title: Evaluation of SET--a new device for the measurement of pain perception in comparison to standard measures of diabetic neuropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early detection of sensory impairment and loss of protective pain sensation is of major importance for the prevention of neuropathic foot ulceration. The aim of our study was to evaluate a new handheld device (SET, a prototype developed by Dr. W. Henniges, Zülpich, Germany) for measurement of pain perception, in comparison with established methods for diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one patients with diabetes mellitus (13 type 1, 48 type 2; 42 men, 19 women; mean +/- SD age 61.6 +/- 11.6 years) received measurement of pain perception threshold using the new SET device and a measurement of light touch sensation, temperature sensation, and vibration sensation by the use of standard clinical devices. In addition, warm, cold, heat pain and vibration perception thresholds were determined by the use of a computer-based peltier thermode and a vibration stimulator (TSA 2001, Medoc, Ramat Yishai, Israel).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the new SET device, patients with sensory impairment showed significantly elevated pain perception thresholds at the dorsum of the foot (P < 0.001), while only a trend towards higher measurements could be observed at the plantar aspect of the foot. A significant correlation could be observed between plantar and dorsal measuring sites (r = 0.78, P < 0.0001) and between both feet (r = 0.85, P < 0.0001). Compared with other qualities of sensory dysfunction, pain perception measurement with the SET device provided the highest sensitivity (pain = 0.82; vibration = 0.61; temperature = 0.42; light touch = 0.11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurement of pain perception threshold using the SET device is an easy and reliable method for identifying patients with impaired small nerve fiber function.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Research and Development, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Henniges
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lobisch
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reifert
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Larbig
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pfützner
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Forst
mesh_terms: D003080:Cold Temperature; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010465:Perception; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D014110:Touch; D014732:Vibration