title: Critical balance of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions is required for beta 2-microglobulin amyloid fibril growth and stability.
abstract: Investigation of factors that modulate amyloid formation of proteins is important to understand and mitigate amyloid-related diseases. To understand the role of electrostatic interactions and the effect of ionic cosolutes, especially anions, on amyloid formation, we have investigated the effect of salts such as NaCl, NaI, NaClO(4), and Na(2)SO(4) on the amyloid fibril growth of beta(2)-microglobulin, the protein involved in dialysis-related amyloidosis. Under acidic conditions, these salts exhibit characteristic optimal concentrations where the fibril growth is favored. The presence of salts leads to an increase in hydrophobicity of the protein as reported by 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid, indicating that the anion interaction leads to the necessary electrostatic and hydrophobic balance critical for amyloid formation. However, high concentrations of salts tilt the balance to high hydrophobicity, leading to partitioning of the protein to amorphous aggregates. Such amorphous aggregates are not competent for fibril growth. The order of anions based on the lowest concentration at which fibril formation is favored is SO(4)(2)(-) > ClO(4)(-) > I(-) > Cl(-), consistent with the order of their electroselectivity series, suggesting that preferential anion binding, rather than general ionic strength effect, plays an important role in the amyloid fibril growth. Anion binding is also found to stabilize the amyloid fibrils under acidic condition. Interestingly, sulfate promotes amyloid growth of beta(2)-microglobulin at pH between 5 and 6, closer to its isoelectric point. Considering the earlier studies on the role of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans (i.e., sulfated polyanions) on amyloid formation, our study suggests that preferential interaction of sulfate ions with amyloidogenic proteins may have biological significance.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Bakthisaran
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chatani
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kihara
authors.forename: Tadato
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ban
authors.forename: Miyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Hironobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naiki
authors.forename: Ch Mohan
authors.initials: ChM
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goto
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D000682:Amyloid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000838:Anions / Q000737:chemistry; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D055672:Static Electricity; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013816:Thermodynamics; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D000682:Amyloid; D000838:Anions; D013431:Sulfates; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; C012036:sodium sulfate; D012965:Sodium Chloride