title: Involvement of Rho-kinase in the contractile mechanism of human ureteral smooth muscle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Even though many agents have been implicated as modulators of ureteral contractile activity, the exact mechanisms that control human ureteral smooth muscle contractility have yet to be clearly defined. Recently, Rho-kinase has been reported to be involved in the contractile mechanism of smooth muscles in various organs. In the present study, we sought to investigate whether or not Rho-kinase is expressed in the human ureteral smooth muscle, and to study its role regarding human ureteral smooth muscle contractility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ureteral samples were obtained from human adult subjects undergoing radical nephrectomy. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were performed to determine the presence of Rho-kinase in human ureter. Functional studies were performed with human ureteral strips suspended in organ bath, and the effects of Y-27632, a specific inhibitor of Rho-kinase, on baseline tensions, spontaneous contractions, and electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced contractions were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting study indicated that Rho-kinase is present in human ureteral smooth muscle. In functional analysis, Y-27632 was shown to decrease the baseline tension. And, both spontaneous and EFS-induced contractile responses of human ureteral strips were attenuated by Y-27632 in dose-dependent manners.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, the results of the present study indicate that Rho-kinase is present in human ureteral smooth muscle and may play an important role in the intricate mechanism of human ureteral contractility and tone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Kyu
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Cheol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.forename: Byung
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chang Jeong
authors.forename: Bong Sub
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyeon Hoe
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000494:pharmacology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000201:enzymology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D014513:Ureter / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D011725:Pyridines; C108830:Y 27632; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases