title: Proximity among distant regulatory elements at the beta-globin locus requires GATA-1 and FOG-1.
abstract: Recent evidence suggests that long-range enhancers and gene promoters are in close proximity, which might reflect the formation of chromatin loops. Here, we examined the mechanism for DNA looping at the beta-globin locus. By using chromosome conformation capture (3C), we show that the hematopoietic transcription factor GATA-1 and its cofactor FOG-1 are required for the physical interaction between the beta-globin locus control region (LCR) and the beta-major globin promoter. Kinetic studies reveal that GATA-1-induced loop formation correlates with the onset of beta-globin transcription and occurs independently of new protein synthesis. GATA-1 occupies the beta-major globin promoter normally in fetal liver erythroblasts from mice lacking the LCR, suggesting that GATA-1 binding to the promoter and LCR are independent events that occur prior to loop formation. Together, these data demonstrate that GATA-1 and FOG-1 are essential anchors for a tissue-specific chromatin loop, providing general insights into long-range enhancer function.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Vakoc
authors.forename: Danielle L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Letting
authors.forename: Nele
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gheldof
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawado
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Groudine
authors.forename: Mitchell J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Job
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: Gerd A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Blobel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D050981:Erythroid-Specific DNA-Binding Factors; D050982:GATA1 Transcription Factor; D005809:Genes, Regulator; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D019901:Locus Control Region; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050981:Erythroid-Specific DNA-Binding Factors; D050982:GATA1 Transcription Factor; C494688:GATA1 protein, human; C494689:Gata1 protein, mouse; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C498432:ZFPM1 protein, human; C107310:Zfpm1 protein, mouse; D005914:Globins; D004247:DNA; D012319:RNA Polymerase II