title: Honey bees navigate according to a map-like spatial memory.
abstract: By using harmonic radar, we report the complete flight paths of displaced bees. Test bees forage at a feeder or are recruited by a waggle dance indicating the feeder. The flights are recorded after the bees are captured when leaving the hive or the feeder and are released at an unexpected release site. A sequence of behavioral routines become apparent: (i) initial straight flights in which they fly the course that they were on when captured (foraging bees) or that they learned during dance communication (recruited bees); (ii) slow search flights with frequent changes of direction in which they attempt to "get their bearings"; and (iii) straight and rapid flights directed either to the hive or first to the feeding station and then to the hive. These straight homing flights start at locations all around the hive and at distances far out of the visual catchment area around the hive or the feeding station. Two essential criteria of a map-like spatial memory are met by these results: bees can set course at any arbitrary location in their familiar area, and they can choose between at least two goals. This finding suggests a rich, map-like organization of spatial memory in navigating honey bees.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biologie, Neurobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 28/30, 14195 Berlin, Germany. menzel@neurobiologie.fu-berlin.de
authors.forename: Randolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menzel
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Greggers
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brunke
authors.forename: Gesine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bundrock
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hülse
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Plümpe
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schaupp
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schüttler
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stach
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stindt
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stollhoff
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watzl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D006702:Homing Behavior; D008377:Maps as Topic; D008568:Memory; D013037:Spatial Behavior