title: Reduced insulin sensitivity and the presence of cardiovascular risk factors in short prepubertal children born small for gestational age (SGA).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological studies have shown that the metabolic syndrome, a combination of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and a high body mass index (BMI), occurs more frequently among adults who were born with a low birth weight. Because insulin is thought to play a key role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome we investigated insulin sensitivity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in short prepubertal children born small for gestational age (SGA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests (FSIGT) were performed in 28 short prepubertal children born SGA. Short stature was defined as a height < -2SD. SGA was defined as a birth length and/or a birth weight for gestational age < -2SD. Twelve short children born appropriate for gestational age (AGA) were used as controls for the FSIGT's results only. AGA was defined as a birth weight and/or birth length for gestational age > -2SD. In short SGA children, blood pressure (BP), fasting levels of serum free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were measured and compared to reference values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean insulin sensitivity (Si) level in short SGA children was significantly reduced to 38% of the mean Si level measured in short AGA controls (P = 0.004). Mean acute insulin response (AIR) was significantly higher in SGA children compared to short AGA controls (P < 0.001). Differences in Si and AIR between the two groups remained significant after adjusting for age and BMI (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). The mean (SD) systolic BP SDS was 1.3 (1,1), being significantly higher than zero. Mean fasting serum levels of FFA, TC, TG, HDL and LDL were all within the normal range. However, 6 of the 28 SGA children had serum FFA levels above the normal range. Cardiovascular risk factors could statistically be represented in two clusters. Both clusters played a significant role in the development of insulin insensitivity (1/Si).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the metabolic syndrome has been described in adulthood, our study showed that risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease are already present during childhood in short prepubertal children born SGA, suggesting a pretype 2 diabetes mellitus phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Sophia Children's Hospital/Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. n.arends@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: N J T
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Arends
authors.forename: V H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Boonstra
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Duivenvoorden
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Cutfield
authors.forename: A C S
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hokken-Koelega
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose