title: Numerical simulation of airflow patterns and air temperature distribution during inspiration in a nose model with septal perforation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most typical symptoms of patients with nasal septal perforation (SP) are crusting and recurrent nosebleed. The objective of the study was to determine the influence of SP on intranasal temperature profile and airflow patterns during inspiration by means of numerical simulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two realistic bilateral models of the human nose with and without SP were reconstructed based on computed tomography (CT). A numerical simulation was performed. The intranasal air temperature distribution and airflow patterns during inspiration were displayed, analyzed, and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SP causes a highly disturbed airflow in the area of perforation. A spacious vortex within the perforation including various localized vortices was detected. A disturbed intranasal temperature distribution between the right and left nasal cavities developed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The numerical simulation demonstrates the interaction between airflow patterns and heating of respiratory air. The disturbed airflow causes reduced air conditioning. This fact may contribute to crusting and recurrent nosebleed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Ulm, Steinhoevelstrasse 9, D-89075 Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pless
authors.forename: Tilman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Keck
authors.forename: Kerstin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wiesmiller
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lamche
authors.forename: Andrik J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Aschoff
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindemann
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D001239:Inhalation; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000473:pathology*; D013696:Temperature; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed