title: Auricular acupuncture in the treatment of cocaine/crack abuse: a review of the efficacy, the use of the National Acupuncture Detoxification Association protocol, and the selection of sham points.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The United Kingdom has had a significant increase in addiction to and use of cocaine among 16-29-year olds from 6% in 1998 to 10% in 2000. In 2000, the United Kingdom had the highest recorded consumption of "recent use" cocaine in Europe, with 3.3% of young adults. Acupuncture is quick, inexpensive, and relatively safe, and may establish itself as an important addiction service in the future.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To select investigations that meet the inclusion criteria and critically appraise them in order to answer the question: "Is acupuncture effective in the treatment of cocaine addiction?" The focus shall then be directed toward the use of the National Acupuncture Detoxification Association (NADA) protocol as the intervention and the selection of sham points for the control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ARRC database was accessed from Trina Ward (M. Phil. student) at Thames Valley University. AMED, MEDLINE and Embase were also accessed along with "hand" searching methods at the British Library.
  
  
  METHODS
  People addicted to either cocaine or crack cocaine as their main addiction, needle-acupuncture, single-double-blinded process, randomized subjects, a reference group incorporating a form of sham points.
  
  
  METHODS
  use of moxibustion, laser acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) electroacupuncture or conditions that did not meet the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  The criteria set by ter Riet, Kleijnen and Knipschild (in 1990); Hammerschlag and Morris (in 1990); Koes, Bouter and van der Heijden (in 1995), were modified into one set of criteria consisting of 27 different values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. All studies scored over 60 points indicating a relatively adequate methodology quality. The mean was 75 and the standard deviation was 6.80. A linear regression analysis did not yield a statistically significant association (n = 6, p = 0.11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review could not confirm that acupuncture was an effective treatment for cocaine abuse. The NADA protocol of five treatment points still offers the acupuncturist the best possible combination of acupuncture points based upon Traditional Chinese Medicine. Throughout all the clinical trials reviewed, no side-effects of acupuncture were noted. This paper calls for the full set of 5 treatment points as laid out by the NADA to be included as the treatment intervention. Points on the helix, other than the liver yang points, should be selected as sham points for the control group.
authors.affiliation: attiliodalberto@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Attilio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Alberto
mesh_terms: D015669:Acupuncture Points; D020831:Acupuncture, Ear / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000628:therapy; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D016578:Crack Cocaine; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine