title: Hope against the cold: individual differences in trait hope and acute pain tolerance on the cold pressor task.
abstract: Hope theory (see Snyder, 1994) is presented as a useful framework for understanding reactions to pain. In Study 1, persons scoring higher on the trait Hope Scale (Snyder, Harris et al., 1991) kept their hands in the freezing water (of a cold pressor task) for significantly longer. In Study 2, the higher-hope males, and not females, as measured by both trait and state hope (Snyder, Sympson et al., 1996), recognized the onset of the pain threshold significantly later. Moreover, in Study 2, results showed that individual differences measures of optimism, self-efficacy, depression, and positive and negative affects did not relate to the pain onset and tolerance variables. The implications of hope as related to the pain process and related research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. crsnyder@ku.edu
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Julia T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gum
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rand
authors.forename: Kristin K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Wrobleski
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hackman
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001290:Attitude; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D011582:Psychological Theory; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires