rhythms, they persist even in the absence of external timing cue, showing that their generation is endogenous. Indeed, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is considered to be the main circadian clock in mammals. Isolated SCN neurons have been shown to display circadian rhythms, and in each cell, a set of genes, called "clock genes", are devoted to the generation and regulation of rhythms. Recently, it has become obvious that the clock located in the SCN is not homogenous, but is rather composed of multiple functional components somewhat reminiscent of its neurochemical organization. The significance and implications of these findings are still poorly understood but pave the way for future exciting studies. Here, current knowledge concerning these distinct neuronal populations and the ways through which synchronization could be achieved, as well as the potential role of neuropeptides in both photic and non-photic resetting of the clock, are summarized. Finally, we discuss the role of the SCN within the circadian system, which also includes oscillators located in various tissues and cell types.
Dardente
Hugues
H
Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Douglas, Laboratoire de Chronobiologie moléculaire, Université McGill, 6875, boulevard LaSalle, Montréal, Québec, H4H 1R3 Canada.
Cermakian
Nicolas
N
D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D006801:Humans; D013493:Suprachiasmatic Nucleus / Q000502:physiology*