title: Genotoxic risk assessment in white blood cells of occupationally exposed workers before and after alteration of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) profile in the production material: comparison with PAH air and urinary metabolite levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Workers in various industries can be exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The relationship between biomarkers of genotoxic risk, PAH compounds in air (ambient monitoring) and PAH metabolites in urine (internal exposure) were studied in 17 workers exposed to PAHs in a fireproof-material producing plant before and 3 months after the PAH profile was altered in the binding pitch.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two biomarkers of exposure, specific DNA adducts of (+/-)-r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (anti-BPDE) and non-specific DNA adduct of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) were determined in white blood cells (WBCs). In addition, DNA strand breaks were analysed in lymphocytes by single-cell gel electrophoresis in a genotoxic risk assessment. Sixteen PAH compounds in air were determined by personal air sampling, and hydroxylated metabolites of phenanthrene, pyrene and naphthalene were determined in urine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After substitution of the binding pitch the concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene in air decreased (P<0.01). No changes could be observed for pyrene, while levels of phenanthrene (P=0.0013) and naphthalene (P=0.0346) in air increased. Consequently, median DNA adduct rates of anti-BPDE decreased after alteration of the production material (from 0.9 to <0.5 adducts/10(8) nucleotides). No changes in the excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine could be determined, whereas increased levels of 1-, 2+9-, 3- and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (P<0.0001) and 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol (P=0.0072) were found in urine. In addition, a statistically significant increase in DNA strand break frequencies (P<0.01) and elevated 8-oxodGuo adduct levels (P=0.7819, not statistically significant) were found in the WBCs of exposed workers 3 months after the PAH profile in the binding pitch had been altered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results presented here show that the increased concentration of naphthalene and/or phenanthrene in the air at the work place could induce the formation of DNA strand breaks and alkali-labile sites in WBCs of exposed workers.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Occupational Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany. marczynski@bgfa.ruhr-uni-bochum.de
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marczynski
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Preuss
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mensing
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Angerer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seidel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El Mourabit
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brüning
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004249:DNA Damage; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers; D018736:DNA Adducts; D009153:Mutagens; D009281:Naphthalenes; D010616:Phenanthrenes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; C031721:naphthalene; C031181:phenanthrene
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