title: [The contribution of brain imaging to the study of panic disorder].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present review is aimed to evaluate the recent contribution of brain imaging techniques to the definition of neuroanatomofunctional models of panic disorder (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Structural and functional brain imaging studies of PD, conducted from January 1993 to October 2003 and selected through a comprehensive Medline search (key-words: panic disorder, emotions, brain imaging, EEG, Event-Related Potentials, MRI, fMRI, PET, SPECT, TC) were included in the review. The Medline search has been complemented by bibliographic cross-referencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of the reviewed studies suggests that a dysfunction of a neural circuit encompassing prefrontal and temporo-limbic cortices is present in PD. A right hemisphere preferential involvement in PD has been shown by several studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reviewed neuroimaging studies suggest a dysfunction of frontal and temporo-limbic circuitries in PD. However, those studies cannot be considered conclusive because of several methodological limitations. Longitudinal and multi-modal studies involving larger patient samples, possibly integrated with population-based and genetic studies, would provide more insight into pathophysiological mechanisms of PD.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Authors declare that none of them had any known real, potential, or apparent conflict of interest and that there was no business or personal interest that might be relevant to the topic of this article.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Psichiatria, Università di Napoli SUN, Napoli. umberto.volpe@unina2.it
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Volpe
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Merlotti
authors.forename: Armida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mucci
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galderisi
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed