title: Adjacent tissues (cartilage, bone) affect the functional integration of engineered calf cartilage in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An in vitro model was used to test the hypothesis that culture time and adjacent tissue structure and composition affected chondrogenesis and integrative repair in engineered cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Engineered constructs made of bovine calf chondrocytes and hyaluronan benzyl ester non-woven mesh were press-fitted into adjacent tissue rings made of articular cartilage (AC), devitalized bone (DB), or vital bone (VB) and cultured in rotating bioreactors for up to 8 weeks. Structure (light and electron microscopy), biomechanical properties (interfacial adhesive strength, construct compressive modulus), biochemical composition (construct glycosaminoglycans (GAG), collagen, and cells), and adjacent tissue diffusivity were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Engineered constructs were comprised predominately of hyaline cartilage, and appeared either closely apposed to adjacent cartilage or functionally interdigitated with adjacent bone due to interfacial deposition of extracellular matrix. An increase in culture time significantly improved construct adhesive strength (P<0.001), modulus (P=0.02), GAG (P=0.04) and cellularity (P<0.001). The type of adjacent tissue significantly affected construct adhesion (P<0.001), modulus (P<0.001), GAG (P<0.001) and collagen (P<0.001). For constructs cultured in rings of cartilage, negative correlations were observed between ring GAG content (log transformed) and construct adhesion (R2=0.66, P<0.005), modulus (R2=0.49, P<0.05) and GAG (R2=0.44, P<0.05). Integrative repair was better for constructs cultured adjacent to bone than cartilage, in association with its solid architectural structure and high GAG content, and best for constructs cultured adjacent to DB, in association with its high diffusivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chondrogenesis and integrative repair in engineered cartilage improved with time and depended on adjacent tissue architecture, composition, and transport properties.
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tognana
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Padera
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Leddy
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guilak
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vunjak-Novakovic
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Freed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000502:physiology; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D004058:Diffusion; D024022:Fibrillar Collagens / Q000378:metabolism; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008854:Microscopy, Electron / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D024022:Fibrillar Collagens; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid