title: beta-Adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and responses during titration of metoprolol controlled release/extended release in heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  beta-Blockers require careful initiation and titration when used in patients with heart failure. Some patients tolerate beta-blocker therapy initiation without difficulty, whereas in other patients this period presents clinical challenges. We tested the hypothesis that polymorphisms at codons 389 (Arg389Gly) and 49 (Ser49Gly) of the beta(1)-adrenergic receptor would be associated with differences in initial tolerability of beta-blocker therapy in patients with heart failure. We also tested whether polymorphisms in the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor, G-protein alpha s subunit (G(s)alpha), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 genes or S-metoprolol plasma concentrations were associated with beta-blocker tolerability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one beta-blocker-naive patients with systolic heart failure were prospectively enrolled. Patients began taking 12.5 to 25 mg metoprolol controlled release/extended release with titration every 2 weeks (as tolerated) to 200 mg/d or the maximum tolerated dose over a period of 8 to 10 weeks. Decompensation was the composite of death, heart failure hospitalization, increase in other heart failure medications, or need to discontinue metoprolol. End points were assessed during the titration period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall rate of decompensation was not different between the codon 49 or 389 genotypes. However, a significantly greater percentage of patients with the Gly389 variant required increases in heart failure medications as compared with Arg389 homozygotes (48% versus 14%, respectively; P = .006). Similarly, patients with the Ser49 homozygous genotype were significantly more likely to require increases in concomitant heart failure therapy as compared with Gly49 carriers (41% versus 11%, respectively; P = .03). Neither CYP2D6 genotypes nor metoprolol pharmacokinetics differed between patients with and those without a decompensation event. There was no association between the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor or G(s)alpha polymorphisms with decompensated heart failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with the Gly389 variant and Ser49Ser genotype were significantly more likely to require increases in heart failure medications during beta-blocker titration and thus may require more frequent follow-up during titration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Terra
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Pauly
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J Herbert
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Kirkwood F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Schofield
authors.forename: Bernadette S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Belgado
authors.forename: Karen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Aranda
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Hossein N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Yarandi
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gelfand
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000379:methods; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs; D008790:Metoprolol