title: Vascular endothelial growth factor C promotes lymph node metastasis in a rectal cancer orthotopic model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C), a novel member of the vascular endothelial growth factor family, is a relatively specific lymphangiogenic growth factor. It has been suggested that increased expression of VEGF-C in primary tumors is correlated with lymph node metastasis. We conducted this study to determine whether VEGF-C directly affects lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  For an accurate analysis and clear visualization of metastases, the rectal cancer cell line, DLD1, was engineered to stably express green fluorescent protein (GFP) (DLD1/GFP). We implanted DLD1/GFP cells overexpressing VEGF-C orthotopically into the rectal walls of nude mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lymph node metastasis was confirmed in all (100%) of the mice bearing DLD1/GFP-VEGF-C tumors, but in only 25% of the mice bearing control tumors. There were more lymph node metastases per mouse in the mice bearing DLD1/GFP-VEGF-C tumors than in the mice bearing control tumors. There were no differences in cell growth and motility in vitro or in the resulting tumor volume from the implanted cells between the two groups. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that VEGF-C induced the growth of lymphatic vessels, which were enlarged in the tumor periphery and contained tumor cell emboli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that VEGF-C-induced lymphangiogenesis mediates tumor spread and the formation of lymph node metastasis.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Surgery, Sapporo Medical University, South 1, West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yanai
authors.forename: Fumitake
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002455:Cell Division; D002465:Cell Movement; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C