title: Stone disease in the Hmong of Minnesota: initial description of a high-risk population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Hmong are an ethically distinct refugee population from the highlands of Laos. Metropolitan Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota is home to the largest population of Hmong ( 40,000) outside Asia. A clinical impression that the Hmong have a high rate of uric acid stone disease was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was performed. All adult Hmong patients seen between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2001, by a large urology group practice (N = 205) were compared with a similar number of non-Hmong patients (N = 204).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of these patients, 94 Hmong (46%) and 23 non-Hmong (11%) patients had stone disease (P < 0.001). After addition of 75 non-Hmong stone patients to create a suitable comparison group, a total of 86 Hmong and 88 non-Hmong stone patients had complete records. Sex (57% v 60% male) and mean age (47.9 v 47.3 years) were similar. Staghorn calculi were found in 21 Hmong (24%) and 0 non-Hmong patients (P < 0.001). Surgical treatments differed between Hmong and non-Hmong (P = 0.004): SWL (16 v 35), ureteroscopy (24 v 29), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (19 v 7), and nephrectomy (5 v 0). Treatment for staghorn calculi was refused by 9 Hmong patients (43%). Stone composition was available in 40 Hmong and 39 non-Hmong. Uric acid (>10%) was found in 50% of Hmong and 10% of non-Hmong stones (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hmong patients who come to urologic attention tend to do so for stone disease and tend to have uric acid calculi. The frequent requirement for invasive therapy, including nephrectomy, in the Hmong is of concern.
authors.affiliation: Metro Urology, Fort Road Medical Building, 360 Sherman Street, Suite 400, St. Paul, MN 55102, USA. aportis@metro-urology.com
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Portis
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hermans
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Culhane-Pera
authors.forename: Gary C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Curhan
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000601:surgery; D007812:Laos / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000601:surgery; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid