title: Intraoral evaluation of mineralization of cosmetic defects by a toothpaste containing calcium, fluoride, and sodium bicarbonate.
abstract: New dual-phase fluoride toothpastes that contain soluble calcium, phosphate, and baking soda have recently been introduced into the market. These toothpastes are designed to fill in small surface defects in tooth enamel and thereby enhance tooth esthetics such as gloss. This two-part study was designed to assess these superficial mineralizing effects from using one of these products compared with an experimental calcium-containing, bicarbonate-free formulation and a conventional fluoride toothpaste using an intraoral model. Enamel specimens with 4 types of defects were mounted into an intraoral appliance and placed in the mouths of volunteers for 1 month. The four types of defects were whitening toothpaste abrasion, coarse abrasion, natural dimpling, and acid etching. Before and after intraoral exposure, scanning electron microscope photographs of the specimens were made. The surface microhardness of the acid-etched specimens also was determined. The volunteers brushed their specimens twice daily with one of three randomly assigned toothpastes. The toothpastes were a two-phase, calcium-containing, bicarbonate-based toothpaste; an experimental, two-phase, calcium-containing, bicarbonate-free toothpaste; and a conventional toothpaste. Only the calcium-containing toothpastes showed unequivocal signs of mineral deposition into surface defects, leading to smoothing of the enamel. All three products significantly increased the hardness of the etched enamel, presumably because of fluoride. However, only the two calcium-containing toothpastes gave significantly greater hardness increases than the conventional toothpaste; the specimens treated with a conventional toothpaste were indistinguishable from those treated with saliva.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Center for Clinical Studies, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Leonard J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Litkowski
authors.forename: Kathleen B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Quinlan
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Annahita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghassemi
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Winston
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Charig
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flickinger
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vorwerk
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005459:Fluorides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010710:Phosphates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012463:Saliva / Q000502:physiology; D012824:Silicic Acid; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013499:Surface Properties; D014072:Tooth Abrasion / Q000628:therapy*; D014089:Tooth Remineralization / Q000379:methods*; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D014100:Toothpastes; C546060:hydrated silica gel-based toothpaste; C546054:sodium bicarbonate-based toothpaste; D012824:Silicic Acid; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D005459:Fluorides; D002118:Calcium