title: [Development of clinical diagnosis].
abstract: History of clinical diagnosis starts with HIPPOCRATES and his school. History taking and inspection are fundamental diagnostic tools. later on feeling of the pulse, and observation of the tone of the voice are added. In GALEN's system examination findings serve to substantiate theoretical views. Since the time of AVINCENNA uroscopy gains special meaning. Urine examination and pulse control are the most important diagnostic tools for PARACELSUS. His name is connected with diagnosis, "ex juvantibus". Clinical examination obtains further impulses by VESALIUS and later MORGAGNI. In 1761 AUENBRUGGER discovers percussion, LAENNEC in 1819 auscultation. Measurement of arterial blood pressure (RIVA-ROCCI) develops to an important procedure since 1896. Microscopical examination becomes routine in the second half of the 19th century. The same applies to the bacteriological (KOCH, PASTEUR) and endoscopic examination. Discovery of X-rays by ROENTGEN in 1895 widens diagnosis considerably. Ultrasound sonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance tomography stand at a temporary end of a long development of clinical diagnosis which is completed by the discussion of principal signs.
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kremling
mesh_terms: D003933:Diagnosis; D006666:History of Medicine; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval