title: Serous and mucous cells of human submandibular salivary gland stimulated in vitro by isoproterenol, carbachol and clozapine: an LM, TEM, and HRSEM Study.
abstract: We have investigated by LM, TEM, and HRSEM the effects of D,L-isoproterenol (beta-adrenergic agent), carbachol (muscarinic agent) and clozapine on biopsy specimens of human submandibular gland stimulated in vitro in an inorganic oxygenated medium. Clozapine is a dibenzodiazepine derivative used in psychotic patients that provokes hypersalivation, a displeasing side effect that often causes discontinuance of therapy. Our findings demonstrate that clozapine acts on salivary mucous and seromucous (serous) cells of the gland as a muscarinic agonist. However, the induced secretory response seems to differ qualitatively and quantitatively from that resulting from carbachol. Thus, in agreement with published data resulting from therapeutic treatments and from experimental studies on rats, the mechanism of clozapine induced hypersialorrhea remains open to further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Italy. riva@unica.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puxeddu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Loy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Isola
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cabras
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Testa Riva
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001706:Biopsy; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003024:Clozapine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008875:Middle Aged; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012704:Serous Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D002217:Carbachol; D003024:Clozapine; D007545:Isoproterenol