title: Enhanced zinc consumption causes memory deficits and increased brain levels of zinc.
abstract: Zinc deficiency has been shown to impair cognitive functioning, but little work has been done on the effects of elevated zinc. This research examined the effect on memory of raising Sprague-Dawley rats on enhanced levels of zinc (10 ppm ZnCO3; 0.153 mM) in the drinking water for periods of 3 or 9 months, both pre- and postnatally. Controls were raised on lab water. Memory was tested in a series of Morris Water Maze (MWM) experiments, and zinc-treated rats were found to have impairments in both reference and working memory. They were significantly slower to find a stationary platform and showed greater thigmotaxicity, a measure of anxiety. On a working memory task, where the platform was moved each day, zinc-treated animals had longer latencies over both trials and days, swam further from the platform, and showed greater thigmotaxicity. On trials using an Atlantis platform, which remained in one place but was lowered on probe trials, the zinc-treated animals had significantly fewer platform crossings, spent less time in the target quadrant, and did not swim as close to the platform position. They had significantly greater latency on nonprobe trials. Microprobe synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (microSXRF) confirmed that brain zinc levels were increased by adding ZnCO3 to the drinking water. These data show that long-term dietary administration of zinc can lead to impairments in cognitive function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS-3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, USA. jflinn@gmu.edu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Flinn
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Linkous
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lanzirotti
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brightwell
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology; D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D002254:Carbonates / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013028:Space Perception / Q000187:drug effects; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D014867:Water; D015032:Zinc / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002254:Carbonates; D017967:Zinc Compounds; D014867:Water; C036650:zinc carbonate; D015032:Zinc