title: National symptom surveillance using calls to a telephone health advice service--United Kingdom, December 2001-February 2003.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent terrorist activity has highlighted the need to improve surveillance systems for the early detection of chemical or biologic attacks. A new national surveillance system in the United Kingdom (UK) examines symptoms reported to NHS Direct, a telephone health advice service.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the surveillance system is to identify an increase in symptoms indicative of early stages of illness caused either by a deliberate release of a biologic or chemical agent or by common infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data relating to 10 key syndromes (primarily respiratory and gastrointestinal) are received electronically from 23 call centers covering England and Wales. Data are analyzed daily and statistically significant excesses, termed exceedances, in calls are automatically highlighted and assessed by a multidisciplinary team.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During December 2001-February 2003, a total of 1,811 exceedances occurred, of which 126 required further investigation and 16 resulted in alerts to local or national health-protection teams. Examples of these investigations are described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surveillance of call-center data has detected substantial levels of specific syndromes at both national and regional levels. Although no deliberate release of a biologic or chemical agent has been detected thus far by this or any other surveillance system in the UK, the NHS Direct surveillance system continues to be refined.
authors.affiliation: Health Protection Agency West Midlands, Floor 2, Lincoln House, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, England B9 5SS. Duncan.Cooper@HPA.org.uk
authors.forename: Duncan L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chinemana
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Verlander
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gerard
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hollyoak
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Griffiths
mesh_terms: D023482:Bioterrorism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015277:Hotlines; D006801:Humans; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D013222:State Medicine; D006113:United Kingdom