title: A cascade of cytokines mediates mechanical inflammatory hypernociception in mice.
abstract: The hypernociceptive effects of cytokines [TNF-alpha, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), and IL-1beta] and their participation in carrageenan (Cg)-induced inflammatory hypernociception in mice were investigated. Nociceptor sensitization (hypernociception) was quantified with an electronic version of the von Frey filament test in WT and TNF receptor type 1 knockout mice (TNF-R1-/-). TNF-alpha-induced hypernociception was abolished in TNF-R1-/- mice, partially inhibited by pretreatment with IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) or indomethacin and unaffected by Ab against KC (AbKC) or guanethidine. IL-1ra and indomethacin pretreatment strongly inhibited the hypernociception induced by IL-1beta, which was not altered by AbKC or guanethidine or by knocking out TNF-R1. KC-induced hypernociception was abolished by AbKC, inhibited by pretreatment with indomethacin plus guanethidine, and partially inhibited by IL-1ra, indomethacin, or guanethidine. In contrast, KC-induced hypernociception was not altered by knocking out TNF-R1. Cg-induced hypernociception was abolished by administration of indomethacin plus guanethidine, diminished in TNF-R1-/- mice, and partially inhibited in WT mice pretreated with AbKC, IL-1ra, indomethacin, or guanethidine. TNF-alpha, KC, and IL-1beta concentrations were elevated in the skin of Cg-injected paws. The TNF-alpha and KC concentrations rose concomitantly and peaked before that of IL-1beta. In mice, the cytokine cascade begins with the release of TNF-alpha (acting on TNF-R1 receptor) and KC, which stimulate the release of IL-1beta. As in rats, the final mediators of this cascade were prostaglandins released by IL-1beta and sympathetic amines released by KC. These results extend to mice the concept that the release of primary mediators responsible for hypernociception is preceded by a cascade of cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Verri
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: F Q
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008465:Mechanoreceptors / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D051381:Rats; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D013045:Species Specificity; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha