title: Immune and functional role of nitric oxide in a mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection of respiratory epithelial cell cultures increases expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The present study was designed to evaluate both the effect of RSV infection on expression of iNOS and the role of NO in the host responses to RSV infection in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  RSV infection was performed by nasal inoculation of BALB/c mice (6-8 weeks old). Total cell and differential counts were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Lung nitrates were measured in BAL fluid by use of the Greiss reaction, and cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Lung hyperresponsiveness to methacholine was measured by use of a Buxco unrestrained whole-body plethysmograph.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RSV infection increased levels of lung nitrites, levels of iNOS protein and activity, and levels of iNOS mRNA. RSV infection resulted in recruitment of neutrophils and lymphocytes into the lungs, enhanced levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma, and increased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Treatment with iNOS inhibitors (2-amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4H-1,3-thiazine and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) increased RSV titers in the lungs yet reduced lung inflammation and RSV-induced AHR. Inhibition of iNOS activity with either agent did not significantly alter levels of IFN-gamma or interleukin-4 in the lungs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study suggest that RSV-induced production of NO participates in complex host responses and may mediate important aspects of the clinical disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.forename: Amir M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Constance L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chiappetta
authors.forename: Hasen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Alcorn
authors.forename: Giuseppe N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Colasurdo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000821:virology; D018113:Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human / Q000472:pathogenicity
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse