title: Preoperative staging of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombus using multidetector CT and MRI: prospective study with histopathological correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the accuracy of multidetector computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in staging and estimating renal carcinomas with caval thrombus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initially, 23 patients with suspected caval thrombi were admitted into this prospective study. Triphasic CT imaging was performed using a multidetector CT with a reconstructed slice thickness of 2 mm. 3D CT reconstructions were used to improve surgical planning. MRI protocol included: a transversal T1-weighted GE sequence with and without Gd-DTPA, a transversal T2-weighted respiratory-gated TSE, and a coronal T1-weighted GE sequence with Gd-DTPA and fat saturation. In addition, a multiphase 3D angiography was performed after Gd-DTPA injection. Patients were divided into 3 groups: caval thrombus below the insertion of the hepatic veins, within the intrahepatic vena cava, and intra-atrial extension. The results the tumor thrombus extension and staging results of 2 independent readers were correlated with surgical and histopathological staging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 23 patients admitted, CT and MR scans of 14/13 patients respectively were correlated with histopathological workup. CT thrombus detection sensitivity and specificity for both readers was 0.93 and 0.8 respectively. MRI sensitivity and specificity for both readers was 1.0/0.85 and 0.75. Readers I and II evaluated the uppermost extension of the cranial tumor thrombus by both CT and MRI. CT and MR accuracy was 78% and 72%, 88% and 76% respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cases of a suspected tumor thrombus, MRI and multidetector CT imaging showed similar staging results. Consequently, these staging modalities can be used to assess the extension of the tumor thrombus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany. hallscheidt@yahoo.de
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hallscheidt
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haferkamp
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.forename: Ante
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luburic
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zuna
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Noeldge
authors.forename: Guenter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kauffmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007472:Iohexol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating / Q000473:pathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007472:Iohexol; C038192:iopromide; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA