title: Freeze-drying of protein pharmaceuticals--the application of thermal analysis.
abstract: This review describes the range of thermal analysis techniques that may be used to investigate the key thermal properties of formulations to be freeze-dried and the resultant products. The use of these allows development of cost-effective processing while maintaining optimum product quality.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Queens University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors.forename: Vicky
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kett
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D002151:Calorimetry; D004055:Differential Thermal Analysis; D004355:Drug Stability; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005612:Freeze Drying; D008853:Microscopy; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011506:Proteins; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011506:Proteins