title: Promoting the safety and use of hormonal contraceptives.
abstract: Nearly one half of all pregnancies in the United States are unintended despite the availability of safe and effective contraceptives. The morbidity and mortality from unintended pregnancy are not insignificant. Currently available hormonal contraceptives are very effective, safe, and available for most American women. National and international institutions have removed the pelvic examination as a requirement for initiating the prescription for hormonal contraceptives, substituting instead a medical history and a blood pressure measurement. However, problems with uneven access, prescription requirements, conflicting information on the package instructions for initiating and continuing use, and incorrect perceptions of excess risk of contraceptive products may lead women to use them less than effectively or not at all. Newer progestins have been shown to have more risk of thrombosis than older formulations, instead of improved safety. In considering how hormonal contraceptives might be made safer, recommendations are made for improved availability and effective use. These include expanding the numbers and types of providers and the compensation for these services; reconsidering the need for prescription; revising labels to reflect the safety of the current formulations; communicating the safety of the current formulations; encouraging the use of the older progestins; exploring alternate schedules, such as extended or continuous oral contraceptive (OC) use; promoting same-day initiation of methods rather than waiting for menses; and ensuring universal access to emergency contraception as an adjunct to effective ongoing contraceptive methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. jsgardne@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods*; D003268:Contraception Behavior; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003376:Counseling / Q000592:standards; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000592:standards; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000592:standards*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female