title: The invasive Korea and Japan types of Varroa destructor, ectoparasitic mites of the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera), are two partly isolated clones.
abstract: Varroa destructor, now a major pest of the Western honeybee, Apis mellifera, switched from its original host, the Eastern honeybee, A. cerana, ca. 50 years ago. So far, only two out of several known mitochondrial haplotypes of V. destructor have been found to be capable of reproducing on A. mellifera (Korea and Japan). These haplotypes are associated in almost complete cytonuclear disequilibrium to diagnostic alleles at 11 microsatellite loci. By contrast, microsatellite polymorphism within each type is virtually absent, because of a severe bottleneck at the time of host change. Accordingly, 12 mitochondrial sequences of 5185 nucleotides displayed 0.40% of nucleotide divergence between haplotypes and no intra haplotype variation. Hence, each type has a quasi-clonal structure. The nascent intratype variability is subsequent to the clone formation 50 years ago: in both types the variant alleles differ from the most common by one (in 10 cases), two (five cases) or three (one case) repeated motifs. In addition to individuals of the two 'pure' types, five F1 hybrids and 19 recombinant individuals (Japan alleles introgressed into the Korea genetic background) were detected. The existence of F1 and recombinant individuals in admixed populations requires that double infestations of honeybee cells occur in a high proportion but the persistence of pure types suggests a post-zygotic isolation between the two clones.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Populations, Génétique et Evolution, CNRS, F91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France. solignac@pge.cnrs-gif.fr
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Solignac
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cornuet
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vautrin
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Le Conte
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cros-Arteil
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navajas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001516:Bees / Q000469:parasitology*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D018703:Founder Effect; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics*; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D008925:Mites / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
references.citation: Genetics. 1993 Mar;133(3):737-49
references.pmid: 8454213
references.citation: Exp Appl Acarol. 2002;27(1-2):69-78
references.pmid: 12593513
references.citation: Biochem Genet. 1997 Oct;35(9-10):327-35
references.pmid: 9475957
references.citation: Exp Appl Acarol. 2000 Mar;24(3):165-89
references.pmid: 11108385
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Apr 12;91(8):3166-70
references.pmid: 8159720
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 May 23;97(11):5948-53
references.pmid: 10811892
references.citation: Genetics. 1998 Sep;150(1):487-97
references.pmid: 9725863
references.citation: Genetics. 2003 Jun;164(2):781-7
references.pmid: 12807796
references.citation: Trends Ecol Evol. 1999 Aug;14(8):312-315
references.pmid: 10407428
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2002 Dec;19(12):2313-7
references.pmid: 12446822
references.citation: Heredity (Edinb). 1998 Jun;80 ( Pt 6):742-52
references.pmid: 9675873
references.citation: Mol Ecol. 2000 Sep;9(9):1436-8
references.pmid: 10972785
references.citation: Biotechniques. 1991 Apr;10(4):506-13
references.pmid: 1867860
references.citation: Naturwissenschaften. 1999 Nov;86(11):540-3
references.pmid: 10551950