title: Intestinal tissue transglutaminase in coeliac disease of children and adults: ultrastructural localization and variation in expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tissue transglutaminase is the main antigen for the anti-endomysial antibodies used for diagnosis of coeliac disease and can with some specificity in vitro deamidate gliadins generating potent epitopes. The intestinal levels and the ultrastructural localization of tissue transglutaminase in normal and affected persons were investigated to provide further information on its role in this disease. Intestinal biopsies were taken from normal and coeliac children and adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The level of transglutaminase was analysed by means of a quantitative enzymatic assay and its ultrastructural localization by immunogold electronmicroscopy using a monoclonal antibody against tissue transglutaminase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In relation to normal individuals, the enzymatic activity of tissue transglutaminase in adult coeliac patients was increased. The enzyme was found in the enterocytes and in increased amount just beneath the enterocytes, where cytosolic and nuclear labelling of distinct elongated cells was seen in addition to extracellular labelling close to collagen fibrils. In children, the enzymatic activity and the immunogold labelling could not be shown to be related to disease. In all cases the enzyme activity was EDTA-sensitive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased amount of tissue transglutaminase activity in coeliac adults was shown to be due to the appearance of the enzyme in enterocytes and increased expression in the lamina propria. No evidence was found to support the idea of a changed localization or changed amounts as primary elements in coeliac disease pathogenesis, nor for the involvement of non-calcium dependent microbial transglutaminases.
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Laboratory C, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Skovbjerg
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Niels-Christiansen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Anthonsen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ascher
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Midhagen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hallert
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Norén
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sjöström
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020895:Enterocytes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D024022:Fibrillar Collagens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D024022:Fibrillar Collagens; D011503:Transglutaminases