title: Activation of c-fos by lipopolysaccharide in glial cells via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent activation of serum or cyclic AMP/calcium response element.
abstract: Pathological conditions such as ischaemic stroke and inflammatory disorders cause c-fos activation in the brain. This activation contributes to the initiation of the brain's inflammatory response, orchestrated by activated glial cells. The inflammatory signalling cascades leading to c-fos activation in glial cells are not well characterized. Thus, we have attempted a detailed analysis of the cis-acting elements, transcription factors and upstream kinase pathways involved in the activation of c-fos by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in primary rat cortical glial cells. We found that (1) LPS-induced c-fos mRNA levels were sensitive to p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors but not to mitogen-activated/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase inhibitors, (2) LPS activated both serum response element (SRE) and cyclic AMP/calcium response element (CRE)-driven luciferase reporters in transient transfection assays, (3) LPS induced the phosphorylation of Elk1 CRE-binding protein (CREB)/activated transcription factor-1 (ATF-1) and the activation of GAL4-Elk1 and GAL4-CREB chimeric proteins, and (4) mutation of both SRE and CRE elements was necessary and sufficient to completely abolish LPS induction of a rat c-fos proximal promoter-luciferase reporter. Thus, c-fos activation by LPS in glial cells occurs via the SRE or CRE in an independent manner, and involves the Elk1 or CREB/ATF-1 transcription factors. Elk1-mediated transactivation was dependent on p38 MAPK, suggesting a crucial role of these factors in mediating inflammatory responses in the CNS.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Anastasia.Simi@manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simi
authors.forename: Ylva
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Edling
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ingelman-Sundberg
authors.forename: Niclas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tindberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D016762:Genes, fos / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D051381:Rats; D027602:Serum Response Element / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases