title: Irritable psychomotor elation in depressed inpatients: a factor validation of mixed depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early authors described hypomanic symptoms as mixed features in depressive episode, but this syndrome has not been sufficiently explored in previous studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  958 consecutive depressed patients were assessed by using a standardized method in terms of 43 psychiatric symptoms at hospitalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A principal component analysis, followed by varimax rotation, extracted six interpretable factors: typical vegetative symptoms, depressive retardation/loss of feeling, hypomanic syndrome, anxiety, psychosis, and depressive mood/hopelessness. The extracted factor structure was relatively stable among several patient groups. There was no evidence that the hypomanic factor was exaggerated by antidepressant pretreatments before hospitalization. Bipolar diagnoses were associated with higher scores on depressive retardation and hypomanic symptoms, and a lower score on anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychiatric syndromes and their interrelationships, found in the present study, may be strongly influenced by the rating instrument used. The sample of this study was depressed inpatients. The results should not be generalized for depressed outpatients or epidemiological depressed populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypomanic symptoms, as characterized by the flight of ideas, racing thought, increased drive, excessive social contact, irritability, and aggression are a salient syndrome in acutely ill depressed patients, lending support to the factor validity of mixed depression. The symptoms may not be related to pretreatments with antidepressants, or comorbidity of substance abuse, suggesting that they reflect various natural phenomenological manifestations of depressive episodes. Anxiety is unlikely to play a major role in the core phenomenological features of mixed depression. Hypomanic symptoms during a depressive episode were more represented in bipolar disorders, which may serve for further clarifications of latent bipolarity in unipolar depression, and prediction of switch into maniform states under biological depression treatments.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatrische Klinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Nussbaumstrasse 7 80336 Munich, Germany. tsato@psy.med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bottlender
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kleindienst
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Möller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies