title: PPAR-gamma ligands up-regulate basic fibroblast growth factor-induced VEGF release through amplifying SAPK/JNK activation in osteoblasts.
abstract: We previously reported that basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) activates stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) and p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase resulting in the stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells and that FGF-2-activated p38 MAP kinase negatively regulates the VEGF release. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ciglitazone and pioglitazone, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) ligands, on the VEGF release by FGF-2 in MC3T3-E1 cells. The FGF-2-induced VEGF release was significantly enhanced by ciglitazone. The amplifying effect of ciglitazone was dose-dependent between 0.1 and 10 microM. Pioglitazone had a similar effect on the VEGF release. GW9662, an antagonist of PPAR-gamma, reduced the effects of ciglitazone and pioglitazone. Ciglitazone or pioglitazone markedly enhanced the phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK induced by FGF-2 without affecting both the FGF-2-induced phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAP kinase and p38 MAP kinase. GW9662 markedly reduced the amplification by ciglitazone of the SAPK/JNK phosphorylation. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that PPAR-gamma ligands up-regulate FGF-2-stimulated VEGF release resulting from amplifying activation of SAPK/JNK in osteoblasts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
authors.forename: Eisuke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Haruhiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tokuda
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishisaki
authors.forename: Kouseki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirade
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanno
authors.forename: Yoshiteru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hanai
authors.forename: Norimi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katagiri
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kozawa
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D047495:PPAR gamma; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C039671:ciglitazone; D000077205:Pioglitazone