title: Identifying controlled substance patterns of utilization requiring evaluation using administrative claims data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a systems approach to identify, for further evaluation, patients with potential controlled substance misuse or mismanagement using software queries applied to administrative health claims data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective validation of the system using insurance claims.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from administrative health claims databases representing nearly 7 million individuals younger than 65 years were used by multidisciplinary expert panels to develop and validate controlled substance patterns of utilization requiring evaluation (CS-PURE) criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-four CS-PURE queries were developed in SAS and applied to administrative claims records to identify patients with potential controlled substance misuse or mismanagement. From these, we identified 10 CS-PURE with the highest expert agreement that intervention was warranted. Expert panel agree, ment that CS-PURE correctly identified cases ranged from 48% to 100%, with at least 50% agreement in 9 of 10 CS-PURE. The prevalence rates for CS-PURE ranged from 0.001% to 0.252%. This translates to identifying between 5 and 1116 patients for individual CS-PURE in a 500 000-member health plan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We developed and empirically validated a group of queries using CS-PURE to identify patients with potential controlled substance misuse or mismanagement that would warrant further evaluation by the treating physician, a quality assurance function, or the medical director. Claims-based CS-PURE identification is generalizable to most health insurers with access to medical and pharmaceutical claims records. Although CS-PURE are not direct measures of misuse, they can direct attention to potential problems to determine if intervention is needed.
authors.affiliation: HSI Network LLC, USA. sparente@csom.umn.edu
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Parente
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Finch
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Schloff
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Rector
authors.forename: Raafat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seifeldin
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Haddox
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002328:Carisoprodol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016303:Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000075202:Contraindications; D019992:Databases as Topic; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000379:methods*; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D015995:Prevalence; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D002328:Carisoprodol; D002077:Butorphanol