title: Attentional and approach biases for smoking cues in smokers: an investigation of competing theoretical views of addiction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Different theories of addiction make conflicting predictions about whether attentional and approach biases for smoking-related cues are enhanced, or reduced, as a function of the level of nicotine dependence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  These theoretical views were evaluated by examining cognitive biases in smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We monitored the eye movements of 41 smokers (predominantly young adults, who smoked from one to 40 cigarettes per day) as they completed a visual probe task in which smoking-related and matched control pictures were presented. Participants also completed a stimulus-response compatibility task, which measured the tendency to approach smoking-related cues, and a rating task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smokers with lower levels of nicotine dependence showed greater maintained attention and faster approach responses to smoking-related cues. Longer gaze times for smoking cues were associated not only with lower levels of nicotine dependence, but also with higher levels of craving.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the results seem consistent with an integrated 'incentive-habit' model of addiction.
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Study of Emotion and Motivation, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK, k.mogg@soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mogg
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: Brendan P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Bradley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D015982:Bias; D003071:Cognition; D003463:Cues; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*