title: Nicotine craving and cue exposure therapy by using virtual environments.
abstract: Smokers who are exposed to cues associated with smoking show cardiovascular reactivity and an increase in smoking urges as compared to when they are presented with neutral cues. Cue exposure therapy (CET), which refers to the repeated exposure to drug-related cues in order to extinguish this learned association, has increasingly been proposed as a potential treatment of addictive behaviors, including tobacco smoking. The result of our pilot study suggests that a cue elicited using a virtual environment (VE) is more effective than other cue exposure devices. The VE was composed of craving environments (virtual bar) and objects (an alcoholic drink, a packet of cigarettes, a lighter, an ashtray, a glass of beer, and advertising posters) that are likely to trigger craving, a smoking avatar, and an audio environment that included the noisy sound and music of a restaurant. Sixteen late-adolescent males who smoked at least 10 cigarettes a day were recruited to participate in the VE-CET study. The CET virtual bar program consisted of six sessions, and the participants were exposed repeatedly to each session using different questions and procedures. Although the effects of CET did not yield significant reductions in all of the dependent variables, the craving for cigarettes was gradually decreased during the course of the sessions. This tendency was closely related to the reduction in the smoking count between the morning before the experiment and the start of the experiment. Based on these preliminary results, it appears that VE-CET maybe a useful tool to use in treatment programs to help reduce craving in those who are nicotine dependent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Janghan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yungsik
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Gho
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Brenda K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Wiederhold
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Wiederhold
authors.forename: In Y
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sun I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003463:Cues; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012907:Smoking; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D014584:User-Computer Interface