title: Risk of childhood germ cell tumors in association with parental smoking and drinking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The etiology of childhood germ cell tumors (GCT) is not well understood. The Children's Oncology Group conducted the largest case-control study of childhood GCT to investigate whether parental exposures to smoking and alcohol contributed to the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases included 274 children with GCT diagnosed between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 2001 who were age <15 years. Controls (n=421) were selected by random digit dialing and were frequency matched based on gender, age (+/-1 year), and geographic area. Exposure information was collected from subjects' parents using independent telephone interviews and self-administrated questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No association was found between parental smoking or drinking alcohol and risk of childhood GCT (for smoking: odds ratio [OR]=1.0, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.8-1.3 and OR = 1.2, 95% CI, 0.9-1.5, for mothers and fathers, respectively; for drinking: OR=0.9, 95% CI, 0.7-1.2 and OR=1.0, 95% CI, 0.8-1.3, for mothers and fathers, respectively). No significant trend was observed for length of maternal exposure to passive smoking during the index pregnancy and GCT risk (for total subject: P=0.77; boys: P=0.52; girls: P=0.93).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors found no evidence that childhood GCT was related to prenatal exposure to parental cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and maternal passive smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram-Cancer Center and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8300, USA.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Robison
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giller
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krailo
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Xiao-Ou
authors.initials: XO
authors.lastname: Shu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D018237:Germinoma / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D009369:Neoplasms; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D010332:Paternal Behavior; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution