title: TSS concentration in sewers estimated from turbidity measurements by means of linear regression accounting for uncertainties in both variables.
abstract: In order to replace traditional sampling and analysis techniques, turbidimeters can be used to estimate TSS concentration in sewers, by means of sensor and site specific empirical equations established by linear regression of on-site turbidity Tvalues with TSS concentrations C measured in corresponding samples. As the ordinary least-squares method is not able to account for measurement uncertainties in both T and C variables, an appropriate regression method is used to solve this difficulty and to evaluate correctly the uncertainty in TSS concentrations estimated from measured turbidity. The regression method is described, including detailed calculations of variances and covariance in the regression parameters. An example of application is given for a calibrated turbidimeter used in a combined sewer system, with data collected during three dry weather days. In order to show how the established regression could be used, an independent 24 hours long dry weather turbidity data series recorded at 2 min time interval is used, transformed into estimated TSS concentrations, and compared to TSS concentrations measured in samples. The comparison appears as satisfactory and suggests that turbidity measurements could replace traditional samples. Further developments, including wet weather periods and other types of sensors, are suggested.
authors.affiliation: URGC, INSA de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne cedex, France. jean-luc.bertrand-krajewski@insa-lyon.fr
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bertrand-Krajewski
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D016014:Linear Models; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012722:Sewage; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014872:Water Movements; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage