title: Fingerprint evidence in England and Wales--the revised standard.
abstract: Evidence of personal identity, often based solely on the comparison of a single finger impression, or fragment of an impression, has been accepted by courts of law at all levels in England and Wales since 1901, when the fingerprint system of identification was first adopted by police forces. Fingerprint identification is used by police forces world-wide, not only for the identification of latent fingermarks left at crime scenes, but also as the basis for ensuring accuracy in the criminal record system. For more than a century fingerprint evidence has been shown without doubt to be the best form of personal identification yet devised and millions of comparisons and subsequent identifications have been effected world-wide without any flaw in the system having been detected. From 1953-2001 it was the usual practice in England and Wales for the police to proffer fingerprint evidence showing 16 common matching characteristics, or features in agreement, between the two impressions being compared. In 1996 the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) commissioned a review of the existing methods of presenting fingerprint evidence before the courts and on 11 June 2001 a new standard of fingerprint evidence was adopted by the police forces of England and Wales. This paper describes how the new standard was developed and implemented and why it was considered necessary to move away from the existing 16-point standard.
authors.affiliation: Fingerprint Bureau, Cambridgeshire Constabulary Headquarters, Hinchingbrooke Park, Huntingdon, Cambs PE29 6NP. Martin.leadbetter@cambs.pnn.police.uk
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Leadbetter
mesh_terms: D003416:Criminal Law / Q000266:history; D003878:Dermatoglyphics / Q000266:history*; D004739:England; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D014852:Wales