title: An active metabolite of leflunomide, A77 1726, inhibits the production of serum amyloid A protein in human hepatocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cytokine-induced hepatic serum amyloid A (SAA) synthesis is the critical step in the pathogenesis of AA amyloidosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was conducted to provide more insight into the mechanism of SAA production in hepatocytes and its regulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary cultured normal human hepatocytes were stimulated with cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6) and the culture supernatants were analysed for the production of SAA. Human hepatocytes, treated or not treated with A77 1726, were stimulated with IL-1beta and the cellular lysates were analysed by immunoblot using anti-phospho-specific mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and IkappaB-alpha. Acute phase-SAA (SAA1) mRNA expression was analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-1beta is a most potent inducer of SAA in normal hepatocytes. A77 1726 suppressed the production of SAA in human hepatocytes activated by IL-1beta in a dose-dependent manner (0-50 microM). A77 1726 inhibited IL-1beta-induced p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) activation, whereas A77 1726 did not affect IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB activation in hepatocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that MAPK signalling pathways are critical in IL-1beta-induced hepatic SAA synthesis. Leflunomide may suppress SAA synthesis by affecting these pathways and may therefore have some beneficial effect on AA amyloidosis secondary to RA.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Kubara, Omura, Japan. migita@nmc.hosp.go.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Migita
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyashita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yatsuhashi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eguchi
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003437:Crotonates; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000276:immunology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009570:Nitriles; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D014052:Toluidines
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D003437:Crotonates; D016207:Cytokines; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009570:Nitriles; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein; D014052:Toluidines; C527525:teriflunomide; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases