title: The fundamental manipulations of surgery: a structured vocabulary for designing surgical curricula and simulators.
abstract: A structured vocabulary is proposed for supporting the design and development of advanced surgical simulators. Nine fundamental surgical instrument-tissue actions or manipulations are defined and common synonyms provided. The vocabulary focuses on "target skills" that are familiar to surgeons, in comparison with "enabling skills" from the lexicon of instructional designers and psychometricians. The adoption of this vocabulary can facilitate communication among surgeons and bioengineers developing "high-fidelity" surgical simulators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Stanford University Medical Media and Information Technologies, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5466, USA.
authors.forename: William LeRoy
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Heinrichs
authors.forename: Sakti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Parvati
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dev
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003479:Curriculum; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D011594:Psychometrics; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014584:User-Computer Interface