title: Gender, smoking, glutathione-S-transferase variants and bladder cancer incidence: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Male gender, tobacco smoking and occupational exposure to arylamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are the primary risk factors for bladder cancer. Emerging, and consistent data indicate that risk may be modified by polymorphisms in carcinogen metabolism genes, including those involving the glutathione-S-transferases. Recent work further suggests that susceptibility to the carcinogenic effects of tobacco on the bladder may differ among men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the gender specific risk of bladder cancer associated with glutathione-S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) polymorphisms in a population-based case-control study of 354 bladder cancer cases and 542 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found an increased risk of bladder cancer associated with GSTM1 null genotype among women (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0-3.0), but not men (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.7-1.3). Among women, the GSTM1 null genotype was associated with an elevated bladder cancer risk only among smokers (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.1-4.5 in ever smokers versus OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.3-2.5 in never smokers). There was no apparent association between bladder cancer and the GSTT1 null polymorphism in either men or women, and we did not detect evidence of any GSTT1-smoking or GSTT1-GSTM1 gene-gene interaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that a subset of women may be particularly susceptible to tobacco-induced bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Dartmouth Medical School, 7927 Rubin Building One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. margaret.karagas@darmouth.edu
authors.forename: Margaret R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Karagas
authors.forename: Sunyeong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Heather H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Leila A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mott
authors.forename: Karl T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kelsey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005982:Glutathione Transferase