title: Relationship between tunnel widening and different rehabilitation procedures after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadrupled hamstring tendons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been demonstrated that bone tunnel widening could appear after knee anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, especially for those patients whose ruptured ACL were reconstructed with semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. Many factors can influence the extent of tunnel widening. Few studies have investigated the relationship between bone tunnel widening and rehabilitation procedures. This research was carried out to find the rehabilitation procedures' influence on the tibial bone tunnel widening after ACL reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five cases, whose ACL reconstructions were done using quadrupled semitendinosus and gracilis tendons, were divided into two groups. Group A had 33 cases, 19 men, 14 women, averaged (31.2 +/- 12.4) years old, only ACL reconstruction was done using Paessler's technique, and aggressive rehabilitation procedure was used for function recovery post operation. Group B had 32 cases, 20 men, 12 women, averaged (30.3 +/- 10.3) years old. Except for ACL reconstruction, every patient in group B accepted meniscus repair using re-fixation methods or cartilage repair using microfracture technique, conservative rehabilitation procedure was used post operation. Six months post operation, standard posterior-anterior radiographic plates were taken for each case, CorelDRAW 8.0 software was used to digitize all X-ray plates and measure the upper, middle and lower parts of the tibial tunnel. Magnification effect of X-ray plates was taken out after measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six months after ACL reconstruction the tibial tunnel widening of the upper, middle and lower parts on both the posterior-anterior and lateral X-ray plates in Group A with aggressive rehabilitation procedure was much more serious than in Group B with conservative rehabilitation. KT-1000 knee stability measurement and clinical manifestation showed no difference between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rehabilitation procedure after ACL reconstruction is one of the reasons for tunnel widening. It not only can directly influence the function recovery of ACL reconstructed knee, but also perhaps indirectly influence the function recovery and long-term clinical result of the operated knee by influencing the tunnel widening.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100083, China. yujiakuo@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Jia-kuo
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Paessler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D011859:Radiography; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013710:Tendons / Q000637:transplantation*; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology