title: Perioperative microembolism is not associated with cognitive outcome three months after carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between perioperative microembolism and cognitive outcome 3 months after carotid endarterectomy (CEA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were tested 1 day before and 3 months after surgery with neuropsychological tests measuring a wide range of cognitive functions. Number of microemboli was monitored with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in 58 patients during the operation and in a random subgroup of 27 patients directly following the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty patients (69%) had intraoperative embolism, varying from 1 to 33 isolated microemboli and/or 1 to 11 embolic showers. Postoperative emboli were present in 22 of the 27 patients (81%), ranging from 1 to 142 isolated microemboli. More than 10 microemboli (including showers) were detected in 13 patients (22%) intraoperatively and in 6 patients (22%) postoperatively. Twenty-two patients (38%) showed deterioration in three or more cognitive function variables at 3 months. There were no significant associations between any cognitive change or deterioration score and presence or number of intraoperative and/or postoperative emboli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The degree of microembolism during and immediately following CEA is generally small and seems to be of no significance with respect to postoperative cognitive functioning. Future research should include a larger group of patients to allow reliable subgroup analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Psychology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands. e.r.bossema@fss.uu.nl
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Bossema
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: R G A
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ackerstaff
authors.forename: L J P
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: van Doornen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D004617:Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial