title: Coliform and pathologic bacteria in Sierra Nevada national forest wilderness area lakes and streams.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze backcountry-area water quality in US Department of Agriculture Forest Service-designated wilderness areas for the presence of coliform and potentially pathogenic bacteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one backcountry lakes and streams were selected that would stratify the risk based on use by backpackers, pack animals, commercial grazing animals, or natural unaffected wilderness areas. Sites included Desolation Wilderness (10 sites), Carson-Iceberg Wilderness (4 sites), Emigrant Wilderness (3 sites), Hoover Wilderness (6 sites), John Muir Wilderness (3 sites), and Golden Trout Wilderness (5 sites). Water was collected in sterile tubes and quantification was performed through Millipore bacterial samplers. On return to the laboratory, bacteria were harvested from the samplers and subjected to qualitative analysis that identified species according to standard laboratory methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coliform bacteria were detected in 14 of 31 sites (45%). Eight sites had high levels of coliforms. All 8 of these sites correlated with heavy human use or commercial grazing. Coliforms were identified as Escherichia coli. In addition, 1 sample contained Yersinia entercolitica. All samples contained expected amounts of normal aquatic bacteria, including Pseudomonas spp, Rahnella aquatilis, Serratia spp, and other nonpathogenic species of Yersinia in concentrations of 600 to 10,000 colony-forming units per 100 mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, coliform bacteria were found at nearly half of the sampling sites. High coliform levels correlated with high-impact human use or cattle grazing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA. rwderlet@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Derlet
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Mikla N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Noponen
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D009051:Mountaineering; D011998:Recreation; D014871:Water Microbiology