title: c-Jun N-terminal kinase contributes to aberrant retinoid signaling in lung cancer cells by phosphorylating and inducing proteasomal degradation of retinoic acid receptor alpha.
abstract: Retinoic acid (RA) is the ligand for nuclear RA receptors (RARs and RXRs) and is crucial for normal epithelial cell growth and differentiation. During malignant transformation, human bronchial epithelial cells acquire a block in retinoid signaling caused in part by a transcriptional defect in RARs. Here, we show that activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) contributes to RAR dysfunction by phosphorylating RARalpha and inducing degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway. Analysis of RARalpha mutants and phosphopeptide mapping revealed that RARalpha residues Thr181, Ser445, and Ser461 are phosphorylated by JNK. Mutation of these residues to alanines prevented efficient ubiquitination of RARalpha and increased the stability of the protein. We investigated the importance of RARalpha phosphorylation by JNK as a mediator of retinoid resistance in lung cancer. Mice that develop lung cancer from activation of a latent K-ras oncogene had high intratumoral JNK activity and low RARalpha levels and were resistant to treatment with an RAR ligand. JNK inhibition in a human lung cancer cell line enhanced RARalpha levels, ligand-induced activity of RXR-RAR dimers, and growth inhibition by RA. These findings point to JNK as a key mediator of aberrant retinoid signaling in lung cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Oncology-Unit 432, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Harish
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.forename: Denise M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Juroske
authors.forename: Shailaja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalyankrishna
authors.forename: Dianna D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Cody
authors.forename: Roger E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Xiao-Chun
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Narayanan
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Weigel
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kurie
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: C000607071:RARA protein, human; C000607072:Rara protein, mouse; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D025801:Ubiquitin; D014212:Tretinoin; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex