title: Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in infants with upper airway obstruction: comparison of continuous and bilevel positive pressure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the efficacy of noninvasive continuous positive pressure (CPAP) ventilation in infants with severe upper airway obstruction and compared CPAP to bilevel positive airway pressure (BIPAP) ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, controlled study in the pulmonary pediatric department of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten infants (median age 9.5 months, range 3-18) with laryngomalacia (n=5), tracheomalacia (n=3), tracheal hypoplasia (n=1), and Pierre Robin syndrome (n=1).
  
  
  METHODS
  Breathing pattern and respiratory effort were measured by esophageal and transdiaphragmatic pressure monitoring during spontaneous breathing, with or without CPAP and BIPAP ventilation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median respiratory rate decreased from 45 breaths/min (range 24-84) during spontaneous breathing to 29 (range 18-60) during CPAP ventilation. All indices of respiratory effort decreased significantly during CPAP ventilation compared to unassisted spontaneous breathing (median, range): esophageal pressure swing from 28 to 10 cmH(2)O (13-76 to 7-28), esophageal pressure time product from 695 to 143 cmH(2)O/s per minute (264-1417 to 98-469), diaphragmatic pressure time product from 845 to 195 cmH(2)O/s per minute (264-1417 to 159-1183) During BIPAP ventilation a similar decrease in respiratory effort was observed but with patient-ventilator asynchrony in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This short-term study shows that noninvasive CPAP and BIPAP ventilation are associated with a significant and comparable decrease in respiratory effort in infants with upper airway obstruction. However, BIPAP ventilation was associated with patient-ventilator asynchrony.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Kremlin-Bicetre Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Essouri
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nicot
authors.forename: Annick
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clément
authors.forename: Erea-Noel
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Garabedian
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roger
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lofaso
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fauroux
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000628:therapy*; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D017214:Laryngeal Masks; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome