title: Sequential super-stereotypy of an instinctive fixed action pattern in hyper-dopaminergic mutant mice: a model of obsessive compulsive disorder and Tourette's.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Excessive sequential stereotypy of behavioral patterns (sequential super-stereotypy) in Tourette's syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is thought to involve dysfunction in nigrostriatal dopamine systems. In sequential super-stereotypy, patients become trapped in overly rigid sequential patterns of action, language, or thought. Some instinctive behavioral patterns of animals, such as the syntactic grooming chain pattern of rodents, have sufficiently complex and stereotyped serial structure to detect potential production of overly-rigid sequential patterns. A syntactic grooming chain is a fixed action pattern that serially links up to 25 grooming movements into 4 predictable phases that follow 1 syntactic rule. New mutant mouse models allow gene-based manipulation of brain function relevant to sequential patterns, but no current animal model of spontaneous OCD-like behaviors has so far been reported to exhibit sequential super-stereotypy in the sense of a whole complex serial pattern that becomes stronger and excessively rigid. Here we used a hyper-dopaminergic mutant mouse to examine whether an OCD-like behavioral sequence in animals shows sequential super-stereotypy. Knockdown mutation of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT) causes extracellular dopamine levels in the neostriatum of these adult mutant mice to rise to 170% of wild-type control levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the serial pattern of this instinctive behavioral sequence becomes strengthened as an entire entity in hyper-dopaminergic mutants, and more resistant to interruption. Hyper-dopaminergic mutant mice have stronger and more rigid syntactic grooming chain patterns than wild-type control mice. Mutants showed sequential super-stereotypy in the sense of having more stereotyped and predictable syntactic grooming sequences, and were also more likely to resist disruption of the pattern en route, by returning after a disruption to complete the pattern from the appropriate point in the sequence. By contrast, wild-type mice exhibited weaker forms of the fixed action pattern, and often failed to complete the full sequence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sequential super-stereotypy occurs in the complex fixed action patterns of hyper-dopaminergic mutant mice. Elucidation of the basis for sequential super-stereotypy of instinctive behavior in DAT knockdown mutant mice may offer insights into neural mechanisms of overly-rigid sequences of action or thought in human patients with disorders such as Tourette's or OCD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. berridge@umich.edu
authors.forename: Kent C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Berridge
authors.forename: J Wayne
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Aldridge
authors.forename: Kimberly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Houchard
authors.forename: Xiaoxi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhuang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008818:Mice, Neurologic Mutants; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins