title: End-of-life content in treatment guidelines for life-limiting diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical guidelines are systematically developed statements that influence medical practice, education, and funding. Guidelines represent the consensus of leaders, often based on systematic reviews of the literature, regarding the "state of the art."
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the degree to which end-of-life care is integrated into nationally developed guidelines for chronic, noncurable, life-limiting diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four compendia were reviewed: The Healthcare Standards Directory ECRI, 2001; the Clinical Practice Guidelines Directory, 2000 edition; the National Guidelines Clearinghouse, (guideline.gov); and the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE database on the OVID platform for guidelines on nine chronic diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, end-stage liver disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, congestive heart failure, dementia, cerebrovascular accident, end-stage renal disease, cancer [breast, colon, prostate, lung], and human immunodeficiency virus). They were assessed by two reviewers for end-of-life content in 15 domains (e.g., epidemiology of death, symptom management, spiritual, family roles, and settings of care), the presence of eight specific terms dealing with palliative care, integration of palliative care information into the guideline, and descriptive variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not available.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each guideline was examined and rated on a 0-2 scale (0, absent content; 1, minimal content; 2, helpful content) using 15 end-of-life content domains. Scores from domains were summed and classified into 3 categories: 4 or less, minimal; 5-12, moderate; and more than 12, significant content.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten percent of guidelines had significant palliative care content, 64% had minimal content, and 26% had moderate content. The least addressed domains dealt with spirituality, ethics, advocacy and family roles. When guidelines that dealt solely with prevention, acute exacerbations or complications of an illness, or specific treatment modalities were excluded 28% and 16% of these general guidelines (n = 58) had moderate and significant palliative care content, respectively, compared to 24% and 0% of all nongeneral guidelines. Similar results were found when analyzing the data by disease course or treatment focus. Only 14% of guidelines advised physicians to consider palliative care at a specific point in the disease course. Ninety-one percent of the guidelines mentioned death, dying, end of life, mortality, or terminal illness but only 36% mentioned palliation or hospice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current national guidelines on nine chronic, life-limiting illnesses offer little guidance in end-of-life care issues despite a recent increase in attention to this aspect of medical care.
authors.affiliation: McAuley Medical Associates, Mercy Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Mast
authors.forename: Marybeth
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salama
authors.forename: Gabriel K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Arnold
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D019468:Disease Management; D017051:Hospice Care / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000592:standards*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States