title: Cross-host evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in palm civet and human.
abstract: The genomic sequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses from human and palm civet of the 2003/2004 outbreak in the city of Guangzhou, China, were nearly identical. Phylogenetic analysis suggested an independent viral invasion from animal to human in this new episode. Combining all existing data but excluding singletons, we identified 202 single-nucleotide variations. Among them, 17 are polymorphic in palm civets only. The ratio of nonsynonymous/synonymous nucleotide substitution in palm civets collected 1 yr apart from different geographic locations is very high, suggesting a rapid evolving process of viral proteins in civet as well, much like their adaptation in the human host in the early 2002-2003 epidemic. Major genetic variations in some critical genes, particularly the Spike gene, seemed essential for the transition from animal-to-human transmission to human-to-human transmission, which eventually caused the first severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak of 2002/2003.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics/Pôle Sino-Français de Recherche en Sciences du Vivant et Génomique, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Second Medical University, 197 Rui Jin Road II, Shanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Huai-Dong
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Chang-Chun
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Guo-Wei
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Sheng-Yue
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authors.lastname: Wang
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authors.lastname: Zheng
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authors.lastname: Chen
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authors.lastname: Zhou
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authors.lastname: Xiang
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authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Shur-Wern Wang
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authors.lastname: Chern
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authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Chun-Ming
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authors.lastname: Pan
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authors.lastname: Xuan
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authors.lastname: Chen
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authors.lastname: Luo
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authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yu-Fei
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authors.lastname: Liu
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authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Peng-Zhe
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authors.lastname: Qin
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authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yu-Qi
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authors.lastname: Ren
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authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Ye-Dong
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authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Larry
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authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Ming
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authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Rui-Heng
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authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xin-Wei
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authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Huan-Ying
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Jin-Ding
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authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Guodong
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authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Yang
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authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Li-Yun
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Biao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Di
authors.forename: Li-Juan
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Jin-Yan
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Suxiang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Xiangang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernini
authors.forename: Xiao-Jing
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Ottavia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Spiga
authors.forename: Zong-Ming
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Hai-Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Wei-Zhong
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Manuguerra
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fontanet
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Danchin
authors.forename: Neri
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Niccolai
authors.forename: Yi-Xue
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chung-I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Guo-Ping
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005814:Genes, Viral; D006801:Humans; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D045473:Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D045169:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D064370:Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D045949:Viverridae / Q000821:virology*; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D064370:Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins