Revised nomenclature of Clostridium difficile toxins and associated genes.
Several different nomenclatures have been applied to the Clostridium difficile toxins and their associated genes. This paper summarizes the new nomenclature that has been agreed to by the research groups currently active in the field. The revised nomenclature includes C. difficile toxins and other related large clostridial toxins produced by Clostridium sordellii and Clostridium novyi, and corresponding toxin genes, as well as toxin production types of C. difficile strains.
Rupnik
Maja
M
University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
Dupuy
Bruno
B
University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
Fairweather
Neil F
NF
University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
Gerding
Dale N
DN
University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
Johnson
Stuart
S
University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
Just
Ingo
I
University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
Lyerly
David M
DM
University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
Popoff
Michel R
MR
University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
Rood
Julian I
JI
University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
Sonenshein
Abraham L
AL
University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
Thelestam
Monica
M
University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
Wren
Brendan W
BW
University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
Wilkins
Tracy D
TD
University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
von Eichel-Streiber
Christoph
C
University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000235:genetics*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics; D009626:Terminology as Topic
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; C041348:tcdA protein, Clostridium difficile; C031815:toxB protein, Clostridium difficile