title: Stratified gray-scale median analysis and color mapping of the carotid plaque: correlation with endarterectomy specimen histology of 28 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a stratified gray-scale median (GSM) analysis of the carotid plaque combined with color mapping could predict plaque histology better than an overall GSM measurement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one carotid plaques derived from 28 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were investigated by ultrasound. GSMs of the whole plaque were used as measurement of echogenicity. A profile of the regional GSM as a function of distance from the plaque surface could be generated. Plaque pixels were further mapped into 3 different colors depending on their GSM value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plaques with large calcifications presented the highest GSM values, and those with large hemorrhagic areas or with a predominant necrotic core exhibited the lowest. Fibrous plaques had intermediate GSM values. A necrotic core located in a juxtalumenal position was associated with significantly lower GSM values (P=0.009) and with a predominant red color (GSM <50) at the surface (P=0.0019). With respect to the thickness of the fibrous cap and the position of the necrotic core, the sensitivity and specificity of the predominant red color of the whole plaque was respectively 45% and 67% and 53% and 75%; considering the predominant red color of the surface, the sensitivity and specificity increased to 73% and 67% and 84% and 75%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stratified GSM measurement combined with color mapping showed a good correlation with the different histopathological components and further allowed identification with good accuracy of determinants of plaque instability. This approach should be investigated in a prospective, natural history study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva, Switzerland. Roman.Sztajzel@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sztajzel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Momjian
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Momjian-Mayor
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murith
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Djebaili
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boissard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Comelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pizolatto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*