title: A regional audit of iatrogenic perforation of tumours of the oesophagus and cardia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the rising incidence of oesophageal cancer, palliative treatment has an increasingly important role. With median survival unlikely to exceed 6 months, in advanced disease the palliative therapy chosen must not hasten patient's demise.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish the outcome of both modern and historical palliative treatment in oesophageal tumours, with emphasis on the aetiology and outcome of iatrogenic perforation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with oesophageal or cardia carcinoma treated within the West Midlands between 1992 and 1996 were identified retrospectively. Information was gathered from hospital case notes and the regional cancer intelligence unit with hospitals visited to capture data. All episodes were entered into a dedicated database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 3660 patients who were treated, 2529 received palliation as primary treatment, with 5259 palliative procedures performed; 164 iatrogenic perforations were recorded; 83 were due to diagnostic endoscopy (endoscopic perforation) with the reminder due to interventional palliative procedures. Median survival from all forms of palliation was 138 days. Following perforation survival was 95 days after interventional palliative procedure and 58 days after endoscopic perforation (P > 0.05). Thirty-day mortality after emergency surgery was 11.8% with mean survival of 7.5 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perforation at diagnostic endoscopy is associated with substantial mortality despite rapid intervention. Patients with suspected cancer must be investigated with extreme care to reduce iatrogenic complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK. paras.jj@virgin.net
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jethwa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lala
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: McConkey
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Gillison
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Spychal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002299:Cardia; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D004939:Esophageal Perforation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D016019:Survival Analysis