title: Inhibition of lysyl oxidase activity can delay phenotypic modulation of chondrocytes in two-dimensional culture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chondrocytes frequently de-differentiate in two-dimensional (2D) culture, especially in the presence of serum. To examine the role of lysyl oxidase (LOX) induced cross-linking in this phenomenon, the effect of the specific LOX inhibitor beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) was studied in 2D chondrocyte culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chick embryo sternal chondrocytes (both proliferative and hypertrophic, from caudal and cranial zones, respectively) were cultured in the presence and absence of BAPN. The production and activities of LOX and LOX-like (LOXL) were assessed by enzyme assay and the use of specific antibodies. Seventeen batches of serum of different origin were compared. Chondrocyte phenotype was assessed both morphologically and biochemically, the latter by quantitative analysis of production of radiolabeled cartilage collagens II, IX, X and XI, and the de-differentiation marker collagen I, for up to 4 weeks in culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LOX and LOXL were identified, by Western blotting and immunofluorescence, and LO activity was measured in the medium, with both proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes. Inhibition of LO activity prevented or delayed chondrocyte de-differentiation, as characterized by changes in cell shape and synthesis of the five different collagen types, from the first days of culture for up to 4 weeks, depending on the origin of the serum added to the culture medium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LO activity may be involved in the control of chondrocyte phenotype, in addition to serum factors. Inhibition of LO activity by BAPN may be useful for the maintenance of the chondrocyte phenotype in 2D culture. Specific variations in the relative proportions of collagens II, IX and XI could be involved in the mechanism underlying these observations.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, CNRS UMR 5086, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, IFR 128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France. j.farjanel@ibcp.fr
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Farjanel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sève
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: D J S
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hulmes
mesh_terms: D000629:Aminopropionitrile / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002642:Chick Embryo; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D024022:Fibrillar Collagens / Q000378:metabolism; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique / Q000379:methods; D010641:Phenotype; D008249:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D024022:Fibrillar Collagens; D000629:Aminopropionitrile; D008249:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase