title: Effect of usnic acid from the lichen Cladonia substellata on Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro: an ultrastructural study.
abstract: Chemotherapy for Chagas' disease is still unsatisfactory due to toxicity and limited effectiveness of the available drugs. In this work we have investigated the effect of usnic acid, isolated from lichen Cladonia substellata, against Trypanosoma cruzi, in vitro. Incubation of culture epimastigotes with 5-30microg/ml of this compound resulted in growth inhibition in a dosis-dependent manner. Ultrastructural analysis of treated epimastigotes showed damage to mitochondria, with a marked increase in kinetoplast volume and vacuolation of the mitochondrial matrix. Intense lysis of bloodstream trypomastigotes was observed with all drug concentrations tested. Besides mitochondrial and kinetoplast damage, trypomastigotes also presented enlargement of the flagellar pocket, as well as intense cytoplasm vacuolation. Treatment of infected macrophages with 40 or 80microg/ml usnic acid induced marked cytoplasm vacuolation in intracellular amastigote forms, with disorganization of parasite kinetoplast and mitochondria, but with no significant ultrastructural damage to the host cells.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: E A B
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: De Carvalho
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: R C B Q
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008011:Lichens / Q000737:chemistry*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000469:parasitology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051379:Mice; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000469:parasitology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D001572:Benzofurans; C073339:usnic acid