title: The effect of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on knee joint kinematics under simulated muscle loads.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies have investigated anterior stability of the knee during the anterior drawer test after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Few studies have evaluated anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction under physiological loads.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction reproduced knee motion under simulated muscle loads.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight human cadaveric knees were tested with the anterior cruciate ligament intact, transected, and reconstructed (using a bone-patellar tendon-bone graft) on a robotic testing system. Tibial translation and rotation were measured at 0 degrees, 15 degrees, 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees of flexion under anterior drawer loading (130 N), quadriceps muscle loading (400 N), and combined quadriceps and hamstring muscle loading (400 N and 200 N, respectively). Repeated-measures analysis of variance and the Student-Newman-Keuls test were used to detect statistically significant differences between knee states.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction resulted in a clinically satisfactory anterior tibial translation. The anterior tibial translation of the reconstructed knee was 1.93 mm larger than the intact knee at 30 degrees of flexion under anterior load. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction overconstrained tibial rotation, causing significantly less internal tibial rotation in the reconstructed knee at low flexion angles (0 degrees-30 degrees) under muscle loads (P < .05). At 30 degrees of flexion, under muscle loads, the tibia of the reconstructed knee was 1.9 degrees externally rotated compared to the intact knee.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction may not restore the rotational kinematics of the intact knee under muscle loads, even though anterior tibial translation was restored to a clinically satisfactory level under anterior drawer loads. These data suggest that reproducing anterior stability under anterior tibial loads may not ensure that knee joint kinematics is restored under physiological loading conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased internal rotation of the knee after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction may lead to increased patellofemoral joint contact pressures. Future anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques should aim at restoring 3-dimensional knee kinematics under physiological loads.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mokdong Hospital, Ewha University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Doo
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Ramprasad
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Papannagari
authors.forename: Sang Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Louis E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: DeFrate
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Guoan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D012371:Robotics; D012399:Rotation; D012421:Rupture