title: Mortality trends for cervical squamous and adenocarcinoma in the United States. Relation to incidence and survival.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the United States, detection of squamous carcinoma in situ (CIS) by screening has led to reduced rates for invasive squamous carcinoma and lower mortality. Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) rates also have increased, but invasive cervical adenocarcinoma rates have not declined similarly. To make inferences about the effectiveness of screening, the authors assessed mortality trends for squamous and adenocarcinoma in relation to incidence of these tumors, incidence of their precursors and survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER), the authors tabulated incidence per 10(5) woman-years for invasive carcinomas (1976-2000) and for CIS and AIS (1976-1995) by age (< 50 years, > or = 50 years) and race (whites, blacks). Cumulative relative survival rates were tabulated for 1976-1995 and mortality rates were estimated for 1986-2000.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among all groups, CIS rates approximately doubled whereas rates for invasive squamous carcinoma declined. Among younger whites, mortality declined from 1.12 to 0.93, and for older whites, mortality decreased from 5.02 to 3.82. Among younger blacks, mortality for squamous carcinoma decreased from 2.69 to 1.96. Among older blacks, the mortality rates declined from 14.88 to 9.15. Although AIS rates have increased dramatically among whites (all ages) and younger blacks, adenocarcinoma incidence and mortality rates have not changed greatly. Survival for patients did not change greatly within these age-race groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors concluded that increases in CIS seemed disproportionately large compared with improvements in mortality rates for squamous carcinoma. Despite increased reporting of AIS, declines in mortality for cervical adenocarcinoma have not been demonstrated conclusively. However, future analyses are required to evaluate these trends more completely.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892-7374, USA. shermanm@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: Sophia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carreon
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Devesa
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018426:SEER Program; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy