title: In vivo quercitrin anti-inflammatory effect involves release of quercetin, which inhibits inflammation through down-regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway.
abstract: Quercetin is a common antioxidant flavonoid found in vegetables, which is usually present in glycosylated forms, such as quercitrin (3-rhamnosylquercetin). Previous in vitro experiments have shown that quercetin exerts a bigger effect than quercitrin in the down-regulation of the inflammatory response. However, such results have not been reproduced in in vivo experimental models of intestinal inflammation, in which quercetin did not show beneficial effects while its glycosides, quercitrin or rutin, have demonstrated their effectiveness. In this study, we have reported that the in vivo effects of quercitrin in the experimental model of rat colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium can be mediated by the release of quercetin generated after glycoside's cleavage by the intestinal microbiota. This is supported by the fact that quercetin, but not quercitrin, is able to down-regulate the inflammatory response of bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro. Moreover, we have demonstrated that quercetin inhibits cytokine and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression through inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway without modification of c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity (both in vitro and in vivo). As a conclusion, our report suggests that quercitrin releases quercetin in order to perform its anti-inflammatory effect which is mediated through the inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Mònica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Comalada
authors.forename: Desirée
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Camuesco
authors.forename: Saleta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sierra
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ballester
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xaus
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gálvez
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zarzuelo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D011794:Quercetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016328:NF-kappa B; C012526:quercitrin; D011794:Quercetin