title: Delivery of antiviral agents in liposomes.
abstract: The intracellular activity of certain antiviral agents, including antisense oligonucleotides, acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, and protease inhibitors, is enhanced when they are delivered in liposome-encapsulated form. In this chapter we describe the preparation of pH-sensitive liposomes encapsulating antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues and their effects on HIV replication in macrophages. We outline the use of liposomal HIV protease inhibitors in infected macrophages. We present two methods for the covalent coupling of soluble CD4 to liposomes and show the association of these liposomes with HIV-infected cells. We also describe the synthesis of a novel antiviral agent based on cyclodextrin and its incorporation into liposomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
authors.forename: Nejat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Düzgüneş
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simões
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Slepushkin
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pretzer
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Flasher
authors.forename: Isam I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Steffan
authors.forename: Krystyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konopka
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pedroso de Lima
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011687:Purines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016337:RNA, Catalytic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013388:Succinimides / Q000737:chemistry; D013440:Sulfides / Q000737:chemistry; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D015704:CD4 Antigens; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D008081:Liposomes; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D063065:Organophosphonates; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D011687:Purines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D016337:RNA, Catalytic; D013388:Succinimides; D013440:Sulfides; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins; C039011:N-hydroxysuccinimide S-acetylthioacetate; C031215:betadex