title: Bursicon, the insect cuticle-hardening hormone, is a heterodimeric cystine knot protein that activates G protein-coupled receptor LGR2.
abstract: All arthropods periodically molt to replace their exoskeleton (cuticle). Immediately after shedding the old cuticle, the neurohormone bursicon causes the hardening and darkening of the new cuticle. Here we show that bursicon, to our knowledge the first heterodimeric cystine knot hormone found in insects, consists of two proteins encoded by the genes burs and pburs (partner of burs). The pburs/burs heterodimer from Drosophila melanogaster binds with high affinity and specificity to activate the G protein-coupled receptor DLGR2, leading to the stimulation of cAMP signaling in vitro and tanning in neck-ligated blowflies. Native bursicon from Periplaneta americana is also a heterodimer. In D. melanogaster the levels of pburs, burs, and DLGR2 transcripts are increased before ecdysis, consistent with their role in postecdysial cuticle changes. Immunohistochemical analyses in diverse insect species revealed the colocalization of pburs- and burs-immunoreactivity in some of the neurosecretory neurons that also express crustacean cardioactive peptide. Forty-three years after its initial description, the elucidation of the molecular identity of bursicon and the verification of its receptor allow for studies of bursicon actions in regulating cuticle tanning, wing expansion, and as yet unknown functions. Because bursicon subunit genes are homologous to the vertebrate bone morphogenetic protein antagonists, our findings also facilitate investigation on the function of these proteins during vertebrate development.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5317, USA.
authors.forename: Ching-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Dewey
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sudo
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ewer
authors.forename: Sheau Yu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Hans-Willi
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Honegger
authors.forename: Aaron J W
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hsueh
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D003553:Cystine / Q000737:chemistry; D019281:Dimerization; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster; D007447:Invertebrate Hormones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000032:analysis; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D007447:Invertebrate Hormones; D009479:Neuropeptides; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; C416853:Rk protein, Drosophila; C058620:crustacean cardioactive peptide; D003553:Cystine; C002295:bursicon