title: A detailed study of the phenotype of an autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy (CORD7) associated with mutation in the gene for RIM1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterise the phenotype of an autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy (CORD7) associated with the Arg844His mutation in RIM1.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight members of a four generation, non-consanguineous British family were examined clinically and underwent electrophysiological testing, automated dark adapted perimetry, dark adaptometry, colour vision assessment, colour fundus photography, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), and fundus autofluorescence (AF) imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of affected individuals described a progressive deterioration of central vision, night vision, and peripheral visual field usually between the third and fourth decades. The visual acuity ranged from 6/6 to 3/60. Colour vision testing showed mild to moderate dyschromatopsia in the majority of individuals. Fundus changes comprised a range of macular appearances varying from mild retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) disturbance to extensive atrophy and pigmentation. In some individuals retinal vessels were attenuated and in two subjects peripheral areas of retinal atrophy were present. An absent or severely reduced PERG was detected in all subjects, indicative of marked macular dysfunction. Full field ERG showed abnormal rod and cone responses. AF imaging revealed decreased macular AF centrally surrounded by a ring of increased AF in the majority of individuals. "Bull's eye" lesions were present in two individuals, comprising of a ring of decreased perifoveal AF bordered peripherally and centrally by increased AF. Photopic sensitivity testing demonstrated elevated central visual field thresholds with additional superior greater than inferior peripheral field loss. There were rod and cone sensitivity reductions in the central and peripheral visual fields, with the inferior retina being more affected than the superior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The detailed phenotype is described of the autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy, CORD7, which is associated with a point mutation in RIM1, a gene encoding a photoreceptor synaptic protein. The pattern of disease progression and long term visual outcome facilitates improved genetic counselling and advice on prognosis. Such phenotypic data will be invaluable in the event of future therapy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Michaelides
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Holder
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Fitzke
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography / Q000379:methods; D005799:Genes, Dominant / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000235:genetics; D058609:Visual Field Tests / Q000379:methods; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000235:genetics