title: Histopathologic validation of the sentinel node concept in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), the presence of lymph node metastases is the most important prognosticator. Sentinel node (SN) biopsy has been shown to be an accurate staging technique for patients with breast cancer and melanoma and might also be suited for patients with HNSCC. This study was undertaken to determine whether the SN concept holds true for HNSCC and could be exploited for SN biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 22 patients with T2 to T4 N0 oral or oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) who were scheduled to undergo combined primary tumor excision and elective unilateral (n = 17) or bilateral (n = 5) neck dissection, SN identification was performed the day before surgery by use of lymphoscintigraphy after peritumoral injections of 99mTc-labeled colloidal albumin. After the neck dissection specimens were removed, all SNs, all other radioactive lymph nodes, and all nonradioactive lymph nodes were retrieved for histopathologic analysis, including serial sectioning at 250-microm intervals and immunohistochemical analysis (IHC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, in 21 (78%) of 27 neck sides, an SN was identified by scintigraphy. Of the six neck sides in which SNs were not identified by scintigraphy, four were from three patients who underwent bilateral neck dissection. In another patient treated by bilateral neck dissection, the SN identified by scintigraphy could not be found in the specimen. In the remaining 20 neck dissection specimens, 23 SNs and 30 additional radioactive lymph nodes could be found. At histologic examination of the 20 neck specimens in which the SN was found, at least one SN was tumor positive in eight cases. In one neck specimen, a metastasis was detected in a nonradioactive lymph node, whereas the SN was tumor free, also at serial sectioning and IHC. In the remaining 11 neck sides in which the SN was tumor negative, none of the other radioactive (n = 13) and none of the nonradioactive (n = 279) lymph nodes contained tumor at histopathologic analysis, including serial sectioning and IHC. The sensitivity of the SN procedure for predicting lymph node metastases, therefore, was 89% (eight of nine neck specimens) when an SN was identified by scintigraphy and found in the specimen. The overall accuracy of the SN procedure for predicting the presence or absence of lymph node metastases in the neck was 95% (19 of 20 neck specimens).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study seems to validate the SN hypothesis for oral and oropharyngeal cancer. The role of SN biopsy in the management of the N0 neck in such patients has yet to be established through prospective trials. SN identification (and thus biopsy) does not seem to be reliable in patients with tumors located in or close to the midline.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eline J C
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuis
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: van der Waal
authors.forename: C René
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Leemans
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kummer
authors.forename: Rik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pijpers
authors.forename: Jonas A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Castelijns
authors.forename: Ruud H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Brakenhoff
authors.forename: Gordon B J
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Snow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D009333:Neck; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy