title: Shock induction by arterial hypoperfusion of the gut involves synergistic interactions between the peripheral enkephalin and nitric oxide systems.
abstract: To determine whether critical splanchnic artery hypoperfusion can provoke systemic shock and to identify the roles of the peripheral opioid and nitric oxide (NO) systems in this process, various degrees of superior mesenteric artery hypoperfusion (SMA-H) were produced in anesthetized adult rabbits (n=40), and hemodynamic and metabolic indices were measured. Metabolic acidosis and irreversible hypodynamic shock occurred with SMA-H at levels representing 25-20% of mean baseline SMA blood flow. In 112 other rabbits subjected to SMA-H at 20% (SMA-H20%), we studied plasma NO and enkephalin (ENK) levels, cardiovascular reactivity to selected physiological agonists, effects of ENKs on plasma NO levels, and effects of peripheral opioid receptor blockade and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibition. SMA-H20% progressively increased systemic blood levels of NO and ENKs. Exogenous ENK administration accentuated SMA-H20%-induced increases in plasma NO levels, and their cardiovascular depressing effects were significantly greater when they were administered during SMA-H20% (vs. administration under baseline conditions). Selective blockade of cardiovascular delta-opioid receptors improved hemodynamics, prevented shock irreversibility and reduced plasma NO levels; similar effects were obtained by selective iNOS inhibition. These findings demonstrate that critical arterial hypoperfusion of the gut can induce hypodynamic systemic shock through ENK-induced hyperactivation of cardiovascular delta-opioid receptors, which leads to increased plasma levels of NO related in part to increased iNOS activity. Since pronounced splanchnic artery hypoperfusion occurs in all advanced systemic shock states, selective delta-opioid receptor antagonists and/or iNOS inhibitors may prove to be useful in improving shock hemodynamics and metabolic derangements and/or preventing progression toward irreversibility.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Basic and Applied Biology, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy. carmigna@univaq.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carmignani
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zucchetti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bolognini
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Volpe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004064:Digestive System / Q000098:blood supply*; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000502:physiology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011817:Rabbits; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000187:drug effects; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012769:Shock / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004745:Enkephalins; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II