title: Timing and nature of wheezing at the endpoint of a bronchial challenge in preschool children.
abstract: Bronchial reactivity to inhaled agents in preschool children can be undertaken by auscultating the lungs to detect wheezing, but there is a lack of information on when wheeze first appears at the endpoint of the challenge and on the acoustic characteristics of the wheeze. We recorded breath sounds continuously during tidal breathing inhalation challenges with adenosine 5'-monophosphate, using sensors attached over each upper lobe in 80 preschool children. In 35 children, the challenge was considered positive by a pediatrician who determined the endpoint by detecting wheeze on auscultation after an inhalation. Using acoustic analysis, we determined that the first wheeze appeared during the 2-min period of nebulization in 31% of positive challenges; it was unilateral in 37%, and only inspiratory in 46%. A running window of 6 sec was used to detect at least two wheezes without reference to phase of breathing, and this index had a sensitivity of 97.6% and specificity of 99.7% for determining the endpoint of a challenge. Detecting wheeze acoustically adds safety to the technique by enabling the challenge to be stopped earlier, while the lack of a need to document the phase of breathing simplifies the technique.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pulmonology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. sgodfrey@netvision.net.il
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.forename: Shlomo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Avraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avital
authors.forename: Chaim
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Springer
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics / Q000295:instrumentation; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D023381:Endpoint Determination / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods*; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000145:classification*
chemical_list: D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D010100:Oxygen