title: Randomized double-blind comparison of serotonergic (Citalopram) versus noradrenergic (Reboxetine) reuptake inhibitors in outpatients with somatoform, DSM-IV-TR pain disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Whether the effect of tricyclic antidepressants on Pain Disorder arises from their noradrenergic or serotonergic actions or both remains unclear. We compared the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram and the noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor (NARI) reboxetine in outpatients with Pain Disorder. We also distinguished the drugs' analgesic and antidepressant effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this 8-week, randomized double-blind study, 35 patients with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of Pain Disorder were randomly assigned to receive either citalopram 40 mg/day (N=17 patients) or reboxetine 8 mg/day (N=18). The Present Pain Intensity (PPI) scale and the Total Pain Rating Index (tPRI) of the McGill Pain Questionnaire were used to measure the effect on pain symptoms. Changes in the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (Zung-D) scores were evaluated to monitor a possible antidepressant effect. For all patients who had at least one assessment, an intent-to-treat analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were found in the demographic variables or clinical characteristics of the two treatment groups. In the citalopram group, PPI and tPRI scores measured at baseline decreased after treatment (tPRI: 41.9 vs. 30.0, p=.004; PPI: 3.5 vs. 2.8, p=.045) whereas in the reboxetine group differences were not statistically significant (tPRI: 35.2 vs. 31.5; PPI: 3.7 vs. 3.1). The Zung-D showed no significant changes between baseline and endpoint assessment in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that the SSRI citalopram may have a moderate analgesic effect in patients with Pain Disorder, and that this analgesic activity appears to be not correlated to changes in depressive scores. If confirmed in a larger sample, this evidence suggests that patients who are intolerant or resistant to tricyclic antidepressants, may be treated with SSRIs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Rome La Sapienza, V.le Università 30 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aragona
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bancheri
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perinelli
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tarsitani
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pizzimenti
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inghilleri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015283:Citalopram / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009025:Morpholines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D010147:Pain Measurement; D000077593:Reboxetine; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D000700:Analgesics; D015283:Citalopram; D009025:Morpholines; D009638:Norepinephrine; D000077593:Reboxetine; D012701:Serotonin; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors