title: Analysis of real-time head accelerations in collegiate football players.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure and analyze head accelerations during American collegiate football practices and games.
  
  
  METHODS
  A newly developed in-helmet 6-accelerometer system that transmits data via radio frequency to a sideline receiver and laptop computer system was implemented. From the data transfer of these accelerometer traces, the sideline staff has real-time data including the head acceleration, the head injury criteria value, the severity index value, and the impact location. Data are presented for instrumented players for the entire 2003 football season, including practices and games.
  
  
  METHODS
  American collegiate football.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight players from Virginia Tech's varsity football team.
  
  
  METHODS
  Accelerations and pathomechanics of head impacts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : A total of 3312 impacts were recorded over 35 practices and 10 games for 38 players. The average peak head acceleration, Gadd Severity Index, and Head Injury Criteria were 32 g +/- 25 g, 36 g +/- 91 g, and 26 g +/- 64 g, respectively. One concussive event was observed with a peak acceleration of 81 g, a 267 Gadd Severity Index, and 200 Head Injury Criteria. Because the concussion was not reported until the day after of the event, a retrospective diagnosis based on his history and clinical evaluation suggested a mild concussion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The primary finding of this study is that the helmet-mounted accelerometer system proved effective at collecting thousands of head impact events and providing contemporaneous head impact parameters that can be integrated with existing clinical evaluation techniques.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Tech-Wake Forest Center for Injury Biomechanics, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. duma@vt.edu
authors.forename: Stefan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Duma
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Manoogian
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Bussone
authors.forename: P Gunnar
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Brolinson
authors.forename: Mike W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Goforth
authors.forename: Jesse J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Donnenwerth
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Crisco
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019876:Sports Equipment; D013686:Telemetry / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors