title: History of xenotransplantation.
abstract: The present historical review reports the clinical experiences of transplantations from animal to human. The first transplantation attempts were made without any knowledge of the species barrier. The pioneers of xenotransplantation realized xenotransfusions as early as the 16th century, then cell and tissue xenotransplantations in the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, xenotransplantation of testicles became the latest craze. At the same time, and later in the 1960s, organ xenotransplantations were attempted, with disappointing results. Mathieu Jaboulay, Serge Voronoff, Keith Reemtsma, James Hardy, Denton Cooley, Thomas Starzl, Christiaan Barnard and Leonard Bailey were among the pionneers of xenotransplantation. Recent trials concerned above all tissue and cell xenotransplantations. Nowadays, with encapsulation, transgenesis, and cloning, great advances have been made for controlling xenograft rejection, but ethical questions linked to the risk of infections have become a major pre-occupation within the scientific community and the general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Immuno-Endocrinology, University of Nantes/Veterinary School of Nantes, ENVN, Atlanpole, La Chantrerie, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France. deschamps@vet.nantes.fr
authors.forename: Jack-Yves
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Deschamps
authors.forename: Françoise A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Roux
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saï
authors.forename: Edouard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gouin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017690:Cell Transplantation / Q000266:history; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000266:history; D016377:Organ Transplantation / Q000266:history; D018183:Transplantation Chimera; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000941:ethics / Q000266:history*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous / Q000266:history