title: Nickel on the Swedish market. Follow-up after implementation of the Nickel Directive.
abstract: The Nickel Directive aims at the prevention of sensitization and elicitation of nickel dermatitis. It limits nickel release from, and nickel content in, certain items. The Directive came into full force by July 2001. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency on the market of items that release nickel and of nickel content in piercing posts, 2 years after coming into force of the Directive. Of special interest was to study changes compared to the situation in 1999, when a baseline study had been carried out. Nickel release from 786 items covered by the Nickel Directive was tested with the dimethylglyoxime (DMG) test, and nickel content in 18 piercing posts was analysed. Nickel release was shown from 8% of items intended for direct and prolonged contact with the skin, and 17% of the piercing posts contained too much nickel, a decrease compared to 1999. There has been significant adaptation to the requirements of the Nickel Directive. The DMG test is useful for screening for nickel release and for monitoring the market. Provided there is further adaptation to the requirements, the risk of sensitization and elicitation of nickel dermatitis will be significantly reduced.
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden. carola.liden@smd.sll.se
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lidén
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Norberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D003257:Consumer Product Safety / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004431:Ear, External / Q000601:surgery; D005062:European Union; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D009532:Nickel / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010091:Oximes; D015995:Prevalence; D011677:Punctures; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012494:Sampling Studies; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D010091:Oximes; D009532:Nickel