title: Calcium signaling is involved in ethanol-induced volume decrease and gap junction closure in cultured rat gastric mucosal cells.
abstract: Ethanol is a well-established "barrier breaker" in gastric mucosa, but its detailed effects at the cellular level remain unclear. We have previously shown that the intracellular free calcium concentration is increased, gap junctions are closed, and cell volume is decreased after exposure to 5% (v/v) ethanol in primarily cultured rabbit gastric epithelial cells. Rat gastric mucosal (RGM) cells were grown to confluence on a coverslip or on a filter membrane. Gap junctional diffusion was measured in 5-carboxyfluorescein-loaded cells by bleaching a small area with a laser and measuring the recovery with confocal microscope. Intracellular calcium was measured spectrofluorometrically in fura-2-loaded cells. For cell volume measurements the cell monolayer was loaded with calcein and imaged along the Z-axis with a confocal microscope. The changes in fluorescence intensity were intercepted as a measure of cell volume change. TMB-8 was used to inhibit intracellular calcium release and lanthanum to block plasma membrane calcium selective ion channels, while BABTA served as an intracellular calcium chelating agent. Results showed that ethanol (7.5%, v/v) exposure increased intracellular calcium from 69 +/- 7 to 142 +/- 11 nM (N = 5; P < 0.05), decreased cell volume by -23 +/- 5% (N = 8; P < 0.05), and induced gap junction closure (fluorescence recovery from 37 +/- 9 to 15 +/- 3%; N = 6; P < 0.05). A serosal potassium channel blocker, quinine, almost completely prevented the ethanol-induced cell volume decrease (from -23 +/- 5 to -3 +/- 3%), suggesting that opening of basolateral potassium channels underlies cell shrinkage. BABTA inhibited completely (from 35 +/- 3 to 39 +/- 4 nM; N = 6; P < 0.05), and TMB-8 + lanthanum partially (from 60 +/- 6 to 92 +/- 12 nM; N = 6; P < 0.05), the ethanol-induced intracellular calcium increase. BABTA also abolished the ethanol-induced volume decrease (from -23 +/- 5 to 1 +/- 4%; N = 6; P < 0.05), while TMB-8 + lanthanum had a lesser effect on it (from -23 +/- 5 to -11 +/- 3%; N = 9; P < 0.05). They also abolished the closure of gap junctions induced by ethanol (fluorescence recovery, 38 +/- 5% for BABTA and 30 +/- 4% for TMB-8 + lanthanum). We conclude that luminal ethanol opens basolateral calcium-dependent potassium selective channels with resultant shrinkage of the cells and blocks the intercellular gap junctions. These actions are mediated by intracellular calcium signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mustonen
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kiviluoto
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Paimela
authors.forename: Pauli
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puolakkainen
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kivilaakso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000431:Ethanol; D002118:Calcium