title: Dynamic movement of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytosol and peripheral circulation in massive hepatic cell injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the process of apoptosis, it is known that the transition of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol occurs, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is one of the molecules responsible for this event. But in the state of hypercytokine induced by D-galactosamine (D-GaIN)/Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the localization of cytochrome c is little known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were administrated with D-GaIN(700 mg/kg)/LPS(200 microg/kg). Blood and tissue samples were collected and examined for levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the apoptosis of liver cells, and the localization of cytochrome c.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before administration of D-GaIN/LPS, cytochrome c was definitely localized in the mitochondria. At 2 h after simultaneous administration of D-GaIN/LPS, cytochrome c had accumulated in the cytosol following abrupt increases of plasma TNF-alpha. Massive cell destruction due to apoptosis proved by Terminal deoxynucleo-tidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining was observed in liver tissue 4 h later and markedly increased levels of cytochrome c were detected in the plasma 12 h after D-GaIN/LPS administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Liver injury induced by simultaneous administration of D-GaIN/LPS was closely associated with the production of TNF-alpha, and also with the dynamic movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol, and then into the systemic circulation. The detection of plasma cytochrome c levels may be a useful clinical tool for the detection of apoptosis in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naruto
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugai
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imagawa
authors.forename: Shumpei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yokota
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005688:Galactosamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000503:physiopathology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005688:Galactosamine; D045304:Cytochromes c