title: Preoperative chemoradiotherapy and total mesorectal excision surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer: correlation with rectal cancer regression grade.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preoperative long-course chemoradiotherapy is recommended for rectal carcinoma when there is concern that surgery alone may not be curative. Downstaging of the tumor can be measured as rectal cancer regression grade (1-3) and may be of importance when estimating the prognosis. The aim of this study was to look at the long-term results of tumor regression in patients receiving long-course chemotherapy before surgical resection of rectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed those patients who received preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by surgical resection for carcinoma of the mid rectum or distal rectum found to be stage T3/4 between January 1995 and November 1999. Patients received 45 to 50 Gy irradiation in 2-Gy fractions and an infusion of 5-fluorouracil. Surgical specimens were assessed for rectal cancer regression grade. Patients were followed up routinely with clinical examination, computed tomography, and colonoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-five patients with a mean age 65 (range, 32-83) years underwent chemoradiotherapy before surgical resection. Thirty patients (46 percent) were classified as rectal cancer regression Grade 1, with 9 patients (14 percent) having complete sterilization of the tumor. Fifty-three patients (82 percent) underwent a curative resection. Overall survival, with a median follow-up of 39 (range, 24-83) months, was 67 percent and was associated with tumor downstaging. The local recurrence rate was 5.8 percent in those patients who underwent a curative resection and was significantly lower with rectal cancer regression Grade 1 tumors (P = 0.03). Eight of nine patients (89 percent) whose tumor had been sterilized were alive and well with no recurrence of tumor at a median follow-up of 41 (range, 24-70) months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative chemoradiotherapy resulted in significant regression of tumor. Overall survival was high and was associated with downstaging of tumor. The local recurrence rate was significantly lower with rectal cancer regression Grade 1 tumors and was not seen in patients with sterilized tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J M D
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dodds
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: N J McC
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Mortensen
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods; D039021:Colonic Pouches; D003125:Colostomy; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D005472:Fluorouracil