title: Effect of congenital heart disease on renal function in childhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nephropathy is a well-known complication of congenital heart disease (CHD), and the risk of developing renal impairment is particularly high in patients with cyanotic CHD. Most investigations of renal impairment in CHD have involved patients 20 years and older. This study investigated renal tubule function in pediatric patients with CHD, and compared findings in cyanotic and acyanotic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty children with acyanotic CHD, 23 children with cyanotic CHD, and 13 healthy children were enrolled. Blood and early morning urine samples were collected from each subject to measure urinary concentrations of sodium, microalbumin, creatinine, beta(2)-microglobulin, and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age and sex distributions in the three groups were similar. Median fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) and urinary NAG/creatinine were significantly higher in the cyanotic group than in the control group (p = 0.022 and p = 0.002, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences among the groups with respect to urinary beta(2)-microglobulin/creatinine, urinary microalbumin/creatinine or glomerular filtration rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tubular injury can be detected before glomerular injury occurs even within the first decade of life in patients with cyanotic CHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey. pinaris2001@yahoo.com <pinaris2001@yahoo.com>
authors.forename: Pinar Isik
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Agras
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Derbent
authors.forename: Figen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ozcay
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baskin
authors.forename: Suna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turkoglu
authors.forename: Derya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aldemir
authors.forename: Kurşat
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tokel
authors.forename: Umit
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Saatci
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D017677:Age Distribution; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase