title: Improvement of arthroscopic cartilage stiffness probe using amorphous diamond coating.
abstract: During arthroscopic evaluation of articular cartilage unstable contact and even slipping of the measurement instrument on the tissue surface may degrade the reproducibility of the measurement. The main aim of the present study was to achieve more stable contact by controlling the friction between articular cartilage surface and the arthroscopic cartilage stiffness probe (Artscan 200, Artscan Oy, Helsinki, Finland) using amorphous diamond (AD) coating. In order to obtain surfaces with different average roughnesses (R(a)), polished stainless steel disks were coated with AD by using the filtered pulsed arc-discharge (FPAD) method. Dynamic coefficient of friction (mu) between the articular cartilage (n = 8) and the coated plates along one non-coated plate was then determined. The friction between AD and cartilage could be controlled over a wide range (mu = 0.027-0.728, p < 0.05, Wilcoxon test) by altering the roughness. Possible deterioration of cartilage was investigated by measuring surface roughness after friction tests and comparing it with the roughness of the adjacent, untested samples (n = 8). Importantly, even testing with the roughest AD (R(a) = 1250 nm) did not damage articular surface. On the basis of the friction measurements, a proper AD coating was selected for the stiffness probe. The performance of coated and non-coated probe was compared by measuring bovine osteochondral samples (n = 22) with both instruments. The reproducibility of the stiffness measurements was significantly better with the AD-coated probe (CV% = 4.7) than with the uncoated probe (CV% = 8.2). To conclude, AD coating can be used to safely control dynamic friction with articular surface. Sufficient friction between articular surface and reference plate of the arthroscopic probe improves significantly reproducibility of the stiffness measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, University of Kuopio, POB 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. juha.toyras@kuh.fi
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Töyräs
authors.forename: Rami K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Voutilainen
authors.forename: Jukka S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jurvelin
authors.forename: Reijo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lappalainen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020679:Arthroscopes; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology; D002417:Cattle; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D018130:Diamond / Q000737:chemistry*; D017276:Friction; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010329:Patella / Q000473:pathology; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D013193:Stainless Steel; D018130:Diamond