title: Towards an understanding of unique and shared pathways in the psychopathophysiology of ADHD.
abstract: Most attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) research has compared cases with unaffected controls. This has led to many associations, but uncertainties about their specificity to ADHD in contrast with other disorders. We present a selective review of research, comparing ADHD with other disorders in neuropsychological, neurobiological and genetic correlates. So far, a specific pathophysiological pathway has not been identified. ADHD is probably not specifically associated with executive function deficits. It is possible, but not yet established, that ADHD symptoms may be more specifically associated with motivational abnormalities, motor organization and time perception. Recent findings indicating common genetic liabilities of ADHD and other conditions raise questions about diagnostic boundaries. In future research, the delineation of the pathophysiological mechanisms of ADHD needs to match cognitive, imaging and genetic techniques to the challenge of defining more homogenous clinical groups; multi-site collaborative projects are needed.
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany. tbanasc@gwdg.de
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banaschewski
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hollis
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oosterlaan
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roeyers
authors.forename: Katya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rubia
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Willcutt
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013998:Time Perception