title: The availability of references and the sponsorship of original research cited in pharmaceutical advertisements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The primary goal of pharmaceutical advertisements is to convince physicians to prescribe the manufacturer's product. We sought to determine what materials are cited in support of claims in pharmaceutical ads and medical research articles, and whether health care professionals seeking to verify the claims could obtain these references.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 438 unique ads from the 1999 issues of 10 American medical journals, and a random sample of 400 references in medical research articles selected from the same journals. We classified references as journal article, data on file, meeting abstract or presentation, book or monograph, marketing report, prescribing information, government document or Internet site. We attempted to confirm or obtain each reference through library and Internet searches or by direct request from the manufacturer. The main outcome we sought to determine was the availability of the reference to a clinician. We also ascertained the source of funding for original research cited in the ads and the research articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 438 ads with medical claims, 126 contained no references and 312 contained 721 unique references. Of these ad references, 55% (396/721) cited journal articles and 19% (135/721) cited data on file. In contrast, in the sample of research article references, 88% (351/400) cited journal articles and 8% (33/400) cited books. Overall, 84% of the citations from the ads were available: 98% of journal articles, 86% of books, 71% of meeting abstracts or presentations and 20% of data-on-file references. In all, 99% of the sample of research article references were available. We determined that 58% of the original research cited in the pharmaceutical ads was sponsored by or had an author affiliated with the product's manufacturer, as compared with 8% of the articles cited in the research articles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many pharmaceutical ads contain no references for medical claims. Although references to journal articles were usually obtainable, other published sources were not as easily acquired. The majority of unpublished data-on-file references were not available, and the majority of original research cited to substantiate claims in the pharmaceutical ads was funded by or had authors affiliated with the product's manufacturer.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Emergency Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif 90024, USA. richelle@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Richelle J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Schriger
mesh_terms: D000329:Advertising; D035843:Biomedical Research; D004345:Drug Industry; D010506:Periodicals as Topic; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012109:Research Support as Topic
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations