title: Dimensional psychopathology of depression: detection of an 'activation' dimension in unipolar depressed outpatients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the high prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorders, most instruments currently available for the assessment of depression do not explore symptoms of 'activation' such as anger, irritability, aggressiveness, hostility, and psychomotor activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two samples of adults with unipolar depression were studied. They had no comorbid DSM-IV disorder, and they were free from antidepressant drugs. The first sample (n = 380) was assessed with the SVARAD, a validated scale for the rapid assessment of the main psychopathological dimensions. The second sample (n = 143) was assessed with the MMPI-2. Factor analysis was performed on SVARAD items and MMPI-2 clinical scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both samples, we obtained a three-factor solution with factors interpreted as a depressive dimension, an anxious dimension, and an activation dimension. The latter dimension appeared to be clinically relevant in 20-27% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of a comorbid disorder may have been missed in some cases. Also, some bipolar II patients might have been misdiagnosed as unipolar and included in the study. Further, our findings apply only to a selected psychiatric population, and it should be tested whether they generalize to other settings of care and other countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that depressive mixed states are not rare even in patients diagnosed as unipolar, and that some unipolar patients might actually be 'pseudounipolar' and belong to the bipolar spectrum. More in general, our findings suggest that some depressed patients have prominent symptoms of activation that can easily go unnoticed using instruments that do not explore such symptoms. Detecting these symptoms has important treatment implications.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Psichiatrica III, Dipartimento di Scienze Psichiatriche e Medicina Psicologica, University La Sapienza of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30-00185 Rome, Italy. massimo.biondi@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biondi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Picardi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pasquini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gaetano
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pancheri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001143:Arousal; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008950:MMPI / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013223:Statistics as Topic