title: MR volumetric analysis of the piriform cortex and cortical amygdala in drug-refractory temporal lobe epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The assessment of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) traditionally focuses on the hippocampal formation. These patients, however, may present structural abnormalities in other brain areas. Our purpose was to develop a method to measure the combined volume of the human piriform cortex and cortical amygdala (PCA) by using MR imaging and to investigate PCA atrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The definition of anatomic landmarks on MR images was based on histologic analysis of 23 autopsy control subjects. Thirty-nine adults with chronic TLE and 23 age-matched control subjects were studied. All underwent high-spatial-resolution MR imaging at 1.5T, including a tilted T1-weighted 3D dataset. The PCA volumes were compared with the control values and further correlated with hippocampal, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex volumes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The normal volume was 530 +/- 59 mm(3) (422-644) [mean +/- 1 SD (range)] on the right and 512 +/- 60 mm(3) (406-610) on the left PCA (no asymmetry, and no age or sex effect). The intraobserver and interobserver variability were 6% and 8%, respectively. In right TLE patients, the mean right PCA volume was 18% smaller than in control subjects (P < .001) and 15% smaller than in left TLE (P < .001). In left TLE, the mean left PCA volume was 16% smaller than in control subjects (P < .001) and 19% smaller than in right TLE (P < .001). Overall, 46% (18/39) of the patients had a greater than 20% volume reduction in the ipsilateral PCA. There was bilateral atrophy in 18% (7/39). Patients with hippocampal volumes of at least 2 SDs below the control mean had an 18% reduction in the mean PCA volume compared with patients without hippocampal atrophy (P < .001). Ipsilaterally, hippocampal (r = 0.756, P < .01), amygdaloid (r = 0.548, P < .01), and entorhinal (r = 0.500, P < .01) volumes correlated with the PCA volumes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The quantification of PCA volume with MR imaging showed that the PCA is extensively damaged in chronic TLE patients, particularly in those with hippocampal atrophy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Pedro Hispano Hospital, Matosinhos, Portugal.
authors.forename: Pedro M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Gonçalves Pereira
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Insausti
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Artacho-Pérula
authors.forename: Tuuli
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Salmenperä
authors.forename: Reetta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kälviäinen
authors.forename: Asla
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pitkänen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology*; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged