title: Glycoxidation and inflammatory markers in patients on treatment with PMMA-based protein-leaking dialyzers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-molecular-weight solutes such as glycation and oxidation protein products are putative proinflammatory mediators found in the uremic blood. The elimination of these and other large solutes by protein-leaking dialyzers (PLD) might help to correct the inflammatory status of maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two matched groups of 13 standard 3 times/week HD patients were treated for 6 months with PMMA-based PLD and non-protein-leaking dialyzers (NPLD), respectively. At baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months, we measured the blood levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, the acute-phase protein C-reactive protein (CRP), the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and selectine-E, the chemotaxis factors MCP-1, and the glycation and oxidation protein end products pentosidine, protein carbonyls, and AOPP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all the patients at baseline, pre-HD levels of glycation and oxidation protein markers, and inflammatory parameters were significantly higher than in healthy control subjects (P < 0.01 or greater). After 6 months, in the group on treatment with PLD, but not in that on NPLD, there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05 or greater) of pre-HD values of total pentosidine (mainly represented by pentosidine in serum albumin; -43%), protein carbonyls (-42%), AOPP (-38%), and the inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta (-49%), IL-6 (-39%), and TNF-alpha (-20%), while IL-10 and INF-gamma increased by 67% and 37%, respectively. Proinflammatory cytokines, and particularly IL-6, showed a positive correlation with the levels of circulating pentosidine. Protidemia was not significantly modified at the end of the study in both the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results in this pilot study show that the removal of large solutes by PLD can improve some indices of chronic inflammation in HD patients. Further studies are required to determine the relevance of the individual solutes removed with PLD as proinflammatory mediators in the uremic environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Applied Biochemistry and Nutritional Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy. f.galli@unipg.it
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benedetti
authors.forename: Ardesio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Floridi
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Canestrari
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piroddi
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Buoncristiani
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Buoncristiani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology*; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000209:etiology; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008875:Middle Aged; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D011485:Protein Binding; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D001120:Arginine; C062187:pentosidine; D008239:Lysine