title: Mechanism of mitochondrial stress-induced resistance to apoptosis in mitochondrial DNA-depleted C2C12 myocytes.
abstract: In this study, we show that partial mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion (mitochondrial stress) induces resistance to staurosporine (STP)-mediated apoptosis in C2C12 myoblasts. MtDNA-depleted cells show a 3-4-fold increased proapoptotic proteins (Bax, BAD and Bid), markedly increased antiapoptotic Bcl-2, and reduced processing of p21 Bid to active tBid. The protein levels and also the ability to undergo STP-mediated apoptosis were restored in reverted cells containing near-normal mtDNA levels and restored mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Inhibition of apoptosis closely correlated with sequestration of Bax, Bid and BAD in the mitochondrial inner membrane, increased Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L), and inability to process p21 Bid. These factors, together with the reduced activation of caspases 3, 9 and 8 are possible causes of mitochondrial stress-induced resistance to apoptosis. Our results suggest that a highly proliferative and invasive behavior of mtDNA-depleted C2C12 cells is related to their resistance to apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology and the Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Anandatheerthavarada
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Avadhani
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D051023:BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000502:physiology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein
chemical_list: C494819:BAD protein, human; C494826:BAX protein, human; D051023:BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein; C494814:BID protein, human; D015415:Biomarkers; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein; D045304:Cytochromes c; D020169:Caspases; D019311:Staurosporine