title: Effect of lipopolysaccharide on diarrhea and gastrointestinal transit in mice: roles of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the diarrheogenic activity, gastrointestinal transit (GIT), and intestinal fluid content and the possible role of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in gastrointestinal functions of endotoxin-treated mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diarrheogic activity, GIT, and intestinal fluid content as well as nitric oxide and PGE2 products were measured after intraperitoneal administration of LPS in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS dose-dependently accumulated abundant fluid into the small intestine, induced diarrhea, but decreased the GIT. Both nitric oxide and PGE2 were found to increase in LPS-treated mice. Western blot analysis indicated that LPS significantly induced the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 in mice intestines. Pretreatment with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME, a non-selective NOS inhibitor) or indomethacin (an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis) significantly attenuated the effects of LPS on the diarrheogenic activity and intestine content, but reversed the GIT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that the pathogenesis of LPS treatment may mediate the stimulatory effect of LPS on nitric oxide and PGE2 production and NO/prostaglandin pathway may play an important role on gastrointestinal function.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Biomedical Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Chih
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Hung-Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Sheng-Hsuan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chun-Chin
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Liang-Shung
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Li Hsueh
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism*; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000187:drug effects*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015232:Dinoprostone