title: Effects of perindopril treatment on hemostatic function in patients with essential hypertension in relation to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene polymorphisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An imbalance in the hemostatic system is a frequent finding in untreated essential hypertension (HT), and it has been shown that treatment with angiotensin converting entyme (ACE) inhibitors improves hemostatic function. In order to elucidate the role of genetic factors, we studied hemostasis in patients with untreated and treated HT and correlated the results with ACE I/D and plasminogen activator enhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G gene polymorphisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-three males with HT (mean age 31.7 +/- 6.8 years) were compared with 34 age and gender-matched controls. All of the patients were treated with perindopril (4 mg/day) and, after one and six months of therapy, their levels of plasma fibrinogen (Fb), t-PA antigen, PAI-1 antigen, von Willebrand factor (vWF), ACE activity and blood pressure were measured. ACE and PAI-1 genotypes were identified by means of the polymerase chain reaction on DNA isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes. Untreated patients had significantly higher levels of Fb, PAI-1 (p < 0.01) and t-PA (p < 0.05) regardless of their ACE or PAI-1 genotypes. Perindopril reduced blood pressure regardless of ACE or PAI-1 genotype (p < 0.001). ACE II homozygotes showed the greatest decrease in ACE activity (p < 0.01) and a significant reduction in Fb levels (p < 0.05) after just one month of treatment. Analysis of the group as a whole revealed an increase in t-PA antigen levels after six months of treatment, regardless of ACE or PAI-1 genotype (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that essential hypertension predisposes to the procoagulant state characterized by hyperfibrinogenemia and hypofibrinolysis. Perindopril reduced fibrinogen levels in ACE II homozygotes due to its more potent inhibitory action on the renin-angiotensin system in such patients. It improved fibrinolysis by increasing t-PA levels regardless of ACE and PAI-1 genotype.
authors.affiliation: Regional Center for Atherosclerosis Research, Poland. mariajas@sci.pam.szczecin.pl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jastrzebskal
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Widecka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naruszewicz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciechanowicz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janczak-Bazan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Foltynska
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Goracy
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chetstowski
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wesotowska
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020913:Perindopril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010641:Phenotype; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D005340:Fibrinogen; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; D020913:Perindopril