title: Antivirals and antibiotics for influenza in the United States, 1995--2002.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the rates of antiviral and antibiotic prescribing for patients diagnosed with influenza in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of visits to ambulatory clinics and emergency departments in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) with a diagnosis of influenza that occurred in seven influenza seasons between 1 October 1995 and 31 May 2002 (n=1216).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were an estimated 22 million visits (95%CI, 17--26 million visits) with a diagnosis of influenza to community ambulatory clinics (88% of visits), hospital ambulatory clinics (3%) and emergency departments (9%) in the United States between the 1995--1996 and the 2001--2002 influenza seasons, inclusive. The sample was 63% adults, 44% male and 84% white. Physicians prescribed antivirals in 19% of visits and antibiotics not associated with an antibiotic-appropriate diagnosis in 26% of visits. In multivariable modeling, independent predictors of antiviral prescribing were adult age (OR, 2.1; 95%CI, 1.1--4.0) and Medicare insurance (OR, 0.1 compared to private insurance; 95%CI, 0.0--0.6). Antiviral prescribing was marginally associated with influenza season (OR, 1.2 per influenza season; 95%CI, 1.0--1.4). Independent predictors of antibiotic prescribing were influenza season (OR, 0.8 per influenza season; 95%CI, 0.7--0.9), male sex (OR, 0.6; 95%CI, 0.4--0.9), adult age (OR, 2.3; 95%CI, 1.2--4.2) and emergency department visits (OR, 0.5 compared to community ambulatory visits; 95%CI, 0.3--0.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians prescribed antiviral medications to 19% of patients they diagnosed with influenza; the proportion that would have been clinically appropriate is unknown. In contrast, physicians prescribed apparently inappropriate antibiotics to 26% of these same patients, a rate that, encouragingly, decreased over time.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02120, USA. jlinder@partners.org
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Linder
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Platt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents