title: Prevalence, incidence, and etiology of epilepsies in rural Honduras: the Salamá Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determination of epilepsy etiology in population-based studies is difficult because of the high cost of diagnostic tests. However, cost-effectiveness may be proven if preventive public-health strategies can be established from the test results. We report an epilepsy population-based study using clinical and laboratory techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  A medical team administered an epilepsy survey to 88% of the residents by census in the rural county of Salamá, Honduras. Ninety of 100 participants identified with active epilepsy underwent a neurologic examination, video-electroencephalography (video-EEG), brain computed tomography (CT) scan, and serum enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) for cysticercosis. Final diagnoses were based on the International League Against Epilepsy classifications for seizures and epilepsy syndromes. Combined epidemiologic, clinical, video-EEG, neuroimaging, and serum EITB assays were used for the diagnosis of epilepsy etiologies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 6,473 residents surveyed, 151 persons with epilepsy (prevalence rate, 23.3/1,000) were identified, 100 of whom had active epilepsy (15.4/1,000) on the prevalence day. Incidence was determined to be 92.7/100,000. Partial seizures with or without secondary generalization were common (92.2%). Symptomatic epilepsy (62%) was primarily due to neurocysticercosis (37%), perinatal brain damage (8%), post-traumatic (3%), and poststroke (2%). Eight percent were idiopathic, and 30% were cryptogenic (unknown cause).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptomatic epilepsies primarily explained the high prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in Salamá. Integration of video-EEG and brain CT scan with clinical-epidemiologic evaluation was critical for determination of epilepsy etiology. Establishment of specific programs for continuation of epidemiologic surveillance, education, intervention, and long-term follow-up will benefit the Salamá region.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Training Program, Postgraduate Direction, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Honduras. macrotmedina@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Marco T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: Reyna M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Durón
authors.forename: Lisandro
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: Juan Ramón
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Osorio
authors.forename: Ana L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Estrada
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zúniga
authors.forename: Dora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cartagena
authors.forename: Julianne S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Kenton R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Holden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006721:Honduras / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020019:Neurocysticercosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014743:Videotape Recording