title: XIAP inhibits caspase-3 and -7 using two binding sites: evolutionarily conserved mechanism of IAPs.
abstract: The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) uses its second baculovirus IAP repeat domain (BIR2) to inhibit the apoptotic executioner caspase-3 and -7. Structural studies have demonstrated that it is not the BIR2 domain itself but a segment N-terminal to it that directly targets the activity of these caspases. These studies failed to demonstrate a role of the BIR2 domain in inhibition. We used site-directed mutagenesis of BIR2 and its linker to determine the mechanism of executioner caspase inhibition by XIAP. We show that the BIR2 domain contributes substantially to inhibition of executioner caspases. A surface groove on BIR2, which also binds to Smac/DIABLO, interacts with a neoepitope generated at the N-terminus of the caspase small subunit following activation. Therefore, BIR2 uses a two-site interaction mechanism to achieve high specificity and potency for inhibition. Moreover, for caspase-7, the precise location of the activating cleavage is critical for subsequent inhibition. Since apical caspases utilize this cleavage site differently, we predict that the origin of the death stimulus should dictate the efficiency of inhibition by XIAP.
authors.affiliation: Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death Research, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Fiona L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Jean-Bernard
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Denault
authors.forename: Stefan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Riedl
authors.forename: Hwain
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Renatus
authors.forename: Guy S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Salvesen
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D053148:Caspase 3; D053179:Caspase 7; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D020169:Caspases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein
chemical_list: D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D011506:Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; C496866:XIAP protein, human; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505520:CASP7 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D053179:Caspase 7; D020169:Caspases