title: Evaluation of bifenthrin treated mosquito nets against anopheline and culicine mosquitoes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main rural malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies has developed resistance to dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), hexachloro cyclo hexane (HCH) and malathion in the state of Haryana in northern India. An alternative synthetic pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin was therefore evaluated on mosquito nets against anopheline and culicine mosquitoes, in two villages Jagdishpur and Garh Mirakpur of Community Health Center (CHC) Badhkhalsa in district Sonipat, Haryana state.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two formulations of bifenthrin, suspension concentrate (SC) and micro-emulsion (ME) were compared with micro-capsule suspension (CS) of lambdacyhalothrin. The impact of three doses of bifenthrin (10, 25 and 50 mg/m(2)) impregnated on mosquito nets was compared with lambdacyhalothrin (25 mg/m(2)) and untreated control. Quality assessment of treatment on treated nets was carried out by residue analysis and the persistence of the insecticide on nets was determined by contact bioassays. Efficacy of treated nets on mosquito density was assessed by calculating mosquito entry rate, immediate mortality, delayed mortality and excito-repellency to the insecticides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In susceptibility tests An. culicifacies was susceptible to bifenthrin (0.1% test papers) and to lambdacyhalothrin (0.05% test papers). Bioassays on treated nets against A. culicifacies recorded 100 per cent mortality up to tenth fortnight for all the doses of impregnation with bifenthrin (SC and ME) and lambdacyhalothrin (CS). Ring-net bioassays against An. culicifacies showed median knock-down time between 3.1 to 11.4 min. Behavioural indices were also studied for anopheline and culicine mosquitoes. The reduction in entry rates of anopheline and culicine mosquitoes into the rooms with treated nets compared to control indicated good efficacy with all the formulations and doses of the insecticides. INTERPRETAION AND CONCLUSION: Indoor (immediate) mortality of mosquitoes with bifenthrin ME formulation was relatively lower compared to SC fomulation of bifenthrin and based on delayed mortility and continued susceptibility in bioassays, bifenthrin ME at the rate of 10 mg/m(2) dose was found suitable for the impregnation of mosquito nets for phase III trial.
authors.affiliation: Malaria Research Centre and National Anti Malaria Programme, Delhi. batracp@icmr.org.in
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Raghavendra
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Adak
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Subbarao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D009033:Culicidae; D007194:India; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; C099952:bifenthrin