title: Pro-active call center treatment support (PACCTS) to improve glucose control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether Pro-Active Call Center Treatment Support (PACCTS), using trained nonmedical telephonists supported by specially designed software and a diabetes nurse, can effectively improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled implementation trial of 1-year duration was conducted in Salford, U.K. The trial comprised 591 randomly selected individuals with type 2 diabetes. By random allocation, 197 individuals were assigned to the usual care (control) group and 394 to the PACCTS (intervention) group. Lifestyle advice and drug treatment in both groups followed local guidelines. PACCTS patients were telephoned according to a protocol with the frequency of calls proportional to the last HbA(1c) level. The primary outcome was absolute reduction in HbA(1c), and the secondary outcome was the proportion of patients reducing HbA(1c) by at least 1%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 332 patients (84%) in the PACCTS group and 176 patients (89%) in the control group completed the study. Final HbA(1c) values were available in 374 patients (95%) in the PACCTS group and 180 patients (92%) in the usual care group. Compared with usual care, HbA(1c) improved by 0.31% (95% CI 0.11-0.52, P = 0.003) overall in the PACCTS patients. For patients with baseline HbA(1c) >7%, the improvement increased to 0.49% (0.21-0.77, P < 0.001), whereas in patients with baseline HbA(1c) <7% there was no change. The difference in the proportions of patients achieving a >/=1% reduction in HbA(1c) significantly favored the PACCTS intervention: 10% (4-16, P < 0.001) overall and 15% (7-24, P < 0.001) for patients with baseline HbA(1c) >7%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an urban Caucasian trial population with blood glucose HbA(1c) >7%, PACCTS facilitated significant improvement in glycemic control. Further research should extend the validity of findings to rural communities and other ethnic groups, as well as to smoking and lipid and blood pressure control.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes & Endocrinology, Hope Hospital, Salford M6 8HD, UK. bob.young@srht.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Friede
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hollis
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Edna
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Andrew F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gambling
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: New
authors.forename: J Martin
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gibson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012944:Social Support; D012984:Software; D013689:Telephone
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin