title: [Realgar nano-particles induce apoptosis and necrosis in leukemia cell lines K562 and HL-60].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the growth-inhibitory, apoptosis- and necrosis-inducing effects of realgar nano-particles (RNP) in human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line K562 and acute myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60, and to find out the chemical species with efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A "solvent-relay" strategy was used for the preparation of RNP suspension. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis and necrosis were characterized with Annexin V-PI double staining in association with flow cytometry and with morphological examination with Hoechst 33258 staining. Parallel experiments with arsenous acid (H3AsO3), the dominant form of arsenic trioxide in the solution, were conducted for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean diameter of RNP was 159.0 nm. RNP showed growth-inhibitory effect on both cell lines. The double staining test indicated that RNP induced both apoptosis and necrosis, and this was further confirmed by morphological examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RNP induced both apoptosis and necrosis in leukemia cell lines K562 and HL-60. Thioarsenite species with both As-O and As-S bonds may be the active intermediates in the RNP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Biology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.forename: Zuo-fu
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Bao-di
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Gou
authors.forename: Tian-lan
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Kui
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D018922:HL-60 Cells / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells / Q000473:pathology; D008419:Materia Medica / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D036103:Nanotechnology; D009336:Necrosis; D010316:Particle Size; D013440:Sulfides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001152:Arsenicals; D008419:Materia Medica; D013440:Sulfides; C058317:arsenic disulfide