title: Mutation of arginine 228 to lysine enhances the glucosyltransferase activity of bovine beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase I.
abstract: Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase I (beta4Gal-T1) normally transfers Gal from UDP-Gal to GlcNAc in the presence of Mn(2+) ion (Gal-T activity) and also transfers Glc from UDP-Glc to GlcNAc (Glc-T activity), albeit at only 0.3% efficiency. In addition, alpha-lactalbumin (LA) enhances this Glc-T activity more than 25 times. Comparison of the crystal structures of UDP-Gal- and UDP-Glc-bound beta4Gal-T1 reveals that the O4 hydroxyl group in both Gal and Glc moieties forms a hydrogen bond with the side chain carboxylate group of Glu317. The orientation of the O4 hydroxyl of glucose causes a steric hindrance to the side chain carboxylate group of Glu317, accounting for the enzyme's low Glc-T activity. In this study, we show that mutation of Arg228, a residue in the vicinity of Glu317, to lysine (R228K-Gal-T1) results in a 15-fold higher Glc-T activity, which is further enhanced by LA to nearly 25% of the Gal-T activity of the wild type. The kinetic parameters indicate that the main effect of the mutation of Arg228 to lysine is on the k(cat) of Glc-T, which increases 3-4-fold, both in the absence and in the presence of LA; simultaneously, the k(cat) for the Gal-T reaction is reduced 30-fold. The crystal structure of R228K-Gal-T1 complexed with LA, UDP-Gal, and Mn(2+) determined at 1.9 A resolution shows that the Asp318 side chain exhibits a minor alternate conformation, compared to that in the wild type. This alternate conformation now causes a steric hindrance to the O4 hydroxyl group of the Gal moiety of UDP-Gal, probably causing the dissociation of UDP-Gal and the reduced k(cat) of the Gal-T reaction.
authors.affiliation: Structural Glycobiology Section, Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA.
authors.forename: Boopathy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boeggeman
authors.forename: Pradman K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Qasba
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000235:genetics*; D002417:Cattle; D003460:Crystallization; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000235:genetics; D005700:Galactosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D007768:Lactalbumin / Q000378:metabolism; D008239:Lysine / Q000235:genetics*; D046911:Macromolecular Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D008345:Manganese / Q000737:chemistry; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D014531:Uridine Diphosphate Galactose / Q000378:metabolism; D014532:Uridine Diphosphate Glucose / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D014531:Uridine Diphosphate Galactose; D008345:Manganese; D007768:Lactalbumin; D001120:Arginine; D005700:Galactosyltransferases; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; C119701:beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase I; D008239:Lysine; D014532:Uridine Diphosphate Glucose