title: Preclinical evaluation of a novel episcleral cyclosporine implant for ocular graft-versus-host disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a local drug delivery system that provides therapeutic cyclosporine levels to treat lacrimal gland graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Episcleral cyclosporine implants were manufactured with a silicone-based matrix design, and in vitro release rates were determined. Preclinical evaluation included toxicology (clinical examination, serial electroretinography, and histopathology) in normal rabbits and dogs, pharmacokinetics in normal rabbits, and pharmacodynamics in a canine model of aqueous tear deficiency and keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cyclosporine implants showed sustained release of drug over time with in vitro assays. Histopathology showed normal ocular tissues in both dogs and rabbits 6 months after implantation. The cyclosporine implant produced lacrimal gland drug levels 1 to 2 log units higher than those reported with a variety of topical cyclosporine formulations and oral administration. The cyclosporine implant was effective in a canine model of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, with all animals able to discontinue topical cyclosporine and maintain normal Schirmer scores over a 6-month follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preclinical evaluation showed that the episcleral cyclosporine implant was safe, delivered potentially therapeutic cyclosporine levels to the lacrimal gland, and showed efficacy in a clinically relevant model of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The episcleral cyclosporine implant shows promise in reducing the morbidity associated with lacrimal gland graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In addition, continuous release of cyclosporine in the subconjunctival space with the episcleral implant was an effective means of delivering drug to the ocular surface and may have potential in treating other ocular inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1863, USA.
authors.forename: Hyuncheol
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Karl G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Csaky
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Gilger
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Monasterio
authors.forename: Ginger
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tansey
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bungay
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D004285:Dogs; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004343:Drug Implants; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000187:drug effects; D005123:Eye / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006086:Graft vs Host Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D007637:Keratoconjunctivitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects; D012449:Safety; D012590:Sclera / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D004343:Drug Implants; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine