title: A case-control study of HIV-associated pancreatic abnormalities during HAART era. Focus on emerging risk factors and specific management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The epidemiological and clinical features of HIV-associated pancreatic abnormalities are expected to change after HAART introduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The frequency, risk factors, and clinical and therapeutic features of pancreatic alterations were assessed in an observational case-control study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine hundred and 20 were evaluated for pancreatic abnormalities in a case-control study including the whole follow-up period of each considered patient; 128 subjects with high and prolonged laboratory anomalies were assessed, to outline the profile of pancreatic disease before and during the HAART era. Compared with controls, the 334 patients (36.3%) who experienced at least one episode of confirmed pancreatic laboratory abnormality had a longer duration of seropositivity, exposure to protease inhibitors, a more frequent immunodeficiency, AIDS diagnosis, liver or biliary disease, and hypertriglyceridemia, while no relation was found with antiretroviral administration, and the duration of nucleoside analogue use. Among these 334 patients, high and prolonged laboratory alterations eventually associated with signs of organ involvement occurred in 128 cases, and were related to the administration of didanosine, stavudine, lamivudine, pentamidine, cotrimoxazole, or anti-tubercular therapy, substance or alcohol abuse, opportunistic infections, liver or biliary disease, a protease inhibitor-based HAART, and hypertriglyceridemia. However, no difference was noticed between the 32 patients with clinical and/or imaging evidence of pancreatic involvement and the remaining 96 asymptomatic cases, as to the same risk factors. Although recurrences of enzyme alterations involved >70% of patients, in only 33.8% of cases a change of antiretroviral or antimicrobial therapy was necessary. An acute but uncomplicated pancreatitis occurred in 7 patients of 26 overall symptomatic subjects. A 2-4-week gabexate and/or octreotide administration (performed in 59 cases of 128), attained a significant laboratory, clinical, and imaging cure or improvement in 71.2% of cases, with a better success rate of combined versus single therapy; a reduced tendency to disease recurrences, and a better tolerability of antiretrovirals were also noticed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidemiological and pathogenetic studies are needed to assess pancreatic abnormalities especially in the HAART era, and their consequences on continued antiretroviral and antimicrobial therapy. The antiretroviral management and the indication to gabexate and/or octreotide administration in the different clinical and laboratory situations, warrant controlled investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum, S. Orsola Hospital, Via Massarenti 11, I-40138 Bologna, Italy. manfredi@med.unibo.it
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manfredi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calza
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiodo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007517:Isoamylase / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010179:Pancreas / Q000201:enzymology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007517:Isoamylase