title: Frequency and management of recurrent stenosis after carotid artery stent implantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the rate of hemodynamically significant recurrent carotid artery (CA) stenosis after stent-assisted angioplasty for CA occlusive disease, the authors analyzed Doppler ultrasonography data that had been prospectively collected between October 1998 and September 2002 for CA stent trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients included in the study participated in at least 6 months of follow-up review with serial Doppler studies or were found to have elevated in-stent velocities (> 300 cm/second) on postprocedure Doppler ultrasonograms. Hemodynamically significant (> or = 80%) recurrent stenosis was identified using the following Doppler criteria: peak in-stent systolic velocity at least 330 cm/second, peak in-stent diastolic velocity at least 130 cm/second, and peak internal carotid artery/common carotid artery velocity ratio at least 3.8. Follow-up studies were obtained at approximate fixed intervals of 1 day, 1 month, 6 months, and yearly. Angiography was performed in the event of recurrent symptoms, evidence of hemodynamically significant stenosis on Doppler ultrasonography, or both. Treatment was repeated because of symptoms, angiographic evidence of severe (> or = 80%) recurrent stenosis, or both of these. Stents were implanted in 142 vessels in 138 patients (all but five patients were considered high-risk surgical candidates and 25 patients were lost to follow-up review). For the remaining 112 patients (117 vessels), the mean duration of Doppler ultrasonography follow up was 16.42+/-10.58 months (range 4-54 months). Using one or more Doppler criteria, severe (> or = 80%) in-stent stenosis was detected in six patients (5%). Eight patients underwent repeated angiography. Six patients (three with symptoms) required repeated intervention (in four patients angioplasty alone; in one patient conventional angioplasty plus Cutting Balloon angioplasty; and in one patient stent-assisted angioplasty).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a subset of primarily high-risk surgical candidates treated with stent-assisted angioplasty, the rates of hemodynamically significant restenosis were comparable to surgical restenosis rates cited in previously published works. Treatment for recurrent stenosis incurred no instance of periprocedure neurological morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery and Toshiba Stroke Research Center, Buffalo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Elad I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Ricardo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hanel
authors.forename: Tsz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Koebbe
authors.forename: Naveh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Padalino
authors.forename: Kim Marie
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Malicki
authors.forename: Lee R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Guterman
authors.forename: L Nelson
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Hopkins
mesh_terms: D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012008:Recurrence; D015607:Stents; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler