title: Cellular and subcellular calcium accumulation during glutamate-induced injury in cerebellar granule neurons.
abstract: Abstract We have investigated the role of Ca2+ accumulation and neuronal injury in cerebellar granule neurons after glutamate receptor overactivation. After the removal of the free cytosolic Ca2+ we identified an extensive second Ca2+ fraction (SCF) that is retained within the neurons after glutamate receptor overactivation. The SCF reaches a plateau within 10 min with the magnitude of this SCF accumulation reflecting the extent of the neuronal injury that occurs within the neurons. The existence of this SCF is sensitive to both NMDA receptor antagonists and mitochondrial inhibitors but is unaffected by agents that deplete endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+, indicating that this Ca2+ fraction may be located within the mitochondria. Through the isolation of mitochondria from cerebellar granule neurons treated with glutamate we have shown that the majority of the SCF is mitochondrial in location. On the removal of the glutamate stimulus the SCF recovers at a slower rate than the free Ca2+ concentration within the neuron. This is intriguing, as it implies a capacity to remember previous excitatory events. Most significantly we have shown that a short pre-application of subthreshold glutamate or kainate blocks both SCF Ca2+ accumulation and extensive neuronal injury in response to high concentrations of glutamate. These findings may be relevant to the observations of pre-conditioning in the brain and heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland. mward2@rcsi.ie
authors.forename: Manus W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Yulia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kushnareva
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Greenwood
authors.forename: Christopher N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Connolly
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000408:Alamethicin; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002127:Calcium Isotopes / Q000378:metabolism; D002259:Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone / Q000494:pharmacology; D002452:Cell Count; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002458:Cell Fractionation / Q000379:methods; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D016257:Fura-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D005998:Glycine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006836:Hydro-Lyases / Q000378:metabolism; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects*; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011419:Propidium; D011810:Quinoxalines; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002127:Calcium Isotopes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D007211:Indoles; D007476:Ionophores; D011810:Quinoxalines; C062865:2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline; D000408:Alamethicin; D011419:Propidium; D002259:Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D006836:Hydro-Lyases; C045581:lactate dehydratase; D002118:Calcium; D005998:Glycine; D016257:Fura-2; C000543:cyclopiazonic acid