title: Experience of social stigma by people with schizophrenia in Hong Kong.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research on stigma often focuses on general public attitudes and overlooks patients' subjective experiences of everyday stigma arising from significant others.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document and compare the interpersonal experiences of stigma in patients with schizophrenia and patients with diabetes mellitus in Hong Kong.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four focus groups were conducted to generate a self-report questionnaire. Data were collected from out-patients with schizophrenia (n=320) and diabetes (n=160).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly more patients with schizophrenia (>40%) than diabetes (average 15%) experienced stigma from family members, partners, friends and colleagues. Over 50% anticipated stigma and about 55% concealed their illness. Dysphoria occurred in over half.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interpersonal (especially intrafamilial) stigma was pervasive, hard to avoid and devastating to patients with schizophrenia. Family support had to be realised rather than assumed, despite the emphasis on relationship bonds in Chinese society. Programmes that build the family as a rehabilitative resource should start early to reduce the development and adverse impacts of stigma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hong Kong Mood Disorders Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. singlee@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: Sing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Margaret T Y
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Marcus Y L
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kleinman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013240:Stereotyping; D017132:Workplace