title: Fine-tuning therapy with basal insulin for optimal glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review results from clinical studies utilizing basal insulin therapy and discuss the impact of intensive glycemic control using forced-titration algorithms to fine-tune insulin dosing in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline and PubMed search was undertaken for the years 1991-2004 using the following search terms: insulin, diabetes therapy, forced titration, glycemic control, and intensive insulin therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study demonstrated that the great majority of patients with type 2 diabetes will eventually require insulin and have provided level IA evidence that intensive glycemic control improves patient outcomes. Several recently published studies in patients with type 2 diabetes showed that forced titration of basal insulin shows promise in reaching glycemic goals. Forced-titration algorithms employ a structured approach in helping patients achieve glycemic targets: doses are adjusted until glycemic goals (predefined glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations and/or blood glucose levels) are met.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies have indicated that forced-titration regimens using insulin analogs to attain aggressive glycemic targets have the potential to improve outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes without compromising patient safety. These forced-titration algorithms are straightforward and designed to be adaptable to individual needs, which may help overcome barriers to insulinization of patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. gdailey@scrippsclinic.com
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dailey
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017186:Titrimetry
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin