title: Clinical items not helpful in differentiating viral from bacterial lower respiratory tract infections in general practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Incorrect and unnecessary antibiotic prescribing enhancing bacterial resistance rates might be reduced if viral and bacterial lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) could be differentiated clinically. Whether this is possible is often doubted but has rarely been studied in general practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an observational cohort study in 15 general practice surgeries in the Netherlands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Etiologic diagnoses were obtained in 112 of 234 patients with complete data (48%). Viral pathogens were found as often as bacterial pathogens. Haemophilus (para-) influenzae was most frequently found. None of the symptoms and signs correlated statistically significantly with viral or bacterial LRTI. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate >50 (odds ratio [OR] 2.3-3.3) and C-reactive protein (CRP) >20 (OR 2.1-4.6) were independent predictors for viral LRTI and bacterial LRTI when compared with microbiologically unexplained LRTI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extensive history-taking and physical examination did not provide items that predict viral or bacterial LRTI in adult patients in daily general practice. We could not confirm CRP to differentiate between viral and bacterial LRTI.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, Maastricht University, Care and Public Health Research Institute, PO Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands. rogier.hopstaken@hag.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hopstaken
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Stobberingh
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Knottnerus
authors.forename: J W M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Muris
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nelemans
authors.forename: P E L M
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Rinkens
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Dinant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D016015:Logistic Models; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein