title: Risk factors for stroke following coronary artery bypass operations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the overall complication rates have been decreased significantly in recent years, stroke rates still remain high in patients undergoing coronary bypass operations. This study is designed to evaluate the risk factors for stroke in patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass surgery in an 8-year period in our clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1995 and 2003, 8547 coronary artery operations under cardiopulmonary bypass were performed. Retrospective analysis of the patient files revealed that 75 (0.9%) patients had stroke in the early postoperative period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age of these patients was 62.3 +/- 9.5 years, and 54 (72%) were males. Stroke rate was 1.2% between 1995 and 1998 and this was significantly higher from the stroke rate (0.7%) of the period 1998 to 2003 (p = 0.03). Major technical differences between these two periods were the routine application of preoperative carotid arteries Doppler evaluation and intraoperative epiaortic echocardiography after 1998. Higher age (p = 0.000), female sex (p = 0.005), smoking (p = 0.03), presence of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.01), hypertension (p = 0.008), and left main coronary artery disease (p = 0.001), carotid surgery (p = 0.000), and peripheral vascular disease (p = 0.049) were identified as important risk factors in univariate analysis for stroke development. Higher age (p = 0.000; OR = 21.38), left main coronary artery disease (p = 0.007; OR = 7.26), peripheral vascular disease (p = 0.050; OR = 3.08), and operation date before 1998 (p = 0.012; OR = 6.33) were identified as important risk factors in logistic regression analysis. According to intraoperative epiaortic ultrasonography, operative strategy was changed in 9% of patients. Thirty-seven (49.3%) of the stroke patients died. Female sex (p = 0.023; OR = 5.18) and preoperative hypertension (p = 0.045; OR = 4.03) were observed as significant risk factors for mortality after stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Development of stroke is one of the major reasons of mortality after coronary artery bypass operations. It is essential to take all the measures to prevent this complication, especially in patients with known risk factors. Evaluation of carotid arteries prior to operation and application of routine intraoperative epiaortic echocardiography may in part eliminate stroke.
authors.affiliation: Türkiye Yüksek Ihtisas Eğitim ve Araştirma Hospital, Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic, Ankara, Turkey. maozatik@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mehmet Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ozatik
authors.forename: Mehmet Kamil
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Göl
authors.forename: Iyad
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fansa
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uncu
authors.forename: Seref Alp
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Küçüker
authors.forename: Süha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Küçükaksu
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bayazit
authors.forename: Erol
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sener
authors.forename: Oğuz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Taşdemir
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors; D014421:Turkey; D014463:Ultrasonography