title: Targeting IL-2 to the endoplasmic reticulum confines autocrine growth stimulation to NK-92 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anti-tumor effects mediated by adoptively transferred natural killer (NK) cells are dependent on the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2). IL-2 is considered to be a survival factor for NK cells and an enhancer of their cytotoxic potential. However, systemic administration of IL-2 is frequently impeded by undesirable side effects, such as high toxicity and nonlocalized administration. Genetic modification of NK cells expressing IL-2 in a localized and controlled manner could be a powerful tool for overcoming these obstacles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consequently, we have cloned the IL-2 gene using PCR and designed constructs that target IL-2 to specific subcellular compartments. The IL-2-dependent NK-92 cell line was used to verify the functionality of the subcellularly targeted IL-2 constructs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-2 targeted specifically to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was sufficient to support growth of NK-92 cells. In such cell lines, IL-2 was verified to be localized to the ER. IL-2 was not detected in the supernatant and growth of non-IL-2-modified NK-92 cells was not supported during coculturing experiments. IL-2-transduced NK-92 cell lines showed comparable functional activity and cytotoxicity to parental NK-92 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate the ability of ER-retained IL-2 to provide autocrine growth stimulation to NK-92 cells, without secretion of the cytokine to the extracellular compartment. Therapy with IL-2 gene-modified autoactivating NK cells may avoid side effects imposed by exogenously administered IL-2.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kyriakos V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Konstantinidis
authors.forename: Evren
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alici
authors.forename: Alar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aints
authors.forename: Birger
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Christensson
authors.forename: Hans-Gustaf
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Ljunggren
authors.forename: M Sirac
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dilber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D019556:COS Cells; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D017931:DNA Primers; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000276:immunology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D010957:Plasmids; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D007376:Interleukin-2