title: A simplified approach to the management of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While current practice guidelines provide an evidence-based approach to management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), application of the evidence by individual physicians has been suboptimal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess and synthesize the evidence regarding optimal management of non-ST-segment elevation ACS (NSTE-ACS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic searches of peer-reviewed publications were performed in MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database from January 1990 through November 2004, with consultation by content experts. Search terms included antiplatelet therapy, antithrombotic therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, angiotensin receptor blockade, beta-blockade, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, diet, diabetes mellitus, exercise, myocardial ischemia, and coronary artery disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Criteria for selection of studies included controlled study design, English language, and clinical pertinence. Data quality was based on the publishing journal and relevance to clinical management of NSTE-ACS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While outcomes of controlled studies support a comprehensive approach in the management of patients with NSTE-ACS, many physicians perceive existing guidelines as lengthy and complex. After risk stratification to identify those patients most likely to benefit from an early invasive vs early conservative strategy, a comprehensive management plan can be assembled through an "ABCDE" approach. The elements of this include "A" for antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulation, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, and angiotensin receptor blockade; "B" for beta-blockade and blood pressure control; "C" for cholesterol treatment and cigarette smoking cessation; "D" for diabetes management and diet; and "E" for exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An "ABCDE" approach for the management of NSTE-ACS provides a practical and systematic means to implement evidence-based medicine into clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md, USA.
authors.forename: Ty J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Gluckman
authors.forename: Molly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sachdev
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.forename: Roger S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000628:therapy*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004032:Diet; D004562:Electrocardiography; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000628:therapy*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016540:Smoking Cessation
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D000925:Anticoagulants; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors