title: Bicycle helmet use in Sweden during the 1990s and in the future.
abstract: This paper describes how the use of bicycle helmets in Sweden has changed for different categories of cyclists from 1988 to 2002, and it also estimates future trends in voluntary wearing of bicycle helmets up to the year 2010. Observational studies of the use of bicycle helmets were conducted once a year from 1988 to 2002 at 157 sites in 21 cities. The subjects observed were children cycling to school (average n = 5471/year) and in their free time (average n = 2191/year), and adults cycling to workplaces and on public bike paths (average n = 29 368/year). The general trend in helmet use from 1988 to 2002 was determined by linear regression analysis, and the results were also employed to estimate future helmet wearing for the period 2003-2010. Differences in helmet use according to gender and size of city were analysed by chi-square tests. From 1988 to 2002, all categories of cyclists showed an upward trend in helmet use (p < 0.01, p < 0.001). Helmet wearing increased from about 20 to 35% among children (< or =10 years) cycling during free time, from approximately 5 to 33% among school children, and from around 2 to 14% in adults. Total average helmet use rose from about 4 to 17%. However, during the last 5 years of the study period (1998-2002), none of the categories of cyclists studied showed an upward trend in helmet wearing. It is estimated that approximately 30% of cyclists will wear helmets voluntarily by the year 2010, if helmet promotion activities are continued at the same level as previously. The results suggest that Sweden will probably not reach its official goal of 80% helmet use unless a national bicycle helmet law is passed.
authors.affiliation: Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), SE-581 95 Linköping, Sweden. sixten.nolen@vti.se
authors.forename: Sixten
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nolén
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ekman
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lindqvist
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009313:National Health Programs; D019370:Observation; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D013548:Sweden