title: Iron deficiency due to consumption of a habitual diet low in bioavailable iron: a longitudinal cohort study in Moroccan children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In many developing countries, cereal and legume-based diets contain low amounts of bioavailable iron, which may increase the risk of iron deficiency.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to measure change in iron status in Moroccan children who consumed their habitual diet containing low amounts of bioavailable iron.
  
  
  METHODS
  The design was a prospective, longitudinal, free-living cohort study in iron-replete, nonanemic 6-10-y-old children (n = 126). Hemoglobin, serum ferritin, and transferrin receptor were measured at baseline. The children then consumed their habitual cereal and legume-based diet for 15 mo, when their iron status was retested. We used weighed food records and direct food analysis to calculate dietary iron intake and iron bioavailability. On the basis of the change in hemoglobin and body iron stores calculated from the serum transferrin receptor-to-ferritin ratio, iron balance and iron absorption were estimated over the 15-mo period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean daily iron intake was 10.8 mg/d, 97% of which was nonheme iron. Estimated nonheme-iron bioavailability from algorithms was 1.0-4.3% adjusted for low body iron stores. Over 15 mo, the mean change in total body iron was -142 mg, and mean iron absorption was estimated to be 0.22 mg/d, or 2% of dietary iron. Mean hemoglobin concentration decreased 12 g/L. At 15 mo, 75% of the cohort had deficits in tissue iron, and one-third had mild iron deficiency anemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low iron bioavailability from legume and cereal-based diets is a cause of iron deficiency anemia in children in rural Africa.
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland. michael.zimmermann@ilw.agrl.ethz.ch
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Nourredine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaouki
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hurrell
mesh_terms: D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D001682:Biological Availability; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009018:Morocco / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012423:Rural Health
chemical_list: D019266:Iron, Dietary