title: Capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry from a polymer modified poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchip with an integrated graphite electrospray tip.
abstract: Hybrid capillary-poly(dimethysiloxane)(PDMS) microchips with integrated electrospray ionization (ESI) tips were directly fabricated by casting PDMS in a mould. The shapes of the emitter tips were drilled into the mould, which produced highly reproducible three-dimensional tips. Due to the fabrication method of the microfluidic devices, no sealing was necessary and it was possible to produce a perfect channel modified by PolyE-323, an aliphatic polyamine coating agent. A variety of different coating procedures were also evaluated for the outside of the emitter tip. Dusting graphite on a thin unpolymerised PDMS layer followed by polymerisation was proven to be the most suitable procedure. The emitter tips showed excellent electrochemical properties and durabilities. The coating of the emitter was eventually passivated, but not lost, and could be regenerated by electrochemical means. The excellent electrochemical stability was further confirmed in long term electrospray experiments, in which the emitter sprayed continuously for more than 180 h. The PolyE-323 was found suitable for systems that integrate rigid fused silica and soft PDMS technology, since it simply could be applied successfully to both materials. The spray stability was confirmed from the recording of a total ion chromatogram in which the electrospray current exhibited a relative standard deviation of 3.9% for a 30 min run. CE-ESI-MS separations of peptides were carried out within 2 min using the hybrid PDMS chip resulting in similar efficiencies as for fused silica capillaries of the same length and thus with no measurable band broadening effects, originating from the PDMS emitter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, PO Box 599, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Andreas Pettersson
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Dahlin
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wetterhall
authors.forename: Gustav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liljegren
authors.forename: Sara K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bergström
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andrén
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nyholm
authors.forename: Karin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Markides
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergquist
mesh_terms: D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods