title: Effect of sulfur amino acids on stimulus-induced superoxide generation and translocation of p47phox and p67phox to cell membrane in human neutrophils and the scavenging of free radical.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various cystathionine metabolites are in the urine of the patients with cystathioninuria. Among these metabolites, cystathionine ketimine significantly enhanced N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced superoxide generation in parallel with tyrosyl phosphorylation of 45 kDa protein in human neutrophils.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the effect of various sulfur amino acids on fMLP-, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)- and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced superoxide generation in human neutrophils. In addition, the effects of these sulfur amino acids on the membrane translocation of cytosolic compounds p47(phox) and p67(phox) and on the scavenging of superoxide anions were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When the cells were preincubated with various sulfur amino acids, fMLP-induced superoxide generation was enhanced by D,L-homocysteine and D,L-homocysteine-thiolactone but was inhibited by other sulfur amino acids in a concentration-dependent manner. The AA-induced superoxide was enhanced by L-cysteine, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and D,L-homocysteine. The strength of enhancing effect was: L-cysteine>>N-acetyl-L-cysteine>D,L-homocysteine. On the other hand, the superoxide generation was weakly inhibited by L-cystathionine. The superoxide generation induced by PMA was weakly inhibited by L-cysteine, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and L-cystathionine. Homocysteine and D,L-homocysteine-thiolactone had no effect. In addition, D,L-homocysteine also enhanced translocation to the cell membrane of cytosolic compounds p47(phox) and p67(phox). Conversely, L-cystathionine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine inhibited the translocation to membrane of p47(phox) and p67(phox) in a concentration-dependent manner. N-acetyl-L-cysteine and L-cysteine revealed scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. The sulfur amino acids tested also indicated radical scavenging activity on superoxide anion generated by phenazine methoxysulfate (PMS)-NADH system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  D,L-homocysteine and D,L-homocysteine-thiolactone enhanced fMLP-induced superoxide generation by the increment of translocation to membrane of p47(phox) and p67(phox). L-cystathionine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine suppressed fMLP- and PMA-induced superoxide generation by the inhibition of translocation to membrane of p47(phox) and p67(phox). N-acetyl-L-cysteine also had scavenging activity against DPPH radicals and superoxide anion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku-shi, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kitaoka
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Noriyoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Masuoka
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Masanobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manabe
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kodama
mesh_terms: D000603:Amino Acids, Sulfur / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000603:Amino Acids, Sulfur; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010750:Phosphoproteins; C079789:neutrophil cytosol factor 67K; D013481:Superoxides; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C060505:neutrophil cytosolic factor 1