title: Cost effectiveness of etanercept (Enbrel) in combination with methotrexate in the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis based on the TEMPO trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the cost effectiveness of combination treatment with etanercept plus methotrexate in comparison with monotherapies in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using a new model that incorporates both functional status and disease activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effectiveness data were based on a 2 year trial in 682 patients with active RA (TEMPO). Data on resource consumption and utility related to function and disease activity were obtained from a survey of 616 patients in Sweden. A Markov model was constructed with five states according to functional status (Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ)) subdivided into high and low disease activity. The cost for each quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained was estimated by Monte Carlo simulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Disease activity had a highly significant effect on utilities, independently of HAQ. For resource consumption, only HAQ was a significant predictor, with the exception of sick leave. Compared with methotrexate alone, etanercept plus methotrexate over 2 years increased total costs by 14,221 euros and led to a QALY gain of 0.38. When treatment was continued for 10 years, incremental costs were 42,148 euros for a QALY gain of 0.91. The cost per QALY gained was 37,331 euros and 46,494 euros, respectively. The probability that the cost effectiveness ratio is below a threshold of 50,000 euros/QALY is 88%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incorporating the influence of disease activity into this new model allows better assessment of the effects of anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment on patients' general wellbeing. In this analysis, the cost per QALY gained with combination treatment with etanercept plus methotrexate compared with methotrexate alone falls within the acceptable range.
authors.affiliation: European Health Economics SAS, 492 chemin des Laurens, F-06530 Spéracèdes, France. gisela.kobelt@he-europe.com
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kobelt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindgren
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klareskog
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D000068800:Etanercept; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008390:Markov Chains; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017059:Models, Econometric; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000191:economics; D013548:Sweden; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000068800:Etanercept; D008727:Methotrexate