title: Circulating monocytic cells infiltrate layers of anterograde axonal degeneration where they transform into microglia.
abstract: In this study, we demonstrate the infiltration of blood-derived monocytic cells and their morphologic transformation into microglia in zones of acute, anterograde (Wallerian) axonal degeneration induced by entorhinal cortex lesion (ECL). ECL was performed in mice which had received green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transduced bone marrow grafts allowing identification of blood-derived elements within the brain. While in the unlesioned hemisphere GFP+ cells were restricted to perivascular and leptomeningeal sites, many round fluorescent cells appeared in hippocampal zones of axonal degeneration at 24 h post lesion (hpl). Within 72 hpl, these GFP+ cells acquired ramified, microglia-like morphologies, which persisted for at least 7 days post ECL. Differentiation of GFP+ cells into glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ astrocytes was never observed. To exclude that this recruitment is an artifact of irradiation or bone marrow transplantation, the fluorescent cell tracker 6-carboxylfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) was injected into spleens of normal mice 1 day before ECL. Again, fluorescent cells appeared at the lesion site and along the layers of axonal degeneration at 48 hpl and CFDA+/MAC-1+, cells exhibited amoeboid and ramified morphologies. Thus, blood-derived cells infiltrate not only the site of mechanical lesion, but also the layers of anterograde axonal degeneration, where they readily transform into microglia-like elements. A role for infiltrating leukocytes in facilitating or modulating postlesional plasticity, e.g., by phagocytosis of growth-inhibiting myelin should now be considered. Moreover, monocytic cells may serve as vehicles to transport therapeutic substances such as neurotrophic factors or caspase inhibitors to zones of axonal degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany. ingo.bechmann@charite.de
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bechmann
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldmann
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kovac
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kwidzinski
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Simbürger
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Naftolin
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dirnagl
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nitsch
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Priller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D001370:Axonal Transport; D001369:Axons; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D018728:Entorhinal Cortex / Q000601:surgery; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D015870:Gene Expression; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000032:analysis; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D017628:Microglia / Q000166:cytology*; D014162:Transfection; D014855:Wallerian Degeneration / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; C093616:6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate