title: Use of local electroporation enhances methotrexate effects with minimum dose in adjuvant-induced arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of electrical pulses on the ability of methotrexate (MTX) to attenuate inflammation and subsequent joint destruction in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats in the experimental group received an intraperitoneal injection of MTX (0.125 mg/kg body weight), followed 30 minutes later by application of direct electrical pulses (50V, 8 Hz) to their left hind paws with an electroporation apparatus (M+/E+ group; n = 8). The procedure was repeated twice weekly for 3 weeks. Three control groups received the following treatments, respectively: MTX without electrical treatment (M+/E- group; n = 9), electrical treatment but no MTX (M-/E+ group; n = 10), or no electrical treatment and no MTX (M-/E- group; n = 9). Progression of AIA was monitored by joint swelling and radiologic and histologic changes in the ankle joint.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three weeks after injection of the adjuvant, and at the height of the arthritic reaction, the swelling and radiologic and histologic changes in the left hind paws in the M+/E+ rats were significantly reduced, as compared with changes observed in the control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that application of electrical pulses in combination with use of systemic low-dose MTX can ameliorate local arthritic reactions. This response probably occurs because electrical stimulation promotes transient passage of MTX through pores in the cell membranes, with a resultant local increase in the concentration of the drug within the cells. These results point to a potential use of electrochemotherapy to increase the efficacy of MTX or other drugs in an arthritic joint that is refractory to treatment, without increasing the dose of the drug.
authors.affiliation: Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan. m-tada@med.osaka-cu.ac.jp <m-tada@med.osaka-cu.ac.jp>
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tada
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inui
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takaoka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D018274:Electroporation / Q000379:methods*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011859:Radiography; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D008727:Methotrexate