title: Transmission disequilibrium tests confirm the link between DRD4 gene polymorphism and infant attachment.
abstract: Following up the results of a previous population association study (Lakatos et al. [2000: Mol Psychiatry 5:633-637; Lakatos et al. [2002: Mol Psychiatry 7:27-31]) by analyses based on parental genetic data confirmed the link between infant attachment and the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene. Extended transmission disequilibrium tests (ETDT) were performed to determine whether biased transmission of exon III 48 basepair repeat alleles occurred to infants displaying disorganized and secure attachment behavior with their mothers. The overall allele-wise TDTs were significant for both groups (P = 0.038 and 0.020, respectively): a trend for preferential transmission of the seven-repeat allele to disorganized infants was observed (TDT(chi)(2) = 3.27, df = 1, P = 0.071), and there was a significant non-transmission of the same allele to securely attached infants (TDT(chi)(2) = 6.00, df = 1, P = 0.014). Analysis of haplotypes of the exon III repeat and the -521 C/T promoter polymorphisms in family trios showed that the transmission bias in the larger secure group was due to the low-rate transmission of the T.7 haplotype containing both the seven-repeat and the -521 T alleles (TDT(chi)(2) = 4.46, df = 1, P = 0.035). This suggests that not carrying the T.7 haplotype of the DRD4 gene may act as a resilience factor in the optimal development of early attachment.
authors.affiliation: Social Development Group, Institute for Psychology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 398, Budapest, 1394 Hungary. gervju@mtapi.hu
authors.forename: Judit
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gervai
authors.forename: Zsofia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Nemoda
authors.forename: Krisztina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lakatos
authors.forename: Zsolt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ronai
authors.forename: Ildiko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Toth
authors.forename: Krisztina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ney
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sasvari-Szekely
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D009679:Nuclear Family; D009769:Object Attachment; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C493599:DRD4 protein, human; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4