title: Critical evaluation of alpha1- and beta2-microglobulins in urine as markers of cadmium-induced tubular dysfunction.
abstract: The purpose of the study was to examine the validity of alpha1-microglobulin (alpha1-MG) in comparison with popularly used beta2-microglobulin (beta2-MG). A database was revisited to select ca. 7,500 spot urine samples (of adequate urine density) from non-pregnant, non-lactating and never-smoking adult women. The validity of the MGs was examined in terms of stability of the MG-uria prevalence in urine samples of various creatinine (CR or cr) concentration or specific gravity (SG or sg). Comparisons were made for MGs as observed (e.g., alpha1-MGob), as corrected for CR (e.g., alpha1-MGcr) and as corrected for SG of 1.016 (e.g., alpha1-MGsg). A cut-off value of 5.7 mg/g cr (or mg/l) for alpha1-MG was deduced from a cut-off value of 400 microg/g cr (or mcirog/l) for beta2-MG, because the correlation between alpha1-MGcr and beta2-MGcr was statistically significant. The prevalence of a 1-MGsg-uria was essentially unchanged (i.e., from a low of 13.6% to a high of 17.0%, or 1.2 times) except for in very dense or very thin urine samples, in contrast, beta2-MGcr-uria showed a substantial increase (from 0.0% to 2.8% with an infinite rate) as a reverse function of a decrease in CR in urine. The prevalence of uncorrected markers, i.e., alpha1-MGob-uria and beta2-MGob-uria, showed even greater CR- or SG-dependent changes. Thus, it appeared prudent to consider a alpha-MGsg rather than beta2-MGcr as a marker of tubular dysfunction among a general population with various urine density.
authors.affiliation: Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ezaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsukahara
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moriguchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furuki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ukai
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakurai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000510:Alpha-Globulins / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002105:Cadmium Poisoning / Q000150:complications*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000652:urine; D013046:Specific Gravity; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D000510:Alpha-Globulins; D015415:Biomarkers; C016001:alpha-1-microglobulin; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D003404:Creatinine