title: Atrial tachycardia remodeling of pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes: comparison with left atrium and potential relation to arrhythmogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pulmonary veins (PVs) are important in the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation (AF), as is atrial tachycardia (AT) remodeling. The relative importance of AT remodeling in PVs versus other atrial sites is unknown. The present study assessed AT-induced cellular changes in PVs versus left atrium (LA) and their relationship to arrhythmogenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied ionic currents (single-cell patch clamp) and action potentials (APs; coronary-perfused multicellular preparations) in the PVs and LA free wall of dogs after 7-day AT pacing (400 bpm), as well as in nonpaced control dogs. In controls, rapid (I(Kr)) and slow (I(Ks)) delayed-rectifier currents were larger in PVs; transient-outward (I(to)), inward-rectifier (I(K1)), and L-type Ca2+ (I(Ca)) currents and AP duration were smaller. AT remodeling reduced I(Ca) and I(to), left I(Kr) and I(Ks) unchanged, and increased I(K1) in both LA and PV. AT reduced action potential duration in both LA and PV. LA-PV AP differences became smaller in AT than in control dogs. Premature extrastimuli induced atrial tachyarrhythmias at 4.5+/-2.8% (mean+/-SEM) sites in 6 control multicellular preparations compared with 64.2+/-7.3% sites in 9 AT-remodeled preparations (P<0.001). Resection of all PVs failed to alter atrial tachyarrhythmia inducibility in AT-remodeled preparations (67.5+/-13.1%). PV resection did not significantly change tachyarrhythmia duration (mean 3.9 seconds per heart, range 0.7 to 15.7 seconds before resection; mean 7.0 seconds per heart, range 0.9 to 36.0 seconds after resection) or cycle length (120+/-6 ms before resection, 115+/-8 ms after resection).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AT produces qualitatively similar ionic remodeling in LA and PVs but reduces PV-LA AP differences. PVs are not essential for AT-induced atrial tachyarrhythmia promotion in this model, which may relate to the failure of PV isolation to prevent AF in some patient populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Tae-Joon
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Joachim R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chartier
authors.forename: Tack Ki
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nattel
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques / Q000379:methods; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000503:physiopathology*