title: The role of sexual assault on the risk of PTSD among Gulf War veterans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The 1991 Gulf War was the first major military deployment where female troops were integrated into almost every military unit, except for combat ground units. We evaluated the impact of reported sexual trauma during this deployment on the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after the war.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nested case-control analysis was conducted using the data collected in a population-based health survey of 30,000 Gulf War era veterans. A total of 1381 Gulf War veterans with current PTSD were compared with 10,060 Gulf veteran controls without PTSD for self-reported in-theater experiences of sexual harassment/assault and combat exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for PTSD associated with a report of sexual assault was 5.41 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.19-9.17) in female veterans and 6.21 (95% CI, 2.26-17.04) in male veterans. The aOR for PTSD associated with "high" combat exposure was also statistically significant (aOR, 4.03 [95% CI, 1.97-8.23] for females; aOR, 4.45 [95% CI, 3.54-5.60] for males).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Notwithstanding a possibility of recall bias of combat and sexual trauma, for both men and women, sexual trauma as well as combat exposure appear to be strong risk factors for PTSD.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Health Administration, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC 20420, USA. han.kang@hq.med.va.gov
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dalager
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mahan
authors.forename: Erick
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ishii
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D047830:Gulf War; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011902:Rape / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D017406:Sexual Harassment / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data