title: Yearning to yawn: the neural basis of contagious yawning.
abstract: Yawning is contagious: Watching another person yawn may trigger us to do the same. Here we studied brain activation with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while subjects watched videotaped yawns. Significant increases in the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal, specific to yawn viewing as contrasted to viewing non-nameable mouth movements, were observed in the right posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) and bilaterally in the anterior STS, in agreement with the high affinity of STS to social cues. However, no additional yawn-specific activation was observed in Broca's area, the core region of the human mirror-neuron system (MNS) that matches action observation and execution. Thus, activation associated with viewing another person yawn seems to circumvent the essential parts of the MNS, in line with the nature of contagious yawns as automatically released behavioural acts-rather than truly imitated motor patterns that would require detailed action understanding. The subjects' self-reported tendency to yawn covaried negatively with activation of the left periamygdalar region, suggesting a connection between yawn contagiousness and amygdalar activation.
authors.affiliation: Brain Research Unit, Low Temperature Laboratory, PO Box 2200, Helsinki University of Technology, 02015 HUT, Espoo, Finland. martins@neuro.hut.fi
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schürmann
authors.forename: Maike D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hesse
authors.forename: Klaas E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.forename: Miiamaaria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saarela
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zilles
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hari
authors.forename: Gereon R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Fink
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D012938:Social Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D015000:Yawning / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen