title: A new in vivo interdental sampling method comparing a daily flossing regime versus a manual brush control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The impact of flossing the interdental space is typically assessed by visual methods of questionable reliability, such as clinician observations and evaluations for scoring of plaque on visual tooth surfaces. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a method to measure interproximal quantities of dental plaque, thereby permitting quantitative evaluations of between-teeth cleaning and biofilm removal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory studies were performed correlating the quantity of bacteria to the amount of measured protein in a sample using a standardized protein assay (Bio-Rad Protein Assay) and samples containing single bacterial species and saliva/bacterial pellets. Analysis of the plaque was standardized against a bovine serum albumin (BSA) control. Pilot studies helped develop a technique for hygienist-applied interproximal flossing, reducing contamination from saliva and other possible sources of indeterminate error. Repeated sampling experiments were carried out to optimize the technique needed to remove the majority of quantifiable plaque, the best choice of flossing material, and establish the technique for collection. A pilot clinical trial assessed the benefits of daily flossing in reducing measurable quantities of interproximal plaque using the developed method. Thirty-nine subjects had six interdental sites (distributed across all four quadrants, pre-molar and molar boundaries) sampled on either side, over a three-week treatment period, in two balanced and equally sized treatment groups, with twice-daily manual brushing with or without daily flossing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Laboratory studies confirmed the accuracy of the protein detection kit in assaying bacterial plaque loads from single species or complex biofilms. In pilot developmental screens, single flossing sweeps with appropriate dental floss were sufficient to remove the majority of quantifiable biomass from interproximal sites. The clinical study demonstrated that after three weeks, interdental plaque in floss users was significantly reduced versus baseline scores. Non-floss users showed no significant reduction. In direct comparison, less interdental plaque was recovered from subjects who had followed a daily flossing regime compared to subjects who had used a manual toothbrush alone (p = 0.0866).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sampling method quantified the cleaning effects of daily flossing on interproximal plaque levels. Daily flossing significantly reduced the amount of plaque found between the teeth compared to a manual brushing regimen alone. This new method should be useful in future studies on the evaluation of mechanical or chemical means of interproximal plaque control.
authors.affiliation: Procter and Gamble Technical Centres Ltd, Egham, Surrey, UK. bellamy.pg@pg.com
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bellamy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Puri
authors.forename: K I T
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mussett
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D018441:Biofilms; D003742:Dental Devices, Home Care; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008963:Molar / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000737:chemistry; D019533:Streptococcus oralis / Q000737:chemistry; D014070:Tooth / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012709:Serum Albumin