title: Association between markers of the metabolic syndrome and lower urinary tract symptoms in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of components of the metabolic syndrome with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), which often result from prostate enlargement and heightened tone of prostate and bladder smooth muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Third National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES III), from which LUTS cases and controls were selected.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2372 men aged 60+ y who participated in NHANES III. LUTS cases were men with at least three of these four symptoms: nocturia, incomplete bladder emptying, weak stream, and hesitancy, and who never had noncancer prostate surgery. Controls were men without any of the symptoms and who never had noncancer prostate surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of NHANES III, an oral glucose tolerance test was carried out, glycosylated hemoglobin, HDL and LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured, and history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension were assessed. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) after applying sampling weights.
  
  
  RESULTS
  History of diabetes (OR 1.67; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72-3.86) and hypertension (OR 1.76; 95% CI 1.20-2.59) appeared to be positively associated with LUTS. The odds of LUTS increased with increasing glycosylated hemoglobin (P-trend = 0.005). No statistically significant associations between fasting or 2-h glucose or fasting insulin and LUTS were observed. However, men classified as having three or more components of the metabolic syndrome had an increased odds of LUTS (OR = 1.80; 95% CI 1.11-2.94).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the role for metabolic perturbations in the etiology of LUTS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rohrmann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Platz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000097:blood; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids