title: Distraction osteogenesis of the canine mandible: the impact of acute callus manipulation on vascularization and early bone formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Manipulations of the newly created regenerate, using adjustable multiplanar devices during distraction osteogenesis or as a 1-step molding procedure at the end of the distraction process, may be necessary to correct the position of the mandible. Treatment of complex deformities may require preplanned major angulation provided by adjustable devices. We sought to assess the effects of molding the fresh regenerate on vascularization and early bone formation within clinically relevant dimensions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluation of the nature of the problem in mechanical terms was based on a geometrical model, its dimensions chosen with clinical relevance. Custom-made devices, allowing the simultaneous compression and stretching of a regenerate 10 mm long, were fixed bilaterally in the angular region of beagle mandibles (n = 14). Angulation of 20 degrees (n = 7) or 30 degrees (n = 7) was performed immediately after ending the lengthening period, and the animals were killed after a 7-day consolidation period. The vascular system was stained via intravital Procion red infusion and post mortem carbon ink (Deperussol P130; Degussa AG, Frankfurt, Germany) perfusion to assess possible damages. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations of the mineralized tissue were performed with contact radiography, quantified computed tomography, and histologic assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The only finding indicating mechanical forces acting on the regenerate was related to orientation of the collagenous fibers. Vascular damage was not observed. Mineralization patterns were identical in both the compressed and the stretched zone. The degree of angulation had no visible impact on early bone formation, even if compression and stretching of the regenerate at a range of 33% to 54% exceeds most clinical requirements. However, the amount of callus formation differed independent of the shaping angle, revealing parameters other than the degree of angulation to be important.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the newly forming bone is highly sensitive to nonphysiologic strain during the lengthening process, a completed fresh regenerate, created by distraction osteogenesis, can be manipulated to a considerable extent without endangering early callus formation. Manipulation of the regenerates would provide a precise final result, minimizing the need for secondary corrections and diminishing treatment duration and costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. ckunz@uhbs.ch
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kunz
authors.forename: Nikolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Adolphs
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Buescher
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: Berton
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rahn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D002146:Bony Callus / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000254:growth & development*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D003094:Collagen; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen