title: Formation and stability of polychlorinated biphenyl Pickering emulsions.
abstract: An emulsion stabilized by colloidal suspensions of finely divided solids is known as a Pickering emulsion. The potential for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to form Pickering emulsions ex situ when in contact with powdered solids, such as clays and metal oxides, is investigated here. Bentonite, iron oxide and magnesium oxide dispersions proved to be robust Pickering emulsion stabilizers, whereas manganese oxide dispersions were not. Batch experiments revealed that emulsions can be formed using a moderately low energy input and can be stabilized with solid concentrations as low as 0.5 wt.%. For the base conditions (volumetric oil fraction (phi(oil))=30 vol.%; solid concentration (chi)=2 wt.%), the formed emulsions were indefinitely stable and the initial average droplet diameters varied from 80 to 258 mum, depending on the solid used in the colloidal dispersion. The average droplet size varied at early time, but for most conditions stabilized to a steady-state value 1 week after preparation. The effect of Ostwald ripening was limited. At greater than 0.5 wt.% concentration, the efficiency of the solid dispersion as a stabilizer was dependant on the volumetric oil fraction but not on the solid concentration. Generally, systems with volumetric oil fractions outside of the 20-70 vol.% range were unstable. The emulsions' droplet stability, average droplet size and size distribution were observed to vary as a function of the amount of energy provided to the system, the volumetric oil fraction, and the concentration of the solid in the aqueous dispersion. It is hypothesized that drilling through fractured rock in the immediate vicinity of dense, non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) PCBs may provide both the energy and solid material necessary to form Pickering emulsions.
authors.affiliation: Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Ellis Hall, University Avenue, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6.
authors.forename: Andréanne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roy-Perreault
authors.forename: Bernard H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Kueper
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rawson
mesh_terms: D001546:Bentonite / Q000737:chemistry; D003102:Colloids / Q000737:chemistry; D004355:Drug Stability; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry*; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D008277:Magnesium Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry; D009821:Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000737:chemistry*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids; D004655:Emulsions; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D008670:Metals; D009821:Oils; D010087:Oxides; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014867:Water; D001546:Bentonite; C000499:ferric oxide; D008277:Magnesium Oxide; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls