title: Acute opioid dependence: characterizing the early adaptations underlying drug withdrawal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While opioid withdrawal is typically studied under conditions of chronic (i.e., continuous) drug administration, withdrawal signs can also be demonstrated in both humans and animals after a single opioid exposure. This phenomenon, termed acute dependence, may be useful in understanding the early stages of opioid dependence and addiction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review provides an overview of acute dependence by comparing withdrawal from acute and chronic opioid exposure across dimensions ranging from symptomatology to neural substrates. Assessment of repeated withdrawals from acute opioid administration is also presented as a tool for better understanding the adaptive changes induced by multiple drug exposures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although not identical phenomena, acute and chronic dependence share a number of characteristics. Examining potentiations of withdrawal severity across multiple acute opioid exposures may be especially valuable in characterizing the development of drug dependence. Further study of acute dependence promises to lead to more effective treatments for opioid withdrawal and addiction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gewirtz
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D011600:Psychopharmacology / Q000379:methods; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*