title: Pilot study to assess patient outcomes following endoscopic application of photodynamic therapy for advanced cholangiocarcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has demonstrated promise in the palliative treatment of advanced cholangiocarcinoma. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the outcome in patients with non-resectable cholangiocarcinoma following endoscopic application of PDT directly into the biliary tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  In patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed to define the proximal and distal extent of intraductal tumor. Sodium porfimer was administered intravenously to all patients. Forty-eight hours later, a commercially available cylindrical diffusing laser fiber (1-2.5 cm in length, OptiGuide) designed for esophageal use was advanced across the biliary strictures. Laser light was applied at a power of 400 mW/cm fiber for a total energy of 180 J/cm(2) using an argon-pumped tunable dye laser. Patients received endoscopic PDT every 3 months provided they maintained a favorable performance status. Plastic biliary stents were replaced immediately following light application and were maintained in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a preloaded catheter, adequate positioning of the laser fiber was achieved in all patients. Eight patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma received a total of 19 PDT treatments, range 1-5 treatments/patient. All eight patients were followed until death; mean follow-up was 9.8 months. Median survival from the date of the first PDT treatment was 276 days, which compares favorably with published series that have reported median survival times between 45 and 127 days for patients with bismuth type III and IV tumors treated with stenting alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic application of PDT demonstrates promise in prolonging survival in patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma. Additional randomized clinical trials using commercially available fibers are needed to fully evaluate both the optimum frequency and treatment interval of endoscopic PDT in the management of advanced cholangiocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. harewood.gavin@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Gavin C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Harewood
authors.forename: Todd H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: Ashwin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rumalla
authors.forename: Kenneth K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gores
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Stadheim
authors.forename: Piet C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: de Groen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000379:methods*; D017323:Dihematoporphyrin Ether / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017323:Dihematoporphyrin Ether