title: Cardiac baroreceptor sensitivity: a prognostic marker in predialysis chronic kidney disease patients?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Small, uncontrolled studies of dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have demonstrated abnormalities of cardiovascular autonomic control and vascular compliance, which may contribute to adverse cardiovascular morbidity in this population. However, there is little information utilizing newer, noninvasive techniques in predialysis patients with increasing degrees of uremia.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and five nondialysis CKD patients with a median GFR of 23 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (range: 6 to 102) at baseline were studied. Cardiac baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS) was recorded by time- and frequency-domain techniques, and its relationship with increasing degrees of uremia studied. During a mean follow-up period of 42 months (range: 3 to 70), primary (death, dialysis, transplantation) and secondary (fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events) outcome measures were recorded. The importance of cardiac BRS in comparison to other important renal and cardiovascular prognostic variables in predicting outcome was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median cardiac BRS by time domain analysis at baseline was 8.85 msec/mm Hg (interquartile range: 6.85), and impaired cardiac BRS was related to reduced GFR, increasing age, and hypertension on quantile regression analysis. 'Impaired' cardiac BRS was associated with a trend toward increased likelihood of both primary and secondary outcomes, and may act as a surrogate measure of other cardiovascular risk factors, including age, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, previous cardiovascular disease, and doubling of creatinine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nondialysis-dependent CKD patients have impaired cardiac BRS, and this was related to decreasing GFR. There was a trend toward poorer prognosis in patients with impaired cardiac BRS that requires further study. Cardiac BRS may provide a simple, bedside, noninvasive assessment of overall cardiovascular risk in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Leicester Warwick Medical Schools, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sunita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bavanandan
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ajayi
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fentum
authors.forename: Sanjoy K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Thompson G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011311:Pressoreceptors / Q000502:physiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers