title: Signaling networks in cutaneous melanoma metastasis identified by complementary DNA microarrays.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Melanoma is a complex multigenic disease, susceptibility to which is determined by several parallel and stepwise progressive pathways affecting growth control, differentiation, cell adhesion, and survival. Melanoma and human cancers in general undergo a continuous development from benign to malignant states, as most thoroughly documented in the multistep mole-to-melanoma transition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine how high-throughput microarrays are being used in expression profiling to identify regulated genes, patterns, and pathways that may lead to functional characterization and tumor subclassification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten melanoma metastases were analyzed by DNA array technology for important regulated candidate genes, with subsequent confirmation by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hepatocyte growth factor receptor c-met, growth factor receptor-bound protein 10, B-raf proto-oncogene, and several mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase genes were significantly up-regulated in melanoma metastases and several melanoma cell lines relative to normal human melanocytes (P = .03). Among the up-regulated genes, phosphorylated growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 is known to serve a molecular switch turning on the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in response to hepatocyte growth factor receptor binding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As suggested by the DNA arrays, we found the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular-regulated kinase pathway to be activated in most of the cutaneous melanoma metastasis specimens. These findings are in the context of the current microarray technology in melanoma research. Additional steps are needed to gain insights into the pluralistic signaling milieu of this malignancy as we enter the postgenomic era.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Institute of Clinical Oncology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany. sandeep.nambiar@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nambiar
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mirmohammadsadegh
authors.forename: Roya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Doroudi
authors.forename: Annett
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gustrau
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: Gernot
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roeder
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ruzicka
authors.forename: Ulrich R
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Hengge
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases