title: Differential time courses and specificity of amygdala activity in posttraumatic stress disorder subjects and normal control subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous neuroimaging studies have demonstrated exaggerated amygdala responses to negative stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The time course of this amygdala response is largely unstudied and is relevant to questions of habituation and sensitization in PTSD exposure therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We applied blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging and statistical parametric mapping to study amygdala responses to trauma-related and nontrauma-related emotional words in sexual/physical abuse PTSD and normal control subjects. We examined the time course of this response by separate analysis of early and late epochs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTSD versus normal control subjects have a relatively increased initial amygdala response to trauma-related negative, but not nontrauma-related negative, versus neutral stimuli. Patients also fail to show the normal patterns of sensitization and habituation to different categories of negative stimuli. These findings correlate with measured PTSD symptom severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate differential time courses and specificity of amygdala response to emotional and control stimuli in PTSD and normal control subjects. This has implications for pathophysiologic models of PTSD and treatment response. The results also extend previous neuroimaging studies demonstrating relatively increased amygdala response in PTSD and expand these results to a largely female patient population probed with emotionally valenced words.
authors.affiliation: Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Xenia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Protopopescu
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tuescher
authors.forename: Marylene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cloitre
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Engelien
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Yihong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: LeDoux
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Silbersweig
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stern
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen