title: Hypoxia induced activin secretion by the fetoplacental unit: differential responses related to gestation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether activin A levels reflect oxygen availability in basal and hypoxic conditions in the late pregnant fetus and newborn lamb.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vivo animal experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Physiology, Monash University.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronically catheterised fetal sheep in late gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetal hypoxia was induced at 125 (n = 4), 135 (n = 4) or 145 days ('term'; n = 3) gestational age by maternal nitrogen exposure, for 4 hours, during which maternal and fetal arterial, and amniotic fluid samples were collected. Lambs (age one, five and eight days; n = 3) were exposed to 1 hour of hypoxia via nitrogen exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Activin A, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and cortisol were analysed in plasma and amniotic fluid, and whole blood was used to determine Pao2, Paco2, %O2, lactate and pH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Basal activin A concentrations in the fetal arterial circulation remained unchanged between 125 days (0.230 [0.10] ng/mL) and term (0.28 [0.10] ng/mL), as did fetal oxygen saturation (59.11% [4.74%] to 52.25% [4.84%]) and pH (7.35 [0.02] to 7.37 [0.02]). Moderate fetal hypoxia (50% fall in fetal arterial %O2) produced a significant increase in circulating activin A (2.05 [0.67] ng/mL) and a significant decrease in pH (7.27 [0.03]) at 125 days of gestation, however, at 135 and 145 days, activin A and pH remained unchanged. Fetal activin A concentration was significantly correlated with pH (P = 0.036) but not %O2 (P = 0.072). Hypoxia in the lambs did not alter circulating activin A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In response to hypoxia, activin A is increased in the circulation of 125-day-old fetuses, but not in older fetuses. Fetal arterial activin A levels sensitively reflect pH but not oxygen saturation, with increasing activin A in conditions of metabolic acidosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Loose
authors.forename: Suzanne L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Veena G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Supramaniam
authors.forename: Janelle W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: de Krester
authors.forename: Euan M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jenkin
mesh_terms: D028341:Activins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005311:Fetal Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D005333:Fetus / Q000098:blood supply; D005865:Gestational Age; D028322:Inhibin-beta Subunits / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000494:pharmacology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010313:Partial Pressure; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: C422405:activin A; D028341:Activins; D028322:Inhibin-beta Subunits; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen