title: The haemodynamic and metabolic effects of epinephrine in experimental hyperdynamic septic shock.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of epinephrine (EPI) infusion on vital organ blood flow and metabolic variables during sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised placebo-controlled animal trial in an animal laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven merino cross-ewes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronic implantation of flow probes (aorta, renal, mesenteric and coronary artery and sagittal sinus). Induction of sepsis by intravenous injection of E. coli. Random allocation of sheep to EPI (0.4 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) or vehicle for 6 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  E. coli induced hypotension and hyperlactataemia and increased cardiac output, renal, mesenteric and coronary blood flows. Compared to vehicle, EPI restored mean arterial blood pressure (69 vs. 86 mmHg) and further increased cardiac output (6.4 vs. 7.1 l/min). EPI, however, decreased renal blood flow (330 vs. 247 ml/min) and renal conductance. EPI also reduced mesenteric and coronary conductance without changes in flows. Compared to vehicle, EPI increased urine output (293 vs. 544 ml/6 h) but not creatinine clearance. EPI increased lactate (1.8 vs. 15.7 mmol/l) with accompanying acidosis (serum bicarbonate: 25.2 vs. 15.7 mmol/l), hyperglycaemia (2.6 vs. 13.5 mmol/l) and hypokalaemia (4.3 vs. 3.0 mmol/l).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperdynamic sepsis increased blood flow to heart, gut and kidney. Although EPI infusion further increased cardiac output, blood pressure and myocardial performance, it was also associated with potent metabolic effects, decreased mesenteric, coronary and renal conductance and a significant reduction in renal blood flow.
authors.affiliation: Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Di Giantomasso
authors.forename: Rinaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bellomo
authors.forename: Clive N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: May
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D011897:Random Allocation; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012756:Sheep; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D019344:Lactic Acid; D004837:Epinephrine