title: Influence of preload magnitudes and orientation angles on the cervical biomechanics: a finite element study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although a number of in vivo, in vitro, and finite element studies have attempted to delineate the natural biomechanics, injury mechanisms, and surgical techniques of the cervical spine, none has explored the influence of various preload magnitudes and orientations on the biomechanical responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nonlinear three-dimensional finite element model of the lower cervical spine (C5-C6) was used for this study. The model was tested under four preload magnitudes and three orientations. For every preload, magnitude, and orientation, pure moments of 1.8 Nm were applied to the superior surface of the moving vertebra (C5) in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and torsion. The resulting rotational motions were obtained and compared against literature data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The predicted biomechanical responses under the same loading directions varied, depending on the preload magnitudes and orientations. With flexion and extension, increasing the preload magnitudes and varying the C5-C6 orientation in the sagittal plane changed the rotational motions by 1% and 18%, respectively. Under normal orientation and with increasing preload magnitudes, flexion and extension increased, whereas lateral bending and torsion decreased. These changes were found to be influenced by several spinal components: posterior facets, passive ligaments, and stiffening of the intervertebral disc. The predicted responses under the direction of loading varied significantly, depending on the preload magnitudes and orientations. Under fixed preload magnitudes and varying the three types of orientations, rotational motions were not affected under flexion but changed under extension, lateral bending, and axial rotations. Under normal orientation and increasing preload magnitudes, biomechanical responses under flexion and extension increased, whereas lateral bending and torsion decreased. Changes in the predicted responses were found to be influenced by several spinal components: posterior facets, passive ligaments, and stiffening of the intervertebral disc.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of the current study were important for the further understanding of the cervical biomechanics during in vitro testing.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore. hongwan@pmail.ntu.edu.sg
authors.forename: Hong-Wan
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Ee-Chon
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Teo
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology