title: Mechanism of protection from light-induced retinal degeneration by the synthetic antioxidant phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A prior study demonstrated that pretreatment with phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), a synthetic antioxidant and free radical trapping agent, protects rats from light-induced photoreceptor cell death. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the molecular mechanism of PBN neuroprotection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats (5-6 weeks old) raised in dim (5 lux) cyclic light (12 hours ON/OFF) from birth were injected intraperitoneally with PBN or water 30 minutes before exposure to three columns of fluorescent light (approximately 2700 lux intensity) for 0, 3, 6, 12, or 24 hours. mRNA levels were measured by RNase protection assay and DNA fragmentation by TUNEL assay. Activator protein (AP)-1 complex was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Immunocytochemistry and Western blots were used to measure changes in c-fos levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Typical apoptotic features (TUNEL staining and DNA laddering) were seen in rat retinas after 24 hours of continuous exposure to light, but not in PBN-injected rats. FasL, Bax, and caspase-3 were upregulated in a time-dependent manner. PBN treatment markedly inhibited caspase-3 gene expression, but neither PBN nor bright light exposure had any effect on caspase-3 activity. AP-1 activation by exposure to light was inhibited by PBN. Western blot analysis showed that the c-fos protein level increased in the nuclear fraction after a 6-hour exposure to light, but was decreased in PBN-treated rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhibition of c-fos activation by PBN may be the key event in protection. The involvement of oxygen free radicals has been suggested in c-fos activation and the action of PBN could be through its antioxidant activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: Yashige
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kotake
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D005260:Female; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; C494828:Bax protein, rat; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; C505662:Faslg protein, rat; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C029217:phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases