title: Effect of hexavalent carcinogenic chromium on carp Cyprinus carpio immune cells.
abstract: Chromium is widely used in industrial processes, and is released into aquatic environments by electroplating, tannery and textile industries. Fishes in natural waters or in aquaculture facilities supplied with these waters are exposed to chromium waste and are presumed to be affected by deposits. Herein, we examine the effect of hexavalent chromium on carp Cyprinus carpio derived immune cells. In vitro exposure of carp leukocytes to hexavalent chromium induced cytotoxicity, decreased mitogen-induced lymphocyte activation and phagocyte functions at concentrations between 2 and 200 micromol Cr l(-1). Neutrophils responded to chromium challenge by changes in cell shape together with reduced nitric oxide and reactive oxygen production. This occurred at much lower concentrations than for the cytotoxic effects seen in leukocyte cultures derived from peripheral blood or pronephros. In a similar way, activation of carp lymphocytes by pokeweed mitogen was reduced in a dose-dependent manner, while cytotoxic effects on non-activated lymphocytes were observed at much higher doses of 200 micromol Cr l(-1). Altered lymphocyte and neutrophil functions are considered to be responsible for decreased resistance to pathogens observed in fishes under chronic chromium challenge.
authors.affiliation: Hannover School of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany. dieter.steinhagen@tiho-hannover.de
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steinhagen
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Helmus
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: R Dinakaran
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Leibold
authors.forename: Jörn P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Scharsack
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skouras
authors.forename: Hans-Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schuberth
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps / Q000276:immunology*; D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000662:veterinary; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D011043:Pokeweed Mitogens / Q000633:toxicity; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011043:Pokeweed Mitogens; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002857:Chromium; D009569:Nitric Oxide