title: Cost of delivering child immunization services in urban Bangladesh: a study based on facility-level surveys.
abstract: This facility-based study estimated the costs of providing child immunization services in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from the perspective of healthcare providers. About a quarter of all immunization (EPI) delivery sites in Dhaka city were surveyed during 1999. The EPI services in urban Dhaka are delivered through a partnership of the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). About 77% of the EPI delivery sites in Dhaka were under the management of NGOs, and 62% of all vaccinations were provided through these sites. The outreach facilities (both GoB and NGO) provided immunization services at a much lower cost than the permanent static facilities. The average cost per measles-vaccinated child (MVC), an indirect measure of number of children fully immunized (FIC-the number of children immunized by first year of life), was 11.61 U.S. dollars. If all the immunization doses delivered by the facilities were administered to children who were supposed to be immunized (FVC), the cost per child would have been 6.91 U.S. dollars. The wide gap between the cost per MVC and the cost per FVC implies that the cost of immunizing children can be reduced significantly through better targeting of children. The incremental cost of adding new services or interventions with current EPI was quite low, not significantly higher than the actual cost of new vaccines or drugs to be added. NGOs in Dhaka mobilized about 15,000 U.S. dollars from the local community to support the immunization activities. Involving local community with EPI activities not only will improve the sustainability of the programme but will also increase the immunization coverage.
authors.affiliation: Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. khan@tulane.edu
authors.forename: M Mahmud
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Suhaila H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fox-Rushby
authors.forename: Felicity
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cutts
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Akramuzzaman
mesh_terms: D001459:Bangladesh; D002648:Child; D003151:Community Health Centers / Q000191:economics*; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D005260:Female; D006078:Government Programs; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D017149:Private Sector; D015397:Program Evaluation; D014504:Urban Health