title: Influence of surface and heat treatments on the flexural strength of Y-TZP dental ceramic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the investigation was to assess the influence of sandblasting, grinding, grinding orientation, polishing and heat treatment on the flexural strength of a yittria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals ceramic (Y-TPZ).
  
  
  METHODS
  The specimens (160 beams) were equally divided into four groups according to the surface treatment (sandblasted, polished, ground parallel to the tensile axis, ground perpendicular). Twenty specimens from each group underwent heat treatment under the firing conditions used to fire a layer of porcelain and glaze. After treatment, the three-point flexure test was used to calculate the flexural strength and X-ray diffraction analysis was used to estimate the relative amount of monoclinic phase. The reliability of strength was assessed through the Weibull distribution. Statistical analysis was conducted with multiple regression analysis, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's pairwise multiple comparisons. Treated and fractured surfaces were observed with SEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following values of strength and relative content of monoclinic phase of zirconia were measured for each group: sandblasted (1540MPa; 9.5%); ground parallel (1330MPa; 8.3%); ground perpendicular (1525MPa; 8.3%); ground parallel and heated (1225MPa; monoclinic content not detectable); ground perpendicular and heated (1185MPa; monoclinic content not detectable); polished and heated (1165MPa; monoclinic content not detectable); polished (1095MPa; 0.8%); sandblasted and heated (955MPa; 0.3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that sandblasting and grinding may be recommended to increase the strength of dental Y-TZP, provided they are not followed by heat treatment. Fine polishing may remove the layer of compressive stresses and therefore, lower the mean flexural strength.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials Science Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, United Dental Hospital, 2 Chalmers Street, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia. mgua2483@mail.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guazzato
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quach
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albakry
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Swain
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry; D019245:Compressive Strength; D003775:Dental Polishing; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004548:Elasticity; D017276:Friction; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008422:Materials Testing; D018583:Pliability; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D015019:Yttrium; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D003776:Dental Porcelain; D015019:Yttrium; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide; C091417:yttria