title: Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) in men with obstructive azoospermia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assessing the efficiency of repeated percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) in men with obstructive azoospermia, and also the possibility of cryopreservation of remaining material for future use in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study, in which 79 procedures of PESA were assessed in 58 patients (mean age = 45 years), whose partners had mean age of 34 years. Vasectomy was the most frequent cause of obstructive azoospermia (n = 46).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Motile spermatozoa were obtained in 65 procedures (82%). PESA was twice repeated for 15 patients, 3 times for 5 patients, and 4 times for 1 patient. Spermatozoa were found in 13 (87%) patients in the second attempt, in 4 (80%) patients in the third attempt, and in the only patient that had accomplished 4 procedures. In 30 procedures (37%), we have obtained enough material for cryopreservation. In 12 among the 13 samples thawed (n = 13 patients), motile spermatozoa were found, and ICSI was accomplished. Four patients that did not use their samples requested the elimination of the material. Total rate of pregnancy per transference was 21/55 (38%). In 14 PESA procedures, it was not possible to find spermatozoa; in these cases, the patients opted for accomplishing the procedure of testicular sperm aspiration (TESA).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PESA is an efficient and simple method of retrieving spermatozoa, allowing repeated procedures. Additionally, spermatozoa collected through PESA can be cryopreserved.
authors.affiliation: Human Reproduction Unit, Albert Einstein Jewish Hospital, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. glinas@originet.com.br
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glina
authors.forename: Jorge B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Fragoso
authors.forename: Fernando G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Jonathas B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Andrea G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Galuppo
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wonchockier