title: Is vision screening in 3-year-old children feasible? Comparison between the Lea Symbol chart and the HVOT (LM) chart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this prospective study was to compare visual screening at the age of 3 years with screening at 4 years using two different charts.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 478 3-year-old children were tested at four child health care centres (CHCCs). Of these children, 440 were tested again at the age of 4 years. A third group, a control group, consisting of 229 children, was examined only at the age of 4 years. All children were tested with both the HVOT chart and the Lea Symbol chart.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Testability rates for 3-year-olds were almost the same with the Lea Symbol chart and the HVOT chart (82.8% and 84.8%, respectively). The corresponding rates for the same children tested at 4 years of age were 96.5% and 97.0%, and for the 4-year-olds not previously tested 92.9% and 92.8%. The mean testing time was somewhat shorter for the Lea Symbol chart in all three groups, but the difference was not statistically significant. The difference in the assessment of visual acuity between the two charts was small and less than 1/10th of a line. The positive predictive value was lower at 3 years (58%) than has previously been found at 4 years (74.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-year-old children co-operate well in visual acuity testing. However, the examination time is a little longer and the testability rate is about 10% lower than at 4 years. Both 3-year-old and 4-year-old children can be tested equally well with the HVOT and the Lea Symbol charts.
authors.affiliation: Division of Ophthalmology, Linköping University Hospital, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kvarnström
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jakobsson
mesh_terms: D000550:Amblyopia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014792:Visual Acuity