title: Motivation and burnout among top amateur rugby players.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-determination theory has proven to be a useful theoretical explanation of the occurrence of ill-being on a variety of accounts. Self-determination theory may also provide a useful explanation of the occurrence of athlete burnout. To date, limited evidence exists to support links between motivation and burnout.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine relationships and potential causal directions among burnout and types of motivation differing in degree of self-determination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected on burnout using the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire and Sport Motivation Scale from 392 top amateur male rugby players. Structural equation modeling procedures were employed to evaluate a measurement model and three conceptually grounded structural models. One conceptual model specified concomitant (noncausal) relationships between burnout and motivations varying in self-determination. The other conceptual models specified causal pathways between burnout and the three motivation variables considered in the investigation (i.e., intrinsic motivation, external regulation, and amotivation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within the models, amotivation, the least self-determined type of motivation, had a large positive association with burnout. Externally regulated motivation had trivial and nonsignificant relationships with burnout. Self-determined forms of motivation (i.e., intrinsic motivation) exhibited significant negative associations with burnout.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall the results support the potential utility of a self-determination theory explanation of burnout. As all models displayed reasonable and comparable fits, further research is required to establish the nature (concomitant vs directional causal vs reciprocal causal) of the relationship between burnout and motivation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Movement and Exercise Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, AUSTRALIA. scott@sportpsychology.co.nz
authors.forename: Scott L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cresswell
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Eklund
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000523:psychology*; D005538:Football / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009042:Motivation; D010551:Personality; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires