title: Transcriptional regulation of the human reduced folate carrier promoter C: synergistic transactivation by Sp1 and C/EBP beta and identification of a downstream repressor.
abstract: The human reduced folate carrier (hRFC) is ubiquitously but differentially expressed in human tissues and its levels are regulated by up to six alternatively spliced non-coding regions (designated A1/A2, A, B, C, D, and E) and by at least four promoters. By transient transfections of HepG2 human hepatoma cells with 5' and 3' deletion constructs spanning 2883 bp of upstream sequence, a transcriptionally important region was localized to within 177 bp flanking the transcriptional start sites for exon C. By gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, Sp1 and C/EBP beta transcription factors were found to bind consensus elements (GC-box, CCAAT-box) within this region. The functional importance of these elements was confirmed by transient tranfections of HepG2 cells with hRFC-C reporter constructs in which these elements were mutated, and by co-transfections of Drosophila SL-2 cells with wild-type hRFC-C promoter and expression constructs for Sp1 and C/EBP beta. Whereas both Sp1 and C/EBP beta transactivated hRFC-C promoter activity, C/EBP alpha and gamma were transcriptionally inert. Sp1 combined with C/EBP beta resulted in a synergistic transactivation. In HepG2 cells, transfections with Sp1 and C/EBP beta both increased endogenous levels of hRFC-C transcripts. By 3' deletion analysis, a repressor sequence was localized to within 71 bp flanking the minimal promoter. On gel shifts, a novel transcriptional repressor was localized to within 30 bp. Collectively, these results identify transcriptionally important regions in the hRFC-C minimal promoter that include a GC-box and CCAAT-box, and suggest that cooperative interactions between Sp1 and C/EBP beta are essential for hRFC-C transactivation. Another possible factor in the tissue-specific regulation of the hRFC-C region involves the downstream repressor flanking the minimal promoter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Scott G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Payton
authors.forename: Johnathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Whetstine
authors.forename: Yubin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Larry H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Matherly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D023081:CCAAT-Binding Factor; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D004330:Drosophila; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D058978:Reduced Folate Carrier Protein; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D023081:CCAAT-Binding Factor; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; C497249:DDIT3 protein, human; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D058978:Reduced Folate Carrier Protein; C548699:SLC19A1 protein, human; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP