title: Inappropriate feeding practice favors the transmission of Trichinella papuae from wild pigs to saltwater crocodiles in Papua New Guinea.
abstract: The recent discovery of Trichinella zimbabwensis in farmed crocodiles (Crocodilus niloticus) of Zimbabwe and its ability to infect mammals, and the development of both T. zimbabwensis and Trichinella papuae in experimentally infected reptiles led to an investigation of Trichinella infection in saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) and in wild pigs (Sus scrofa) of Papua New Guinea, to see if T. papuae also, is present in both cold- and warm-blooded animals. Of 222 crocodiles examined, 47 animals (21.2%), all from Kikori, Gulf Province, were positive for non-encapsulated larvae in the muscles. The greatest number of larvae was found usually in the biceps, with an average of 7 larvae/g. One isolate from a crocodile infected successfully both laboratory rats and mice. Of 81 wild pigs examined, 9 from Bensbach river area (Western Province) and 1 from Kikori area (Gulf Province) were positive for non-encapsulated larvae in the muscles. Trichinella larvae from both saltwater crocodiles and wild pigs have been identified by multiplex-PCR analysis as T. papuae. The sequence analysis of the region within the large subunit ribosomal DNA, known as the expansion segment V, has shown the presence of a molecular marker distinguishing T. papuae isolates of Bensbach river area from those of Kikori area. This marker could be useful to trace back the geographical origin of the infected animal. The epidemiological investigation carried out in the Kikori area has shown that local people catch young crocodiles in the wild and keep them in holding pens for several months, before sending them to the crocodile farm in Lae (Morobe Province). They feed the crocodiles primarily with wild pig meat bought at the local market and also with fish. These results stress the importance of using artificial digestion for routinely screening of swine and crocodiles, and of adopting measures for preventing the spread of infection, such as the proper disposal of carcasses and the adequate freezing of meat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. pozio@iss.it
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pozio
authors.forename: Ifor L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marucci
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: La Rosa
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles / Q000469:parasitology*; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000469:parasitology*; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000469:parasitology; D001483:Base Sequence; D018509:DNA, Helminth / Q000737:chemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010219:Papua New Guinea; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013552:Swine / Q000469:parasitology*; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D014234:Trichinella / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014235:Trichinellosis / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D018509:DNA, Helminth