title: Ground reaction forces and limb function in tölting Icelandic horses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gaited horses employ 4-beat stepping (singlefoot) gaits that extend into speeds typical of trots. Ground reaction force (GRF) patterns of these specialised gaits have not been reported; therefore, appraisal of these gaits using nongaited horse kinetics may lead to clinical misjudgements.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  GRFs of tölting Icelandic horses will be comparable in profile and magnitude with those of trotting horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forelimb and hindlimb GRFs were obtained for 10 Icelandic horses ridden at a tölt. These data were evaluated across 3 speed ranges: <2, 2.5-5 and >5 m/sec.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Virtually all vertical force tracings were single-peaked. Forelimbs typically had greater peak vertical forces and impulses compared with hindlimbs. Support duration and forelimb vertical impulse were correlated negatively with speed, whereas peak vertical, braking and propulsive forces and hindlimb braking and propulsive impulses were correlated positively with speed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GRF profiles of tölting Icelandic horses are more similar to profiles of trots than walks, suggesting that tölts follow bouncing mechanics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater overlap of limb support in 4-beat gaits (even at high speeds) is associated with lower peak vertical force magnitudes of tölts compared with those reported for trots at comparable speeds, which may help limit the occurrence of overloading injuries in Icelandic horses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Biknevicius
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mullineaux
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Clayton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005552:Forelimb / Q000502:physiology; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000502:physiology; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000502:physiology*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016474:Weight-Bearing