title: Who, when, and how much? Epidemiology of walking in a middle-income country.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical inactivity is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Walking, an inexpensive and accessible activity, is protective against unhealthy outcomes. Little data on walking practices are available outside developed countries. This study estimated the prevalence and correlates of compliance with physical activity recommendations through leisure-time and all-domain (combined leisure time, commuting, and work-related) walking in individuals aged > or =20 years in a southern Brazilian city.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from two population-based surveys carried out in 2002 and 2003 in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, were compared and analyzed in 2004. Multistage sampling procedures were undertaken in both surveys. Compliance with physical activity recommendations was defined as > or =150 minutes/week of walking during the previous week, although other cut-off points were estimated. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used in both studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Samples comprised 3182 (2002 study) and 3100 (2003 study) individuals. Nonresponse rates were 5.6% and 3.5%, respectively. Both prevalence and correlates of leisure-time and all-domains walking were markedly different. Compliance with physical activity guidelines (> or =150 minutes/week) through walking was 40.6% (all domains) and 15.0% (leisure time). Poor and uneducated participants had a lower likelihood of walking than higher-income and more educated people, particularly in leisure time. Walkers were also more likely to practice other vigorous and moderate-intensity activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the results derive from a single Brazilian city, they are likely to be relevant to similar environments/locales in middle-income countries, where the obesity epidemic is rapidly increasing. Due to the low levels of walking detected, particularly during leisure time, healthcare professionals are encouraged to recommend walking to their patients.
authors.affiliation: Post-graduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. prchallal@terra.com.br
authors.forename: Pedro C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hallal
authors.forename: Mario R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.forename: Felipe F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.forename: Fernando V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Siqueira
authors.forename: Cora L P
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Cesar G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Victora
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016138:Walking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*