title: Cytotoxicity of metals common in mining effluent to rainbow trout cell lines and to the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena thermophila.
abstract: As fish cell lines and ciliates are potential alternatives to whole animals in testing environmental samples for toxicity, two cell lines from rainbow trout, RTgill-W1 and RTL-W1, and the ciliate, Tetrahymena thermophila, were compared for their sensitivity to the toxicity of five metals that are commonly found in mining effluents: copper, cadmium, zinc, nickel, and iron. Adding copper to growth medium for either cell system failed to elicit toxicity. Therefore, metal exposures were done in simple buffers, which allowed all metals to exert toxicity, except for nickel on fish cells. Cell viability was measured successfully with alamar Blue (AB) for metabolic activity and 5'-carboxyfluoroscein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester (CFDA-AM) for membrane integrity, whereas neutral red uptake, which was quantified fluorometrically, gave confounding results with copper. Cadmium was the most toxic metal to Tetrahymena and killed the ciliate at approximately a 10-fold lower concentration than needed to kill fish cells. Fish cells were more sensitive than Tetrahymena to the cytotoxic action of zinc. Copper and iron were cytotoxic to fish cells and Tetrahymena at similar concentrations. Therefore, the relative sensitivity of fish cells and Tetrahymena to the cytotoxicity of metals depended on the metal, being similar for some but very different for others.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Vivian R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Dayeh
authors.forename: Denis H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: Niels C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Bols
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007220:Industrial Waste; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity*; D008906:Mining; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D016808:Tetrahymena thermophila / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014873:Water Pollutants