title: Safety and immunogenicity of concomitant versus nonconcomitant administration of hepatitis B, tetanus-diphtheria, and measles-mumps-rubella vaccines in healthy eleven- to twelve-year-olds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study safety and immunogenicity of concomitant administration of hepatitis B (HB), Tetanus-diphtheria (Td), and Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccines in healthy 11-12-year-olds.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ninety-seven healthy 11-12-year-olds from the general community were randomized in an unblinded study to concomitant vaccination with Recombivax HB brand of HB vaccine and Td and MMR vaccines or to HB given at a separate time from Td and MMR vaccination. Primary analyses were for induction of protective immunity and safety. Secondary endpoints were mean geometric antibody titers for HB and a boosting effect for Td and MMR. Differences in immunogenicity were analyzed using the one-sided Pearson's Chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concomitant vaccination for HB, Td, and MMR had a significantly increased incidence of headache, red eyes, and rash compared with nonconcomitant vaccination. There was no significant difference in incidence of serious adverse events, rates of protective immunity, or in secondary endpoints.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concomitant HB, Td, and MMR vaccination in 11-12-year-olds is as safe and immunogenic as nonconcomitant vaccination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. wcassi@lsuchsc.edu
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Adamadia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deforest
authors.forename: Bagher
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Forghani
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Virella
authors.forename: Charmaine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Venters
mesh_terms: D000917:Antibody Formation; D002648:Child; D022422:Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D005076:Exanthema / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D008297:Male; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D022422:Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine