title: A comparison of x-ray detectors for mouse CT imaging.
abstract: There is significant interest in using computed tomography (CT) for in vivo imaging applications in mouse models of disease. Most commercially available mouse x-ray CT scanners utilize a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector coupled via fibre optic taper to a phosphor screen. However, there has been little research to determine if this is the optimum detector for the specific task of in vivo mouse imaging. To investigate this issue, we have evaluated four detectors, including an amorphous selenium (a-Se) detector, an amorphous silicon (a-Si) detector with a gadolinium oxysulphide (GOS) screen, a CCD with a 3:1 fibre taper and a GOS screen, and a CCD with a 2:1 fibre taper and both GOS and thallium-doped caesium iodide (CsI:Tl) screens. The detectors were evaluated by measuring the modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectrum (NPS), detective quantum efficiency (DQE), stability over multiple exposures, and noise in reconstructed CT images. The a-Se detector had the best MTF and the highest DQE (0.6 at 0 lp mm(-1)) but had the worst stability (45% reduction after 2000 exposure frames). The a-Si detector and the CCD with the 3:1 fibre, both of which used the GOS screen, had very similar performance with a DQE of approximately 0.30 at 0 lp mm(-1). For the CCD with the 2:1 fibre, the CsI:Tl screen resulted in a nearly two-fold improvement in DQE over the GOS screen (0.4 versus 0.24 at 0 lp mm(-1)). The CCDs both had the best stability, with less than a 1% change in pixel values over multiple exposures. The pixel values of the a-Si detector increased 5% over multiple exposures due to the effects of image lag. Despite the higher DQE of the a-Se detector, the reconstructed CT images acquired with the a-Si detector had lower noise levels, likely due to the blurring effects from the phosphor screen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA. goertzen@bic.mni.mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Goertzen
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nagarkar
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Street
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Boone
authors.forename: Simon R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cherry
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002586:Cesium / Q000737:chemistry; D004867:Equipment Design; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D007454:Iodides / Q000737:chemistry; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D012643:Selenium / Q000737:chemistry; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D007454:Iodides; D002586:Cesium; D012643:Selenium; C040050:cesium iodide; D012825:Silicon