title: Inhibition of growth and telomerase activity by novel cationic ceramide analogs with high solubility in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is notoriously resistant to chemotherapy. The sphingolipid ceramide and its analogs have been demonstrated to exert antitumor activity in many cell types; however, the effectiveness of these analogs has been limited by potency and solubility. This study focuses on the effects of novel highly soluble cationic pyridinium-ceramides, alone and in combination with various chemotherapeutic agents, on cell survival, telomerase activity, and cell cycle arrest in HNSCC cell lines in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  The concentration of pyridinium-ceramides and chemotherapeutic agents that inhibited cell growth by 50% (IC50) was determined by MTT cell survival assays. The cell cycle profiles were determined by flow cytometry. Telomerase activity was determined by telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of the human UM-SCC-22A (SCC of the hypopharynx) cells, as well as various other HNSCC cell lines, with C6-Pyr-Cer resulted in the inhibition of cell survival with an IC50 concentration of approximately 250 to 300 nM at 96 hours, whereas its IC50 was greater than 1000 nM in noncancerous Wi-38 human lung fibroblasts, and adult human epidermal keratinocytes. Moreover, treatment with C6-Pyr-Cer also resulted in cell cycle arrest in G0/G1, which correlated with a significant inhibition of telomerase activity in UM-SCC-22A cells. Additional results demonstrated that the combination of C6-Pyr-Cer with gemcitabine (GMZ) or doxorubicin (DOX), which have the lowest IC50 concentrations among various chemotherapeutic drugs in these cells, enhances the effects of these drugs in the inhibition of telomerase and cell growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the novel C6-Pyr-Cer with high solubility and bioavailability may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies that target telomerase for the treatment of HNSCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Kamala
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sundararaj
authors.forename: Serap
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koybasi
authors.forename: Monique S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Zdzislaw M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Szulc
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bielawska
authors.forename: Terry A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Lina M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Obeid
authors.forename: Yusuf A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Hannun
authors.forename: Besim
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ogretmen
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D002518:Ceramides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019098:Telomerase / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002518:Ceramides; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D019098:Telomerase