title: The health-related quality of life of male and female heavy smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heavy smokers are a segment of the smoking population who are at increased risk of smoking-related morbidity and least likely to achieve cessation. This study identifies the impact of heavy smoking on quality of life by gender and describes the subpopulation for improved targeting.
  
  
  METHODS
  South Australian representative population data (n = 3010) was used to compare the health-related quality of life status of male and female heavy smokers as assessed by the SF-36.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the smoking population 18% were classified as heavy smokers. There was a clear dose response relationship between amount smoked and deteriorating quality of life for all female smokers. Female heavy smokers were found to be significantly more impaired on all health-related quality of life dimensions, when compared to male heavy smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association of smoking with impaired quality of life is more marked in females than in males. There is a need to identify female smokers as a distinct target group in smoking cessation initiatives and programs.
authors.affiliation: The Health Observatory University of Adelaide, South Australia.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Catherine R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Chittleborough
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kirke
authors.forename: Janet F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ruffin
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D029481:Bronchitis, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012803:Sick Role; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013021:South Australia; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*