title: Microvessels promote motor nerve survival and regeneration through local VEGF release following ectopic reattachment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nerves and blood vessels form a close association during embryogenesis. Growth and guidance factors initially attributed to either nerves or vessels are now known to affect both tissues; prominent among these is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The authors investigated whether axons would associate with blood vessels in a regenerating system and questioned whether VEGF is integral to neurotization following axotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In hamsters 8-12 weeks of age, the accessory nerve (CN XI) to the retractor muscle of the cheek pouch was cut and the proximal stump was reattached ectopically onto the muscle. Vascular casting and immunolabeling were used to quantify the extent of neurovascular association during regeneration. A role for VEGF was investigated using immunolocalization of VEGF and its receptor (sVEGFR2) as well as local sequestration of VEGF with soluble receptor (sVEGFR1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regenerating axons aligned with microvessels of the vasa nervorum along a "chaperone" region during outgrowth from the reattachment site and while entering the muscle. In this approximately 1-mm region, VEGF protein was expressed by growing microvessels despite a approximately 50% reduction (p < .05) in total muscle VEGF concentration. VEGFR2 was expressed by regenerating axons and growth cones. Sequestration of VEGF by sVEGFR1 impaired neurotization by approximately 40% (p < .05). The chaperone region ended where regenerating microvessels anastomosed with the native microcirculation and their expression of VEGF protein diminished.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regenerating axons and blood vessels align during outgrowth from ectopic reattachment. This interaction dissipates as vascular anastomoses form with established microvessels and axons target muscle fibers. Local production of VEGF by growing microvessels supports motor nerve survival and regeneration.
authors.affiliation: The John B. Pierce Laboratory & Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA. bearshaw@isu.edu
authors.forename: Shawn E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bearden
authors.forename: Steven S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Segal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology; D019771:Axotomy; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000502:physiology; D002828:Choristoma; D006224:Cricetinae; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology*; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D009416:Nerve Regeneration; D016067:Nerve Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A