title: Enhanced ligand affinity for receptors in which components of the binding site are independently mobile.
abstract: Using calmodulin antagonism as a model, it is demonstrated that, under circumstances in which binding sites are motionally independent, it is possible to create bifunctional ligands that bind with significant affinity enhancement over their monofunctional counterparts. Suitable head groups were identified by using a semiquantitative screen of monofunctional tryptophan analogs. Two bifunctional ligands, which contained two copies of the highest-affinity head group tethered by rigid linkers, were synthesized. The bifunctional ligands bound to calmodulin with a stoichiometry of 1:1 and with an affinity enhancement over their monofunctional counterparts; the latter bound with a stoichiometry of 2:1 ligand:protein. A lower limit to the effective concentrations of the domains of calmodulin relative to each other (0.2-2 mM) was determined. A comparable effective concentration was achieved for bifunctional ligands based on higher-affinity naphthalene sulphonamide derivatives.
authors.affiliation: Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Clare R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Trevitt
authors.forename: C Jeremy
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Craven
authors.forename: Lilia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Milanesi
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Syson
authors.forename: Maija-Liisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Mattinen
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Arto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Annila
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Waltho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D001667:Binding, Competitive / Q000187:drug effects; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry; D008024:Ligands; D018716:Molecular Mimicry; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014363:Tryptamines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002147:Calmodulin; D008024:Ligands; D009281:Naphthalenes; D010455:Peptides; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014363:Tryptamines; C030820:tryptamine; D014364:Tryptophan