title: [Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: biomechanical comparison on cadaver specimens using a single or double hamstring technique].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We worked with cadaver specimens to evaluate control of anterior knee laxity after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) comparing double two-strand anterolateral and posteromedial reconstruction with the classical four-strand technique. We hypothesized that the double reconstruction would provide better control of anterior laxity in both flexion and extension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen cadaver knees were randomly assigned to reconstruction technique. Anterior tibial translation was measured with an arthrometer (Rolimeter) at maximal manual tension at 20 degrees, 60 degrees and 90 degrees flexion on the intact knee, after section of the ACL and after arthroscopic reconstruction using either the classical four-strand hamstring technique or a double two-strand anteromedial and posterolateral technique. An EndoButtonCL was used for the femoral fixation and a interference screw with staples for the tibial fixation. Variation in the length of each construct was measured between 0 degrees and 90 degrees flexion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the single reconstruction group, the length of the graft varied by 0.5 +/- 0.7 mm between 0 degrees and 90 degrees flexion. In the double reconstruction group, the length varied by 0.5 +/- 0.9 mm for the anteromedial construct and 3.4 +/- 0.5 mm for the posterolateral construct. When studied with an intact ACL, anterior laxity of the 16 knees was 3.2 +/- 1.1, 3.5 +/- 1.5 and 2.6 +/- 1.1 mm at 20 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees respectively. After section of the ACL, laxity increased significantly at all angles: 9.4 +/- 3.3, 6.1 +/- 2.5 and 6.8 +/- 2.9 at 20 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees respectively. After classical four-strand single graft reconstruction, the residual anterior laxity was 3.7 +/- 0.9, 3.1 +/- 1.1, and 2.3 +/- 1.6 mm at 20 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees flexion. Statistical analysis using parametric or non-parametric tests as appropriate showed a significant difference in laxity at 20 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees of flexion between knees with a cut ACL and knees with reconstructed ACL. At 20 degrees flexion, residual laxity was greater after single-construct reconstruction. At 60 degrees and 90 degrees there was no significant difference in anterior translation of the tibia in knees with intact or reconstructed ACL. After reconstruction with the dual-construct technique, laxity was 3.4 +/- 1.3, 2.6 +/- 1.5, and 2.4 +/- 1.2 mm at 20 degrees, 60 degrees and 90 degrees flexion respectively. Laxity was significantly greater with a cut ACL than after reconstruction at 20 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees flexion, but there was no significant difference in anterior translation of the tibia at 20 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees flexion between knees with an intact and a reconstructed ACL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results based on a clinical evaluation measuring anterior translation of the tibia with an arthrometer are in agreement with results in the literature using robots. Compared with the classical technique, reconstruction of the ACL with a dual-construct technique provides a statistically significant improvement in control of anterior tibial translation at 20 degrees of flexion. The advantage of the dual anteromedial and posteriolateral construct technique is thus not found in the control of anterior laxity but rather in control of rotation laxity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reconstruction of the ACL with a two-bundle graft technique provides control of anterior laxity at 20 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees flexion similar to that observed in knees with an intact ACL while the single construct technique re-establishes physiological laxity at 60 degrees and 90 degrees only. This improved control of anterior laxity with the two-bundle reconstruction is a small improvement regarding anterior laxity, the more potential advantage concerning rotational stability.
authors.affiliation: Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Hôpital de la Conception, 147, boulevard Baille, 13385 Marseille 5.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sbihi
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Franceschi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Christel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colombet
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Djian
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bellier
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods