How do malaria ookinetes cross the mosquito midgut wall?
The route taken by malaria ookinetes to cross the midgut wall of the mosquito vector has been (and continues to be) controversial. In this article, we attempt to reinterpret and integrate the apparently conflicting observations of the past using the recently proposed Time Bomb model of ookinete invasion as a unifying framework. We argue that parasite entry into the midgut epithelium is always intracellular, occurs at sites where multiple adjacent host cells converge, and that parasite exit from the midgut epithelium can occur by either an intracellular or intercellular route, depending on the manner in which invaded host cells are extruded from the midgut wall. We also propose a novel hypothesis, the Cellular Treadmill model, to explain the movement of ookinetes through multiple adjacent midgut cells.
Baton
Luke A
LA
Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
Ranford-Cartwright
Lisa C
LC
D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae / Q000469:parasitology*; D004064:Digestive System / Q000166:cytology / Q000469:parasitology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000469:parasitology; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000502:physiology*