title: Temperature-driven Campylobacter seasonality in England and Wales.
abstract: Campylobacter incidence in England and Wales between 1990 and 1999 was examined in conjunction with weather conditions. Over the 10-year interval, the average annual rate was determined to be 78.4 +/- 15.0 cases per 100,000, with an upward trend. Rates were higher in males than in females, regardless of age, and highest in children less than 5 years old. Major regional differences were detected, with the highest rates in Wales and the southwest and the lowest in the southeast. The disease displayed a seasonal pattern, and increased campylobacter rates were found to be correlated with temperature. The most marked seasonal effect was observed for children under the age of 5. The seasonal pattern of campylobacter infections indicated a linkage with environmental factors rather than food sources. Therefore, public health interventions should not be restricted to food-borne approaches, and the epidemiology of the seasonal peak in human campylobacter infections may best be understood through studies in young children.
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Valérie R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.forename: Iain A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Estelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Russek-Cohen
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Rita R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Colwell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012621:Seasons; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013696:Temperature; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology