Brugada syndrome: report of the second consensus conference: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association.
Since its introduction as a clinical entity in 1992, the Brugada syndrome has progressed from being a rare disease to one that is second only to automobile accidents as a cause of death among young adults in some countries. Electrocardiographically characterized by a distinct ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads, the syndrome is associated with a high risk for sudden cardiac death in young and otherwise healthy adults, and less frequently in infants and children. Patients with a spontaneously appearing Brugada ECG have a high risk for sudden arrhythmic death secondary to ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation. The ECG manifestations of Brugada syndrome are often dynamic or concealed and may be unmasked or modulated by sodium channel blockers, a febrile state, vagotonic agents, alpha-adrenergic agonists, beta-adrenergic blockers, tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressants, a combination of glucose and insulin, hypo- and hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, and alcohol and cocaine toxicity. In recent years, an exponential rise in the number of reported cases and a striking proliferation of articles defining the clinical, genetic, cellular, ionic, and molecular aspects of the disease have occurred. The report of the first consensus conference, published in 2002, focused on diagnostic criteria. The present report, which emanated from the second consensus conference held in September 2003, elaborates further on the diagnostic criteria and examines risk stratification schemes and device and pharmacological approaches to therapy on the basis of the available clinical and basic science data.
Antzelevitch
Charles
C
Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY 13501, USA. ca@mmrl.edu
Brugada
Pedro
P
Borggrefe
Martin
M
Brugada
Josep
J
Brugada
Ramon
R
Corrado
Domenico
D
Gussak
Ihor
I
LeMarec
Herve
H
Nademanee
Koonlawee
K
Perez Riera
Andres Ricardo
AR
Shimizu
Wataru
W
Schulze-Bahr
Eric
E
Tan
Hanno
H
Wilde
Arthur
A
D019571:Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis; D002037:Bundle-Branch Block / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000150:complications; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000150:complications