title: Role of Na,K pumps in restoring contractility following loss of cell membrane integrity in rat skeletal muscle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In skeletal muscles, electrical shocks may elicit acute loss of force, possibly related to increased plasma membrane permeability, induced by electroporation (EP). We explore the role of the Na(+),K(+) pumps in force recovery after EP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated rat soleus or extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were exposed to EP paradigms in the range 100-800 V cm(-1), and changes in tetanic force, Na(+),K(+) contents, membrane potential, (14)C-sucrose space and the release of the intracellular enzyme lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) were characterized. The effects of Na(+),K(+) pump stimulation or inhibition were followed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electroporation caused voltage-dependent loss of force, followed by varying rates and degrees of recovery. EP induced a reversible loss of K(+) and gain of Na(+), which was not suppressed by tetrodotoxin, but associated with increased (14)C-sucrose space and release of LDH. In soleus, EP at 500 V cm(-1) induced complete loss of force, followed by a spontaneous, partial recovery. Stimulation of active Na(+),K(+) transport by adrenaline, the beta(2)-agonist salbutamol, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP increased initial rate of force recovery by 183-433% and steady-state force level by 104-143%. These effects were blocked by ouabain (10(-3) m), which also completely suppressed spontaneous force recovery. EP caused rapid and marked depolarization, followed by a repolarization, which was accelerated by salbutamol. Also in EDL, EP caused complete loss of force, followed by a spontaneous partial recovery, which was markedly stimulated by salbutamol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electroporation induces reversible depolarization, partial rundown of Na(+),K(+) gradients, cell membrane leakage and loss of force. This may explain the paralysis elicited by electrical shocks. Na(+),K(+) pump stimulation promotes restoration of contractility, possibly via its electrogenic action. The major new information is that the Na(+),K(+) pumps are sufficient to compensate a simple mechanical leakage. This may be important for force recovery in leaky muscle fibres.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gissel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000502:physiology*; D004556:Electric Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D018274:Electroporation; D005260:Female; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013395:Sucrose / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D013395:Sucrose; D012964:Sodium; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D011188:Potassium