title: Inhibition of the myotoxic activity of Bothrops jararacussu venom and its two major myotoxins, BthTX-I and BthTX-II, by the aqueous extract of Tabernaemontana catharinensis A. DC. (Apocynaceae).
abstract: Partial neutralization of the myotoxic effect of Bothrops jararacussu venom (BV) and two of its myotoxins [bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I), catalytically inactive, and II (BthTX-II), showing low PLA2 activity], by the lyophilized aqueous extract of Tabernaemontana catharinensis (AE), was studied in rat isolated soleus muscle preparations (in vitro) and through i.m. injection in the gastrocnemius muscle (in vivo) by determination of creatine kinase (CK) activity and histopathological analysis. Incubation of soleus muscle for 1 h with BV or toxins (20 microg/ml) plus AE (400 microg/ml) added immediately after BV, BthTX-I or BthTX-II reduced CK levels by 53%, 37% and 56%, respectively. The myonecrotic effects of BV (20 microg/ml) upon soleus muscle was reduced 24%, 35% and 36% when AE (400 microg/ml) was added 1 h after BV and CK was evaluated 30 min, 1 and 2 h later, respectively. For BthTX-I these values were 46%, 48% and 47%, while for BthTX-II no inhibitory effect was detected. Histological analysis of soleus muscle after incubation with AE (400 microg/ml, 1 h) did not reveal any change in muscle fibers, but severe necrosis induced by BV or toxins (20 microg/ml) was clearly in evidence, and decreased significantly when soleus muscle was protected by AE. This protection was also observed when AE was administered 1 h after BV or BthTX-I, but not after BthTX-II. AE did not inhibit the catalytic PLA2 activity of BthTX-II or BV and did not change the PAGE pattern of BV, BthTX-I or BthTX-II. In vivo assays were performed in 100-g rats and maximal CK release was attained at a dose of 100 microg of BV, 3 h after injection. AE was not effective when injected 20 s after BV or toxins. However, injecting BV or toxins (100 microg), which were pre-incubated with AE (2 mg) caused an inhibition of 57%, 59% and 51%, respectively, with zero time pre-incubation, but was less effective with 1 h pre-incubation. This plant represents a potential source of promising myotoxin inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, Bairro Monte Alegre, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: E L G
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Veronese
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Esmeraldino
authors.forename: A P F
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Trombone
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Santana
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Bechara
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kettelhut
authors.forename: A C O
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Cintra
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Giglio
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Sampaio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017837:Bothrops; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D003435:Crotalid Venoms / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018517:Plant Roots; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D030014:Tabernaemontana
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins; D003435:Crotalid Venoms; D010936:Plant Extracts; C078097:bothropstoxin; D003402:Creatine Kinase