title: Capsaicin receptor TRPV1 in urothelium of neurogenic human bladders and effect of intravesical resiniferatoxin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study TRPV1 immunoreactivity in the urothelium of patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) before and after treatment with resiniferatoxin (RTX) and controls. Functional capsaicin TRPV1 receptors have been demonstrated in urothelial cells of rodent urinary bladder, and TRPV1-knockout mice exhibit diminished nitric oxide and stretch-evoked adenosine triphosphate release from urothelial cells. In patients with NDO, TRPV1 suburothelial nerve density is increased, which is reversed by successful treatment with intravesical RTX. However, the role of urothelial TRPV1 in human bladder disorders is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flexible cystoscopic bladder biopsies were obtained from 14 patients with NDO before and after treatment with RTX and from 8 control patients. Using a specific antibody for immunostaining, TRPV1 immunoreactivity in the urothelium was quantified by image analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TRPV1 immunoreactivity was observed in basal and apical urothelial cells. Basal cell layer TRPV1 immunoreactivity was significantly increased in NDO compared with control bladders (P = 0.003). In 5 patients who responded clinically to RTX, basal cell layer and total urothelial TRPV1 immunoreactivity decreased significantly after treatment (P = 0.032 and P = 0.016, respectively). The decreases in the basal cell layer TRPV1 immunoreactivity after RTX were comparable to the decreases in suburothelial TRPV1 nerve fibers in the biopsies previously studied from the same patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased urothelial TRPV1 in patients with NDO may play a role in the pathophysiology, in concert with increased TRPV1 nerve fibers. Although it is not known whether similar pathogenic mechanisms are involved in the increase of urothelial and neuronal TRPV1, both may be targeted by successful RTX therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Uro-Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Apostolos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Apostolidis
authors.forename: Ciaran M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: Yiangos
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yiangou
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Clare J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Praveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anand
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D016764:Cell Polarity; D003558:Cystoscopy; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000378:metabolism; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D007473:Ion Channels; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; C494482:TRPV1 protein, human; C024353:resiniferatoxin