title: Problems created in attenuation-corrected SPECT images by artifacts in attenuation maps: a simulation study.
abstract: The importance of accurate attenuation correction, especially for imaging of the thorax region, is widely acknowledged. Appropriate compensation methods have been developed and introduced into clinical practice. Most of these methods use attenuation maps obtained using various transmission scanning systems. However, when maps are inaccurate, the correction procedure may introduce artifacts into the final images that can be difficult to identify and might inadvertently alter diagnosis and study outcome. As a result, attenuation correction is often avoided in clinical practice. Our objective was to examine issues related to the quality of attenuation maps and the effects that map artifacts may have on attenuation-corrected emission images.
  
  
  METHODS
  The topics that are investigated include the problem of low transmission counts, cross-talk contributions from the emission isotope, truncation of the transmission data, and methods of map reconstruction and segmentation. Examples of patient studies displaying specific problems guided our investigations, but, because truth in these studies is seldom known, analytic and Monte Carlo-simulated data were used in the analysis. Attenuation maps and final emission images were visually checked for artifacts and for the presence of perfusion defects. In addition, quantitative evaluation of map uniformity, defect visibility, and size variation was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The statistical paired-sample t test showed significant (P < 0.05) improvement of relative SD for attenuation maps reconstructed with iterative methods as compared with filtered backprojection and for maps created with higher photon fluxes. When maps with artifacts were used to correct emission data, an increase in myocardial infarct size and creation of false heart defects were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study strongly recommends that at least a visual inspection of the quality of attenuation maps be performed before their use in compensation procedures. To improve image quality, remove artifacts, and increase diagnostic confidence, attenuation maps used in the correction procedure must be accurate and free of artifacts.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. aceller@physics.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Celler
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blinder
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Powe
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harrop
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013909:Thorax / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*