title: Gender differences in stress reactivity among cocaine-dependent individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent investigations suggest that stress reactivity may play an important role in the relationship between stress and substance use. Important gender differences, such as reasons for using substances, have been well documented, and it is likely that men and women also differ in their stress response.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, gender differences in stress reactivity to two laboratory stress manipulations were examined among 18 men and 21 women with current cocaine dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed a psychological stress task, the Mental Arithmetic Task (MAT), and a physical stress task, the Cold Pressor Task (CPT). Subjective stress responses (i.e., feelings of stress, anxiety, nervousness, pain, mood), physiological stress responses (i.e., heart rate, skin conductance), and cocaine craving were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In response to both the MAT and the CPT, significant increases in subjective and physiological stress were observed among participants. Women, however, demonstrated greater subjective reactivity, as evidenced by significantly higher ratings of stress, nervousness, and pain as compared to men. Women also immersed their hand in the cold water bath for a significantly shorter period of time as compared to men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current findings are among the first to report on gender differences in stress reactivity among cocaine-dependent individuals. The findings suggest that the mechanisms linking stress and substance use may be gender-specific, and that stress reactivity may play a different role for women than for men. Future research and implications for clinical interventions are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, PO Box 250861, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. backs@musc.edu
authors.forename: Sudie E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Back
authors.forename: Kathleen T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: Joan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Seoka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salstrom
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zinzow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology*