title: Cost-utility and cost-effectiveness analyses of a long-term, high-intensity exercise program compared with conventional physical therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the cost utility and cost effectiveness of long-term, high-intensity exercise classes compared with usual care in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  RA patients (n = 300) were randomly assigned to either exercise classes or UC; followup lasted for 2 years. Outcome measures were quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) according to the EuroQol (EQ-5D), Short Form 6D (SF-6D), and a transformed visual analog scale (VAS) rating personal health; functional ability according to the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and McMaster Toronto Arthritis Patient Preference Interview (MACTAR); and societal costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  QALYs in both randomization groups were similar according to the EQ-5D and SF-6D, but were in favor of usual care according to the VAS (annual difference 0.037 QALY; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.002, 0.069). Functional ability was similar according to the HAQ, but in favor of the exercise classes according to the MACTAR (annual difference 2.9 QALY; 95% CI 0.9, 4.9). Annual medical costs of the exercise program were estimated at 780 per participating patient (1 approximately $1.05). The increase per patient in total medical costs of physical therapy was estimated at 430 (95% CI 318, 577), and the increase in total societal costs at 602 (95% CI -490, 1,664). For societal willingness-to-pay equal to 50,000 per QALY, usual care had better cost utility than exercise classes, and significantly so according to the VAS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From a societal perspective and without taking possible preventive health effects into account, long-term, high-intensity exercise classes provide insufficient improvement in the valuation of health to justify the additional costs.
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. Hout@LUMC.NL
authors.forename: Wilbert B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: van den Hout
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Marten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Munneke
authors.forename: Johanna M W
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hazes
authors.forename: Ferdinand C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Breedveld
authors.forename: Theodora P M
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Vliet Vlieland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000191:economics* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000191:economics*