title: Assessment of the ultrasonographic characteristics of the podotrochlear apparatus in clinically normal horses and horses with navicular syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the podotrochlear apparatus in horses by use of standardized measurements and identify soft tissue changes associated with navicular syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  7 clinically normal horses and 28 horses with navicular syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The feasibility of identifying and measuring the soft tissue structures of the podotrochlear apparatus ultrasonographically via the transcuneal approach was assessed in 2 additional horses without navicular syndrome; both horses were euthanatized, and the structures identified ultrasonographically were confirmed at necropsy. Ultrasonographs were obtained in the study horses. Objective and subjective data were obtained to characterize ultrasonographic changes associated with navicular syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormalities of the flexor surface of the distal sesamoid (navicular) bone, the impar ligament, the distal digital annular ligament, deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), and the podotrochlear (navicular) bursa were assessed via the transcuneal ultrasonographic approach. No significant differences were found between the measurements of the podotrochlear apparatus in normal horses and those with navicular syndrome; however, important subjective differences were detected ultrasonographically in horses with navicular syndrome. In horses with navicular syndrome, ultrasonographic findings were indicative of navicular bursitis, dystrophic mineralization of the DDFT and impar ligament, tendonitis and insertional tenopathy of the DDFT, desmitis of the impar ligament, and cortical changes in the flexor surface of the navicular bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings of ultrasonographic evaluation of the hoof appear to be useful in determining the cause of caudal heel pain and characterizing the components of navicular syndrome in horses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010-1250, USA.
authors.forename: Jeevrah S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Grewal
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: Larry C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Stephanie S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Caston
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013639:Tarsal Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography