title: A comparison of treatment combinations with and without radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein and/or inferior vena cava tumor thrombus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the potential role of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) in the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who have portal vein (PV) and/or inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombi.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty-eight patients with HCC who had PV and/or IVC tumor thrombus were reviewed and analyzed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. Forty-four patients with HCC who received local limited EBRT (in addition to other treatment modalities) were classified as the EBRT group. The total radiation dose was 36-60 Gy (median, 50 Gy) and was focused on the tumor thrombi. One hundred fourteen patients with HCC who did not receive EBRT were selected from hospitalized patients with HCC who had PV and/or IVC thrombi during the same period; these were classified as the non-EBRT group, and their intrahepatic tumors were treated with transarterial chemoembolization or resection, on the basis of the patients' status. Parameters observed included survival rates and the tumor thrombus response to EBRT as seen on CT scan or MRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 44 patients who received EBRT, 15 (34.1%) showed complete disappearance of tumor thrombi, 5 (11.4%) were in partial remission, 23 (52.3%) were stable in their tumor thrombi, and 1 (2.3%) showed disease progression at the end of the study period. The median survival was 8 months, and the 1-year survival rate was 34.8% in the EBRT group. In the non-EBRT group, the median survival and 1-year survival rates were 4 months and 11.4%, respectively. In stepwise multivariate analysis, EBRT showed a strongly protective value (relative risk = 0.324, p < 0.001). Survival was not related to intrahepatic tumor status in the non-EBRT patients. However, in the EBRT group, poorer prognosis was significantly related to intrahepatic multifocal or diffusion lesions, and the most common reason for death was liver failure caused by uncontrolled intrahepatic disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although EBRT is palliative in intent, it is preferred for prolonging survival in the treatment of tumor thrombi.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China. zczeng@zshospital.net
authors.forename: Zhao-Chong
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Zhao-You
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Lun-Xiu
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Jian-Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hui-Chuan
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Bin-Liang
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jian-Ying
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Guo-Liang
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Yu-Qi
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011169:Portal Vein; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*