title: Adequate margins for random setup uncertainties in head-and-neck IMRT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of random setup uncertainties on the highly conformal dose distributions produced by intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for clinical head-and-neck cancer patients and to determine adequate margins to account for those uncertainties.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have implemented in our clinical treatment planning system the possibility of simulating normally distributed patient setup displacements, translations, and rotations. The planning CT data of 8 patients with Stage T1-T3N0M0 oropharyngeal cancer were used. The clinical target volumes of the primary tumor (CTV(primary)) and of the lymph nodes (CTV(elective)) were expanded by 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0 mm in all directions, creating the planning target volumes (PTVs). We performed IMRT dose calculation using our class solution for each PTV margin, resulting in the conventional static plans. Then, the system recalculated the plan for each positioning displacement derived from a normal distribution with sigma = 2 mm and sigma = 4 mm (standard deviation) for translational deviations and sigma = 1 degrees for rotational deviations. The dose distributions of the 30 fractions were summed, resulting in the actual plan. The CTV dose coverage of the actual plans was compared with that of the static plans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Random translational deviations of sigma = 2 mm and rotational deviations of sigma = 1 degrees did not affect the CTV(primary) volume receiving 95% of the prescribed dose (V(95)) regardless of the PTV margin used. A V(95) reduction of 3% and 1% for a 0.0-mm and 1.5-mm PTV margin, respectively, was observed for sigma = 4 mm. The V(95) of the CTV(elective) contralateral was approximately 1% and 5% lower than that of the static plan for sigma = 2 mm and sigma = 4 mm, respectively, and for PTV margins <5.0 mm. An additional reduction of 1% was observed when rotational deviations were included. The same effect was observed for the CTV(elective) ipsilateral but with smaller dose differences than those for the contralateral side. The effect of the random uncertainties on the mean dose to the parotid glands was not significant. The maximal dose to the spinal cord increased by a maximum of 3 Gy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The margins to account for random setup uncertainties, in our clinical IMRT solution, should be 1.5 mm and 3.0 mm in the case of sigma = 2 mm and sigma = 4 mm, respectively, for the CTV(primary). Larger margins (5.0 mm), however, should be applied to the CTV(elective), if the goal of treatment is a V(95) value of at least 99%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands. e.astreinidou@azu.nl
authors.forename: Eleftheria
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Astreinidou
authors.forename: Arjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bel
authors.forename: Cornelis P J
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Raaijmakers
authors.forename: Chris H J
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Terhaard
authors.forename: Jan J W
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lagendijk
mesh_terms: D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D035501:Uncertainty