title: Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Consumption of red and processed meat has been associated with colorectal cancer in many but not all epidemiological studies; few studies have examined risk in relation to long-term meat intake or the association of meat with rectal cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between recent and long-term meat consumption and the risk of incident colon and rectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 148 610 adults aged 50 to 74 years (median, 63 years), residing in 21 states with population-based cancer registries, who provided information on meat consumption in 1982 and again in 1992/1993 when enrolled in the Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS II) Nutrition Cohort. Follow-up from time of enrollment in 1992/1993 through August 31, 2001, identified 1667 incident colorectal cancers. Participants contributed person-years at risk until death or a diagnosis of colon or rectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence rate ratio (RR) of colon and rectal cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High intake of red and processed meat reported in 1992/1993 was associated with higher risk of colon cancer after adjusting for age and energy intake but not after further adjustment for body mass index, cigarette smoking, and other covariates. When long-term consumption was considered, persons in the highest tertile of consumption in both 1982 and 1992/1993 had higher risk of distal colon cancer associated with processed meat (RR, 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-2.17), and ratio of red meat to poultry and fish (RR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.08-2.18) relative to those persons in the lowest tertile at both time points. Long-term consumption of poultry and fish was inversely associated with risk of both proximal and distal colon cancer. High consumption of red meat reported in 1992/1993 was associated with higher risk of rectal cancer (RR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.15-2.52; P = .007 for trend), as was high consumption reported in both 1982 and 1992/1993 (RR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.00-2.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate the potential value of examining long-term meat consumption in assessing cancer risk and strengthen the evidence that prolonged high consumption of red and processed meat may increase the risk of cancer in the distal portion of the large intestine.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Ga 30329-4251, USA.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thun
authors.forename: Cari J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Connell
authors.forename: Marjorie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: W Dana
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Flanders
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Eugenia E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Calle
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires