title: Map-guided surgery for atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although current surgical procedures result in a high success rate for atrial fibrillation, they are not guided by electrophysiologic findings in individual patients and thus might include unnecessary incisions in some patients or be inappropriate for other patients. We sought to determine whether intraoperative mapping is beneficial for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 256-channel 3-dimensional dynamic mapping system with custom-made epicardial patch electrodes was used to examine the atrial activation during atrial fibrillation and to determine the optimal procedure in 37 patients with continuous and 9 patients with intermittent atrial fibrillation intraoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgical intervention for atrial fibrillation was not indicated in 3 patients in whom the atrial electrograms had a low voltage over a broad area. Concurrent, multiple, and repetitive activations arising from the pulmonary veins or left atrial appendage were observed in all patients. A simple left atrial procedure consisting of pulmonary vein isolation and left atrial incisions without any right atrial incisions was performed in 8 patients in whom the right atrial activation was passive, and all (100%) were cured of atrial fibrillation. The radial procedure was performed in the remaining 35 patients, and 31 (89%) of the patients were cured of atrial fibrillation. In this subset of patients, 10 exhibited reentrant or focal activation in the posterior left atrium between the right and left pulmonary veins and required an additional linear ablation on the posterior left atrium. The total amount of postoperative bleeding after the simple left atrial procedure was significantly less than after the radial procedure (378 +/- 135 vs 711 +/- 364 mL, P = .03). The right and left atrial transport functions were well preserved after both the radial and simple left atrial procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative mapping facilitates determining the optimal procedure for atrial fibrillation in each patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan. nitta@nms.ac.jp <nitta@nms.ac.jp>
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nitta
authors.forename: Hiroya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohmori
authors.forename: Shun-ichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyagi
authors.forename: Shigeto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanno
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016275:Atrial Function / Q000502:physiology; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery