Comparison of morphology, viability, and function between blood and milk neutrophils from peak lactating goats.
The morphological features of blood and milk neutrophils from peak lactating goats were compared using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and flow cytometry in order to investigate the cytological changes of neutrophils after migration into the mammary gland. The kinetics of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) generation and gelatinase release of blood and milk neutrophils, with or without stimulation of phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate ester (PMA), were used to characterize their responses to inflammatory stimuli. Neutrophils isolated from goat milk were highly segmented and contained multi-lobed nuclei. Ultrastructurally, milk neutrophils were more ruffled on the surface compared to blood neutrophils. Approximately 30% of milk neutrophils were undergoing cell death, either necrosis or apoptosis, in contrast to 8% of blood neutrophils. The ROI production of activated milk neutrophils peaked earlier than blood neutrophils, but the duration and the intensity were much less. Neutrophils from both sources augmented the release of gelatinase in response to PMA (1 ng/mL). However, the amount of gelatinase released from milk neutrophils was lower (P < 0.05) than that of blood neutrophils. In summary, more neutrophils become apoptotic and necrotic in the mammary gland, presumably due to spontaneous aging, the process of diapedesis, and the interaction with milk components. Milk neutrophils have impaired functionalities in comparison with blood neutrophils. The information is relevant when studying mammary gland immunity and related diseases, such as mastitis.
Tian
Sui Zhi
SZ
Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Chang
Chai Ju
CJ
Chiang
Chih Chi
CC
Peh
Huo Cheng
HC
Huang
Mu Chiou
MC
Lee
Jai-Wei
JW
Zhao
Xin
X
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000662:veterinary; D006041:Goats / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D007774:Lactation; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000662:veterinary; D008892:Milk / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology; D009336:Necrosis; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
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