title: Clinical and microbiological effect of scaling and root planing in smoker and non-smoker chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of scaling and root planing (SRP) on clinical and microbiological parameters at selected sites in smoker and non-smoker chronic and generalized aggressive periodontitis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical parameters including probing depth (PD), relative attachment level (RAL), and bleeding upon probing (BOP), and subgingival plaque samples were taken from four sites in 28 chronic periodontitis (CP) and 17 generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) patients before and after SRP. Polymerase chain reaction assays were used to determine the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythensis, Prevotella intermedia and Treponema denticola.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both CP and GAgP non-smokers had significantly greater reduction in pocket depth (1.0+/-1.3 mm in CP smokers versus 1.7+/-1.4 mm in non-smokers, p=0.007 and 1.3+/-1.0 in GAgP smokers versus 2.4+/-1.2 mm in GAgP non-smokers, p<0.001) than respective non-smokers, with a significant decrease in Tannerella forsythensis in CP sites (smokers 25% increase and non-smokers 36.3% decrease, p<0.001) and Prevotella intermedia at GAgP sites (smokers 25% reduction versus 46.9% in non-smokers, p=0.028).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SRP was effective in reducing clinical parameters in both groups. The inferior improvement in PD following therapy for smokers may reflect the systemic effects of smoking on the host response and the healing process. The lesser reduction in microflora and greater post-therapy prevalence of organisms may reflect the deeper pockets seen in smokers and poorer clearance of the organisms. These detrimental consequences for smokers appear consistent in both aggressive and CP.
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Sciences, University of Melbourne, 711 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia. idarby@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Darby
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Riggio
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Kinane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000235:genetics; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012534:Dental Scaling / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D016745:Root Planing / Q000379:methods; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric