title: Differentiating lifting technique between those who develop low back pain and those who do not.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No research to date has been able to discriminate differences in lifting technique for healthy individuals who eventually develop low back pain compared to those that do not while employed in a manual materials handling industry. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the ability of principal component analysis to identify differences in lifting technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Principal component analysis was applied to sixteen kinematic and kinetic waveforms describing the two-dimensional motion of the trunk and load. The principal component scores for each variable were used as the dependent measures in a one-way ANOVA to determine group differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant group differences (P<0.05) were found for five of the principal component scores capturing associated kinematic waveform patterns related to the control and placement of the box on the shelf, and associated kinetic waveform patterns related to the relative timing of extension moment generation in the sacral and thoracic regions. A related waveform pattern for trunk compression was also found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the coordinated movements involved in tasks such as lifting, differences among clinical populations have been difficult to demonstrate empirically. We were able to identify different characteristics in lifting kinematics and kinetics prior to the development of low back pain. Principal component analysis was able to identify important biomechanical differences where traditional analyses failed. This is the first study to identify such lifting differences prior to the development of low back pain.
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, Canada E3B 5A3. allan.wrigley@unb.ca
authors.forename: Allan T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Wrigley
authors.forename: Wayne J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Deluzio
authors.forename: Joan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stevenson
mesh_terms: D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D017770:Lifting; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013131:Spine / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016474:Weight-Bearing