Educational inequalities in cause-specific mortality in middle-aged and older men and women in eight western European populations.
BACKGROUND
Studies of socioeconomic disparities in patterns of cause of death have been limited to single countries, middle-aged people, men, or broad cause of death groups. We assessed contribution of specific causes of death to disparities in mortality between groups with different levels of education, in men and women, middle-aged and old, in eight western European populations.


METHODS
We analysed data from longitudinal mortality studies by cause of death, between Jan 1, 1990, and Dec 31, 1997. Data were included for more than 1 million deaths in 51 million person years of observation.


RESULTS
Absolute educational inequalities in total mortality peaked at 2127 deaths per 100000 person years in men, and at 1588 deaths per 100000 person years in women aged 75 years and older. In this age-group, rate ratios were greater than 1.00 for total mortality and all specific causes of death, apart form prostate cancer in men and lung cancer in women, showing increased mortality in low versus high educational groups. In men, cardiovascular diseases accounted for 39% of the difference between low and high educational groups in total mortality, cancer for 24%, other diseases for 32%, and external causes for 5%. Among women, contributions were 60%, 11%, 30%, and 0%, respectively. The contributions of cerebrovascular disease, other cardiovascular diseases, pneumonia, and COPD strongly increased by age, whereas those of cancer and external causes declined. Although relative inequalities in total mortality were closely similar in all populations, we noted striking differences in the contribution of specific causes to these inequalities.


CONCLUSIONS
Research needs to be broadened to include older populations, other diseases, and populations from different parts of Europe. Effective interventions should be developed and implemented to reduce exposure to cardiovascular risk factors in low-educational groups.
Huisman
Martijn
M
Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Kunst
Anton E
AE
Bopp
Matthias
M
Borgan
Jens-Kristian
JK
Borrell
Carme
C
Costa
Giuseppe
G
Deboosere
Patrick
P
Gadeyne
Sylvie
S
Glickman
Myer
M
Marinacci
Chiara
C
Minder
Christoph
C
Regidor
Enrique
E
Valkonen
Tapani
T
Mackenbach
Johan P
JP
D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D004522:Educational Status; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors