title: Who wants a hearing aid? Personality profiles of hearing aid seekers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence indicates that elderly hearing-impaired people who use amplification live happier, healthier, and longer lives than those who do not. Nevertheless, only a small fraction (approximately 23%) of hearing-impaired adults actually seek and use hearing aids. This study explored the personalities of hearing aid seekers in an attempt to determine whether those who seek hearing aids are systematically different from the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional survey, self-report data were obtained from 230 older adults with bilateral, symmetrical, sensorineural, mild to moderately severe hearing impairment. Subjects were representative of patients served either in a publicly funded hospital-based system (VA) or in a free-standing private practice system (PP). All subjects were seeking new hearing aids. Subjects completed a comprehensive personality questionnaire (NEO-Five-Factor Inventory) as well as questionnaires determining locus of control and preferred coping strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals who seek amplification are not simply a random sample of the general population and presumably not a random sample of the hearing-impaired population. Compared with the typical adult, hearing aid seekers tended to be more pragmatic and routine-oriented and probably less imaginative in coming up with novel approaches to dealing with a complex problem such as hearing impairment. These individuals also were found to feel relatively more personally powerful in dealing with life's challenges. Further, hearing aid seekers reported using social support coping strategies less frequently than their non-hearing-impaired peers. In addition, there were significant differences in personality patterns between hearing aid seekers in the PP and VA systems. Differences noted in the personality traits of Openness and Neuroticism might be a useful guide to selecting treatment approaches and expectations for patients in each setting. Additional differences in Agreeableness imply that patients in the private practice system were more trusting than those in the general population, whereas this was not seen for patients in the public health VA system. One interpretation of this finding is that hearing-impaired individuals who are more suspicious and cynical are reluctant to try amplification in the PP system. This observation underscores the need to improve the public image of hearing health care to increase the uptake of hearing aids in general.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although individual hearing aid seekers display personality characteristics within the range of normal, this study suggested that they are not simply a random sample of the general population. Possible explanations are offered for significant personality differences, and potential clinical relevance is noted for some effects. The data also point to a need to improve the public image of hearing health care in the PP system.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Robyn M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Genevieve C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Ginger A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006310:Hearing Aids / Q000523:psychology; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010551:Personality; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011331:Private Practice; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States