title: Ischaemic stroke in young adults: predictors of outcome and recurrence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is limited information about predictors of outcome and recurrence of ischaemic stroke affecting young adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the predictive value of the presenting characteristics for both outcome and recurrence in young stroke victims.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and radiological data for 203 patients aged 16 to 45 years were collected prospectively; they comprised 11% of 1809 consecutive patients with ischaemic stroke. The National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS), the Bamford criteria, and the trial of ORG 10172 in acute stroke treatment (TOAST) classification were used to define stroke severity, subtype, and aetiology. The clinical outcome of 198 patients (98%) was assessed using the modified Rankin scale (mRS) and categorised as favourable (score 0-1) or unfavourable (score 2-6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stroke was caused by atherosclerotic large artery disease in 4%, cardioembolism in 24%, small vessel disease in 9%, another determined aetiology in 30%, and undetermined aetiology in 33%. Clinical outcome at three months was favourable in 68%, unfavourable in 29%, and lethal in 3%. Thirteen non-fatal stroke, two fatal strokes, and six transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) occurred during a mean (SD) follow up of 26 (17) months. High NIHSS score, total anterior circulation stroke, and diabetes mellitus were independent predictors of unfavourable outcome or death (p<0.0001, p = 0.011, and p = 0.023). History of TIA predicted stroke recurrence (p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe neurological deficits at presentation, total anterior circulation stroke, and diabetes mellitus predict unfavourable outcome. Previous TIA are associated with increased risk of recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nedeltchev
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: der Maur
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Georgiadis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Caso
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Mattle
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schroth
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Remonda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sturzenegger
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000473:pathology*