title: The role of whole-body bone scanning and clinical factors in detecting bone metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Correct detection of bone metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is crucial for prognosis and selection of an appropriate treatment regimen. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of whole-body bone scanning (WBBS) and clinical factors in detecting bone metastases in NSCLC.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-five patients with a diagnosis made between 1998 and 2002 were recruited (squamous cell carcinoma, 54.4%; adenocarcinoma, 32.8%; non-small cell carcinoma, 8.8%; large cell carcinoma, 4%). Clinical factors suggesting bone metastasis (skeletal pain, elevated alkaline phosphatase, hypercalcemia) were evaluated. WBBS was performed in all patients, and additional MRI was ordered in 10 patients because of discordance between clinical factors and WBBS findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bone metastases were detected in 53% (n = 21) of 39 clinical factor-positive patients, 5.8% (n = 5) of 86 clinical factor-negative patients, and 20.8% of total patients. The existence of bone-specific clinical factors as indicators of metastasis presented 53.8% positive predictive value (PPV), 94.2% negative predictive value (NPV), and 81.6% accuracy. However, the findings of WBBS showed 73.5% PPV, 97.8% NPV, and 91.2% accuracy. Adenocarcinoma was the most common cell type found in patients with bone metastasis (39%). The routine bone scanning prevented two futile thoracotomies (8%) in 25 patients with apparently operable lung cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In spite of the high NPV of the bone-specific clinical factors and the high value obtained in the false-positive findings in the bone scan, the present study indicates that in patients for whom surgical therapy is an option, preoperative staging using WBBS can be helpful to avoid misstaging due to asymptomatic bone metastases.
authors.affiliation: Nevşehirli Ibrahim Paşa Cad. 26/4 Fatih, 34230 Istanbul, Turkey. serdarerturan@mynet.com
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erturan
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaman
authors.forename: Günay
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.forename: Isil
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Uzel
authors.forename: Benan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Müsellim
authors.forename: Kamil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaynak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000097:blood; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010146:Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014915:Whole-Body Counting
chemical_list: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase