title: The relative burden of dry eye in patients' lives: comparisons to a U.S. normative sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relative burden of dry eye in daily life by comparing Short Form-36 (SF-36) responses from individuals with and without dry eye against U.S. norms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessment of 210 people, 130 with non-Sjogren's keratoconjunctivitis sicca (non-SS KCS), 32 with Sjogren's Syndrome (SS), and 48 control subjects. The study population data and published normative SF-36 data were compared. Dry eye severity was assessed by recruited severity (control, non-SS KCS, SS), patient self-report (none, very mild/mild, moderate, severe/extremely severe), and clinician-report (none, mild, moderate, severe). Age- and gender-matched norms were compared with all defined severity groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the norms, control subjects scored higher on all SF-36 scales. Effect size (ES) ranged from 0.15 to 0.52. Non-SS KCS patients had lower Role-Physical (ES=-0.07), Bodily Pain (ES=-0.08), and Vitality (ES=-0.11) scores, indicating more dry eye impact on those areas versus the norm. All SF-36 scale scores except Mental Health (ES=0.12) were lower in the SS group than the adjusted norm (ES range: -0.16 to -0.99). Regardless of severity classification, mild patients consistently had lower Role-Physical and Bodily Pain scores than the norm, suggesting impact on daily roles (ES < 0.2). Patients with moderately severe disease also experienced less vitality and poorer general health. The group with severe disease scored lower than the norm across all domains (ES range: -0.14 to -0.91) except Role-Emotional (ES=0.13) and Mental Health (ES=0.23).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate dry eye's negative impact on everyday life, particularly in daily activities. Further research using disease-specific measures to examine dry eye's impact is underway.
authors.affiliation: Mapi Values, Boston, Massachusetts 02108, USA. polyxane.mertzanis@mapivaluesusa.com
authors.forename: Polyxane
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mertzanis
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Abetz
authors.forename: Krithika
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rajagopalan
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Espindle
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chalmers
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Caffery
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Edrington
authors.forename: Trefford
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: J Daniel
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Begley
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007638:Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States