title: Early outcome after Glenn shunt and Fontan palliation and the impact of operation during viral respiratory season: analysis of a 19-year multi-institutional experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was done to investigate the impact of season of operation, age at operation, and surgical era on short-term outcome after single ventricle palliation. One small study suggests that operation during viral respiratory season is associated with prolonged pleural effusion and hospitalization. Single-institution studies also find improved outcomes after the Glenn shunt and Fontan over time, despite operation at a younger age.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium (PCCC) database for Fontan (n = 2,713) and Glenn shunt (n = 2,239) performed between 1982 and 2000 was utilized. Death during initial hospitalization and length of stay after each procedure were investigated. Viral respiratory season was defined as the interval of November to March.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mortality rate after Fontan was higher during the viral respiratory season (14 versus 11%, p = 0.03) and in children under age 2 years. Glenn shunt mortality was higher with operation before age of 120 days, but was not affected by operation during viral respiratory season. Age at operation for the Fontan procedure has decreased with declines in hospital mortality (14% to 7%, p < 0.0001) and hospital stay (14 to 11 days, p < 0.0001) comparing 1992 to 1995 with 1996 to 2000.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fontan procedure performed during viral respiratory season is associated with an increased mortality. Short-term mortality and morbidity after the Glenn and Fontan procedures have improved in the recent era. Operation in the youngest age groups may adversely impact mortality.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA. nicolas_r@kids.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Ramzi T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Nicolas
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hills
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Moller
authors.forename: Charles B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Huddleston
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017507:Comoros; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D016896:Treatment Outcome