title: Ex vivo evaluation of ADC values within spinal cord white matter tracts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to evaluate the effect of fixative on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and anisotropy within spinal cord white matter. As glutaraldehyde (GL) better preserves axonal ultrastructure as compared with paraformaldehyde (PF), we hypothesize that spinal cord white matter fixed with GL will have increased anisotropic water diffusion as compared with specimens fixed with PF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven rats were perfusion-fixed with either 4% PF or a combination of 2.5% GL and 4% PF. Diffusion-weighted imaging of the ex vivo spinal cord was performed using a 9.4T magnet with b values up to 3100 s/mm(2). In-plane resolution was 39 mum x 39 mum, and section thickness was 500 mum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, animals fixed with a combination of GL and PF (GL-PF) showed a greater increase in longitudinal ADC (lADC) as compared to those fixed with PF only, without differences in transverse ADC (tADC). As a consequence of the increased lADC, overall anisotropic diffusion increased in those animals fixed with GL-PF, as measured with an anisotropy index (AI = tADC/lADC). Evaluation of specific tracts demonstrated that lADC for animals fixed with GL-PF were significantly elevated in the rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, and reticulospinal tracts as compared with animals fixed with PF only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a fixative of GL-PL results in increased anisotropy (decreased AI values) in spinal cord white matter tracts, as compared with PF fixation only, largely owing to increases in the lADC values. This finding may be due to better fixation of intra-axonal cytoskeletal proteins that results when GL is combined with PF and sheds further light on underlying sources of anisotropic water diffusion in CNS white matter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology-1 Silverstein, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Emily T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Chih-Liang
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wehrli
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tessler
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hackney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology*