title: Ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in health among patients with rheumatic disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe recent studies of differences in the occurrence and outcomes of rheumatic diseases and differences in treatment by ethnic group or socioeconomic status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  African Americans and Hispanics in the United States have consistently been found to have higher prevalences of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions than whites, and also generally have more activity limitations in the setting of rheumatic disease. Variations in disease occurrence by socioeconomic status have not been studied extensively. African Americans with osteoarthritis were less likely than whites to be treated with narcotic analgesics. Rates of total knee or hip arthroplasty were found to be substantially lower among African Americans and Hispanics than among whites in the United States, and lower among those of low socioeconomic status in the United Kingdom. Ethnic differences in use of arthroplasty have been associated with less willingness of African Americans to have surgery, which has been related to perceptions of uncertain benefits of surgery. Poverty and ethnicity had important associations with the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus, whereas socioeconomic status was a more important predictor of mortality in these patients. Treatment adherence was similar in African American and white patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, but barriers to adherence differed by ethnic group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethnic disparities in health have been more extensively studied than socioeconomic disparities. Most studies only describe the disparities, but several studies have begun to investigate potential reasons for the disparities.
authors.affiliation: Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Odutola
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D005006:Ethnicity; D006801:Humans; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012923:Social Class; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology