title: Fluidized-bed-combustion ash for the solidification and stabilization of a metal-hydroxide sludge.
abstract: Fluidized-bed-combustion (FBC) ash is a by-product from a developing technology for coal-fired power plants that will economically reduce air emissions to meet requirements of the Clean Air Act. FBC ash has physical and chemical properties similar to Portland cement, but only has moderate success as a pozzolan in concrete applications due to low compressive strengths. However, FBC ash has proven effective for use as a binder for the solidification and stabilization (S/S) of metal-bearing sludges. Physical and chemical characterization procedures were used to analyze FBC ash and a metal-bearing sludge obtained from a hazardous waste treatment facility to develop 12 different S/S mix designs. The mix designs consist of four binder designs to evaluate sludge-to-binder ratios of approximately 0, 0.5, and 1. Portland cement is used as a control binder to compare unconfined compressive strengths and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) analyses from different ratios of the FBC ash streams: fly ash, char, and spent bed material (SBM). Compressive strengths ranging from 84 lbs per square inch (psi) to 298 psi were obtained from various mix designs containing different sludge-to-ash ratios cured for 28 days. All the mix designs passed the TCLP. Recoveries from leaching for each metal were less than 5% for most mix designs. Results of unconfined compressive strengths, TCLP, and percent recovery calculations indicate that the mix design containing approximately a 1:1 ratio of fly ash to char-and-sludge is the best mix design for the S/S of the metal-bearing sludge.
authors.affiliation: Ogden Environmental and Energy Services, Nashville, Tennessee 37211, USA.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Knoll
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Behr-Andres
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis*; D060729:Coal Ash; D006878:Hydroxides / Q000032:analysis*; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011210:Power Plants
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D060729:Coal Ash; D006878:Hydroxides; D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D002244:Carbon