Acute effects of cigarette smoking on inflammation in healthy intermittent smokers.
BACKGROUND
Chronic smoking is the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Knowledge on the response to the initial smoke exposures might enhance the understanding of changes due to chronic smoking, since repetitive acute smoke effects may cumulate and lead to irreversible lung damage.


METHODS
We investigated acute effects of smoking on inflammation in 16 healthy intermittent smokers in an open randomised cross-over study. We compared effects of smoking of two cigarettes on inflammatory markers in exhaled air, induced sputum, blood and urine at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 192 hours and outcomes without smoking. All sputum and blood parameters were log transformed and analysed using a linear mixed effect model.


RESULTS
Significant findings were: Smoking increased exhaled carbon monoxide between 0 and 1 hour, and induced a greater decrease in blood eosinophils and sputum lymphocytes between 0 and 3 hours compared to non-smoking. Compared to non-smoking, smoking induced a greater interleukin-8 release from stimulated blood cells between 0 and 3 hours, and a greater increase in sputum lymphocytes and neutrophils between 3 and 12 hours.


CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that besides an increase in inflammation, as known from chronic smoking, there is also a suppressive effect of smoking two cigarettes on particular inflammatory parameters.
van der Vaart
Hester
H
Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. h.van.der.vaart@int.umcg.nl <h.van.der.vaart@int.umcg.nl>
Postma
Dirkje S
DS
Timens
Wim
W
Hylkema
Machteld N
MN
Willemse
Brigitte W M
BW
Boezen
H Marike
HM
Vonk
Judith M
JM
de Reus
Dorothea M
DM
Kauffman
Henk F
HF
ten Hacken
Nick H T
NH
D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001944:Breath Tests; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*
D016207:Cytokines
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