title: Sex hormones modulate brain damage in multiple sclerosis: MRI evidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sex related differences in the course and severity of multiple sclerosis (MS) could be mediated by the sex hormones.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relation between serum sex hormone concentrations and characteristics of tissue damage on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in men and women suffering from relapsing-remitting MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum testosterone was significantly lower in women with MS than in controls. The lowest levels were found in women with a greater number of gadolinium enhancing lesions. A positive correlation was observed between testosterone concentrations and both tissue damage on MRI and clinical disability. In men, there was a positive correlation between oestradiol concentrations and brain damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hormone related modulation of pathological changes supports the hypothesis that sex hormones play a role in the inflammation, damage, and repair mechanisms typical of MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Sciences, University La Sapienza, viale dell'Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tomassini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Onesti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mainero
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giugni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paolillo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salvetti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nicoletti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pozzilli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol