title: Mass treatment and the effect on the load of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a trachoma-hyperendemic community.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Trachoma remains a leading cause of blindness. Determining the most effective antibiotic treatment strategy is essential for the success of country-based trachoma control programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline and 2-month follow-up examinations were performed in a trachoma-hyperendemic village. All residents were offered azithromycin for trachoma after baseline was determined. Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydial load were determined by PCR. Clinical trachoma status was evaluated. A high chlamydial load was defined as a higher than median chlamydial load among those with infection. Risk factors were examined in multiple logistic regression models. Associations are presented as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 57% of participants were infected with C. trachomatis. Although clinical trachoma correlated with infection, 23% of participants with high chlamydial loads showed no clinical signs. Adults represented only 10% of the population with high loads. Treatment significantly decreased the proportion positive in the community and the load in the community. However, 27% of individuals with high loads at baseline who received treatment also were infected at 2 months. Of those, 93% with high loads at 2 months were aged < or =10 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although most of the chlamydial load in this community resided in children, 10% of the high load resided in adults, most of whom did not have follicular trachoma and in whom the infection would be missed under treatment strategies that focus on clinical disease or children. These data support a mass treatment strategy for hyperendemic communities, at least as a first approach. In addition, treatment of children age < or =2 years should be reexamined, as >30% with high loads at baseline remained infected at 2 months, despite monitored treatment according to weight.
authors.affiliation: Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. ewest@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Emily S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.forename: Harran
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mkocha
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Aura
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aguirre
authors.forename: Anthony W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mabey
authors.forename: Sheila K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D014141:Trachoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D017963:Azithromycin