title: Impacts of extraction methods in the rapid determination of atrazine residues in foods using supercritical fluid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: microwave solvent vs. supercritical fluid extractions.
abstract: It is an accepted fact that many food products that we eat today have the possibility of being contaminated by various chemicals used from planting to processing. These chemicals have been shown to cause illnesses for which some concerned government agencies have instituted regulatory mechanisms to minimize the risks and the effects on humans. It is for these concerns that reliable and accurate rapid determination techniques are needed to effect proper regulatory standards for the protection of people's nutritional health. This paper, therefore, reports the comparative evaluation of the extraction methods in the determination of atrazine (commonly used in agricultural as a herbicide) residues in foods using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and microwave solvent extraction (MSE) methods were used to test samples of frozen vegetables, fruit juice, and jam from local food markets in Houston. Results showed a high recovery percentage of atrazine residues using supercritical fluid coupled with ELISA and SFC than with MSE. Comparatively, however, atrazine was detected 90.9 and 54.5% using SFC and ELISA techniques, respectively. ELISA technique was, however, less time consuming, lower in cost, and more sensitive with low detection limit of atrazine residues than SFC technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Environmental Toxicology, 3100 Cleburne Avenue, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA. elsaeid03@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mohamed H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: El-Saeid
authors.forename: Ijeoma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kanu
authors.forename: Ebere C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Anyanwu
authors.forename: Mahmoud A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Saleh
mesh_terms: D001280:Atrazine / Q000032:analysis*; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005511:Food Handling; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis*; D008872:Microwaves; D012997:Solvents; D013781:Texas
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D012997:Solvents; D001280:Atrazine