title: Inhibition of xenogeneic response in porcine endothelium using RNA interference.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rejection mediated by antibody recognition of the alpha-Gal epitope (Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R) is a major barrier in porcine-to-human xenotransplantation. Because the synthesis of alpha-Gal is dependent on alpha1,3 galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GT), methods of blocking this enzyme are needed. RNA interference induced by small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a powerful technique for allowing the silencing of mammalian genes with great specificity and potency. In this study, we use siRNA for silencing of alpha1,3GT with the purpose of reducing expression of the alpha-Gal epitope and subsequently decreasing immunogenicity of porcine endothelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  alpha1,3GT-specific and control siRNAs were transfected into the porcine aortic endothelial cell line, PED. alpha-Gal expression was assessed by Western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. Protection from human-complement and natural killer (NK)-cell-mediated cytotoxicity was evaluated by Cr-release assays after incubation of PED with normal human serum (NHS) and NK92 cell, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RNA interference was successfully achieved in PED as witnessed by the specific knock-down of alpha1,3GT mRNA levels. Flow cytometric analysis using the Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 lectin confirmed the suppression of alpha1,3GT activity as evidenced by decreased alpha-Gal. Functional relevance of the knock-down phenotype was illustrated by the finding that silenced PED were protected from cytotoxicity of NHS. Protection from NK-mediated cytotoxicity was not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data are the first to demonstrate that RNA interference is a potent tool to down modulate alpha-Gal expression and to protect endothelial cells from complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Gene silencing by siRNA may represent a new approach for overcoming hyperacute and acute vascular rejection.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Shu-Sen
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhen-Xiong
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Rong-Hua
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ya-Bing
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zhonghua-Klaus
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta; D001483:Base Sequence; D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D017931:DNA Primers; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005700:Galactosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D013552:Swine; D014162:Transfection; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D003165:Complement System Proteins; D005700:Galactosyltransferases; C047006:N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase