title: Risk-reducing strategies for breast cancer--a review of recent literature.
abstract: The incidence of newly diagnosed breast cancer cases world-wide is expected to double by 2020. Risk-reducing strategies for breast cancer include lifestyle modifications, chemoprevention and surgery (bilateral mastectomy and/or oophorectomy). Lifestyle modifications include avoidance of postmenopausal obesity and hormone replacement therapy (HRT), regular physical activity, and restriction of alcohol and animal fat intake. Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) shown in randomized controlled trials to reduce the incidence of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer in high-risk healthy women. However, its routine use cannot be recommended for breast cancer prevention in healthy women due to its significant adverse effects, specifically in terms of endometrial carcinoma and thromboembolism. On the other hand, tamoxifen may be used for chemoprevention in women at high risk of developing ER-positive breast cancer and at low risk of developing complications. Raloxifene, another SERM, also appears to be effective in reducing breast cancer risk, and lacks the unwanted stimulatory effect on the uterus. Other promising chemopreventive agents currently under investigation include cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors, fenretinide, aromatase inhibitors, and goserelin. Prophylactic mastectomy can reduce breast cancer risk by 90% in high-risk women. Bilateral oophorectomy has the potential of reducing the risk of both breast and gynecologic cancer in women carrying BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 mutations. Further research is required to identify novel strategies to prevent ER-negative breast cancer, minimize the adverse effects of tamoxifen and other SERMs, and evaluate the role of mammary ductal lavage and ductoscopy in guiding risk-reducing strategies.
authors.affiliation: Brunel Institute of Cancer Genetics, and The Princess Grace Hospitals, London, UK.
authors.forename: Kefah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mokbel
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008408:Mastectomy; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000517:prevention & control; D010052:Ovariectomy; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D013629:Tamoxifen; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride