title: Protective effect of dextromethorphan against endotoxic shock in mice.
abstract: Dextromethorphan (DM) is a dextrorotatory morphinan and an over-the-counter non-opioid cough suppressant. We have previously shown that DM protects against LPS-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration through inhibition of microglia activation. Here, we investigated protective effects of DM against endotoxin shock induced by lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/GalN) in mice and the mechanism underlying its protective effect. Mice were given multiple injections of DM (12.5 mg/kg, s.c.) 30 min before and 2, 4 h after an injection of LPS/GalN (20 microg/700 mg/kg). DM administration decreased LPS/GalN-induced mortality and hepatotoxicity, as evidenced by increased survival rate, decreased serum alanine aminotransferase activity and improved pathology. Furthermore, DM was also effective when it was given 30 min after LPS/GalN injection. The protection was likely associated with reduced serum and liver tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels. DM also attenuated production of superoxide and intracellular reactive oxygen species in Kupffer cells and neutrophils. Real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that DM administration suppressed the expression of a variety of inflammation-related genes such as macrophage inflammatory protein-2, CXC chemokine, thrombospondin-1, intercellular adhesion molecular-1 and interleukin-6. DM also decreased the expression of genes related to cell-death pathways, such as the DNA damage protein genes GADD45 and GADD153. In summary, DM is effective in protecting mice against LPS/GalN-induced hepatotoxicity, and the mechanism is likely through a faster TNF-alpha clearance, and decrease of superoxide production and inflammation and cell-death related components. This study not only extends neuroprotective effect of DM, but also suggests that DM may be a novel compound for the therapeutic intervention for sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, NCI, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. guorong1@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Guorong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yuxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Nian-ssheng
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Tzeng
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: Belinda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Liya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Tongguang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jau-Shyong
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003915:Dextromethorphan / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D003915:Dextromethorphan