title: Therapeutic response of HIV-1 subtype C in African patients coinfected with either Mycobacterium tuberculosis or human herpesvirus-8.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A potential confounding factor in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Africa is the frequent occurrence of opportunistic infections (OIs). OI-induced immune activation can interfere with HIV-1 clearance by increasing viral replication and target cell availability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment outcomes for patients dually infected with HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis or HIV-1 and human herpesvirus (HHV)-8 were assessed by measuring changes in viral load and CD4(+) cell counts and by determining the time taken to reach undetectable HIV-1 RNA levels, assessed by means of Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Patients with HIV-1 and Kaposi sarcoma (KS) received generic nevirapine, stavudine, and lamivudine (3TC); patients with HIV-1 and tuberculosis (TB) received standard commercial didanosine, 3TC, and efavirenz.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both cohorts exhibited a rapid, near-exponential phase I decline in viral load. Patients with TB and late-stage KS had the steepest decay kinetics. These same patients had the greatest initial increase in CD4(+) cell counts. Phase II clearance was slower and more variable. The proportions of patients reaching undetectable plasma HIV-1 levels at days 7, 14, 28, 60, and 90 were, respectively, 15.8%, 30.0%, 52.6%, 78.9%, and 93.8% (Pearson's chi 2=50.5; P<.001) for patients with TB and 0.0%, 5.0%, 22.2%, 64.7%, and 80.0% (Pearson's chi 2=63.6; P<.001) for patients with KS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor/nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor-based treatment regimens are highly effective in clearing rapidly replicating (phase I) virus in African patients dually infected with HIV-1 and either TB or KS.
authors.affiliation: HIV-1 Molecular Virology and Bioinformatics Unit, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, and Centre for HIV/AIDS Networking, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Durban, South Africa. ecassol@mrc.ac.za
authors.forename: Edana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cassol
authors.forename: Taryn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Page
authors.forename: Anisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mosam
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Friedland
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jack
authors.forename: Umesh
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lalloo
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kopetka
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Tonya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Esterhuizen
authors.forename: Hoosen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Coovadia
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects; D019288:Herpesvirus 8, Human; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors