title: Addition of various carbohydrates to beef burgers affects the formation of heterocyclic amines during frying.
abstract: The influence of the addition of carbohydrates with different physicochemical properties on weight loss and formation of heterocyclic amines (HAs) during the frying of beef burgers was examined. Furthermore, the capability of carbohydrates to bind HAs was tested. Beef burgers containing 1.5% NaCl and 0.3% tripolyphosphate (reference), with the addition of 1.5% carbohydrate, were fried for 5 min at 200 degrees C in a double-sided pan fryer. The beef burgers were analyzed for HAs with solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. 2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), and 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (Norharman) were detected in all of the beef burgers. The addition of carbohydrates affected both the weight loss and the formation of HAs during cooking. The formation of HAs could be correlated to depend on both the weight loss and the type of the added carbohydrate. Of the 11 different carbohydrates tested, raw potato starch was most capable of inhibiting the formation of HAs, while potato fiber gave the lowest weight loss and a comparably low amount of PhIP. Wheat bran and potato fiber were found to reversibly bind HAs. It is concluded that adding small amounts of certain carbohydrates may be a simple and effective way of reducing the amount of HAs and can easily be applied in households and commercial preparations of beef burgers.
authors.affiliation: Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry and Food Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Elna
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Ingegerd
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sjöholm
authors.forename: Margareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nyman
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Skog
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D002417:Cattle; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D011810:Quinoxalines; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000737:chemistry; D013213:Starch / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D011810:Quinoxalines; C036990:2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline; D013213:Starch