title: Minocycline protects against permanent cerebral ischemia in wild type but not in matrix metalloprotease-9-deficient mice.
abstract: Minocycline is protective in models of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We studied whether minocycline and doxycycline, another tetracycline derivative, provide protection in permanent MCAO. Because minocycline inhibits matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9), we also compared minocycline's protective effect in wild type (wt) and MMP-9 knock-out (ko) mice. Wt FVB/N, Balb/C, and two lines of MMP-9 ko and their wt C57Bl/6 control mice were subjected to 24- or 72-hour permanent MCAO. Drug administration was started either 12 hours before or 2 hours after the onset of MCAO. Infarct size was determined by triphenyltetrazolium staining or T2-weighted MRI. Zymography was used to study the expression of MMPs. In wt strains, tetracycline treatments started before MCAO reduced the infarct size by 25% to 50%, whereas the treatment started after MCAO was not protective. Minocycline inhibited ischemia-provoked pro-MMP-9 induction in wt mice, but was not protective in MMP-9 ko mice. Pro-MMP-2 was induced by MCAO in wt and MMP-9 ko mice. MCAO-induced pro-MMP-2 was downregulated by minocycline treatment in wt mice but remained in MMP-9 ko mice at the same level as in saline-treated wt mice. Tetracyclines are protective in permanent MCAO when the treatment is started before the insult. Minocycline may provide protection by interfering with MMPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Milla
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koistinaho
authors.forename: Tarja M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Malm
authors.forename: Mikko I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Kettunen
authors.forename: Gundars
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goldsteins
authors.forename: Sofie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Starckx
authors.forename: Risto A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kauppinen
authors.forename: Ghislain
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Opdenakker
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koistinaho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008911:Minocycline / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D008911:Minocycline; D004318:Doxycycline