title: [Clinical features and diagnostic evaluation of heart failure in the elderly].
abstract: The diagnosis of heart failure in the elderly frequently represents a clinical challenge. Atypical symptoms and signs and confounding comorbid conditions are common situations in old patients with heart failure and may obscure the clinical picture, complicating the diagnostic evaluation. Furthermore in the elderly, especially in female gender with a long-lasting history of hypertension, heart failure commonly may ensue as a consequence of a predominating impairment of the diastolic function with normal or near-normal preserved systolic function. Echocardiography represents the gold standard for the confirmation of the clinical suspicion of heart failure and may provide detailed information about left and right ventricular dimensions and function, atrial dimensions, valvular function and pericardium. For this reason it is recommended as part of initial diagnostic evaluation in almost all cases of heart failure. However, the low diagnostic accuracy of the clinical picture in elderly patients with suspected heart failure, as suggested by the international guidelines, requires the corroboration of the clinical suspicion with the help of "first-line" traditional investigations like ECG and chest X-ray. Recently natriuretic peptides (B-type natriuretic peptide [BNP] and NT-proBNP) have emerged as an attracting "tool" to support the clinical signs in patients with suspected heart failure. In this review we discuss about the opportunity that BNP and NT-proBNP would be relevant in the diagnostic process of elderly patients with suspected heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Divisione di Cardiologia, Ospedale San Martino, Belluno. gitarant@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tarantini
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alunni
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mariotti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans