title: Determination of pseudophakic accommodation with translation lenses using Purkinje image analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine pseudophakic accommodation of an accommodating posterior chamber intraocular lens (translation lens) using Purkinje image analysis and linear matrix methods in the paraxial space.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2 x 2 system matrix was defined for each Purkinje image I to IV using refraction, translation and mirror matrices. Image size (m) and axial image position (z) was determined as an example for an off-axis object (a 0.2 m off-axis object located 0.5 m in front of the cornea.). First, our method was applied to the phakic relaxed (emmetropic) and accommodated (6.96 D) Le Grand eye. Secondly, for demonstration of the applicability of the calculation scheme to the pseudophakic eye, we provide a clinical example where we determine the accommodation amplitude of the translation lens (1 CU, HumanOptics, Erlangen, Germany) from photographed Purkinje images in the relaxed and accommodated state. From the biometric data: axial length 23.7 mm, corneal power 43.5, corneal thickness 550 microns, implanted intraocular lens (IOL) with a refractive power of 20.5 D (shape equi-biconvex, refractive index 1.46), and refractive indices of the cornea, aqueous and vitreous from the Le Grand model eye, we calculated the refractive state and the sizes of Purkinje images I and III initiated from two off-axis light sources.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the Le Grand model eye, Purkinje image II (z/m = 3.5850 mm/0.0064) is slightly smaller than and directly in front of image I (z/m = 3.8698 mm/0.0077). Purkinje image III (z/m = 10.6097 mm/0.0151) is nearly double the size of image I and during accommodation it moves from the vitreous into the crystalline lens. Purkinje IV (z/m = 4.3244 mm/-0.0059) is inverted, three quarters the size of image I, lies in the crystalline lens and moves slightly towards the retina. For the pseudophakic eye, pseudophakic accommodation of 1.10 D was calculated from the proportion of distances between both Purkinje images I and III in the relaxed (3.04) and accommodated (2.75) state, which is in contrast to the total subjective accommodation of 2.875 D evaluated with an accommodometer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present a straightforward mathematical strategy for calculation of the Purkinje images I-IV. Results of our model calculation resemble the values provided by Le Grand. In addition, this approach yields a simple en bloc scheme for determination of pseudophakic accommodation in pseudophakic eyes with accommodative lenses (translation lenses) using Purkinje image photography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany. achim.langenbucher@augen.imed.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Langenbucher
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jakob
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reese
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seitz
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007910:Lenses, Intraocular; D008433:Mathematics; D008954:Models, Biological; D010781:Photography; D019591:Pseudophakia / Q000175:diagnosis*