title: Oral risperidone with lorazepam versus oral zuclopenthixol with lorazepam in the treatment of acute psychosis in emergency psychiatry: a prospective, comparative, open-label study.
abstract: Acutely psychotic patients presenting as psychiatric emergencies with aggression or agitation are often administered conventional antipsychotics intramuscularly. However, patients view intramuscular administration as coercive, and conventional antipsychotics are often associated with adverse events. In this open study, consecutive adult patients presenting with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder were assigned to oral risperidone 2-6 mg/day (n = 48) or oral zuclopenthixol 20-50 mg/day (n = 27) for 7-14 days. Lorazepam (either oral or intramuscular) was administered to both groups as needed. Patients were assessed regularly until day 14 or discharge. Mean Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) aggression scores (sum of item scores on excitement, poor impulse control, hostility and uncooperativeness) decreased steadily and similarly in both groups; the mean changes from baseline were statistically significant at days 10 and 14 and at study end-point. The mean decrease at study end-point in the PANSS component score for hostility was statistically significant in the risperidone group, but not in the zuclopenthixol group. Social Dysfunction and Aggression Scale aggression scores and Clinical Global Impression scores decreased significantly and similarly in both groups. Overall, 18.7% of patients showed minor extrapyramidal symptoms during the study, but only 16.7% of risperidone-treated patients, compared to 59.3% of zuclopenthixol-treated patients, received anti-parkinsonian medication (p < 0.001). Lorazepam was administered to all of the patients assigned to risperidone and to 89% of those assigned to zuclopenthixol. Oral risperidone plus lorazepam is a convenient, effective and well-tolerated alternative to conventional antipsychotics for the treatment of acute psychosis in emergency psychiatry.
authors.affiliation: DeltaBouman Psychiatric Teaching Hospital, Poortugaal, The Netherlands. hans.hovens@deltabouman.nl
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hovens
authors.forename: P J T
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Dries
authors.forename: C T M
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Melman
authors.forename: R J C
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wapenaar
authors.forename: A J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Loonen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000374:Aggression; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003006:Clopenthixol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010564:Personnel, Hospital; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D018967:Risperidone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012919:Social Behavior
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003006:Clopenthixol; D018967:Risperidone; D008140:Lorazepam