title: Neurochemical markers for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression in postmortem brains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies of postmortem neurochemical markers in severe psychiatric disorders have been carried out on different brain collections, making it difficult to compare results.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred RNA, protein, and other neurochemical markers were assessed in a single set of 60 postmortem brains (15 each with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression without psychosis, and unaffected control subjects) in relation to seven neurochemical systems. Quantitative measures of continuous variables for prefrontal, hippocampus, anterior cingulate, superior temporal cortex, or a combination of these were analyzed from published and unpublished studies by 56 research groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before correcting for multiple comparisons, 23% of markers (23/100) were abnormal in one or more regions, with most indicating decreased expression. The largest percentage were associated with the developmental/synaptic (10/22) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA; 3/7) systems. Bipolar disorder (20) and schizophrenia (19) had the most abnormalities, with a 65% overlap. When all brain areas were considered together and corrected for multiple comparisons, reelin, parvalbumin, and GAD67 were the most abnormal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Confirming other studies, the GABA and developmental/synaptic neurochemical systems are promising areas for research on schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Research should include tissue from both diseases, and additional brain areas should be assessed.
authors.affiliation: Stanley Medical Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. torreyf@stanleyresearch.org
authors.forename: E Fuller
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Torrey
authors.forename: Beata M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Barci
authors.forename: Maree J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bartko
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Meador-Woodruff
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Knable
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D011804:Quinolines / Q000378:metabolism; D000091042:Reelin Protein; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C401824:N-(2-(6-((2-ethyl-5,7-dimethyl-3H-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)quinolin-2-yl))trifluoromethanesulfonamide; D011804:Quinolines; D000091042:Reelin Protein; D013449:Sulfonamides; C000717127:RELN protein, human