title: Origin of the endemic fern genus Diellia coincides with the renewal of Hawaiian terrestrial life in the Miocene.
abstract: The enigmatic fern genus Diellia, endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago, consists of five extant and one recently extinct species. Diellia is morphologically highly variable, and a unique combination of characters has led to several contrasting hypotheses regarding the relationship of Diellia to other ferns. A phylogenetic analysis of four chloroplast loci places Diellia within 'black-stemmed' rock spleenworts of the species-rich genus Asplenium, as previously suggested by W. H. Wagner. Using an external calibration point, we estimate the divergence of the Diellia lineage from its nearest relatives to have occurred at ca. 24.3 Myr ago matching an independent estimate for the renewal of Hawaiian terrestrial life (ca. 23 Myr ago). We therefore suggest that the ancestor of the Diellia lineage may have been among the first successful colonists of the newly emerging islands in the archipelago. Disparity between morphological and nucleotide sequence variation within Diellia is consistent with a recent rapid radiation. Our estimated time of the Diellia radiation (ca. 2 Myr ago) is younger than the oldest island of Kaua'i (ca. 5.1 Myr ago) but older than the younger major islands of Maui (ca. 1.3 Myr ago), Lana'i (ca. 1.3 Myr ago) and Hawaii (ca. 0.43 Myr ago).
authors.affiliation: Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, George-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. hschnei3@gwdg.de
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Tom A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ranker
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cranfill
authors.forename: Jennifer M O
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Geiger
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aguraiuja
authors.forename: Ken R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grundmann
authors.forename: Keelie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kloberdanz
authors.forename: Johannes C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Vogel
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D017931:DNA Primers; D018742:DNA, Chloroplast / Q000235:genetics; D017753:Ecosystem; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D029624:Ferns / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics*; D005843:Geography; D006254:Hawaii; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011157:Population Dynamics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D018742:DNA, Chloroplast
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