Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance, lipodystrophy and atherosclerosis induced by HIV protease inhibitors.
Accumulating clinical evidence now links HIV protease inhibitors (HPIs) to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, lipodystrophy and atherosclerosis associated with highly active anti-retroviral therapy. Here we briefly describe the evidence for a distinct causative role for HPIs, and explore the cellular mechanisms proposed to underlie these side-effects. Acute inhibition of GLUT4-mediated glucose transport, and defective insulin signalling induced by chronic exposure to nelfinavir, are described as cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance. Interference with adipogenesis and adipocyte apoptosis and nelfinavir-induced activation of lipolysis are discussed as potential mechanisms of HPI-induced lipodystrophy. HPI-induced free radical production, apoptosis and increased glucose utilization in vascular smooth muscle cells are presented as possible novel mechanisms for atherosclerosis. Common pathways and cause-effect relationships between the various cellular mechanisms presented are then discussed, with emphasis on the role of insulin resistance, free radical production and enhanced lipolysis. Understanding the cellular mechanisms of HPI-induced side-effects will enhance the search for improved anti-retroviral therapy, and may also shed light on the pathogenesis of common forms of insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis.
Rudich
A
A
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103, Israel.
Ben-Romano
R
R
Etzion
S
S
Bashan
N
N
D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008060:Lipodystrophy / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000502:physiology; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D007328:Insulin; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C495692:SLC2A4 protein, human