Nitric oxide in the rat cerebellum after hypoxia/ischemia.
Nitric oxide is a regulatory biological substance and an important intracellular messenger that acts as a specific mediator of various neuropathological disorders. In mammals and invertebrates, nitric oxide is synthesized from L-arginine in the central and peripheral neural structures by the endothelial, neuronal and inducible enzymatic isoforms of nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide may affect the function of various neurotransmitter-specific systems, and is involved in neuromodulation, reproductive function, immune response, and regulation of the cerebral blood circulation. This makes nitric oxide the main candidate in brain responses to brain ischemia/hypoxia. The cerebellum has been reported to be the area of the brain that has the highest nitric oxide synthase activity and the highest concentration of glutamate and aspartate. By glutamate receptors and physiological action of nitric oxide, cyclic guanisine-5'-monophosphate may be rapidly increased. The cerebellum significantly differs with respect to ischemia and hypoxia, this response being directly related to the duration and intensity of the injury. The cerebellum could cover the eventual need for nitric oxide during the hypoxia, boosting the nitric oxide synthase activity, but overall ischemia would require de novo protein synthesis, activating the inducible nitric oxide synthase to cope with the new situation. The specific inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis show neuroprotective effects.
Rodrigo
José
J
Department of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain. rodmart@cajal.csic.es
Fernández
Ana Patricia
AP
Alonso
David
D
Serrano
Julia
J
Fernández-Vizarra
Paula
P
Martínez-Murillo
Ricardo
R
Bentura
María Luisa
ML
Martinez
Alfredo
A
D000818:Animals; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism
D009569:Nitric Oxide