title: Effect of flame cleaning of ceramic surface on the bond strength of composite to ceramic.
abstract: This study tested the hypothesis that flame cleaning of ceramic surface would increase the bond strength of composite to ceramic than pressure-vaporized steam cleaning. Eris and IPS-Empress ceramic blocks were fabricated, polished (control), airborne-particle abraded with 50-microm alumina particle (A), etched with 5% hydrofluoric acid gel for 2 min (E), or treated with a combination of A and E (AE). They were subjected to either steam cleaning for 20 s or flame cleaning over a gas burner for 2 s. Followed by an application of an adhesive resin, a composite was built-up. Twenty micro-tensile test specimens (approximately 0.9 x 0.9 x 16 mm) were obtained from each group and loaded to failure under tensile force using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm min(-1). anova showed statistically significant differences in the mean bond strength by ceramic, surface roughness, and cleaning method (P < 0.0001). The groupings of the mean bond strength were as follows: flame-cleaned > steam-cleaned; IPS-Empress > Eris; and AE > E > A for IPS-Empress and AE > E approximately A for Eris (Duncan's multiple analysis; alpha = 0.05). This in vitro study suggests that mechanical bond of composite to ceramic can be improved with flame cleaning of ceramic surface.
authors.affiliation: Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials & Hospital Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, B3-087 CHS, Box 951668, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA. woh@dent.ucla.edu
authors.forename: W-S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000379:methods; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D011312:Pressure; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D003188:Composite Resins; C500744:Eris ceramic; C075815:IPS-Empress ceramic; D003776:Dental Porcelain