title: Increased tissue-type plasminogen activator: a facade in the fibrinolytic system in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: To determine whether the increased concentration in blood of total tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), accompanying increased plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) seen with diabetes reflects increased free t-PA and hence activity or simply increased t-PA complexed with PAI-1, we measured each in 39 people with type 2 diabetes. The increased total t-PA occurred in the absence of an increase in t-PA activity detectable in venous blood samples despite the increase in the concentration of total t-PA protein.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes is known to be associated with increased concentrations in blood of total tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) [free t-PA plus t-PA complexed with plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1)] and PAI-1. This study was performed to determine whether the increased total t-PA is indicative of increased t-PA activity attributable to free t-PA or whether it is simply a manifestation of compensatory processes maintaining t-PA activity detectable in venous blood samples at normal or subnormal levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total t-PA, free t-PA, and PAI-1 antigen and activity were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofunctional chromogenic substrate kinetic assays in peripheral venous blood samples obtained under fasting conditions from 39 people with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicate that both PAI-1 and total t-PA antigen concentrations were increased in association with diabetes but the concentration of free t-PA and hence the t-PA activity was not. Thus, the increased total t-PA is a facade potentially masking the impaired fibrinolytic system activity associated with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the increase in the concentration of total t-PA protein in blood of people with diabetes occurs in the absence of an increase in free t-PA. Hence t-PA activity detectable in peripheral venous blood samples does not increase and may even decline modestly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA. burt.sobel@vtmednet.org
authors.forename: Burton E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Sobel
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tilton
authors.forename: Dagnija
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neimane
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schnure
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1