title: Serum and saliva antibodies do not inhibit Candida albicans Sap2 proteinase activity using a BSA hydrolysis assay.
abstract: The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans possesses 10 members of a secreted aspartyl proteinase (Sap) family, which are associated with fungal virulence. The C. albicans proteinases are known to induce antibody responses in humans, but the direct inhibition of Sap activity by antibody has not yet been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to determine whether antibodies in saliva or serum could inhibit C. albicans proteinase activity. A two-step Sap-inhibition assay based on bovine serum albumin (BSA) hydrolysis was developed. First, serum and saliva were incubated with Sap2 to allow antibodies to bind to the enzyme, and then a Sap activity assay was performed to determine whether or not the bound antibodies were capable of inhibiting Sap activity. Inhibition of Sap2 activity was investigated using nine sources of sera or saliva: mouse Sap1, Sap2 and Sap3 antisera; rabbit Sap2 antiserum; two pooled human serum samples from HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with oral C. albicans infection; and three pooled saliva samples from patients with oral C. albicans infection, C. albicans carriers, and Candida-culture-negative individuals. Pooled saliva samples did not inhibit Sap2 activity, whereas mouse, rabbit, and human sera demonstrated inhibition of Sap2 activity by 20-45%. Further analysis of different serum fractions, purified total IgG, and Sap2-specific antibodies demonstrated that non-protein, non-antibody components of serum appeared to be responsible for the partial inhibition of Sap2 activity. Therefore, no evidence was found to demonstrate that specific or non-specific antibodies in serum or saliva could inhibit C. albicans Sap2 activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Pathology and Immunology, GKT Dental Institute, Kings College London (Guy's Campus), London, UK. julian.naglik@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Julian R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Naglik
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Durdana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Mukesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mistry
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Challacombe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000908:Antibodies, Fungal / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D051379:Mice; D011817:Rabbits; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology*; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000908:Antibodies, Fungal; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; C090753:SAP2 protein, Candida