title: Effect of different approaches to treatment of smoking as a potential confounder in a case-control study on occupational exposures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of different approaches to treatment of smoking as a potential confounder in an occupational study of lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were used from a case-control study on 956 men with lung cancer and 1253 population controls recruited in two northern Italian areas during 1990-1992. The risk of lung cancer associated with 11 selected job titles and eight selected industrial activities was estimated using seven different methods to treat smoking history. To evaluate the confounding effect of smoking, odds ratios obtained using the first six models were compared with estimates from the seventh and most complex model, in which cumulative tobacco consumption and time since cessation were considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although crude odds ratios for some of the occupational categories were biased by up to 25%, such bias decreased to less than 10% when a simple model including smoking status (never, ex-, current) was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In occupational studies on lung cancer risk, information on smoking status may allow satisfactory control of the potential confounding effect of the habit.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, CeRMS and Centre for Oncological Prevention, University of Turin, Italy. lorenzo.richiardi@unito.it <lorenzo.richiardi@unito.it>
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richiardi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forastiere
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Simonato
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Merletti
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D009790:Occupations; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention