title: Surgical techniques of sacral implantation.
abstract: Refinements in making surgical approaches in sacral neurostimulation less morbid and more efficient has resulted in this approach being a tenable option for those patients afflicted with idiopathic urinary urge incontinence, frequency-urgency syndrome, and nonobstructive urinary retention. Traditionally, these patients were relegated to suffering with their bladder symptoms because of the lack of options. Now, this form of therapy, although not perfect, offers hope to many. Future refinements in treatment of these patients will be multifaceted including further improvements in surgical approaches, under-standing pathophysiology, and better diagnostic tools.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 South Greene Street, S8D18, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. tchai@smail.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Toby C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chai
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D006801:Humans; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D012447:Sacrum; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000628:therapy*