title: Inhibition of IFN-gamma-stimulated proinflammatory cytokines by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) correlates with increased survival of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium phoP in murine macrophages.
abstract: Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)is a novel Th2 cytokine that has been shown previously to rescue rats and mice from the lethal effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We report that VIP inhibited production of the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha)and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), at the mRNA level and that the inhibitory effect of VIP was maintained when macrophages were cocultured with an immunostimulatory concentration of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)(100 U/ml). The concentration of VIP that had optimal inhibitory effect was (1010) M. Furthermore, VIP prevented macrophage killing of a phoP mutant of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, which is usually attenuated for virulence as a result of its inability to survive inside macrophages. However, although the effect of VIP on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was less clear, N-monoethyl arginine (NEMA)(an iNOS inhibitor)did not rescue S. typhimurium from IFN- gamma-induced death, in accordance with previous reports that suggest that iNOS is not an important Salmonella killing pathway in macrophages within the first 24 h. VIP is a potent inhibitor of inflammatory pathways that lead to significant pathologic conditions. However, it increases survival of the normally avirulent phoP mutant and is able to inhibit IFN-gamma-stimulated killing of wild-type S. typhimurium in murine macrophages. Thus, VIP inhibits the proinflammatory type 1 response, thus favoring Salmonella survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hulme
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Barrow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D051379:Mice; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse