title: Distribution of sympathetic tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) to a distant microvasculature.
abstract: Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the predominant plasminogen activator present in the vascular and nervous systems. Prior studies of the two have emphasized different tPA sources; respectively, endothelium and neurons. A closer relationship is now suggested by evidence that the peripheral sympathetic nervous system synthesizes and infuses enzymatically active tPA into small artery walls and the microcirculation. TPA may thus be the only known neural product able to effect degradation of the artery wall extracellular matrix. This brief review considers historical and current indications for the existence of such an autonomically controlled system and some physiologic implications. Immunohistochemical tPA expression in small arteries and arterioles is more prominent in the outer wall sympathetic axon plexus than in endothelium. Its presence in nerve filaments beneath the seldom-studied adventitia was obscured in earlier localizations. The systemic impact of a neural distribution is suggested by a 60% reduction of blood tPA activity after chemical sympathectomy. TPA-bearing axons extend outward from ganglion neuron cell bodies to reach even thin-walled vasa vasora and uveal microvessels. Ganglion cell bodies synthesize and package tPA in vesicles for the long axoplasmic transport. Densely innervated intact vessels release much greater amounts of tPA in vitro than do larger vessels, indicating a high neuron tPA production capacity and a large storage reservoir available within axon networks. The influence of an autonomically controlled plasmin production within small artery walls on regulation of blood pressure and capillary perfusion awaits further investigation. Its possible role in the pathogenesis of vessel wall matrix degradations in aging, hypertension, and diabetes may also merit further consideration.
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3105, USA. jorourke@uchc.edu
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Rourke
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Zhifang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Cone
authors.forename: Arthur R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hand
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D004837:Epinephrine