title: The risk of congestive heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study over 46 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is hypothesized that the systemic inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) promotes an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. We examined the risk and determinants of congestive heart failure (CHF) in patients with RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assembled a population-based, retrospective incidence cohort from among all individuals living in Rochester, Minnesota, in whom RA (defined according to the American College of Rheumatology 1987 criteria) was first diagnosed between 1955 and 1995, and an age- and sex-matched non-RA cohort. After excluding patients in whom CHF occurred before the RA index date, all subjects were followed up until either death, incident CHF (defined according to the Framingham Heart Study criteria), migration from the county, or until January 1, 2001. Detailed information from the complete medical records (including all inpatient and outpatient care provided by all local providers) regarding RA, ischemic heart disease, and traditional CV risk factors was collected. Cox models were used to estimate the effect of RA on the development of CHF, adjusting for CV risk factors and/or ischemic heart disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population included 575 patients with RA and 583 subjects without RA. The CHF incidence rates were 1.99 and 1.16 cases per 100 person-years in patients with RA and in non-RA subjects, respectively (rate ratio 1.7, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.3-2.1). After 30 years of followup, the cumulative incidence of CHF was 34.0% in patients with RA and 25.2% in non-RA subjects (P< 0.001). RA conferred a significant excess risk of CHF (hazard ratio [HR] 1.87, 95% CI 1.47-2.39) after adjusting for demographics, ischemic heart disease, and CV risk factors. The risk was higher among patients with RA who were rheumatoid factor (RF) positive (HR 2.59, 95% CI 1.95-3.43) than among those who were RF negative (HR 1.28, 95% CI 0.93-1.78).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with persons without RA, patients with RA have twice the risk of developing CHF. This excess risk is not explained by traditional CV risk factors and/or clinical ischemic heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Paulo J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Nicola
authors.forename: Hilal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maradit-Kremers
authors.forename: Véronique L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Roger
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Cynthia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Crowson
authors.forename: Karla V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Ballman
authors.forename: Sherine E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Gabriel
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk