title: Fibromyalgia: evidence for deficits in positive affect regulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fibromyalgia (FMS) is characterized by chronic pain, high psychiatric comorbidity, and the absence of observable pathology. Our objective was to examine positive and negative affective indices, both at the trait and contextual levels, in FMS compared with a chronic pain control group, osteoarthritis (OA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 126 female FMS (87) and OA (39) patients from the community. Participants answered a self-report questionnaire assessing demographic and personality variables and were interviewed regarding average pain, affect, anxiety, and depression. Participants were then interviewed weekly for up to 12 weeks regarding pain, affect, fatigue, perceived interpersonal stress (IS), and positive interpersonal events (PE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  FMS participants reported lower levels of positive affect (p < .01) and extraversion (p < .01) than OA participants. There were no significant differences between groups in negative affect, depression, anxiety, or neuroticism after controlling for age and average pain. At the weekly level, FMS participants reported lower levels of positive affect (p < .01), but not negative affect. Furthermore, during weeks of elevated IS, FMS participants evidenced steeper declines in positive affect than OA participants (p < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the predominance of literature focusing on psychologic disturbance in FMS, these analyses identified dysfunctional positive affect regulation as a key feature of FMS. FMS status was uniquely characterized by lower levels of positive affect, especially during stressful weeks. These findings challenge current conceptualizations of FMS and point to new directions for interventions that focus on improving positive affective resources, especially during times of stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA. alex.zautra@asu.edu
authors.forename: Alex J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Zautra
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fasman
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Harakas
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Maureen E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Olmsted
authors.forename: Mary C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D005120:Extraversion, Psychological; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D010551:Personality / Q000145:classification* / Q000502:physiology