title: Exploration of DSM-IV criteria in primary care patients with medically unexplained symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Investigators and clinicians almost always rely on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, 4th edition's (DSM-IV) somatoform disorders (and its derivative diagnoses) to characterize and identify patients with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). Our objective was to evaluate this use by determining the prevalence of DSM-IV somatoform and nonsomatoform disorders in patients with MUS proven by a gold standard chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a community-based staff model HMO, we identified subjects for a clinical trial using a systematic and reliable chart rating procedure among high-utilizing MUS patients. Only baseline data are reported here. The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview provided full and abridged DSM-IV diagnoses. Patients with full or abridged DSM-IV somatoform diagnoses were labeled "DSM somatoform-positive," whereas those without them were labeled "DSM somatoform-negative."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred six MUS patients averaged 13.6 visits in the year preceding study, 79.1% were females, and the average age was 47.7 years. We found that 124 patients (60.2%) had a nonsomatoform ("psychiatric") DSM-IV diagnosis of any type; 36 (17.5%) had 2 full nonsomatoform diagnoses, and 41 (19.9%) had >2; 92 (44.7%) had some full anxiety diagnosis and 94 (45.6%) had either full depression or minor depression diagnoses. However, only 9 of 206 (4.4%) had any full DSM-IV somatoform diagnosis, and only 39 (18.9%) had abridged somatization disorder. Thus, 48 (23.3%) were "DSM somatoform-positive" and 158 (76.7%) were "DSM somatoform-negative." The latter exhibited less anxiety, depression, mental dysfunction, and psychosomatic symptoms (all p <.001) and less physical dysfunction (p = .011). Correlates of this DSM somatoform-negative status were female gender (p = .007), less severe mental (p = .007), and physical dysfunction (p = .004), a decreased proportion of MUS (p <.10), and less psychiatric comorbidity (p <.10); c-statistic = 0.77.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that depression and anxiety characterized MUS patients better than the somatoform disorders. Our data suggested radically revising the somatoform disorders for DSM-V by incorporating a new, very large group of now-overlooked DSM somatoform-negative patients who were typically women with less severe dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA. Robert.Smith@ht.msu.edu
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gardiner
authors.forename: Judith S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lyles
authors.forename: Corina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sirbu
authors.forename: Francesca C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Dwamena
authors.forename: Annemarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hodges
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lein
authors.forename: C William
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Given
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Given
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goddeeris
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology