title: Perfect syncarpy in apple (Malus x domestica 'Summerland McIntosh') and its implications for pollination, seed distribution and fruit production (Rosaceae: Maloideae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The gynoecium of the domestic apple, Malus x domestica, has been assumed to be imperfectly syncarpic, whereby pollination of each stigmatic surface can result in fertilization within only one of the five carpels. Despite its implied effect on fruit quantity and quality, the resulting influence of flower form on seed set and distribution within the apple fruit has seldom been investigated. Instead, poor fruit quality is usually attributed to problems with pollination, such as low bee numbers and/or ineffective pollinators within apple agro-ecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the true nature of gynoecial structure and its influence on fruit production in the apple cultivar 'Summerland McIntosh'.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stigma-excision method was used to determine the effects of uneven pollination among the five stigmas on fruit quantity (as measured by fruit set), and quality (seed number and distribution). In addition, flowers were examined microscopically to determine pollen tube pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fruit set, seed number, seed distribution, and the microscopic examination of flower gynoecial structure reported in this study indicated that the gynoecium of the cultivar Summerland McIntosh is perfectly syncarpic and not imperfectly syncarpic as previously thought.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pollination levels among the five stigmas need not be uniform to obtain full seed development within Summerland McIntosh fruit; even if one stigmatic surface is adequately pollinated, a full complement of seeds is likely. The importance of perfect syncarpy in recognizing true causes of poor fruit quality in apple is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 32 Main Street, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada B4N 1J5. SheffieldC@agr.gc.ca
authors.forename: Cory S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Sheffield
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Kevan
mesh_terms: D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development*; D027845:Malus / Q000502:physiology*; D011058:Pollen / Q000502:physiology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000502:physiology*