title: A phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of tipifarnib, a farnesyltransferase inhibitor, and tamoxifen in metastatic breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitors, which were designed to inhibit oncogenic Ras, act synergistically with tamoxifen in preclinical breast cancer models. We studied the safety and toxicity of tipifarnib in combination with tamoxifen in metastatic breast cancer. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tipifarnib were also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with metastatic, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer were enrolled. Two cohorts of patients were treated with tipifarnib at either 200 or 300 mg p.o. twice daily for 21 of 28 days. Tamoxifen (20 mg once daily) was started after 1 week of tipifarnib monotherapy to perform pharmacokinetics and FTase inhibition levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells with tipifarnib alone and with tipifarnib and tamoxifen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 12 heavily pretreated patients with prior progression on hormonal therapy were enrolled. Minimal toxicity was observed at the 200-mg dose level of tipifarnib. At the 300-mg dose, all six patients required dose reduction of tipifarnib due to toxicities that included grade 2 nausea, rash, and fatigue and grade 3 diarrhea and neutropenia. Tipifarnib pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variables were similar in the presence and absence of tamoxifen. Average FTase inhibition was 42% at 200 mg and 54% at 300 mg in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Of the 12 patients treated, there were two partial responses and one stable disease for >6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tipifarnib (200 mg twice daily for 21 of 28 days) and tamoxifen (20 mg once daily) can be given safely with minimal toxicity. Tamoxifen does not have a significant effect on tipifarnib pharmacokinetics.
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Clinical Research Unit, National Cancer Institute/NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. peter.lebowitz@nih.gov
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Lebowitz
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eng-Wong
authors.forename: Brigitte C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Widemann
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Balis
authors.forename: Nalini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jayaprakash
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Geoff
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Gantz
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Venzon
authors.forename: JoAnne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zujewski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000740:Anemia / Q000139:chemically induced; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005076:Exanthema / Q000139:chemically induced; D051231:Farnesyltranstransferase; D005221:Fatigue / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D015363:Quinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D015363:Quinolones; D013629:Tamoxifen; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; D051231:Farnesyltranstransferase; C402769:tipifarnib