title: Endoxifen (4-hydroxy-N-desmethyl-tamoxifen) has anti-estrogenic effects in breast cancer cells with potency similar to 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tamoxifen is an effective drug for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. It is extensively metabolized by the human cytochrome P450 enzyme system into several metabolites. Of these, 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4-OH-Tam) is an active metabolite, which has greater anti-estrogenic potency than the parent drug, tamoxifen. We reported recently that 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyl-tamoxifen (endoxifen) could also be active. The progesterone receptor (PR) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression is commonly studied as a marker of estrogenic effect in breast cancer cells and PR levels in breast cancer patients are correlated with tamoxifen response. We, therefore, determined the effect of endoxifen and 4-OH-Tam on 17beta-estradiol (E2)-induced PR mRNA expression in an estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cell line.
  
  
  METHODS
  MCF-7 cells were treated with drugs for 24 h. The total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was harvested and transcribed into complementary deoxyribonucleic acids (cDNAs). The PR mRNA level was measured by using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The PR expression data were normalized using a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene expression. We measured the metabolite concentrations in the cultured media by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine whether there was conversion of one metabolite to the other.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with previous reports, the dose-response of the E2 effect on the PR expression indicated an ED(50) value of approximately 60 pM and the maximum induction of PR mRNA was nearly ten-fold. When 10(-10) M E2 was used, induction of the PR expression was observed in 2 h and reached its maximum at 24 h. In this assay, neither endoxifen nor 4-OH-Tam alone produced any change in the PR mRNA expression. However, both endoxifen and 4-OH-Tam decreased the E2-induced PR expression with similar potency. There was very little interconversion between the two metabolites during the culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since endoxifen is present at greater concentrations than 4-OH-Tam in human plasma of breast cancer patients receiving chronic tamoxifen, these results provide further evidence that endoxifen is as important as, or more important than, 4-OH-Tam to the anti-estrogenic action of tamoxifen.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1001 West 10th Street, WD Myers Bldg., W7123, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Young Chai
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Zeruesenay
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Desta
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Flockhart
authors.forename: Todd C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Skaar
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D013629:Tamoxifen; C016601:afimoxifene; C055492:4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen