title: Arthroscopic assessment for intra-articular disorders in residual ankle disability after sprain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After ankle sprain, there can be many causes of disability, the origins of which cannot be determined using standard diagnostic tools.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Ankle arthroscopy is a useful tool in identifying intra-articular disorders of the talocrural joint in cases of residual ankle disability after sprain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors gathered the independent diagnostic results of physical examination, standard mortise and lateral radiography, stress radiography of the talocrural joint, and magnetic resonance imaging for 72 patients with residual ankle disability lasting more than 2 months after injury (mean, 7 months after injury). They performed arthroscopic procedures and compared the double-blind results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all cases, the arthroscopic results matched those of other means of diagnosis. In 14 cases, the arthroscopic approach exceeded the capabilities of the other methods. Including duplications, 39 patients (54.2%) had anterior talofibular ligament injuries, 17 patients (23.6%) had distal tibiofibular ligament injuries, 29 patients (40.3%) had osteochondral lesions, 13 patients (18%) had symptomatic os subfibulare, 3 patients (4.2%) had anterior impingement exostosis, and 3 patients (4.2%) had impingement due to abnormally fibrous bands. There were only 2 cases in which the cause of symptoms could not be detected by ankle arthroscopy, compared with 16 cases in which the cause of disability could not be detected using standard methods. In 3 cases (17.6%) of distal tibiofibular ligament injuries, 8 cases (27.6%) of osteochondral lesions, and all 3 cases (100%) of impingement of an abnormal fibrous band, ankle arthroscopy was the only method capable of diagnosing the cause of residual ankle pain after a sprain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results suggest that arthroscopy can be used to diagnose the cause of residual pain after an ankle sprain in most cases that are otherwise undiagnosable by clinical examination and imaging study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shimane University School of Medicine, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan. mtakao@med.shimane-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takao
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uchio
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fukazawa
authors.forename: Mitsuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ochi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D001863:Bone Screws; D001864:Bone Wires; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010007:Osteochondritis / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010808:Physical Examination; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013585:Synovitis / Q000209:etiology