title: Recurrent vesical calculi, hypercalciuria, and biochemical evidence of increased bone resorption in an adult male with paraplegia due to spinal cord injury: is there a role for intermittent oral disodium etidronate therapy for prevention of calcium phosphate bladder stones?
abstract: METHODS
  Clinical case report with comments by colleagues from Sweden, Poland, Spain, Brazil, Japan, Belgium and Switzerland.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the role of disodium etidronate therapy for prevention of calcium phosphate vesical calculi in persons with spinal cord injury, who have hypercalciuria and biochemical evidence of increased bone resorption.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regional Spinal Injuries Centre, Southport, UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 21-year-old male sustained paraplegia (T-10; ASIA scale: A) in a road traffic accident in June 2001. He had an indwelling urethral catheter until the end of August 2001, when he started self-catheterisation. He developed bladder stones and electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) was performed in May 2002. All stone fragments were removed. Recurrence of vesical calculi was noted in October 2002. These stones were fragmented by lithoclast lithotripsy in two sessions, in December 2002 and February 2003; all stone fragments were removed at the end of the second session. This patient reverted to indwelling catheter drainage when vesical calculi recurred. In September 2003, X-ray of the abdomen showed recurrence of vesical calculi. By February 2004, the stones had increased in size and number. EHL of vesical calculi was again performed in April 2004. Complete clearance was achieved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 24-h urinalysis detected hypercalciuria--18.7 mmol/day (reference range: 2.5-7.5). Biochemical analysis of vesical calculus revealed calcium phosphate (85%) and magnesium ammonium phosphate (15%). Plasma C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) was increased - 1.06 ng/ml (reference range: 0.1-0.5 ng/ml). Free deoxypyridinoline/creatinine ratio (fDPD/Cr) in urine was also increased - 20.2 (reference range: 2.3-5.4). In April 2004, this patient was prescribed disodium etidronate 400 mg day. Nearly 3 months after commencing therapy with etidronate, plasma CTX decreased to 0.87 ng/ml. fDPD/Cr in urine also decreased to 12.4. After 4 months of etidronate therapy, 24-h urinary calcium excretion had decreased to 6.1 mmol/day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Etidronate (400 mg daily) is a very effective inhibitor of calcium phosphate crystallisation. Etidronate decreased urinary excretion of calcium, an important factor in prevention of calcium phosphate bladder stones. Etidronate therapy is not a substitute for other well-established methods for prevention of vesical calculi in spinal cord injury patients, for example, large fluid intake, avoiding long-term catheter drainage. Intermittent therapy with etidronate may be considered in selected patients, in whom hypercalciuria persists after instituting nonpharmacological therapy for an adequate period, for example, early mobilisation, weight-bearing exercises, and functional electrical stimulation. However, possible side effects of etidronate, and the fact that etidronate is not licensed in United Kingdom for prevention of urolithiasis, should be borne in mind.
authors.affiliation: Regional Spinal Injuries Centre, District General Hospital, Southport, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaidyanathan
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: A Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Buczynski
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grases
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Heilberg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasui
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wyndaele
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tozawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kohri
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schurch
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Soni
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sett
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000209:etiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D012968:Etidronic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D001744:Urinary Bladder Calculi / Q000209:etiology; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D012968:Etidronic Acid; D002118:Calcium