title: Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology.
abstract: The 1996 American Heart Association consensus panel recommendations stated that pre-participation cardiovascular screening for young competitive athletes is justifiable and compelling on ethical, legal, and medical grounds. The present article represents the consensus statement of the Study Group on Sports Cardiology of the Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial diseases of the European Society of Cardiology, which comprises cardiovascular specialists and other physicians from different European countries with extensive clinical experience with young competitive athletes, as well as with pathological substrates of sudden death. The document takes note of the 25-year Italian experience on systematic pre-participation screening of competitive athletes and focuses on relevant issues, mostly regarding the relative risk, causes, and prevalence of sudden death in athletes; the efficacy, feasibility, and cost-effectiveness of population-based pre-participation cardiovascular screening; the key role of 12-lead ECG for identification of cardiovascular diseases such as cardiomyopathies and channelopathies at risk of sudden death during sports; and the potential of preventing fatal events. The main purpose of the consensus document is to reinforce the principle of the need for pre-participation medical clearance of all young athletes involved in organized sports programmes, on the basis of (i) the proven efficacy of systematic screening by 12-lead ECG (in addition to history and physical examination) to identify hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-the leading cause of sports-related sudden death-and to prevent athletic field fatalities; (ii) the potential screening ability in detecting other lethal cardiovascular diseases presenting with ECG abnormalities. The consensus document recommends the implementation of a common European screening protocol essentially based on 12-lead ECG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Padova, Italy. domenico.corrado@unipd.it
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corrado
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pelliccia
authors.forename: Hans Halvor
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Bjørnstad
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vanhees
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biffi
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borjesson
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Panhuyzen-Goedkoop
authors.forename: Asterios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deligiannis
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Solberg
authors.forename: Dorian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dugmore
authors.forename: Klaus P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Mellwig
authors.forename: Deodato
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Assanelli
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delise
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van-Buuren
authors.forename: Aris
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anastasakis
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heidbuchel
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fagard
authors.forename: Silvia G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Priori
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Basso
authors.forename: Eloisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arbustini
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blomstrom-Lundqvist
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thiene
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005060:Europe; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008487:Medical History Taking / Q000379:methods; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013177:Sports