title: Worker performance and ventilation in a call center: analyses of work performance data for registered nurses.
abstract: We investigated the relationship between ventilation rates and individual work performance in a call center, and controlled for other factors of the indoor environment. We randomized the position of the outdoor air control dampers, and measured ventilation rate, differential (indoor minus outdoor) carbon dioxide (DeltaCO(2)) concentration, supply air velocity, temperature, humidity, occupant density, degree of under-staffing, shift length, time of day, and time required to complete two different work performance tasks (talking with clients and post-talk wrap-up to process information). DeltaCO(2) concentrations ranged from 13 to 611 p.p.m. We used multivariable regression to model the association between the predictors and the responses. We found that agents performed talk tasks fastest when the ventilation rate was highest, but that the relationship between talk performance and ventilation was not strong or monotonic. We did not find a statistically significant association between wrap-up performance and ventilation rate. Agents were slower at the wrap-up task when the temperature was high (> 25.4 degrees C). Agents were slower at wrap-up during long shifts and when the call center was under-staffed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The productivity benefits of ventilation rates that exceed common standards such as ASHRAE Standard 62 may be small (0-2%), and other factors may have a larger impact on productivity. Understaffing and long shifts should be avoided because both showed a negative impact on performance. In this study, high temperature had the largest statistically significant impact on productivity and was caused by occupants fighting over the thermostat setpoint. Care should be taken to avoid high temperatures in call centers. If occupants are allowed to adjust temperature setpoints, then the size and/or duration of the setpoint change should be restricted.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Built Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. cliff_f@uclink.berkeley.edu
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Federspiel
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Fisk
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Faulkner
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Dibartolomeo
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lahiff
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009726:Nurses; D016272:Occupational Health; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D018877:Sick Building Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013689:Telephone; D013997:Time Factors; D014691:Ventilation