title: Approaches to craniofacial-specific quality of life assessment in adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain the domains that adolescents aged 11 to 18 years with congenital and acquired craniofacial differences (CFDs) consider important to their quality of life (QoL) to create a craniofacial-specific module.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews and inductive qualitative methods were used to guide the development of a conceptual and measurement model of QoL among adolescents with CFDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Craniofacial Center at Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center in Seattle, Washington.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three in-depth interviews with adolescents (aged 11 to 18 years), one young adult interview (age 19 years), 14 in-depth interviews with parents, one young adult focus group, one parent focus group, and one panel of researchers and clinical professionals working in the field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the qualitative methodology, grounded theory, seven domains that adolescents with CFDs perceive are important to having a good QoL were found. Six of the domains (coping, stigma and isolation, intimacy and trust, positive consequences, self-image, and negative emotions) comprised the Youth Quality of Life Instrument-Facial Differences module. One other domain, surgery, was a salient issue for many of the youth, but not all, so it was made into a separate module, the Youth Quality of Life Instrument- Craniofacial Surgery module. This module relates to the experience of surgery, outcomes of surgery, and preferences for future surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using an established qualitative methodology, two QoL modules specific to adolescents with CFDs were developed and are ready for psychometric validation. Potential uses of the instruments are discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. toddce@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Todd C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.forename: Tari D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Topolski
authors.forename: Cassandra L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Aspinall
authors.forename: Wendy E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Mouradian
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Speltz
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000523:psychology*; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011788:Quality of Life; D012649:Self Concept