title: The influence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and proinflammatory cytokines on the inducible nitric oxide synthase response in human kidney epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nitric oxide (NO) is an antibacterial factor that is produced by the enzyme inducible NO synthase (iNOS). Uroepithelial cells express iNOS in experimental models of urinary tract infection but the stimulatory and regulatory mechanisms are still unclear. We investigated the influence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains with different fimbrial expression and the effect of proinflammatory cytokines on the host iNOS response.
  
  
  METHODS
  A498 human kidney epithelial cells were stimulated with different uropathogenic E. coli strains, namely the P and type 1-fimbriated clinical isolate AD110, the recombinant P-fimbriated strain E. coli HB101(pPIL110-75) and the recombinant type 1-fimbriated strain E. coli AAEC191A(pPKL4). NO production was determined as nitrite production in cell culture medium. Studies of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding to the iNOS promoter and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of iNOS mRNA were performed to investigate iNOS gene activation in response to uropathogenic E. coli. The effect of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and transforming growth factor-beta on NO production was also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  E. coli per se failed to induce NO production and iNOS mRNA in A498 cells. However, in combination with interferon-gamma AD110 and the type 1-fimbriated strain caused a small increase in NO production and iNOS mRNA. AD110 stimulated A498 cells demonstrated weak binding of NF-kappaB to a human iNOS promoter sequence. IL-6, IL-8 and transforming growth factor-a did not affect NO production in A498 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uropathogenic bacteria are weak inducers of human uroepithelial iNOS, which may be related to insufficient binding of NF-kappaB to iNOS promoter. The uroepithelial iNOS response did not appear to be regulated by proinflammatory cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mirjana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poljakovic
authors.forename: Lovisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Persson
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000502:physiology*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000502:physiology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000201:enzymology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase