title: Primary ureteroscopic treatment for obstructive ureteral stone-causing fornix rupture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Management of fornix rupture (FR) by obstructive stone is comprised of extravasation control and the elimination of the obstruction. For all patients, management initially remains conservative under close follow up. Endoscopic management of FR involved with an obstructive stone of the ureter or the pelvi-ureteric junction (UPJ) consists mainly of stenting the ureter. Our endoscopic approach to this pathological entity comprises of the sole stenting of the ureter, as well as primary ureteroscopic lithotripsy followed by ureter stenting.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Department of Urology at the General Hospital of Rhodos Island, Rhodos, Greece, over the last 15 years, 51 of 86 patients with FR due to an obstructive stone, were treated endoscopically. Twenty-two patients underwent sole stenting of the ureter (option A) and 29 patients underwent primary ureteroscopic lithotripsy and stenting (option B).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall primary 'successful outcome' was achieved in nine of the 22 patients (40.9%) in the group treated with sole stenting, while the remaining 59.1% required secondary interventions. However, 27 of the 29 patients (93.1%) treated with primary ureteroscopic lithotripsy and stenting required no auxiliary treatment. The primary successful outcome results for obstructive middle and lower ureteral stones with FR were eight out of 12 (66.6%) and 26 out of 27 (96.3%) for therapeutic options A and B, respectively. Upper obstructive ureteral stones with FR required secondary intervention in most cases, regardless of the therapeutic option chosen. (In nine out of 10 and one out of two cases for options A and B, respectively). The mean duration of hospitalization for options A and B were 7.6 and 5.3 days, respectively. The mean duration that the ureter stent remained in situ for A and B treatment options was 30.9 and 10.2 days, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sole stenting of the ureter is reserved for infected FR or for stones of the upper ureter or the UPJ. Ureteroscopic lithotripsy followed by double-J stenting of the ureter may offer a quick and safe therapeutic alternative for distal and middle obstructive ureteral stones with FR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, General Hospital of Rhodos Island, Rhodos, Greece. P_kal@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kalafatis
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zougkas
authors.forename: Anastasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D007679:Kidney Medulla / Q000601:surgery; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000601:surgery; D007902:Length of Stay; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D018666:Ureteroscopy