title: Surface electromyography of continuous drinking in healthy adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To give a description of normal surface electromyography (sEMG) aspects of uninterrupted (continuous) drinking and to establish normal sEMG values for swallowing 100 mL of water.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study of healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred twenty apparently healthy male and female volunteers divided into three age groups (18-40, 41-65, 66+ years).
  
  
  METHODS
  The evaluated parameters included the total duration, number of swallows, amount of water per swallow, and voltage of the EMG activity of the orbicularis oris, masseter, and submental-submandibular muscles and the infrahyoid muscle groups covered by the m. platysma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall normal mean values for duration, number of swallows, and amplitude of muscle activity during continuous drinking were compiled. The age-related increase in duration of swallows and of total drinking time was significant only in the older group (95% confidence interval, P < .05). There were no significant sex-related differences for any age group (P > or = .05). The mean electric activity (in muV) varied insignificantly among the age groups. The activity of the m. orbicularis oris was the least informative. An unexpectedly significant number of healthy subjects (14.25%, P < .05) performed a dry swallow after drinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The establishment of normal sEMG levels now makes this modality applicable for evaluating the swallowing mechanism among adults for potentially identifying and ruling out abnormalities. Its simplicity, noninvasiveness, and low level of discomfort also make it highly suitable for screening purposes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. vaimed@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaiman
authors.forename: Chaim
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.forename: Ephraim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eviatar
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Segal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology; D004326:Drinking / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000502:physiology*