title: Tracheal gas insufflation as a lung-protective strategy: physiologic, histologic, and biochemical markers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conventional mechanical ventilation in acute lung failure potentiates lung injury, which can be assessed by physiologic, histologic, and biochemical markers. Thus, new ventilation strategies are directed at reducing lung injury. Tracheal gas insufflation has been shown to reduce endotracheal tube prosthetic deadspace and peak inspiratory pressure during conventional mechanical ventilation. Our objective was to use physiologic, histologic, and biochemical markers to test the hypothesis that tracheal gas insufflation in acute lung injury is lung protective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal experiment.
  
  
  METHODS
  University setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Juvenile rabbits (n = 12; 1.95 +/- 0.1 SE kg).
  
  
  METHODS
  Rabbits were anesthetized, instrumented, paralyzed, and ventilated with Fio(2) = 1.0. Lung injury was induced with repeated saline lavage (10 mL/kg per lavage until Pao(2) </=150 mm Hg and compliance </=0.50 mL/cm H(2)O/kg for 30 mins). Animals were randomized to conventional mechanical ventilation with and without 0.5 lpm of continuous tracheal gas insufflation (Vygon endotracheal tube) for 4 hrs to maintain Paco(2) at 45-55 mm Hg by adjusting the peak inspiratory pressure; other conventional mechanical ventilation settings remained constant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics were measured every 30 mins; plasma and pulmonary tissue were taken for cytokine and histologic evaluation after 4 hrs. Peak inspiratory pressure, tidal volume, and physiologic deadspace were significantly less (p < .05) in the tracheal gas insufflation animals when compared with conventional mechanical ventilation animals. Pao(2), positive end-expiratory pressure, mean airway pressure, vital signs, Paco(2), and respiratory resistance and compliance were not statistically different between the two groups. There was a difference (p < .05) in interleukin-8 tissue (pg/mug protein; dependent = 52.4 +/- 7.6 vs. nondependent = 32.8 +/- 4.2) and plasma levels (pg/mL; preinjury = 7.2 +/- 2.3 vs. postinjury = 118 +/- 58). Histology showed a trend toward protection of alveolar structures for tracheal gas insufflation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tracheal gas insufflation resulted in lower ventilatory requirements (peak inspiratory pressure, tidal volume, and deadspace) and a more favorable histologic trend than conventional mechanical ventilation. Tracheal gas insufflation offers potential as a lung-protective strategy for acute lung injury in the developing rabbit lung and may be a useful clinical adjunct to neonatal respiratory management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Rees E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Henry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Rozycki
authors.forename: Jay S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Greenspan
authors.forename: Marla R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wolfson
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Shaffer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D005740:Gases; D007327:Insufflation; D021061:Liquid Ventilation; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology; D055370:Lung Injury; D023421:Models, Animal; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D011817:Rabbits; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D012126:Respiratory Dead Space; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D013990:Tidal Volume; D014132:Trachea / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005740:Gases