title: Acute effects of glucocorticoids on ATP-induced Ca2+ mobilization and nitric oxide production in cochlear spiral ganglion neurons.
abstract: Rapid, non-genomic effects of glucocorticoids on extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-induced intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) changes and nitric oxide (NO) production were investigated in type I spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) of the guinea-pig cochlea using the Ca(2+)-sensitive dye fura-2 and the NO-sensitive dye 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2). Pretreatment of SGNs with 1 microM dexamethasone for 10 min, a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone, enhanced the ATP-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase in SGNs. RU 38486, a competitive glucocorticoid receptor antagonist eliminated the effects of dexamethasone on the ATP-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase in SGNs. These acute effects of dexamethasone were dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca(2+), thereby suggesting that dexamethasone may rapidly enhance the Ca(2+) influx through the activation of ionotropic P2X receptors which may interact with glucocorticoid-mediated membrane receptors. Extracellular ATP increased the intensity of DAF-2 fluorescence, indicating NO production in SGNs. The ATP-induced NO production was mainly due to the Ca(2+) influx through the activation of P2 receptors. S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, a NO donor, enhanced the ATP-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase in SGNs while L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a NO synthesis inhibitor, inhibited it. Dexamethasone enhanced the ATP-induced NO production in SGNs. The augmentation of dexamethasone on ATP-induced NO production was abolished in the presence of l-NAME. It is concluded that the ATP-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase induces NO production which enhances a [Ca(2+)](i) increase in SGNs by a positive-feedback mechanism. Dexamethasone enhances the ATP-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase in SGNs which results in the augmentation of NO production. The present study suggests that NO may play an important role in auditory signal transduction. Our results also indicate that glucocorticoids may rapidly affect auditory neurotransmission due to a novel non-genomic mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Hearing Research Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, Kansai Medical University, Fumizono-cho 10-15, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yukawa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cho-Tamaoka
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamashita
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005452:Fluoresceins; D016257:Fura-2; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006309:Hearing / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2; D058469:Receptors, Purinergic P2X; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013136:Spiral Ganglion / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C112456:4,5-diamino-2-(3,6-dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid; D005452:Fluoresceins; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2; D058469:Receptors, Purinergic P2X; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D003907:Dexamethasone; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D002118:Calcium; D016257:Fura-2; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester