title: Overexpression of tropomysin-related kinase B in metastatic human pancreatic cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is currently the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States, and most pancreatic cancers develop locally advanced disease or metastasis at the time of diagnosis. The mechanisms by which it invades and metastasizes are not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  To identify the genes involved in pancreatic cancer metastasis, we analyzed the gene expression profiles between highly metastatic Colo357L3.6pl and parental Colo357FG pancreatic cancer cell lines using cDNA microarrays and confirmed differential gene expression by reverse transcription-PCR, Western blotting, and immunologic analysis of 54 samples from pancreatic cancer patients. The correlation with clinical outcome was also examined. The possible signaling pathways involved with tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings showed that TrkB was overexpressed in the highly metastatic Colo357L3.6pl cells, which correlated with perineural invasion (P = 0.026), positive retroperitoneal margin (P = 0.0005), and shorter latency to development of liver metastasis (Cox proportional hazard ratio, 0.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.8; P = 0.01) in patient samples. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 were activated and Elk-1 and AP-1 DNA binding activity was induced in Colo357L3.6pl cells. Furthermore, interleukin 8 and vascular endothelial growth factor were more strongly expressed in Colo357L3.6pl than Colo357FG cells, and these findings were confirmed in Colo357L3.6pl and Colo357FG orthotopic tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that overexpression of TrkB and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and AP-1, which may in turn induce the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin 8, may mediate the cardinal clinical features of locally aggressive growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Our results also imply that TrkB receptor may be a novel therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Guido M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Sclabas
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujioka
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Zhongkui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wayne A I
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Frederick
authors.forename: Wentao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokoi
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Abbruzzese
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Isaiah J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Fidler
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chiao
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020813:Receptor, trkB / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050807:ets-Domain Protein Elk-1
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C494112:ELK1 protein, human; C494113:Elk1 protein, mouse; D016209:Interleukin-8; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D050807:ets-Domain Protein Elk-1; D011494:Protein Kinases; D020813:Receptor, trkB; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C041311:tropomyosin kinase