title: Benefits of an insulin dosage calculation device for adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Multiple daily injection insulin regimens (MDI) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) allow adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) meal flexibility, and may improve metabolic control. The insulin dosage calculations, however, involve ratios of insulin to carbohydrate and corrections for high blood glucose values, and are labor-intensive and prone to error. We evaluated the impact of an insulin dosage calculation device (IDC) on metabolic control, treatment satisfaction, regimen adherence and quality of life in adolescents using MDI or CSII.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized control trial using the IDC in 83 adolescents on MDI or CSII. At enrollment, patients received training on dosage calculation using either the IDC or conventional methods, and performed sample calculations. At enrollment, 6 months and 12 months, we recorded HbA1c and frequency of hypoglycemia, and patients completed questionnaires assessing treatment satisfaction, regimen adherence and quality of life. After 6 months, patients in the control group were also given the IDC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a higher frequency of errors with conventional calculations (53-67% incorrect calculations) than with the IDC (25-32% incorrect). At 6 months, there was a trend toward improved HbA1c in the IDC group overall (9.3 vs 8.9, p = 0.07) and a significant improvement in the subset (42%) who used the IDC consistently (9.7 vs 8.8, p = 0.03). There was no change in HbA1c in the control group during this interval (9.0 vs 8.9, p = 0.90). During months 6-12, when both groups were combined, there was a significant increase in HbA1c in patients using the IDC inconsistently or not at all (8.9 vs 9.4, p = 0.005), but no change in HbA1c in those using the IDC consistently (9.1 vs 8.9, p = 0.57). Treatment satisfaction, adherence and quality of life improved throughout the study in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Errors in calculation of insulin dosage by adolescents occur frequently. Consistent use of an insulin dosage calculation device may help to improve metabolic control in adolescents using MDI or CSII.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. nsglaser@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Nicole S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: Sultanna B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Iden
authors.forename: Dayna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Green-Burgeson
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hood-Johnson
authors.forename: Dennis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Styne
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goodlin-Jones
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000150:complications; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin