title: Quantifying individual fruit fly consumption with Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae).
abstract: We needed a technique to compare the consumption of baits by individual Carribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). By improving consumption and determining individual dose, we could lower pesticide concentration while retaining bait/pesticide efficacy and potentially reduce the environmental impact of fruit fly bait/pesticide eradication methods. We report here a precise dye-based technique for the quantification of consumption by individual adult A. suspensa fruit flies. Fluorescein, measured at 491 nm, and cresol red, measured at 573 nm, were efficiently extracted with 0.1 M NaOH and quantified with a spectrophotometer. The lower limit for this method with 0.1% dye concentration is 300 nl consumed by an individual fly. Dye movement to the hindgut and possible defecation occurred in approximately 4 h; maximum ingestion occurred in approximately 1 h. Maximum experimental time is limited to 4 h. Flies preferred feeding upside down compared with right side up when given a choice; consumption was equal when flies were given no choice of feeding position. Thus, maximum bait/pesticide efficacy might be achieved with an upside-down presentation. Regurgitation led to a 100% overestimation of actual consumption with the J-tube presentation of food. Our individual fly consumption technique will be useful in comparing consumption in phagostimulant studies, estimating dose in oral toxicity tests, differentiating behavioral and physiological resistance in toxicant studies, ultimately leading to improved bait/pesticide methods and reduced environmental impact of area wide fruit fly eradication programs. This technique could be applied to studies of tephritid consumption, to the consumption of other insects, and to regurgitation studies.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA. hnn@crec.ifas.ufl.edu
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Nigg
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schumann
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Etxeberria
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004435:Eating; D019793:Fluorescein; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010637:Phenolsulfonphthalein / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D010675:Pheromones; D033621:Tephritidae / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007306:Insecticides; D010675:Pheromones; C010411:insect attractants; C009743:Cresol red; D010637:Phenolsulfonphthalein; D019793:Fluorescein