title: Male body image in Taiwan versus the West: Yanggang Zhiqi meets the Adonis complex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Body image disorders appear to be more prevalent in Western than non-Western men. Previous studies by the authors have shown that young Western men display unrealistic body ideals and that Western advertising seems to place an increasing value on the male body. The authors hypothesized that Taiwanese men would exhibit less dissatisfaction with their bodies than Western men and that Taiwanese advertising would place less value on the male body than Western media.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors administered a computerized test of body image to 55 heterosexual men in Taiwan and compared the results to those previously obtained in an identical study in the United States and Europe. Second, they counted the number of undressed male and female models in American versus Taiwanese women's magazine advertisements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the body image study, the Taiwanese men exhibited significantly less body dissatisfaction than their Western counterparts. In the magazine study, American magazine advertisements portrayed undressed Western men frequently, but Taiwanese magazines portrayed undressed Asian men rarely.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taiwan appears less preoccupied with male body image than Western societies. This difference may reflect 1) Western traditions emphasizing muscularity and fitness as a measure of masculinity, 2) increasing exposure of Western men to muscular male bodies in media images, and 3) greater decline in traditional male roles in the West, leading to greater emphasis on the body as a measure of masculinity. These factors may explain why body dysmorphic disorder and anabolic steroid abuse are more serious problems in the West than in Taiwan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Chi-Fu Jeffrey
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Harrison G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Pope
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology*; D001828:Body Image; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005060:Europe / Q000208:ethnology; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology*; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D013008:Somatotypes / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D013624:Taiwan / Q000208:ethnology; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents