title: [Tuberculous meningitis: a review of 27 years].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the features and outcome of children with tuberculous meningitis (TM) in a tertiary hospital in Madrid, with special emphasis on the possible influence of HIV infection, immigration and withdrawal of the Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in Madrid in 1987.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the medical records of patients with TM diagnosed over a 27-year period (1977-2003). TM was diagnosed on the basis of compatible cytochemical findings in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plus a) isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in CSF or gastric fluid; b) positive Mantoux test, or c) previous contact with active tuberculosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight cases of TM were diagnosed. There were 24 cases (85 %) in the first 14 years versus only four cases (15 %) in the last 13 years. None of the children was co-infected with HIV. The median age was 3 years and 4 months. Only two of these had received the BCG vaccine. The source of infection was identified in 64 %. At admission, 57 % had nuchal rigidity, 46 % had neurological focality, and 54 % had an abnormal chest roentgenogram. The Mantoux purified protein derivative (PPD) test was positive in 89 % at diagnosis. Zhiel-Nielsen smear in CSF was positive in 3.5 %, and a positive culture from CSF was obtained in 32 %. Computed tomography scan was performed in 22 children and showed hydrocephalus in 90 %. All patients were treated with four drugs, with no significant adverse events. Corticoids (89 %), ventricular-peritoneal shunt (43 %) and antiepileptic drugs (39 %) were widely used as complementary treatments. Mortality was 12 %. Half of the patients had sequels, which were mostly permanent. The most frequent and severe complication was neurodevelopmental delay (21 %). Severe sequels occurred in children with more advanced stages of illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of TM has decreased in the last 15 years, despite the emergence of HIV and immigration from countries where tuberculosis is endemic. These data are in agreement with the general reduction of the incidence of TM in our environment. Withdrawal of the BCG vaccine in Madrid in 1987 did not increase cases of TM in our hospital; on the contrary, these have decreased. A considerable percentage of children with advanced stages of TM show severe sequels.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Infantil Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jordán Jiménez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tagarro García
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baquero Artigao
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: del Castillo Martín
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borque Andrés
authors.forename: María P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: García Miguel
mesh_terms: D001500:BCG Vaccine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D014390:Tuberculosis, Meningeal / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine