title: Psychological distress among Bam earthquake survivors in Iran: a population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An earthquake measuring 6.3 on the Richter scale struck the city of Bam in Iran on the 26th of December 2003 at 5.26 A.M. It was devastating, and left over 40,000 dead and around 30,000 injured. The profound tragedy of thousands killed has caused emotional and psychological trauma for tens of thousands of people who have survived. A study was carried out to assess psychological distress among Bam earthquake survivors and factors associated with severe mental health in those who survived the tragedy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a population-based study measuring psychological distress among the survivors of Bam earthquake in Iran. Using a multi-stage stratified sampling method a random sample of individuals aged 15 years and over living in Bam were interviewed. Psychological distress was measured using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all 916 survivors were interviewed. The mean age of the respondents was 32.9 years (SD = 12.4), mostly were males (53%), married (66%) and had secondary school education (50%). Forty-one percent reported they lost 3 to 5 members of their family in the earthquake. In addition the findings showed that 58% of the respondents suffered from severe mental health as measured by the GHQ-12 and this was three times higher than reported psychological distress among the general population. There were significant differences between sub-groups of the study sample with regard to their psychological distress. The results of the logistic regression analysis also indicated that female gender; lower education, unemployment, and loss of family members were associated with severe psychological distress among earthquake victims.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study findings indicated that the amount of psychological distress among earthquake survivors was high and there is an urgent need to deliver mental health care to disaster victims in local medical settings and to reduce negative health impacts of the earthquake adequate psychological counseling is needed for those who survived the tragedy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, Tehran, Iran. ali@jdcord.jd.ac.ir
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montazeri
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baradaran
authors.forename: Sepideh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Omidvari
authors.forename: Seyed Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Azin
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ebadi
authors.forename: Gholamreza
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garmaroudi
authors.forename: Amir Mahmood
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Harirchi
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shariati
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001601:Bereavement; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004190:Disasters; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012494:Sampling Studies; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data