title: Level of response to alcohol and brain response during visual working memory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined neural correlates of the low level of response to alcohol using functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) during a challenging visual working memory task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were healthy adolescents (N = 35) with a range of drinking patterns recruited from local high schools. After a minimum 5 days of abstinence from alcohol and other drugs, FMRI, neuropsychological testing and the Self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol were administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-report of initial level of response to alcohol was significantly predicted by FMRI blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response to the visual working memory task in the right prefrontal and bilateral anterior cingulate region (12% of unique variance, p < .05) and right cerebellum and parahippocampal gyrus (17% of unique variance, p < .01), above and beyond effects accounted for by drinks consumed per month, age, gender and ethnicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young people who report having needed more alcohol to achieve specific effects during early drinking experiences show higher levels of brain response during visual working memory, perhaps suggesting less capacity to adjust cognitive processing to contextual demands.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92161, USA. stapert@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Susan F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Tapert
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pulido
authors.forename: Martin P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schuckit
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol