title: The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha is a favorable independent prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignancy of the kidney composed of specific tumor types. The sporadic conventional RCCs are, in contrast to the other RCC types, characterized by a high rate of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) mutations and hypermethylation. The majority of these tumors lack functional VHL protein (pVHL) that leads to increased hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) expression. The pVHL is the physiologic regulator of the activity of HIF-1alpha by targeting it to the proteasome for degradation under normoxia. Both pVHL and HIF-1alpha target other genes that are important for cancer survival and proliferation. Expression of HIF-1alpha has been linked to poor prognosis in different malignancies, although few studies have been done on the relation between HIF-1alpha and clinical variables in RCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIF-1alpha protein expression was analyzed in tumor tissue from 92 patients with RCC. HIF-1alpha was quantified by Western blot relative to a positive control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HIF-1alpha protein was expressed as two bands which strongly correlated (r = 0.906, P < 0.001); therefore, they were added and the sum evaluated against clinicopathologic variables. There was no association between HIF-1alpha and gender, stage, grade, tumor size, or vein invasion. Conventional RCCs had significantly higher HIF-1alpha expression compared with papillary and chromophobe RCCs and kidney cortex. In conventional RCC, HIF-1alpha was an independent prognostic factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIF-1alpha levels varied significantly between the different RCC types. In conventional RCC, HIF-1alpha was an independent prognostic factor. These data indicate that HIF-1alpha is involved in tumorogenesis and progression of RCC. Evaluation of other HIF target gene products and correlation to angiogenesis seems warranted.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lidgren
authors.forename: Ylva
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hedberg
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grankvist
authors.forename: Torgny
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rasmuson
authors.forename: Janos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vasko
authors.forename: Börje
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ljungberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D014157:Transcription Factors