title: Baroreflex control of heart rate during and after propofol infusion in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was designed to determine cardiovagal baroreflex gain during propofol infusion and to characterize its recovery profile using the pharmacological and spontaneous sequence methods in 13 healthy volunteers without cardiovascular or autonomic disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  After an 8- to 10-h fast and no premedication, measurements of RR intervals obtained from the electrocardiogram and non-invasive beat-to-beat systolic blood pressure (SP) were made at conscious baseline, at 60 and 120 min after induction of general anaesthesia using propofol, and at 20, 60, 120 and 180 min after emergence from anaesthesia. During propofol anaesthesia, ventilation was mechanically controlled to maintain normocapnia and calculated propofol concentration was adjusted by a TCI system at 5 microg ml(-1). Baroreflex responses were triggered by bolus i.v. injections of phenylephrine and nitroprusside to alter SP by 15-30 mm Hg. The linear portions of the baroreflex curves relating RR intervals and SP by least-square regression analysis were determined to obtain pharmacological gains. In addition, spontaneous sequence baroreflex gains were calculated from spontaneously fluctuating SP and RR intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline pressor and depressor test gains before propofol anaesthesia were 29.1 (SD 14.9) and 12.5 (7.8) ms mm Hg(-1), respectively. They were significantly depressed by 65-73% during propofol infusions. Similarly, baseline up- and down-sequence baroreflex gains were 33.8 (28.9) and 27.3 (19.8) ms mm Hg(-1), respectively, and were significantly depressed by 71-87% during propofol anaesthesia. Pressor test and up-sequence baroreflex gains returned to the baseline values 20 min after emergence from propofol anaesthesia, but depressor test and down-sequence baroreflex gains did not recover until 60 min after emergence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that heart rate responses to both lowering and elevating blood pressure were depressed by propofol anaesthesia, and 60 min was required for their full recovery after discontinuation of propofol infusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita City 010-8543, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Umehara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015742:Propofol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D015742:Propofol