title: CGRP release and c-fos expression within trigeminal nucleus caudalis of the rat following glyceryltrinitrate infusion.
abstract: Neuropeptide release and the expression of c-fos like immunoreactivity (c-fos LI) within trigeminal nucleus caudalis neurons (TNC) are activation markers of the trigeminal nerve system. Glyceryltrinitrate (GTN) is believed to stimulate the trigeminal nerve system, thereby causing headache. We examined the effects of a 30 min NO-donor infusion on CGRP release in jugular vein blood and c-fos LI within TNC of the rat. GTN (2 and 50 microg/kg/min) or NONOate infusion (25 nmol/kg/min) did not cause any CGRP release during and shortly after infusion, whereas administration of capsaicin resulted in strongly increased CGRP levels. GTN infusion (2 microg/kg/min for 30 min) did not lead to enhanced c-fos LI after 2 h and 4 h, whereas capsaicin infusion caused a time- and dose-dependent expression of c-fos LI within laminae I and II of the TNC. Surprisingly, GTN attenuated capsaicin-induced c-fos expression by 64%. The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME (5 and 50 mg/kg) reduced capsaicin-induced c-fos LI dose dependently (reduction by 13% and 59%). We conclude that GTN may lead to headaches by mechanisms independent of CGRP release from trigeminal nerve fibres. GTN doses comparable to those used in humans did not activate or sensitize the trigeminal nerve system. Both GTN and L-NAME reduced capsaicin-induced c-fos LI. This is most likely due to a feedback inhibition of nitric oxide synthases, which indicates that the c-fos response to capsaicin within TNC is mediated by NO dependent mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Offenhauser
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zinck
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schiemann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schuh-Hofer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dirnagl
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jansen-Olesen
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Reuter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000097:blood*; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014275:Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006834:Hydrazines; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C084012:1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D002211:Capsaicin