title: Revised nomenclature of Clostridium difficile toxins and associated genes.
abstract: Several different nomenclatures have been applied to the Clostridium difficile toxins and their associated genes. This paper summarizes the new nomenclature that has been agreed to by the research groups currently active in the field. The revised nomenclature includes C. difficile toxins and other related large clostridial toxins produced by Clostridium sordellii and Clostridium novyi, and corresponding toxin genes, as well as toxin production types of C. difficile strains.
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rupnik
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dupuy
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Neil F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Fairweather
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Dale N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Gerding
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Just
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lyerly
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Michel R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Popoff
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Julian I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Rood
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Abraham L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Sonenshein
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thelestam
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Brendan W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Wren
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Tracy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2,8Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne2 and Unité des Toxines Microbiennes8, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK 4Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 5Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 6Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany 7TechLab Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA 9Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia 10Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA 11Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK 13Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: von Eichel-Streiber
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000235:genetics*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; C041348:tcdA protein, Clostridium difficile; C031815:toxB protein, Clostridium difficile