title: Association between physiological serum concentration of estrogen and the mental health of community-dwelling postmenopausal women age 70 years and over.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors investigated the association between physiological levels of estrogen and mood/cognitive functioning among older postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of 265 postmenopausal women (mean age: 74.6 years), who were given a semistructured psychiatric interview (CAMDEX-R) and self-rated their health with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories (BDI and BAI) and the SF-36 Health Survey. Cognitive abilities were assessed with the cognitive subsection of the CAMDEX (CAMCOG), the Word Lists subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale, and the Block Design and Verbal Fluency subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Estradiol- and estrone-sensitive immunoassays were used to measure serum estradiol and estrone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women in the lowest 50th percentile of serum estradiol were more likely than women in the highest 50th percentile to have BDI scores suggestive of clinically significant or severe depression. Women in the lowest 50th percentile of serum estrone had higher BAI scores. There was no significant association between serum estradiol/estrone and cognitive functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physiological serum concentrations of estradiol and estrone are inversely associated with depression and anxiety scores in older postmenopausal women. The association between serum estradiol and depression ratings is not linear and seems to be subject to a threshold effect.
authors.affiliation: UWA School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences (M573), Level 6, Ainslie House, Royal Perth Hospital, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. osvalm@cyllene.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Osvaldo P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lautenschlager
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vasikaram
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leedman
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flicker
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D014888:Wechsler Scales
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens