title: Pharmacodynamic analysis of target inhibition and endothelial cell death in tumors treated with the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonists SU5416 or SU6668.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of small molecule inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 (SU5416 and SU6668) on receptor phosphorylation in tumor xenografts and in paired tumor biopsies obtained in three clinical trials in patients with advanced solid malignancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dose-dependent effects of SU6668 on angiogenesis and tumor growth were investigated in orthotopic L3.6pl pancreatic tumors. Excisional or 18G core biopsies were obtained from patients before and after therapy with SU5416 or SU6668. Laser scanning cytometry-mediated analysis was used to quantify levels of phosphorylated and total VEGFRs and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR), tumor microvessel densities, vessel sizes, and endothelial and tumor cell apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant inhibition of tumor microvessel density and growth and increased apoptosis were observed at SU6668 maximum tolerated dose (100 mg/kg) in L3.6pl xenografts. At 6 hours post therapy, SU6668 reduced VEGFR and PDGFR phosphorylation in the tumors by 50% and 92%, respectively, but levels rebounded beyond the baselines by 24 hours. Levels of phosphorylated VEGFR-2 and PDGFR also decreased significantly ( approximately 50%) 6 hours after therapy in 1 of 6 primary human tumors treated with SU6668, but these effects were not associated with increased apoptosis. A significant increase in endothelial cell apoptosis was observed in one tumor exposed to SU5416 and was associated with an increase in vessel size, but these changes occurred without an increase in tumor cell death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SU5416 and SU6668 displayed biological activity in xenografts. However, neither drug produced marked biological activity in primary patient tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Darren W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takamori
authors.forename: Chandrajit P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Raut
authors.forename: Henry Q
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Roy S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Herbst
authors.forename: Walter M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.forename: John V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Heymach
authors.forename: George D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Demetri
authors.forename: Asif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Sijin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Abbruzzese
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McConkey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000078183:Oxindoles; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011422:Propionates; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020797:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D000078183:Oxindoles; D011422:Propionates; D011758:Pyrroles; C116890:Semaxinib; C412603:orantinib; D020797:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2