title: Functional roles of lower-limb joint moments while walking in water.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the functional roles of lower-limb joint moments and their contribution to support and propulsion tasks while walking in water compared with that on land.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen healthy, young subjects walked on land and in water at several different speeds with and without additional loads.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Walking in water is a major rehabilitation therapy for patients with orthopedic disorders. However, the functional role of lower-limb joint moments while walking in water is still unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kinematics, electromyographic activities in biceps femoris and gluteus maximums, and ground reaction forces were measured under the following conditions: walking on land and in water at a self-determined pace, slow walking on land, and fast walking in water with or without additional loads (8 kg). The hip, knee, and ankle joint moments were calculated by inverse dynamics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The contribution of the walking speed increased the hip extension moment, and the additional weight increased the ankle plantar flexion and knee extension moment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The major functional role was different in each lower-limb joint muscle. That of the muscle group in the ankle is to support the body against gravity, and that of the muscle group involved in hip extension is to contribute to propulsion. In addition, walking in water not only reduced the joint moments but also completely changed the inter-joint coordination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is of value for clinicians to be aware that the greater the viscosity of water produces a greater load on the hip joint when fast walking in water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Motor Dysfunction, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa-City, Saitama 359-8555, Japan. tasuku@rehab.go.jp
authors.forename: Tasuku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyoshi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shirota
authors.forename: Shin-Ichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Kimitaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akai
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006112:Gravitation; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology*; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D019415:Torque; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water