Effect of resveratrol and beta-sitosterol in combination on reactive oxygen species and prostaglandin release by PC-3 cells.
The objective of this project was to identify some possible mechanisms by which two common phytochemicals, resveratrol and beta-sitosterol, inhibit the growth of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. These mechanisms include the effect of the phytochemicals on apoptosis, cell cycle progression, prostaglandin synthesis and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Prostaglandins have been known to play a role in regulating cell growth and apoptosis. PC-3 cells were supplemented with 50 microM resveratrol or 16 microM beta-sitosterol alone or in combination for up to 5 days. Phytochemical supplementation resulted in inhibition in cell growth. beta-Sitosterol was more potent than resveratrol and the combination of the two resulted in greater inhibition than supplementation with either alone. Long-term supplementation with resveratrol or beta-sitosterol elevated basal prostaglandin release but beta-sitosterol was much more potent than resveratrol in this regard. beta-Sitosterol was more effective than resveratrol in inducing apoptosis and the combination had an intermediate effect after 1 day of supplementation. Cells supplemented with resveratrol were arrested at the G1 phase and at the G2/M phase in the case of beta-sitosterol while the combination resulted in cell arrest at the two phases of the cell cycle. beta-Sitosterol increased ROS production while resveratrol decreased ROS production. The combination of the two phytochemicals resulted in an intermediate level of ROS. The observed changes in prostaglandin levels and ROS production by these two phytochemicals may suggest their mediation in the growth inhibition. The reduction in ROS level and increase by resveratrol supplementation in PC-3 cells reflects the antioxidant properties of resveratrol. It was concluded that these phytochemicals may induce the inhibition of tumor growth by stimulating apoptosis and arresting cells at different locations in the cell cycle and the mechanism may involve alterations in ROS and prostaglandin production.
Awad
Atif B
AB
Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, 15 Farber Hall, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA. awad@buffalo.edu
Burr
Andrew T
AT
Fink
Carol S
CS
D015121:6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077185:Resveratrol; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
D011453:Prostaglandins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012855:Sitosterols; D013267:Stilbenes; D015121:6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; C025473:gamma-sitosterol; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D010741:Phospholipases A; D015232:Dinoprostone; D000077185:Resveratrol