title: Enhanced angiotensin II-mediated effects in fibroblasts of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is characterized by a high incidence of coronary heart disease. Evidence suggests an important role for angiotensin II (AngII) in the fibrotic response to tissue injury, and in promoting myocardial hypertrophy via paracrine mechanisms mediated by fibroblasts. We sought to determine whether AngII promotes proliferative and pro-atherogenic responses in FH patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used primary fibroblasts -- from five patients with heterozygous FH and five control subjects (C) -- to study AngII-induced cell growth, intracellular calcium fluxes, and expression/release of matrix components and pro-inflammatory peptides [transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) and endothelin-1 (ET-1)] and metalloproteinases involved in plaque remodeling and vulnerability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AngII stimulated cell replication (5.1 +/- 0.03 versus 3.2 +/- 0.04 cells/50 cells per well, P < 0.001), and induced a larger increase in intracellular calcium content in FH cells than in C cells, in a dose-dependent fashion (mean difference = 76 nmol/l, P < 0.001). Similarly, TGFbeta1 and ET-1 expression and release were potentiated (after 24-h incubation with 1 micromol/l AngII: TGFbeta1 was 190 +/- 12 in C and 376 +/- 9 pg/ml per 10(6) cells in FH, and ET-1 was 93 +/- 5 in C and 192 +/- 7 pmol/ml per 10(6) cells in FH; P < 0.001 for both). AngII-induced release of the metalloproteinases MMP-1 and MMP-2 was also increased in FH versus C cells (0.52 +/- 0.04 versus 0.36 +/- 0.05 and 24 +/- 4 versus 13 +/- 3 ng/mg protein with 1 micromol/l AngII). These enhanced responses were likely due to an increased angiotensin receptor 1 (AT1) expression in cells from FH patients induced by AngII, and were prevented by pretreating cells with the selective AT1 antagonist irbesartan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show that some AngII-mediated pathways are enhanced in FH subjects irrespective of the presence of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), thus contributing to the development and progression of atherosclerosis in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Metabolism Section, Department of Internal Medicine University of Pisa, School of Medicine, Pisa, Italy. a.solini@med.unipi.it
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solini
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.forename: Ele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrannini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000473:pathology; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D006938:Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077405:Irbesartan; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000187:drug effects; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D019332:Endothelin-1; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D013777:Tetrazoles; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D000804:Angiotensin II; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1; D000077405:Irbesartan; D002118:Calcium