title: A baculovirus-encoded protein tyrosine phosphatase gene induces enhanced locomotory activity in a lepidopteran host.
abstract: Enhanced locomotory activity (ELA), such as wandering, is a normal behavior that occurs at the end of the larval stage in lepidopteran (butterflies and moths) insects. Baculovirus infection can also induce ELA in lepidopteran larvae. The belief is that the virus induces this behavior to increase its transmission [Goulson, D. (1997) Oecologia 109, 219-228]. Here we show that a baculovirus-encoded protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) gene (ptp) induces ELA that is activated by light. ELA was induced in silkworm Bombyx mori infected with the baculovirus B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) beginning at approximately 3.75 days postinfection (p.i.) and continued until 4.75 days p.i. The intensity of the ELA was dramatically reduced immediately before death at 5.25 days p.i. Light activated the intensity of the ELA by approximately 3-fold, and larvae with ELA showed positive phototropism. ELA was not induced in larvae of B. mori infected with a BmNPV ptp knockout mutant (BmPTPD). However, when a silkworm-derived ptp gene (Bmptp-h) was inserted into BmPTPD, ELA was partially recovered. Bmptp-h was identified from silkworms at 2 days after the start of the natural wandering stage. The deduced amino acid sequence of Bmptp-h showed 48.2% identify (80.7% similarity) to the deduced amino acid sequence of BmNPV ptp. On the basis of the high homology and larval stage at which Bmptp-h was isolated, we postulate that the modern baculovirus may have acquired its ptp gene from an ancestral host and that this gene was selectively maintained because it increases virus transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Shizuo G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kamita
authors.forename: Koukichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagasaka
authors.forename: Josie W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Kazuei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mita
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hammock
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D012831:Bombyx / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D017344:Genes, Insect; D008124:Locomotion / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D017924:Nucleopolyhedroviruses / Q000235:genetics; D018462:Photobiology; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases