title: Proton MR spectroscopy detected glutamate/glutamine is increased in children with traumatic brain injury.
abstract: Adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been shown by invasive methods to have increased levels of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. It is unclear whether glutamate release contributes to primary or secondary injury and whether its protracted elevation is predictive of a poor outcome. Preliminary studies at our institution in adults found that early increases in magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)-detected glutamate/glutamine (Glx) were associated with poor outcomes. We therefore studied 38 children (mean age, 11 years; range, 1.6-17 years) who had TBI with quantitative short-echo time (STEAM, TE = 20 msec) proton MRS, a mean of 7 +/- 4 (range, 1-17) days after injury in order to determine if their occipital or parietal Glx levels correlated with the severity of injury or outcome. Occipital Glx was significantly increased in children with TBI compared to controls (13.5 +/- 2.4 vs. 10.7 +/- 1.8; p = 0.002), but there was no difference between children with good compared to poor outcomes as determined by the Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category Scale score at 6-12 months after injury. We also did not find a correlation between the amount of Glx and the initial Glasgow Coma Scale score, duration of coma, nor with changes in spectral metabolites, including N-acetyl aspartate, choline, and myoinositol. In part, this may have occurred because, in this study, most patients with poor outcomes were studied later than patients with good outcomes, potentially beyond the time frame for peak elevation of Glx after injury. Additional early and late studies of patients with varying degrees of injury are required to assess the importance to the pathophysiology of TBI of this excitatory neurotransmitter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA. sashwal@ahs.llumc.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ashwal
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holshouser
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Serna
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Osterdock
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kido
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D003128:Coma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007294:Inositol / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D007294:Inositol; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D002794:Choline