title: [Studies on the insulin-liposomes double-coated by chitosan and chitosan-EDTA conjugates].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the characteristics, the hypoglycemic efficacy and the pharmacokinetics of the insulin-liposomes double-coated by chitosan (CH) and chitosan-EDTA conjugates (CEC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Insulin-liposomes were prepared by reversed-phase evaporation. The protection of insulin against peptic and tryptic digestion was studied with HPLC. The hypoglycemic effects of insulin-liposomes were investigated using the glucose oxidase method after oral administration to rats. Serum insulin concentration in rats were determined by radio-immunoassay, and were assessed by Pkanalyst computer program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The insulin-liposomes double-coated by CH and CEC was shown to protect insulin against digestion of pepsin, trypsin and gastrointestinal contents. In glucose tolerance test in normal rats, as compared with phosphate buffer solution control group, the insulin-liposomes coated by CH and CEC could reduce the glucose-induced peak of hyperglycemia. The reduction of the insulin-liposomes double-coated by CH and CEC was superior to that of other insulin-liposomes. When administered intragastrically to normal rats, the insulin-liposomes coated by CH and CEC could reduce glycemia measured after an overnight fast. The hypoglycemic effect the insulin-liposomes double-coated by CH and CEC was superior to that of other insulin-liposomes, and the dosage of 50 mu x kg(-1) decreased by 45.98% of initial blood glucose level at 1 h. As compared with subcutaneous injection, the relative pharmacological bioavailability was 17.02% calculated by area under the curve of glucose level versus time profile after oral administration of the insulin-liposomes double-coated by CH and CEC to rats. The serum insulin concentration-time curves were found to best fit the one-compartment open model. As compared with subcutaneous injection, the relative bioavailability was 8.91% calculated by the area under the curve of serum insulin concentration versus time profile after oral administration of the insulin-liposomes double-coated by CH and CEC to rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stability and absorption of insulin-liposomes double-coated by CH and CEC was superior to that of the insulin-liposomes coated either by CH, or by CEC respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
authors.forename: Zheng-Hong
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Qi-Neng
authors.initials: QN
authors.lastname: Ping
authors.forename: Yun-Mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Xiao-Min
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Jian-Ying
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D008081:Liposomes; D008297:Male; D036103:Nanotechnology; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008081:Liposomes; D048271:Chitosan; D004492:Edetic Acid