title: Cyclooxygenase-2 regulation in colon cancer cells: modulation of RNA polymerase II elongation by histone deacetylase inhibitors.
abstract: We are interested in the mechanism of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) regulation in colon cancer cells because this knowledge could provide insight into colon carcinogenesis and suggest ways to suppress Cox-2 expression in colon tumors. Studying the HT-29 colon cancer cell line as a model, we found that Cox-2 mRNA and protein levels were activated over 10-fold by the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Moreover, we found that the histone deacetylase inhibitors butyrate and trichostatin A could block Cox-2 activation in a gene-specific manner. TNF-alpha and butyrate did not significantly affect Cox-2 promoter activity, mRNA stability, or negative regulation by the Cox-2 3'-untranslated RNA region. A nuclear run-on assay showed that TNF-alpha increased Cox-2 transcription, whereas butyrate was suppressive. Because butyrate has been reported to suppress polymerase elongation on the c-myc gene, we employed the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay to determine the influence of butyrate and trichostatin A on polymerase distribution on the Cox-2 gene. These data indicated that butyrate restricted polymerase elongation from exon 1 to 2 on both the c-myc and Cox-2 genes. We propose that histone deacetylases regulate a transcriptional block on the Cox-2 and c-myc genes and that this block may be a potential target for pharmacological intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3125, USA.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Shree
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giardina
mesh_terms: D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C012589:trichostatin A; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D012319:RNA Polymerase II