title: Estimating cancer survival and clinical outcome based on genetic tumor progression scores.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In cancer research, prediction of time to death or relapse is important for a meaningful tumor classification and selecting appropriate therapies. Survival prognosis is typically based on clinical and histological parameters. There is increasing interest in identifying genetic markers that better capture the status of a tumor in order to improve on existing predictions. The accumulation of genetic alterations during tumor progression can be used for the assessment of the genetic status of the tumor. For modeling dependences between the genetic events, evolutionary tree models have been applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mixture models of oncogenetic trees provide a probabilistic framework for the estimation of typical pathogenetic routes. From these models we derive a genetic progression score (GPS) that estimates the genetic status of a tumor. GPS is calculated for glioblastoma patients from loss of heterozygosity measurements and for prostate cancer patients from comparative genomic hybridization measurements. Cox proportional hazard models are then fitted to observed survival times of glioblastoma patients and to times until PSA relapse following radical prostatectomy of prostate cancer patients. It turns out that the genetically defined GPS is predictive even after adjustment for classical clinical markers and thus can be considered a medically relevant prognostic factor.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Mtreemix, a software package for estimating tree mixture models, is freely available for non-commercial users at http://mtreemix.bioinf.mpi-sb.mpg.de. The raw cancer datasets and R code for the analysis with Cox models are available upon request from the corresponding author.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck Institute for Informatics, Stuhlsatzenhausweg 85, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. rahnenfj@mpi-sb.mpg.de
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rahnenführer
authors.forename: Niko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beerenwinkel
authors.forename: Wolfgang A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Deimling
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wullich
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lengauer
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D005828:Genetics, Population / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D005819:Genetic Markers