title: Association between screening for osteoporosis and the incidence of hip fracture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because direct evidence for the effectiveness of screening is lacking, guidelines disagree on whether people should be screened for osteoporosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether population-based screening for osteoporosis in older adults is associated with fewer incident hip fractures than usual medical care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonconcurrent cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cohort enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) from 4 states (California, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Carolina).
  
  
  METHODS
  3107 adults 65 years of age and older who attended their CHS study visits in 1994-1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  31 participant characteristics (including demographic characteristics, medical histories, medications, and physical examination findings) and incident hip fractures over 6 years of follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bone density scans (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry [DEXA] at the hip) for participants in California and Pennsylvania (n = 1422) and usual care for participants in Maryland and North Carolina (n = 1685).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of hip fractures per 1000 person-years was 4.8 in the screened group and 8.2 in the usual care group. Screening was associated with a statistically significant lower hazard of hip fracture than usual care after adjustment for sex and propensity to be screened (Cox proportional hazard ratio, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.41 to 0.99]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanism of the association was unclear. A small unmeasured confounder that decreased the hazard of hip fracture could diminish or erase the observed association.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of hip DEXA scans to screen for osteoporosis in older adults was associated with 36% fewer incident hip fractures over 6 years compared with usual medical care. Further research is needed to explore the mechanism of this association.
authors.affiliation: Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. lmk2003@med.cornell.edu <lmk2003@med.cornell.edu>
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.forename: Neil R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Powe
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Annette L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.forename: Tamara B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: Linda P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Fried
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity