title: Relative effects of insulin resistance and protease inhibitor treatment on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in HIV-infected patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, HIV infection, and antiretroviral therapy remains unclear, and the atherogenic nature of lipid and lipoprotein profiles in HIV-infected patients has not been fully characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured plasma lipid and lipoprotein subfractions using Vertical Auto Profile-II methodology and directly measured insulin-mediated glucose disposal in 45 protease inhibitor (PI)-treated and non-PI-treated HIV-infected patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PI-treated patients had higher total, LDL, and narrow-density LDL cholesterol (p <.05) and a trend toward higher triglycerides, whereas HDL cholesterol and LDL particle characteristics were unrelated to PI use or history of lipodystrophy. Insulin sensitivity did not differ on the basis of PI therapy, but decreased insulin sensitivity was associated with lower HDL and HDL-3 cholesterol (p <.01); elevated triglyceride (p <.01), VLDL 1+2, and VLDL 3a+3b lipoproteins (p <.01); and smaller, denser (more atherogenic) LDL particle characteristics (p <.01). Thus, the lipoprotein abnormality associated with PI use was increased LDL cholesterol, whereas changes in TG and HDL metabolism were associated with insulin resistance, independent of PI use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The variables of PI-treatment, dyslipidemia, lipodsytrophy, and insulin resistance do not always cluster together in HIV-infected patients, which suggests that the metabolic phenotype emerging in treated patients results from a complex interplay of drug effects, immune restoration, and baseline insulin sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco at San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California 94110, USA. gbeatty@php.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Beatty
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Krishnaji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lipshutz
authors.forename: Mandana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khalili
authors.forename: Fahim
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abbasi
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stansell
authors.forename: Gerald M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Reaven
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000139:chemically induced; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol