title: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 1 is a major predictor of mortality and new-onset heart failure in patients with acute myocardial infarction: the Cytokine-Activation and Long-Term Prognosis in Myocardial Infarction (C-ALPHA) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor necrosis factor alpha-alpha (TNF-alpha) activation is an independent prognostic indicator of mortality in patients with heart failure (HF). Despite the recognition that several TNF family cytokines are elevated during myocardial infarction, their role in predicting subsequent prognosis in these setting remains poorly understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed a systematic evaluation of TNF-alpha and its type 1 and 2 soluble receptors, together with interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and IL-10, in 184 patients (132 men; mean age, 64+/-12) consecutively admitted for myocardial infarction. We correlated their values to short- and long-term incidence of death and HF (primary outcome). In 10 patients, we also studied the presence of transcardiac gradients for TNF-alpha and its soluble receptors. The control group comprised 45 healthy subjects who were sex and age matched (33 men; mean age, 65+/-6 years) to the patients. All tested cytokines were increased in patients, and no transcardiac or systemic AV difference was found. After a median follow-up of 406 days (range, 346 to 696 days), 24 patients died and 32 developed HF. Univariate analysis showed that all cytokines were related to outcome, whereas after adjustment for baseline and clinical characteristics, sTNFR-1 remained the only independent predictor of death and HF (hazard ratio, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.9 to 3.8, tertile 1 versus 3), together with left ventricular ejection fraction, Killip class, and creatine kinase-MB at peak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  sTNFR-1 is a major short- and long-term predictor of mortality and HF in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Cardiology, University of Ferrara Cardiovascular Institute, Arcispedale S. Anna, C.rso Giovecca 203, 44100 Ferrara, Italy. vlgmrc@unife.it
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valgimigli
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ceconi
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malagutti
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Merli
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Soukhomovskaia
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Francolini
authors.forename: Giordano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cicchitelli
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olivares
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parrinello
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Percoco
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guardigli
authors.forename: Donato
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mele
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pirani
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferrari
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000097:blood*; D012995:Solubility; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D003402:Creatine Kinase