title: High glucose regulates the activity of cardiac sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive K+ channels via 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate: a novel link between cardiac membrane excitability and glucose metabolism.
abstract: Because we were interested in assessing glucose-mediated regulation of the activity of sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive K(+) channels (K(ATP) channels) (which are closed by physiological levels of intracellular ATP and serve to couple intracellular metabolism with the membrane excitability in the heart) during ischemia, we performed experiments designed to test whether high extracellular glucose would have effects on sarcolemmal K(ATP) channels per se. Surprisingly, we found that high extracellular glucose (50 mmol/l) activates sarcolemmal K(ATP) channels in isolated guinea pig cardiomyocytes. To activate K(ATP) channels, glucose had to be transported into cardiomyocytes and subjected to glycolysis. The activation of these channels was independent of ATP production and intracellular ATP levels. The effect of glucose on sarcolemmal K(ATP) channels was mediated by the catalytic activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and consequent generation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. The 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (20 mmol/l), an intermediate product of glycolysis, directly targeted and activated K(ATP) channels, despite physiological levels of intracellular ATP (5 mmol/l). We conclude that glucose, so far exclusively viewed as a metabolic fuel in the heart important only during ischemia/hypoxia, may serve a signaling role in the nonstressed myocardium by producing an agent that regulates cardiac membrane excitability independently of high-energy phosphates.
authors.affiliation: Maternal and Child Health Sciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY Scotland, U.K. a.jovanovic@dundee.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sofija
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jovanović
authors.forename: Aleksandar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jovanović
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004163:Diphosphoglyceric Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D054086:KATP Channels; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011188:Potassium / Q000502:physiology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D012508:Sarcolemma / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D001549:Benzamides; D004163:Diphosphoglyceric Acids; D054086:KATP Channels; D015221:Potassium Channels; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; C092520:uK-ATP-1 potassium channel; C015891:glycerate 1,3-biphosphate; C410297:HMR 1098; D005947:Glucose; D011188:Potassium