title: Apoptosis on hepatoma cells but not on primary hepatocytes by histone deacetylase inhibitors valproate and ITF2357.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Due to a particular resistance against conventional chemotherapeutics, palliative treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) is highly ineffective. Recent demonstration of both proliferation-inhibition and apoptosis of hepatoma cells by a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDAC-I) treatment opens up a promising new approach. However, little is known about tumor cell death mechanisms and HDAC-I influences on healthy hepatocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  HDAC-I substances with favourable in vivo profiles, valproate (VPA) and ITF2357, were investigated on HCC cell lines and primary human hepatocytes (PHH). Histone acetylation and apoptosis-modulating proteins were investigated by western-blotting, proliferation by sulforhodamin B binding, toxicity by enzyme release, apoptosis by FACS analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VPA and ITF2357 inhibited proliferation in HCC cell lines. Both substances induced considerable cellular damage in HCC-derived cells, but PHH tolerated these substances well. A downregulation of anti- and upregulation of proapoptotic factors was found. Moreover, Bcl-X(L) transfection into HCC cells abrogated apoptosis induced by both substances, indicating that modulation of intracellular pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins is a key event in VPA or ITF2357 induced tumor-cell death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preferential induction of cell death in HCC-derived cell lines, without toxicity in PHH, demonstrates the potential of VPA and ITF2357 to become promising new tools in the fight against HCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Clinic, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sorin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Armeanu
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pathil
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Venturelli
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mascagni
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Göttlicher
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gregor
authors.forename: Ulrich M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Lauer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bitzer
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D014635:Valproic Acid; C502418:givinostat hydrochloride