title: Volume rendering in the presence of partial volume effects.
abstract: In tomographic imagery, partial volume effects (PVEs) cause several artifacts in volume renditions. In X-ray computed tomography (CT), for example, soft-tissue-like pseudo structures appear in bone-to-air and bone-to-fat interfaces. Further, skin, which is identical to soft tissue in terms of CT number, obscures the rendition of the latter. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate these phenomena and to provide effective solutions that yield significantly improved renditions. We introduce two methods that detect and classify voxels with PVE in X-ray CT. Further, a method is described to automatically peel skin so that PVE-resolved renditions of bone and soft tissue reveal considerably more detail. In the first method to address PVE, called the fraction measure (FM) method, the fraction of each tissue material in each voxel v is estimated by taking into account the intensities of the voxels neighboring v. The second method, called uncertainty principle (UP) method, is based on the following postulate (Saha and Udupa, 2001): In any acquired image, voxels with the highest uncertainty occur in the vicinity of object boundaries. The removal of skin is achieved by means of mathematical morphology. Volume renditions have been created before and after applying the methods for several patient CT datasets. A mathematical phantom experiment involving different levels of PVE has been conducted by adding different degrees of noise and blurring. A quantitative evaluation is done utilizing the mathematical phantom and clinical CT data wherein an operator carefully masked out voxels with PVE in the segmented images. All results have demonstrated the enhanced quality of display of bone and soft tissue after applying the proposed methods. The quantitative evaluations indicate that more than 98% of the voxels with PVE are removed by the two methods and the second method performs slightly better than the first. Further, skin peeling vividly reveals fine details in the soft tissue structures.
authors.affiliation: Medical Image Processing Group, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6021, USA. andre@mipg.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Jayaram K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Udupa
authors.forename: Punam K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Saha
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012867:Skin / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*