title: Does gender affect outcome of surgery in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?
abstract: METHODS
  A retrospective follow-up study comparing 2 matched groups.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare long-term results of operative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) between males and females matched for age, curve magnitude and type, and the instrumentation used.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that in AIS, the spine is more rigid in males than in females, because brace treatment fails to halt progression of the curves in males. However, there are no studies comparing the results of surgical treatment of AIS between males and females.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty male and female pairs were matched for age (+/-1 year), major curve magnitude (+/-5 degrees), curve type according to the King classification, and the instrumentation used (Harrington in 11 pairs, Cotrel-Dubousset in 9 pairs, and Universal Spine System in 10 pairs). The mean age at the time of operation was 16.2 +/- 2.6 years for the males and 15.5 +/- 2.3 years for the females. The mean follow-up times were 14.3 years (range 6.7-23.0 years) and 14.1 year (range 6.4-23.7 years), respectively. Radiographs were obtained presurgery and after surgery, at the 2-year follow-up assessment, and at the final follow-up visit. In addition, a physical examination was performed, and the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) questionnaire was completed. Spine mobility and nondynamometric trunk strength were measured at the final follow-up visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before surgery, the mean Cobb angle of the thoracic curve was 55 degrees (range 42-83 degrees) in the males and 56 degrees (range 43-80 degrees) in the females. In bending radiographs, the major curve reduced significantly more in females than in males (P = 0.027). The mean angles of the thoracic and lumbar curves were similar at all follow-up visits. The final correction of the thoracic curves was 30% (range -19-65%) in the males and 33% (range -7-71%) in the females (not significant). No significant difference was observed in thoracic kyphosis or lumbar lordosis between the study groups at the final follow-up. The total SRS questionnaire score averaged 96 (range 66-113) in the males and 95 (range 75-108) in the females. None of the males and 2 of the females reported back pain often or very often in the questionnaire. Nondynamometric trunk strength measurements corresponded with reference values, on average, and were similar in both groups. Abnormal trunk side bending tended to be more common in the males than in the females (43% vs. 23%, P = 0.10, not significant).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Curves in males appear to be more rigid than in females with AIS. However, posterior surgery for AIS provides similar short and long-term results in males and females.
authors.affiliation: ORTON Orthopaedic Hospital, Invalid Foundation, Helsinki, Finland. ilkka.helenius@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Helenius
authors.forename: Ville
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Remes
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yrjönen
authors.forename: Mauno
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ylikoski
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schlenzka
authors.forename: Miia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helenius
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poussa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome