title: Genotypes of TNF-alpha, VEGF, hOGG1, GSTM1, and GSTT1: useful determinants for clinical outcome of bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (hOGG1), glutathione S-transferase-mu (GSTM1), and glutathione S-transferase-phi (GSTT1) are risk factors for bladder cancer among Koreans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and multiplex polymerase chain reaction in blood genomic DNA of 153 patients with primary bladder cancer and 153 control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GSTM1-negative, GSTT1-positive, and hOGG1 Ser326Ser and Ser326Cys genotypes are risk factors for bladder cancer (P = 0.020, P = 0.044, and P = 0.012, respectively). The cancer stage was significantly associated with the TNF-alpha genotype (GG versus GA and AA; P = 0.036). A notable correlation was observed between the VEGF genotype and grade (P = 0.015). In patients with superficial bladder cancer, the hOGG1 genotype was related to recurrence. The hOGG1 Ser326Ser and Ser326Cys genotypes were risk factors for superficial bladder cancer recurrence compared with the Cys326Cys genotype (P = 0.033, adjusted odds ratio 5.580, 95% confidence interval 1.145 to 27.183). Patients with the GSTM1-positive genotype were at a 3.3-fold increased risk of cancer progression compared with those with the GSTM1-negative genotype (P = 0.009, adjusted odds ratio 0.303, 95% confidence interval 0.123 to 0.745).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data collectively suggest that these genetic polymorphisms may be useful as prognostic markers for bladder cancer in the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Jung
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Pildu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Changyi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: Jiyeon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Suk-Chul
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Seok Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Jong-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Sang-Cheol
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jae
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jun Wee
authors.forename: Wun-Jae
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D045647:DNA Glycosylases / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011379:Prognosis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D045647:DNA Glycosylases; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; C479058:oxoguanine glycosylase 1, human