title: Biomarker research in occupational health.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A variety of biomarkers have been used to study worker populations, and these studies have achieved different levels of success in the improvement of occupational health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Successful application of biomarker research is dependent upon several important factors: ability to identify hazardous substances from the exposure to a variety of substances, relevance to the development of disease, and usefulness for health risk assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Besides the traditional biomarkers for exposure, biological effects, and health risk, new biomarkers for susceptibility and genome-wide responses are being used to improve our understanding of occupational health at a higher and, perhaps, more precise level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition, there is a continued need to develop and apply biomarkers that can be used to provide real-time detection of excessive exposure to hazardous substances in the workplace, especially from unexpected fugitive emissions. These topics are discussed in the review.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas, Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1110, USA. william.au@utmb.edu
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Christiani
mesh_terms: D001554:Benzene / Q000378:metabolism / Q000506:poisoning; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016272:Occupational Health; D012106:Research
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005819:Genetic Markers; D001554:Benzene