title: Haplotype-based localization of an alcohol dependence gene to the 5q34 {gamma}-aminobutyric acid type A gene cluster.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pharmacobehavioral and pharmacogenetic evidence links gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors and chromosomal regions containing GABA(A) receptor genes to ethanol-related responses. The GABA(A) gene cluster on chromosome 5q34 is of particular interest in the genetics of alcohol dependence because of the gamma2 subunit requirement for ethanol's modulatory action on GABA(A) receptors, previous linkage findings in mice and humans implicating both GABRA6 and GABRG2, and reported associations of GABRA6, GABRB2, and GABRG2 alleles with alcohol dependence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether variation at the 5q34 GABA(A) gene cluster is implicated in differential susceptibility to alcohol dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two large psychiatrically interviewed samples, a Southwestern Native American population sample (N = 433) and a Finnish sample (N = 511) with alcohol-dependent subjects and unaffected individuals, were genotyped for 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms at the 5q34 GABA(A) gene cluster. In addition to sib-pair linkage and case-control association analyses, linkage disequilibrium mapping with haplotypes was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sib-pair linkage of GABRG2 to alcohol dependence was observed in Finns (P = .008). Association of the GABRB2 1412T allele with alcohol dependence was detected in both populations (Finns, P = .01; Southwestern Native Americans, P = .008), and the GABRA6 1519T allele was associated in both Finns (P = .01) and Southwestern Native Americans (P = .03). Linkage disequilibrium mapping with 3-locus haplotypes yielded evidence for an alcohol-dependence locus at the GABA(A) gene cluster region in both populations. The most highly significant signals were at 3-locus haplotypes that included 1 or more GABRA6 polymorphisms, with the peak signal at a GABRA6 3-locus haplotype (Finns, empirical P = .004; Southwestern Native Americans, empirical P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We detected sib-pair linkage of 5q34 GABA(A) receptor genes to alcohol dependence in Finns and found association both in Finns and in Southwestern Native Americans. In both populations, the haplotype localization implicates the region containing the Pro385Ser GABRA6 polymorphism and 2 other polymorphisms at GABRA6.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA. martaradel@verizon.net
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Radel
authors.forename: Roger L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Vallejo
authors.forename: Nakao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aragon
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Virkkunen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics*; D002895:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000208:ethnology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American / Q000235:genetics; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000235:genetics*; D015206:Southwestern United States / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D011963:Receptors, GABA-A