Gestational exposure to cigarette smoke imperils the long-term physical and mental health of offspring.
BACKGROUND
In this study, we sought to understand whether prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke would be associated with increased offspring hospitalization through age 22 years for various physical and mental health diagnoses.


METHODS
We used multivariate logistic regression to investigate the relationship between gestational exposure to cigarette smoke and offspring hospitalization for physical and mental health conditions based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD; World Health Organization) diagnoses.


RESULTS
When controlling for parental psychiatric status, maternal somatic health, socioeconomic status, parity, and maternal age, youth born to mothers who smoked six or more cigarettes per day were more likely to have experienced hospitalization for neuroses (OR, 1.97), diseases of the nervous system (i.e., neurological disorders) (OR, 1.47), respiratory infections (OR, 1.28), accidents (OR, 1.44), infections (OR, 1.54), undiagnosed symptoms (OR, 1.65), and total admissions (OR, 1.48). Female offspring prenatally exposed were more likely to have experienced hospitalization for obstetric complications (OR, 2.94). No association was found for the remaining categories analyzed: blood disorders, skin diseases, psychoses, metabolic/endocrine disease, circulatory disease, digestive disease, disease of the skeletal/muscular system, physical anomalies, neoplasms, and genital/urinary disease.


CONCLUSIONS
This is the first study to investigate the impact of gestational exposure to cigarette smoke on global measures of somatic and physical health in offspring. This study adds to the literature by demonstrating that smoking during pregnancy increases offspring risk for additional health outcomes not previously recognized in the literature, and that the effect of smoking during pregnancy persists throughout the developmental period. The possibility that these findings are related to lifestyle markers or smoke exposure during childhood should also be considered.
Dombrowski
Stefan C
SC
Graduate Education, School of Psychology, Rider University, 2083 Lawrenceville Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA. sdombrowski@rider.edu
Martin
Roy P
RP
Huttunen
Matti O
MO
D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*