title: Cyclic AMP prevents retraction of axon terminals in photoreceptors prepared for transplantation: an in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cell transplantation has emerged as a possible remedy for degeneration and injury in the central nervous system (CNS). In the retina, photoreceptor transplantation is a potential treatment for retinal degenerative disease. Graft survival has been well documented, but evidence of functional recovery is lacking. A major obstacle to recovery of vision is lack of synapse formation between grafted photoreceptors and host bipolar and horizontal cells. A prior study demonstrated that photoreceptors prepared for transplantation undergo rapid morphologic changes, including retraction of axon terminals toward their cell bodies, away from potential synaptic partners, a phenomenon that may interfere with graft-host synaptic interaction after transplantation. In this study, prevention of retraction of photoreceptor axon terminals was possible by pharmacological intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Photoreceptor sheets, prepared by vibratome sectioning, and full-thickness retinas, harvested from adult porcine eyes, were maintained in culture and treated with either the cyclic adenosine monophosphate analogue 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (CPT-cAMP), or forskolin, an adenylyl cyclase stimulant, for up to 48 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both CPT-cAMP and forskolin treatments successfully blocked retraction of photoreceptor axon terminals. This effect was not due to cell toxicity and was reversed after removal of treatment, indicating its specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacological manipulation of photoreceptor axonal plasticity may improve graft-host synaptic interaction after subretinal photoreceptor cell transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA. khodaimo@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Mohamad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khodair
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zarbin
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Townes-Anderson
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D008297:Male; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000637:transplantation; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000502:physiology*; D017299:Rod Opsins / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D013572:Synaptic Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism; D016708:Synaptophysin / Q000378:metabolism; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D017299:Rod Opsins; D016708:Synaptophysin; D013873:Thionucleotides; D005576:Colforsin; C015929:8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases