title: Analysis of torque and force with differently tapered rotary endodontic instruments in vitro.
abstract: The aim of this study was to compare torques and forces developed by two sequences of nickel-titanium rotary instruments, using only .04 taper instruments or a combination of .04 and .06 tapers, respectively. Curved canals in plastic blocks were shaped in a torque-testing device; torque, force, contact areas and numbers of working rotations were determined. Analysis of variance and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to compare the two sequences. Mean torque ranged from 0.2 +/- 0.03 to 3.19 +/- 0.28 Ncm and was higher for instrument sizes 25 to 45 in group A. Mean vertical forces ranged from 1.49 +/- 0.54 to 12.0 +/- 3.5 N; there were significant correlations between torque and force as well as between torque and contact areas. Numbers of rotations were lower in the combined .04 and .06 sequence. An instrumentation sequence encompassing various tapers seems to be safer regarding torsional and fatigue failure compared to a sequence that used one single taper. However, the former sequence requires the use of more instruments.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Preventive Dentistry, Cardiology, Periodontology, and Endodontology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schrader
authors.forename: Ove A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003762:Dental Instruments; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004548:Elasticity; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D009532:Nickel; D018583:Pliability; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014025:Titanium; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium