title: Incidence and risk factors for rash in Thai patients randomized to regimens with nevirapine, efavirenz or both drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence and risk factors for rash in Thai patients taking four different non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-positive, antiretroviral-naive patients enrolled in the 2NN study in Thailand and followed for at least 1 week were included. Patients were randomized to efavirenz (EFV) 600 mg once daily (OD) versus nevirapine (NVP) 200 mg twice daily (BD) versus NVP 400 mg OD versus NVP 400 mg OD + EFV 800 mg OD with stavudine/lamivudine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 202 patients, 95 (47%) and 69 (34.2%) developed a rash from all reasons and from NNRTI, respectively. For NNRTI-related rash the incidences were EFV (20%), NVP BD (21%), NVP OD (38%) and NVP + EFV (67%). The proportions of patients with grade I, II and III within the four treatment arms are as follows: EFV, 4.3, 13 and 2.9%; NVP BD, 2.3, 15.9 and 2.3%; NVP OD, 12.8, 19.1 and 6.4%; and NVP + EFV, 11.9, 47.6 and 7.1%. Multivariate analyses showed females with CD4 cell count > or =250 x 10 cells/l, high body mass index (>21.3 kg/m), and a rise in CD4 (> or =53 x 10 cells/l) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (> or =34 U/l) at week 4 to be risk factors for rash.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thai patients had a high incidence of NNRTI-related rash when treated with NVP + EFV or NVP OD. NVP if used BD had the same rash incidence as EFV for rash of all grades. Females, and persons with earlier HIV disease or with a large rise in CD4+ cell count after starting therapy are at greater risk for NNRTI-related rash.
authors.affiliation: HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration and the Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand. jintanat.a@chula.ac.th
authors.forename: Jintanat
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ananworanich
authors.forename: Zewlan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Moor
authors.forename: Umaporn
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Siangphoe
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cardiello
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duncombe
authors.forename: Praphan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Phanuphak
authors.forename: Kiat
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ruxrungtham
authors.forename: Joep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000480:Alkynes; D048588:Benzoxazines; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005076:Exanthema / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010078:Oxazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D010078:Oxazines; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D019829:Nevirapine; C098320:efavirenz