title: Association of interatrial shunts and migraine headaches: impact of transcatheter closure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between patent foramen ovale (PFO) or atrial septal defect (ASD) with the incidence of migraine headache (MHA) and assess whether closure of the interatrial shunt in patients with MHA would result in improvement of MHA.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Migraine headache is present in 12% of adults and has been associated with interatrial communications. This study examined the relationship between PFO or ASD with the incidence of MHA and assessed whether closure of the interatrial shunt in patients with MHA would result in improvement of MHA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 89 (66 PFO/23 ASD) adult patients underwent transcatheter closure of an interatrial communication using the CardioSEAL (n = 22), Amplatzer PFO (n = 43), or the Amplatzer ASD (n = 24) device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before the procedure, MHA was present in 42% of patients (45% of patients with PFO and 30% of patients with ASD). At three months after the procedure, MHA disappeared completely in 75% of patients with MHA and aura and in 31% of patients with MHA without aura. Of the remaining patients, 40% had significant improvement (>or=2 grades by the Migraine Disability Assessment Questionnaire) of MHA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcatheter closure of PFO or ASD results in complete resolution of MHA in 60% of patients (75% of patients with migraine and aura) and improvement in symptoms in 40% of the remaining patients. Interatrial communications may play a role in the etiology of MHA either through paradoxic embolism or humoral factors that escape degradation in bypassing the pulmonary circulation. A randomized trial is needed to determine whether transcatheter closure of interatrial shunts is an effective treatment for MHA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Azarbal
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tobis
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Vicki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dao
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gaster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*