title: Upper extremity pain seen with fly-casting technique: a survey of fly-casting instructors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the prevalence of upper extremity pain symptoms in fly-casting instructors and examine the association between pain and casting style and equipment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a cross-sectional survey of a randomly selected group of 577 fly-casting instructor mailing-list members and recorded equipment; casting styles; pain symptoms; and Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand inventory. We used univariate statistical tests to examine the associations between pain and casters' equipment and styles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 292 usable surveys, pain was reported in the shoulder (50%), elbow (39%), and wrist (36%) of those surveyed and was characterized as moderate-to-severe by 25% of all respondents. Overhead casting was associated with less frequent wrist and elbow pain than was sidearm or elliptical casting. Respondents who used multiple casting styles had significantly less elbow pain than did single-style casters (7% vs 38% overhead, P = .04: 45% sidearm, P = .02; 71% elliptical, P = .003). Pain was significantly more frequent in those who cast with a haul (75% vs 33%, P = .04), used shooting heads (79% vs 66%, P = .04), or added weight to sinking flies (78% vs 60%, P = .01). Moderate-to-severe pain was more frequent in fishers of heavy saltwater fish.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Upper extremity pain was frequent, but not often severe, in this group of fly-casting instructors. Increased weight on the line and "haul" technique appeared to increase pain symptoms. Modifications in casting style and equipment may help in avoiding or reducing pain.
authors.affiliation: Curry Health Center, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. tim.mccue@mso.umt.edu
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: McCue
authors.forename: Clare E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Guse
authors.forename: Rania L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Dempsey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D013177:Sports; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology