title: Caudal additives for postoperative pain management in children: S(+)-ketamine and neostigmine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present pilot study was to compare the analgesic efficacy of S(+)-ketamine either alone or in combination with neostigmine for caudal blockade in pediatric surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40 children were randomly assigned to receive after induction of general anesthesia either caudal S(+)-ketamine 1 mg.kg(-1) (group K, n = 20) or caudal S (+)-ketamine 0.5 mg.kg(-1) plus neostigmine 10 microg.kg(-1) (group KN, n = 20). Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane and a laryngeal mask airway (LMA), no additional analgesics were administered. Postoperative pain and sedation were assessed by the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Score and Ramsay scale for 24 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistical difference in duration of analgesia and sedation was found. Mean duration of postoperative analgesia was 18 +/- 9.4 h in group K and 21.8 +/- 6.7 h in group KN. There was a significantly higher incidence of postoperative vomiting after administration of caudal ketamine with neostigmine (30% group KN Vs 0% group K; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study demonstrates equianalgesic effects on postoperative pain relief in children with both caudal S(+)-ketamine 1 mg.kg(-1) and caudal S(+)-ketamine 0.5 mg.kg(-1) plus neostigmine 10 microg.kg(-1). Further studies are required to confirm adoption of caudal neostigmine into routine clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. nicalm@tiscali.it
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Almenrader
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Passariello
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haiberger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pietropaoli
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007649:Ketamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017214:Laryngeal Masks; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009388:Neostigmine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000209:etiology; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D009388:Neostigmine; D007649:Ketamine