title: Hormone therapy and radiotherapy for early prostate cancer: a utility-adjusted number needed to treat (NNT) analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify, using the number needed to treat (NNT) methodology, the benefit of short-term (< or =6 months) hormone therapy adjuvant to radiotherapy in the group of patients with early (clinical stage T1-T2c) prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The absolute biochemical control benefit for the use of hormones adjuvant to radiotherapy in early-stage disease was determined by literature review. A model was developed to estimate the utility-adjusted survival detriment due to the side effects of hormone therapy. The NNTs before and after the incorporation of hormone sequelae were computed; the sign and magnitude of the NNTs were used to gauge the effect of the hormones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The absolute NNT analysis, based on summarizing the results of 8 reports including a total of 3652 patients, demonstrated an advantage to the addition of hormones for the general early-stage prostate cancer population as well as for all prognostic groups. After adjustment for hormone-induced functional loss, the advantage of hormones remained considerable in the high- and intermediate-risk groups, with the utility-adjusted NNT becoming weakened in the low-risk group when the utility compromise from complications of hormones was assumed to be considerable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term hormone therapy seems to be beneficial for selected early-stage prostate cancer patients. The advantage seems to be greatest in the intermediate- and high-risk groups; with current follow-up, the side effects of hormones may outweigh their benefit in certain clinical situations in the favorable group. The present investigation demonstrates the significant role of the NNT technique for oncologic and radiotherapeutic management decisions when treatment complications need to be considered and balanced with the beneficial effects of the treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, 5758 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 9001, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Ashesh B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Jani
authors.forename: Johnny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heimann
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hellman
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018401:Sample Size; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists