title: Effect of passive smoking on endothelial function in: healthy adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Active smoking predisposes to atherosclerotic vascular disease but recent evidence that inhalation of environmental tobacco smoke (passive smoking) may also have deleterious cardiovascular effects, has enormous public health implications. Endothelial dysfunction is an important early feature of atherogenic process, which may occur due to passive smoking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of passive smoking on endothelial function (measured by flow-mediated dilatation, a marker of endothelium-dependent arterial dilatation) and compare it with non-smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Out-Patient Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Nagpur.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-five young, healthy, male adults between 15-30 years age were studied. There were three groups: (a) Non smokers (n = 25) (b) Passive smokers (n= 25) and (c) Active smokers (n = 25). Subjects with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and ischemic heart disease were excluded. Lipid profile was measured in all. Endothelial function was tested non-invasively by using high frequency linear vascular probe on brachial artery. Resting brachial artery lumen, flow at rest and after hyperemia, flow-mediated dilatation and nitroglycerine-induced dilatation were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean brachial artery lumen dilatation and flow at rest were similar in all the three groups. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD%, a marker of endothelium-dependent dilatation and endothelial function) was significantly higher in non-smokers than passive smokers (8.9 +/- 4.8 Vs 5 +/- 2.3, p < 0.01) and also as compared with active smokers (8.9 +/- 4.8 Vs 6.6 +/- 2.2, p < 0.05). Nitroglycerine-induced dilatation, (a marker of endothelium-independent dilatation ) was similar in all the three groups. Serum lipids (mean cholesterol, LDL, and mean LDL/HDL ratio) were statistically significantly higher in passive and active smokers as compared with non-smokers (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Like active smoking, passive smoking was also associated with impaired endothelial function, (a key early event in atherogenesis) and altered lipid profile, in healthy young adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine Indira Gandhi Medical College, Nagpur.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Holay
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Paunikar
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Sahasrabhojney
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Tankhiwale
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001916:Brachial Artery; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014654:Vascular Patency; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009538:Nicotine