title: Antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection-drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV in the United States: recommendations from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
abstract: The most effective means of preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is preventing exposure. The provision of antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV infection after unanticipated sexual or injection-drug--use exposure might be beneficial. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Working Group on Nonoccupational Postexposure Prophylaxis (nPEP) made the following recommendations for the United States. For persons seeking care < or =72 hours after nonoccupational exposure to blood, genital secretions, or other potentially infectious body fluids of a person known to be HIV infected, when that exposure represents a substantial risk for transmission, a 28-day course of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is recommended. Antiretroviral medications should be initiated as soon as possible after exposure. For persons seeking care < or =72 hours after nonoccupational exposure to blood, genital secretions, or other potentially infectious body fluids of a person of unknown HIV status, when such exposure would represent a substantial risk for transmission if the source were HIV infected, no recommendations are made for the use of nPEP. Clinicians should evaluate risks and benefits of nPEP on a case-by-case basis. For persons with exposure histories that represent no substantial risk for HIV transmission or who seek care >72 hours after exposure, DHHS does not recommend the use of nPEP. Clinicians might consider prescribing nPEP for exposures conferring a serious risk for transmission, even if the person seeks care >72 hours after exposure if, in their judgment, the diminished potential benefit of nPEP outweighs the risks for transmission and adverse events. For all exposures, other health risks resulting from the exposure should be considered and prophylaxis administered when indicated. Risk-reduction counseling and indicated intervention services should be provided to reduce the risk for recurrent exposures.
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Dawn K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Grohskopf
authors.forename: Roberta J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Judith D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Auerbach
authors.forename: Fulvia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Veronese
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Struble
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheever
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Lynn A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Paxton
authors.forename: Ida M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Onorato
authors.forename: Alan E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Greenberg
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D012306:Risk; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States