title: Prevention programs for reducing adolescent problem behaviors: Implications of the co-occurrence of problem behaviors in adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the correlations between multiple risk behaviors in adolescent populations to document the extent to which problem behaviors are intercorrelated and to identify factors associated with variations in these correlations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies from 1977 through the end of 1999 that included two or more problem behaviors in adolescents were identified by literature searches using the PsychLit database, Social Sciences Citation Index, manual journal searches and "ancestry" approaches. The behaviors studied were alcohol use, marijuana use, illicit drug use, cigarette smoking, general deviant behavior, and sexual activity. Included studies reported correlation coefficients between variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across all studies, the mean correlation between any two pairs of problem behaviors was 0.35, with a standard deviation of 0.28. This suggests that, on average, about two-thirds of the variation in problem behavior is the result of unique rather than common causes. The magnitude of the correlations varied as a function of the age of the adolescent, with lower correlations being evident for older adolescents. In addition, the magnitude of the correlation varied as a function of when the study was conducted, with studies of past generations showing stronger connections between risk behaviors than current generations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that there is considerably more unique variation in classic adolescent problem behaviors than common variation.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. rg650@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Guilamo-Ramos
authors.forename: Harold A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Litardo
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jaccard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency; D008297:Male; D011315:Preventive Medicine; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*