title: Nitric oxide levels and ciliary beat frequency in indigenous New Zealand children.
abstract: New Zealand children's morbidity from respiratory disease is high. This study examines whether subclinical ciliary abnormalities underlie the increased prevalence of respiratory disease in indigenous New Zealand children. A prospective study enrolled a group of healthy children who were screened for respiratory disease by questionnaire and lung function. Skin-prick tests were performed to control for atopy. Exhaled and nasal NO was measured online by a single-breath technique using chemiluminescence. Ciliary specimens were obtained by nasal brushings for assessment of structure and function. The ciliary beat frequency (CBF) (median CBF, 12.5 Hz; range, 10.4-16.8 Hz) and NO values (median exhaled NO, 5.6 ppb; range, 2.3-87.7 ppb; median nasal NO, 403 ppb; range, 34-1,120 ppb) for healthy New Zealand European (n=58), Pacific Island (n=61), and Maori (n=16) children were comparable with levels reported internationally. No ethnic differences in NO, atopy, or CBF were demonstrated. Despite an apparently normal ciliary beat, the percentage of ciliary structural defects was 3 times higher than reported controls (9%; range, 3.6-31.3%), with no difference across ethnic groups. In conclusion, it is unlikely that subclinical ciliary abnormalities underlie the increased prevalence of respiratory disease in indigenous New Zealand children. The high percentage of secondary ciliary defects suggests ongoing environmental or infective damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Auckland and Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. LizE@adhb.govt.nz
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Broome
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kolbe
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dewar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Byrnes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001944:Breath Tests; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002923:Cilia / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D005060:Europe / Q000208:ethnology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D009079:Mucociliary Clearance / Q000502:physiology*; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D044382:Population Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012130:Respiratory Hypersensitivity / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012882:Skin Tests; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide