title: Abnormalities in visually guided saccades suggest corticofugal dysregulation in never-treated schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have reported intact visually guided saccades in schizophrenia, but these are limited by potential acute and long-term pharmacological treatment effects, small sample sizes, and a failure to follow patients over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Visually guided saccades were examined in 44 antipsychotic-naive patients experiencing their first episode of schizophrenia prior to treatment and again after 6, 26, and 52 weeks of antipsychotic treatment. Thirty-nine matched healthy individuals were followed over the same period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before treatment, patients showed faster saccade latencies to unpredictable visual targets, suggesting reduced inhibitory regulation of brainstem saccade generators by neocortical attentional systems. Risperidone treatment reduced this deficit, suggesting a facilitation of attentional function, but haloperidol treatment did not. However, there was also a modest decline in saccade accuracy after risperidone treatment. The ability to sustain fixation of static central and peripheral targets was unimpaired before and after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide evidence for impairments in neocortical attentional systems that cause reduced corticofugal regulation of brainstem systems in schizophrenia. This dysfunction appears to be minimized by the atypical antipsychotic risperidone but at the cost of a subtle reduction in saccade accuracy, possibly mediated via adverse effects on cerebellar vermis function.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognitive Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Margret S H
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Matcheri S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Keshavan
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sweeney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D019579:Neocortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D018967:Risperidone / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012438:Saccades / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D006220:Haloperidol; D018967:Risperidone