title: Chemoradiotherapy combined with intracavitary hyperthermia for anal cancer: feasibility and long-term results from a phase II randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate in a randomized way the clinical benefit of addition of intracavitary hyperthermia (ICHT) to a conventional chemoradiotherapy schedule in patients with T2-T3N0M0 anal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to undergo chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and mitomycin-C combined with radiotherapy with (arm A: 24 patients) or without ICHT (arm B: 25 patients). A microwave applicator operating at 433 MHz inserted into the anal-rectal cavity was used for ICHT. Patients in both arms received 1000 mg/m2 per day of 5-FU on days 1-4 and days 28-31 plus 15 mg/m mitomycin-C on day 1. Radiotherapy was administered with a dose of 41.4 Gy (1.8 Gy per fraction) plus a booster dose of 14 Gy (2 Gy per fraction).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One patient from group A developed severe mucositis, whereas no severe morbidity was noted in the rest of the patients in both groups. The incidence of lower-intestine acute reactions was higher in the ICHT arm. After a 5-year follow up in the hyperthermia arm, 23 of 24 patients (95.8%) preserved their anorectal function and avoided permanent colostomy, whereas in the second arm, 17 of 25 (68.0%) had sphincter preservation. Local recurrence-free survival time was significantly higher in the ICHT arm (P = 0.0107, log rank test), whereas no significant difference in overall survival was noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of ICHT to the chemoradiotherapy schedule of anal cancer seems to offer a new effective and safe therapeutic modality. The preservation of anorectal function seems to be the significant clinical benefit of adjuvant ICHT.
authors.affiliation: Aretaieion University Hospital, Radiology Department, Athens, Greece. vkouloul@cc.ece.ntua.gr
authors.forename: Vassilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kouloulias
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Plataniotis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kouvaris
authors.forename: Costas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dardoufas
authors.forename: Costas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gennatas
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uzunoglu
authors.forename: Costas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Papavasiliou
authors.forename: Lambros
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vlahos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003972:Diathermy; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D016685:Mitomycin; D005472:Fluorouracil