title: Liposome-mediated radiotherapeutics within avascular tumor spheroids: comparative dosimetry study for various radionuclides, liposome systems, and a targeting antibody.
abstract: Absorbed dose profiles within tumor spheroids simulating avascular micrometastases have been calculated for a variety of liposome- and antibody-radionuclide combinations to assess the anticipated therapeutic efficacy based on the intratumoral distribution of the carrier systems within the spheroid model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments studying the targeting and diffusion capability of the most clinically relevant liposome systems and the anti-PSMA (prostate-specific membrane antigen) antibody J591 within spheroids of the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP (diameter, 150-200 mum) have been performed. The intratumoral biodistribution data were then used as the input to obtain absorbed dose profiles within the tumor spheroid mass. The dosimetric analysis was performed for a variety of medium- and high-energy beta-emitting radionuclides ((32)P, (90)Y, (188)Re, (67)Cu, (131)I) and 2 low-energy Auger or conversion electron emitters ((123)I, (125)I) following the point-kernel convolution method in the continuous slowing-down approximation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative absorbed dose distribution calculations as a function of the distance from the rim of the spheroids are presented. For all liposome systems studied, the SUV-DMPC-chol (small unilamellar vesicle-dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol) was most efficient in penetrating deeper within the spheroids. For the beta-emitters it delivered its maximum absorbed dose (D(max)) at 40- to 50-microm depth, exhibiting an almost flat absorbed dose profile beyond that point, as is evident by the high absorbed dose value at the center of the spheroid (D(core)), D(core)/D(max) > 0.9; the respective values for the J591 antibody were 20 mum and 0.85. The Auger or conversion emitters resulted in the most heterogeneous absorbed dose distribution; the ratio D(core)/D(max) fell to 0.4 for the SUV-DMPC-chol and to 0.4-0.5 for the antibody. In general, a 2- to 10-fold "cross-fire"-related increase of the core absorbed dose was observed. For liposomes exhibiting high binding capacity (3beta-[N-(N',N']-dimethylaminoethane)carbamoyl]cholesterol [DC-chol]), however, the low-energy emitters deliver up to a 40% higher D(max) relative to the beta-emitters. The surface characteristics of liposomes appear to have a noticeable influence on the absorbed dose profiles. The use of neutral (DMPC-chol) versus cationic (DC-chol) lipids resulted in up to a 10-fold increase of D(core)/D(max) depending on the radionuclide. Changing the cationic lipid used to N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium methyl sulfate also had a notable influence (up to a 6-fold increase), whereas the effect of fusogenic lipids (dioleoylphosphatidylcholine) was found to be much smaller.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to engineer liposome systems that are particularly effective in delivering an almost uniform absorbed dose profile at the central region of micrometastatic tumors, provided that conjugates with the appropriate radionuclides are constructed. In view of the passive means of diffusion of liposomes within solid tumors, it is suggested that they may effectively complement an antibody-based therapeutic regime against micrometastatic tumors, leading to cytotoxic absorbed dose levels throughout the entire tumor volume--thus, hindering tumor recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Emfietzoglou
authors.forename: Kostas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kostarelos
authors.forename: Alexandros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papakostas
authors.forename: Wei-Hong
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ase
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ballangrud
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sgouros
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; C478680:J591 monoclonal antibody; D008081:Liposomes; D011868:Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals