title: Cocaine and heroin ('speedball') self-administration: the involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine and mu-opiate, but not delta-opiate receptors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The combined administration of heroin and cocaine ('speedball') is common among intravenous drug users. Dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens play a key role in cocaine self-administration; however, their role in speedball self-administration is unknown, as is the role of opiate receptors in this region.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The effect of blocking dopamine D1, D2, mu-opiate or delta-opiate receptors in the nucleus accumbens on the intravenous self-administration of combined heroin and cocaine was examined in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats with bilateral cannulae implanted into the nucleus accumbens were trained to self-administer intravenous speedball (ratio of cocaine/heroin, 17:1) under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule. Prior to their self-administration session, rats were then microinjected with the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 (1 and 6 nmol side(-1)), the D2 receptor antagonist raclopride (3 and 10 nmol side(-1)), the mu-opiate receptor antagonist CTOP (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 nmol side(-1)), the delta-opiate receptor antagonist naltrindole (1.0, 3.0 and 10 nmol side(-1)) or a cocktail of SCH 23390 (1 nmol side(-1)) and CTOP (0.1 nmol side(-1)) into the nucleus accumbens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microinjection of SCH 23390, raclopride or CTOP into the nucleus accumbens produced dose-dependent decreases in breakpoints under the PR schedule, while naltrindole was without effect. The highest dose of SCH 23390 also significantly reduced locomotor activity measured during speedball self-administration. The combination of SCH 23390 and CTOP significantly reduced breakpoints, while not affecting locomotor activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that dopamine and mu-opiate receptors, but not delta-opiate receptors, in the nucleus accumbens are involved in the reinforcing effects of speedball. Combined administration of D1 and mu-opiate receptor antagonists may be more selective at reducing the reinforcing effects of speedball self-administration than either drug alone.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology A19, University of Sydney, 2006 Sydney, Australia. jcornish@psych.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cornish
authors.forename: Jaclyn M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lontos
authors.forename: Kelly J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Clemens
authors.forename: Iain S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: McGregor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D003932:Heroin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000502:physiology*; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1 / Q000502:physiology; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000502:physiology; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000502:physiology*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000502:physiology; D017480:Receptors, sigma / Q000502:physiology; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012646:Self Administration; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D017480:Receptors, sigma; D003932:Heroin; D003042:Cocaine