title: A neurobiological perspective on attachment problems in sexual offenders and the role of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in the treatment of such problems.
abstract: This paper describes what is currently known about attachment from the development, social-cognitive and biological literatures and outlines the impact on organisms given adverse development experiences that can have an effect upon attachment formation in childhood across these three literatures. We then describe the effects that 'insecure' attachment styles arising in childhood can affect brain chemistry and brain function and subsequently adult social/romantic relationships. In the paper, we note that a number of sexual offenders report adverse childhood experiences and that they possess attachment styles that, taken together, make it likely that they will either seek out intimate attachments in ways where they will have sex with children, perhaps confusing sex with intimacy or in aggressive ways as particularly happens with men who sexually assault adult women. The last section of the paper describes chemical treatment for sexual offenders, focusing on the use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs). We note evidence for the role of SSRIs in promoting more social/affiliative behaviors and speculate on the effects that SSRIs have in the treatment of sexual offenders by targeting areas of the social brain. Here, we would argue that it would be useful to carry out treatment where there is a combination of SSRI treatment (to promote more prosocial feelings and behaviors) in conjunction with therapy that typically addresses thoughts and behaviors, i.e., cognitive-behavioral therapy/schema-focused therapy.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. a.r.beech@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Beech
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008149:Love; D008297:Male; D009769:Object Attachment; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000502:physiology; D010262:Paraphilic Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D012701:Serotonin / Q000502:physiology; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000523:psychology*; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010121:Oxytocin; D012701:Serotonin; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D014667:Vasopressins