Glycolipids as receptors for Bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxin.
The development of pest resistance threatens the effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins used in transgenic and organic farming. Here, we demonstrate that (i) the major mechanism for Bt toxin resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans entails a loss of glycolipid carbohydrates; (ii) Bt toxin directly and specifically binds glycolipids; and (iii) this binding is carbohydrate-dependent and relevant for toxin action in vivo. These carbohydrates contain the arthroseries core conserved in insects and nematodes but lacking in vertebrates. We present evidence that insect glycolipids are also receptors for Bt toxin.
Griffitts
Joel S
JS
Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0349, USA.
Haslam
Stuart M
SM
Yang
Tinglu
T
Garczynski
Stephan F
SF
Mulloy
Barbara
B
Morris
Howard
H
Cremer
Paul S
PS
Dell
Anne
A
Adang
Michael J
MJ
Aroian
Raffi V
RV
D000818:Animals; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D001665:Binding Sites; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D005690:Galactose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006017:Glycolipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D006028:Glycosphingolipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D016695:Glycosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D008756:Methylgalactosides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008757:Methylglucosides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000032:analysis; D009154:Mutation
D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006017:Glycolipids; D006028:Glycosphingolipids; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D008756:Methylgalactosides; D008757:Methylglucosides; D009005:Monosaccharides; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis; C031552:methyl beta-galactoside; C027020:methylglucoside; C479824:Bre-2 protein, C elegans; D016695:Glycosyltransferases; D005690:Galactose