title: Gamma knife surgery for refractory postherpetic trigeminal neuralgia: targeting in one session both the retrogasserian trigeminal nerve and the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors tested the hypothesis that two targets are needed to treat postherpetic trigeminal neuralgia (TN): one in the trigeminal nerve for the direct sharp pain and one in the thalamus for the diffuse burning pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients with refractory postherpetic TN were treated with gamma knife surgery (GKS) through a novel two-target approach. In a single treatment session, both the trigeminal nerve and centromedian nucleus were targeted. First, the trigeminal nerve, ipsilateral to the facial pain, was treated with 60 to 80 Gy. Second, the centromedian nucleus was localized using standard coordinates and by comparing magnetic resonance images with a stereotactic atlas. A single dose of 120 to 140 Gy was delivered to the target point with a single 4-mm isocenter. Patients were followed clinically and with neuroimaging studies. Pain relief was scored as excellent (75-100%), good (50-75%), poor (25-50%); or none (0-25%). Follow up ranged from 6 to 53 months. There were no GKS-related complications. Two patients died of unrelated medical illnesses but had good or excellent pain relief until death. One patient continues to survive with 44 months follow up and no decrease in pain intensity, but with a decreased area of pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined GKS of the centromedian nucleus and trigeminal nerve in a single treatment session is feasible and safe, and the effect was promising. A larger study is required to confirm and expand these results.
authors.affiliation: The Gamma Knife Center of the Pacific, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. mkeep@salud.unm.edu
authors.forename: Marcus F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Keep
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: DeMare
authors.forename: Lynn S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Ashby
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006562:Herpes Zoster / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D059408:Pain Management; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D013788:Thalamus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000821:virology; D013997:Time Factors; D014277:Trigeminal Neuralgia / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000821:virology*