title: Ectopic dermal ridge configurations on the interdigital webbings of Hammertoe mutant mice (Hm): another possible role of programmed cell death in limb development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanism underlying the development of aberrant phalangeal pads and dermal ridge configurations in malformed limbs is not well understood. The forelimbs of Hammertoe (Hm) mutant mouse fetuses were examined sequentially to clarify the relationship between the occurrence of abnormal programmed cell death (PCD) and the formation of phalangeal pads and dermal ridge patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant morphological features, with special emphasis on pads and dermal ridge configurations, were inspected on the exposed dermal surface of the forelimbs of adult Hm mutant mice. The forelimbs of Hm mutant mouse fetuses (GD13-18) and newborns were examined histologically. The forelimbs of GD13 fetuses were subjected to Nile blue (NB) vital staining for in situ labeling of PCD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the forelimbs of +/+ mice, the formation of dermal ridges was confined to pads, while in Hm/+ and Hm/Hm animals, which have interdigital webbing involving digits II-V, dermal ridges were formed also on the ventral side of the webbing, specifically on its lateral margins between the neighboring digits and on the medial margin of the webbing extending toward the palmar pad. PCD was decreased in the interdigital zones II-IV in GD13 Hm/+ and Hm/Hm fetuses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced PCD interdigital tissue of Hm/+ and Hm/Hm fetuses may result in the failure of physiological elimination of interdigital cells and in the persistence of soft tissue webbing between digits. The failure of PCD to occur may also interrupt the interdigital surviving cells to reach the neighboring digits and the distal area of the palm, thereby producing ectopic dermal ridges. It seems that interdigital PCD contributes not only to digit separation but also to the development of digital and palmar pads.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Sumiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Blanka A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Schaumann
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shiota
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D020405:Dermis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000473:pathology; D005552:Forelimb / Q000196:embryology* / Q000473:pathology; D037801:Hammer Toe Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000235:genetics