title: Neuronal death in primary retinal cultures is related to nitric oxide production, and is inhibited by erythropoietin in a glucose-sensitive manner.
abstract: The aim of this work was to investigate the interrelated effects of glucose, nitric oxide (NO) and erythropoietin on neuronal survival in retinal cultures, thereby exploring the mechanism of neuronal death in the diabetic retina. Rat retinal cells were cultured in low (5 mM) or high (15 mM) glucose concentrations. After 9 days, cell viability was assessed by (3,4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and NO production was determined by the Griess reaction. Immunohistochemistry was used to quantify GABA-labelled neurones and cells staining for DNA breakdown. High or low glucose concentrations had no effect on basal NO production or the survival of neurones in culture, but treatment with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester reduced extracellular levels of NO and increased neuronal survival at both concentrations of glucose. Erythropoietin decreased cell death and NO levels, but only in cultures grown in low concentrations of glucose. It is concluded that erythropoietin's neurotrophic function in the retina is attenuated at glucose concentrations similar to those which occur in diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6AW, UK. cjlayton@bigpond.com
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Layton
authors.forename: J P M
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chidlow
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Osborne
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004921:Erythropoietin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D005947:Glucose; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester