title: Adjunctive use of atypical antipsychotics and anticholinergic drugs among patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment of schizophrenia with antipsychotics is often associated with extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), a disorder involving involuntary muscle movement. Because EPS are often associated with the use of antipsychotics, anticholinergic agents are often indicated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this observational, retrospective study, we examined whether the initiation of olanzapine or risperidone, the two most widely prescribed atypical antipsychotics, is related to the adjunctive use of anticholinergic agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified patients with schizophrenia from outpatient clinics in the Veterans Health Administration (VA) and defined initiation of olanzapine or risperidone as patients who were not on any antipsychotics for 6 months and subsequently initiated on the target drug between 1/4/1999 and 31/3/2000. The data were analysed using tests of means or chi-square tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study yielded two major findings. First, compared with risperidone initiators, there were significantly fewer olanzapine initiators who used at least one anticholinergic agent adjunctively. Secondly, among olanzapine or risperidone initiators, patients who used at least one anticholinergic agent adjunctively tended to stay on the target drug significantly longer than those who did not use any anticholinergic agent adjunctively with the target drug.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the use of anticholinergics is a proxy for the presence of EPS, these findings suggest that risperidone may be more associated with EPS than olanzapine. However, to assess the benefits and side effects associated with olanzapine or risperidone, future research needs to examine various patient outcomes resulting from the initiation of each drug.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Department, Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 07130, USA. xsren@bu.edu
authors.forename: X S
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Y-H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kazis
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010045:Outpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018579:Patient Selection; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018967:Risperidone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D018967:Risperidone; D000077152:Olanzapine