title: Novel roles of unphosphorylated STAT3 in oncogenesis and transcriptional regulation.
abstract: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is phosphorylated on tyrosine residue 705 in response to growth factors or cytokines to form activated homodimers that drive gene expression. Because the stat3 promoter has a binding site for STAT3 dimers, the amount of STAT3 protein increases when STAT3 is activated (e.g., in response to interleukin 6). Unphosphorylated STAT1 is known to drive the expression of certain genes. To explore the possibility of a similar role for the induced expression of unphosphorylated STAT3, we overexpressed either Y705F STAT3, which can not be phosphorylated on residue 705, or wild-type STAT3 in normal human mammary epithelial cells or STAT3-null mouse cells. The levels of many mRNAs were affected strongly by high levels of either form of STAT3. Some genes whose expression was increased by overexpressed STAT3, but not by activated STAT3 dimers, encode well-known oncoproteins (e.g., MRAS and MET). In many tumors, STAT3 is activated constitutively, and thus the unphosphorylated form is likely to be expressed highly, driving oncogene expression by a novel mechanism. In addition, expression of the stat3 gene is increased strongly in response to interleukin 6, and the high levels of unphosphorylated STAT3 that result drive a substantial late phase of gene expression in response to this cytokine. Thus, unphosphorylated STAT3, which activates gene expression by a novel mechanism distinct from that used by STAT3 dimers, is very likely to be an important transcription factor both in cancer and in responses to cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Jinbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Moitreyee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chatterjee-Kishore
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Staugaitis
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Karni
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schlessinger
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Stark
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000494:pharmacology; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D009857:Oncogenes / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; C109523:MRAS protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; C494087:Stat3 protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; C491743:MET protein, human; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met; C109418:Mras protein, mouse; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins; D018631:ras Proteins