title: Endogenous nitric oxide activation protects against cigarette smoking induced apoptosis in endothelial cells.
abstract: Cigarette-induced endothelial dysfunction could be an early mediator of atherosclerosis. In this study, we explored the mechanisms of cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) apoptosis. We found that 10-65% of HAECs underwent apoptotic changes when HAECs were exposed to 0.001-0.02 cigarette equivalent unit of CSE for 4 h. CSE activated the caspases-3 and 8, the p38 MAP kinase and stress activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (SAPK/JNK). Specific inhibitors of p38 MAP or SAPK/JNK reduced CSE-induced caspase activation. We further showed that eNOS pre-activation by L-arginine reduced endothelial apoptosis from 65% to 5%; and eNOS inhibition by N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester accentuated CSE-induced endothelial apoptosis. We suggest that appropriate endogenous NO production may be an important protective mechanism against smoking-induced endothelial damage.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Muthuswamy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raveendran
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Duraisamy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Senthil
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Budi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Utama
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dudley
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xing Li
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017931:DNA Primers; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D012907:Smoking; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C496314:NOS3 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505530:CASP8 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8; D020169:Caspases