title: Rhinitis is an independent risk factor for developing cough apart from colds among adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In cross-sectional clinical studies, rhinitis has been shown to be strongly associated with co-existing chronic cough. However, to date, this association has been poorly delineated from a prospective and epidemiological standpoint.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the 'Pisa Prospective Study', a population-based longitudinal cohort study composed of a baseline and a follow-up survey taken approximately 5 years apart from each other. Information on cough, rhinitis, and other risk factors was collected by standardized questionnaire. Cough apart from colds was defined as either 'chronic' (most days for at least 3 months for at least two consecutive years) or 'occasional' (if the three above temporal conditions were not met). 'Any' cough was defined as the presence of either occasional or chronic cough.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete information was available for 1670 subjects who were > or =15 years old and had no positive history of cough apart from colds at the baseline survey. Among them, 299 (18%) had rhinitis at baseline. By the follow-up survey, 16% of the subjects with rhinitis had developed any cough apart from colds, as compared with only 10% of the subjects without rhinitis (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.5, P < 0.005). After adjustment for age, gender, asthma status, smoking, and occupational exposure, rhinitis remained significantly associated with an increased risk both for any cough (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.6) and for occasional and chronic cough separately (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.5, and OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.6, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rhinitis is a significant and independent risk factor for developing cough among adults. Further research is needed to assess potential implications in terms of prevention.
authors.affiliation: Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Sherrill
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baldacci
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carrozzi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pistelli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Pede
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Viegi
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003139:Common Cold / Q000150:complications; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003371:Cough / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires