title: [Methodology in infertility studies. Outcome measures for therapeutic success. When should we consider that has been a change in semen quality?].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgery has been largely indicated for varicocele with the aim of improving semen parameters in male patients with subfertility or infertility. However, the criteria for therapeutic success in which its usefulness has been based on have never been clear. Our objective was to analyze current criteria for therapeutic success after surgical treatment of varicocele, studying in depth the possible influence of varicocele on semen quality, its impact on fertility, and possible advantages of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed a group of original articles, systematic reviews, and metanalysis on the issue after MEDLINE search. We mainly focus on randomized placebo-controlled prospective studies the aim of which was to evaluate the improvement in semen quality and/or pregnancy rates in subfertile/infertile couples after treatment of varicocele.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is great study heterogeneity, both in methods and possible interpretation of results. Although it seems treatment of varicocele may improve some semen quality parameters, it does not seem to represent an effective treatment for male subfertility.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Urología y Unidad de Andrología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: Juan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Martínez-Salamanca
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jara
authors.forename: Ramiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cabello
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Moncada
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012074:Remission Induction; D012661:Semen; D013094:Spermatozoa; D014646:Varicocele / Q000150:complications