title: Persistent low viral load on antiretroviral therapy is associated with T cell-mediated control of HIV replication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is unclear how stable low-level viral replication and CD4 cell numbers can be maintained under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). This study was designed to analyse whether HIV-specific responses in stable partially controlled patients during antiretroviral therapy (ART) differ from those observed in complete HAART failure and whether they contribute to the control of viral load (VL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of patients were selected according to plasma HIV RNA levels during 18 months of ART: persistently low VL (LoVL; HIV RNA <10,000 copies/ml; n = 28), undetectable VL (UnVL; HIV RNA <200 copies/ml; n = 29) and high VL (HiVL; HIV RNA >10,000 copies/ml; n = 14). T-cell responses were studied using lymphoproliferative and interferon (IFN)-gamma-ELISpot assays against HIV-p24, -gp160, recall antigens, and 15 pools of HIV-(Gag + RT) peptides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Frequencies of IFN-gamma-producing CD4 T cells against HIV-p24 were higher in LoVL than in UnVL or HiVL groups [median, 131, 47 and 23 spot-forming cells (SFC)/1 x 10 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), respectively; P = 0.012 and P = 0.047]. Lymphoproliferative responses to HIV-p24 and recall antigens were similar in LoVL and UnVL groups but lower in HiVL (P = 0.004). Frequencies of HIV-specific CD8 T cells were higher in LoVL than in UnVL (1340 versus 410 SFC/1 x 10 PBMC; P = 0.001). They correlated negatively with VL in the LoVL and HiVL (r, -0.393, P = 0.039 and r, -0.643, P = 0.024, respectively) and positively correlated with anti-HIV CD4 cell frequencies in the LoVL group only (r, 0.420; P = 0.026).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persistently low viral replication (<10,000 copies/ml) during ART stimulates high frequencies of HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells compared to full virus suppression or complete ART failure. The association of high anti-HIV activity with large numbers of HIV-specific CD8 T cells contribute to the control of viral replication.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'immunologie cellulaire-Inserm U543, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alatrakchi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duvivier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Costagliola
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samri
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Marcelin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kamkamidze
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Astriti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agher
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Calvez
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Autran
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Katlama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019562:Viral Load / Q000379:methods; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D014764:Viral Proteins; D007371:Interferon-gamma