title: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor promotes tumor invasion and metastasis via the Rho-dependent pathway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays an important role not only in the immune system but also in tumorigenesis. In this study, we investigated the potential role of MIF in association with tumor invasion and metastasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess the function of MIF, we knocked down the MIF mRNA using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Twenty-one base siRNA specific for the mRNA sequence of mouse MIF was introduced to a murine colon cancer cell line, colon 26. Tumor cell invasion was evaluated using a transwell method (8-microm pores) coated with Matrigel on the upperside membrane and with fibronectin on the underside membrane. Moreover, we investigated the signal transduction of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) relevant to the Rho-dependent pathway and further examined the effect of MIF siRNA on this signal transduction system. In vivo, the tumor cells were pretreated with MIF siRNA and injected into the portal vein, and the effects on metastasis to the liver were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that MIF siRNA markedly reduced the invasion of the cells from the upperside to lowerside membranes. We revealed that the Rho-dependent pathway activated by LPA was suppressed by MIF siRNA. Next, we found that the tyrosine-phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and LPA-induced expressions of integrin beta1 were significantly suppressed by MIF siRNA. In vivo, metastasis to the liver was significantly inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with MIF siRNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these results suggest that MIF promotes tumor invasion and metastasis via the Rho-dependent pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Bailong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nishihira
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshiki
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Fumiaki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Todo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008246:Lysophospholipids / Q000378:metabolism; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference / Q000502:physiology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008246:Lysophospholipids; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins; C032881:lysophosphatidic acid