title: Ultrastructure of fibre and parenchyma cell walls during early stages of culm development in Dendrocalamus asper.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The anatomy of bamboo culms and the multilayered structure of fibre cell walls are known to be the main determinant factors for its physical and mechanical properties. Studies on the bamboo cell wall have focussed mainly on fully elongated and mature fibres. The main aim of this study was to describe the ultrastructure of primary and secondary cell walls in culm tissues of Dendrocalamus asper at different stages of development.
  
  
  METHODS
  The development of fibre and parenchyma tissues was classified into four stages based on light microscopy observations made in tissues from juvenile plants. The stages were used as a basis for transmission electron microscopy study on the ultrastructure of the cell wall during the process of primary and early secondary cell wall formation. Macerations and phloroglucinol-HCl staining were employed to investigate fibre cell elongation and fibre cell wall lignification, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The observations indicated that the primary wall is formed by the deposition of two distinct layers during the elongation of the internode and that secondary wall synthesis may begin before the complete cessation of internode and fibre elongation. Elongation was followed by a maturation phase characterized by the deposition of multiple secondary wall layers, which varied in number according to the cell type, location in the culm tissue and stage of shoot development. Lignification of fibre cell walls started at the period prior to the cessation of internode elongation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The structure of the primary cell wall was comprised of two layers. The fibre secondary cell wall began to be laid down while the cells were still undergoing some elongation, suggesting that it may act to cause the slow-down and eventual cessation of cell elongation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK. c.gritsch@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Cristina Sanchis
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gritsch
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005936:Glucans / Q000378:metabolism; D006109:Poaceae / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D005936:Glucans