title: Differential regulation of insulin action and tumor necrosis factor alpha system activity by metformin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor necrosis factor alpha has a key role in insulin resistance. We study the effects of metformin on glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, beta cell function, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR) levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a double-blind, randomized metformin-placebo study. Twenty-three subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose were studied. Oral glucose tolerance, homeostasis model assessment, and continuous infusion of glucose with model assessment tests were used to evaluate glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and beta cell function, respectively. Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor levels were measured before and after therapy. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 12-week treatment, fasting glucose (110.1 +/- 9.9 to 98.9 +/- 15.7 mg/dl, P < .001), fasting insulin (11.6 +/- 5.4 to 8.8 +/- 3.5 mU/L, P = .05), fasting C-peptide (2.5 +/- 0.7 to 1.8 +/- 0.5 ng/mL, P < .05), and achieved C-peptide (5.2 +/- 1.2 to 4.2 +/- 1 ng/mL, P < .05) levels decreased in the metformin group. In addition, there was an improvement in insulin sensitivity (37.4% +/- 15.2% to 50.4% +/- 23.2%, P < .05) with unchanged sTNFR1 (2.0 +/- 0.8 to 2.3 +/- 1.2 microg/L, P = NS) and sTNFR2 (4.8 +/- 1.7 to 4.4 +/- 1.2 microg/L, P = NS) levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metformin is able to reverse insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in high-risk subjects for type 2 diabetes mellitus independently of the effects on tumor necrosis factor alpha system activity.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital University Dr Josep Trueta de Girona, 17007 Girona, Spain. uden.jbiarnes@htrueta.scs.es
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biarnés
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fernández-Real
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernández-Castañer
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: del Mar García
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soler
authors.forename: Wilfredo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ricart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000378:metabolism; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D008687:Metformin