title: Lupus nephritis in children in Malaysia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the pattern of renal histology, clinical outcome of children with lupus nephritis and to identify any associated risk factors predicting renal failure in these children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospectively, 27 children under 16 years of age with lupus nephritis who had renal biopsies done at Sultanah Aminah Hospital Johor, Malaysia from 1994 to 2002 were studied. The renal histology was graded according to WHO classification system (1982). The medical records, laboratory data and the clinical outcome of the patients were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 24 cases of WHO Class IV, two cases of WHO Class II and a case of WHO Class V. Twenty children were in the good renal outcome group while six children progressed into the poor renal outcome group and required renal replacement. One child was lost to follow-up. All six children in the poor renal outcome group had WHO Class IV histology. The 5-year patient and renal survival rates were 84% and 75%, respectively. Age, sex, activity and chronicity indices in the renal histology, anaemia, elevated serum creatinine, depressed levels of C3 and C4, heavy proteinuria or presence of urinary active sediments were not associated with progression to renal failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presently, children with lupus nephritis appeared to have better patient and renal survival rates. Assessment of renal histology in these children was important for diagnosis, treatment and probably prognosis. In this study, there was a 25% incidence of loss of renal function over 5 years in children with WHO Class IV renal histology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Sultanah Aminah Hospital, Johor, Malaysia. jjoon60@hotmail.com
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pee
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thevarajah
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000145:classification / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome