title: Gamma knife surgery for brain metastases from lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors conducted a study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of gamma knife surgery (GKS) for the treatment of brain metastases from lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between February 1993 and May 2003 191 patients underwent treatment for 424 brain metastases from non-small (171 cases) and small cell lung carcinoma (20 cases). Imaging and clinical status were monitored every 3 months following the treatment. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, Cox proportional hazards regression for risk factor analysis, and nonparametric methods for evaluating tumor response were used. There was no difference in median survival following combined whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and gamma knife surgery (14 months) and GKS alone (15 months). There was also no difference between the median survival rates for either tumor type. In the multivariate analysis, age less than 65 years, Karnofsky Performance Scale score greater than 70, normal neurological status, multiple GKS treatments, and pre-GKS craniotomy were related to longer survival. Tumor control rates varied according to the volume of the metastases and were as follows: 84.4% (< 0.5 cm3), 94% (0.5-2 cm3), 89.1% (2-4 cm3), 93.4% (4-8 cm3), 85.7% (8-14 cm3), and 87.5% (> 14 cm3). Four lesions required post-GKS craniotomy due to swelling or rapid tumor progression. The rate of tumor shrinkage was higher when a volume was 2 cm3, lower in cystic lesions, lower in tumors with previous WBRT, and lower for margin doses less than 14 Gy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk-benefit ratio of GKS in this series was satisfactory. There was no difference in response rates of the two tumor types, and WBRT did not improve the duration of survival.
authors.affiliation: Lars Leksell Center of Gamma Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Hung-Chuan
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.forename: Matei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stroila
authors.forename: Melita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: Ladislau
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steiner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015996:Survival Rate; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000528:radiation effects