title: Relation of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake to serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol among Japanese men in Japan and Japanese-American men in Hawaii: the INTERLIPID study.
abstract: Epidemiologic evidence shows an inverse relationship between fish consumption and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. Associations between dietary intake of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration are unknown. In this study, the association between n-3 PUFA (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)) intake and serum HDL cholesterol among Japanese men and women in Japan and Hawaii was examined. The study population consisted of Japanese ancestries from five research centers of the International Study of Macronutrients and Blood Pressure (INTERMAP) study, in Japan and Hawaii (672 men and 676 women), surveyed between 1996 and 1998. Four 24-h dietary recalls and one set of serum lipid measurements were performed. For men, n-3 PUFA intake and HDL cholesterol were higher in Japan than in Hawaii (n-3 PUFA: 1.32 g/day versus 0.47 g/day, p<0.001). For women, n-3 PUFA intake was higher in Japan than in Hawaii (p<0.001) but HDL cholesterol was not significantly different (p=0.752). After adjustment for age, body mass index, physical activity, number of cigarettes per day, alcohol intake, and hormone replacement therapy (for women), n-3 PUFA intake was positively associated with serum HDL cholesterol in men (4.6 mg/dl higher HDL cholesterol with 1%kcal higher n-3 PUFA intake, p=0.011). This association was not observed in women. This positive association of dietary n-3 PUFA with serum HDL cholesterol may partially explain the low mortality from CHD among Japanese men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan. okuda@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Nagako
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.forename: Hirotsugu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueshima
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okayama
authors.forename: Shigeyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Beatriz L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Kiyomi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.forename: Sohel R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Choudhury
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Curb
authors.forename: Jeremiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stamler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001213:Asian; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000378:metabolism*; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; C026219:docosapentaenoic acid