title: Anti-inflammatory effects of aronia extract on rat endotoxin-induced uveitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aronia crude extract (ACE) with high levels of polyphenol compounds has been reported to have antioxidative effects in vitro and in vivo. In this study, attention was focused on the antioxidant effect of ACE. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of ACE on endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats. In addition, the endotoxin-induced expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 proteins was investigated in a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) treated with ACE in vitro, to clarify the anti-inflammatory effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  EIU was induced in male Lewis rats by a footpad injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Immediately after the LPS inoculation, 1, 10, or 100 mg ACE or 10 mg prednisolone was injected intravenously. After 24 hours, the aqueous humor was collected from both eyes, and the number of infiltrating cells, protein concentration, nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin (PG)-E2, and TNF-alpha levels in the aqueous humor were determined. RAW 264.7 cells treated with various concentrations of ACE were incubated with 10 mug/mL LPS for 24 hours. Levels of NO, PGE2, and TNF-alpha were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins was analyzed by Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of inflammatory cells, the protein concentrations, and the levels of NO, PGE2, and TNF-alpha in the aqueous humor in the groups treated with ACE were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effect of 100 mg ACE was as strong as that of 10 mg prednisolone. The anti-inflammatory action of ACE was stronger than that of either quercetin or anthocyanin administered alone. ACE also suppressed LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 protein expressions in RAW 264.7 cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that ACE has a dose-dependent anti-ocular inflammatory effect that is due to the direct blocking of the expression of the iNOS and COX-2 enzymes and leads to the suppression of the production of NO, PGE2, and TNF-alpha.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. kohgami@med.hokudai.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohgami
authors.forename: Iliyana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ilieva
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shiratori
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: Xue-Hai
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kase
authors.forename: Nobuyoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kitaichi
authors.forename: Yukari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Tsuneo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Shigeaki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohno
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005638:Fruit; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D046936:Photinia / Q000737:chemistry*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014606:Uveitis, Anterior / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D011239:Prednisolone; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone