title: Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias and cardiovascular death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias (EIVA) are frequently observed during exercise testing. However, the clinical guidelines do not specify their significance and so we examined this issue in our population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was performed on 5754 consecutive male veterans referred for exercise testing at two university-affiliated Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Exercise test responses were recorded and cardiovascular mortality was assessed after a mean follow-up of 6 +/- 4 years. EIVA were defined as frequent premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) constituting more than 10% of all ventricular depolarizations during any 30-second ECG recording, or a run of three or more consecutive PVCs during the exercise test or recovery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EIVA occurred in 426 patients (7.4%). There were 550 (10.6%) cardiovascular deaths during follow-up. Seventy two (17%) patients with EIVA died of cardiovascular causes, whereas 478 (9.0%) of patients without EIVA died of cardiovascular causes (P < 0.001). Patients with EIVA had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease, resting PVCs, resting ST depression, and ischemia during exercise than patients without EIVA. In a Cox hazards model adjusted for age, cardiovascular disease, exercise-induced ischemia, ECG abnormalities, exercise capacity and risk factors, EIVA was significantly associated with time to cardiovascular death. The combination of both resting PVCs and EIVA was associated with the highest hazard ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EIVA are independent predictors of cardiovascular mortality after adjusting for other clinical and exercise test variables; combination with resting PVCs carries the highest risk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beckerman
authors.forename: Anima
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stahr
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Sung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Froelicher
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018879:Ventricular Premature Complexes / Q000503:physiopathology; D014728:Veterans