title: Hepatitis B vaccination in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults receiving hemodialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends hepatitis B virus (HBV) immunization for all hemodialysis (HD) patients because they are at high risk of infection. Several studies have shown that the development of protective antibody titers after HBV vaccination is much lower in HD patients. We hypothesized that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) would further impair the immune response to hepatitis B vaccination.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis from 1990 to 2002 at the United States-based dialysis facilities of Gambro Corporation, North America. The response rate defined as an increase in anti-HBs levels >/=10 mIU/L after a month of the third dose of HBV vaccination was determined in HIV-infected and a randomly selected group of ESRD patients. The demographic information, laboratory data, and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) titers were recorded from the Gambro Corporation database on these patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 347 adult HIV ESRD patients, 116 received three doses of recombinant hepatitis B vaccination. Seventy percent were male, and the majority (86%) were black. Of the 116 patients who received three doses of HBV vaccination, 62 (53.4%) developed protective antibody titers. This was comparable to the response rate of 50.4% in the randomly selected 220 non-HIV hemodialysis patients. Among HIV ESRD patients, the mean hemoglobin (Hgb) was higher in patients who developed protective antibody titers (Hgb 11.61 +/- 2 vs. 10.55 +/- 1.86, P value <0.01). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, higher Hgb was associated with protective antibody titers (odds ratio: 1.34, 95% CI 0.99-1.72). Seventy percent of the HIV-infected responders maintained protective antibody titers 6 months after vaccination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatitis B vaccination should be offered to all HIV-infected ESRD patients because over half of the patients with HIV and ESRD can develop protective antibodies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA. tahuja@utmb.edu
authors.forename: Tejinder S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ahuja
authors.forename: Sajal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mansoury
authors.forename: Hector
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Yong-Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines