title: The influence of specific luminal factors on the colonic epithelium: high-dose butyrate and physical changes suppress early carcinogenic events in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although luminal delivery of butyrate is one putative mechanism by which biology of the colonic epithelium might be influenced by changes in luminal contents, there is a paucity of supportive cause-effect evidence. This study aimed to directly establish whether distal colonic butyrate delivery is able to alter the response of the distal colonic epithelium to a carcinogen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats with chronically intubated colons received infusions of 80 mM butyrate or 0.9 percent saline into distal colon two or five times daily. Three weeks after exposure to azoxymethane (15 mg/kg subcutaneously), the density of aberrant crypts was quantified in distal colon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infusions of 0.5 ml twice daily, whether containing saline or butyrate, decreased the number of aberrant crypt foci by 45 percent compared with rats receiving no infusions (P = 0.004, analysis of variance). Similar results were obtained when infusions were restricted to the post-initiation phase. When infusions were increased to 1 ml five times daily, saline infusions similarly suppressed aberrant crypt formation (38 percent), but butyrate infusions suppressed it to a greater degree (by 64 percent; P = 0.02 compared with saline infusion, t-test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High levels of butyrate delivery to the distal colonic lumen alter the epithelial response to a carcinogen in otherwise healthy rats. This finding directly supports the notion that the effects of butyrate on cells in vitro do occur in vivo provided a sufficient dose is delivered. The effect of infusion of liquid per se on the epithelial response highlights the potential impact physical changes alone can have on the colonic epithelium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Cynthia S M
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Shomik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: Joe J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Tjandra
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Gibson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002087:Butyrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D003106:Colon / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000662:veterinary; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D002273:Carcinogens