title: Experimental study on the role of endotoxin in the development of hepatopulmonary syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of intestinal endotoxemia in the genesis of hepatopulmonary syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rat model of cirrhosis was prepared with the method of compound factors. At the end of the eighth week, rats with cirrhosis were treated with 300 microg LPS/100 g body weight, and 1 g/rat of glycine about four h prior to LPS. After three h of LPS treatment, blood and tissues were collected for various measurements. Kupffer cells were isolated from male Wistar rats and cultured, and divided into five groups. Supernatant was harvested at 3 h after treatment with LPS for measurement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that in rats with cirrhosis, slowed and deepened breath with occasional pause was. PaO2, PaCO2 and standard bicarbonate (SB) in arterial blood were decreased. Arterial O2 and actual bicarbonate (AB) were markedly decreased. There was a close correlation between decreased O2 and endotoxin. Metabolic acidosis accompanying respiratory alkalosis was the primary type of acid-base imbalance. The alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient was sharply widened. Massive accumulation of giant macrophages in the alveolar spaces and its wall and widened alveolar wall architecture were observed. The number of bacterial translocations in mesenteric lymph nodes increased. The ratio of TC99M-MAA brain-over-lung radioactivity rose. Endotoxin, and TNF-alpha, endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitric oxide (NO) in plasma and ET-1, carbon monoxide (CO) in lung homogenates increased. After administration of a given dosage of LPS in rats with cirrhosis, various pathological parameters worsened. Plasma level of endotoxin was related to TNF-alpha, ET-1, NO in plasma and ET-1, NO, CO in lung homogenates. TNF-alpha level was related to ET-1 and NO in plasma and lung homogenates and CO in lung homogenate as well. The level of TNF-alpha increased after infusion of LPS into culture supernatant of Kupffer cells in vitro. However, TNF-alpha significantly decreased after pretreatment with glycine, PD98059 and SB212850. Glycine could antagonize the effect of LPS in vivo and in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intestinal endotoxemia accompanying by cirrhosis may be an important mechanism in the development of hepatopulmonary syndrome in rats. Overproduction of TNF-alpha due to endotoxin stimulation of Kupffer cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway may be a major mechanism mediating the pathologic alterations of hepatopulmonary syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hepatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Hui-Ying
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: De-Wu
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Xin-Guo
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yuan-Chang
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Hai-Zhen
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000137:Acid-Base Imbalance / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D000138:Acidosis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000097:blood; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020065:Hepatopulmonary Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C082426:technetium Tc99m-mercaptoacetyl albumin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide