title: Sodium ascorbate (vitamin C) induces apoptosis in melanoma cells via the down-regulation of transferrin receptor dependent iron uptake.
abstract: Sodium ascorbate (vitamin C) has a reputation for inconsistent effects upon malignant tumor cells, which vary from growth stimulation to apoptosis induction. Melanoma cells were found to be more susceptible to vitamin C toxicity than any other tumor cells. The present study has shown that sodium ascorbate decreases cellular iron uptake by melanoma cells in a dose- and time-dependent fashion, indicating that intracellular iron levels may be a critical factor in sodium ascorbate-induced apoptosis. Indeed, sodium ascorbate-induced apoptosis is enhanced by the iron chelator, desferrioxamine (DFO) while it is inhibited by the iron donor, ferric ammonium citrate (FAC). Moreover, the inhibitory effects of sodium ascorbate on intracellular iron levels are blocked by addition of transferrin, suggesting that transferrin receptor (TfR) dependent pathway of iron uptake may be regulated by sodium ascorbate. Cells exposed to sodium ascorbate demonstrated down-regulation of TfR expression and this precedes sodium ascorbate-induced apoptosis. Taken together, sodium ascorbate-mediated apoptosis appears to be initiated by a reduction of TfR expression, resulting in a down-regulation of iron uptake followed by an induction of apoptosis. This study demonstrates the specific mechanism of sodium ascorbate-induced apoptosis and these findings support future clinical trial of sodium ascorbate in the prevention of human melanoma relapse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Seung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Daeho
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Young-In
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Eunsil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hahm
authors.forename: Yeong Seok
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Shun Nu
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Ha Na
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Daejin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Daeyoung
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.forename: Hyunjeong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Young Il
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Wang Jae
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D007501:Iron / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D012323:RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional / Q000187:drug effects; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin; D007501:Iron; D001205:Ascorbic Acid