title: Motexafin gadolinium: a redox-active tumor selective agent for the treatment of cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Redox regulation has been shown to be an important component of malignant cell survival and is a system that may be pharmacologically manipulated for the treatment of cancer. Motexafin gadolinium is a member of a class of rationally designed porphyrin-like molecules called texaphyrins. The rationale for its use in cancer therapy is that, like naturally occurring porphyrins, it tends to concentrate selectively in cancer cells and it has a novel mechanism of action as it induces redox stress, triggering apoptosis in a broad range of cancers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro studies have shown that motexafin gadolinium is synergistic with radiation and varied chemotherapeutic agents. A phase III international study has shown that the onset of neurologic progression is significantly delayed in patients with brain metastases from lung cancer treated with whole-brain radiation and motexafin gadolinium (compared with radiation alone). Recent preclinical data have shown that motexafin gadolinium alone is cytotoxic to cancers such as multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia through redox and apoptotic pathways. Multiple clinical trials examining motexafin gadolinium as a single agent and in combination with radiation and/or chemotherapy for the treatment of solid and hematopoietic tumors are underway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Motexafin gadolinium is a novel tumor-targeted agent that disrupts redox balance in cancer cells by futile redox cycling. Motexafin gadolinium is currently in numerous hematology/oncology clinical trials for use as a single agent and in combination with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. St. Clair, Chicago, Illinois, IL 60611, USA. a-evens@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Evens
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008665:Metalloporphyrins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D008665:Metalloporphyrins; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; C437683:motexafin gadolinium; D005682:Gadolinium