title: Leflunomide and azathioprine combination in refractory adult-onset Still's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present a case of Adult-onset Still's disease (ASD) in a patient who was successfully treated with leflunomide and azathioprine.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 24-year-old woman with ASD was initially treated with indomethacin, corticosteroids, and hydroxychloroquine; there was no clinical improvement. Methotrexate was added to the regimen, followed by azathioprine. The patient still experienced disease flares with this treatment, and cyclophosphamide was started. However, because of persisting disease activity, leflunomide combined with azathioprine was given. Only on this regimen was complete disease control achieved, with a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate as well as normal C-reactive protein and ferritin levels. No recurrences or adverse effects attributable to leflunomide or azathioprine were observed at the one-year follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical experience concerning leflunomide and azathioprine combination in ASD is limited. This combination may be modifying the clinical expression of ASD through its effects on T lymphocyte clonal expansion and production of proinflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leflunomide combined with azathioprine appears to be an effective and safe treatment of ASD.
authors.affiliation: Chief of Rheumatology, Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey. kcefle@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ayse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cefle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077339:Leflunomide; D016706:Still's Disease, Adult-Onset / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D007555:Isoxazoles; D000077339:Leflunomide; D001379:Azathioprine