title: Polymorphism of the interleukin-4, interleukin-13, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 genes in Indonesian children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) in children is frequently associated with allergy and immunoglobulin E (IgE) production. T-helper subtype 2 cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, have been implicated in the regulation of IgE production. We investigated the associations of gene polymorphisms of IL-4, IL-13, and signal transducer and activator 6 (STAT6) in Indonesian children with MCNS (n = 84) and controls with neither allergic nor renal disease (n = 61).
  
  
  METHODS
  Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to determine the IL-4 promoter gene polymorphism (-590C/T) and IL-13 gene polymorphism (4257G/A), and direct sequencing was used for the STAT6 3S untranslated region (2964G/A) polymorphism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant difference between the MCNS group and the controls in the genotypic distribution of IL-4 and IL-13 gene polymorphism. In the case of the IL-4 promoter gene, the frequency of the CC homozygote was significantly lower in the MCNS group than in the controls, while, in the case of IL-13, the frequency of the GG homozygote was significantly lower in the MCNS group. However, there was no difference between the MCNS group and the controls in the STAT6 gene polymorphism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The genetic variations in the IL-4 and IL-13 genes may be associated with predisposition to MCNS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Bishnu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Acharya
authors.forename: Toshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shirakawa
authors.forename: Ardanykusuma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pungky
authors.forename: Parlin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Damanik
authors.forename: Muh Nasrum
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Massi
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: Akinobu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gotoh
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000235:genetics; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000378:metabolism; D007214:Indonesia; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000235:genetics*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D009402:Nephrosis, Lipoid / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018793:Interleukin-13; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor; C494101:STAT6 protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007073:Immunoglobulin E