title: A nomogram for assessment of breathing patterns during treadmill exercise.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the breathing patterns of trained athletes under different conditions. The hypothesis is that the breathing pattern during a progressive treadmill exercise is independent of the protocol, at least in healthy people, and can be assessed using a nomogram.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 43 male and 21 female athletes from different sports were studied. They performed one of two different protocols (steps or ramp) on a treadmill. The two protocols started at the same speed and had the same rate of increase in work. During the test, the expired air was analysed for CO2 and O2. Ventilation (VE) was continuously recorded, and tidal volume (Vt) and breathing frequency (BF) at the same intensity were analysed for both protocols, as well as Vt/T(i) and T(i)/T(tot).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were observed in Vt and BF between the two protocols in either the men or women at any level (confidence intervals up to 0.958 in all the groups). T(i)/T(tot) remained constant, and all increases in VE were strongly related to the respective increases in Vt/T(i). Plots of data for men and women showed a curvilinear relation between Vt and BF which could be fitted with an exponential function with a strong correlation (R2 = 0.98 for men and 0.97 for women).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Graphic expression of Vt v BF is a useful nomogram for the routine assessment of ventilatory response during exercise in healthy trained subjects.
authors.affiliation: Centro Andaluz de Medicina del Deporte, Exercise Physiology, CAR La Cartuja, Isla de la Cartuja s/n, Sevilla 41092, Spain. jose.naranjo@juntadeandalucia.es
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Naranjo
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Centeno
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Galiano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beaus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D049451:Nomograms; D012119:Respiration; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology