title: Proapoptotic triterpene electrophiles (avicins) form channels in membranes: cholesterol dependence.
abstract: Avicins, a family of triterpenoid saponins from Acacia victoriae, can regulate the innate stress response in human cells. Their ability to induce apoptosis in transformed cells makes them potential anticancer agents. We report that avicins can form channels in membranes. The conductance reached a steady state after each addition, indicating a dynamic equilibrium between avicin in solution and in the membrane. The high power dependence (up to 10) of the membrane conductance on the avicin concentration indicates the formation of multimeric channels, consistent with the estimated pore radius of 1.1 nm. This radius is too small to allow protein flux across the mitochondrial outer membrane, a process known to initiate apoptosis. Channel formation is lost when avicin's amphipathic side chain is removed, implicating this as the channel-forming region. A small difference in this side chain results in strong cholesterol dependence of channel formation in avicin G that is not found in avicin D. In neutral membranes, avicin channels are nonselective, but negatively-charged lipids confer cation selectivity (5:1, K(+):Cl(-)), indicating that phospholipids form part of the permeation pathway. Avicin channels in the mitochondrial outer membrane may favor apoptosis by altering the potential across this membrane and the intermembrane space pH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Xiao Xian
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Bridgette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Valsala
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Haridas
authors.forename: Jordan U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Gutterman
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colombini
mesh_terms: D000045:Acacia / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011188:Potassium / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012503:Saponins / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D010743:Phospholipids; D012503:Saponins; C478446:avicin G; D014867:Water; C024990:asolectin; C478445:avicin D; D002784:Cholesterol; D011188:Potassium