title: CSnrc: correlated sampling Monte Carlo calculations using EGSnrc.
abstract: CSnrc, a new user-code for the EGSnrc Monte Carlo system is described. This user-code improves the efficiency when calculating ratios of doses from similar geometries. It uses a correlated sampling variance reduction technique. CSnrc is developed from an existing EGSnrc user-code CAVRZnrc and improves upon the correlated sampling algorithm used in an earlier version of the code written for the EGS4 Monte Carlo system. Improvements over the EGS4 version of the algorithm avoid repetition of sections of particle tracks. The new code includes a rectangular phantom geometry not available in other EGSnrc cylindrical codes. Comparison to CAVRZnrc shows gains in efficiency of up to a factor of 64 for a variety of test geometries when computing the ratio of doses to the cavity for two geometries. CSnrc is well suited to in-phantom calculations and is used to calculate the central electrode correction factor Pcel in high-energy photon and electron beams. Current dosimetry protocols base the value of Pcel on earlier Monte Carlo calculations. The current CSnrc calculations achieve 0.02% statistical uncertainties on Pcel, much lower than those previously published. The current values of Pcel compare well with the values used in dosimetry protocols for photon beams. For electrons beams, CSnrc calculations are reported at the reference depth used in recent protocols and show up to a 0.2% correction for a graphite electrode, a correction currently ignored by dosimetry protocols. The calculations show that for a 1 mm diameter aluminum central electrode, the correction factor differs somewhat from the values used in both the IAEA TRS-398 code of practice and the AAPM's TG-51 protocol.
authors.affiliation: Ionizing Radiation Standards, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa K1A OR6, Canada. lbuckley@irs.phy.nrc.ca
authors.forename: Lesley A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawrakow
authors.forename: D W O
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001822:Body Burden; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012984:Software; D012986:Software Validation; D013223:Statistics as Topic