title: Laser-assisted three-dimensional surface modifications of titanium implants: preliminary data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Modern implant systems used in the cervical region do not allow for the ingrowth of peri-implant mucosa. The aim of the present study was to use a laser to modify titanium implants used in that region in order to promote mucosa ingrowth, thereby creating a biological barrier against bacterial infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A KrF-excimer laser (lambda=248 nm) was used (tau=30 ns, fmax=50 Hz, Emax=1.2 J). Craters were generated, under normal atmospheric conditions or in vacuum, in the polished regions of 18 Frialit 2 implants. Surface analysis was performed using a scanning electron microscope, an energy dispersive X-ray technique, and profile analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By adjusting the parameters used, it was possible to create canals with widths of up to 100 microm and depths of 450 microm. Canal morphology was influenced by the laser energy and the surrounding atmospheric conditions. Irradiation with 3,000 pulses (650 mJ per pulse) resulted in rough surfaces under normal atmospheric conditions, whereas these parameters resulted in smooth surfaces in vacuum. The surface chemistry was also influenced by the laser parameters used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laser-assisted modification of titanium surfaces permits fabrication of 3-D surface modifications. The surface chemistry can also be influenced, depending upon the parameters chosen. Further studies are necessary to evaluate whether ingrowth of mucosa into the canals can be realized.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für MKG - Chirurgie, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, München, Germany. herbert.deppe@mkg.med.tum.de
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Deppe
authors.forename: Sibylle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Warmuth
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Körner
mesh_terms: D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D015921:Dental Implants; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016348:Osseointegration; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium
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