title: Development of hepatocellular carcinoma after successful management of esophageal variceal bleeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoscopic and pharmacological treatments significantly reduce recurrent esophageal variceal bleeding and improve the prognosis of cirrhotic patients. This study was aimed to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, treatment and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after esophageal variceal bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with esophageal variceal bleeding underwent endoscopic or pharmacological treatments to arrest acute bleeding or prevent rebleeding. Concurrently, patients were followed by periodic serum alpha-fetoprotein examinations and ultrasonography, aiming at early detection and possible treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hepatocellular carcinoma developed in 79 of 370 patients (21.4%) during the 10-year follow-up. The cumulative incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was 21.1% at the end of the third year, 39.3% at the end of the fifth year and 53.0% at the end of the tenth year. Small tumors (< or = 3 cm) were found in 64 patients (81.0%, monofocal tumors in 46 patients). Age, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and alpha-fetoprotein level > 20 ng/mL were factors associated with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma development by multivariate analysis using Cox regression. Tumors were actively treated in 37 of 49 Child-Pugh A and B patients (75.5%) and 2 of 30 Child-Pugh C patients (6.7%). The median survival of all patients was 2.5 (range, 0.5 to 10.0) years. Development of hepatocellular carcinoma and serum bilirubin level were significantly associated with mortality in Child-Pugh A and B patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with esophageal variceal bleeding had a high risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. Surveillance on hepatocellular carcinoma could detect most tumors with small size. Hepatocellular carcinoma had an adverse impact on the survival of patients without advanced cirrhosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, ROC.
authors.forename: Wen-Chi
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Gin-Ho
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Kwok-Hung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Jin-Shiung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Ping-I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Chiun-Ku
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins