title: Antidepressant-associated chronic irritable dysphoria (acid) in bipolar disorder: a case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antidepressants administered to bipolar subjects may induce manias, mixed states, or rapid cycling. More recently, we have noted that long-term use of antidepressants may induce a chronic dysphoric, irritable state.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case series is presented in which six type I bipolar subjects receiving antidepressants continuously for several years developed chronic irritable dysphoria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A triad of dysphoric mood, irritability, and middle insomnia that is frequently associated with occupational and social dysfunction can occur in some bipolar patients receiving antidepressants for at least 3 years. Typically, initial treatments with antidepressants for the index episode were effective. Over time, depressive symptoms returned and would transiently improve with dose increase or change of agents. Ultimately, the dysphoria and associated symptoms became chronic and resulted in dysfunction. Concomitant mood stabilizer did not appear to alter this pattern. Discontinuation of antidepressants was associated with a slow and gradual improvement in these symptoms over the ensuing year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional studies are required to investigate safety of long-term use of antidepressants in bipolar illness.
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and behavioral Science, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA. rselma01@athena.louisville.edu
authors.forename: Rif S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ei-Mallakh
authors.forename: Anoop
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karippot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003863:Depression / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood / Q000187:drug effects*; D016651:Lithium Carbonate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D016651:Lithium Carbonate; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors