title: The impact of two whole blood inline filters on markers of coagulation, complement and cell activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There exists a current lack of information about the impact of different inline filters, used for the leucoreduction of whole blood (WB), on the levels of clotting factors and markers of coagulation, complement and cell activation in plasma. Only a few small comparisons of different types of WB inline filters have been published to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study compared two plasma types of 200 units each. Both study groups were derived from WB, inline-filtered and held for 2 h at 20 degrees between donation and filtration. Then, 200 units (Group A) were filtered using a positively charged polyester filter (Baxter RZ2000) and the other 200 units (Group B) were filtered using an uncharged polyester filter (Fresenius). After filtration, both groups were analysed for fibrinogen, factors V and VIII:C (FV and FVIII:C, respectively), immunoglobulin G (IgG), residual leucocytes and platelets, and markers of coagulation, complement and cell activation. Predonation plasma samples from CPDA1-anticoagulated blood were obtained from 100 different individuals and served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WB inline filtration did not influence fibrinogen, FV, FVIII:C or IgG levels. Neither filter induced thrombin or fibrin formation. The charged filter caused substantial complement activation and neutrophil elastase and platelet factor 4 release. In contrast, the plasma filtered through the uncharged filter showed markedly lower levels of C3a-desArg, C5a, neutrophil elastase and platelet factor 4, and moderately reduced levels of prothrombin fragments 1+2 and D-dimer, compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Filter type has a significant impact on the quality of plasma derived from WB filtered through inline filtration systems. Some filters produce substantial coagulation and complement activation and cell release, while others appear to reduce the plasma levels of activation markers. The clinical significance of these findings remains to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Transfusionszentrale, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Runkel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bach
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haubelt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anders
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hitzler
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hellstern
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D003167:Complement Activation; D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D047589:Leukocyte Reduction Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018375:Neutrophil Activation; D015539:Platelet Activation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers