title: Intrathecal morphine and ketorolac analgesia after surgery: comparison of spontaneous and elicited responses in rats.
abstract: Pain after surgery results in significant morbidity, and systemic opioids often fail to provide adequate analgesia without marked sedation and respiratory depression. Intrathecal morphine provides better analgesia, but is limited by delayed respiratory depression. Intrathecal injection of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, ketorolac, has recently entered clinical trials, and the current study examined the interaction between intrathecal morphine and ketorolac to treat postoperative pain. We also sought to compare these treatments on a commonly used assessment of withdrawal threshold and a new assessment of spontaneous behavior after surgery. Male Sprague Dawley rats and underwent hind paw incision or subcostal laparotomy surgery. Intrathecal morphine, ketorolac, or their combination were injected on the first postoperative day, with outcome measure being return to pre-surgery withdrawal threshold with von Frey filament testing of the paw after paw incision, or return to pre-surgery exploratory activity after laparotomy. Intrathecal morphine completely reversed the effects of surgery in both models, but intrathecal ketorolac only partially reversed them. Ketorolac enhanced the potency of morphine several fold in both models, and did so synergistically after paw incision. In all cases drug potency was greater for spontaneous than elicited responses. These data confirm that spinal opioid receptor and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition diminish elicited tactile hypersensitivity after surgery, and that they similarly return spontaneous behavior to normal. Differences in drug potency could reflect fundamental differences in outcome measures or in the surgical procedures themselves. These data support combination study of intrathecal morphine and ketorolac for postoperative pain.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Anesthesiology and Center for the Study of Pharmacologic Plasticity in the Presence of Pain, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1009, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Buechler
authors.forename: Dawn R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Conklin
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Eisenach
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D007278:Injections, Spinal / Q000379:methods; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D017288:Pain Threshold; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D004338:Drug Combinations; D009020:Morphine; D020910:Ketorolac