title: An evaluation of preparation methods and storage conditions of tribromoethanol.
abstract: This reports the in vitro portion of a study designed to establish guidelines for the preparation, storage, and use of tribromoethanol (TBE). We evaluated: 1) the purity of TBE powder from three suppliers; 2) nine methods of preparation of a 25-mg/ml (working) solution for formation of particulates and breakdown products; 3) formation of particulates and breakdown products and pH change in 1-g/ml (stock) solutions and working solutions stored under four conditions (25 degrees C and 5 degrees C in light and in dark); and 4) stock and working solutions of TBE that caused lethal effects in mice. These objectives were met by using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, particle-size and turbidity analyses, and pH strips. TBE powder from three suppliers varied in purity. No significant differences in breakdown product formation, particle size, or turbidity were noted between the nine preparation methods evaluated. Stock solutions and the working solution stored at 5 degrees C in the dark maintained a pH of 6.5 to 7.0, whereas the pH dropped for all other working solutions. A low level of dibromoacetaldehyde (DBA), a potential breakdown product reported to cause toxic effects, was detectable in all newly prepared solutions. Regardless of the storage condition or pH, DBA concentration did not increase measurably in any of the solutions after 8 weeks. The stock and working solutions that demonstrated lethal effects in mice had a pH of 6.5 and did not differ notably from newly prepared, non-lethal solutions, when evaluated for DBA. A decrease in pH could not be correlated to an increase in DBA or potential lethality, as suggested in the literature. The toxicity associated with the lethal TBE in this study appears to be a result of a chemical reaction or breakdown product that has not yet been reported.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Chicago, Biologic Resources Laboratory, 1840 W. Taylor Street M/C 533, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Christine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lieggi
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fortman
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kleps
authors.forename: Varun
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Artwohl
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004356:Drug Storage / Q000379:methods*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008027:Light; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D014730:Veterinary Medicine / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; C062527:tribromoethanol; C038235:bromoacetaldehyde; D000431:Ethanol; D000079:Acetaldehyde