title: Time domain simulation of nonlinear acoustic beams generated by rectangular pistons with application to harmonic imaging.
abstract: A time-domain numerical code (the so-called Texas code) that solves the Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov (KZK) equation has been extended from an axis-symmetric coordinate system to a three-dimensional (3D) Cartesian coordinate system. The code accounts for diffraction (in the parabolic approximation), nonlinearity and absorption and dispersion associated with thermoviscous and relaxation processes. The 3D time domain code was shown to be in agreement with benchmark solutions for circular and rectangular sources, focused and unfocused beams, and linear and nonlinear propagation. The 3D code was used to model the nonlinear propagation of diagnostic ultrasound pulses through tissue. The prediction of the second-harmonic field was sensitive to the choice of frequency-dependent absorption: a frequency squared f2 dependence produced a second-harmonic field which peaked closer to the transducer and had a lower amplitude than that computed for an f1.1 dependence. In comparing spatial maps of the harmonics we found that the second harmonic had dramatically reduced amplitude in the near field and also lower amplitude side lobes in the focal region than the fundamental. These findings were consistent for both uniform and apodized sources and could be contributing factors in the improved imaging reported with clinical scanners using tissue harmonic imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Xinmai
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Robin O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Cleveland
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013016:Sound; D013997:Time Factors; D014465:Ultrasonics