title: Respiratory responses evoked by blockades of ionotropic glutamate receptors within the Bötzinger complex and the pre-Bötzinger complex of the rabbit.
abstract: The respiratory role of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors within the Bötzinger complex (BötC) and the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC) was investigated in alpha-chloralose-urethane anaesthetized, vagotomized, paralysed and artificially ventilated rabbits by using bilateral microinjections (30-50 nL) of EAA receptor antagonists. Blockade of both N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors by 50 mM kynurenic acid (KYN) within the BötC induced a pattern of breathing characterized by low-amplitude, high-frequency irregular oscillations superimposed on tonic phrenic activity and successively the disappearance of respiratory rhythmicity in the presence of intense tonic inspiratory discharges (tonic apnea). KYN microinjections into the pre-BötC caused similar respiratory responses that, however, never led to tonic apnea. Blockade of NMDA receptors by D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP5; 1, 10 and 20 mM) within the BötC induced increases in respiratory frequency and decreases in peak phrenic amplitude; the highest concentrations caused tonic apnea insensitive to chemical stimuli. Blockade of non-NMDA receptors by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; 1, 10 and 20 mM) within the BötC produced only less pronounced increases in respiratory frequency. Responses to D-AP5 in the pre-BötC were similar, although less pronounced than those elicited in the BötC and never characterized by tonic apnea. In the same region, CNQX provoked increases in respiratory frequency similar to those elicited in the BötC, associated with slight reductions in peak phrenic activity. The results show that EAA receptors within the investigated medullary subregions mediate a potent control on both the intensity and frequency of inspiratory activity, with a major role played by NMDA receptors.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiologiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni 63, I-50134 Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mutolo
authors.forename: Fulvia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bongianni
authors.forename: Furio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nardone
authors.forename: Tito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pantaleo
mesh_terms: D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione / Q000494:pharmacology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000503:physiopathology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D007736:Kynurenic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D008845:Microinjections / Q000379:methods; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011817:Rabbits; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014628:Vagotomy / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; D007736:Kynurenic Acid