title: Effect of exogenous surfactant (calfactant) in pediatric acute lung injury: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite evidence that patients with acute lung injury (ALI) have pulmonary surfactant dysfunction, trials of several surfactant preparations to treat adults with ALI have not been successful. Preliminary studies in children with ALI have shown that instillation of a natural lung surfactant (calfactant) containing high levels of surfactant-specific protein B may be beneficial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if endotracheal instillation of calfactant in infants, children, and adolescents with ALI would shorten the course of respiratory failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicenter, randomized, blinded trial of calfactant compared with placebo in 153 infants, children, and adolescents with respiratory failure from ALI conducted from July 2000 to July 2003. Twenty-one tertiary care pediatric intensive care units participated. Entry criteria included age 1 week to 21 years, enrollment within 48 hours of endotracheal intubation, radiological evidence of bilateral lung disease, and an oxygenation index higher than 7. Premature infants and children with preexisting lung, cardiac, or central nervous system disease were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment with intratracheal instillation of 2 doses of 80 mL/m2 calfactant or an equal volume of air placebo administered 12 hours apart.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ventilator-free days and mortality; secondary outcome measures were hospital course, adverse events, and failure of conventional mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The calfactant group experienced an acute mean (SD) decrease in oxygenation index from 20 (12.9) to 13.9 (9.6) after 12 hours compared with the placebo group's decrease from 20.5 (14.7) to 15.1 (9.0) (P = .01). Mortality was significantly greater in the placebo group compared with the calfactant group (27/75 vs 15/77; odds ratio, 2.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-4.85), although ventilator-free days were not different. More patients in the placebo group did not respond to conventional mechanical ventilation. There were no differences in long-term complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calfactant acutely improved oxygenation and significantly decreased mortality in infants, children, and adolescents with ALI although no significant decrease in the course of respiratory failure measured by duration of ventilator therapy, intensive care unit, or hospital stay was observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health System, Children's Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. dfw4m@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Douglas F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Willson
authors.forename: Neal J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Barry P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Markovitz
authors.forename: Loren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bauman
authors.forename: Joseph V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: DiCarlo
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pon
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Larry S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Jefferson
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Conaway
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Egan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001688:Biological Products / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; C117342:calfactant