title: Unusual association of congenital middle ear cholesteatoma and first branchial cleft anomaly: management and embryological concepts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report two cases of an undescribed association of first branchial cleft fistula and middle ear congenital cholesteatoma and to discuss management and embryological hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study and review of the literature
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both patients were young girls free of past medical or surgical history. Surgical removal of the first cleft anomaly found in the two cases a fistula routing underneath the facial nerve. Both cholesteatomas were located in the hypotympanum, mesotympanum. In one case, an anatomical link between the two malformations was clearly identified with CT scan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main embryological theories and classification are reviewed. A connection between Aimi's and Michaels' theories (congenital cholesteatoma) and Work classification might explain the reported clinical association.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, La Timone Children's Hospital, 264 Rue saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France. richard.nicollas@ap-hm.fr
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nicollas
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tardivet
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bourlière-Najean
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sudre-Levillain
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Triglia
mesh_terms: D001934:Branchial Region / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D018424:Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D024162:Second-Look Surgery