title: Low adherence with antihypertensives in actual practice: the association with social participation--a multilevel analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low adherence is a key factor in explaining impaired effectiveness and efficiency in the pharmacological treatment of hypertension. However, little is known about which factors determine low adherence in actual practice. The purpose of this study is to examine whether low social participation is associated with low adherence with antihypertensive medication, and if this association is modified by the municipality of residence.
  
  
  METHODS
  1288 users of antihypertensive medication were identified from The Health Survey in Scania 2000, Sweden. The outcome was low adherence with antihypertensives during the last two weeks. Multilevel logistic regression with participants at the first level and municipalities at the second level was used for analyses of the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low social participation was associated with low adherence with antihypertensives during the last two weeks (OR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.05-3.99), independently of low educational level. However, after additional adjustment for poor self-rated health and poor psychological health, the association between low social participation and low adherence with antihypertensives during the last two weeks remained but was not conclusive (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 0.90-3.61). Furthermore, the association between low social participation and low adherence with antihypertensives during the last two weeks varied among municipalities in Scania (i.e., cross-level interaction).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low social participation seems to be associated with low adherence with antihypertensives during the last two weeks, and this association may be modified by the municipality of residence. Future studies aimed at investigating health-related behaviours in general and low adherence with medication in particular might benefit if they consider area of residence.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Family Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden. Kristina.Johnell@klinvet.ki.se
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johnell
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Råstam
authors.forename: Thor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lithman
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundquist
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Merlo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011593:Psychology, Social; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012931:Social Environment; D012938:Social Perception; D012944:Social Support; D013548:Sweden; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents
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