title: Evaluation of the physicochemical stability and skin permeation of glucosamine sulfate.
abstract: Glucosamine sulfate (GS) is known to stop the degenerative process of osteoarthritis. Because most of the GS formulation on the market is in the oral form, an alternative formulation such as a transdermal delivery system (TDS) is necessary in order to increase patient compliance. As the initial step to develop a TDS of GS, the physicochemical stability and permeation study in rat skin were examined. Evaluation of the stability of GS at different pHs showed the compound to be most stable at pH 5.0. The degradation rate constant at 25 degrees C was estimated to be 5.93 x 10(-6) hr(-1) (t90 approximately 2.03 years) in a pH 5 buffer solution. Due to its hydrophilic characteristic, low skin permeability was expected of GS. However, the skin permeation rate was determined to be 13.27 microg/cm2/hr at 5% concentration. Results of this study suggest the possibility of developing GS into a transdermal delivery system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Dongseo University, Busan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanwischer
authors.forename: Seok-Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jung Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Shengjie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bian
authors.forename: Kyoung Ae
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Dae-Duk
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012015:Reference Standards; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D005944:Glucosamine