title: Estimation of bioaerosol risk of infection to residents adjacent to a land applied biosolids site using an empirically derived transport model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop an empirically derived transport model, which could be used to predict downwind concentrations of viruses and bacteria during land application of liquid biosolids and subsequently assess microbial risk associated with this practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To develop the model, coliphage MS-2 and Escherichia coli were aerosolized after addition to water within a biosolids spray application truck, and bioaerosols were collected at discrete downwind distances ranging from 2 to 70 m. Although coliphage were routinely detected, E. coli did not frequently survive aerosolization. Data on aerosolized coliphage was then used to generate a virus transport model. Risks of infection were calculated for various ranges of human virus concentrations that could be found in biosolids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A conservative estimate at 30.5 m (assumed to be nearest adjacent residences) downwind, resulted in risks of infection of 1 : 100,000, to the more realistic 1 : 10,000,000 per exposure. Conservative annual risks were calculated to be no more than 7 : 100,000 where as a more realistic risk was no greater than 7 : 10,000,000. Overall, the viral risk to residences adjacent to land application sites appears to be low, both for one time and annual probabilities of infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated a simple approach towards modelling viral pathogens aerosolized from land applied liquid biosolids, and offers insight into the associated viral risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Gerba
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Pepper
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000391:Air Microbiology; D000397:Air Pollution; D001419:Bacteria; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012722:Sewage; D014780:Viruses; D014919:Wind
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage