title: Organ preservation in invasive bladder cancer: brachytherapy, an alternative to cystectomy and combined modality treatment?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate our long-term results of bladder preservation with brachytherapy in the treatment of bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1987 and 2000, 108 patients with T1-G3 and T2-T3a stages of bladder cancer were treated with a transurethral resection (TUR) and a course of external beam radiotherapy (30 Gy in 15 fractions) followed by brachytherapy (40 Gy). All tumors were solitary lesions with a diameter < or =5 cm. Median follow-up was 54 months (range, 1-178 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates were 62% and 50%, respectively. The 5-year and 10-year disease-specific survival rates were 73% and 67%, respectively. The actuarial local control rate was 73% at 5 and 73% at 10 years, respectively. The 5-year and 10-year disease-specific survival rates for patients with a preserved bladder were 68% and 59%, respectively. Of all long-term surviving patients, 90% preserved their native bladders. The treatment was well tolerated. Acute toxicity was mild. Two patients experienced serious late toxicity: 1 patient developed a persisting vesicocutaneous fistula and the other a stricture of the urethra and ureters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients with solitary, organ confined invasive bladder cancer < or =5 cm, bladder preservation with brachytherapy is an excellent alternative to radical cystectomy and combined modality treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands. f.pos@nki.nl
authors.forename: Floris
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pos
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horenblas
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dom
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moonen
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bartelink
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015653:Cystectomy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D015996:Survival Rate; D020728:Transurethral Resection of Prostate; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*