title: Unintentional methadone-related overdose death in New Mexico (USA) and implications for surveillance, 1998-2002.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine death rates from methadone over time, to characterize methadone-related death and to discuss public health surveillance of methadone-related death.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed medical examiner data for all unintentional drug overdose deaths in New Mexico, USA, between 1998 and 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age-adjusted death rates for methadone-related death, logistic regression models for likelihood of methadone-related death among all unintentional drug overdose deaths and bivariate comparisons within methadone-related death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1120 drug overdose deaths during this period, there were 143 (12.8%) methadone-related deaths; the death rate decreased over the time period, averaging 1.6 per 100,000. Of 143 methadone-related deaths, 22.4% were due to methadone alone, 23.8% were due to methadone/prescription drugs (no illicit drugs), 50.3% were due to methadone/illicit drugs and 3.5% were due to methadone/alcohol. These groups were significantly different in demographics, health history and circumstances of death. Of 79 decedents (55.2%) with a known source of methadone, 68 obtained methadone through a physician prescription (31 for methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), 27 for managing pain and 10 had unknown reason for prescription).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methadone-related death rates and the proportion of methadone-related death among all drug overdose deaths decreased in New Mexico from 1998 to 2002. It is important for surveillance of methadone-related death to assess multiple drug causes, not just underlying cause. Also, methadone for pain management must be examined alongside MMT and when possible, methadone co-intoxication should be described in the context of other drugs causing death.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Response Division, New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, NM 87502-6110, USA. nina.shah@doh.state.nm.us
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lathrop
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Landen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000506:poisoning*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000506:poisoning*; D009516:New Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone