title: Posterior subtenon triamcinolone acetonide for refractory diabetic macular edema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate posterior subtenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide for refractory diabetic macular edema (DME).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, interventional, case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with persistent clinically significant DME involving the center of the fovea 3 or more months after one or more treatments of focal macular photocoagulation were included. Exclusion criteria were a history of corticosteroid-responsive intraocular pressure (IOP) rise, intraocular surgery within 3 months, and any laser treatment within 1 month.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients received an ophthalmic history and examination including best-corrected Snellen visual acuity, IOP measurement, anterior segment examination including evaluation of lens status with LOCS II criteria, dilated fundus examination, and a posterior subtenon injection of 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide at baseline. Patients were reevaluated at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-three injections were performed in 63 eyes of 50 patients. The mean baseline visual acuity was 20/80. Mean visual acuity significantly improved to 20/50 at 1 month, then stabilized to 20/65 at 3 months, 20/68 at 6 months, and 20/63 at 12 months. Complications were rare, with a transient significant rise in intraocular pressure at the 3-month evaluation and ptosis in two patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual acuities remained stable or improved over a 12-month period after posterior subtenon triamcinolone injections for refractory DME. There was a statistically significant improvement in visual acuity at 1 month.
authors.affiliation: Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 4195, USA.
authors.forename: Sophie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bakri
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kaiser
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000187:drug effects; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide