title: Antibiotic prophylaxis and non-group B streptococcal neonatal sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of increased use of intravenous penicillin for group B streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae, GBS) antibiotic prophylaxis on non-GBS neonatal sepsis and antibiotic resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a nonconcurrent cohort study. Microbiology cultures originating from infants with early-onset neonatal sepsis in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) from 1992 to 1999 were reviewed. Prevalence of non-GBS neonatal sepsis in the control period (January 1, 1992, through June 30, 1995) was compared with that in the study period (October 1, 1995, through August 31, 1999), when the protocol changed. Chi-squared or Fisher exact tests were used to determine statistical significance. Resistance patterns were compared in similar fashion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of non-GBS neonatal sepsis was 1.2 per 1,000 (36 of 31,133) live births before and 1.1 per 1,000 (32 of 28,733) live births after institution of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention culture-based protocol (P = .97). Our power analysis assumed a doubling in the rate of non-GBS sepsis and required 21,220 live births per arm. Gram-negative and gram-positive sepsis prevalences were not significantly different. Escherichia coli and GBS resistance patterns did not change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Institution of a protocol for GBS antibiotic prophylaxis significantly decreased the rate of GBS neonatal sepsis but did not increase the rate of non-GBS neonatal sepsis. Antibiotic resistance patterns of these organisms were not affected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA. gary.sutkin@ttuhsc.edu
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sutkin
authors.forename: Marijane A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Krohn
authors.forename: R Phillips
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sweet
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D012007:Rectum / Q000382:microbiology; D018805:Sepsis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology