A longitudinal study: some preliminary results of association of prenatal maternal stress and fetal movements, temperament factors in early childhood and behavior at age 2 years.
Niederhofer (1994) found that maternal stress during pregnancy was significantly associated with development of personality in early childhood. This study examined the correlation between maternal stress (self-report) during pregnancy for 22 women, its ultrasound objectification by observation of intrauterine fetal movements, child's temperament in early childhood, and child's Independence and social behavior at the age of 2 years while controlling for possible confounding variables. Only intrauterine fetal movements (head/arm/leg) were not associated with stress during pregnancy, temperament, or independence.
Niederhofer
Helmut
H
Department of Pediatrics, Regional Hospital of Bolzano, Via Guncina 54/A, 39100 Bolzano (BZ), Italy. helmutnniederhofer@yahoo.det
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005324:Fetal Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D012919:Social Behavior; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament