title: Free fatty acid impairment of nitric oxide production in endothelial cells is mediated by IKKbeta.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Free fatty acids (FFA) are commonly elevated in diabetes and obesity and have been shown to impair nitric oxide (NO) production by endothelial cells. However, the signaling pathways responsible for FFA impairment of NO production in endothelial cells have not been characterized. Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) regulation is critical for activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in response to stimulation by insulin or fluid shear stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that insulin-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and serine phosphorylation of Akt, eNOS, and NO production are significantly inhibited by treatment of bovine aortic endothelial cells with 100 micromol/L FFA composed of palmitic acid for 3 hours before stimulation with 100 nM insulin. This FFA preparation also increases, in a dose-dependent manner, IKKbeta activity, which regulates activation of NF- kappaB, a transcriptional factor associated with inflammation. Similarly, elevation of other common FFA such as oleic and linoleic acid also induce IKKbeta activation and inhibit insulin-mediated eNOS activation. Overexpression of a kinase inactive form of IKKbeta blocks the ability of FFA to inhibit insulin-dependent NO production, whereas overexpression of wild-type IKKbeta recapitulates the effect of FFA on insulin-dependent NO production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated levels of common FFA found in human serum activate IKKbeta in endothelial cells leading to reduced NO production, and thus may serve to link pathways involved in inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Wash 98104, USA. fkim@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Tysseling
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Matilda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: Lutfiyah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Haji
authors.forename: Byron M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Gallis
authors.forename: Arnold S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Baas
authors.forename: Pathmaja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paramsothy
authors.forename: Cecilia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Giachelli
authors.forename: Marshall A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Corson
authors.forename: Elaine W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Raines
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000166:cytology; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; C526292:IRS1 protein, human; D007328:Insulin; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase