title: Adhesion kinetics of viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts to quartz surfaces.
abstract: The transport and deposition (adhesion) kinetics of viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts onto ultrapure quartz surfaces in a radial stagnation point flow system were investigated. Utilizing an optical microscope and an image-capturing device enabled real time observation of oocyst deposition behavior onto the quartz surface in solutions containing either monovalent (KCl) or divalent (CaCl2) salts. Results showed a significantly lower oocyst deposition rate in the presence of a monovalent salt compared to a divalent salt. With a monovalent salt, oocyst deposition rates and corresponding attachment efficiencies were relatively low, even at high KCl concentrations where Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory predicts the absence of an electrostatic energy barrier. On the other hand, in the presence of a divalent salt, oocyst deposition rates increased continuously as the salt concentration was increased over the entire range of ionic strengths investigated. The unusually low deposition rate in a monovalent salt solution is attributed to "electrosteric" repulsion between the Cryptosporidium oocyst and the quartz surface, most likely due to proteins on the oocyst surface that extend into the solution. It is further proposed that specific binding of calcium ions to the oocyst surface functional groups results in charge neutralization and conformational changes of surface proteins that significantly reduce electrosteric repulsion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, P.O. Box 208286, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, USA.
authors.forename: Zachary A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Kuznar
authors.forename: Menachem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elimelech
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016785:Cryptosporidium parvum; D007700:Kinetics; D033661:Oocysts; D011791:Quartz; D012492:Salts / Q000737:chemistry; D055672:Static Electricity; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D012492:Salts; D014867:Water; D011791:Quartz