title: Physiological criteria for functioning of hands in the cold: a review.
abstract: Hands are important instruments in daily life. Without hands man is hardly able to function independently. Proper functioning of the hands is determined by several physiological parameters. These physiological parameters in turn are influenced by environmental factors. In this view of the literature, physiological processes in manual dexterity are described and the influence of a cold environment on separate physiological processes is studied. In general, cold means loss of dexterity. For reasons of safety and performance, it is important to restrict the loss of manual dexterity. For this purpose, in this study minimum criteria are given for all separate physiological components. Most important minimum criteria are: a local skin temperature of 15 degrees C, a nerve temperature of 20 degrees C and a muscle temperature of 28 degrees C. Only during maximum dynamic work is a muscle temperature of 38 degrees C recommended. These temperatures are average values, and of course individual differences are evident.
authors.affiliation: TWO Human Factors Research Institute, Dept Work Environment, Thermal Physiology Group, Soesterberg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heus
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Daanen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Havenith