title: Heat-transfer dynamics during cryogen spray cooling of substrate at different initial temperatures.
abstract: Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is used to minimize the risk of epidermal damage during laser dermatologic therapy. However, the dominant mechanisms of heat transfer during the transient cooling process are incompletely understood. The objective of this study is to elucidate the physics of CSC by measuring the effect of initial substrate temperature (T0) on cooling dynamics. Cryogen was delivered by a straight-tube nozzle onto a skin phantom. A fast-response thermocouple was used to record the phantom temperature changes before, during and after the cryogen spray. Surface heat fluxes (q") and heat-transfer coefficients (h) were computed using an inverse heat conduction algorithm. The maximum surface heat flux (q"max) was observed to increase with T0. The surface temperature corresponding to q"max also increased with T0 but the latter has no significant effect on h. It is concluded that heat transfer between the cryogen spray and skin phantom remains in the nucleate boiling region even if T0 is 80 degrees C.
authors.affiliation: Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612-1475, USA. wjia@uci.edu
authors.forename: Wangcun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.forename: Guo-Xiang
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J Stuart
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000335:Aerosol Propellants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000465:Algorithms; D003080:Cold Temperature; D017679:Cryotherapy; D006358:Hot Temperature; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000335:Aerosol Propellants; D014867:Water