title: Refractory anaphylactic shock associated with ketoconazole treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a rare but severe reaction of refractory anaphylactic shock with ketoconazole treatment-associated hypotensive episodes in an elderly patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 72-year-old woman received antifungal therapy for her almost completely occluded cornea infected with Candida albicans. She was initially prescribed oral ketoconazole 200 mg twice daily. She developed hypotension over the first 2 days of therapy (BP 136/82 mm Hg at baseline; 90/50 mm Hg on day 2). Severe hypotension (BP 90/49 mm Hg) unresponsive to fluid therapy or high-dose dopamine developed on day 4 of therapy. An invasive Swan-Ganz catheterization study showed a very low level of peripheral vascular resistance with high cardiac output index without clinical signs of infection. When laboratory tests showed a high level of plasma tryptase, anaphylactic redistribution shock was diagnosed. Her vital signs became more stable after treatment with hydrocortisone and epinephrine infusion. She was discharged in good condition after 24 hours of observation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As of December 2004, refractory anaphylactic shock resulting from ketoconazole use had not been reported. The events of hypotension were strongly associated with the intake of ketoconazole. The hemodynamic results obtained with Swan-Ganz catheterization were compatible with anaphylactic shock. The Naranjo probability scale showed a probable association of the adverse event with ketoconazole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketoconazole may cause severe anaphylactic shock even when taken orally. Invasive catheterization and elevated tryptase levels can provide important information in the management of anaphylactic shock.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University Medical Center; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, No. 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan. larry@mail.ncku.edu.tw
authors.forename: Ping-Yen
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Cheng-Han
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Li-Jen
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jyh-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy; D015821:Eye Infections, Fungal / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000139:chemically induced; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D007654:Ketoconazole