title: The transformer2 gene in Musca domestica is required for selecting and maintaining the female pathway of development.
abstract: We present the isolation and functional analysis of a transformer2 homologue Mdtra2 in the housefly Musca domestica. Compromising the activity of this gene by injecting dsRNA into embryos causes complete sex reversal of genotypically female individuals into fertile males, revealing an essential function of Mdtra2 in female development of the housefly. Mdtra2 is required for female-specific splicing of Musca doublesex (Mddsx) which structurally and functionally corresponds to Drosophila dsx, the bottom-most regulator in the sex-determining pathway. Since Mdtra2 is expressed in males and females, we propose that Mdtra2 serves as an essential co-factor of F, the key sex-determining switch upstream of Mddsx. We also provide evidence that Mdtra2 acts upstream as a positive regulator of F supporting genetic data which suggest that F relies on an autocatalytic activity to select and maintain the female path of development. We further show that repression of male courtship behavior by F requires Mdtra2. This function of F and Mdtra2 appears not to be mediated by Mddsx, suggesting that bifurcation of the pathway at this level is a conserved feature in the genetic architecture of Musca and Drosophila.
authors.affiliation: Zoological Institute, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Géza
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burghardt
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hediger
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Siegenthaler
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dübendorfer
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bopp
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005809:Genes, Regulator; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006793:Houseflies / Q000235:genetics*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008845:Microinjections; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics; D012326:RNA Splicing; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D019849:Sex Determination Processes
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D019476:Insect Proteins; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins; C066174:tra2 protein, Drosophila; D012313:RNA