title: Gender and medication use: an exploratory, multi-site study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This comparative study in four countries was designed to explore differences in women's and men's patterns of medication use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 539 individuals, 303 women and 236 men, aged 15 years and older, were interviewed in Mexico, the Philippines, Uganda, and the US. Country-specific variables and codes adapted questions and answers to local contexts, and the instrument alternated between closed- and open-ended questions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all sites, women reported using medications more frequently than men. Differences in reported use between women and men over the month preceding the survey were significant in Mexico and Uganda, but not in the two countries with the highest medication use, the Philippines and the USA. Gender differences are explained in part by differences in the frequencies with which major symptoms/conditions are reported, as women were generally more likely to report these conditions then men, but not more likely to treat symptoms or conditions with medications. This analysis also found gendered patterns of communication and information about health: women are central to the process of communication about health and therapies and they appear to draw on a richer repertoire of knowledge, perceptions and attitudes regarding medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study documents differences in patterns of medication use, with women reporting higher use than men overall. It also finds gendered patterns of use, manifested in information and perceptions surrounding medications.
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Switzerland. obermeyerc@who.int
authors.forename: Carla Makhlouf
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Obermeyer
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schulein
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hardon
authors.forename: Lynnette Leidy
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Sievert
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Aldrin C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Santiago
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lazcano
authors.forename: Edward K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kirumira
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neuman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010679:Philippines / Q000453:epidemiology; D012646:Self Administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012648:Self Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012651:Self Medication / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology