title: Induction of apoptosis or necrosis in human endometrial carcinoma cells by 2-methoxyestradiol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the effects of 2methoxyestradiol (2-ME), an endogenous estrogenic metabolite, on human endometrial cancer HEC-1-A and RL-95-2 cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  After exposure of HEC-1-A and RL-95-2 cells to 2-ME, the morphological changes were evaluated by acridine orange staining and transmission electron microscopy. Cell cycle progress, apoptosis and necrosis were assessed by flow cytometry, DNA fragmentation and Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2-ME inhibited cell growth by blocking the S- and G2/M-phase in both cell lines, by inducing apoptosis in HEC-1-A cells and by causing necrosis in RL-95-2 cells. Apoptosis, on HEC-1-A cells, was accompanied by an increased expression of iNOS and STAT1. This apoptotic effect was prevented by the iNOS inhibitor 1400W and eliminated by the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Necrosis, on RL-95-2 cells, was due to a severe disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential. 2-ME had no significant effect on normal human endometrial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that 2-ME has an antitumor effect on human endometrial carcinoma cells (HEC-1-A and RL-95-2) and may contribute as a new therapeutic agent for endometrial cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Nils-Erik
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Heldin
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grawé
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ulmsten
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000077584:2-Methoxyestradiol; D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004717:Endometrium / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009336:Necrosis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; C494079:STAT1 protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; D004958:Estradiol; D000077584:2-Methoxyestradiol; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II