title: Anxiety and depression in chronic hemodialysis: some somatopsychic determinants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression and anxiety are so common in hemodialysis (HD) patients that we found it useful to study the respective contributions of the subjective somatic sensations and of the objective medical comorbidity to psychological distress. We also hypothesized that denial has a protective effect against anxiety and depression, and that alexithymia is, on the contrary, a risk factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional design, we investigated relationships between psychological distress and somatic complaints, Charlson comorbidity index, denial and alexithymia, in a group of 54 patients on incenter HD. They filled psychometric self-rated questionnaires in (State Anxiety Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, 13-item Short Beck Depression Inventory, Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form, 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale). A principal component analysis allowed us to focus on HADS-total score, which was confirmed to be representative of anxio-depression. Then, correlational analyses and a stepwise regression analysis were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HADS-total score is inversely associated with the use of denial as a psychological defence mechanism (p < 0.001), and positively correlated with difficulties in identifying emotions (p < 0.001), with difficulties in expressing feelings (p < 0.05), and with the intensity of subjective somatic complaints (p < 0.001). On the contrary, it is not related to the somatic comorbidity. In the stepwise regression, the somatic complaints, the denial and the difficulties in recognizing emotions emerge as the three main variables related to the HADS-total score (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjective physical complaints are here associated with psychological distress in chronic HD patients, while objective organic comorbidity does not seem to influence their mood and anxiety status. Denial is an efficient coping style against negative emotions, but it can diminish compliance. So, the subjective perception of the disease seems to have an important impact on the anxiety and mood levels, which can also be influenced by the emotional regulation abilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychopathology, Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. Vincent.Jadoulle@psp.ucl.ac.be
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jadoulle
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoyois
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jadoul
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003717:Denial, Psychological; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*