title: Phosphorylation of c-Fos by members of the p38 MAPK family. Role in the AP-1 response to UV light.
abstract: Exposure to sources of UV radiation, such as sunlight, induces a number of cellular alterations that are highly dependent on its ability to affect gene expression. Among them, the rapid activation of genes coding for two subfamilies of proto-oncoproteins, Fos and Jun, which constitute the AP-1 transcription factor, plays a key role in the subsequent regulation of expression of genes involved in DNA repair, cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, death by apoptosis, and tissue and extracellular matrix remodeling proteases. Besides being regulated at the transcriptional level, Jun and Fos transcriptional activities are also regulated by phosphorylation as a result of the activation of intracellular signaling cascades. In this regard, the phosphorylation of c-Jun by UV-induced JNK has been readily documented, whereas a role for Fos proteins in UV-mediated responses and the identification of Fos-activating kinases has remained elusive. Here we identify p38 MAPKs as proteins that can associate with c-Fos and phosphorylate its transactivation domain both in vitro and in vivo. This phosphorylation is transduced into changes in its transcriptional ability as p38-activated c-Fos enhances AP1-driven gene expression. Our findings indicate that as a consequence of the activation of stress pathways induced by UV light, endogenous c-Fos becomes a substrate of p38 MAPKs and, for the first time, provide evidence that support a critical role for p38 MAPKs in mediating stress-induced c-Fos phosphorylation and gene transcription activation. Using a specific pharmacological inhibitor for p38alpha and -beta, we found that most likely these two isoforms mediate UV-induced c-Fos phosphorylation in vivo. Thus, these newly described pathways act concomitantly with the activation of c-Jun by JNK/MAPKs, thereby contributing to the complexity of AP1-driven gene transcription regulation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ifibyne-Conicet, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanos
authors.forename: Maria Julia
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Marinissen
authors.forename: Federico Coluccio
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Leskow
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hochbaum
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Martinetto
authors.forename: J Silvio
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gutkind
authors.forename: Omar A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Coso
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001665:Binding Sites; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry; D004249:DNA Damage; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008954:Models, Biological; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D010766:Phosphorylation; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000737:chemistry*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D013347:Subcellular Fractions; D013997:Time Factors; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000737:chemistry*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014162:Transfection; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D004247:DNA; D008156:Luciferases; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases