title: Small interference RNA-mediated gene silencing of human biliverdin reductase, but not that of heme oxygenase-1, attenuates arsenite-mediated induction of the oxygenase and increases apoptosis in 293A kidney cells.
abstract: BVR reduces biliverdin, the HO-1 and HO-2 product, to bilirubin. Human biliverdin (BVR) is a serine/threonine kinase activated by free radicals. It is a leucine zipper (bZip) DNA-binding protein and a regulatory factor for 8/7-bp AP-1-regulated genes, including HO-1 and ATF-2/CREB. Presently, small interference (si) RNA constructs were used to investigate the role of human BVR in sodium arsenite (As)-mediated induction of HO-1 and in cytoprotection against apoptosis. Activation of BVR involved increased serine/threonine phosphorylation but not its protein or transcript levels. The peak activity at 1 h (4-5-fold) after treatment of 293A cells with 5 mum As preceded induction of HO-1 expression by 3 h. The following suggests BVR involvement in regulating oxidative stress response of HO-1: siBVR attenuated As-mediated increase in HO-1 expression; siBVR, but not siHO-1, inhibited As-dependent increased c-jun promoter activity; treatment of cells with As increased AP-1 binding of nuclear proteins; BVR was identified in the DNA-protein complex; and AP-1 binding of the in vitro translated BVR was phosphorylation-dependent and was attenuated by biliverdin. Most unexpectedly, cells transfected with siBVR, but not siHO-1, displayed a 4-fold increase in apoptotic cells when treated with 10 mum As as detected by flow cytometry. The presence of BVR small interference RNA augmented the effect of As on levels of cytochrome c, TRAIL, and DR-5 mRNA and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. The findings describe the function of BVR in HO-1 oxidative response and, demonstrate, for the first time, not only that BVR advances the role of HO-1 in cytoprotection but also affords cytoprotection independent of heme degradation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14624, USA.
authors.forename: Tihomir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miralem
authors.forename: Zhenbo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Torno
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lelli
authors.forename: Mahin D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Maines
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018053:Arsenites / Q000494:pharmacology; D001664:Biliverdine / Q000378:metabolism; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006418:Heme / Q000737:chemistry; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000378:metabolism*; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000737:chemistry; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism*; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics; D012694:Serine / Q000737:chemistry; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D013912:Threonine / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018053:Arsenites; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D017670:Sodium Compounds; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C505639:TNFRSF10B protein, human; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013912:Threonine; D006418:Heme; D012694:Serine; C017947:sodium arsenite; D045304:Cytochromes c; D008156:Luciferases; C496541:HMOX1 protein, human; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; C019789:biliverdin reductase; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D001664:Biliverdine; D010100:Oxygen; D000111:Acetylcysteine