title: Intraoperative sentinel lymph node mapping of the lung using near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of lymph node metastases is an important prognostic marker with regard to non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Assessment of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) for the presence of tumor may improve staging. Our objective was to develop an optical noninvasive imaging tool that would permit intraoperative SLN mapping and provide real-time visual feedback for image-guided localization and resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Invisible near-infrared (NIR) light penetrates relatively deeply into tissue and background autofluorescence is low. We have developed a NIR fluorescence imaging system that simultaneously displays color video and NIR images of the surgical field. We recently engineered 15 nm nonradioactive NIR fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) as optimal lymphotrophic optical probes. The introduction of these QDs into lung tissue allows real-time visualization of draining lymphatic channels and nodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 12 Yorkshire pigs (mean weight 35 kg) we demonstrated that 200 pmol of NIR QDs injected into lobar parenchyma accurately maps lymphatic drainage and the SLN. All SLNs were strongly fluorescent and easily visualized within 5 minutes of injection. In 14 separate injections QDs localized to a mediastinal node, whereas in 2 injections QDs localized to a hilar intraparenchymal node. Histologic analysis in all cases confirmed the presence of nodal tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report a highly sensitive rapid technique for SLN mapping of the lung. This technique permits precise real-time imaging and therefore overcomes many limitations of currently available techniques.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. esoltesz@partners.org
authors.forename: Edward G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Soltesz
authors.forename: Sungjee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Rita G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Laurence
authors.forename: Alec M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: DeGrand
authors.forename: Cherie P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Parungo
authors.forename: Delphine M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dor
authors.forename: Lawrence H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.forename: Moungi G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bawendi
authors.forename: John V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Frangioni
authors.forename: Tomislav
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mihaljevic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003199:Computer Systems; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D030141:Feedback, Psychological; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005470:Fluorometry; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D045663:Quantum Dots; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D034421:Sus scrofa; D020535:Video-Assisted Surgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; C025484:iso-sulfan blue