title: Gender differences in the distribution of cocaine and heroin in Central Harlem.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article investigates the extent to which users of crack, powder cocaine and heroin in Central Harlem participate in various roles involved in distributing these drugs, examining gender differences among distribution roles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several strategies were combined to acquire a sample of 655 hard drug users and sellers who self-reported demographics, drug use and other factors in a face-to-face interview. Chi-square analyses were used to examine factors associated with having drug distribution roles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than two-fifths (N = 269) of all respondents self-reported participation in at least one current distribution role. The most common roles were acting as a middleman, steering buyers, holding drugs or money, and transporting drugs. Distributors were more likely to have HIV, previous drug treatments, and less education, employment or housing, but had higher incomes than users. A higher proportion of women reported drug distribution roles, but among distributors, men were twice as likely women to be direct sellers and transporters of drugs, and to perform more distribution roles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender contrasts support previous research indicating male dominance of drug distribution roles. Previous studies may underestimate women's participation in distribution roles. Drug treatment programs are encouraged to augment existing relapse prevention activities with distribution prevention efforts.
authors.affiliation: National Development and Research Institutes, Institute for Special Populations Research, 71 West 23rd Street, 14th Floor, New York City, NY 10010, USA. rees@hvc.rr.com
authors.forename: W Rees
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Randolph
authors.forename: Hilary James
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Liberty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors