title: Pharmacogenetic and metabolite measurements are associated with clinical status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate: results of a multicentred cross sectional observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the contribution of red blood cell (RBC) methotrexate polyglutamates (MTX PGs), RBC folate polyglutamates (folate PGs), and a pharmacogenetic index to the clinical status of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with MTX.
  
  
  METHODS
  226 adult patients treated with weekly MTX for more than 3 months were enrolled at three sites in a multicentred cross sectional observational study. Clinical status was assessed by the number of joint counts, physician's global assessment of disease activity, and a modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (mHAQ). RBC MTX PG and folate PG metabolite levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography fluorometry and radioassay, respectively. A composite pharmacogenetic index comprising low penetrance genetic polymorphisms in reduced folate carrier (RFC-1 G80A), AICAR transformylase (ATIC C347G), and thymidylate synthase (TSER*2/*3) was calculated. Statistical analyses were by multivariate linear regression with clinical measures as dependent variables and metabolite levels and the pharmacogenetic index as independent variables after adjustment for other covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate analysis showed that lower RBC MTX PG levels (median 40 nmol/l) and a lower pharmacogenetic index (median 2) were associated with a higher number of joint counts, higher disease activity, and higher mHAQ (p<0.09). Multivariate analysis also established that higher RBC folate PG levels (median 1062 nmol/l) were associated with a higher number of tender and swollen joints after adjustment for RBC MTX PG levels and the pharmacogenetic index (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacogenetic and metabolite measurements may be useful in optimising MTX treatment. Prospective studies are warranted to investigate the predictive value of these markers for MTX efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Prometheus Laboratories, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dervieux
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Furst
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Lein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Capps
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kremer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019877:Hydroxymethyl and Formyl Transferases / Q000235:genetics; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D051027:Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide Formyltransferase; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D011624:Pteroylpolyglutamic Acids / Q000097:blood; D058978:Reduced Folate Carrier Protein; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D011624:Pteroylpolyglutamic Acids; D058978:Reduced Folate Carrier Protein; C548699:SLC19A1 protein, human; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid; C014085:methotrexate polyglutamate; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; D019877:Hydroxymethyl and Formyl Transferases; D051027:Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide Formyltransferase; D008727:Methotrexate