title: Radiotherapy of prostate cancer with multileaf collimators (MLCs) optimization of the undulating dose distribution at the MLC edge.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A technical modification for radiotherapy of prostate cancer is presented to smooth the scalloped dose pattern that occurs at treatment field edge, when a multileaf collimator (MLC) has been used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with prostate cancer receiving postoperative, adjuvant irradiation were studied prospectively. By a three-dimensional planning system (TMS, Helax 6.1B) the irradiation was planned for an 18-MV linear accelerator (Primus 1, Siemens). The volumes of interest (VOI) were the planning target volume (PTV; the region of the prostate including the seminal vesicles), the volume of rectum (V(rectum)) and urinary bladder (V(bladder)). Two four-field techniques (0 degrees , 90 degrees , 180 degrees , 270 degrees ) were planned using "beam's eye view" for setting the leaf position of the MLC. For technique A the MLC was adapted to the PTV using a 0 degrees collimator angle for the lateral fields. For technique B the collimator angle of the lateral fields was optimized to compensate the cascade field shape. Dose-volume histograms of PTV, V(rectum) and V(bladder) were analyzed. The dose was prescribed for the reference point according to ICRU 50. Film dosimetry was used to show the dose pattern at the field edge produced by the two techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dose to PTV did not differ between technique A and B. Median dose to V(rectum) was 82.6% for technique A and 77.3% for technique B (p < 0.001). Technique A irradiates a larger V(rectum) than technique B being significant for all isodose levels tested. Median dose to V(bladder) did not differ for technique A and B (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented technical modification is an effective method to blur the staggered dose distribution that results, when the MLC is conventionally stepped to adapt to the dorsal, irregular PTV border in irradiation of prostate. Especially for irradiation to escalated dose levels, this modification may reduce the dose to the rectum and thus the rectal side effects in comparison to the conventional MLC fields.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. oliver.koelbl@klinik.uni-regensburg.de
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Koelbl
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bratengeier
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vordermark
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flentje
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001822:Body Burden; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity