title: Influence of metal cleaning methods on the resin bond strength to NiCr alloy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this laboratory study was to evaluate the influence of different metal cleaning methods on the bond strength of various resin bonding systems and its durability to a NiCr alloy. The hypothesis was that the resin bond strength and its durability is related to the cleaning method and to the bonding system used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plexiglas tubes filled with composite resin were bonded to NiCr disks using three different bonding systems: tribochemical silica-coating and silanization of the alloy, acrylization of the alloy, or bonding with a phosphate monomer containing composite resin. For each bonding system, three cleaning methods were used after the last air abrasion step: cleaning with a stiff brush, ultrasonic cleaning in alcohol or in a neutral detergent. For each combination 20 samples were bonded. Subgroups of 10 bonded samples were tested for tensile strength following storage for either 3 or 150 days. In addition, the 150-day samples were thermal cycled 37,500 times. The statistical analyses were made by ANOVA, followed by multiple pair-wise comparison of the groups using Scheffe and t-tests with Bonferroni-Holm correction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean tensile bond strengths ranged from 34.8 to 49.2 MPa after 3 days and from 2.1 to 43.1 MPa after 150 days. Acrylization of the alloy did not provide durable bond strength to NiCr alloy over storage time. Cleaning the alloy surface with alcohol provided statistically significant higher bond strength than the other cleaning methods after 3 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alloy cleaning methods after air abrasion have a significant influence on the resin bond strength.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Quaas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heide
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Freitag
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kern
mesh_terms: D019840:2-Propanol; D000181:Acrylonitrile / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D020906:Air Abrasion, Dental; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D002858:Chromium Alloys; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003738:Dental Cements; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D003820:Denture Cleansers; D016379:Denture, Partial, Fixed, Resin-Bonded; D003902:Detergents; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D008422:Materials Testing; D009532:Nickel; D010710:Phosphates; D019279:Resin Cements; D012821:Silanes; D012997:Solvents; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014099:Toothbrushing; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys; D003738:Dental Cements; D003820:Denture Cleansers; D003902:Detergents; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; C093719:Panavia TPN-S; D010710:Phosphates; D019279:Resin Cements; C076811:Rocatec; D012821:Silanes; D012997:Solvents; C086630:TwinLook cement; C112072:kevloc; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D009532:Nickel; C086115:Clearfil F2; D000181:Acrylonitrile; D019840:2-Propanol