title: [Head-tilt test in unilateral and symmetric bilateral acquired trochlear nerve palsy].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The head-tilt phenomenon (difference between the vertical deviations with an ipsilateral and contralateral head-tilt by 45 deg. each) occurring in patients with a superior oblique palsy has traditionally been explained by the lacking contraction of the superior oblique muscle within the synkinetic movement of ocular counterrolling. However, using a computer model, Robinson showed that the superior oblique palsy itself causes only a relatively small head-tilt phenomenon. Adaptive mechanisms amplifying the otolith reflex were suggested to explain the increase of the head-tilt phenomenon in the course of time. In order to reduce the abnormal head posture required for binocular vision, the otolith reflex would be amplified, accepting the greater vertical deviation when the head is tilted to the paretic side .
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  If the head-tilt phenomenon were solely caused by the lacking contraction of the superior oblique muscle, it should be greater in bilateral than in unilateral superior oblique palsies. If an adaptive mechanism were acting to reduce the abnormal head posture, the head-tilt phenomenon should not be greater, and could even be smaller in bilateral than in unilateral superior oblique palsy, because in bilateral (symmetric) trochlear nerve palsies the vertical deviation at straight gaze is already small or absent without adaptation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have carried out a retrospective comparison of 10 patients with bilateral symmetric superior oblique palsies and 10 patients with unilateral superior oblique palsy. In all cases, the palsy was acquired and had been present for at least 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients with bilateral superior oblique palsy had a head-tilt phenomenon ranging from 0 to 7 degrees (median, 2 deg.). The patients with unilateral superior oblique palsy had a head-tilt phenomenon between 2 and 13 degrees (median, 8 deg.). The difference was significant (p = 0.0117).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The head-tilt phenomenon is smaller in long-standing bilateral symmetric superior oblique palsies than in long-standing unilateral superior oblique palsy. This finding supports the hypothesis that in unilateral superior oblique palsy, an adaptive mechanism augments the head-tilt phenomenon by an amplification of the otolith reflex. However, we presume that the amplification of the otolith reflex is only a side effect of the adaptive change of the vertical fusional vergence tonus and thus the price of the improved vertical fusion, rather than a compensatory mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Zentrum für Augenheilkunde der Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Schielbehandlung und Neuroophthalmologie. michael.h.graef@augen.med.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gräf
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krzizok
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D005099:Exotropia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D019416:Head Movements; D018475:Head-Down Tilt; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular; D020432:Trochlear Nerve Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*