title: Interpretation of magnetic resonance imaging for locally advanced rectal carcinoma after preoperative chemoradiation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neoadjuvant concomitant chemoradiotherapy has been used in cases of locally advanced rectal cancer to preserve sphincter function, decrease local recurrence, and improve survival. Preoperative staging is essential for planning and providing optimal therapy. The purpose of this study is to determine the accuracy of staging with magnetic resonance imaging and to define any factors that interfere in interpretation of images obtained after preoperative chemoradiation therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six patients with biopsy-proven, locally advanced rectal cancer were treated with preoperative concomitant 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy and radiation, followed six to eight weeks later by radical surgery. Preoperative magnetic resonance images were reinterpreted by one radiologist and the results compared with histopathologic staging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T-level downstaging occurred in 10 of 36 patients (28 percent), and N-level downstaging occurred in 29 of 36 patients (80 percent) after completion of chemoradiation therapy. Pathologic complete remission after chemoradiotherapy occurred in five patients (12 percent). Of the 36 patients, 17 (47 percent) were overstaged and 2 (6 percent) were understaged in T-level, whereas 10 patients (28 percent) were overstaged and 3 patients (8 percent) were understaged in N-level. The accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for determining depth of wall invasion was 47 percent, with 64 percent accuracy for nodal staging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Magnetic resonance imaging is commonly used in staging of pelvic malignancies because of its fine resolution, but chemoradiotherapy may decrease its accuracy. Thickening of the rectal wall after radiation by marked fibrosis, and peritumoral infiltration of inflammatory cells and vascular proliferation may contribute to overestimation of stage. By contrast, pathologic residual cancer beneath normal mural structure after chemoradiation therapy may result in understaging of rectal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. kuolijen@mail.kfcc.org.tw
authors.forename: Li-Jen
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Ming-Chih
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chern
authors.forename: Mei-Hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tsou
authors.forename: Mei-Ching
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: James Jer-Min
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jian
authors.forename: Chung-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yih-Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Wei-Tse
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Fang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity