title: Polymorphisms of CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in Israeli ethnic groups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cytochrome P450 isoenzymes CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 catalyze reactions involved in the metabolism of many widely used drugs. Their polymorphisms give rise to important interindividual and interethnic variability in the metabolism and disposition of several therapeutic agents and may cause differences in clinical response to some drugs. Individuals who carry two null alleles of either gene are known as poor metabolizers (PMs), while those who carry more than two copies of the functional CYP2D6 gene are ultrarapid metabolizers (UMs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the current study was to genotype Israelis from four different ethnic backgrounds with respect to CYP2C19 and CYP2D6.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polymorphisms of the CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 genes were determined by genotyping the four ethnic groups using PCR and/or restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The groups consisted of three Jewish communities, Yemenite Jews (n = 36), Sephardic Jews (n = 47), Ethiopian Jews (n = 28), and one Arabian population, Bedouins (n = 50).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CYP2C19*2 allele frequencies ranged from 12.0 to 19.6% among the four ethnic groups. Within the study population, the CYP2C19*3 gene was only found in one Bedouin individual, in the heterozygous state (CYP2C19*1/*3). In each group, one individual was homozygous for CYP2C19*2, and were predicted to be PMs. The data revealed a high prevalence of CYP2D6*2, *4, *10, *41, and gene duplication, followed by *5 and *17, while *3 was very rare. The frequencies of the CYP2D6*4, *10, and *17 alleles and CYP2D6 gene duplication were significantly different among the four groups. However, the CYP2D6*2, *3, and *5 and *41 alleles showed similar frequencies in the four groups. Four (8.5%) Sephardic Jews and one (2.0%) Bedouin were found with the genotype CYP2D6*4/*4 (two null alleles), and were thus presumably PMs. A total of 15 individuals, distributed in all groups, were found with functional CYP2D6 gene duplications. The frequencies of predicted UMs (duplication of CYP2D6) were 17.8% (5/28) and 12.8% (6/47) in Ethiopian Jews and Sephardic Jews, respectively, which were higher than that of Yemenite Jews (5.6%, 2/36) and Bedouins (4.0%, 2/50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study of the CYP2D6 gene polymorphism in Israeli ethnic groups, either Jewish or Arab. Furthermore, this is also the first study of the CYP2C19 gene polymorphism in Jewish or Arab subgroups living in Israel. The frequencies of various alleles for the CYP2D6 gene are significantly different among the ethnic groups in Israel. These new findings may have important clinical implications in administrating drugs metabolized by CYP2D6 and for CYP2D6-related adverse drug reactions in the Israeli population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7417, USA.
authors.forename: Huai-Rong
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Vasileios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Aloumanis
authors.forename: Keh-Ming
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gurwitz
authors.forename: Yu-Jui Yvonne
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Wan
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D018912:Arabs / Q000235:genetics*; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics*; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000235:genetics*; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000208:ethnology; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D007585:Jews / Q000235:genetics*; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D015006:Yemen / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C045793:CYP2C19 protein, human; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6