title: Retinoic acid targets DNA-methyltransferases and histone deacetylases during APL blast differentiation in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: The acute promyelocytic leukemia (PML)-retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha) fusion product recruits histone deacetylase (HDAC) and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activities on retinoic acid (RA)-target promoters causing their silencing and differentiation block. RA treatment induces epigenetic modifications at its target loci and restores myeloid differentiation of APL blasts. Using RA-sensitive and RA-resistant APL cell lines and primary blasts, we addressed the functional relevance of the aberrant methylation status at the RA-target promoter RARbeta2 and the mechanism by which methylation is reversed by RA. RA decreased DNMT expression and activity, which correlated with demethylation at specific sites on RARbeta2 promoter/exon-1, and the ability of APL blasts to differentiate in vitro and in vivo. None of these events occurred in an RA-resistant APL cell line containing a PML-RARalpha defective for ligand binding. The specific contribution of the HDAC and DNMT pathways to the response of APL cells to RA was also tested by inhibiting these enzymatic activities with TSA and/or 5-azacytidine. In RA-responsive and RA-resistant APL blasts, TSA and 5-azacytidine induced specific changes on the chromatin state at RA-target sites, increased the RA effect on promoter activity, endogenous RA-target gene expression and differentiation. These results extend the rationale for chromatin-targeted treatment in APL and RA-resistant leukemias.
authors.affiliation: San Raffaele Bio-medical Science Park of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fazi
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Travaglini
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carotti
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Palitti
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Diverio
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alcalay
authors.forename: Suzan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.forename: Wilson H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lo Coco
authors.forename: Pier Giuseppe
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Pelicci
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nervi
mesh_terms: D001752:Blast Crisis; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000473:pathology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005091:Exons; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; C082925:retinoic acid receptor beta; D014212:Tretinoin; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases; D006655:Histone Deacetylases