title: The development and validation of a handicap questionnaire for children with a chronic illness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper describes the development and initial psychometric evaluation of the Handicap Scale for Children (HSC). This questionnaire is based on the London Handicap Scale (LHS), a valid and reliable utility instrument for measuring social participation in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multidisciplinary research group was involved in developing the HSC. The questionnaire was tested in 114 children with a chronic disease and 239 healthy children in the 8-18 age range. Relating the Health Utility Index Mark 3 (HUI3) attributes to corresponding HSC scores tested the assumption that a negative health status would lead to participation problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Questionnaire development resulted in a five-dimension questionnaire: mobility, physical independence, daily activities, social integration and orientation. Each dimension included one item with a six-point response scale. A higher score indicates greater handicap. Feasibility testing with 10 children showed that none of the children experienced difficulties in filling in the questionnaire. Conceptual validity, measured by correlations between the dimensions of the HSC and HUI3, was satisfactory. As expected, moderate correlation coefficients between predefined pairs of HUI and HSC attributes were found; other correlation coefficients were low. Criterion validity was also satisfactory, as shown by large differences between the healthy and the chronically ill group and by several criteria within the chronically ill group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this initial evaluation, the questionnaire seems feasible and valid for use with children in the age range 8-18 years.
authors.affiliation: TNO Prevention and Health, Leiden, The Netherlands. SB.Detmar@pg.tno.nl
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Detmar
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hosli
authors.forename: A M J
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chorus
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Beekum
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vogels
authors.forename: P E C
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Mourad-Baars
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Engelberts
authors.forename: C G M
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Groothuis-Oudshoorn
authors.forename: G H W
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Verrips
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires