title: Insulin receptor substrate 2 is essential for maturation and survival of photoreceptor cells.
abstract: Insulin receptor substrates (Irs-proteins) integrate signals from the insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) receptors with other processes to control cellular growth, function, and survival. Here, we show that Irs2 promoted the maturation and survival of photoreceptors in the murine retina immediately after birth. Irs2 was mainly localized to the outer plexiform layer as well as to photoreceptor inner segments. It was also seen in ganglion cells and inner plexiform layer but in smaller amounts. Compared with control littermates, Irs2 knock-out mice lose 10% of their photoreceptors 1 week after birth and up to 50% by 2 weeks of age as a result of increased apoptosis. The surviving photoreceptor cells developed short organized segments, which displayed proportionally diminished but otherwise normal electrical function. However, IGF1-stimulated Akt phosphorylation was barely detected, and cleaved/activated caspase-3 was significantly elevated in isolated retinas of Irs2-/- mice. When diabetes was prevented, which allowed the Irs2-/- mice to survive for 2 years, most photoreceptor cells were lost by 16 months of age. Because apoptosis is the final common pathway in photoreceptor degeneration, pharmacological strategies that increase Irs2 expression or function in photoreceptor cells could be a general treatment for blinding diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Xianjin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: Neal S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Peachey
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuma
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Burks
authors.forename: Jake A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kushner
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Suzuma
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.forename: Carrie L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Flint
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dow
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Leshan
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Morris F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis; D002470:Cell Survival; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000235:genetics; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000235:genetics; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C526298:Irs2 protein, mouse; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; C084010:pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 protein; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt