title: Cultural relevance and equivalence in the NLAAS instrument: integrating etic and emic in the development of cross-cultural measures for a psychiatric epidemiology and services study of Latinos.
abstract: This paper describes the development, translation and adaptation of measures in the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS). We summarize the techniques used to attain cultural relevance; semantic, content and technical equivalency; and internal consistency of the measures across languages and Latino sub-ethnic groups. We also discuss some of the difficulties and thallenges encountered in doing this work. The following three main goals are addressed in this paper: (1) attaining cultural relevance by formulating the research problem with attention to the fundamental cultural and contextual differences of Latinos and Asians as compared to the mainstream population; (2) developing cultural equivalence in the standardized instruments to be used with these populations; and (3) assessing the generalizability of the measures - i.e., that the measures do not fluctuate according to culture or translation. We present details of the processes and steps used to achieve these three goals in developing measures for the Latino population. Additionally, the integration of both the etic and emic perspectives in the instrument adaptation model is presented.
authors.affiliation: Center for Multicultural Mental Health Research, Cambridge Health Alliance/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02143, USA. malegria@charesearch.org
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alegria
authors.forename: Doryliz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vila
authors.forename: Meghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Glorisa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Canino
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Mildred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vera
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Febo
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guarnaccia
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aguilar-Gaxiola
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shrout
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological / Q000592:standards; D007802:Language; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards; D014175:Translating; D014481:United States
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