title: Combined chemical, physical hazards make exposures harder to calculate. Studies show multiple exposures must be evaluated wholly rather than 'adding up' individual risks.
abstract: Clearly, current research adds to the mounting scientific evidence that combined exposures can produce greater toxicity than would be predicted using an additive model. Although there is not yet a quantitative method to determine the risks associated with multiple exposures, safety and health specialists must begin to consider the health effects from the entire work process, rather than individual chemical or physical agents. Moreover, organizations involved in risk assessment and standard-setting must evaluate the interactive effects of combined chemical and physical agent exposures. This will make personnel exposure standards comprehensive in addressing realistic occupational health risks.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical and Behavioral Science, National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Conover
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Lotz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D009314:National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S.; D009623:Noise, Occupational / Q000517:prevention & control; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D011840:Radiation, Nonionizing; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances