title: Influence of 90-day simulated microgravity on human tendon mechanical properties and the effect of resistive countermeasures.
abstract: While microgravity exposure is known to cause deterioration of skeletal muscle performance, little is known regarding its effect on tendon structure and function. Hence, the aims of this study were to investigate the effects of simulated microgravity on the mechanical properties of human tendon and to assess the effectiveness of resistive countermeasures in preventing any detrimental effects. Eighteen men (aged 25-45 yr) underwent 90 days of bed rest: nine performed resistive exercise during this period (BREx group), and nine underwent bed rest only (BR group). Calf-raise and leg-press exercises were performed every third day using a gravity-independent flywheel device. Isometric plantar flexion contractions were performed by using a custom-built dynamometer, and ultrasound imaging was used to determine the tensile deformation of the gastrocnemius tendon during contraction. In the BR group, tendon stiffness estimated from the gradient of the tendon force-deformation relation decreased by 58% (preintervention: 124 +/- 67 N/mm; postintervention: 52 +/- 28 N/mm; P < 0.01), and the tendon Young's modulus decreased by 57% postintervention (P < 0.01). In the BREx group, tendon stiffness decreased by 37% (preintervention: 136 +/- 66 N/mm; postintervention: 86 +/- 47 N/mm; P < 0.01), and the tendon Young's modulus decreased by 38% postintervention (P < 0.01). The relative decline in tendon stiffness and Young's modulus was significantly (P < 0.01) greater in the BR group compared with the BREx group. Unloading decreased gastrocnemius tendon stiffness due to a change in tendon material properties, and, although the exercise countermeasures did attenuate these effects, they did not completely prevent them. It is suggested that the total loading volume was not sufficient to completely prevent alterations in tendon mechanical properties.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biophysical & Clinical Research into Human Movement, Manchester Metropolitan University, MMU Cheshire, Alsager Campus, Cheshire ST7 2HL, UK. N.Reeves@mmu.ac.uk
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Maganaris
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferretti
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Narici
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000379:methods; D004548:Elasticity; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013710:Tendons / Q000502:physiology*; D013718:Tensile Strength; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation / Q000379:methods*