title: Epithelioid granulomas, pattern recognition receptors, and phenotypes of Crohn's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gut. It is assumed that a defective interaction between the bacterial flora of the gut and the innate immune system plays a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease. This may lead to specific histological lesions. The epithelioid granuloma is particularly interesting in this regard as it is also observed in several bacterial infections of the gut.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesised that genetic or environmental factors with a known influence on inflammation or immunity would lead to an increased prevalence of granulomas. Therefore, surgical specimens from 161 patients were evaluated for the presence of granulomas. Patients were genotyped for the three single nucleotide polymorphisms in caspase recruitment domain 15 (CARD15)/NOD2 associated with CD and for Asp299Gly in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of granulomas was 68.9%. We did not find a significant correlation between granulomas and TLR4 or CARD15 variants. The frequency of granulomas increased with more distal disease (63% small bowel, 72% right colon, 88% left colon, 90% rectum; p=0.01). Granulomas were more frequent in younger patients (odds ratio 0.95 (95% confidence interval 0.92-0.98) p=0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study of 161 well documented CD patients, we found no significant association between CARD15 and TLR4 variants and granulomas. This finding seems to refute our initial hypothesis. However, it may be that additional factors are needed for granuloma development. Granulomas may develop only when specific bacterial components are present. Therefore, future research on granuloma pathogenesis should be orientated towards detection and identification of bacterial components in these lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gasteroenterology, University Hospitals, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pierik
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Hertogh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vermeire
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Assche
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Eyken
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joossens
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Claessens
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vlietinck
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rutgeerts
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Geboes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006099:Granuloma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C429018:NOD2 protein, human; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors