title: Rhinoplasty approaches: current state of the art.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To survey rhinoplasty surgeons to determine their current approaches and the reason for their use, how they have acquired their knowledge, and trends in the use of open and closed approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rhinoplasty questionnaire on open and closed rhinoplasty approaches was presented to surgeons attending the annual meetings of the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. The 178 questionnaires were reviewed for analysis, and the results were tabulated by a statistician. Raw data were analyzed and cross-tabulations of specific subsets were reviewed. Main outcome measures included proportion of surgeons in various demographic groups using each technique, preferred incision, reasons for using each technique, usage over the past 5 years, and expected trend in the next 5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the surgeons were in private practice, and most described their practice as otolaryngology (ear, nose, and throat [ENT]), facial plastic surgery (FPS), or ENT/FPS. Of the 178 responding surgeons, 46% had FPS practices and 27% devoted 90% to 100% of their practice to FPS. Most perform 100 or fewer rhinoplasties annually, and 23% perform open rhinoplasty 90% to 100% of the time. Sixty-three percent of FPS surgeons and 55% of ENT/FPS surgeons perform open septorhinoplasty (OSR) more than 50% of the time. Surgeons learn OSR mostly during residency (56%) and in didactic courses (51%) and learn closed rhinoplasty mostly during residency (75%). The most common indications for open rhinoplasty were difficult tip surgery (74%), revision procedures (73%), and grafting procedures (68%). Simple tip (65%) and simple dorsal (73%) procedures were common indications for closed rhinoplasty. The preferred incision for open rhinoplasty was the inverted "V" transcolumellar gull wing (58%); for closed rhinoplasty, cartilage delivery (48%) and intercartilaginous (28%). Most surgeons performed OSR at the same frequency during the past 5 years and expected to use OSR at the same frequency in the next 5 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, 53% of respondents used OSR more than 50% of the time. The movement toward open rhinoplasty seems to be plateauing, with a possible slight upward trend in its use. Over the past 5 years, there was still some trend toward the increasing use of the OSR approach, and most surgeons are performing OSR at the same frequency. Those with more than 5 years' experience believe that they are unlikely to change their approach in the next 5 years. Open septorhinoplasty may be indicated for rhinoplasties by a large proportion of surgeons, especially for rhinoplasties that are "difficult" or revisions or those requiring grafting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. peter.adamson@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Adamson
authors.forename: Suzanne K Doud
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Galli
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D006801:Humans; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires