title: The acute effects of transthoracic cryoablation on normal lung evaluated in a porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Percutaneous transthoracic cryoablation of lung parenchymal tumors offers a potentially less invasive alternative to thoracoscopic tumor resection. In the present study, we investigated the feasibility of transthoracic cryoprobe insertion into the lung parenchyma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cryoablation was performed in porcine lung through a thoracotomy. A 2-mm diameter cryoprobe was inserted to a depth of 3 cm from the pleura. Cryoablation was performed as one or two cycles of 15-minute freeze followed by 5-minute thaw. Bleeding time and amount, and air leakage pressure from the insertion site was measured and compared between cycles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bleeding time and amount significantly increased, and air leakage pressure significantly decreased with two cycles of cryoablation compared with one cycle. Histologically, the primary finding in the cryolesion was localized pulmonary hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bleeding time, bleeding amount, and air leakage from the insertion site after two cycles (453 +/- 202 s, 1.3 +/- 0.6 g, and 28 +/- 12 cm H2O, respectively) were considered unlikely to cause acute serious complications. Although long-term studies are needed, the present study provides support for transthoracic cryoablation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of General Thoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan. yotaro@sc.itc.keio.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yotaro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Izumi
authors.forename: Takahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oyama
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000818:Animals; D001760:Bleeding Time; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008168:Lung / Q000601:surgery* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013908:Thoracotomy
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen