title: Carotid plaque pathology: thrombosis, ulceration, and stroke pathogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between ulceration, thrombus, and calcification of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques and symptoms of ipsilateral or contralateral stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared microscopic plaque morphology from patients with and without stroke symptoms ipsilateral or contralateral to the plaque. Plaques were characterized for ulceration, thrombus, and calcification. We analyzed plaques from 241 subjects: 170 patients enrolled in the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS) and 71 patients enrolled in the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET); 128 subjects had no history of stroke symptoms, 80 subjects had ipsilateral symptoms, and 33 had contralateral symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plaque ulceration was more common in plaques taken from symptomatic patients than those without symptoms (36% versus 14%; P<0.001); frequency of ulceration was similar for plaques associated with ipsilateral (34%) and contralateral (42%) symptoms. Thrombus was most common in plaques taken from patients with both ipsilateral symptoms and ulceration. The extent of calcification was unassociated with stroke symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carotid plaque ulceration and thrombosis are more prevalent in symptomatic patients. Ulceration is more common in symptomatic patients regardless of side of carotid symptoms, whereas thrombus is associated with ipsilateral symptoms and plaque ulceration. Preoperative identification of carotid ulceration and thrombus should lead to greater efficacy of stroke prevention by carotid endarterectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif, USA. mfisher@uci.edu
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Annlia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paganini-Hill
authors.forename: Aldana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cosgrove
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Toole
authors.forename: Henry J M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Norris
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D014456:Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*