title: Simulated laparoscopy using a head-mounted display vs traditional video monitor: an assessment of performance and muscle fatigue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The direction of visual gaze may be an important ergonomic factor that affects operative performance. We designed a study to determine whether a head-mounted display (HMD) worn by the surgeon would improve task performance and/or reduce muscle fatigue during a laparoscopic task when compared to the use of a traditional video monitor display (VMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical residents (n = 30) were enrolled in the study. A junior group, consisting of 15 postgraduate year (PGY) = 1 subjects with no previous laparoscopic experience, and a senior group, consisting of 15 PGY 4 and PGY 5 subjects with experience, completed a laparoscopic task that was repeated four times using the Computer Enhanced Laparoscopic Training System (CELTS). Groups alternated between using the HMD with the task placed in a downward frontal position and the VMD with the task at a 30 degrees lateral angle. The CELTS module assessed task completion time, depth perception, path length of instruments, response orientation, motion smoothness; the system then generated an overall score. Electromyography (EMG) was used to record sternocleidomastoid muscle activity. Display preference was surveyed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The senior residents performed better than the junior residents overall on all parameters (p < 0.05) except for motion smoothness, where there was no difference. In both groups, the HMD significantly improved motion smoothness when compared to the VMD (p < 0.05). All other parameters were equal. There was less muscle fatigue when using the VMD (p < 0.05). We found that 66% of the junior residents but only 20% of the senior residents preferred the HMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CELTS module demonstrated evidence of construct validity by differentiating the performances of junior and senior residents. By aligning the surgeon's visual gaze with the instruments, HMD improved smoothness of motion. Experienced residents preferred the traditional monitor display. Although the VMD produced less muscle fatigue, inexperienced residents preferred the HMD, possibly because of improved smoothness of motion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Maithel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Villegas
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stylopoulos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D016288:Computer Terminals; D003626:Data Display; D004867:Equipment Design; D007396:Internship and Residency; D010535:Laparoscopy; D018763:Muscle Fatigue; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis