title: Costs and effects of prostate cancer screening in Sweden--a 15-year follow-up of a randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the lifetime cost per detected potentially curable cancer and the economic impact on healthcare of repeated screening for prostate cancer in Sweden in a cohort of men aged 50-69 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 9171 men in a geographically defined population were included: 1492 were randomized to screening in four rounds every third year and 7679 constituted a control group. Digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen screening in different combinations were used as diagnostic measures. Costs associated with administration of the screening programme, loss of patient time, diagnostic measures and management strategies were included. A decision model was developed to calculate the total cost of the programme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incremental cost per extra detected localized cancer was 168,000 SEK and per potentially curable cancer 356,000 SEK. Introducing this screening programme for prostate cancer in Sweden would incur 244 million SEK annually in additional costs for screening and treatment compared to a non-screening strategy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is still no scientific evidence that patients will benefit from screening programmes. Prostate cancer screening would probably be perceived as cost-effective if potentially curable patients gained on average at least 1 year of survival.
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Technology Assessment, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. karin.sennfalt@ihs.liu.se
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sennfält
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sandblom
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Varenhorst
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011336:Probability; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology