Junior physicians' workplace experiences in clinical fields in German-speaking Switzerland.
OBJECTIVE
To date, there have been several prospective cohort studies investigating the workplace experiences of junior physicians, but with limited focus on gender issues. The objective of the present study is to explore the workplace experiences of first-year residents according to gender, type of training hospital, and clinical field.


METHODS
Data reported are from the second assessment of the longitudinal Swiss physicians' career development study, begun in 2001. In 2003, 497 residents (54.7% females, 45.3% males) assessed their workplace conditions, social support at work, and effort-reward imbalance.


RESULTS
There are few, but relevant, gender related differences in workplace experiences, with female physicians experiencing less mentoring and higher over-commitment, yet more positive social relationships at work. In a multivariate model, significant differences in some workplace variables with regard to type of training hospital and/or clinical field are found: workplace conditions are rated worse in type "A" hospitals (university and cantonal hospitals) than in type "B"/"C"/"D" hospitals (regional hospitals and highly specialised units), and in surgical fields than in internal medicine. In "A" hospitals mentoring is assessed as better, but positive social relationships as worse. Both scales are rated worse in surgical fields than in internal medicine. The effort-reward imbalance (ERI) is rated significantly higher (unfavourable) in "A" hospitals than in "B"/"C"/"D" hospitals, regardless of gender and clinical field. Significantly more subjects with an ERI quotient above 1 (which is unfavourable) work in "A" hospitals, and in surgical fields regardless of hospital type. Of the total sample, 81 subjects (16.3%), 41 males and 40 females, show an ERI quotient above 1. The greater the workload, the worse the rating of workplace conditions, effort-reward imbalance, and over-commitment.


CONCLUSIONS
Institutional determinants are crucial factors for the workplace experiences and first career steps of junior physicians. Medical educators, especially those in "A" hospitals, should become more involved in structured residency programs and be aware of potential gender inequalities in the career support of female physicians.
Buddeberg-Fischer
Barbara
B
Department of Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland. Barbara.buddeberg@uzs.ch
Klaghofer
Richard
R
Abel
Thomas
T
Buddeberg
Claus
C
D000328:Adult; D002321:Career Choice; D002322:Career Mobility; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006272:Health Facility Environment; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital; D012737:Sex Factors; D013557:Switzerland; D016526:Workload; D017132:Workplace