title: The pro-inflammatory mediator leukotriene D4 induces phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Rac-dependent migration of intestinal epithelial cells.
abstract: Inflammatory bowel diseases are associated with increased risk of developing colon cancer. A possible role of the pro-inflammatory leukotriene D4 (LTD4) in this process has been implicated by the findings that LTD4 can signal increased proliferation and survival, both hallmarks of a cancer cell, in non-transformed intestinal epithelial cells. Here we make the novel finding that LTD4 can also signal increased motility in these cells. In parallel, we found that LTD4 induced a simultaneous transient 10-fold increase in Rac but not Cdc42 activity. These data were also supported by the ability of LTD4 to activate the Rac GDP/GTP exchange factor Vav2. Further, LTD4 triggered a 3-fold transient increase in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) phosphorylation, a possible upstream activator of the Vav2/Rac signaling pathway. The activation of Rac was blocked by the PI3K inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin and by transfection of a kinase-negative mutant of PI3K or a dominant-negative form of Vav2. Furthermore, Rac was found to co-localize with actin in LTD4-generated membrane ruffles that were formed by a PI3K-dependent mechanism. In accordance, the inhibition of the PI3K and Rac signaling pathway also blocked the LTD4-induced migration of the intestinal cells. The present data reveal that an inflammatory mediator such as LTD4 cannot only increase proliferation and survival of non-transformed intestinal epithelial cells but also, via a PI3K/Rac signaling pathway, trigger a motile response in such cells. These data demonstrate the capacity of inflammatory mediators to participate in the process by which inflammatory bowel conditions increase the risk for colon cancer development.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sailaja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paruchuri
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Broom
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dib
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sjölander
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D022081:Cell Surface Extensions / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D019206:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D017998:Leukotriene D4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051567:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D019206:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go; D017998:Leukotriene D4; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D021122:Protein Subunits; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051567:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins; C093651:VAV2 protein, human