title: Biocompatibility of an electrochemical sensor for continuous glucose monitoring in subcutaneous tissue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The continuous monitoring of glucose allows for tighter control of the glucose concentration and thus may prevent hyper- and hypoglycemia as well as long-term complications of diabetes. While most current systems depend on the transport of fluid to a glucose sensor outside the body, we investigate the possibility of implanting a reagent-based sensor directly into the skin. In this manuscript, the biocompatibility of an electrochemical sensor for continuous glucose monitoring was assessed in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytotoxicity was investigated in vitro using agar diffusion testing. In vivo biocompatibility was assessed by means of histomorphological examination of the surrounding tissue 10 days after sensor implantation in rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The grade of cytotoxicity of the individual sensor components in vitro was between none and mild based on agar diffusion testing. The complete sensor also showed no cytotoxic effects when coated with the co-polymer MPC (2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, Lipidure CM 5206, NOF Corp., Tokyo, Japan) and when assessed under working conditions, i.e., when a bias voltage was applied to the sensor. Additionally, the hydrogen peroxide-which is inherently generated by the enzymatic glucose detection process using glucose oxidase (GOD)-is likely to have been sufficiently decomposed under these working conditions. Finally, no toxic leachable substances were found during the cytotoxicity testing of sensors and its extracts in vitro. In the in vivo experiments, the strongest foreign body reaction (FBR) was found near the GOD-electrode using a sensor without MPC coating and without a porous membrane. Covering the sensor with MPC, a porous membrane, or both led to a gradual decrease of the FBR down to the level of the negative control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The electrochemical, reagent-based sensor with MPC coating and/or a porous membrane is suitable for continuous monitoring of glucose from a biocompatibility standpoint.
authors.affiliation: Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pill
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gretz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kränzlin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schoemaker
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Petrich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose