title: Formulary review of therapeutic alternatives for atopic dermatitis: focus on pimecrolimus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atopic dermatitis (AD), often called eczema, is characterized by intense pruritus, erythema, dry skin, and inflammation. The condition is chronic and relapsing, and often occurs in patients with a family history of the atopic triad (asthma, allergic rhinitis, and AD). Use of topical steroids has been the mainstay of medical treatment for AD. Steroid-free treatments for AD, with a more favorable safety profile, have become available within the past 2 years. Tacrolimus ointment, a topical immunomodulator, became available in early 2001 and is indicated for moderate-to-severe AD. A similar but highly skinselective cytokine inhibitor, pimecrolimus cream 1%, became available in March 2002. Pimecrolimus is indicated for mild-to-moderate AD. The objective of this article is to review the key characteristics that differentiate pimecrolimus from steroids and tacrolimus in the treatment of AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using secondary resources, the clinical aspects and conventional treatment strategies for AD are reviewed as are the pivotal clinical studies with pimecrolimus and literature on quality of life and economic burden of disease for AD patients and families.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pimecrolimus is an effective, steroid-sparing therapy for mild-tomoderate AD. Early treatment prevents flares, the agent works quickly to reduce signs and symptoms of more advanced AD, and it is safe and appropriate for intermittent long-term therapy. Pimecrolimus has fewer side effects than topical steroids and a better side-effect profile than tacrolimus. It can also be used as a first-line therapy. In studies with patients aged 2 to 17 years, it has been shown to be particularly effective in improving eczema of the face and neck, and its use may improve quality of life for many patients, especially children. A single-strength dose (1%) is safe and medically beneficial for pediatric, adolescent, and adult patients. The direct drug cost of pimecrolimus compares favorably with tacrolimus, but it is significantly more expensive than generic topical steroid creams.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, 1090 Amsterdam Ave., Suite 11D, New York, NY 10025, USA. jmw27@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Weinberg
mesh_terms: D000529:Complementary Therapies / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005569:Formularies as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: C117268:pimecrolimus; D016559:Tacrolimus