title: Tyrosine prevents effects of hyperthermia on behavior and increases norepinephrine.
abstract: Tyrosine (TYR) is the precursor of the catecholamine (CA) neurotransmitters, dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE). Catecholamines, especially NE, participate in the response of the brain to acute stress. When animals are acutely stressed, NE neurons become more active and tyrosine availability may be rate-limiting. Tyrosine administration, before exposure to physical and/or environmental stressors including cold, reduces the adverse behavioral, physiological and neurochemical consequences of the exposure. In this study, the effects of tyrosine (400 mg/kg) were examined on rats exposed to heat stress, for which its effects have not been examined. Coping behavior and memory were assessed using the Porsolt swim test and the Morris water maze. Release of hippocampal NE and DA was assessed with in vivo microdialysis. In vehicle-treated animals, heat impaired coping and memory, and increased release of NE, but not DA. In heated animals receiving tyrosine, coping was not impaired and NE release was sustained, thus demonstrating tyrosine protects against the adverse effects of heat, and suggesting these effects result from increased central NE release. This study indicates the effects of tyrosine generalize across dissimilar stressors and that tyrosine administration may mitigate the adverse behavioral effects of heat and other stressors on humans. In addition, it demonstrates that moderate heat stress impairs coping behavior, as well as working and reference memory.
authors.affiliation: Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Building 42, Kansas Street, Natick, MA 01760-5007, USA. harris.lieberman@na.amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: Harris R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Georgelis
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.forename: Sylva K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Yeghiayan
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D004924:Escape Reaction / Q000187:drug effects; D005334:Fever / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008568:Memory / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D013550:Swimming; D013997:Time Factors; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014443:Tyrosine; D009638:Norepinephrine