title: Estimating cost-effectiveness of mass cardiopulmonary resuscitation training strategies to improve survival from cardiac arrest in private locations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) trainees are young, and most cardiac arrests occur in private residences witnessed by older individuals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the cost-effectiveness of a CPR training program targeted at citizens over the age of 50 years compared with that of current nontargeted public CPR training.
  
  
  METHODS
  A model was developed using cardiac arrest and known demographic data from a single suburban zip code (population 36,325) including: local data (1997-1999) regarding cardiac arrest locations (public vs. private); incremental survival with CPR (historical survival rate 7.8%, adjusted odds ratio for CPR 2.0); arrest bystander demographics obtained from bystander telephone interviews; zip code demographics regarding population age and distribution; and 12.50 dollars per student for the cost of CPR training. Published rates of CPR training programs by age were used to estimate the numbers typically trained. Several assumptions were made: 1) there would be one bystander per. arrest; 2) the bystander would always perform CPR if trained; 3) cardiac arrest would be evenly distributed in the population; and 4) CPR training for a proportion of the population would proportionally increase CPR provision. Rates of arrest, bystanders by age, number of CPR trainees needed to result in increased arrest survival, and training cost per life saved for a one-year study period were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 24.3 cardiac arrests per year, with 21.9 (90%) occurring in homes. In 66.5% of the home arrests, the bystander was more than 50 years old. To yield one additional survivor using the current CPR training strategy, 12,306 people needed to be trained (3,510 bystanders aged < or = 50 years and 8,796 bystanders aged > 50 years), which resulted in CPR provision to 7.14 additional patients. The training cost per life saved for a bystander aged < or = 50 years was 313,214 dollars, and that for a bystander aged > 50 years was 785,040 dollars. Using a strategy of training only those < or = 50 years, 583 elders per cardiac arrest would need to be trained, with a cost of 53,383 dollars per life saved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using these assumptions, current CPR training strategy is not a cost-effective intervention for home cardiac arrests. The high rate of elders witnessing CPR mandates focused CPR interventions for this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073, USA. raswor@aol.com
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Swor
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Compton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000193:education*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006266:Health Education / Q000191:economics*; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017059:Models, Econometric