title: Pathways to conscience: early mother-child mutually responsive orientation and children's moral emotion, conduct, and cognition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Associations between early mother-child mutually responsive orientation (MRO) and children's conscience have been previously established, but the mechanisms accounting for those links are not understood. We examined three such mediational mechanisms: (a) the child's enhanced enjoyment of interactions with the mother, (b) increased committed, self-regulated compliance with the mother, and/or (c) a decreased need for maternal use of power assertion. Children's conscience was seen as a complex system encompassing moral emotion (guilt), conduct, and cognition.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a longitudinal design, MRO was observed in mothers' and children's multiple naturalistic interactions at 9, 14, and 22 months. The mediators were observed at 33 months. Children's conscience was observed at 45 months (moral emotion) and at 56 months (moral conduct and cognition).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mediating paths were different for the three components of conscience. MRO had a direct, unmediated effect on moral emotion. MRO influenced moral conduct through two mediational paths: by promoting the child's enjoyment of interactions with the mother and by enhancing committed compliance. MRO influenced moral cognition by promoting the child's enjoyment of mother-child interactions. Maternal power assertion did not mediate the relation between MRO and conscience once the influence of the other mediators was considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impact of the early mother-child relationship on future conscience appears to be a complex process that progresses along distinct paths.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1407, USA. grazyna=kochanska@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kochanska
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: Nazan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aksan
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Dunbar
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D003243:Consciousness; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009034:Mother-Child Relations