title: Delivery of systemic chemotherapeutic agent to tumors by using focused ultrasound: study in a murine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantitatively determine the delivery of systemic liposomal doxorubicin to tumors treated with pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound and to study the mechanism underlying this delivery in a murine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  All animal work was performed in compliance with guidelines and approval of institutional animal care committee. C3H mice received subcutaneous injections in the flank of a cell suspension of SCC7, a murine squamous cell carcinoma cell line; mice (n = 32) in drug delivery study received unilateral injections, whereas mice (n = 10) in mechanistic study received bilateral injections. Tumors were treated when they reached 1 cm(3) in volume. In the drug delivery study, doxorubicin hydrochloride liposomes were injected into the tail vein: Mice received therapy with doxorubicin injections and high-intensity focused ultrasound, doxorubicin injections alone, or neither form of therapy (controls). Tumors were removed, and the doxorubicin content was assayed with fluorescent spectrophotometry. In the mechanistic study, all mice received an injection of 500-kDa dextran-fluorescein isothyocyanate into the tail vein, and half of them were exposed to high-intensity focused ultrasound prior to injection. Contralateral tumors served as controls for each group. Extravasation of dextran-fluorescein isothyocyanate was observed by using in vivo confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean doxorubicin concentration in tumors treated with pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound was 9.4 microg . g(-1) +/- 2.1 (standard deviation), and it was significantly higher (124% [9.4 microg . g(-1)/4.2 microg . g(-1)]) than in those that were not treated with high-intensity focused ultrasound (4.2 microg . g(-1) +/- 0.95) (P < .001, unpaired two-tailed Student t test). Extravasation of dextran-fluorescein isothyocyanate was observed in the vasculature of tumors treated with high-intensity focused ultrasound but not in that of untreated tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound is an effective method of targeting systemic drug delivery to tumor tissue. Potential mechanisms for producing the observed enhancement are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Lucas Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Sprectroscopy Research Center, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif, USA.
authors.forename: Esther L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Yuh
authors.forename: Suzanne G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Shulman
authors.forename: Shilpa A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Jianwu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Frenkel
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bednarski
authors.forename: King C P
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D008081:Liposomes; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D008081:Liposomes; D004317:Doxorubicin