title: [Epidemics of acute respiratory infections in Madagascar in 2002: from alert to confirmation].
abstract: An epidemiological investigation (Ministry of Health/Institut Pasteur de Madagascar (IPM)) was conducted in July 2002, in two districts of a same province (Fianarantsoa: Fianarantsoa II and Ikongo) considering the high frequency of deaths linked with acute respiratory infection (ARI). Morbidity and mortality data was collected in the Centre de Santé de Base (CSB) which gave the alert (village of Sahafata, district Fianarantsoa II). Analysis of monthly activity reports (MAR) allowed calculation of incidence rates of ARI/pneumonia in Fianarantsoa province. Virological data was based on the analysis of nasopharyngeal samples collected during the investigations. Clinical symptoms and homogeneity of laboratory results are consistent with an origin of these epidemics being related to the circulation of an influenza virus A subtype H3N2. Attack rates were very high. CFR was significantly higher in individuals of less than 1 year and more than 65 years. This data was confirmed by posterior investigations of teams from MoH/WHO. Surprisingly, this large epidemic was due to a known influenza virus that previously circulated in countries of northern hemisphere (the year before) and even in Antananarivo weeks before. Different hypothesis could be proposed to explain such phenomenon: great restriction of exchanges between different geographical zones, nutritional status....
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The epidemic episodes of acute respiratory infections in Madagascar in July 2002 were due to an influenza virus A subtype H3N2 without any genotypic or phenotypic features. Various factors, could explain the importance of the epidemic and particular high lethality found in some age groups. This epidemic illustrates the relative incapacity for a developing country, to face and manage a flu epidemic caused by a classical influenza virus.
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ratsitorahina
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rakoto Andrianarivelo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rousset
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Rasoazanamiarana
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Rabarijaona
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Manuguerra
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Migliani
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018563:Disease Notification; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D009980:Influenza A virus; D008270:Madagascar / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000821:virology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons