title: Association of symptoms and executive function in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
abstract: The extent to which cognitive impairment in psychosis is related to the particular disorder or the pattern of symptoms is unclear. We examined executive function in two groups of schizophrenia patients with predominant symptoms of disorganisation (n=15) and psychomotor poverty (n=15), respectively, two groups of bipolar I disorder patients with predominant symptoms of mania (n=15) and depression (n=15), respectively, and 30 healthy controls. We predicted that the pattern of symptoms ('excess' [disorganisation/mania] or 'deficiency' [negative symptoms/depression]) would be more related to executive ability than the underlying disorder. The patient groups showed partially overlapping executive dysfunctions relative to the control group. There were no significant differences between groups with 'excess' symptoms (schizophrenia patients with thought disorder and bipolar patients with mania), or between groups with 'deficiency' symptoms (schizophrenia patients with negative symptoms and bipolar patients with depression). In contrast, differences were noted between groups with the same diagnosis: Schizophrenia patients with disorganisation were less accurate in semantic verbal fluency than those with negative symptoms; and bipolar patients with mania tended to be faster, but less accurate, in sentence completion than those with depression. A statistical comparison of the associations of 'diagnosis' and the 'excess-deficiency' dimension with executive function revealed a trend for a greater association of the latter with two measures of performance accuracy. Executive dysfunction in patients with psychotic disorders may be more related to their symptom profile than their diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychological Medicine, Box 63, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. e.kravariti@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kravariti
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frith
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGuire
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010700:Phonetics; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011930:Reaction Time; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012660:Semantics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index