title: Interactive measurement and characterization of DNA molecules by analysis of AFM images.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the past few years, computer-based analysis of atomic-force microscopic images has acquired increasing importance for studying biomolecules such as DNA. On the one hand, fully automated methods do not allow analysis of complex shapes; on the other hand, manual methods are usually time consuming and inaccurate. The semiautomated approach presented in this report overcomes the drawbacks of both methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two kinds of images were analyzed: computer-generated filaments that modeled circular DNA molecules on a surface and real atomic-force microscopic images of DNA molecules adsorbed on an appropriate substrate surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The algorithm was tested on a group of 140 simulated and 189 real plasmids with a nominal length of 913 nm. The accuracy of the length measurement was statistically evaluated on the ensemble of molecules, with particular attention to the influence of the noise. Mean contour lengths of 912 +/- 5 nm and 910 +/- 47 nm were found for simulated and real plasmids, respectively. The measured end-to-end distance of lambda-DNA molecules as a function of their contour length is reported, from which it is possible to estimate the stiffness of the DNA molecules adsorbed onto a surface; the value obtained for the DNA persistence length (42 +/- 5 nm) is consistent with values measured by other imaging techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An interactive algorithm for DNA molecule measurements based on the detection of the filament ridge line in a digitized image is presented. The simulation of artificial filaments combined with the experimental data demonstrates that the proposed method can be a valuable tool for the DNA contour length evaluation, especially in the case of complex shapes where the use of automatic methods is not possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 043 53 Kosice, Slovak Republic. marek@saske.sk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marek
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Demjénová
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tomori
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Janácek
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zolotová
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Valle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Favre
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dietler
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004270:DNA, Circular / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000379:methods*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004270:DNA, Circular