title: A novel I-TAC promoter polymorphic variant is functional in the presence of replicating HCV in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemokines are strong candidate genes for outcome of HCV infection. I-TAC is a chemokine known to be involved in the inflammatory process of HCV infection, and its expression is upregulated in chronic hepatitis C (CHC).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate genetic variability in the I-TAC promoter and to determine the correlation of these variants with HCV disease progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  I-TAC genotyping was performed in 60 chronic HCV patients and 60 controls using GeneScan analysis. Functional analysis of the I-TAC promoter was performed with the aid of luciferase reporter constructs transfected into Huh-7 cells or Huh-7 cells harbouring HCV genomic and sub-genomic replicons. Cytokine induced production of I-TAC from whole blood cultures was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sequencing of approximately 1 kb upstream of the I-TAC gene start codon revealed the presence of a novel 5 bp deletion mutant (-599del5) in a number of chronic HCV patients. Analysis of the functional potential of this deletion revealed no transcriptional change in Huh-7 cells transfected with luciferase reporter constructs, and this was confirmed in cytokine stimulated whole blood cultures where similar levels of I-TAC were liberated regardless of -599del5 genotype. Conversely, the -599del5 deletion variant significantly reduced transcriptional activity of the I-TAC promoter in the presence of replicating HCV. The distribution frequency of the allele was found to be significantly increased in a chronically HCV infected population compared to healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel I-TAC -599del5 promoter polymorphism is a functional variant in the presence of replicating HCV. Furthermore, this deletion mutant is significantly increased in a chronic HCV cohort and may predispose to HCV disease susceptibility.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Laboratories and Hanson Institute, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. karla.helbig@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Helbig
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Beard
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D054371:Chemokine CXCL11; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000821:virology; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: C515202:CXCL11 protein, human; D054371:Chemokine CXCL11; D019743:Chemokines, CXC