title: Identifying outcome reporting bias in randomised trials on PubMed: review of publications and survey of authors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the extent and nature of outcome reporting bias in a broad cohort of published randomised trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of publications and follow up survey of authors. Cohort All journal articles of randomised trials indexed in PubMed whose primary publication appeared in December 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of incompletely reported outcomes per trial; reasons for not reporting outcomes; association between completeness of reporting and statistical significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  519 trials with 553 publications and 10,557 outcomes were identified. Survey responders (response rate 69%) provided information on unreported outcomes but were often unreliable--for 32% of those who denied the existence of such outcomes there was evidence to the contrary in their publications. On average, over 20% of the outcomes measured in a parallel group trial were incompletely reported. Within a trial, such outcomes had a higher odds of being statistically non-significant compared with fully reported outcomes (odds ratio 2.0 (95% confidence interval 1.6 to 2.7) for efficacy outcomes; 1.9 (1.1 to 3.5) for harm outcomes). The most commonly reported reasons for omitting efficacy outcomes included space constraints, lack of clinical importance, and lack of statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incomplete reporting of outcomes within published articles of randomised trials is common and is associated with statistical non-significance. The medical literature therefore represents a selective and biased subset of study outcomes, and trial protocols should be made publicly available.
authors.affiliation: University Health Network, Department of Medicine, Suite RFE 3-805, 190 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada. anwen.chan@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: An-Wen
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Douglas G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Altman
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D003625:Data Collection / Q000592:standards; D015995:Prevalence; D039781:PubMed; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015983:Selection Bias; D016896:Treatment Outcome