title: Propranolol increases the complexity of heart rate fluctuations--a mode of antiarrhythmic action?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the beta-blocking effect of propranolol on heart rate and arterial blood pressure fluctuations in healthy subjects using linear methods and a set of nonlinear models.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, healthy young adults received a 40 mg oral dose of propranolol (n = 12) or placebo (n = 12). The effects of propranolol and placebo were assessed using time series of the RR interval (RRI) and systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP) obtained from continuous ECG and blood pressure signal recordings. Heart rate and systolic arterial blood pressure fluctuations were analyzed using nonlinear and linear methods of time series statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Propranolol significantly increased the complexity of heart rate fluctuations in terms of symbol dynamic (SymDyn) entropy and symbol dynamic percentage of forbidden words. Propranolol augmented cross entropy between RRI and SAP and increased fractal dimension of RRI. beta-blockade also affected linear measures of RRI fluctuations by increasing parasympathetic, respiration-related high-frequency (HF) variability and arterial baroreflex-related low-frequency (LF) variability. Propranolol administration, however, had no effect on the complexity of SAP fluctuations assessed using nonlinear time series statistics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  beta-blockade by propranolol has a differential effect on RRI and SAP fluctuations in healthy subjects. Propranolol increases the complexity of RRI fluctuations. The effect is associated with the cardiac vagotonic drug action of propranolol. SAP fluctuations are almost unchanged. The increased complexity of RRI fluctuations may be a beneficial feature of beta-blockade, since many cardiovascular diseases decrease the complexity of RRI time series by dampening cardiovascular reflex actions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland. ahto@lepoluo.to
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lepoluoto
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nino
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tahvanainen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ylitalo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuusela
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kähönen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaila
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010919:Placebos; D011433:Propranolol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D010919:Placebos; D011433:Propranolol