title: Emotional antecedents of hot flashes during daily life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hot flashes are among the most frequently reported menopausal symptoms. However, little is known about factors associated with their occurrence. Moreover, despite the wide use of self-report hot flash measures, little is known about their concordance with physiological flashes. This study evaluated emotional and behavioral antecedents of subjectively and objectively measured hot flashes during daily life. It also examined individual differences predicting concordance between objective and subjective hot flashes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two perimenopausal or postmenopausal women (mean age = 50.5 +/- 4.8 years) reporting daily hot flashes completed 2 days of ambulatory sternal skin conductance monitoring, behavioral diaries 3 times an hour, and psychometric questionnaires. Hot flashes meeting objective physiological criteria and subjectively reported flashes not meeting physiological criteria were assessed. Likelihood of hot flashes following emotions and activities were examined in a case-crossover analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to nonflash control times, objective hot flashes were more likely after increased happiness, relaxation, and feelings of control, and less likely after increased frustration, sadness, and stress. Conversely, subjective hot flashes not meeting physiological criteria were more likely after increased frustration and decreased feelings of control. Questionnaires revealed increased negative mood and negative attitudes were associated with fewer objective flashes and higher false-positive reporting rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased positive and decreased negative emotions were associated with objective hot flashes, whereas increased negative and decreased positive emotions were associated with subjective flashes not meeting physiological criteria. The anecdotal association between negative emotions and hot flashes may be the result of self-reported flashes lacking physiological corroboration.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA. rthursto@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Rebecca C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Thurston
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Babyak
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sherwood
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005639:Frustration; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D006240:Happiness; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008499:Medical Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008593:Menopause / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D047648:Perimenopause / Q000523:psychology; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology