title: The subjective and cognitive effects of acute phenylalanine and tyrosine depletion in patients recovered from depression.
abstract: Although there is evidence for the involvement of dopamine (DA) in unipolar depression, no published study has yet used the technique of acute phenylalanine and tyrosine depletion (APTD), a dietary intervention that selectively lowers DA synthesis, in order to investigate the role of DA in mood disturbance. Tyrosine and phenylalanine depleted and placebo amino acid drinks were administered to 20 patients recovered from depression in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Measures included subjective effects, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores, and a comprehensive battery of well-validated computerized cognitive tests. APTD induced a substantial reduction in the ratio of plasma tyrosine and phenylalanine to large neutral amino acids. However, relapse of depressive symptoms was not seen. Although performance on most cognitive tests was unaffected, there was a selective effect on decision-making, with APTD causing participants to bet significantly less. In conclusion, These results suggest a specific role for the involvement of DA in reward/punishment processing in humans. While APTD did not induce relapse in any participant, it did cause patients recovered from depression to show lowered sensitivity to reward in a gambling game. It is hypothesized that tests involving reward/punishment processing are preferentially affected by DA depletion, and that a more complete account of depression is likely to result from considering the roles played by serotonin, noradrenaline, and DA in mediating the various cognitive and clinical symptoms, including anhedonia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Roiser
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Ogilvie
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Blackwell
authors.forename: Diane J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bamber
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Goodyer
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Sahakian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D021542:Amino Acids, Neutral / Q000097:blood; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005526:Food, Formulated / Q000009:adverse effects; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012201:Reward; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D021542:Amino Acids, Neutral; D014443:Tyrosine; D010649:Phenylalanine; D004298:Dopamine