title: Visualization of tensor fields using superquadric glyphs.
abstract: The spatially varying tensor fields that arise in magnetic resonance imaging are difficult to visualize due to the multivariate nature of the data. To improve the understanding of myocardial structure and function a family of objects called glyphs, derived from superquadric parametric functions, are used to create informative and intuitive visualizations of the tensor fields. The superquadric glyphs are used to visualize both diffusion and strain tensors obtained in canine myocardium. The eigensystem of each tensor defines the glyph shape and orientation. Superquadric functions provide a continuum of shapes across four distinct eigensystems (lambda(i), sorted eigenvalues), lambda(1) = lambda(2) = lambda(3) (spherical), lambda(1) < lambda(2) = lambda(3) (oblate), lambda(1) > lambda(2) = lambda(3) (prolate), and lambda(1) > lambda(2) > lambda(3) (cuboid). The superquadric glyphs are especially useful for identifying regions of anisotropic structure and function. Diffusion tensor renderings exhibit fiber angle trends and orthotropy (three distinct eigenvalues). Visualization of strain tensors with superquadric glyphs compactly exhibits radial thickening gradients, circumferential and longitudinal shortening, and torsion combined. The orthotropic nature of many biologic tissues and their DTMRI and strain data require visualization strategies that clearly exhibit the anisotropy of the data if it is to be interpreted properly. Superquadric glyphs improve the ability to distinguish fiber orientation and tissue orthotropy compared to ellipsoids.
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. dbe@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Ennis
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kindlman
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Patrick A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Helm
authors.forename: Elliot R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: McVeigh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D004285:Dogs; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods