title: The effect of simulated school load carriage configurations on shoulder strap tension forces and shoulder interface pressure.
abstract: Recently, several studies have addressed the physical demands of school student's load carriage, in particular the load weight carried, using physical demands indicators such as oxygen consumption, gait, and posture. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different load carriage configurations on shoulder strap tension forces and shoulder interface pressure during simulated school student's load carriage. A load carriage simulator was used to compare shoulder strap forces and shoulder pressure for 32 combinations of gait speed, backpack weight, load distribution, shoulder strap length and use of a hip-belt. The results showed that the manipulation of backpack weight, hip-belt use and shoulder strap length had a strong effect on shoulder strap tension and shoulder pressure. Backpack weight had the greatest influence on shoulder strap tension and shoulder pressure, whereas hip-belt use and then shoulder strap adjustment had the next greatest effects, respectively. While it is clear that researchers and practitioners are justified in focusing on load magnitude in backpack studies as it has the greatest effect on shoulder forces, hip-belt use and shoulder strap adjustment should also be examined further as they too may have significant effects on the demands placed on backpack users. Based on the present findings, school students should wear their backpacks with the least weight possible, use the hip-belt if present, allow a reasonable amount of looseness in the shoulder straps and should position the heaviest items closest to their back. However, more detailed work using human participants needs to be undertaken before these recommendations can be confirmed.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, UNITEC, New Zealand, Private Bag 92025, Auckland, New Zealand. hmackie@unitec.ac.nz
authors.forename: Hamish W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Mackie
authors.forename: Joan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Legg
mesh_terms: D001416:Back Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D011312:Pressure; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*; D013334:Students; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*