title: CDC-defined diseases and opportunistic infections in Jamaican children with HIV/AIDS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document the frequency of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-defined clinical conditions, opportunistic and co-infections among children with HIV/AIDS.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective, observational study reports the findings of 110 HIV-infected children followed in multicentre ambulatory clinics during September 1, 2002, to August 31, 2003, from the 239 children enrolled in the Kingston Paediatric and Perinatal HIV/AIDS Programme, Jamaica. We describe the clinico-pathologic characteristics of these children with HIV/AIDS, using the CDC criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The client distribution by clinic site was as follows: the University Hospital of the West Indies, 71 (64.6%), Bustamante Hospital for Children, 23 (20.9%), Comprehensive Health Centre 13 (11.8/%) and Spanish Town Hospital, 3 (2.7%). The median age of the 110 children with HIV/AIDS was 6.0 years (range 0.9-17.5). Mode of transmission was primarily mother-to-child (88.0%) and only 4% maternal/infant pairs received antiretroviralprophylaxis. Grouped by CDC category: 17 (15.4%) were asymptomatic (N), 22 (20.0%) mildly symptomatic (A), 30 (27.3%) moderately symptomatic (B) and 41 (37.3%) severely symptomatic (C). The most common CDC-defining symptoms were lymphadenopathy (12, 42.8%) and asymptomatic (6, 21.4%) in category N; lymphadenopathy (30, 29.7%), dermatitis (20, 19.8%) and persistent or recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (20, 19.8%) in category A; bacterial sepsis (18, 34.6%) and recurrent diarrhoea (11, 21.2%) in category B; and wasting (28, 30.0%), encephalopathy (26, 27.9%), and serious bacterial infections (15, 16.1%) in category C; Pulmonary tuberculosis (7, 7.5%) and Pneumocystis (jiroveci) carinii pneumonia; (5, 5.4%) were the most frequent opportunistic infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae (10, 30.3%) was the most common invasive bacterial pathogen causing sepsis and Escherichia coli (14, 34.2%) was the most common bacterial pathogen causing urinary tract infections, among the cohort. Thirty-three per cent commenced antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). There were 57 hospitalizations and five deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study is an important step toward documentation of the natural history of paediatric HIV/AIDS in a primarily ARV-naive population from a developing country. It promotes training in paediatric HIV management as we move toward affordable access to antiretroviral agents in the wider Caribbean and the implementation of clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pierre
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Steel-Duncan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Evans-Gilbert
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Smikle
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Whorms
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hambleton
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Figueroa
authors.forename: C D C
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Christie
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000635:transmission; D000293:Adolescent; D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D007563:Jamaica / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States