title: Chronic hepatitis C in northern India--the pathological and clinical spectrum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to analyse the morphology, clinical presentation and predisposing factors for chronic hepatitis C infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical presentation of 220 patients who presented with hepatitis C virus infection over five years period (January 1996 to December 2000) were recorded. Liver biopsy specimens from 80 adult patients with chronic hepatitis C virus were evaluated using a semiquantitative scoring system. The possible predisposing risk factors for infection in these patients were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Grading of chronic hepatitis C was minimal/mild in 51 (64%) cases. Seven (8.7%) had high-grade necroinflammatory activity. Fibrosis was absent in 22(27.5%), mild in 29(36.25%), moderate in 11 (13.75%) and 18(22.5%) had evidence of cirrhosis. No significant correlation was found between the level of transaminases and degree of fibrosis or grade of inflammation. More number of patients with history of alcohol consumption had moderate/severe grade of necroinflammatory activity and cirrhosis as compared to those not taking alcohol at all. Potential predisposing factors were use of unsterile syringes, previous surgery and tattooing in multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nearly two-thirds of patients of chronic hepatitis C where liver biopsy was possible have minimal/mild disease at time of diagnosis; 22% have cirrhosis. Though disease severity can only be assessed by liver histology, liver biopsy may not be possible in a sizeable proportion of patients as they present with advanced liver disease. Most of the patients do not have specific symptoms. Reusable needles/syringes is the commonest potential risk factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: Vandana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Midha
authors.forename: Neena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: Harpreet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Vineeta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Awasthi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015984:Causality; D005260:Female; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged