title: Modulatory role of food, feeding regime and physical exercise on body weight and insulin resistance.
abstract: Energy intake and expenditure is a highly conserved and well-controlled system with a bias toward energy intake. In times of abundant food supply, individuals tend to overeat and in consequence to increase body weight, sometimes to the point of clinical obesity. Obesity is a disease that is not only characterized by enormous body weight but also by rising morbidity for diabetes type II and cardiovascular complications. To better understand the critical factors contributing to obesity we performed the present study in which the effects of energy expenditure and energy intake were examined with respect to body weight, localization of fat and insulin resistance in normal Wistar rats. It was found that a diet rich in fat and carbohydrates similar to "fast food" (cafeteria diet) has pronounced implication in the development of obesity, leading to significant body weight gain, fat deposition and also insulin resistance. Furthermore, an irregularly presented cafeteria diet (yoyo diet) has similar effects on body weight and fat deposition. However, these rats were not resistant to insulin, but showed an increased insulin secretion in response to glucose. When rats were fed with a specified high fat/carbohydrate diet (10% fat, 56.7% carbohydrate) ad lib or at the beginning of their activity phase they were able to detect the energy content of the food and compensate this by a lower intake. They, however, failed to compensate when food was given in the resting phase and gained more body weight as controls. Exercise, even of short duration, was able to keep rats on lower body weight and reduced fat deposition. Thus, inappropriate food intake with different levels of energy content is able to induce obesity in normal rats with additional metabolic changes that can be also observed in humans.
authors.affiliation: Merck KGaA, Preclinical Research, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany. beate.kretschmer@merck.de
authors.forename: Beate D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Kretschmer
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schelling
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beier
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liebscher
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Treutel
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krüger
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haus
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology; D004326:Drinking; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D005502:Food; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006799:Housing, Animal; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008029:Lighting; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000473:pathology; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012934:Social Isolation
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007328:Insulin