title: Diagnosis, symptoms, and calcium intakes of individuals with self-reported lactose intolerance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine methods of diagnosis, symptoms, and calcium intake from food and supplements for individuals with self-reported lactose intolerance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey using a mailed questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 189 adults with self-reported lactose intolerance living in the metropolitan area of Vancouver Canada responded to posters or advertisements, and 159 returned completed questionnaires.
  
  
  METHODS
  Methods of diagnosis, symptoms experienced and their severity were self-reported. Estimated calcium intake from food and supplements was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square, Pearson correlation analysis, t-tests and Analysis of Variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants were 47 +/- 15 years of age; 72% female and 28% male; 67% Caucasian; and 54% had self-diagnosed their lactose intolerance. Of the 42% diagnosed by a physician, only 10% had been diagnosed by valid tests. Mean estimated food calcium intake was 591 +/- 382 mg/d and did not differ between those who were self- or physician-diagnosed. Only 11.5% of participants met their age-appropriate Adequate Intake (AI) from food calcium sources alone. Calcium supplements were used by 65% and provided an average of 746 +/- 703 mg calcium/day to those who used them; mean intakes of this group met the AI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium intake from food sources alone is inadequate to meet the AI in individuals with self-reported lactose intolerance. Physicians managing lactose intolerance need current information on how the AI can be met through appropriate food choices and possible supplementation.
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C., CANADA V6T 1Z4.
authors.forename: Heather Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lovelace
authors.forename: Susan I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Barr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007787:Lactose Intolerance / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary