title: Intraventricular hemorrhage after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: pilot study of treatment with intraventricular tissue plasminogen activator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intraventricular (IVen) hemorrhage is considered a predictor of poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This prospective study examines the feasibility and outcome of administration of IVen tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) after aneurysmal SAH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with SAH who received IVen tPA after the aneurysm had been secured were compared with 10 age-, sex-, and Glasgow Coma Scale score-matched control patients. The primary end point was third and fourth ventricle clot resolution. IVen blood was quantified by use of the Graeb and Le Roux scales on admission and at an additional time (equal or longer for the control group) after the injection was terminated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six men and four women with a mean age of 52 years in each group were evaluated. On average, 3.5 mg tPA was injected 68 +/- 51 hours after admission without ensuing complications. Although the treated group had significantly more IVen blood on admission than control subjects (mean Le Roux scale +/- standard deviation, 11 +/- 3 versus 7.6 +/- 4.2, P = 0.055, and mean Graeb scale +/- standard deviation, 8.5 +/- 2.3 in tPA versus 5.3 +/- 3, P < 0.02), it also had a significant decrease in the amount of IVen blood (mean Le Roux and Graeb scale decrease +/- standard deviation, 6.7 +/- 3.3 and 4.8 +/- 2 in tPA patients versus 0.9 +/- 3.2 and 0.5 +/- 2.6 in control subjects, P = 0.002). The tPA group had a non-statistically significantly shorter length of stay, decreased mortality, and better Glasgow Outcome Scale and modified Rankin Scale scores at discharge. Treated survivors showed a decreased need for shunt placement (2 [22%] of 9 patients versus 5 [83%] of 6 control subjects, P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study shows that IVen tPA administration is feasible without complications after SAH and may be associated with better outcomes. These results warrant a randomized clinical trial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. pvarelas@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Panayiotis N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Varelas
authors.forename: Kim L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rickert
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cusick
authors.forename: Lotfi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hacein-Bey
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sinson
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torbey
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spanaki
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Gennarelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000098:blood supply; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator