title: Searching for behavioral indicators of bipolar II in patients presenting with major depressive episodes: the "red sign," the "rule of three" and other biographic signs of temperamental extravagance, activation and hypomania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since 1977, the work of the author has shown the primacy of behavioral activation, flamboyance, and extravagance in detecting hypomania, the historical hallmark of cyclothymic and the broader spectrum of bipolar II (BP-II) disorders. In other words, the soft spectrum is more likely to declare itself in behavioral rather than mood disturbances. The obligatory search for elation and related mood changes a la DSM-IV (and its interview form, the SCID) during the clinical interview is often doomed to failure, thereby "condemning" the patient to a unipolar diagnosis, and hence to sequential and often tragic failures with antidepressants or combinations thereof.
  
  
  METHODS
  To characterize behavioral signs of good specificity, though individually of low sensitivity for BP-II in patents presenting with major depression, the author undertook a chart review of over 1000 depressive patients he had examined extending over a period of nearly three decades. The Mood Clinic Data Questionnaire (MCDQ) used in the author's Memphis mood clinic permitted systematization of unstructured observations. BP-II had been independently confirmed by hypomania of > or =2 days and/or cyclothymia over the course of the index illness (both of which were validated by family history for bipolarity in earlier research in our clinic).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Triads of behavior or traits in the patients' biographical history-as well as in the biologic kin-involving polyglottism, eminence, creative achievement, professional instability, multiple substance/alcohol use, multiple comorbidity (axis I and axis II), multiple marriages, a broad repertoire of sexual behavior (including brief interludes of homosexuality), impulse control disorders, as well as ornamentation and flamboyance (with red and other bright colors dominating) were specific for BP-II. Temperamentally, many of these individuals thrive on activity-they are indeed "activity junkies."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported findings pertain primarily to the differential diagnosis between BP-II and unipolar depression. Replication of the approach espoused herein will require quantification of the operational definitions of the observed phenomenology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings, which make sense in an evolutionary model of the advantage that "dilute" bipolar traits confer to human biography and erotic life, suggest that such behavioral traits can be useful provisionally in assigning a depressive episode to the realm of the bipolar II spectrum. Overall, the perspective espoused in this paper indicates that temperamental excesses and, more generally, a biographical approach, represent a more coherent approach than hypomanic episodes in the diagnosis of BP-II patients. Finally, such a diagnostic approach underscores the importance of incorporating evolutionary considerations and principles in understanding the origin of affective disorders.
authors.affiliation: International Mood Center, University of California at San Diego, V.A. Hospital 3350, La Jolla Village Dr. (116-A), San Diego CA 92161, USA. hakiskal@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Hagop S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Akiskal
mesh_terms: D001143:Arousal; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003527:Cyclothymic Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005010:Ethology; D005059:Euphoria; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D019303:Multilingualism; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012919:Social Behavior