Contextual interactions determine whether the Drosophila homeodomain protein, Vnd, acts as a repressor or activator.
At the molecular level, members of the NKx2.2 family of transcription factors establish neural compartment boundaries by repressing the expression of homeobox genes specific for adjacent domains [Muhr et al. (2001) Cell, 104, 861-873; Weiss et al. (1998) Genes Dev., 12, 3591-3602]. The Drosophila homologue, vnd, interacts genetically with the high-mobility group protein, Dichaete, in a manner suggesting co-operative activation [Zhao and Skeath (2002) Development, 129, 1165-1174]. However, evidence for direct interactions and transcriptional activation is lacking. Here, we present molecular evidence for the interaction of Vnd and Dichaete that leads to the activation of target gene expression. Two-hybrid interaction assays indicate that Dichaete binds the Vnd homeodomain, and additional Vnd sequences stabilize this interaction. In addition, Vnd has two activation domains that are typically masked in the intact protein. Whether vnd can activate or repress transcription is context-dependent. Full-length Vnd, when expressed as a Gal4 fusion protein, acts as a repressor containing multiple repression domains. A divergent domain in the N-terminus, not found in vertebrate Vnd-like proteins, causes the strongest repression. The co-repressor, Groucho, enhances Vnd repression, and these two proteins physically interact. The data presented indicate that the activation and repression domains of Vnd are complex, and whether Vnd functions as a transcriptional repressor or activator depends on both intra- and inter-molecular interactions.
Yu
Zhongxin
Z
Pathology Department, University of Michigan 8301B MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0646, USA.
Syu
Li-Jyun
LJ
Mellerick
Dervla M
DM
D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D055747:SOX Transcription Factors; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D055747:SOX Transcription Factors; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; C103073:D protein, Drosophila; C091023:gro protein, Drosophila; C094797:vnd protein, Drosophila