title: Effects of cold and hot water immersion on the mechanical properties of human muscle and tendon in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cooling and heating have been shown to affect the contractile properties of muscles. However, the reasons for these changes remain unclear. The present study aimed to quantify the mechanical properties of muscle and tendon during passive stretch and active contraction, and to investigate the effects of cooling and heating on the mechanical properties of muscle and tendon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before and after these conditions, the elongation of the muscle fascicle, tendon and aponeurosis of the medial gastrocnemius muscle was directly measured by ultrasonography, while the ankle joint was passively moved within the joint range of +15 to -30 deg (0 deg = neutral anatomic position; positive values for plantar flexion) and subjects performed ramp isometric plantar flexion up to the voluntary maximum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While the muscle fascicle, tendon and aponeurosis stretched during passive dorsi-flexion, the elongation of the tendon was significantly greater than that of the aponeurosis. During isometric contraction, the maximal elongation of the tendon was significantly greater than that of the aponeurosis. After cooling and heating, no significant changes in the elongation of muscle fascicle, tendon and aponeurosis were found during passive stretch. Similarly, after both the immersions there were no changes in the relationship between the estimated muscle force and elongation of each structure (tendon-aponeurosis complex, tendon) during isometric contraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results implied that the general application of icing and hot pack did not change the mechanical properties of muscle and tendon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science (Sports Sciences), University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan. kubo@idaten.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp
authors.forename: Keitaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanehisa
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukunaga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000379:methods; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004548:Elasticity; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013710:Tendons / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D019415:Torque; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water