title: Tracking the re-emergence of epidemic chikungunya virus in Indonesia.
abstract: Twenty-four distinct outbreaks of probable chikungunya (CHIK) etiology were identified throughout Indonesia from September 2001 to March 2003, after a near 20-year hiatus of epidemic CHIK activity in the country. Thirteen outbreak reports were based on clinical observations alone, and 11 confirmed by serological/virological methods. Detailed epidemiological profiles of two investigated outbreaks in Bogor and Bekasi are presented. Human sera were screened using an ELISA for IgM and IgG anti-CHIK antibodies. Additionally, reverse transcriptase PCR and virus isolation were attempted for virus identification. The mean age of cases was 37 +/- 18 years in Bogor and 33 +/- 20 years in Bekasi. There was no outstanding case-clustering, although outbreak-affected households were observed to be geographically grouped within villages. The attack rates in Bogor and Bekasi were 2.8/1000 and 6.7/1000 inhabitants respectively. Both outbreaks started in the rainy season following increased Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus densities.
authors.affiliation: US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 (US NAMRU-2), Box 3, Unit 8132, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Kanti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laras
authors.forename: Nono C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Sukri
authors.forename: Ria P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Larasati
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bangs
authors.forename: Rizal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kosim
authors.lastname: Djauzi
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wandra
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Master
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kosasih
authors.forename: Sri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hartati
authors.forename: Charmagne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beckett
authors.forename: Endang R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Sedyaningsih
authors.forename: H James
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Beecham
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Corwin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018354:Alphavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002646:Chikungunya virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D012367:RNA, Viral