Speech-based E-mail and driver behavior: effects of an in-vehicle message system interface.
As mobile office technology becomes more advanced, drivers have increased opportunity to process information "on the move." Although speech-based interfaces can minimize direct interference with driving, the cognitive demands associated with such systems may still cause distraction. We studied the effects on driving performance of an in-vehicle simulated "E-mail" message system; E-mails were either system controlled or driver controlled. A high-fidelity, fixed-base driving simulator was used to test 19 participants on a car-following task. Virtual traffic scenarios varying in driving demand. Drivers compensated for the secondary task by adopting longer headways but showed reduced anticipation of braking requirements and shorter time to collision. Drivers were also less reactive when processing E-mails, demonstrated by a reduction in steering wheel inputs. In most circumstances, there were advantages in providing drivers with control over when E-mails were opened. However, during periods without E-mail interaction in demanding traffic scenarios, drivers showed reduced braking anticipation. This may be a result of increased cognitive costs associated with the decision making process when using a driver-controlled interface when the task of scheduling E-mail acceptance is added to those of driving and E-mail response. Actual or potential applications of this research include the design of speech-based in-vehicle messaging systems.
Jamson
A Hamish
AH
University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom. a.h.jamson@its.leeds.ac.uk
Westerman
Stephen J
SJ
Hockey
G Robert J
GR
Carsten
Oliver M J
OM
D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D011336:Probability; D011930:Reaction Time; D012449:Safety; D013597:Systems Analysis; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D014584:User-Computer Interface