title: Comparison of ECG-gated rectilinear vs. real-time radial K-space sampling schemes in cine True-FISP cardiac MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare three k-space sampling schemes in cine True-FISP cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and to evaluate changes in calculated quantitative functional cardiac parameters as a function of underlying k-space sampling techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a 1.5 T MR imaging system (Magnetom Sonata, Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany), three k-space data-sampling schemes: rectilinear (2.96 ms/1.58 ms/70 degrees /12 s TR/TE/FA/AcquisitionTime), and two radial k-space acquisitions, with filtered back-projection (RADIAL) (2.45 ms/1.25 ms/ 50 degrees /3.3 s TR/TE/FA/AT), and steady-state projection imaging with dynamic echotrain readout (SPIDER) (3.39 ms/1.62 ms/55 degrees /1.8 s TR/TE/FA/AT) of a True-FISP sequence were applied in 10 healthy volunteers. Long- and short-axis breath-hold series were acquired and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) for blood and myocardium were determined, as was contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR). Quantitative cardiac functional analysis included: determination of end-systolic/end-diastolic volumes, ejection fraction, and left ventricular mass. Functional analysis was performed by two independent readers three times for each volunteer and k-space sampling strategy. Statistical analysis evaluated the accuracy of the measurements obtained from each of the three sampling techniques and the intra- and interobserver reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraobserver and interobserver reliability measures of functional data were homogeneous without statistically significant differences. Intraobserver correlation coefficients ranged from 0.94-0.99; interobserver correlation coefficients ranged from 0.97-0.99. Direct comparison of SPIDER- and RADIAL-sampled True-FISP sequences showed no statistically significant differences in measured functional parameters with interstudy correlation coefficients from 0.88-0.98. RADIAL and SPIDER images had better temporal resolution and were qualitatively judged to provide superior wall/blood border definition. Statistically significant differences were identified in each volumetric functional parameter when results from the rectilinear sampling acquisitions were compared with either radial or SPIDER sampling techniques. RADIAL and SPIDER results were consistently higher than volumetric measures obtained from the rectilinear data set.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Employing faster sampling schemes led to enhanced signal homogeneity while maintaining the necessary CNR for estimation of functional cardiac parameters. Enhanced signal homogeneity and maintained CNR will most likely improve the accuracy of the cardiac functional parameter determination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Cleveland Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-5056, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Boll
authors.forename: Elmar M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Merkle
authors.forename: Danielle M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Seaman
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gilkeson
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Orlando P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Simonetti
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Duerk
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lewin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003199:Computer Systems; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology