title: Regional right ventricular dysfunction in acute pulmonary embolism and right ventricular infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A normally contracting right ventricular apex associated to a severe hypokinesia of the mid-free wall ('McConnell sign') has been considered a distinct echocardiographic pattern of acute pulmonary embolism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical utility of the 'McConnell sign' in the bedside diagnostic work-up of patients presenting to the Emergency Department with an acute right ventricular dysfunction due to pulmonary embolism or right ventricular infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 201 patients, consecutively selected from our clinical database and diagnosed as having massive or submassive pulmonary embolism or right ventricular infarction, 161 were suitable for an echocardiographic review of regional right ventricular contraction and were included in the study. There were 107 cases with pulmonary embolism (group 1) and 54 cases with right ventricular infarction (group 2). All echocardiographic studies were randomly examined by two experienced and independent echocardiographers, blinded to the patient diagnosis and without Doppler informations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The McConnell sign was detected in 75 of 107 patients in group 1 (70%) and in 36 of 54 patients in group 2 (67%); the finding was absent in 32 cases in group 1 and in 18 cases in group 2 (P=0.657). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the McConnell sign for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism were respectively 70, 33, 67 and 36%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a clinical setting of patients with acute right ventricular dysfunction the McConnell sign cannot be considered a specific marker of pulmonary embolism.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, via Pio 2, n 3, 20153 Milan, Italy. fcasazza@tin.it
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Casazza
authors.forename: Amedeo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bongarzoni
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Capozi
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Agostoni
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology