Ferret odor as a processive stress model in rats: neurochemical, behavioral, and endocrine evidence.
Predator odors have been shown to elicit stress responses in rats. The present studies assessed the use of domestic ferret odor as a processive stress model. Plasma corticosterone and adrenocorticotropin hormone levels were higher after 30 min of exposure to ferret odor (fur/skin) but not control odors, ferret feces, urine, or anal gland secretions. Behavioral differences were also found between ferret and the control odors as tested in a defensive withdrawal paradigm. In addition, c-fos messenger RNA expression in several brain areas previously associated with processive stress was significantly higher in ferret odor-exposed rat brains than in control odor-exposed brains. These results suggest that ferret odor produces a reliable unconditioned stress response and may be useful as a processive stress model.
Masini
C V
CV
Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA. masinic@psych.colorado.edu
Sauer
S
S
Campeau
S
S
D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005289:Ferrets; D008297:Male; D009812:Odorants; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*
D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003345:Corticosterone
J Comp Psychol. 1999 Dec;113(4):376-87
10608561
Eur J Pharmacol. 2000 Sep 29;405(1-3):149-60
11033322
Brain Res. 1999 Sep 4;840(1-2):65-74
10517953
Physiol Behav. 1998 Feb 15;63(4):561-9
9523899
Annu Rev Psychol. 1988;39:43-68
2894198
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1990 Apr;35(4):775-80
2345756
Brain Res Bull. 1992 Sep-Oct;29(3-4):381-8
1393611
J Neuroendocrinol. 1997 Aug;9(8):577-88
9283046
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1994 Sep;49(1):219-22
7816877
Neuroscience. 2001;104(4):1085-97
11457592
Brain Res. 1988 May 24;449(1-2):294-310
3395850
Brain Behav Immun. 1997 Mar;11(1):63-74
9193768
Physiol Behav. 1993 Dec;54(6):1109-11
8295949
Neuroscience. 1995 Jan;64(2):477-505
7700534
Neurochem Int. 1998 Oct;33(4):287-97
9840219
J Comp Neurol. 1979 Aug 15;186(4):621-55
15116692
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1989;13 Suppl:S3-14
2694228
J Neurosci. 1995 Apr;15(4):2609-27
7536817
Behav Neurosci. 2002 Feb;116(1):160-8
11898802
Brain Res. 1985 Mar 18;330(1):93-107
4039214
Brain Res. 1985 Mar 18;330(1):77-92
4039213
Behav Neurosci. 2003 Apr;117(2):360-8
12708532
J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1975 Jan;88(1):81-8
1120819
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1999 Feb;62(2):197-201
9972683
Neurosci Res. 1997 Nov;29(3):183-207
9436645
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1993;110(1-2):245-53
7870893
J Neurosci. 1994 Oct;14(10):5929-38
7931554
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2001 Dec;25(7-8):587-95
11801284
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2001 Dec;25(7-8):597-609
11801285
Brain Res. 2000 May 2;864(1):146-51
10793199
J Chem Ecol. 1985 Aug;11(8):1037-43
24310328
Behav Neurosci. 1990 Apr;104(2):386-9
2346630
Brain Res. 1993 Jul 9;616(1-2):114-25
8358602
Brain Res. 2003 Jun 13;975(1-2):22-36
12763590
Brain Res Bull. 1997;44(3):297-305
9323445
Neuroscience. 1997 Jun;78(4):1087-104
9174076
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999 Nov;147(2):174-81
10591885
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Dec;27(8):1177-85
14659473
Horm Behav. 2003 Aug;44(2):110-8
13129482
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1978 Oct 31;59(2):179-82
103120
J Comp Psychol. 1989 Mar;103(1):70-82
2924531
Br J Pharmacol. 1993 May;109(1):171-4
8495238
Behav Brain Res. 2002 Feb 1;129(1-2):1-16
11809490
Neuroscience. 1995 Feb;64(3):675-85
7715780
Brain Res Bull. 2000 Jan 15;51(2):187-93
10709966
Trends Neurosci. 1997 Feb;20(2):78-84
9023876
Behav Biol. 1976 May;17(1):73-85
938413