title: Opioid poisoning deaths in New Zealand (2001-2002).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the rates of opioid deaths in New Zealand relative to the utilisation of opioids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Deaths from opioid poisonings for New Zealand from 1 January 2001 to 31 December 2002 were identified from chemical injury cases that are routinely collected for surveillance purposes by the Institute of Environmental Science and Research from the Coronial Services Office in Wellington. Prescriptions for medicines containing morphine, methadone, and dextropropoxyphene were identified from the PharmHouse database from 1 January 2001 to 31 December 2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 92 poisoning deaths involving opioids: morphine in 33, methadone in 31, dextropropoxyphene in 16, and codeine/dihydrocodeine in 12. The rate (95% CI) of deaths per 100,000 prescriptions was 5.94 (4.09 to 8.34) for morphine, 1.34 (0.91 to 1.91) for methadone, and 2.5 (1.45 to 4.12) for dextropropoxyphene. The rate of deaths (95% CI) per 1,000,000 defined daily doses was 0.94 (0.65 to 1.32) for morphine, 0.40 (0.27 to 0.56) for methadone, and 0.14 (0.08 to 0.22) for dextropropoxyphene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Restrictions in the availability of dextropropoxyphene, and increased monitoring of prescription and dispensing of methadone, should be considered in order to reduce deaths due to opioids in New Zealand.
authors.affiliation: Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. david.reith@stonebow.otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reith
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fountain
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tilyard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D011431:Dextropropoxyphene / Q000506:poisoning; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000592:standards; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000506:poisoning; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000506:poisoning; D009294:Narcotics / Q000506:poisoning*; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D011041:Poisoning / Q000401:mortality; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D009020:Morphine; D011431:Dextropropoxyphene; D008691:Methadone