title: Distinct mouse coronary anatomy and myocardial infarction consequent to ligation.
abstract: This study describes the coronary anatomy of C57BL/6 mice and the functional impact of that anatomy on myocardial infarctions induced by ligation of the left coronary artery. In contrast to humans, a distinct septal coronary artery was observed in all mice arising either from a separate ostium from the right sinus of Valsalva or as a branch of the right coronary artery. Ligation of the left coronary artery at the site of its emergence from under the left atrium resulted in reproducible large myocardial infarctions involving the anterolateral, posterior, and apical regions of the heart as evidenced by histology and echocardiography. Interestingly, the septum was spared from infarction as predicted by the presence of the distinct septal branch found in mice. Thus, the distinct mouse coronary artery anatomy results in different regionality of infarction compared with man and large laboratory animals, and this may affect on the associated pathological remodeling of the heart.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to describe the coronary anatomy of C57BL/6 mice and determine the functional impact of that anatomy on myocardial infarctions induced by ligation of the left coronary artery.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice were used to visualize mouse coronary anatomy and to generate myocardial infarction. Mouse coronary artery visualization was performed on isolated hearts using injection of Silastic sealant into the aortic arch. After left thoracotomy myocardial infarction was produced by ligating the left coronary artery at the site of the vessels' emergence past the tip of the left atrium. Echocardiography was performed to analyze heart function, and histology was performed to delineate myocardial infarction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The different septal coronary artery was observed in all mice arising either from a separate ostium from the right sinus of Valsalva or as a branch of the right coronary artery. The mouse left coronary artery passed obliquely across the left ventricular free wall similar to the ramus intermedius coronary artery variant in man. Ligation of the left coronary artery as it emerged from under the left atrium resulted in reproducible large infarctions involving the anterolateral, posterior, and apical regions of the heart as demonstrated by histology and echocardiography. Notably, the septum was spared from infarction as predicted by the presence of the distinct septal coronary artery found in mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mouse coronary anatomy is distinct compared to man or large laboratory animals, and myocardial infarctions resulting from ligation of the mouse left coronary artery spare the septum, which may affect the pathological remodeling of the heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
authors.forename: Dinender
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hacker
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.forename: Larry F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Whitesell
authors.forename: Eugene H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Kaji
authors.forename: Pamela S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kamp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008026:Ligation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity