title: The intensity of auditory warning tones in the automobile environment: detection and preference evaluations.
abstract: A variety of auditory warning tones was evaluated to determine generally appropriate intensity levels for presentation in the automobile environment. Twenty-four subjects listened to tones presented at several intensity levels under three background noise conditions recorded in actual vehicles: relatively quiet (35 mile/h (56 km/h), smooth road), relatively loud (55 mile/h (89 km/h), rough road), and radio (35 mile/h (56 km/h), smooth road, and radio broadcast). Data were gathered on the minimum intensity level (in decibels (dB) above the masked threshold (MT) required to achieve a consistent criterion detection rate, as well as the preferred tone intensity level (in dB above the MT) in each background noise condition. The preferred levels were louder than those required to achieve the detection criterion in both the relatively loud and quiet background noise conditions; thus, the preferred levels are the recommended levels under those conditions. This was not the case in the radio condition; therefore, it is recommended that future research efforts evaluate the effects of automatically muting the radio/stereo system when important auditory warning tones are being presented.
authors.affiliation: North Carolina State University, Department of Industrial Engineering, Human Factors Laboratory, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7906, USA.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Antin
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lauretta
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Wolf