title: Prediction of missed myocardial infarction among symptomatic outpatients without coronary heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Missed diagnoses of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the ambulatory setting can cause patient suffering and malpractice litigation. Multiple algorithms have been developed to detect the presence of coronary heart disease (CHD) or acute coronary ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a case-control study of patients with no prior history of CHD presenting to outpatient practices with potential cardiac ischemia. Malpractice claims files were used to identify 18 cases of patients with missed AMIs. For each case, we identified 3 control patients who had office visits for chest pain during the same month and assessed the association of 4 different prediction tools with missed AMI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 18 cases of missed AMI had a 39% 1-month mortality rate. Cases were more likely than controls to be men (67% vs 26%, P = .001), to be smokers (88% vs 39%, P < .001), and to have low HDL cholesterol (39 mg/dL vs 59 mg/dL, P < .001) and elevated total cholesterol (236 mg/dL vs 213 mg/dL, P = .01). A Framingham risk score predicting a 10-year risk of CHD > or =10% and a positive score using the Goldman risk predictor were associated with an increased risk of missed AMI (odds ratio 5.7, 95% CI 1.8-18.4 for Framingham risk score; odds ratio 7.2, 95% CI 1.4-36.8 for Goldman risk predictor).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among ambulatory patients with possible cardiac ischemia and no prior CHD, multiple algorithms may be useful for improvement of risk stratification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Sequist
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: E Francis
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lampert
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000209:etiology; D003327:Coronary Disease; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors