title: Psychiatric symptoms and cognitive appraisal following the near sinking of a research submarine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the stress reactions of a submarine crew forced to abandon their vessel in high seas after flooding and fire damaged their ship.
  
  
  METHODS
  The remaining crew members (n = 22) were surveyed 7 months after the incident regarding exposures, initial emotional responses, peritraumatic dissociation, subsequent life events, current safety appraisal, and current symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 7 months, 9.1% met criteria for PTSD and none met criteria for depression. Higher levels of depressive symptoms were associated with previous traumatic exposures, subsequent life events, and higher levels of PTSD symptoms; higher levels of PTSD symptoms were associated with greater peritraumatic dissociation and initial emotional response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute exposures of highly trained professionals to potentially fatal events may not result in high levels of posttraumatic symptoms. Previous and subsequent life events may play a more significant role in the level of postdisaster symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Services Department, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92134, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Grieger
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Spira
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D004190:Disasters; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D008890:Military Psychiatry; D012307:Risk Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; D013366:Submarine Medicine; D014481:United States