title: Effect and stability of gliotoxin, an Aspergillus fumigatus toxin, on in vitro rumen fermentation.
abstract: Aspergillus fumigatus is a toxicogenic fungus usually found in contaminated animal feeds, especially in conserved forages where it can produce several mycotoxins. Gliotoxin, one of the most important toxic metabolites produced by this fungus, has antibacterial, immunosuppressive and apoptotic effects. Ruminants due to the high proportion of forages they receive in the ration would be particularly exposed to gliotoxin. The objective of this work was (1) to assess the effect of gliotoxin on in vitro rumen fermentation and (2) to determine the effect of fermentation on gliotoxin stability. Gliotoxin did not affect rumen fermentation at concentrations found in naturally contaminated feeds. No effects were observed up to a concentration of 20 microg toxin ml(-1) and an extremely high toxin concentration (80 microg ml(-1)) was necessary to affect dry matter degradation, gas and total volatile fatty acids production by 24, 37 and 18%, respectively (p < 0.01). In addition, the toxin was unstable in the rumen environment with 90% disappearance at 6 h of incubation (p < 0.05). In contrast, extracts of A. fumigatus cultures containing gliotoxin at concentrations several times lower than that used for experiments with pure toxin had a negative effect on fermentations indicating the toxicity and possible synergism of other metabolites produced by this fungus. Extracts containing 8.8 microg gliotoxin ml(-1) decreased dry matter degradation, gas and volatile fatty acids production by 28, 46 and 35%, respectively (p < 0.01). Identification of these toxic metabolites and assessment of the rate of passage of gliotoxin to the lower intestinal tract is necessary to evaluate the potential risk of these toxins to ruminants.
authors.affiliation: French Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Clermont-Fd-Theix Research Centre, Herbivore Research Unit, F-63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle, France. morgavi@clermont.inra.fr
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Morgavi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boudra
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jouany
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Michalet-Doreau
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003470:Culture Media; D004355:Drug Stability; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000032:analysis; D005285:Fermentation / Q000187:drug effects; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005912:Gliotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012417:Rumen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012418:Ruminants
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D005912:Gliotoxin