title: The use of lamotrigine, vigabatrin and gabapentin as add-on therapy in intractable epilepsy of childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lamotrigine (LTG), vigabatrin (VGB) and gabapentin (GBP) are three anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) used in the treatment of children with epilepsy for which long-term retention rates are not currently well known. This study examines the efficacy, long-term survival and adverse event profile of these three agents used as add-on therapy in children with refractory epilepsy over a 10-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three separate audits were conducted between February 1996 and September 2000. All children studied had epilepsy refractory to other AEDs. Efficacy was confirmed if a patient became seizure free or achieved >50% reduction in seizure frequency for 6 months or more after starting therapy. Adverse events and patient survival for each drug were recorded at the end of the study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between September 1990 and February 1996, 132 children received LTG, 80 VGB and 39 GBP. At the 10-year follow-up audit, 33% of the children on LTG had a sustained beneficial effect on their seizure frequency in contrast to 19% for VGB and 15% for GBP. No significant difference in efficacy was found in children with partial seizures. Children with epileptic encephalopathy (EE) including myoclonic-astatic epilepsy and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) achieved a more favorable response to LTG. The main reasons for drug withdrawal were lack of efficacy for VGB, apparent worsening of seizures for GBP and the development of a rash for LTG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lamotrigine is a useful add-on therapy in treating children with epilepsy. It has a low adverse event profile and a sustained beneficial effect in children with intractable epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland.
authors.forename: D G M
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Najam
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Keegan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whooley
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: McMenamin
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D000077206:Gabapentin; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014227:Triazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020888:Vigabatrin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D014227:Triazines; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000077206:Gabapentin; D020888:Vigabatrin; D000077213:Lamotrigine