title: Determination of electrocardiographic parameters in healthy llamas and alpacas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine electrocardiographic parameters in healthy llamas and alpacas.
  
  
  METHODS
  23 llamas and 12 alpacas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electrocardiography was performed in nonsedated standing llamas and alpacas by use of multiple simultaneous lead recording (bipolar limb, unipolar augmented limb, and unipolar precordial leads).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Common features of ECGs of llamas and alpacas included low voltage of QRS complexes, variable morphology of QRS complexes among camelids, and mean depolarization vectors (mean electrical axes) that were directed dorsocranially and to the right. Durations of the QT interval and ST segment were negatively correlated with heart rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ECGs of acceptable quality can be consistently recorded in nonsedated standing llamas and alpacas. Features of ECGs in llamas and alpacas are similar to those of other ruminants. Changes in the morphology of the QRS complexes and mean electrical axis are unlikely to be sensitive indicators of ventricular enlargement in llamas and alpacas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Marc S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: Clay A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Calvert
authors.forename: Alan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Spier
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Meurs
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002161:Camelids, New World / Q000502:physiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values