title: Endocardial pacing after Fontan-type procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sinus node dysfunction is a frequent complication of Fontan-type procedure. Epicardial pacing is considered as the standard treatment for these patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated an endocardial approach in seven patients using a 4.1 French bipolar lumenless lead (SelectSecure) that is positioned through a steerable guiding catheter. Either a purely transvenous or an open transatrial approach can be used for lead placement. The smallest child weighed 12 kg. Individual anatomy was assessed preimplantation using magnetic resonance imaging and injection of radiographic contrast agent through the guiding catheter. A pullback pressure recording was used to confirm unimpaired blood flow into the pulmonary artery. Five of our seven patients underwent de novo transvenous atrial lead implantation for AAIR pacing. In the remaining two patients, both atrial and ventricular leads were inserted. One patient with an intraatrial tunnel underwent transvenous-lead placement. The remaining patient with an extracardiac conduit received atrial and ventricular leads implanted through a guiding catheter inserted through an atriotomy. The postoperative management included short- or long-term oral anticoagulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transvenous endocardial lead implantation avoids the problem of increasing capture thresholds typically observed with epicardial leads. Due to its high tensile strength and lumenless design, the isodiametric lead is expected to remain extractable for an extended period of time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, Ruhr University Bochum, Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany. bhansky@hdz-nrw.de
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hansky
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Blanz
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peuster
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gueldner
authors.forename: Eugen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sandica
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Crespo-Martinez
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mathies
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koerfer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004562:Electrocardiography; D018729:Fontan Procedure; D006327:Heart Block / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*