title: Intracellular delivery of large molecules and small particles by cell-penetrating proteins and peptides.
abstract: Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been used to overcome the lipophilic barrier of the cellular membranes and deliver large molecules and even small particles inside the cell for their biological actions. CPPs are being used to deliver inside cell a large variety of cargoes such as proteins, DNA, antibodies, contrast (imaging) agents, toxins, and nanoparticular drug carriers including liposomes. In this paper, we have reviewed the delivery of different molecules and particles mediated by TAT, Antp, VP22, and other CPPs as well as potential applications of these delivery systems in different areas of vaccine development, cancer immunotherapy, gene delivery, and cellular imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Bhawna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Tatiana S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Levchenko
authors.forename: Vladimir P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Torchilin
mesh_terms: D051943:Antennapedia Homeodomain Protein; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D004337:Drug Carriers; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015497:HIV-1; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D010316:Particle Size; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D051943:Antennapedia Homeodomain Protein; D004337:Drug Carriers; D015696:Gene Products, tat; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010455:Peptides; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins; C114208:protein VP22, Herpes simplex virus type 2; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus