title: Combination of Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis: a better approach for the control of Aedes aegypti larvae in water containers.
abstract: The efficacy of a local Thai-strain of the copepod, Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides and the larvicide, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti), used jointly and singly, was studied against Aedes aegypti in water containers. In a laboratory test, copepods alone produced mortality of 98-100% in 1st instar larvae of Ae. aegypti at copepod:larvae ratios ranging from 1:1 to 1:4. In an outdoor field simulated experiment that ran for 16 wk, after a single inoculation, the treatment of copepods and Bti combined yielded the better, more sustainable results than the agents used individually. Numbers of mosquito larvae per sample in the combined treatment were zero during the first 8 wk; larval numbers then increased but were maintained at a very low level for the next 4 wk after which the larval numbers increased moderately but still remained below numbers in the control. Bti alone kept the larvae at the zero level for the first 4 wk after which their numbers increased slightly and were at low levels up to 12 wk. Copepods alone maintained larval numbers at a low level as compared with those of the control. During the course of the experiment the larval numbers in the control were greater than 20 per sample. Statistically significant differences were noted among treatment means (F = 23.083, df = 3/60, P<0.01) over the total period of the study. The number of copepods in the joint treatment was significantly higher than in the copepod alone treatment for the first 8 wk (t = -4.97, df = 14, P<0.01). The density of copepods, however, for the whole 16-wk period was not significantly different in these two treatments (t = -1.51, df = 30, P>0.1).
authors.affiliation: Center for Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: U-Ruyakorn
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Chansang
authors.forename: Amaret
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhumiratana
authors.forename: Pattamaporn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kittayapong
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology*; D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis; D003445:Crustacea; D007814:Larva; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D011156:Population Density; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D014867:Water