title: Severely increased risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among Italian professional football players.
abstract: The cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is still unknown. A possible relationship between ALS and sport participation has been supposed, but never definitely demonstrated. We studied a cohort of 7325 male professional football players engaged by a football team from the Italian First or Second Division in the period 1970-2001. ALS cases were identified using different concurrent sources. Standardized morbidity ratios (SMRs) were calculated. During the 137,078 person-years of follow-up, five ALS cases were identified (mean age of onset, 43.4 years). Three cases had a bulbar onset, significantly more than expected (P = 0.003). Since the number of expected cases was 0.77, the overall SMR was 6.5 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.1-15.1]. The SMR was significantly increased for an ALS onset before 49 years, but not for older subjects. A significant increase of the SMR was found in the periods 1980-1989 and 1990-2001, whereas no ALS case was found in the 1970-1979 period. A dose-response relationship between the duration of professional football activity and the risk of ALS was found (>5 years, 15.2, 95% CI, 3.1-44.4; < or =5 years, 3.5, 95% CI, 0.4-12.7). Our findings seem to indicate that playing professional football is a strong risk factor for ALS.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiologiche-Farmacologiche, Cellulari-Molecolari, Sezione di Farmacologia e Biotecnologie Farmacologiche, Università di Pavia, Italy. achio@usa.net
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiò
authors.forename: Gianmartino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benzi
authors.forename: Maurizia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dossena
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mutani
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mora
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012916:Soccer; D013997:Time Factors