title: In vivo evaluation of 3-O-alkyl ester transdermal prodrugs of naltrexone in hairless guinea pigs.
abstract: Naltrexone (NTX) is a potent competitive antagonist with high affinity for the mu-opioid receptor. Therapeutically, NTX is used for the treatment of alcohol dependence and opioid addiction; however, it does not have the ideal physicochemical properties necessary to achieve therapeutic plasma concentrations via the transdermal route. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the in vivo transdermal delivery of three 3-O-alkyl ester prodrugs of NTX, including NTX-3-O-acetate (ACE-NTX), NTX-3-O-propionate (PROP-NTX), and NTX-3-O-hexanoate (HEX-NTX) in hairless guinea pigs. The pharmacokinetic parameters for NTX and the 3-O-alkyl ester prodrugs of NTX were determined after intravenous drug administration and topical drug application of transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS) in guinea pigs. The results of the in vivo studies showed mean steady-state plasma concentrations of NTX from NTX, ACE-NTX, PROP-NTX and HEX-NTX at 4.2, 25.2, 16.0, and 8.3 ng/mL, respectively. These NTX plasma concentrations were maintained for 48 h. The results of these in vivo studies demonstrated that ACE-NTX and PROP-NTX prodrugs of NTX were the most promising drug candidates for transdermal delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA.
authors.forename: Satyanarayana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valiveti
authors.forename: Dana C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hammell
authors.forename: Kalpana S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Paudel
authors.forename: Mohamed O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Hamad
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Crooks
authors.forename: Audra L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Stinchcomb
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002208:Caproates / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004952:Esters / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010539:Permeability; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011422:Propionates / Q000737:chemistry; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D002208:Caproates; D004952:Esters; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D011355:Prodrugs; D011422:Propionates; D009271:Naltrexone