title: Buprenorphine diversion and injection in Melbourne, Australia: an emerging issue?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine indicators of buprenorphine diversion and injection among injecting drug users in Melbourne, Australia and to determine the factors associated with buprenorphine injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Melbourne arm of the 2002 Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five Needle and Syringe Programme sites in Melbourne, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 156 current injecting drug users (IDU). Study eligibility criteria were at least monthly injection during the previous 6 months, and Melbourne residence for at least the preceding 12 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured questionnaire covering demographic characteristics, drug use history, the price, purity and availability of drugs, criminal activity, risk-taking behaviours, health-related issues and general drug use trends.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over one-third (37%) of the study sample reported injecting buprenorphine in their life-time and 33% reported injecting the drug in the last 6 months. Recent buprenorphine injection was associated with the injection of other drug types (i.e. polydrug injectors), opioid substitution treatment, injection-related health problems and involvement in crime. Almost half (47%) of those who reported recent buprenorphine injection reported obtaining the drug illicitly at least once during that time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the significant health harms associated with intravenous buprenorphine use (e.g. vein damage, abscesses and infections, precipitated withdrawal, blood-borne virus transmission, hospitalization and death), routine monitoring of the misuse of buprenorphine in Melbourne is warranted. These results suggest the need for development of effective countermeasures to address diversion and injection of buprenorphine in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre Inc., Fitzroy, Australia. rebeccaj@turningpoint.org.au
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jenkinson
authors.forename: Nicolas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Craig L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dobbin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013607:Tablets; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D013607:Tablets; D002047:Buprenorphine