title: Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in an adult type 1 diabetes population and a comparable general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in a population-representative sample of adults with type 1 diabetes and comparable nondiabetic control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2000-2002, the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes Study enrolled 1,416 individuals aged 19-56 years with no known history of coronary artery disease: 652 type 1 diabetic patients (46% male, mean age 37 years) and 764 nondiabetic control subjects (50% male, mean age 39 years). Subjects were asked if they had been told by a physician that they had hypertension or were on a blood pressure medication. Blood pressure was measured using standardized Joint National Committee (JNC) protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type 1 diabetic subjects, compared with nondiabetic subjects, had higher rates of hypertension prevalence (43 vs. 15%, P < 0.001), awareness (53 vs. 45%, P = 0.11), treatment (87 vs. 47%, P < 0.001), and control (55 vs. 32%, P < 0.001) for the JNC 6 goal (130/85 mmHg). Only 42% of all type 1 diabetic hypertensive subjects met the new JNC 7 goal (130/80 mmHg). Type 1 diabetic subjects had better blood pressure control (72 vs. 32%, P < 0.0001), using 140/90 mmHg as a common measure. The majority of treated subjects were on a single antihypertensive agent (75 vs. 64%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with type 1 diabetes have higher rates of hypertension prevalence, treatment, and control than nondiabetic subjects. However, hypertension remains largely uncontrolled, even if treated in high-risk populations, such as type 1 diabetic subjects and undiagnosed individuals in the general population. Achieving more stringent blood pressure goals will require increased attention and may necessitate the use of multiple antihypertensive agents.
authors.affiliation: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Ave., Denver, CO 80262, USA. david.maahs@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Maahs
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Kinney
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wadwa
authors.forename: Janet K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Snell-Bergeon
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dabelea
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hokanson
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.forename: Satish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Eckel
authors.forename: Marian J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rewers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents