title: Regulatory elements in the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene 3'-enhancers induce c-myc deregulation and lymphomagenesis in murine B cells.
abstract: Burkitt's lymphoma is invariably associated with chromosomal translocations that juxtapose the c-myc proto-oncogene with regulatory elements of the immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) or light chain loci resulting in the deregulation of c-myc expression. However, the enhancer elements mediating c-myc deregulation in vivo remain largely unidentified. To investigate the role of the IgH 3'-enhancers in c-myc deregulation, we used gene targeting to generate knock-in mice in which four DNase I hypersensitive regions from the murine IgH 3'-region were integrated into the 5'-region of the c-myc locus. The IgH 3'-enhancers induced the up-regulation of c-myc expression specifically in B cells of IgH-3'-E-myc mice. After approximately 10 months, the mice developed a Burkitt-like B cell lymphoma with the phenotype of B220+, IgM+, and IgD(low). Analysis of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements indicated that the lymphoma cells were of clonal origin. The presence of a rapidly expanding population of B cells in the spleen and bone marrow of young knock-in mice at 2-4 months of age was observed. Premalignant splenic B cells of knock-in mice showed higher spontaneous and induced apoptosis; however, malignant B cells were more resistant to apoptosis. The p53-ARF-Mdm2 pathway was disabled in half of the lymphomas examined, in most cases through Mdm2 overexpression. Although c-myc expression was increased in premalignant B cells, the promoter shift from P2 to P1 was observed only in malignant B cells. Our studies demonstrate that the IgH 3'-enhancers play an important role in c-myc deregulation and B cell lymphomagenesis in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Biology in Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Jinghong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Boxer
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005047:Etoposide / Q000494:pharmacology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015321:Gene Rearrangement; D005809:Genes, Regulator; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics*; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: C494812:Bcl2l1 protein, mouse; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D005047:Etoposide; C497207:Mdm2 protein, mouse; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2