title: Genomic amplification of orthodenticle homologue 2 in medulloblastomas.
abstract: To better understand the genetic basis of medulloblastoma development, we sought genomic amplifications and deletions in these tumors using digital karyotyping in combination with expression analysis. Five medulloblastoma genomes were karyotyped by sequencing an average of 195,745 genomic DNA tags for each analysis. Tags were tallied at unique positions and mapped to the human genome to determine DNA copy numbers in high resolution along each chromosome. Genomic alterations normally associated with medulloblastomas, including MYC amplification and isochromosome 17q, were easily detected. Surprisingly, analysis of only five genomes revealed novel amplicons on chromosome 14q, one of which contained the orthodenticle homologue 2 (OTX2) homeobox gene. DNA copy number analysis showed that OTX2 had undergone genomic amplification in 2 of 11 medulloblastoma cell lines and 8 of 42 primary tumors. The three genes and a predicted open reading frame flanking OTX2 in the 14q amplicon were not amplified in at least one of the other nine amplicons, implicating OTX2 as the gene target conferring a selective advantage. The degree of OTX2 amplification ranged from 8 copies to over 50 copies of the gene. OTX2 transcript was highly and specifically expressed in medulloblastoma or developing cells. Serial analysis of gene expression of 240 different human tumors or normal tissues revealed that 96% of all 783 OTX2 transcripts sequenced were in medulloblastomas or embryonic stem cells. OTX2 functions to specify the fate of neuroectoderm in various regions of the developing brain. This developmental role is consistent with the evidence suggesting that OTX2 is a medulloblastoma oncogene.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosurgery and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5200 Eastern Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boon
authors.forename: Charles G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Eberhart
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Riggins
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002883:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14 / Q000235:genetics; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005784:Gene Amplification; D018628:Gene Dosage; D015894:Genome, Human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000235:genetics*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D051857:Otx Transcription Factors; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C497659:OTX2 protein, human; D051857:Otx Transcription Factors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015534:Trans-Activators