title: Rates of drug resistance and risk factor analysis in civilian and prison patients with tuberculosis in Samara Region, Russia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV rates continue to escalate in Russia, but true rates for drug resistance, especially multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB), are unknown. A study was conducted with the aims of identifying first line drug resistance, both in the civilian and prison sectors, for new and previously treated cases; and risk factors for the development of drug resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional survey was undertaken of 600 patients (309 civilians, 291 prisoners) with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB over a 1 year period during 2001-2 in Samara Oblast, Russia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide resistance in new TB cases (civilian and prison patients) was 38.0%, 25.2%, 34.6%, 14.7%, and 7.2%, respectively. The prevalence of MDR TB was 22.7%, 19.8%, and 37.3% in all new cases, new civilian cases, and new prison cases, respectively, with an overall prevalence of 45.5% and 55.3% in previously treated cases. Factors associated with resistance included previous TB treatment for more than 4 weeks, smoking (for isoniazid resistance), the presence of cavitations on the chest radiograph, and imprisonment. HIV was not associated with resistance in all patients. The rates of resistance were significantly higher in prisoners, with rate ratios (RR) of 1.9 (95% CI 1.1 to 3.2) for MDR TB, 1.9 (95% CI 1.1 to 3.2) for rifampicin, and 1.6 (95% CI 1.0 to 2.6) for isoniazid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rates of first line drug resistance are high, particularly in prisoners and previously treated cases. TB control programmes should initially focus on standardised treatment to maximise cure, combined with measures to reduce institutional TB spread (particularly in prisons) coupled with early diagnosis of MDR TB to reduce the spread and development of resistance.
authors.affiliation: HPA Mycobacterium Reference Unit, Department of Microbiology and Infection, Guy's King's and St Thomas' Medical School, King's College Hospital (Dulwich), London SE22 8QF, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruddy
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Balabanova
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fedorin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Malomanova
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Elisarova
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuznetznov
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gusarova
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zakharova
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Melentyev
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krukova
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Golishevskaya
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Erokhin
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dorozhkova
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Drobniewski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011329:Prisoners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology