title: Randomized trial of effects of estradiol in combination with either norethisterone acetate or trimegestone on lipids and lipoproteins in postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This double-blind, randomized, multicenter study was designed to compare the blood lipid profiles in postmenopausal women after treatment with either a combined formulation containing estradiol (2 mg) and trimegestone (TMG 0.25 or 0.5 mg) or a standard hormone therapy (HT) containing estradiol and norethisterone acetate.
  
  
  METHODS
  The serum concentrations of several lipids and lipoproteins were measured in this study, which was conducted over 13 cycles, each of 28 days. A total of 487 subjects were included, 349 of whom completed the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The circulating concentrations of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, HDL2 cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo) AI increased from baseline in both estradiol/trimegestone groups, whilst levels of HDL3 cholesterol were unchanged. In contrast, in the estradiol/norethisterone acetate group, HDL cholesterol, HDL3 cholesterol and apo AI concentrations were reduced from baseline, while HDL2 cholesterol remained unchanged. Total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, lipoprotein(a) and apo-B concentrations were reduced in all treatment groups. The concentration of triglycerides was elevated after treatment with the estradiol/trimegestone combinations but was unchanged after treatment with the estradiol/norethisterone acetate combination. The differences in the lipid pattern between the groups may be explained by the different pharmacological properties of the two progestogens: norethisterone exerts an androgenic effect and opposes the estrogen-induced increase in HDL cholesterol, whilst trimegestone has no androgenic effect and does not oppose the estrogenic effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the results of this study suggest that the use of trimegestone in combination with estradiol may be preferable to norethisterone acetate because of the more favorable HDL and apo AI profile.
authors.affiliation: Gynaecology Research Unit, Leicester and Warwick Medical School, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Azzawi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wahab
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sami
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Proudler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stevenson
mesh_terms: D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004739:England; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D000077563:Norethindrone Acetate; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood*; D011397:Promegestone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D001053:Apolipoproteins; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D017270:Lipoprotein(a); C050319:trimegestone; D004958:Estradiol; D002784:Cholesterol; D000077563:Norethindrone Acetate; D011397:Promegestone; D009640:Norethindrone