title: Parental educational level and cardiovascular disease risk factors in schoolchildren in large urban areas of Turkey: directions for public health policy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is widely accepted that the development of atherosclerosis starts at an early age. However, there are very few studies evaluating the prevalence of the common clinical and behavioral cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among children, especially in developing countries. The aim of the present cross-sectional survey was to evaluate the distribution of blood lipid profile and various behavioral (i.e. dietary habits, physical activity status) factors related to CVD risk and its relationships to paternal (PEL) and maternal educational level (MEL) among primary schoolchildren in Turkey.
  
  
  METHODS
  In three major metropolises in Turkey (Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir), a random sample of 1044 children aged 12 and 13 years old was examined. ANOVA was applied to evaluate the tested hypothesis, after correcting for multiple comparisons (Tukey correction).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for energy and fat intake, physical activity status and Body Mass Index (BMI), it was found that mostly PEL had a significant positive effect for most of the subgroups examined (Lower vs. Higher and Medium vs. Higher) on TC and HDL-cholesterol and a negative effect on TC/HDL ratio for both genders. Furthermore, both boys and girls with higher PEL and MEL were found to have higher energy intake derived from fat and protein than their counterparts with Medium and Lower PEL and MEL, while the opposite was observed for the percentage of energy derived from carbohydrates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides indications for a possible association between an adverse lipid profile, certain dietary patterns and Higher PEL and MEL among schoolchildren in Turkey. These findings underline the possible role of social status, indicated by the degree of education of both parents, in developing certain health behaviors and health indices among Turkish children and provide some guidance for Public Health Policy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70, E, Venizelou Ave, 17671 Kallithea, Athens, Greece. kocaoglb@boun.edu.tr
authors.forename: Bike
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kocaoglu
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moschonis
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dimitriou
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolotourou
authors.forename: Yasar
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Keskin
authors.forename: Haydar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sur
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hayran
authors.forename: Yannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manios
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools; D012923:Social Class; D013334:Students; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D008055:Lipids