title: Congenital dacryocystocele: prenatal 2- and 3-dimensional sonographic findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this series is to present our experience with cases of dacryocystocele diagnosed prenatally. The role of prenatal 3-dimensional sonography, as an adjunct to 2-dimensional sonography, in the prenatal assessment of these cases is emphasized.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of cases was conducted. Information was obtained by reviewing the sonographic reports and medical records. Outcomes were obtained from the referring obstetricians or directly from the parents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten fetuses had the diagnosis of a congenital dacryocystocele at a median gestational age of 30.1 weeks (range, 27-33 weeks). In 6 cases, the cystic lesion was unilateral, and in 4 it was bilateral, with a mean largest diameter at the time of diagnosis of 7.5 mm (range, 4-11 mm). There were no other associated findings. Three-dimensional sonography, carried out in 3 cases, clearly depicted the anomaly, the degree of intranasal extension, and swelling below the medial canthal area. Spontaneous resolution was documented prenatally in 5 fetuses, and 1 additional case resolved between the last prenatal scan and the delivery. There were no reported long-term complications associated with this finding, although 1 infant required probing at 2 months of age to resolve the dacryocystocele.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal diagnosis of dacryocystocele is straightforward. A considerable number of lesions are bilateral, and many resolve in utero spontaneously or neonatally after minimal intervention. For those not resolving by the time of the delivery, ophthalmologic or rhinologic consultation is warranted because of potential complications. Three-dimensional sonography may provide a noninvasive method for evaluating these cystic masses and may contribute to the avoidance of additional diagnostic techniques in the neonatal period.
authors.affiliation: Fetal Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinica Las Condes, Casilla 208, Santiago 20, Chile. waldosep@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Waldo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sepulveda
authors.forename: Adriana B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Wojakowski
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Otaño
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gutierrez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000151:congenital* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009078:Mucocele / Q000151:congenital* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009301:Nasolacrimal Duct / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal