title: Biomechanical evaluation of an expansive pedicle screw in calf vertebrae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the effect of the improvement of fixation strength of a newly designed expansive pedicle screw through biomechanical analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  100 (200 pedicles) fresh calf lumber vertebrae were used. A total of four instrumentation systems were tested including CDH (CD Horizon), USS (Universal Spine System pedicle screw), Tenor (Sofamor Denek) and expansive pedicle screw (EPS). Pullout and turning-back tests were performed to compare the holding strength of the expansive pedicle screw with conventional screws, i.e. USS, CDH and Tenor. Revision tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the expansive pedicle screw as a "rescue" revision screw. A fatigue simulation using perpendicular load up to 1,500,000 cycles was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The turning back torque (Tmax) and pull-out force (Fmax) of EPS were significantly greater than those of USS, Tenor and CDH screws (6.5 mm x 40 mm). In revision tests, the Fmax of both kinds of EPS (6.5 mm x 40 mm; 7.0 mm x 40 mm) were greater than that of CDH, USS and Tenor screws significantly (P<0.05). No screws were broken or bent at the end of fatigue tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EPS can significantly improve the bone purchase and the pull-out strength compared to USS, Tenor and CDH screws with similar dimensions before and after failure simulation. The fatigue characteristic of EPS is similar to that of CDH, USS and Tenor screws.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an 710032, China. leiwei@fmmu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Zi-xiang
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D002417:Cattle; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008422:Materials Testing; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013718:Tensile Strength