title: Glutamine attenuates endotoxin-induced lung metabolic dysfunction: potential role of enhanced heat shock protein 70.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Septic shock leads to derangement of cellular metabolism. Enhanced heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) can preserve cellular metabolism after other forms of cellular stress. Glutamine (GLN) can enhance lung HSP-70 expression after lethal endotoxemia. However, it is unknown whether GLN can enhance HSP-70 expression and attenuate lung metabolic dysfunction after sublethal endotoxemia. Our aim was to determine whether GLN could upregulate HSP-70 and attenuate metabolic dysfunction in lung tissue after sublethal endotoxemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of five groups. The first two groups were treated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 mg/kg intravenously). GLN (0.75 g/kg intravenously) or balanced salt solution as a control was administered 5 min after LPS administration. The next two groups of rats were treated with quercetin (HSP-70 inhibitor; 400 mg/kg intraperitoneally) 6 h before LPS administration. The final group received no treatment. Lung tissue was harvested 24-h after LPS and analyzed with immunofluorescence and western blot for HSP-70. Tissue metabolites were quantified by 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GLN compared with balanced salt solution (BSS) administration in LPS-treated animals led to significant increases in lung HSP-70. Increased HSP-70 expression was observed in lung epithelial cells and macrophages. GLN significantly improved the ratio of adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate in the lung after LPS. Quercetin inhibited a GLN-mediated increase in lung HSP-70 and blocked a beneficial effect of GLN on the ratio of adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate after LPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single dose of GLN can enhance HSP-70 in pulmonary epithelial cells and macrophages after sublethal endotoxemia. Further, GLN can attenuate endotoxin-induced lung metabolic dysfunction. GLN's beneficial effect on lung tissue after metabolic dysfunction caused by sublethal endotoxemia may be mediated in part by enhanced HSP-70.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Kristen D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Singleton
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Serkova
authors.forename: Anirban
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Xianzhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Fabia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gamboni-Robertson
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Wischmeyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D011794:Quercetin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D005973:Glutamine; D011794:Quercetin