title: The influence of excipients on the diffusion of ibuprofen and paracetamol in gastric mucus.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the diffusion of commonly administered analgesics, ibuprofen and paracetamol, through gastric mucus. As ibuprofen and paracetamol are often formulated with alkalising excipients, or are commonly co-administered with antacids that have been demonstrated to alter their absorption, diffusion was also studied in the presence of a range of soluble and insoluble antacids or buffering agents. The effect of pH, which has been demonstrated to modify the properties of mucus, was also studied. Mucus was a significant barrier to diffusion for both drugs, compared to an unstirred aqueous layer with diffusion rates significantly lower in the presence of a mucus barrier for both drugs; ibuprofen diffusion also demonstrated a significant increase in the lag time. Paracetamol diffusion was not significantly affected by addition of any antacid, whereas ibuprofen rates were affected and the diffusion lag time for ibuprofen was significantly reduced in all cases. Isolated increases in pH increased the rate and reduced the lag time for ibuprofen diffusion. It was shown that mucus acts as a passive barrier in the case of paracetamol diffusion, and an interactive barrier to ibuprofen diffusion. Changes in mucus viscosity at different pH values may be responsible for the observed changes in ibuprofen diffusion rate.
authors.affiliation: Medicines Research Unit, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
authors.forename: Lance R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Irwin
authors.forename: Tim J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Grattan
authors.forename: Barbara R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Conway
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D005079:Excipients / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009093:Mucus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012995:Solubility / Q000187:drug effects; D013270:Stomach / Q000187:drug effects; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D000082:Acetaminophen; D007052:Ibuprofen