title: Influenza vaccine antibody responses in lung transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lung transplant recipients are at high risk of morbidity and mortality from influenza infection because of altered lung physiology and immunosuppression. Annual influenza immunization is recommended, but the ability to mount an antibody response may be limited by immunosuppressant medications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the antibody response rate to influenza vaccine in lung transplant recipients to healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open label study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lung transplant clinic and General Clinical Research Center at a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-eight single and bilateral lung transplant recipients and 35 healthy controls were enrolled in October and November 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each individual underwent blood sampling before receiving the 2002-2003 influenza vaccine and 4 weeks later. Influenza antibody concentrations were measured by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Vaccine response rates (antibody concentration >40 hemagglutination units and at least 4-fold increase in antibody concentration) were compared using chi2. The influence of specific immunosuppressants on vaccine response was compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The influenza vaccine response rate for lung transplant recipients was 29/68 (43%) and 22/35 (63%) for the healthy individuals (P < .05; chi2). Among the recipients, mycophenolate mofetil was associated with poorer influenza vaccine antibody response (> 40 hemagglutination units) (62% vs 91%; P = .01), whereas sirolimus (91% vs 63%; P = .02) was associated with better influenza antibody response compared to those not taking mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lung transplant recipients had lower influenza vaccine response rates than healthy individuals. Influenza vaccine antibody response is influenced by concomitant administration of mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus. Future studies should measure protection from influenza infection conferred by immunization and alternative vaccination strategies.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., USA.
authors.forename: Mary S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hayney
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Welter
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Francois
authors.forename: Ann Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Love
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000917:Antibody Formation; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007252:Influenza Vaccines