title: Deep freezing of concentrated boar semen for intra-uterine insemination: effects on sperm viability.
abstract: The use of deep-frozen boar semen for artificial insemination (AI) is constrained by the need for high sperm numbers per dose, yielding few doses per ejaculate. With the advancement of new, intra-uterine insemination strategies, there is an opportunity for freezing small volumes containing high sperm numbers, provided the spermatozoa properly sustain cryopreservation. The present study aimed to concentrate (2 x 10(9) spz/mL) and freeze boar spermatozoa packed in a 0.5 mL volume plastic medium straw (MS) or a multiple FlatPack (MFP) (four 0.7 mL volume segments of a single FlatPack [SFP]) intended as AI doses for intra-uterine AI. A single freezing protocol was used, with a conventional FlatPack (SFP, 5 x 10(9) spz/5 mL volume) as control. Sperm viability post-thaw was monitored as sperm motility (measured by computer-assisted sperm analysis, CASA), as plasma membrane integrity (PMI, assessed either by SYBR-14/PI, combined with flow cytometry, or a rapid hypo-osmotic swelling test [sHOST]). Sperm motility did not differ statistically (NS) between test-packages and control, neither in terms of overall sperm motility (range of means: 37-46%) nor sperm velocity. The percentages of linearly motile spermatozoa were, however, significantly higher in controls (SFP) than in the test packages. Spermatozoa frozen in the SFP (control) and MFP depicted the highest PMI (54 and 49%, respectively) compared to MS (38%, P < 0.05) when assessed with flow cytometry. In absolute numbers, more viable spermatozoa post-thaw were present in the MFP dose than in the MS (P < 0.05). Inter-boar variation was present, albeit only significant for MS (sperm motility) and SFP (PMI). In conclusion, the results indicate that boar spermatozoa can be successfully frozen when concentrated in a small volume.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ullsvägen 14 C, Clinical Centre, P.O. Box 7039 Ultuna, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saravia
authors.forename: Margareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wallgren
authors.forename: Szabolcs
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johannisson
authors.forename: Heriberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Martínez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D048429:Cell Size; D002470:Cell Survival; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000662:veterinary; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007038:Hypotonic Solutions; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D007038:Hypotonic Solutions