title: Characteristics of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy refractory to medical treatment and selection of surgical methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) has been reported; however, there has been no report on the characteristics of medication-responsive and -refractory hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). Using the classification of systolic anterior movement (SAM) which has been previously reported, we tried to identify the characteristics and use them to treat HOCM appropriately.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical, echocardiographic, catheterization, and surgical data of 29 hospitalized patients with HOCM during 1980 to 1999 were analyzed retrospectively. We classified SAM in all patients by echocardiography. Nineteen patients improved with medical treatment (medical group), and 10 patients underwent surgical treatment because of ineffectiveness of medication (surgical group). We studied the relation between types of SAM and medical/surgical groups, and examined the relation between types of SAM and the surgical methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type I SAM was significantly more frequent in the medical group, while type II SAM was more frequent in the surgical group (p = 0.047). Patients in the surgical group underwent mitral valve replacement (MVR), myectomy, or a combination of MVR and myectomy. Left ventricular outflow gradient (LVOG) of over 100 mmHg was recognized in almost all patients with type II SAM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was suggested that patients with medication-responsive HOCM tended to have type I SAM and those with refractory HOCM tended to have type II SAM. We consider that in type I SAM, if the position of the papillary muscles changed with medication or myectomy, shift of the chordae and type I SAM were reduced or disappeared. However, in type II SAM, even if the position of the papillary muscles changed, SAM did not disappear because lifting of the mitral leaflets remained. It is therefore suggested that patients with type II SAM should undergo at least MVR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. hirayuji@fancy.ocn.ne.jp
authors.forename: Yujiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirasawa
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niinami
authors.forename: Shigeyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aomi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koyanagi
authors.forename: Kyomi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanimoto
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishizuka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome