title: The Mad1/Mad2 complex as a template for Mad2 activation in the spindle assembly checkpoint.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) imparts fidelity to chromosome segregation by delaying anaphase until all sister chromatid pairs have become bipolarly attached. Mad2 is a component of the SAC effector complex that sequesters Cdc20 to halt anaphase. In prometaphase, Mad2 is recruited to kinetochores with the help of Mad1, and it is activated to bind Cdc20. These events are linked to the existence of two distinct conformers of Mad2: a closed conformer bound to its kinetochore receptor Mad1 or its target in the checkpoint Cdc20 and an open conformer unbound to these ligands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated the mechanism of Mad2 recruitment to the kinetochore during checkpoint activation and subsequent transfer to Cdc20. We report that a closed conformer of Mad2 constitutively bound to Mad1, rather than Mad1 itself, is the kinetochore receptor for cytosolic open Mad2 and show that the interaction of open and closed Mad2 conformers is essential to sustain the SAC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that closed Mad2 bound to Mad1 represents a template for the conversion of open Mad2 into closed Mad2 bound to Cdc20. This simple model, which we have named the "Mad2 template" model, predicts a mechanism for cytosolic propagation of the spindle checkpoint signal away from kinetochores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Antoni
authors.forename: Chad G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cimini
authors.forename: Julie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Canman
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sala
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nezi
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mapelli
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sironi
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faretta
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Musacchio
mesh_terms: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D064199:Cdc20 Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D018816:Genes, cdc / Q000502:physiology*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D007536:Isomerism; D018386:Kinetochores / Q000378:metabolism; D064246:Mad2 Proteins; D008954:Models, Biological; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D034622:RNA Interference; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D064199:Cdc20 Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C501384:MAD1L1 protein, human; C577697:MAD2L1 protein, human; D064246:Mad2 Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C577488:CDC20 protein, human