title: New insights concerning the glucose-dependent insulin secretagogue action of glucagon-like peptide-1 in pancreatic beta-cells.
abstract: The GLP-1 receptor is a Class B heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptor that stimulates cAMP production in pancreatic beta-cells. GLP-1 utilizes this receptor to activate two distinct classes of cAMP-binding proteins: protein kinase A (PKA) and the Epac family of cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (cAMPGEFs). Actions of GLP-1 mediated by PKA and Epac include the recruitment and priming of secretory granules, thereby increasing the number of granules available for Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis. Simultaneously, GLP-1 promotes Ca(2+) influx and mobilizes an intracellular source of Ca(2+). GLP-1 sensitizes intracellular Ca(2+) release channels (ryanodine and IP (3) receptors) to stimulatory effects of Ca(2+), thereby promoting Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release (CICR). In the model presented here, CICR activates mitochondrial dehydrogenases, thereby upregulating glucose-dependent production of ATP. The resultant increase in cytosolic [ATP]/[ADP] concentration ratio leads to closure of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels (K-ATP), membrane depolarization, and influx of Ca(2+) through voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels (VDCCs). Ca(2+) influx stimulates exocytosis of secretory granules by promoting their fusion with the plasma membrane. Under conditions where Ca(2+) release channels are sensitized by GLP-1, Ca(2+) influx also stimulates CICR, generating an additional round of ATP production and K-ATP channel closure. In the absence of glucose, no "fuel" is available to support ATP production, and GLP-1 fails to stimulate insulin secretion. This new "feed-forward" hypothesis of beta-cell stimulus-secretion coupling may provide a mechanistic explanation as to how GLP-1 exerts a beneficial blood glucose-lowering effect in type 2 diabetic subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA. holzg01@popmail.med.nyu.edu
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Holz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005934:Glucagon / Q000502:physiology*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000378:metabolism*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000502:physiology*; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000502:physiology*; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D007328:Insulin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D015221:Potassium Channels; D011498:Protein Precursors; C116122:RAPGEF3 protein, human; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D002118:Calcium