title: Clarifying the PROGINS allele association in ovarian and breast cancer risk: a haplotype-based analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The PROGINS allele of the progesterone receptor (PGR) gene has been associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer and a decreased risk of breast cancer. We set out to refine the association between common variation at the PGR gene locus and these two diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We characterized the haplotype structure of the PGR gene by genotyping 54 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 349 women. We then selected a subset of 17 haplotype-tagging SNPs that captured variation across the locus and typed them in 267 ovarian cancer case patients and 397 control subjects from two case-control studies and in 1715 breast cancer case patients and 2505 control subjects from a cohort study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PGR locus was characterized by four blocks of strong linkage disequilibrium. Two SNPs in block 4 were associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer among homozygous carriers as compared with noncarriers: rs1042838 (PROGINS allele; odds ratio [OR] = 3.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19 to 8.75, P = .022) and rs608995 (minor allele; OR = 3.10, 95% CI = 1.63 to 5.89, P<.001). The PROGINS allele was observed on a subset of chromosomes carrying the minor allele at rs608995, and its association with ovarian cancer was fully explained by its association with rs608995. In addition, rs608995 fell on two common haplotypes (4-D and 4-E), whose association with ovarian cancer was the same as that of rs608995. These same two haplotypes were associated with a non-statistically significantly reduced risk of breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variation in PGR was associated with ovarian cancer risk, although the strongest result was not with the PROGINS allele. Instead, any causal allele(s) are likely in or downstream of block 4 and carried on haplotypes 4-D and 4-E. There was some evidence that the same variation was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer, but the association was not statistically significant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. cpearce@usc.edu
authors.forename: Celeste Leigh
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: Joel N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Hirschhorn
authors.forename: Anna H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Noël P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Burtt
authors.forename: Daniel O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Stram
authors.forename: Stanton
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Laurence N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Kolonel
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Altshuler
authors.forename: Malcolm C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pike
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000235:genetics*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D011980:Receptors, Progesterone