title: Gender differences in the association of age with physical workload and functioning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether (1) physically demanding work is less frequent for older than younger employees, and whether (2) the association of physically demanding work with decline of physical functioning is stronger for older employees than their younger counterparts. The gender differences in these associations were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects of the study were 40-60 year old employees of the City of Helsinki. Data (n = 5802) were collected with mail questionnaires in 2000 and 2001. Functioning was measured with the Role Limitations due to Physical Health Problems scale of the SF36 health questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used to analyse the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a linear trend of less physically demanding work in older than in younger age groups. This trend was more marked for men than women. Age and physically demanding work were associated with poor functioning. In women the association of physically demanding work with poor functioning tended to be stronger for older than for younger age groups, while the opposite was observed in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that physically demanding work causes more ailments in women of high age than men. It is possible that less men than women are still employed in physically demanding occupations at high age, even though direct evidence of exit from physically demanding work cannot be obtained from cross-sectional data. In these data the physically demanding occupations for men and women were largely different. High physical workload among women working in social and health care is likely to contribute to the gender differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, PO Box 41, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. akseli.aittomaki@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aittomäki
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lahelma
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leino-Arjas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martikainen
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016272:Occupational Health; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D016526:Workload