title: Chronic exposure to high glucose impairs bradykinin-stimulated nitric oxide production by interfering with the phospholipase-C-implicated signalling pathway in endothelial cells: evidence for the involvement of protein kinase C.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Overwhelming evidence indicates that endothelial cell dysfunction in diabetes is characterised by diminished endothelium-dependent relaxation, but the matter of the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. As nitric oxide (NO) production from the endothelium is the major player in endothelium-mediated vascular relaxation, we investigated the effects of high glucose on NO production, and the possible alterations of signalling pathways implicated in this scenario.
  
  
  METHODS
  NO production and intracellular Ca(2+) levels ([Ca(2+)](i)) were assessed using the fluorescent probes 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate and fura-2 respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells to high glucose for 5 or 10 days significantly reduced NO production induced by bradykinin (but not by Ca(2+) ionophore) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This was probably due to an attenuation in bradykinin-induced elevations of [Ca(2+)](i) under these conditions, since a close correlation between [Ca(2+)](i) increases and NO generation was observed in intact bovine aortic endothelial cells. Both bradykinin-promoted intracellular Ca(2+) mobilisation and extracellular Ca(2+) entry were affected. Moreover, bradykinin-induced formation of Ins(1,4,5)P(3), a phospholipase C product leading to increases in [Ca(2+)](i), was also inhibited following high glucose culture. This abnormality was not attributable to a decrease in inositol phospholipids, but possibly to a reduction in the number of bradykinin receptors. The alterations in NO production, the increases in [Ca(2+)](i), and the bradykinin receptor number due to high glucose could be largely reversed by protein kinase C inhibitors and D: -alpha-tocopherol (antioxidant).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic exposure to high glucose reduces NO generation in endothelial cells, probably by impairing phospholipase-C-mediated Ca(2+) signalling due to excess protein kinase C activation. This defect in NO release may contribute to the diminished endothelium-dependent relaxation and thus to the development of cardiovascular diseases in diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Medical Institutes, National University of Singapore, Blk MD11 #02-01, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015759:Ionomycin; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D005947:Glucose; D001920:Bradykinin