title: Sagittal plane moment arms of the female lumbar region rectus abdominis in an upright neutral torso posture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior imaging studies of torso muscle moment arms for use as inputs into biomechanical models have been derived from subjects lying supine. Recent research suggests moment arms of the rectus abdominis are larger when standing versus lying supine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Axial MRI images, through and parallel to the intervertebral discs were obtained from five females in a standing upright neutral posture. Digitizing software was utilized to quantify the distance in the sagittal plane between the centroids of the intervertebral disc and the rectus abdominis muscle, and converted to the transverse plane to allow comparisons with studies with subjects in a supine posture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean sagittal plane moment arms in the transverse plane were 9.7, 9.1, 8.5, 8.5 and 9.8 cm at the L(1)/L(2), L(2)/L(3), L(3)/L(4), L(4)/L(5) and L(5)/S(1) intervertebral levels, respectively. Compared with a study on females of a similar age group, the moment arms from this study were larger at each level, increasing from 7.3% larger at L(1)/L(2) to 43.7% larger at L(5)/S(1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accurate anatomical geometrical representation in biomechanical models is necessary for valid estimates of internal loading. Sagittal plane rectus abdominis moment arms were larger from the upright neutral torso posture in this study compared to studies with subjects lying supine. This suggests the torso internal moment generating capability would be represented differently in biomechanical models that use data from studies where subjects were upright, which is more reflective of the postures biomechanical models are utilized for, than when using anatomical geometry derived from supine postures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260-0035, USA. michael.jorgensen@wichita.edu
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jorgensen
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Marras
authors.forename: Francis W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Malcolm H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pope
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D017568:Rectus Abdominis / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D016683:Supine Position / Q000502:physiology; D019415:Torque