title: Sonochemically fabricated acetylcholinesterase micro-electrode arrays within a flow injection analyser for the determination of organophosphate pesticides.
abstract: This report describes the development of novel sonochemically fabricated, bioengineered acetylcholinesterase and polyaniline carbon/cobalt phthalocyanine biosensors for the ultra-sensitive determination of a number of different pesticides. Arrays of this type typically have population micro-electrode densities of up to approximately 2 x 10(5) cm(-2); these represent the highest micro-electrode population densities reported to date by any fabrication means. The enzymatic response of the sensors is inhibited upon incubation with the pesticide, and we have shown that Dichlorvos, Parathion and Azinphos may be determined down to concentrations of approximately 1 x 10(-17) M, approximately 1 x 10(-16) M and approximately 1 x 10(-16) M, respectively. These lower limits of detection are lower than otherwise achievable by any other analytical approach. Measurements were performed within a custom built flow injection system that operates at a constant flow of 1 ml min(-1). Sensor stability studies were also performed whereby a stabilizer mixture of sucrose and polygalacturonic acid was added to the immobilised enzyme matrix at the working electrode and left to dry. Sixty-five percent of the initial enzyme activity was found to remain after a period of 92 days to allow storage of these electrodes and facilitating transportation if required.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Cranfield University at Silsoe, Silsoe Bedfordshire MK45 4DG, UK.
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Séamus P J
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Higson
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D017022:Flow Injection Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008839:Microelectrodes; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013010:Sonication; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D010755:Organophosphates; D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase