title: Assessment of vesicoureteral reflux in patients with self-retaining ureteral stents: implications for upper urinary tract instillation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conservative treatment of upper urinary tract tumors has been popularized during the last decade. Like in bladder cancer management, localized adjuvant therapy has been advocated to reduce the risk of disease recurrence or progression. In this study we tested the feasibility of creating vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) using a Double-J stent (Medical Engineering Corp., New York, New York) as a measure of efficacy for intravesical adjuvant treatment of the ureter and renal collecting system.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cohort included 100 consecutive patients in whom a Double-J stent was inserted for renal obstruction. All the patients underwent cystography in the supine position by retrograde filling of the bladder with a 50% dilute solution of 300 mgI/ml iopromide in serial increments of 50 ml up to a maximum of 350 ml. A total of 41 patients underwent cystography immediately following stent insertion (early group) and 59 patients with indwelling stents underwent cystography before further endourological intervention (late group). The presence of VUR and the level along the ureter and renal collecting system were assessed fluoroscopically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall VUR was detected in 56 patients (56%), specifically 11 of the 41 (27%) in the early group and 45 of the 59 (76%) in the late group (p <0.001). There was no correlation between stent diameter or length and VUR, or between patient sex, age or particular side and the likelihood of reflux. Mean minimal intravesical volume required to obtain reflux was 171 +/- 11 ml, which was significantly higher in the early (255 +/- 21 ml) than in the late (146 +/- 11 ml) cystogram group. In 24 of the 56 patients (43%) with VUR, there was complete visualization of the entire ureter and renal collecting system. However, 15 patients (26%) had opacified renal pelves and calices without concomitant visualization of the ureters, whereas 7 patients (31%) had reflux to the ureter without opacification of the renal pelvis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VUR is not a guaranteed consequence of Double-J stent placement. Therefore, when upper urinary tract instillation with the Double-J technique is considered, a cystogram should be performed first to confirm the occurrence of reflux, determine the intravesical volume required to induce reflux and ascertain that the pertinent section of the ureter or pelvicaliceal system from which the tumor was initially removed is opacified during study. An interval that remains to be defined should be allowed between stent insertion and VUR assessment.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel. oferyoss@netvision.net.il
authors.forename: Ofer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yossepowitch
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lifshitz
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dekel
authors.forename: Yaron
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.forename: Uri
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gur
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Margel
authors.forename: Pinhas M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Livne
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baniel
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015607:Stents; D014513:Ureter; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents