title: Pharmacokinetics of prednisolone in man during acute and chronic exposure to high altitude.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The exposure to high altitude (H) produces several physiologic alterations which may induce changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs. This hypothesis has been confirmed in previous studies which suggest that drugs which are highly bound to plasma proteins are most likely to exhibit altered pharmacokinetics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To further elucidate the influence of H on pharmacokinetics, prednisolone was selected, since it is highly bound to plasma proteins, renally excreted and poorly bound to red blood cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prednisolone (80 mg) was given orally to three groups of young healthy volunteers. One group was residing at sea level (L): the same volunteers were studied again after 15 hours of exposure to high altitude (3600 m, HA group), and volunteers living at H for at least six months (group HC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistically significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters calculated from plasma data in the three situations studied. When calculated from whole blood data, however, AUC and Cmax were increased and both volume of distribution and clearance diminished after exposure to H, either acute or chronically. Binding to proteins increased significantly after H exposure from 57% in group L to 75% and 94% in group H and HC, respectively. Binding to erythrocytes also increased with H exposure from 43.7% in group L to 50.6% and 61.6% in group HA and HC, respectively. The prednisolone/prednisone ratio in urine was 11.1 in group L, 7.3 in group HA and 45.6 in group HC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since prednisone has very little intrinsic glucocorticoid activity and has to be converted to prednisolone for therapeutic effect, the alteration of the prednisolone/prednisone ratio, as a result of high altitude exposure could be clinically relevant. Additional experiments are desirable to further evaluate this observation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile, USA. aarancib@uchile.cl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arancibia
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Gai
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chávez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paulos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pinilla
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Ritschel
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D011239:Prednisolone