title: The soil flagellate Heteromita globosa accelerates bacterial degradation of alkylbenzenes through grazing and acetate excretion in batch culture.
abstract: The impact of grazing by soil flagellates Heteromita globosa on aerobic biodegradation of benzene by Pseudomonas strain PS+ was examined in batch culture. Growth of H. globosa on these bacteria obeyed Monod kinetics (mu(max), 0.17 +/- 0.03 h(-1); K(s), 1.1 +/- 0.2 x 10(7) bacteria mL(-1)) and was optimal at a bacteria/ flagellate ratio of 2000. Carbon mass balance showed that 5.2% of total [ring-U-(14)C]benzene fed to bacteria was subsequently incorporated into flagellate biomass. Growth-inhibiting concentrations (IC50) of alkylbenzenes (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene) were inversely related with their octanol/ water partitioning coefficients, and benzene was least toxic for bacteria and flagellates with IC50 values of 4392 (+/- 167) microM and 2770 (+/- 653) microM, respectively. The first-order rate constant for benzene degradation (k1, 0.48 +/- 0.12 day(-1)) was unaffected by the presence or absence of flagellates in cultures. However, the rate of benzene degradation by individual bacteria averaged three times higher in the presence of flagellates (0.73 +/- 0.13 fmol cell(-1) h(-1)) than in their absence (0.26 +/- 0.03 fmol cell(-1) h(-1)). Benzene degradation also coincided with higher levels of dissolved oxygen and a higher rate of nitrate reduction in the presence of flagellates (p < 0.02). Grazing by flagellates may have increased the availability of dissolved oxygen to a smaller surviving population of bacteria engaged in the aerobic reactions initiating benzene degradation. In addition, flagellates may also have increased the rate of nitrate reduction through the excretion of acetate as an additional electron donor for these bacteria. Indeed, acetate was shown to progressively accumulate in cultures where flagellates grazed on heat-killed bacteria. This study provided evidence that grazing flagellates stimulate bacterial degradation of alkylbenzenes and provide a link for carbon cycling to consumers at higher trophic levels. This may have important implications for bioremediation processes.
authors.affiliation: Marine Biotechnology Institute Co., Ltd., 3-75-1 Heita, Kamaishi City, Iwate 026-0001, Japan. geoffmattison2@netscape.net
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Mattison
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harayama
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000378:metabolism*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001554:Benzene / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000378:metabolism; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil / Q000469:parasitology*; D014050:Toluene / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D009566:Nitrates; D012987:Soil; D014050:Toluene; D001554:Benzene; C004912:ethylbenzene; D010100:Oxygen