title: [Plague control in Madagascar: evaluation of the efficacy of Kartman baitboxes in urban areas].
abstract: A method associating an anticoagulant rodenticide and an insecticide called Kartman bait-box aimed both at fighting reservoir and vectors of plague. It was evaluated in two neighbourhoods of Antananarivo (Madagascar) from October 2002 to May 2003. It involved the local community in the control. The study was carried out in Ambodirano-Ampefiloha refered as treated neighbourhood in which the Kartman bait box were laid out with an anticoagulant rodenticide and an insecticide with a rapid action versus a "pilot neighbourhood", Ankorondrano-Andranomahery in which the boxes were provided with non poisoning bait and non insecticidal white powder. The rodenticide used was Baraki (difethialone 25 ppm) and the insecticide was a powder of Propoxur 3%. The evaluation of effectiveness of this method was based on the four following parameters: (1) the number of dead rats collected daily inside and in the vicinity of the houses, (2) the daily number of baits non consumed in the Kartman bait box, (3) the cheopis index of the rats trapped using the BTS trap, and (4) the flea carrier index of the rats captured monthly with BTS trap. The cheopis index and the flea carrier index of the rats were calculated monthly. The number of rats that died in the treated neighbourhood was of 968 versus 3 in the pilot neighbourhood. The other parameters reached a stable level after 3 months. Between days 120 and 180, the mean number of unconsumed baits was 2.79 in the treated neighbourhood versus 0.14 in the pilot neighbourhood, the flea carriage (percentage of parasitized hosts) was 0% versus 61% in the pilot neighbourhood, and the cheopis index was 0.0 versus 5.0 in the pilot neighbourhood. This study demonstrates that Kartman bait-boxes reached the rat borne and the vectors of plague found in urban area. We propose to use this method extensively both during epidemic and inter-epidemic contexts.
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP 1274, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ratovonjato
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Duchemin
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Duplantier
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rahelinirina
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rahalison
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Robert
mesh_terms: D015110:4-Hydroxycoumarins; D000818:Animals; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D004199:Disease Vectors; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007300:Insect Control / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000382:microbiology; D007306:Insecticides; D008270:Madagascar; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010930:Plague / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D011156:Population Density; D011204:Poverty Areas; D001074:Propoxur; D012375:Rodent Control / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D012378:Rodenticides; D005423:Siphonaptera / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D015110:4-Hydroxycoumarins; D007306:Insecticides; D012378:Rodenticides; D001074:Propoxur; C060340:difethialone