title: Anterior cervical plate fixation: a biomechanical study to evaluate the effects of plate design, endplate preparation, and bone mineral density.
abstract: METHODS
  A biomechanical study using multidirectional flexibility testing in a human cadaveric cervical spine model of a flexion-distraction injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the immediate postoperative stabilizing effect of dynamic and rigid anterior cervical plates and to assess the confounding effects of bone mineral density (BMD) and endplate preparation technique.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Dynamic plate designs presumably increase load sharing between the plate and graft, but their effect on spinal stabilization has not been assessed in a traumatic flexion-distraction model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four fresh frozen human cervical functional spinal units were dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scanned for bone mineral density and allocated into 4 groups by the type of plate, dynamic (ABC, Aesculap, Germany) versus rigid (Cervical Spine Locking Plate, Synthes USA, Paoli, PA), and the technique of endplate preparation, intact versus removed. Each functional spinal unit had all posterior ligaments transected and both inferior facets excised, after which anterior discectomy, grafting, and plating was performed. Nondestructive testing applied a 1.5 Nm pure moment, whereas ranges of motion and neutral zones were measured in flexion/extension, lateral bending, and rotation. Ratios of the range of motion and neutral zone of the plated to the intact site were analyzed. The load sharing between the plate and the functional spinal unit was measured via strain gauges mounted on the plate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in the range of motion or neutral zone ratios between the 2 plate designs, except for the range of motion ratio in extension, where the dynamic plate exhibited better stabilization than the rigid plate (P = 0.02). There was a consistent interaction whereby endplate removal resulted in better stabilization for the dynamic plate, but less stabilization for the rigid plate. Significantly less motion was observed with increasing bone mineral density in all loading directions. In flexion and extension, the dynamic plate measured one-third less strain than the rigid plate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dynamic plate appeared to provide better stabilization in extension, and the technique of endplate preparation has some effect on immediate stabilization, dependent on the type of plate employed. Bone mineral density of the specimen was a strong determinant of the degree of stabilization achieved, regardless of the type of plate used.
authors.affiliation: Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia and the Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Program at the Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. mdvorak@vanhosp.bc.ca
authors.forename: Marcel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dvorak
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pitzen
authors.forename: Qingan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jeff D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Charles G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Oxland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D001860:Bone Plates; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery*; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D018583:Pliability; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016474:Weight-Bearing