title: Performing procedures on the newly deceased for teaching purposes: what if we were to ask?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Performance of procedures on the recently dead for physician training is controversial. It has been suggested that permission be obtained. We investigated whether patients and family members would grant such permission or if even this request might anger the recently bereaved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physicians administered identical surveys to adult emergency department patients and family members in Brooklyn and Oslo to determine their willingness to consent for teaching of specific invasive techniques in the event of their own death or that of a family member. Demographic factors and location (culture) were assessed for effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Willingness to consent was directly related to age of decedent and inversely related to perceived invasiveness of the procedure at both sites. In every scenario, respondents in Brooklyn were much less willing to grant permission (2- to 2.5-fold) than were those in Oslo. In Oslo, respondents were more willing to consent for their own bodies to be used as training tools than that of a relative. In Brooklyn, 48.5% would be angry if approached for permission compared with only 8.4% in Oslo (P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asking for permission to perform procedures on the recently deceased for physician training purposes may often anger the bereaved. The emotional response to the consent request may be culturally determined. Increased willingness of individuals to permit the use of their bodies in the immediate postmortem period suggests that a preauthorization program similar to organ donor cards might be acceptable, successful, and ethical.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga., USA.
authors.forename: Rumm M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Morag
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: DeSouza
authors.forename: Petter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Steen
authors.forename: Ashraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Oyvind
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ohnstad
authors.forename: Jan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Fosen
authors.forename: Barry E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Brenner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001293:Attitude to Death; D001344:Autopsy / Q000941:ethics*; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D003643:Death; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D008297:Male; D009519:New York City; D009664:Norway