title: HIV-1 clade promoters strongly influence spatial and temporal dynamics of viral replication in vivo.
abstract: Although the primary determinant of cell tropism is the interaction of viral envelope or capsid proteins with cellular receptors, other viral elements can strongly modulate viral replication. While the HIV-1 promoter is polymorphic for a variety of transcription factor binding sites, the impact of these polymorphisms on viral replication in vivo is not known. To address this issue, we engineered isogenic SIVmac239 chimeras harboring the core promoter/enhancer from HIV-1 clades B, C, and E. Here it is shown that the clade C and E core promoters/enhancers bear a noncanonical activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding site, absent from the corresponding clade B region. Relative ex vivo replication of chimeras was strongly dependent on the tissue culture system used. Notably, in thymic histocultures, replication of the clade C chimera was favored by IL-7 enrichment, which suggests that the clade C polymorphism in the AP-1 and NF-kappaB binding sites is involved. Simultaneous infection of rhesus macaques with the 3 chimeras revealed a strong predominance of the clade C chimera during primary infection. Thereafter, the B chimera dominated in all tissues. These data show that the clade C promoter is particularly adapted to sustain viral replication in primary viremia and that clade-specific promoter polymorphisms constitute a major determinant for viral replication.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Rétrovirologie Moléculaire, Unité de Biologie Cellulaire du Noyau, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Mireille
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Centlivre
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Raphaël
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ho Tsong Fang
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gofflo
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valladeau
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thierry
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hurtrel
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wain-Hobson
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002213:Capsid / Q000502:physiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015851:Interleukin-7 / Q000378:metabolism; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015851:Interleukin-7; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1