title: Newborn tongue-tie: prevalence and effect on breast-feeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were: (1) to determine whether breast-fed infants with tongue-tie have decreased rates of breast-feeding at 1 week and 1 month of age, (2) to determine the prevalence of tongue-tie, and (3) to test the usefulness of the Assessment Tool for Lingual Frenulum Function (ATLFF) in assessing the severity of tongue-tie in breast-feeding newborns.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control design was used. All infants in the Regions Hospital newborn nursery were examined for tongue-tie. Tongue-tied babies were examined using the ATLFF. Two breast-feeding babies with normal tongues were identified and matched for each case. Mothers were interviewed when the babies were 1 week and 1 month old.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of tongue-tie was 4.2%. Forty-nine tongue-tied and 98 control infants were enrolled. Tongue-tied babies were 3 times as likely as control babies to be bottle fed only at 1 week [risk ratio (RR), 3.11; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.21, 8.03) By 1 month, tongue-tied babies were as likely as controls to be bottle fed only. (RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.55, 1.82) Twelve of the tongue-tied infants had ATLFF scores of "Perfect," none had scores of "Acceptable," and 6 had scores of "Function Impaired." The remaining 31 infants had scores that fell into none of these categories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tongue-tie is a relatively common condition in newborns. Affected infants are significantly more likely to be exclusively bottle-fed by 1 week of age. The ATLFF was not a useful tool to identify which tongue-tied infants are at risk for breast-feeding problems.
authors.affiliation: Regions Family and Community Medicine Residency Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, St. Paul, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Lori A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ricke
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Diane J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Madlon-Kay
authors.forename: Terese A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: DeFor
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008035:Lingual Frenum / Q000002:abnormalities; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D014059:Tongue / Q000002:abnormalities*