title: Chemo- and ergoreflexes in health, disease and ageing.
abstract: The chemo- and ergoreflexes (muscle receptors) are among the major reflex arches, which adapt the respiratory and the cardiovascular system to the needs of the body and contribute to its homeostasis. The present paper reviews the interplay of these reflexes with other major cardiovascular reflex arches; the methods used for their calculation and their normal range data. The clinical implications of chemoreflex sensitivities and ergoreflexes in chronic heart failure (CHF) as well as the application of chemoreflexes in coronary artery disease, sudden cardiac death and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome are discussed.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Medicine III, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Klinikum Kröllwitz, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, D-06097 Halle/Saale, Germany. hendrik.schmidt@medizin.uni-halle.de
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Darrel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rauchhaus
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Werdan
authors.forename: Massimo F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Piepoli
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000502:physiology; D002628:Chemoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000503:physiopathology; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000503:physiopathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology