title: Changes in mechanical, chemical, and thermal sensitivity of the cornea after topical application of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In addition to their well-known anti-inflammatory actions, some of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) appear to have an analgesic effect. In human subjects, the changes in threshold and intensity of sensations evoked by mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimulation of the cornea induced by topical administration of two commercial NSAIDs, diclofenac sodium (Voltaren; Novartis, Basel, Switzerland) and flurbiprofen (Ocuflur; Allergan, Irvine, CA), were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Corneal sensitivity was measured in 10 young, healthy subjects with a gas esthesiometer. Chemical (10%-70% CO2 in air), mechanical (0-264 mL/min), and thermal (corneal temperature changes between -4.5 degrees C and +3 degrees C around the normal value) stimuli were applied to the center of the cornea. The intensity and perceived magnitude of the psychophysical attributes of the evoked sensation were scored at the end of the pulse in a 10-cm, continuous visual analog scale (VAS). The threshold was expressed as the stimulus intensity that evoked a VAS score >0.5. Sensitivity was measured in both eyes of each subject on two separate days, one without treatment and the other 30 minutes after topical application of 0.03% flurbiprofen (seven subjects) or 0.1% diclofenac sodium (six subjects).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diclofenac attenuated significantly all the sensation parameters evoked by high-intensity mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimuli. Flurbiprofen produced a slight reduction of the sensations evoked by mechanical and chemical stimulation that became significant only for the irritation caused by chemical stimuli of maximum intensity (70% CO2). None of the drugs modified significantly the detection threshold of the different stimuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flurbiprofen had a very limited effect on sensations evoked by corneal stimulation, whereas diclofenac reduced the intensity of sensations evoked by stimuli of different modality, suggesting a mild local anesthetic effect of this drug on all types of corneal sensory fibers. Such anesthetic action could explain the analgesic effect that has been reported after topical application of diclofenac in inflamed human eyes.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernandez-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. mcarmen.acosta@umh.es
authors.forename: M Carmen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Acosta
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berenguer-Ruiz
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García-Gálvez
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perea-Tortosa
authors.forename: Juana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gallar
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Belmonte
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003315:Cornea / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005480:Flurbiprofen / Q000494:pharmacology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009882:Ophthalmic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D004008:Diclofenac; D005480:Flurbiprofen