title: Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults with restless legs syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the occurrence of symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults with restless legs syndrome (RLS), normal controls, and controls with insomnia.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-based hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  The occurrence and severity of current ADHD symptoms were determined in a prospective study of sequential adult patients with RLS (n = 62) or insomnia (n = 32) and adult controls (n = 77) using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) ADHD criteria, the Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder (ADD) Scale for adults, and a structured psychological interview. RLS severity was assessed using the International RLS Study Group Rating Scale (IRLS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 1 experimental subject had previously been diagnosed with ADHD. More RLS patients (26%) than insomnia patients (6%) or controls (5%) had ADHD symptoms using age-adjusted total DSM-IV ADHD scores (P < .01). The mean Brown ADD score was greater in RLS patients (37 +/- 28) than in patients with insomnia (24 +/- 18) or controls (21 +/- 18) (P < .01). The RLS symptom severity (0-40 scale) was greater in RLS patients with ADD symptoms (26 +/- 9) than in those without ADD (21 +/- 10) (P < .04). Of the subjects with a Brown ADD score > 40, all reported ADD symptoms in 2 settings, and the majority had had ADHD symptoms since childhood. For subjects with a Brown ADD score > 40, there were no differences between the RLS, insomnia control, and normal control groups in quality of life or the level of anxiety or depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADHD symptoms are more common in RLS patients than in patients with insomnia or controls. RLS leg discomfort or poor quality of sleep may theoretically lead to hyperactivity and lack of concentration. Alternatively, RLS and ADHD may be part of a single symptom complex, and dopaminergic deficiency may play a role in both disorders.
authors.affiliation: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway 08854, USA. mlwagner@rci.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Arthur S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: Barbara C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology