title: Controlling antimicrobial use and decreasing microbiological laboratory tests for urinary tract infections in spinal-cord-injury patients with chronic indwelling catheters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of replacing the indwelling catheter of patients suspected of having a urinary tract infection (UTI) before collecting a urine sample on the number of organisms isolated in cultures and on drug and microbiology laboratory costs was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected for all patients hospitalized in two spinal cord injury (SCI) units between October 2001 and March 2002 who had an indwelling catheter or suprapubic catheter and were suspected of having a UTI. Urine samples were obtained through a port of the indwelling catheter in one SCI unit, while the indwelling catheter was replaced immediately before each urine sample was obtained in the second SCI unit. Patient demographics, history of antimicrobial use, bacterial isolate sensitivity data, and current antimicrobial treatment were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 85 patients, 41 in the control group and 44 in the intervention group, were enrolled during the six-month study period. In the control and intervention groups, 93 and 79 organisms were isolated, respectively, with an average of 2 isolates per patient in the control group and 1 per patient in the intervention group. Patients in the control group had significantly more multidrug-resistant organisms in their urine, with 34 isolated from 26 patients (63%) (p < 0.001). Changing the indwelling catheter decreased antimicrobial and microbiology laboratory costs, resulting in a cost saving of $15.64 per patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Replacement of the indwelling catheter before collecting a urine sample for culture and conducting susceptibility testing reduced the pathogens identified, the number of toxic antimicrobials prescribed to treat the infection, and the costs of antimicrobials and microbiology laboratory technician time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Services, Caremark Inc, Northbrook, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Palak S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Joan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nemchausky
authors.forename: Constance T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Pachucki
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000191:economics / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007297:Inpatients; D008828:Microbiological Techniques / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000652:urine; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary