title: Biomechanical measurements of calcium-incorporated oxidized implants in rabbit bone: effect of calcium surface chemistry of a novel implant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In oral implantology there has been a general trend away from machine-turned minimally rough and acid-etched and blasted implants toward intermediary roughened surfaces. Mechanical interlocking at micron resolution is claimed to be the dominant reason for the fixation of such implants in bone. However, clinical demands for stronger and faster bone bonding to the implant (eg, in immediately loaded and compromised bone cases) have motivated the development of novel surfaces capable of chemical bonding.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study is to investigate bone tissue reactions to a newly developed calciumincorporated oxidized implant. The specific aim is to assess the effect of calcium surface chemistry on the bone response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Calcium (Ca) ion-incorporated implants were prepared by micro arc oxidation methods. Surface oxide properties were characterized by using various surface analytic techniques involving scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffractometry, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and optical interferometry. Twenty screw-shaped commercially pure (CP) titanium implants (10 turned implants [controls] and 10 Ca-incorporated implants [tests]) were inserted in the femoral condyles of 10 New Zealand White rabbits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a healing period of 6 weeks, resonance frequency analyses and removal torque measurements of the Ca-incorporated oxidized implants demonstrated statistically significant improvements of implant integration with bone in comparison to machine-turned control implants (p = 0.013 and p = 0.005, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Ca-reinforced surface chemistry of the oxidized implants significantly improved bone responses in a rabbit model. The present study suggests that biochemical bonding at the bone-implant interface, in combination with mechanical interlocking, may play a dominant role in the fixation of Ca-incorporated oxidized implants in bone. The observed rapid and strong integration of test Ca implants may have clinical implications for immediate or early loading and improved performance in compromised bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials/Handicap Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. young-taeg.sul@hkf.gu.se
authors.forename: Young-Taeg
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Sul
authors.forename: Eung-sun
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Byon
authors.forename: Yongsoo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jeong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002118:Calcium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D015921:Dental Implants; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005269:Femur / Q000378:metabolism; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D007368:Interferometry; D016348:Osseointegration; D011817:Rabbits; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003722:Dental Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D002118:Calcium