title: Retinoblastoma: MR imaging parameters in detection of tumor extent.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess diagnostic accuracy of preoperatively performed magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for detection of tumor extent in a large patient population with histopathologically proved retinoblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Local ethics committee approval and informed consent were not required for retrospective review of patients' images and records. Fifty-eight eyes in 28 girls (mean age, 21 months; range, 2-59 months) and 28 boys (mean age, 24 months; range, 2-76 months) with retinoblastoma were retrospectively reviewed by one radiologist on unenhanced T1-weighted, dual-echo T2-weighted, and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MR images. MR imaging parameters such as growth pattern, anterior chamber hyperintensity, and involvement of choroid, ciliary body, optic nerve, sclera, orbital fat, and pineal gland were determined. Tumor volume was measured and correlated to metastatic risk factors. Imaging and pathologic findings were compared. Statistical analysis was performed by using logistic regression with log likelihood ratio chi(2) test or Fisher exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Choroidal invasion was suspected with MR imaging in 21 eyes; findings were false-positive in 13 eyes and false-negative in three (73% sensitivity, 72% specificity, 72% accuracy). Anterior chamber hyperintensity on T1-weighted MR images obtained after contrast agent administration correlated well with clinical presence of reactive neovascular processes. MR imaging findings were true-positive in 21 of 32 eyes with proved prelaminar optic nerve invasion (66% sensitivity) and false-positive in one (96% specificity, 79% accuracy). Postlaminar optic nerve invasion was correctly detected in two eyes; in two other eyes, this metastatic risk factor was missed (50% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 97% accuracy). Scleral and extrascleral tumor invasion were correctly excluded in all eyes. Tumor volume was statistically associated with prelaminar optic nerve invasion (P = .001) and choroidal invasion (P = .031).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MR imaging is accurate for tumor staging and detection of metastatic risk factors; detection of intraocular tumor infiltration remains difficult. Tumor volume, measured with MR imaging, was associated with prelaminar optic nerve and choroidal involvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands. p.degraaf@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barkhof
authors.forename: Annette C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: Saskia M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Imhof
authors.forename: Dirk L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Knol
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van der Valk
authors.forename: Jonas A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Castelijns
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005123:Eye / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000473:pathology*