title: Mapping the onset and progression of atrophy in familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) may be inherited as an autosomal dominant disease. Studying patients "at risk" for developing FTLD can provide insights into the earliest onset and evolution of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out approximately annual clinical, MRI, and neuropsychological assessments on an asymptomatic 51 year old "at risk" family member from a family with FTLD associated with ubiquitin-positive and tau-negative inclusion bodies. We used non-linear (fluid) registration of serial MRI to determine areas undergoing significant regional atrophy at different stages of the disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the first 26 months of the study, the patient remained asymptomatic, but subsequently developed progressive speech production difficulties, and latterly severe orofacial dyspraxia, dyscalculia, frontal executive impairment, and limb dyspraxia. Regional atrophy was present prior to the onset of symptoms, and was initially centred on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the left middle frontal gyrus. Latterly, there was increasing asymmetric left frontal and parietal atrophy. Imaging revealed excess and increasing global atrophy throughout the study. Neuropsychological evaluation revealed mild intellectual impairment prior to the onset of these clinical symptoms; frontal executive and left parietal impairment subsequently emerged, culminating in widespread cognitive impairment. Fluid registered MRI allowed the emerging atrophy patterns to be delineated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated the onset and progressive pattern of in vivo atrophy in familial FTLD using fluid registered MRI and correlated this with the clinical features. Fluid registered MRI may be a useful technique in assessing patterns of focal atrophy in vivo and demonstrating the progression of degenerative diseases.
authors.affiliation: Dementia Research Group, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schott
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cipolotti
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Scahill
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Josephs
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Rossor
mesh_terms: D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003704:Dementia / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests