title: HPV prevalence and concordance in the cervix and oral cavity of pregnant women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This investigation examined human papillomavirus (HPV) in pregnant women in order to characterize viral prevalence, types and concordance between infection in the cervix and in the oral cavity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 577 pregnant women seeking routine obstetric care were evaluated for HPV infection in their cervix during gestation and immediately before delivery, and in the oral cavity during gestation. Male partners present during the gestational clinic visit also provided a specimen from their oral cavity. HPV assessment was performed by PCR, dot blot hybridization and DNA sequencing. A sexual and health questionnaire was completed by the pregnant women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPV prevalence in women was 29% in the cervix and 2.4% in the oral cavity. Among those with both gestational and delivery specimens, 35% were infected at least once and 20% had infection at both intervals. At delivery, 68% of infected women had an oncogenic HPV type in the cervix. There was no type-specific HPV concordance between the two cervical specimens, nor cervical and oral results in women, nor with cervical and oral findings between partners.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lack of association in HPV positivity and types between the cervix and oral cavity in these women suggests that self-inoculation is uncommon. This source of infection does not appear to be from oral contact with a current male partner, since there also was no concordance between partners. These results suggest either other modes of HPV transmission or differences in susceptibility to HPV infection or its clearance in the oral cavity and genital mucosa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. elaine-smith@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yankowitz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Turek
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Haugen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000821:virology*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000821:virology*; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000821:virology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012747:Sexual Partners; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014626:Vaginal Smears
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral
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