title: Glycogen-Synthase Kinase3beta/beta-catenin axis promotes angiogenesis through activation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in endothelial cells.
abstract: Glycogen-Synthase Kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) has been shown to function as a nodal point of converging signaling pathways in endothelial cells to regulate vessel growth, but the signaling mechanisms downstream from GSK3beta have not been identified. Here, we show that beta-catenin is an important downstream target for GSK3beta action in angiogenesis and dissect the signal transduction pathways involved in the angiogenic phenotype. Transduction of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with a kinase-mutant form of the enzyme (KM-GSK3beta) increased cytosolic beta-catenin levels, whereas constitutively active GSK3beta (S9A-GSK3beta) reduced beta-catenin levels. Lymphoid enhancer factor/T-cell factor promoter activity was upregulated by KM-GSK3beta and diminished by S9A-GSK3beta, whereas manipulation of Akt signaling had no effect on this parameter. beta-Catenin transduction induced capillary formation in a Matrigel-plug assay in vivo and promoted endothelial cell differentiation into network structures on Matrigel-coated plates in vitro. beta-Catenin activated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and VEGF-C in endothelial cells, and these effects were mediated at the levels of protein, mRNA, and promoter activity. Consistent with these data, beta-catenin increased the phosphorylation of the VEGF receptor 2 (VEGF-R2) and promoted its association with PI3-kinase, leading to a dose-dependent activation of the serine-threonine kinase Akt. Inhibition of PI3-kinase or Akt signaling led to a significant reduction in the pro-angiogenic activity of beta-catenin. Collectively, these data show that the growth factor-PI3-kinase-Akt axis functions downstream of GSK3beta/beta-catenin signaling in endothelial cells to promote angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Skurk
authors.forename: Henrike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maatz
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rocnik
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bialik
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Force
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000502:physiology*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000502:physiology*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000502:physiology; D014471:Umbilical Veins; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000096:biosynthesis; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051176:beta Catenin
chemical_list: D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D015534:Trans-Activators; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D051176:beta Catenin; C495270:CTNNB1 protein, human; C495267:CTNNB1 protein, mouse; C467486:VEGFC protein, human; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; C000605507:Gsk3b protein, mouse