title: Genetic and clinical analyses of bovine viral diarrhea virus isolates from dairy operations in the United States of America.
abstract: To assess the prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) on the basis of the genotype and clinical signs, isolates from 16 dairy herds (bulk milk samples) and 37 BVDV-infected cattle were examined. Isolates for this study were selected from submissions that contained an adequate clinical history. A part of the E2 gene of BVDV from these isolates was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. From the nucleotide sequence of the amplified products, phylogenetic analyses were performed and genotypes or subgenotypes were identified. Forty percent of the selected field isolates were BVDV-2, and 60% were BVDV-1. Eighty-one percent of BVDV-1 isolates were determined to be the BVDV-1b subgenotype. BVDV-1b and BVDV-2 formed more closely related clusters in each group than did the BVDV-1a isolates. There was no obvious association of any genotype or subgenotype with geographical localization or clinical manifestations. A higher prevalence of BVDV-2 infection was found in the United States than in other countries. BVDV-1a has been thought of as a prototype of BVDV; however, there were fewer isolations of BVDV-1a than of other subgenotypes of BVDV. Phylogenetic analyses of BVDV isolates using the E2 region of the genome generated results similar to those of studies done in the United States using the 5' untranslated region.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Motoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tajima
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Dubovi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001912:Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying; D030241:Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030242:Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005814:Genes, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology