title: Improved resuscitation outcome in emergency medical systems with increased usage of sodium bicarbonate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of sodium bicarbonate (SB) in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is controversial. This study analyzes the effects of SB use on CPR outcome in the Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trial III (BRCT III), which was a multicenter randomized trial comparing high-dose to standard-dose epinephrine during CPR. Sodium bicarbonate use in BRCT III was optional.
  
  
  METHODS
  The entire BRCT III database was reviewed. Analysis included only patients who arrested out of the hospital and whose time from collapse to initiation of ACLS was no longer than 30 min (total n = 2122 patients). Sodium bicarbonate use by the 16 participating study sites was analyzed. The study sites were divided according to their SB usage profile: 'low SB user' sites administered SB in less than 50% of CPRs and their first epinephrine to SB time exceeded 10 min; and 'high SB user' sites used SB in over 50% of CPRs and their first epinephrine to SB time was <10 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sites' SB usage rates ranged between 3.1% and 98.2% of CPRs. Sodium bicarbonate usage rates correlated inversely with the sites' intervals from collapse (r = - 0.579 P = 0.018) from initiation of ACLS (r = - 0.685 P = 0.003) and from first epinephrine (r = - 0.611 P = 0.012) to SB administration. Mean ROSC rate in the 'high SB user' sites was 33.5% (CI = 30.0-37.0) compared to 25.7% (CI = 23.1-28.4) in the 'low SB user' sites. In the 'high SB user' sites, hospital discharge rate was 5.3% (CI = 3.6-7.0) compared to 3% (CI = 2.0-4.0) in the 'low SB user' sites, and 5.3% (CI = 3.6-7.0) had a favorable neurological outcome compared to 2.1% (CI = 1.2-3.0) in the 'low SB user' sites. Collapse to ACLS interval was 8.5 min (CI = 8.1-9.0) in the 'high SB user' sites compared to 10.2 min (CI = 9.8-10.6) in the 'low SB user' sites, and their ACLS to first epinephrine interval was 7.0 min (CI = 6.5-7.5) compared to 9.7 min (CI = 9.3-10.2). Multivariate regression analysis found that belonging to 'high SB user' sites independently increased the chances for ROSC (OR 1.36, CI 1.08-1.7) and for achieving a good neurological outcome (OR 2.18, CI 1.23-3.86).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Earlier and more frequent use of SB was associated with higher early resuscitability rates and with better long-term outcome. Sodium bicarbonate may be beneficial during CPR, and it should be subjected to a randomized clinical trial.
authors.affiliation: Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. g_barjoseph@rambam.health.gov.il
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bar-Joseph
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Abramson
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Kelsey
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mashiach
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Safar
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D002021:Buffers; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D013566:Sympathomimetics; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D004837:Epinephrine