title: Oral single- and repeated-dose toxicity studies on Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast, organic germanium fortified yeasts, in dogs.
abstract: Single- and 13-week repeated-dose toxicities of Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast, organic germanium fortified yeasts, were investigated in dogs. Both sexes of Beagle dogs were orally administered once at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg in single-dose toxicity or daily for 13 weeks at doses of 500, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg in repeated-dose toxicity tests. In single-dose toxicity test, no animal dead, moribund, or showing clinical signs or changes in body weight gain was found. In repeated-dose toxicity study, there were no considerable changes in ophthalmoscopy and urinalysis. Several alterations were observed in electrocardiography, hematology and blood biochemistry, including heart rate, R-R interval, QT correcting, reticulocytes, activated partial thromboplastin time and albumin/globulin ratio in only male dogs, but not in females, administered with Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast in a dose-independent manner. In gross findings, several cases of abnormal findings were observed in both control and treatment groups, showing diffuse dark brown to black discoloration of liver, in a dose-independent manner. In microscopic examination, mild lesions, including cholestasis and inflammatory cell foci in liver, kidneys and prostate, were found sporadically in both control and treatment groups. In spite of some alterations in electrocardiography, hematology, blood biochemistry, gross and microscopic findings, such effects were not considered to include toxicopathological significance, based on the marginal changes within normal ranges and lack of dose-dependency, consistent time-course and gender relationship. Taken together, it is suggested that no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast is considered to be 2,000 mg/kg in dogs, and that long-term treatment in clinical trials might not exert adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Ochang Scientific and Industrial Complex, Cheongwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Sung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jong-Il
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Sun-Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hye-Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Zai-Zhi
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Cheol-Beom
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Tsang-Uk
authors.initials: TU
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: Sunhee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Jong-Koo
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Yun-Bae
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005857:Germanium; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D011467:Prostate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D012737:Sex Factors; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D015003:Yeasts
chemical_list: D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D005857:Germanium