title: Reducing the global burden of hazardous alcohol use: a comparative cost-effectiveness analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intervention strategies are available for reducing the high global burden of hazardous alcohol use as a risk factor for disease, but little is known about their potential costs and effects at a population level. This study set out to estimate these costs and effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses were carried out for 12 epidemiological World Health Organization subregions of the world. A population model was used to estimate the impact of evidence-based personal and nonpersonal interventions--including brief physician advice, taxation, roadside random breath testing, restricted sales access and advertising bans. Costs were measured in international dollars (I$); population-level intervention effects were gauged in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted. Average and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most costly interventions to implement are brief advice in primary care and roadside breath testing of drivers. In populations with a high prevalence of heavy drinkers (more than 5%, such as Europe and North America), the most effective and cost-effective intervention was taxation (more than 500 DALYs averted per 1 million population; CER < I$500 per DALY averted). In populations with a lower prevalence of heavy drinking, however, taxation is estimated to be less cost effective overall than other, more targeted strategies, such as brief physician advice, roadside breath testing and advertising bans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most efficient public health response to the burden of alcohol use depends on the prevalence of hazardous alcohol use, which is related to overall per capita consumption. Population-wide measures, such as taxation, are expected to represent the most cost-effective response in populations with moderate or high levels of drinking, whereas more targeted strategies are indicated in populations with lower rates of hazardous alcohol use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health System Financing, Expenditure and Resource Allocation, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. ChisholmD@WHO.int
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehm
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Ommeren
authors.forename: Maristela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monteiro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors