title: DNA damage sensors ATM, ATR, DNA-PKcs, and PARP-1 are dispensable for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integration.
abstract: Integration of a DNA copy of the viral RNA genome is a crucial step in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other retroviruses. While the virally encoded integrase is key to this process, cellular factors yet to be characterized are suspected to participate in its completion. DNA damage sensors such as ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated), ATR (ATM- and Rad3-related), DNA-PK (DNA-dependent protein kinase), and PARP-1 [poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1] play central roles in responses to various forms of DNA injury and as such could facilitate HIV integration. To test this hypothesis, we examined the susceptibility to infection with wild-type HIV-1 and to transduction with a vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G)-pseudotyped HIV-1-derived lentiviral vector of human cells stably expressing small interfering RNAs against ATM, ATR, and PARP-1. We found that integration normally occurred in these knockdown cells. Similarly, the VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1-based vector could effectively transduce ATM and PARP-1 knockout mouse cells as well as human cells deficient for DNA-PK. Finally, treatment of target cells with the ATM and ATR inhibitors caffeine and wortmannin was without effect in these infectivity assays. We conclude that the DNA repair enzymes ATM, ATR, DNA-PKcs, and PARP-1 are not essential for HIV-1 integration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ariumi
authors.forename: Priscilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Turelli
authors.forename: Mitsuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masutani
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trono
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D001483:Base Sequence; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004249:DNA Damage; D051747:DNA-Activated Protein Kinase; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016662:Virus Integration / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C028391:G protein, vesicular stomatitis virus; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D004247:DNA; C499321:Parp1 protein, mouse; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; C576897:Atr protein, mouse; C576324:ATM protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; C576325:Atm protein, mouse; D051747:DNA-Activated Protein Kinase; C497263:PRKDC protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases