title: Combined androgen blockade in the management of advanced prostate cancer: a sensible or ostensible approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To compare the efficacy of orchiectomy alone and orchiectomy plus flutamide in treating patients with advanced carcinoma prostate.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was initiated on 1 July 1997 and closed after enrolling 100 patients on 30 June 2000. Patients were prospectively randomized to orchiectomy alone (O) and orchiectomy plus flutamide (OF). A complete response (CR) was defined as the normalization of bone scans and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels returning to normal (< 4 ng/mL). A partial response (PR) was defined as a 50% reduction in metastasis mass compared to the initial study or a decrease in the PSA level of 50% of the initial value. Progressive disease (PD) was defined as the development of any new hot spot on bone scan or any increase in previously existing PSA level by 25%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 100 patients were entered in the study. The maximum percentage change in PSA levels in both groups was found in the first 3 months after orchiectomy, that is, 95% and 97% for the O and OF groups, respectively. In more than 80% of the patients this decrease in PSA was maintained for 3 years. The mean percentage change at 3 years in the O and OF groups was 70% and 75% (P = 0.95), respectively, and the overall response rate (CR + PR) was 88.50% and 86.53% in the two groups, respectively (P = 0.85). The follow-up period ranged between 3 and 5 years (mean, 3.5 years). The mean time to progression was 27 and 29 months in the O and OF groups, respectively. The overall survival rate at 3 and 5 years in two treatment groups was 45.83% and 48.07%, 20.83% and 23.07% in the O and OF groups, respectively (P = 0.75).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maximum percentage decrease in PSA is seen within the first 3 months of therapy. Orchiectomy alone is as effective as combination therapy in decreasing serum PSA. Overall survival at 3 and 5 years in the orchiectomy only group was as good as that of combination therapy. These data suggest that the routine addition of flutamide to orchiectomy is not advisable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Mohd S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: Narmada P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Ashok K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hemal
authors.forename: Prem N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Dogra
authors.forename: Amlesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seth
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005485:Flutamide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D005485:Flutamide; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen