title: Term-gestation low birth weight and health-compromising behaviors during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the association between term-gestation low birth weight (term-LBW) rates and increasing numbers of health-compromising behaviors during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study of 78,397 term live births in Kansas City, Missouri, 1990-2002. Information on maternal and newborn characteristics was obtained form birth certificate records. Health-compromising behavior, specifically, smoking, alcohol, and drug use, was classified by the numbers and combinations of behaviors engaged in during pregnancy. Covariates included race, age, interconception interval, education, Medicaid status, medical risk factors, adequacy of prenatal care, and marital status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cohort was 61% white, 16% less than 20 years of age, 45% on Medicaid, 24% with medical risk factor, and 45% single pregnant women. Overall term-LBW rate was 3.3%, and it increased with numbers of health-compromising behaviors: 2.6% (none), 5.5% (1), 10.8% (2), and 18.5% (3), P < .001. Unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for term-LBW increased with increasing numbers of behaviors (OR 1.0 [none]; 2.3, 95% confidence interval 2.0-2.4 [smoking]; 0.9, 0.6-1.4 [alcohol]; 2.1, 1.5-3.0 [drugs]; 4.6, 3.6-5.8 [smoking + alcohol]; 4.4, 3.6-5.4 [smoking + drugs]; 4.2, 1.5-11.9 [drugs + alcohol]; 8.4, 6.2-11.5 [smoking + alcohol + drugs]). However, on adjusting for covariates, smoking, alone (OR 2.3, 2.0-2.5) or in combinations with other behaviors (OR 4.4, 3.4-5.7 [smoking + alcohol]; 2.0, 1.6-2.6 [smoking + drugs]; and 3.3, 2.2-4.7 [smoking + alcohol + drugs]) remained the major risk factor for term-LBW.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking alone or in combination with alcohol and/or drug use is associated with term-LBW among women who engage in health-compromising behaviors. The effect is especially pronounced when smoking is combined with alcohol consumption.
authors.affiliation: Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA. faokah@cmh.edu
authors.forename: Felix A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Okah
authors.forename: Jinwen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Gerald L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Hoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D047929:Term Birth