title: Carpal bone size and scaling in men versus in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to quantify carpal bone size, to determine whether gender influences carpal size, and to determine whether small and large carpal bones differ in size only by simple isometric scaling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cortical surfaces of all carpal bones in both wrists of 14 women and 14 men (ages 22-34 y) were reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) volume images. Carpal volume and bounding-box dimensions in 3 orthogonal directions were calculated and compared across genders. An average set of carpal bones were then scaled mathematically by a single factor in all directions (scaled isometrically) and compared across carpal bones of all sizes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although female carpal bones were significantly smaller than male carpal bones, individual carpal volume as a percentage of the volume of the entire carpus did not differ with gender. The 3 orthogonal bounding-box dimensions of the carpal bones scaled nearly isometrically from the smallest to the largest bones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Across the wide range of wrist sizes studied the individual carpal volumes were a consistent percentage of carpus volume and this percentage did not differ with gender. Despite their complex shape the bounding dimensions of the carpal bones increased isometrically with increasing volume. The extensive database of dimensions provided in this study should be useful in the design and insertion of fixation systems and implants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Brown Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, CORO West, 1 Hoppin Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Crisco
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Coburn
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Upal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D002348:Carpal Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed