title: Focal adhesion kinase antisense oligodeoxynucleotides inhibit human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells proliferation and promote human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation plays an important role in pulmonary vessel structural remodelling. At present, the mechanisms related to proliferation of PASMCs are not clear. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a widely expressed nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase. Recent research indicates that FAK is implicated in signalling pathways which regulate cytoskeletal organization, adhesion, migration, survival and proliferation of cells. Furthermore, there are no reports about the role of FAK in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs). We investigated whether FAK takes part in the intracellular signalling pathway involved in HPASMCs proliferation and apoptosis, by using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) to selectively suppress the expression of FAK protein.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured HPASMCs stimulated by fibronectin (40 microg/ml) were passively transfected with ODNs, sense FAK, mismatch sense and antisense-FAK respectively. Expression of FAK, Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK 2) and caspase-3 proteins were detected by immunoprecipitation and Western blots. Cell cycle and cell apoptosis were analysed by flow cytometry. In addition, cytoplasmic FAK expression was detected by immunocytochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared with mismatch sense group, the protein expressions of FAK, JNK and CDK 2 in HPASMCs decreased in antisense-FAK ODNs group and increased in sense-FAK ODNs group significantly. Caspase-3 expression upregulated in HPASMCs when treated with antisense ODNs and downregulated when treated with sense ODNs. When compared with mismatch sense ODNs group, the proportion of cells at G1 phase decreased significantly in sense ODNs group, while the proportion of cells at S phase increased significantly. In contrast, compared with mismatch sense ODNs group, the proportion of cells at G1 phase was increased significantly in antisense-FAK ODNs group. The level of cell apoptosis in antisense-FAK group was higher than in the mismatch sense group and the latter was higher than sense-FAK group. In addition, the sense-FAK ODNs group was strongly stained by immunocytochemistry, whereas the antisense-FAK ODNs group was weakly stained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that FAK relates to the proliferation of HPASMCs. Antisense-FAK ODNs inhibit HPASMCs proliferation and facilitate their apoptosis. It is possible that FAK via JNK, CDK 2 signalling pathways enhances HPASMCs proliferation and via caspase-3 inhibits HPASMCs apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China. Lin_chunlong@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Chun-long
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Zhen-xiang
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yong-jian
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Wang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Shi-xin
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000032:analysis; D002453:Cell Cycle; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000502:physiology*; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C496050:PTK2 protein, human; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C495894:CDK2 protein, human; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases