title: Erythropoietin prevents the acute myocardial inflammatory response induced by ischemia/reperfusion via induction of AP-1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Erythropoietin (EPO) prevents the myocardial dysfunction induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Since I/R-induced myocardial dysfunction is associated with an acute inflammatory response, we assessed the anti-inflammatory properties of EPO using in vitro and in vivo models of I/R.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated cardiac myocytes were exposed to anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R; the in vitro counterpart to I/R). Hearts were challenged with I/R in situ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, A/R increased myocyte oxidant stress and converted the myocytes to a proinflammatory phenotype (these myocytes induced PMN transendothelial migration). Pretreatment of the myocytes with EPO prevented the A/R-induced proinflammatory effects. EPO increased myocyte (1) nuclear translocation of AP-1 (c-fos/c-jun), (2) eNOS, but not iNOS, protein expression, and (3) NO production. An AP-1 "decoy" oligonucleotide prevented the induction of eNOS by EPO and reversed the beneficial effect of EPO. An inhibitor of phosphatidylinostol 3 (PI3)-kinase prevented the nuclear translocation of AP-1 induced by EPO. In vivo, in wild type mice, I/R induced an increase in myocardial MPO activity (indicative of PMN infiltration); an effect prevented by pretreatment of the mice with EPO. This anti-inflammatory effect of EPO was not observed in cardiac specific c-fos(-/-) mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these findings indicate that EPO can ameliorate the myocardial inflammatory response in both in vitro and in vivo models of I/R. This beneficial effect of EPO is mediated by eNOS-derived NO via a PI3-kinase-dependent activation of AP-1.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Cell Biology Laboratory, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 4G5.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rui
authors.forename: Qingping
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Tianqing
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: E Dale
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.forename: Anargyros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xenocostas
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kvietys
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D004921:Erythropoietin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496315:Nos3 protein, mouse