title: Does asymptomatic septal agenesis exist? A review of 34 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary septal agenesis (PSA) is a rare brain malformation that can be isolated or part of developmental brain abnormalities (holoprosencephaly, septo-optic dysplasia or cortical malformation). Such associated malformation can be subtle, leading to difficulties in the prenatal management of PSA. Moreover, the neurological prognosis of isolated PSA remains debatable.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of the study were to specify the patterns and frequency of brain malformations associated with septal agenesis (SA), to identify the clinical prognosis, and to discuss the aetiology of PSA with the new insights provided by molecular genetics.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study consisted of a 14-year retrospective review of brain MRI in 34 patients having PSA (mean age, 5 years). Chiasm and optic nerves were not evaluated. Post-hydrocephalus SA or incomplete data were excluded. The clinical data were correlated to the MRI patterns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study disclosed 82.5% associated lesions with MRI (28/34): 11 neuronal migration disorders, 9 holoprosencephalies (HP), 7 pituitary stalk interruptions, 1 corpus callosum partial agenesis; 17.5% (6/34) of cases were apparently isolated PAS. Clinically, the patients had motor dysfunction in 68% (23/34), mental retardation in 65% (22/34), blindness in 24% (8/34), endocrinological defects in 21% (7/34) and epilepsy in 18% (6/34) of cases. Nine percent of patients (3/34) were neurologically normal (including one with scoliosis and two infants younger than 2 years at the last follow-up). Patients with bilateral cortical anomalies and HP (even if mild) had the worst neurological prognosis. A severe motor impairment was present without evidence of hemispheric anomaly in 12% of patients (4/34). Interestingly, the frontal lobes were involved in 90% of cortical anomalies and HP, supporting the malformative aetiology of PSA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PSA rarely appears isolated and severe psychomotor impairment may occur in apparently isolated forms. These unfavourable results should be highlighted and need to be confirmed by a prospective study.
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, St Vincent de Paul Hospital, 82 avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75674 Paris, France. svp.radio@svp.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: Ouardia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Belhocine
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: André
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kalifa
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Adamsbaum
mesh_terms: D061085:Agenesis of Corpus Callosum; D001766:Blindness / Q000209:etiology; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000002:abnormalities; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016142:Holoprosencephaly / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000209:etiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008967:Molecular Biology; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000002:abnormalities; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D025962:Septo-Optic Dysplasia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D012688:Septum Pellucidum / Q000002:abnormalities*