title: National trends in cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor use since market release: nonselective diffusion of a selectively cost-effective innovation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The withdrawal of rofecoxib has highlighted concerns regarding the safety of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. In some patients COX-2 inhibitors may be safer than nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); however, the public health benefit of COX-2 inhibitors depends on their use in patients at higher than normal risk from NSAIDs. We examined trends in COX-2 inhibitor use based on risk for adverse events from NSAIDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (1999-2002) and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (1999-2001), nationally representative surveys of community and hospital-based outpatient practices. The main outcome measure was the proportion of patient visits in which COX-2 inhibitors were prescribed, stratified by risk of adverse gastrointestinal (GI) events from NSAIDs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the visits in which either a COX-2 inhibitor or NSAID was prescribed, the frequency of COX-2 inhibitor use increased from 35% (1999) to 55% (2000) to 61% (2001 and 2002). Among patients with the lowest risk for adverse events from NSAIDs, the proportion receiving a COX-2 inhibitor increased from 12% in 1999 to 35% in 2002. Overall, increases in COX-2 inhibitor use among patients in whom NSAIDs could be used accounted for more than 63% of the growth in COX-2 inhibitor use during the period examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Marked increases in COX-2 inhibitor use have occurred since their release, primarily among patients at low risk for adverse events from NSAIDs. These findings demonstrate the challenge of limiting innovative therapies to the settings in which they are initially targeted and maximally beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Harris School of Public Policy Studies, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Carolanne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Randall S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: G Caleb
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007783:Lactones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011336:Probability; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013450:Sulfones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007783:Lactones; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib