title: Insular cortex abnormalities in schizophrenia: Relationship to symptoms and typical neuroleptic exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The insular cortex is a limbic integration region engaged in emotional and cognitive functions. Previously, we found that neuroleptic-naive subjects had abnormally small insular volumes compared with control subjects, with volume directly related to severity of psychotic symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  To further investigate insular cortex abnormalities and their functional correlates, we measured insular gray matter volume and cortical surface size, using magnetic resonance images among 30 patients with schizophrenia and a matched control group. The sample was designed to represent a variety of phenomenologic profiles to provide sufficient variance in multiple measures, including severity of illness and exposure to neuroleptics (typical only).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in morphology between patients and control subjects; however, among patients, psychotic symptoms were inversely correlated with insular volume, replicating our previous finding in neuroleptic-naive subjects. Neuroleptic exposure had a specific effect on insular morphology: increasing drug exposure (measured in dose-years) correlated with larger insular volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This effect of neuroleptic exposure might account for the lack of difference in structural measures in this more chronic sample, whereas the initial study on neuroleptic-naive subjects showed group differences. Further research is needed to investigate the potential relationship between changes in insula volume from neuroleptic exposure and clinical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health-Clinical Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA. marcus-pressler@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pressler
authors.forename: Peg
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nopoulos
authors.forename: Beng-Choon
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Nancy C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Andreasen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents