title: Mid trimester sonographic findings for the prediction of Down syndrome in a sonographically screened population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to report the adjusted effect sizes of mid trimester sonographic findings that are associated with Down syndrome in a sonographically screened population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large prospective single-center cohort study was conducted between March 1993 and December 2002 in South-East Queensland with women who were first scanned between 15 to 22 weeks of gestation. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to relate karyotypically ascertained Down syndrome fetuses and their control counterparts against routinely collected demographic and sonographic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were available for 73 Down-affected and 16,891 unaffected pregnancies. Strong colinearity existed between short humerus and short femurs that necessitated the removal of FL in pursuant multivariable models. In the most parsimonious model, which was adjusted for maternal age and gestational age, pregnancies with thick nuchal skinfold (regression coefficient beta [+/- SE], 2.100 +/- 0.545), short humerus length (regression coefficient beta, 2.304 +/- 0.314), presence of echogenic bowel (regression coefficient beta, 1.602 +/- 0.412), presence of echogenic intracardiac focus (regression coefficient beta, 1.975 +/- 0.308), presence of renal pelvic dilation (regression coefficient beta, 1.281 +/- 0.420), presence of aneuploid associated anomalies (regression coefficient beta, 4.473 +/- 0.535), the interaction between gestational age and thick nuchal skinfold (regression coefficient beta, 0.465 +/- 0.210), and the interaction between short humerus length and the presence of aneuploid associated anomalies (regression coefficient beta, -1.693 +/- 0.811) all were associated significantly with Down syndrome risk (all P < .05). Adjusted relative risk estimates were substantially different from their crude estimates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routinely collected mid trimester sonographic findings are associated significantly with Down syndrome risk in a sonographically screened population after accounting for maternal age and gestational age. Because of dependencies between ultrasonic findings, risk estimates should be derived from appropriate multivariable models.
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. p.schuluter@sph.uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schluter
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pritchard
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009333:Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011793:Queensland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*