title: Residential dust lead loading immediately after intervention in the HUD lead hazard control grant program.
abstract: At the conclusion of most lead hazard control interventions in federally assisted housing built before 1978, a certified clearance examiner must verify that the lead hazard control work was completed as specified and that the area is safe for residents, a process referred to as clearance. This study explores the experience of 14 grantees participating in the Evaluation of the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program in passing clearance. The study also considers how preintervention lead levels (interior dust and paint), building condition/characteristics, and the scope of work influenced initial clearance dust lead loadings and clearance rates. At the initial clearance inspection, 80% of the 2682 dwellings achieved grantee-specific clearance standards on windowsills, window troughs (500 microg/ft2 and 800 microg/ft2, respectively), and floors (80, 100, or 200 microg/ft2 depending on state/local regulations at the dates of clearance in the mid-1990s), with individual grantee success rates ranging from 63 to 100%. Dwellings that failed initial clearance required an average of 1.13 retests to clear. The high level of success at clearance demonstrates that following methods for work site containment, lead hazard control, and cleaning similar to those recommended in the HUD Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based Paint in Housing is effective. The most common lead hazard control intervention was window abatement accompanied by the repair or abatement of all other deteriorated lead-based paint (56% of dwellings). An additional 5% of dwellings were fully abated, 29% had lower intensity interventions. Interventions including window replacement are recommended to reduce dust lead loading on windowsills and troughs at clearance, but lower level interventions such as full paint stabilization are just as good at reducing floor dust lead loadings. Whatever lead hazard control activities are selected, the condition of the surfaces of interest should be in good condition at clearance.
authors.affiliation: The National Center for Healthy Housing, Columbia, Maryland 21044, USA. SDixon@centerforhealthyhousing.org
authors.forename: Sherry L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Succop
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Warren A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Galke
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Menrath
authors.forename: C Scott
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003252:Construction Materials; D004391:Dust; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D012499:Sanitation; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D007854:Lead