title: Longitudinal PSA changes in men with and without prostate cancer: assessment of prostate cancer risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine longitudinal PSA changes over a period of 10 years in patients with and without prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serial PSA measurements performed over 10 years were evaluated in 353 men who eventually developed prostate cancer and in 2.462 participants of a screening program without prostatic malignancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men with cancer, mean tPSA increased from 2.28 ng/ml at 10 years before diagnosis to 6.37 ng/ml at the time of postive biopsy (PSA velocity: 0.409 ng/ml/year). PSA velocity was significantly associated with Gleason scores and pathologic stage. In the benign group (n=2.462), mean tPSA increased from 1.18 to 1.49 ng/ml over a period of 10 years (PSA velocity of 0.03 ng/ml/year). Of the subjects with tPSA levels of 2 ng/ml or less, 2 years prior to cancer diagnosis, 11.4% had tPSA values of more than 4 ng/ml at the time of biopsy. Of the 972 men with tPSA below 1 ng/ml 2 years before the most recent measurement was obtained, 966 (99.4%) had no evidence of prostate cancer 2 years later, while six were found to have malignancies (0.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longitudinal PSA changes in men with and without prostate cancer are significantly different. Annual testing may not be required in men with baseline tPSA levels of 1 ng/ml or below, whereas in patients with levels higher than 1 ng/ml, it seems to be indicated because of the significant percentage of men presenting with tPSA levels of more than 4 ng/ml two years later.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. andreas.p.berger@uibk.ac.at
authors.forename: Andreas P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deibl
authors.forename: Hannes
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: Jasmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bektic
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pelzer
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spranger
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klocker
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Horninger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen