title: Ischemic preconditioning impairs liver regeneration in extended reduced-size livers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in an experimental setting of extended liver resection with 30 minutes of inflow occlusion in rats.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  IPC has been proven an effective strategy against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in both animal and human studies. However, decreased protective effects in terms of transaminase levels were found in patients with larger resection volume, questioning the benefit of IPC in case of small liver remnants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats undergoing 90% hepatectomy under strict inflow occlusion for 30 minutes were subjected to either receive or not receive an IPC period (5 minutes of ischemia followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion). In addition to 10-day survival rate, laser Doppler flowmetry of hepatic blood flow and fluorescence microscopic analysis of the hepatic microcirculation were performed to assess the effect of IPC on initial microvascular reperfusion of liver remnants after 90% resection. Moreover, regeneration capacity of livers undergoing IPC and 70% resection was studied over 7 days by means of histology and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten-day survival of rats which underwent IPC and 90% hepatectomy was 0 out of 10 animals versus 1 out of 10 animals without IPC. Hemodynamic and microcirculatory analysis revealed signs of hyperperfusion during initial reperfusion of preconditioned liver remnants in 90% hepatectomized animals. In addition to increased transaminase levels, IPC impaired hepatic proliferative response after 70% organ resection, as indicated by both a significant reduction in mitotic figures and Ki-67 nuclear staining of hepatocytes, as well as a decrease in restitution of liver mass.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though portal hypertension reflecting shear stress has been reported to trigger liver regeneration, remnant liver tissue after major hepatectomy may not benefit from hyperperfusion-induced trigger for cell cycle entry but is rather dominated from hyperperfusion-induced local organ injury. Further studies are required to finally judge on the harmfulness of IPC in extended liver resection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eipel
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glanemann
authors.forename: Andreas K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Nuessler
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Menger
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vollmar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division; D006498:Hepatectomy; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D008102:Liver Circulation; D008115:Liver Regeneration; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen
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