title: Dopexamine and its role in the protection of hepatosplanchnic and renal perfusion in high-risk surgical and critically ill patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dopexamine is increasingly being used in high-risk surgical and critically ill patients to preserve hepatosplanchnic and renal perfusion. This systematic review of randomized controlled trials was undertaken to investigate the clinical evidence for using dopexamine in this role.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data sources included Medline, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and CINAHL and reference lists of relevant articles. Randomized controlled trials which compared dopexamine treatment with a control group, in high-risk surgical and critically ill adult patients and with primary outcome measures designed to assess hepatosplanchnic and renal perfusion were included. Articles not published in English were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one trials were selected from the literature search. The results suggest that dopexamine may protect against colonic mucosal damage in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery and may improve gastric mucosal pHi in general surgical patients, especially those with preoperative gastric mucosal pHi measurements <7.35 and those undergoing pancreatico-duodenectomy surgery. Dopexamine may have beneficial effects on renal perfusion in patients undergoing cardiac surgery but appears to have little or no benefit on gastric mucosal pHi in the same patient population. In critically ill patients none of the studies demonstrated a beneficial effect of dopexamine on either hepatosplanchnic or renal perfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence provided by the existing studies is both inadequate and inconsistent. There is insufficient evidence to offer reliable recommendations on the clinical use of dopexamine for the protection of either hepatosplanchnic or renal perfusion in high-risk surgical patients. Furthermore, there is no current evidence to support a role for dopexamine in protecting either hepatosplanchnic or renal perfusion in critically ill patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Freeman Hospital, Freeman Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK. mcrenton@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Renton
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Snowden
mesh_terms: D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy; D004298:Dopamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C046318:dopexamine; D004298:Dopamine