title: Grain growth and endosperm cell size under high night temperatures in rice (Oryza sativa L.).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High night temperatures are more harmful to grain weight in rice than high day temperatures. Grain growth rate and growth duration were investigated to determine which was the cause of the decrease in final grain weight under high night temperatures. Endosperm cell number and cell sizes were also examined to determine which might cause the decrease in final grain weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rice plants were grown outdoors in plastic pots and moved at heading time to three temperature-controlled glasshouses under high night temperature (HNT; 22/34 degrees C), high day temperature (HDT; 34/22 degrees C) and control conditions (CONT; 22/22 degrees C). Grains were sampled periodically, and the time-course of grain growth was divided into rate and duration by logistic regression analysis. Endosperm cell numbers and cell sizes were analysed by digitalized hand-tracing images of endosperm cross-sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The duration of grain growth was reduced by high temperature both day and night. However, the rate of grain growth was lower in HNT than in HDT. The number of cells in endosperm cross-sections in HNT was similar to that in HDT, and higher than that in CONT. The average cell area was smaller in HNT than in either CONT or HDT. The differences in average cell areas between HNT and HDT were greater at distances 60-80 % from the central point of endosperm towards the endosperm surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that HNT compared with HDT reduced the final grain weight by a reduction in grain growth rate in the early or middle stages of grain filling, and also reduced cell size midway between the central point and the surface of endosperm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Lowland Farming Research, National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region, Chikugo, Fukuoka 833-0041, Japan. moritas@affrc.go.jp
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Jun-Ichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yonemaru
authors.forename: Jun-Ichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takanashi
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D035264:Flowers / Q000254:growth & development; D007564:Japan; D012275:Oryza / Q000254:growth & development*; D013696:Temperature