title: Factors predictive of acute renal failure and need for hemodialysis among ED patients with rhabdomyolysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the primary causes of rhabdomyolysis, the factors associated with the development of acute renal failure (ARF), and the need for hemodialysis (HD) among a series of patients presenting to an urban emergency department with rhabdomyolysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A chart review between January 1992 and December 1995 was conducted of patients aged 18 years or older with a diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis and an initial serum creatine phosphokinase greater than 1000 U/L. Patients were excluded if they had evidence of myocardial ischemia, cerebrovascular insufficiency, or the development of rhabdomyolysis after hospitalization. Demographic information, presumed causative factors, past medical history, medication usage, and laboratory data were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-seven patients (93 men, 4 women) were enrolled, with a mean age of 35.7 years. The most common causes of rhabdomyolysis were cocaine (30), exercise (29), and immobilization (18). Seventeen of 97 (17.5%) patients developed ARF; 8 patients (8.25%) needed HD. Several clinical and laboratory factors were statistically associated with development of ARF and need for HD. The only variable that was predictive of both ARF and need for HD in separate multivariate regression models was the initial creatinine (Cr). Initial blood urea nitrogen also was predictive of the need for HD. No patient developed ARF with an initial Cr less than 1.7 mg/dL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute renal failure and need for HD are common complications of rhabdomyolysis. Except for initial serum Cr and blood urea nitrogen, clinical and laboratory factors were not reliable predictors for the development of ARF or need for HD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University/Bellevue Hospital Center, NY 10016, USA. william.fernandez@bmc.org
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: G Richard
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galea
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Chiang
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000097:blood; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D015897:Comorbidity; D003401:Creatine / Q000097:blood; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012206:Rhabdomyolysis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D003401:Creatine; D002118:Calcium