title: Reconstruction of through-and-through osteocutaneous defects of the mouth and face with subscapular system flaps.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major ablative surgery in the head and neck region may create composite defects involving the oral mucosa, bone and the overlying facial skin. The large surface area and the three-dimensional nature of these defects pose a difficult reconstructive challenge requiring adequate bone and large, positionally versatile skin flaps.
  
  
  METHODS
  From September 1993 to May 2000, 19 patients with through-and-through osteocutaneous defects of the mouth and face were reconstructed with composite subscapular artery system flaps. The evaluated parameters included: (i) site and dimensions of the tissue defect; (ii) specific flap properties; and (iii) review of the recipient and donor site morbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  10 variants of scapular osteocutaneous flaps, eight latissimus dorsi with serratus anterior and rib osteo-myocutaneous flaps, and one combination of an osteocutaneous scapular and myocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap were used to reconstruct composite facial defects with mean dimensions of: skin 54.4 cm(2), mucosa 56.2 cm(2) and bone of 8.2 cm. Ischaemic complications occurred in three patients including one total flap failure and one failure of the bony component in previously irradiated patients. The third flap was successfully salvaged. No significant long-term donor site morbidity was noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Composite flaps based on the subscapular artery system are a versatile reconstructive modality for large through-and-through defects of the mouth and face.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Barts and the London NHS Trust, London, UK. nicholas.kalavrezos@uclh.org
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kalavrezos
authors.forename: Peter S G F
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Hardee
authors.forename: Iain L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Hutchison
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000601:surgery; D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008339:Mandibular Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D009055:Mouth / Q000601:surgery*; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000601:surgery