title: Memory impairments identified in people at ultra-high risk for psychosis who later develop first-episode psychosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While cognitive deficits are frequently reported in psychotic disorders, it is unclear whether these impairments predate the onset of illness and to what extent they are predictive of later transition to psychosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied 37 healthy volunteers and 98 symptomatic, help-seeking patients meeting the inclusion criteria of a treatment program for people at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Of the ultra-high-risk patients, 34 (34.7%) developed psychosis over the course of the investigation. Premorbid and current IQ, attention, memory, and executive functioning were measured with instruments including subtests from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). Analyses compared the ultra-high-risk patients who became psychotic, those who did not become psychotic, and the comparison subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the ultra-high-risk subjects had significantly lower performance IQs than the comparison subjects. Further, impairments were also found in the visual reproduction subtest and the verbal memory index (predominantly owing to lower logical memory scores) of the WMS-R that were specific to the ultra-high-risk-patients who developed psychosis. No other memory, attentional, or executive tasks discriminated between any of the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that visuospatial processing impairment and some memory deficits were apparent before the full expression of psychotic illness. Cognitive performance on more complex tasks requiring rapid registration and efficient recall may be compromised before development of first-episode psychosis. Further experimental tasks that challenge these cognitive domains are required to clarify the predictive value of these results.
authors.affiliation: ORYGEN Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia. w.brewer@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Warrick J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: Shona M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Francey
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Henry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pantelis
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Alison R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Yung
authors.forename: Vicki A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Patrick D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: McGorry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D014888:Wechsler Scales