title: On the use of EPID-based implanted marker tracking for 4D radiotherapy.
abstract: Four-dimensional (4D) radiotherapy delivery to dynamically moving tumors requires a real-time signal of the tumor position as a function of time so that the radiation beam can continuously track the tumor during the respiration cycle. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate an electronic portal imaging device (EPID)-based marker-tracking system that can be used for real-time tumor targeting, or 4D radiotherapy. Three gold cylinders, 3 mm in length and 1 mm in diameter, were implanted in a dynamic lung phantom. The phantom range of motion was 4 cm with a 3-s "breathing" period. EPID image acquisition parameters were modified, allowing image acquisition in 0.1 s. Images of the stationary and moving phantom were acquired. Software was developed to segment automatically the marker positions from the EPID images. Images acquired in 0.1 s displayed higher noise and a lower signal-noise ratio than those obtained using regular (> 1 s) acquisition settings. However, the markers were still clearly visible on the 0.1-s images. The motion of the phantom blurred the images of the markers and further reduced the signal-noise ratio, though they could still be successfully segmented from the images in 10-30 ms of computation time. The positions of gold markers placed in the lung phantom were detected successfully, even for phantom velocities substantially higher than those observed for typical lung tumors. This study shows that using EPID-based marker tracking for 4D radiotherapy is feasible, however, changes in linear accelerator technology and EPID-based image acquisition as well as patient studies are required before this method can be implemented clinically.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA. pjkeall@vcu.edu
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Keall
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Todor
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Vedam
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bartee
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Siebers
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Kini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohan
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009068:Movement; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*