title: Development of a 3D model of the equine distal forelimb and of a GRF shoe for noninvasive determination of in vivo tendon and ligament loads and strains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As critical locomotion events (e.g. high-speed and impacts during racing, jump landing) may contribute to tendinopathies, in vivo recording of gaits kinematic and dynamic parameters is essential for 3D reconstruction and analysis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To propose a 3D model of the forelimb and a ground reaction force recording shoe (GRF-S) for noninvasively quantifying tendon and ligament loads and strains.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bony segments trajectories of forelimbs placed under a power press were recorded using triads of ultrasonic kinematic markers linked to the bones. Compression cycles (from 500-6000 N) were applied for different hoof orientations. Locations of tendon and ligament insertions were recorded with regard to the triads. The GRF-S recorded GRF over the hoof wall and used four 3-axis force sensors sandwiched between a support shoe and the shoe to be tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Validation of the model by comparing calculated and measured superficial digital flexor tendon strains, and evaluation of the role of proximal interphalangeal joint in straight sesamoidean ligament and oblique sesamoidean ligament strains, were successfully achieved. Objective comparisons of the 3 components of GRF over the hoof for soft and hard grounds could be recorded, where the s.d. of GRF norm was more important on hard ground at walk and trot.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Soft grounds (sand and rubber) dissipate energy by lowering GRF amplitude and diminish bounces and vibrations at impact. At comparable speed, stance phase was longer on soft sand ground.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The conjugate use of the GRF-S and the numerical model would help to quantify and analyse ground/shoe combination on comfort, propulsion efficiency or lameness recovery.
authors.affiliation: UMR INRA-ENVA de Biomécanique et Pathologie Locomotrice du Cheval, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rollot
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lecuyer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chateau
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Crevier-Denoix
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D005552:Forelimb / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D012775:Shoes; D013710:Tendons / Q000502:physiology*; D014033:Toe Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D014463:Ultrasonography