title: Imaging of macrophages in soft-tissue infection in rats: relationship between ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide dose and MR signal characteristics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe dose-dependent signal intensity (SI) characteristics of experimentally induced soft-tissue abscesses on 1.5-T T1- and T2*-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained 24 hours after administration of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) and to describe the relationship between SI and amount of USPIO uptake and macrophage iron content.
  
  
  METHODS
  Local institutional review committee on animal care approved the experiments, which were performed according to the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health and the committee on animal research at our institution. Unilateral calf muscle abscesses were induced in 21 rats with an injection of a Staphylococcus aureus suspension. The rats were divided into three groups of seven animals each: low USPIO dose (50 micromol of iron per kilogram of body weight), high USPIO dose (150 micromol Fe/kg), and control (saline solution). All rats were imaged before and 24 hours after USPIO administration at 1.5 T (transverse T1-weighted spin-echo, T2*-weighted fast gradient-echo, and short inversion time inversion-recovery sequences). Images were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively with regard to SI and signal pattern. Temporal variation of calculated contrast-to-noise ratios was analyzed with the Wilcoxon signed rank test. MR findings were correlated with histopathologic findings, including those of electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four hours after USPIO administration in the high-dose group, susceptibility effects were present in abscess periphery on postcontrast T2*-weighted images (P=.04), and SI enhancement was noted on postcontrast T1-weighted images within both abscess wall and abscess center (P=.04 for both). In the low-dose group, SI enhancement was noted in entire abscess on T1-weighted postcontrast images (P=.03). Neither significant SI loss (P=.09) nor susceptibility effects were detected in periphery or center of any abscess on postcontrast T2*-weighted images. There was no obvious difference in total amount of macrophages among the groups, but there was a clear difference with regard to individual iron content of iron-positive macrophages between the USPIO dose groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At 1.5 T, SI characteristics of abscesses on T1- and T2*-weighted images obtained 24 hours after USPIO injection strongly depend on administered dose of the contrast agent. At low doses, T1 effects were stronger than T2* effects.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Amelie M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weishaupt
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Persohn
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goepfert
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Froehlich
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sasse
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gottschalk
authors.forename: Borut
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marincek
authors.forename: Achim H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kaim
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D003911:Dextrans; D005260:Female; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D010087:Oxides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018461:Soft Tissue Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D003911:Dextrans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D010087:Oxides; C097921:ferumoxtran-10; D007501:Iron; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide