title: Resource utilization and outcome in gravely ill intensive care unit patients with predicted in-hospital mortality rates of 95% or higher by APACHE III scores: the relationship with physician and family expectations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess resource utilization and outcome in gravely ill patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) and the potential association with health care workers' and family members' expectations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated ICU patients with a predicted in-hospital mortality rate of 95% or higher (PM95) using the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III (APACHE III) on 2 consecutive days. All patients were admitted to a single institution between September 30, 1994, and August 9, 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The APACHE III database contained data from 38,165 ICU patients during the study interval. Of these, 248 (0.65% of ICU admissions) achieved PM95 status and were included in the study. Between PM95 and hospital discharge, resource utilization (eg, blood transfusion, hemodialysis, surgery, and computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging) was extensive. A total of 23% of patients survived to hospital discharge, yet all but 1 were moderately or severely disabled. One year after achieving PM95, 10% (95% confidence interval, 7%-15%) of patients were alive. For 229 patients, the medical records contained physician documentation that indicated a likely fatal outcome. Thirty-six of these medical records documented unrealistic family expectations of a good outcome. The latter finding correlated with increased resource utilization without significant improvement in 1-year survival. In contrast, absence of physician documentation of a likely fatal outcome In 19 patients correlated with an improved likelihood of hospital (74%) and 1-year (47%) survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite better-than-predicted survival outcomes, patient functionality and 1-year survival were poor. Unrealistic family expectations were associated with increased resource utilization without significant survival benefit, whereas absence of physician documentation of likely impending death (which correlated with improved survival) may denote the prognostication skills of experienced clinicians.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn 55905, USA. berge.keith@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Keith H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Berge
authors.forename: Deborah R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Maiers
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Schreiner
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jewell
authors.forename: Perry S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Bechtle
authors.forename: Darrell R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: Susanna R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Lanier
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003422:Critical Care; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D011368:Professional-Family Relations