title: Current concepts and therapeutic strategies for allergic rhinitis in school-age children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common debilitating disorder that can adversely affect the quality of life and the academic performance of school-age children. Symptoms during the day can hamper concentration and lead to learning problems. Nocturnal symptoms can cause sleep loss and secondary daytime fatigue, further undermining a child's ability to function well during the school day Oral antihistamines are the foundation of pharmacologic therapy, but there are important differences between the agents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the diagnostic and treatment challenges posed by AR in school-age children. The paper discusses and compares the available treatment modalities for this age group, with a focus on their beneficial and adverse effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pertinent articles were identified in the literature through a MEDLINE search (1990-2003). Keywords used were antihistamines cetirizine fexofenadine loratadine desloratadine intranasal corticosteroids and CNS effects. Results of numerous clinical trials of first-generation early second-generation and the newer antihistamines were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review established that the socioeconomic costs of AR are considerable. In children aged > or =12 years, direct US expenditures (eg, physician visits, medications) in 1996 amounted to $2.3 billion. Indirect costs measured by variables such as missed school days and poor performance also have an impact Major concerns include underdiagnosis and inadequate treatment, increasing the risk of serious comorbid conditions such as asthma. Advantages and drawbacks of antihistamines show that first-generation agents (eg, hydroxyzine) are effective and readily available over the counter, but are associated with sedation and the potential for suboptimal dosing. Newer agents, such as cetirizine, loratadine, desloratadine, and fexofenadine are effective and safer than the older drugs tie, no cardiotoxicity and less sedation). Of these, fexofenadine has been shown to be beneficial and nonsedating, even at higher-than-recommended doses. Other therapies reviewed include intranasal corticosteroids and leukotriene modifiers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AR has a considerable negative impact on children in terms of their physical, social, and psychological well-being and academic performance. An appropriate treatment must be effective and tolerable. Of particular importance for enhancing treatment adherence in the school-age population are pleasant taste and ease of use of medication. A drug that has minimal or no sedative or anticholinergic effects is optimal.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Immunology/Allergy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA. mblaiss@allergymemphis.com
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blaiss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists