title: Phosphodiesterase inhibitors stimulate osteoclast formation via TRANCE/RANKL expression in osteoblasts: possible involvement of ERK and p38 MAPK pathways.
abstract: Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that degrade intracellular cAMP. In the present study, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) and pentoxifylline, PDE inhibitors, induced osteoclast formation in cocultures of mouse bone marrow cells and calvarial osteoblasts. These inhibitors induced the expression of the osteoclast differentiation factor, TNF-related activation induced cytokine (TRANCE, identical to RANKL, ODF, and OPGL), in calvarial osteoblasts. IBMX induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in osteoblasts. Induction of TRANCE expression by IBMX was partially suppressed by the inhibitors of protein kinase A (PKA), ERK, and p38 MAPK, suggesting that activation of ERK and p38 MAPK, as well as PKA, is involved in TRANCE expression by IBMX. Osteoblasts expressed PDE4, a PDE subtype, and rolipram, a selective inhibitor of PDE4, induced TRANCE expression. These results suggest that PDE4 is a key regulator of TRANCE expression in osteoblasts, which in turn controls osteoclast formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Masamichi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takami
authors.forename: Eun Sook
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Soo Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ryutaro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kamijo
authors.forename: Mijung
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yim
mesh_terms: D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; C505687:Tnfrsf11a protein, mouse; C505689:Tnfsf11 protein, mouse; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine