title: Development of colorimetric microtiter plate assay for assessment of antimicrobials against Acanthamoeba.
abstract: We have developed and optimized a 96-well microtiter plate assay, based on the reduction of alamarBlue, to assess the efficacies of much needed new antimicrobials against Acanthamoeba species. This assay has been optimized for determination of drug efficacy against two potentially pathogenic species, Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba polyphaga, and has been validated by comparison of their relative susceptibilities to chlorhexidine, a drug widely used to treat Acanthamoeba keratitis. The results demonstrate that the assay is comparable to a manual counting assay and that A. polyphaga is more resistant to chlorhexidine than A. castellanii. Thus, by use of the manual counting assay, 3.125 microM chlorohexidine was almost completely effective against A. castellanii, whereas this concentration was less than 20% effective against A. polyphaga. Similar results were obtained by the alamarBlue assay. The new assay was used to determine the relative susceptibilities of A. castellanii and A. polyphaga to the alkylphosphocholines (APCs) hexadecylphosphocholine (hexadecyl-PC; miltefosine) and octadecylphosphocholine (octadecyl-PC) as well as an alkylgycerolphosphocholine, edelfosine. Both APCs studied were equally effective against A. castellanii, but octadecyl-PC was less effective than hexadecyl-PC against A. polyphaga. Both APCs were more effective than edelfosine against both Acanthamoeba species. A. polyphaga was found to be significantly less susceptible to each of the phosphocholine analogues. The newly described assay offers a number of advantages over those described previously. It is less labor-intensive than previously described assays and is sensitive and rapid, and the results can be read in a nonsubjective manner. As it is based on a standard 96-well, microtiter plate, it is amenable to automation and high throughput.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor St., Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Ingram
authors.forename: Fiona L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Henriquez
authors.forename: Craig W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000048:Acanthamoeba / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D048248:Acanthamoeba castellanii / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D000563:Amebicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003124:Colorimetry; D003470:Culture Media; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000378:metabolism*; D010078:Oxazines / Q000378:metabolism*; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D010742:Phospholipid Ethers; D010767:Phosphorylcholine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D014966:Xanthenes / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000563:Amebicides; D003470:Culture Media; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D010078:Oxazines; D010742:Phospholipid Ethers; D014966:Xanthenes; D010767:Phosphorylcholine; C005843:resazurin; C026659:edelfosine; C039128:miltefosine; C032164:n-octadecylphosphocholine; D002710:Chlorhexidine