title: Ultrasound-to-computer-tomography registration for image-guided laparoscopic liver surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The application of image-guided surgery (IGS) to laparoscopic liver resection and ablation is currently limited, but it would assist in intraoperative decision making regarding oncologic margins, ablation probe placement, and ablation tracking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight spherical surface targets on a liver phantom were imaged with an optically tracked laparoscopic ultrasound (US) probe. Ten US images of each target were registered to computer tomography (CT) images of the phantoms and then mapped to the CT scans. Accuracy of the registration was assessed by comparing the distance between the predicted target location and the position obtained directly from CT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average localization error was 5.3 mm. The errors resulted primarily from inaccurate US probe tracking but were otherwise insensitive to the variability that arises from manually identifying targets in US and CT images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained for US-to-CT registration in a phantom model suggest that further investigations into its clinical use are warranted and that other IGS technologies could be applied to laparoscopic liver surgery as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, D-5220 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Warmath
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Galloway
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herline
mesh_terms: D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography