title: Relation of nutrient intake to microalbuminuria in nondiabetic middle-aged men and women: International Population Study on Macronutrients and Blood Pressure (INTERMAP).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microalbuminuria (MA) is a risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease. However, little is known about the relation of nutritional factors to MA, especially in individuals without diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data collected by the International Population Study on Macronutrients and Blood Pressure from 1997 to 1999 were used to assess relations of multiple dietary factors (energy intake, macronutrients, and micronutrients) independent of lifestyle-related cardiovascular risk factors to MA (urinary albumin excretion, 30 to <300 mg/24 h). The study population included 4,381 Chinese, Japanese, UK, and US men and women without diabetes aged 40 to 59 years (17 population samples) without macroalbuminuria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MA prevalences ranged from 3.1% to 5.5% for men and 2.6% to 4.6% for women in the 4 countries. With adjustment for age and country, the following nutrients considered singly (of 29) were related in logistic regression analyses to MA prevalence ( P < 0.05): for men, inversely, iron, vitamin C and E, estimated total simple sugar, omega-6 fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, and calcium (all expressed as caloric density) intake; for women, directly, 24-hour urinary sodium excretion and alcohol intake. In multivariate analyses, sugar, iron, polyunsaturated fats, and vitamin C and E intake (in men) and alcohol intake (women only) remained associated with MA ( P < 0.05). MA also was related directly to body mass index ( P < 0.05), blood pressure ( P < 0.001), and smoking ( P > 0.05) and inversely to education ( P < 0.05 in women).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cross-sectional analyses, several nutrients were related to MA among men. Additional studies are required to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. daviglus@northwestern.edu <daviglus@northwestern.edu>
authors.forename: Martha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Daviglus
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Greenland
authors.forename: Jeremiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stamler
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.forename: Mercedes R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Carnethon
authors.forename: Queenie
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Claeys
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kesteloot
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pirzada
authors.forename: Lyn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.forename: Lijing L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Beifan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000418:Albumins / Q000378:metabolism; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D015995:Prevalence; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins