title: Down-regulation of S100C is associated with bladder cancer progression and poor survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to identify proteins down-regulated during bladder cancer progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using comparative proteome analysis and measurement of mRNA, we found a significant down-regulation of S100C, a member of the S100 family of proteins, in T24 (grade 3) as compared with RT4 (grade 1) bladder cancer cell lines. Moreover, quantification of the mRNA level revealed that decreased expression of the protein reflects a low level of transcription of the S100C gene. Based on this observation, we quantified the S100C mRNA expression level with real-time PCR in bladder cancer biopsy samples obtained from 88 patients followed for a median of 23 months (range, 1-97 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a significantly lower mRNA expression of S100C in connective tissue invasive tumors (T1, P = 0.0030) and muscle invasive tumors [(T2-T4), P < 0.0001] compared with superficial tumors (Ta). A negative correlation between S100C and histopathologic grade (P = 0.0003) was also observed. Furthermore, the papillary type showed higher expression of S100C than did the solid type of the tumor (P < 0.0001). Importantly, we found that loss of S100C was associated with survival in bladder cancer patients (P = 0.0006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that low expression of S100C is associated with poor survival in patients with bladder cancer. Furthermore, loss of S100C in T1 as compared with Ta stage tumors emphasize that S100C expression is suppressed early during bladder cancer development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, AS, Aarhus University Hospital, Norrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. amemo@akh.aaa.dk
authors.forename: Ashfaque Ahmed
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Memon
authors.forename: Boe Sandahl
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Sorensen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meldgaard
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fokdal
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thykjaer
authors.forename: Ebba
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nexo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D020543:Proteome; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D015996:Survival Rate; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D020543:Proteome; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009418:S100 Proteins; C072337:S100A11 protein, human