title: Psychosocial effects in long-term head and neck cancer survivors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To identify and rate the importance of several psychosocial and physiologic influences on quality of life (QOL) among a cohort of 5-year head and neck cancer survivors, we conducted a cross-sectional study of a convenience sample that used both questionnaires and physiologic evaluations.
  
  
  METHODS
  QOL was assessed by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) and the FACT Head and Neck additional concerns (FACT-H&N) questionnaires. Psychosocial characteristics (or risk factors) potentially influencing QOL were measured by the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory (MBHI) and the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQSR). Physiologic risk factors were measured in examinations that included shoulder and neck range of motion, whole and stimulated saliva measurements, and oropharyngeal swallowing efficiency. We evaluated the association of selected QOL measures with three groups of potential risk factors: psychosocial factors, consisting of selected MBHI and SSQSR scales; physiologic factors, consisting of selected physical ability measures; and a combination of psychosocial/physiologic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The entire study population of 105 subjects completed the FACT and FACT-H&N questionnaires; 86 of these completed the physiologic tests as well. Combined psychosocial/physiologic models best predicted all QOL measures considered. Psychosocial models alone, compared with physiologic models alone, better predicted FACT physical and social/family well-being measures. Physiologic models alone, compared with psychosocial models alone, better predicted FACT-H&N additional concerns measures. Premorbid pessimism (MBHI) was consistently the best predictor of QOL measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both psychosocial and physiologic factors influence QOL in patients with head and neck cancer, but many QOL measures are most strongly influenced by psychosocial considerations. Physicians and surgeons caring for long-term head and neck cancer survivors should be cognizant of the importance of psychosocial risk factors in the QOL of their patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family & Community Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hellewell
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Marbella
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Layde
authors.forename: Katherine B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Bruce H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001290:Attitude; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology; D012944:Social Support; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*