title: The impact of environmental tobacco smoke on women's risk of dying from heart disease: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review systematically and analyze the association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and the risk of dying from heart disease in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the English-language literature using MEDLINE (1966-April 2004), CINAHL, PsychInfo, and bibliographies of selected studies. We included studies that specifically addressed the association of ETS and heart disease mortality in women and had adequate controls and retrievable risk estimates. We looked for either cohort studies or randomized controlled trials. Studies were evaluated independently by two of the authors. Nine cohort studies were finally selected for analysis. We estimated the summary relative risk (RR) and associated 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using a random-effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean follow-up periods for these cohorts ranged from 6 to 39 years. Among non-smoking women, exposure to ETS was associated with a 15% increase in the risk of dying from heart disease compared with nonsmoking women not exposed to ETS (RR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.03-1.28, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among nonsmoking women, exposure to passive smoke increases the risk of dying from heart disease. In accordance with the newly developed guidelines by the American Heart Association for prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women, we recommend counseling women on reducing or avoiding ETS exposure.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research and Development, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA. kaur0004@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Suneet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Adi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Rowena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dolor
authors.forename: Cynthia J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Coffman
authors.forename: Lori A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bastian
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution