title: Dysregulated apoptosis in primary varicose veins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Programmed cell death plays a critical role in various physiological processes. To investigate its possible pathogenic role in primary varicose veins we studied histological changes in surgical specimens from human varicose veins. In varicose and healthy veins, we also determined the number of cells in apoptosis, and investigated mediators regulating the intrinsic apoptotic mitochondrial pathway (Bax and caspase 9).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total 23 varicose veins were obtained from 18 patients undergoing lower-extremity varicose vein surgery for primary varicose disorders. We used nine healthy veins obtained from nine patients undergoing distal arterial bypass grafting surgery as controls. The venous segment analysed was the distal part of the greater saphenous vein. Specimens for histological examination were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, trichromic and Victoria blue. Cell apoptoses and mediators of the mitochondrial pathway were detected in the media by immunohistochemistry using antibodies to peroxidase in situ apoptosis, Bax and caspase 9. Results were expressed as indexes for the three antibodies tested. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the results obtained in the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Varicose vein specimens exhibited a more disorganised architecture than healthy veins and showed an increased number of collagen fibres and a decrease in the density and size of elastic fibres. All anti-apoptotic antibodies tested detected significantly fewer immunoreactive cells in tissue sections from the media of varicose veins than of healthy veins (peroxidase in situ, varicose veins (VV) median 2.4% (inter-quartile range 1.6-3.9) versus control (C) 14% (IQR 8.8-19); Bax, VV 1.4% (IQR 0.36-2.4) versus C 11% (IQR 7.6-15); and caspase 9, VV 1.7% (IQR 0.06-3.4) versus C 10% (IQR 9.1-12), P=0.0001 (Mann-Whitney test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apoptosis is down regulated in the medial layer of varicose veins. This dysregulation of the cellular mechanism that maintains normal tissue integrity is mediated through the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and may be among the causes of primary varicose veins.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Vascular Surgery, Clinic Umberto I, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy. eric.ducasse@online.fr
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ducasse
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Giannakakis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chevalier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dasnoy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puppinck
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Speziale
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fiorani
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Faraggiana
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000032:analysis; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: C494826:BAX protein, human; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C506433:CASP9 protein, human; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases