title: Bladder epithelial cell proliferation of rats induced by terephthalic acid-calculi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary bladder hyperplasia associated with terephthalic acid (TPA) treatment was examined with concomitant use of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or hydrochlorothiazide to allow assessment of the relationship among bladder stones, epithelial hyperplasia, and corresponding cell cycle checkpoint gene expression in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 112 weanling male SD rats that divided between six groups were given basal diet (control), diets containing 5% TPA or in combination with either 4% sodium NaHCO3 or 0.02% hydrochlorothiazide. After 90-day feeding, bladder samples were collected for histopathological diagnoses, and immunohistochemical method was used to characterize the expression of p16Ink4a cyclin D1, CDK4, EGFr and cyclin E in relation to that of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In TPA treatment groups, bladder stone incidence was 40% (21/52) with 14 cases of proliferative bladder. In control and other groups, neither stone nor epithelial cell proliferation was diagnosed. PCNA-positive focal hyperplasic lesions involved all epithelial layers. Overexpressions of cyclin D1, CDK4, EGFr are found in the corresponding lesion. p16Ink4a nuclear staining reduced in proliferative bladders especially with a great quantity of stone. In addition, no positive expression was detected on cyclin E.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides a strong evidence of a link between induction of bladder hyperplasia, deregulation of the p16Ink4a-cyclin D1/CDK4 pathway, and abnormal EGFr mediated signal transduction pathway.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China. daiguidong@126.com
authors.forename: Guidong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Lunbiao
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Jianfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Yihong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Renzhen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xinru
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003043:Cocarcinogenesis; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019927:Cyclin E / Q000378:metabolism; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000139:chemically induced; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016196:S Phase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000494:pharmacology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D001744:Urinary Bladder Calculi / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D019927:Cyclin E; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide; D019938:Cyclin D1; C011363:terephthalic acid; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D066246:ErbB Receptors; C495903:Cdk4 protein, rat; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases