title: Borrelia burgdorferi, an extracellular pathogen, circumvents osteopontin in inducing an inflammatory cytokine response.
abstract: A classic proinflammatory T helper cell type 1 (TH1) response directed against intracellular pathogens includes the cytokine osteopontin, which acts predominantly on macrophages, where it induces the secretion of interleukin (IL)-12 and suppresses the secretion of IL-10. As cell-mediated immune responses play an important role in the resistance to Lyme arthritis, a manifestation of infection by the extracellular pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi, we tested the hypothesis that osteopontin may be required to induce T(H)1 responses and inflammation. The role of osteopontin was tested in vivo and using ex vivo macrophages in B6129F3 mice susceptible to experimental Lyme arthritis. Mice of this genetic background and those fully backcrossed to C57BL/6, which lacked osteopontin expression (spp1-/-), were as susceptible to B. burgdorferi-induced arthritis as littermate controls. Furthermore, equal numbers of spirochetes, as measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction of the B. burgdorferi gene recA in spp1-/- and B6129F3 wild-type littermates, suggested that susceptibility to infection was not dependent on this cytokine. Neither of the B6129F3 parental mouse strains lacked the ability to secrete osteopontin. spp1-/- mice and controls had immunoglobulin G2 titers, suggestive of a TH1 response. B. burgdorferi was able to directly stimulate the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha from wild-type and spp1-/- macrophages alike. These results indicate that the usually critical role of osteopontin in the induction of cellular immune responses to intracellular pathogens was circumvented by the ability of the extracellular pathogen B. burgdorferi to induce macrophages directly to produce proinflammatory cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Room 8301, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Craig-Mylius
authors.forename: Georg F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Jenifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coburn
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Glickstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D025065:Borrelia burgdorferi / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000378:metabolism; D008193:Lyme Disease / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D053495:Osteopontin; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013640:Tarsal Joints / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; C506896:Spp1 protein, mouse; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D053495:Osteopontin; D018664:Interleukin-12