title: Stepped care in psychological therapies: access, effectiveness and efficiency. Narrative literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a significant gap between the demand for psychological therapy services and the available supply. One proposal to overcome this problem is to increase efficiency of provision through the adoption of briefer 'minimal interventions' within stepped care models.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the theoretical underpinnings of stepped care, together with the practicalities of the adoption of this system of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Narrative literature review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The potential clinical and economic benefits of stepped care are dependent upon underlying assumptions of equivalence in terms of clinical outcomes, efficiency in terms of resource use and costs, and acceptability of 'minimal interventions' to patients and therapists. Illustrative studies of these issues are considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although psychological services might benefit from the adoption of the stepped care model, a substantial research agenda needs to be fulfilled before a judgement can be made as to whether stepped care might be an efficient method of delivering psychological services.
authors.affiliation: National Primary Care Research and Development Centre, 5th Floor, Williamson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. peter.bower@man.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bower
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gilbody
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome