title: Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) on chip experiments uncover a widespread distribution of NF-Y binding CCAAT sites outside of core promoters.
abstract: The CCAAT box is a prototypical promoter element, almost invariably found between -60 and -100 upstream of the major transcription start site. It is bound and activated by the histone fold trimer NF-Y. We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) on chip experiments on two different CpG islands arrays using chromatin from hepatic HepG2 and pre-B cell leukemia NALM-6 cell lines, with different protocols of probe preparation and labeling. We analyzed and classified 239 known or predicted targets; we validated several by conventional ChIPs with anti-YB and anti-YC antibodies, in vitro EMSAs, and ChIP scanning. The importance of NF-Y binding for gene expression was verified by the use of a dominant negative NF-YA mutant. All but four genes are new NF-Y targets, falling into different functional categories. This analysis reinforces the notion that NF-Y is an important regulator of cell growth, and novel unexpected findings emerged from this unbiased approach. (i) A remarkable proportion of NF-Y targets, 40%, are complex transcriptional units composed of divergent, convergent, and tandem promoters. (ii) 40-50% of NF-Y sites are not in core promoters but are in introns or at distant 3' or 5' locations. The abundance of "unorthodox" CCAAT positions highlights an unexpected complexity of the NF-Y-mediated transcriptional network.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Modena e Reggio, Via Campi 213/d, 41100 Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Donati
authors.forename: Pearlly
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Romani
authors.forename: Tim H-M
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: M Alessandra
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Viganò
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mantovani
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D023081:CCAAT-Binding Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation / Q000379:methods*; D018899:CpG Islands; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D023081:CCAAT-Binding Factor