title: Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of oral irinotecan given once daily for 5 days every 3 weeks in combination with capecitabine in patients with solid tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the maximum tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary antitumor activity of oral irinotecan given in combination with capecitabine to patients with advanced, refractory solid tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were treated from day 1 with irinotecan capsules given once daily for 5 consecutive days (50 to 60 mg/m2/d) concomitantly with capecitabine given twice daily for 14 consecutive days (800 to 1,000 mg/m2); cycles were repeated every 21 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight patients were enrolled and received 155 cycles of therapy (median, five cycles; range, one to 18 cycles). With irinotecan 60 mg/m2/d and capecitabine 2 x 800 mg/m2/d, grade 3 delayed diarrhea in combination with grade 2 nausea (despite maximal antiemetic support) and grade 3 anorexia and colitis, were the first-cycle dose-limiting toxicities in two of six patients, respectively. At the recommended doses (irinotecan 50 mg/m2/d; capecitabine 2 x 1,000 mg/m2/d), side effects were mostly mild to moderate and uniformly reversible. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that there was no interaction between oral irinotecan and capecitabine, and that body-surface area was not significantly contributing to the observed pharmacokinetic variability. Confirmed partial responses were observed in two patients with gallbladder carcinoma and in one patient with melanoma. Disease stabilization was noted in 16 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The recommended phase II doses for oral irinotecan and capecitabine are 50 mg/m2/d for 5 consecutive days, and 2 x 1,000 mg/m2/d for 14 consecutive days repeated every 3 weeks, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. o.soepenberg@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Soepenberg
authors.forename: Herlinde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dumez
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verweij
authors.forename: Dorothee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Semiond
authors.forename: Maja J A
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: deJonge
authors.forename: Ferry A L M
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Eskens
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: ter Steeg
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Selleslach
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Assadourian
authors.forename: Ger-Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Sanderink
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sparreboom
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: van Oosterom
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000069287:Capecitabine; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D006801:Humans; D000077146:Irinotecan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000069287:Capecitabine; D000077146:Irinotecan; D005472:Fluorouracil; D002166:Camptothecin