title: The addition of epidural morphine to ropivacaine improves epidural analgesia after lower abdominal surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the analgesic and side effects of the continuous epidural infusion of 0.2% ropivacaine combined with morphine compared to both drugs alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, both observers and patients were blinded to patient group assignment. Sixty patients scheduled to undergo lower abdominal surgery were enrolled. Patients were randomized to one of three postoperative treatment groups: 1) combination group (a combination of 0.2% ropivacaine and 0.003% morphine); 2) morphine group (0.003% morphine); or 3) ropivacaine group (0.2% ropivacaine). Postoperatively, all solutions were administered epidurally at a rate of 6 mL.hr(-1) for 24 hr. Patients were given iv flurbiprofen as a supplemental analgesic on demand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combination group showed lower visual analogue scale scores than those of patients receiving either drug alone, both at rest and on coughing. The combination group showed a slight motor block at two hours after the continuous epidural infusion, while the ropivacaine and morphine groups did not show any motor block. The incidence of itching was significantly increased in the morphine and combination groups, compared to the ropivacaine group. There was no significant difference between the numbers of patients with nausea in the three groups. No hypotension or respiratory complications were observed in the three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of epidural 0.2% ropivacaine and 0.003% morphine has more effective analgesic effects than either of the drugs alone for postoperative pain relief after lower abdominal surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, S1 W16 Chuou-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukitoshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niiyama
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawamata
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Omote
authors.forename: Akiyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Namiki
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery*; D000368:Aged; D000577:Amides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000758:Anesthesia; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003371:Cough / Q000517:prevention & control; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000077212:Ropivacaine
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; D000077212:Ropivacaine