title: Epicardial and microvascular graft vessel disease in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Graft vessel disease (GVD) is one of the main limiting factors to long-term survival after adult heart transplantation (HTx). The incidence of epicardial and microvascular GVD in paediatric patients was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 137 coronary angiographies from 130 paediatric HTx and heart and lung transplant (HLTx) patients (70 male, 60 female, aged 0-18 y) were evaluated according to the Stanford classification and its supplements (minor vessel alterations). In H&E stainings from right ventricular endomyocardial biopsies (EMB = 397), light microscopic diagnosis of acute cellular rejection (ISHLT classification) and vascular reaction (morphology of endothelial cells and vessel walls) was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate rejection was present in 32.8% and severe rejection in 13.3% of EMB. Microvascular EC swelling was found in 33.5% and vessel wall thickening in 53.8% of EMB. The results of the coronary angiographic investigations were: Stanford lesions = 61.2%, peripheral obliterations = 52.5%, diameter fluctuations = 86.3%, pathologic tapering = 64.0%, calcifications = 10.8%. Long-term survivors (> or =5 y) showed macrovascular alterations in 78% of cases and microvascular alterations in 67% of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of micro- and macrovascular GVD is one of the predominant complications in long-term survivors after paediatric HTx and HLTx.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany. hiemann@dhzb.de
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Hiemann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wellnhofer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdul-Khaliq
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hetzer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010496:Pericardium / Q000473:pathology; D011859:Radiography; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate