title: Genotyping Mycobacterium ulcerans and Mycobacterium marinum by using mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units.
abstract: A novel category of variable tandem repeats (VNTR) called mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRUs) has been identified for Mycobacterium ulcerans (n = 39), M. marinum (n = 27), and one related organism. Fifteen MIRU loci were identified in the genome of M. marinum and were used to genotype M. ulcerans, M. marinum, and an M. marinum-like organism that is considered a possible missing link between M. marinum and M. ulcerans. Seven MIRU loci were polymorphic, and locus-specific PCRs for four of these loci differentiated seven M. ulcerans genotypes, four M. marinum genotypes, and a unique genotype for the missing link organism. The seven M. ulcerans genotypes were related to six different geographic origins of isolates. All isolates from West and Central Africa, including old and recent isolates, belonged to the same genotype, emphasizing the great spatiotemporal homogeneity among African isolates. Unlike the M. ulcerans genotypes, the four M. marinum genotypes could not be clearly related to the geographic origins of the isolates. According to MIRU-VNTR typing, all M. ulcerans and M. marinum isolates of American origin were closely related, suggesting a common American ancestor for these two pathogenic species on the American continents. MIRU typing has significant potential value for discriminating between reoccurrence and reinfection for M. ulcerans disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stragier
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ablordey
authors.forename: Wayne M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Portaels
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001483:Base Sequence; D005838:Genotype; D020071:Interspersed Repetitive Sequences / Q000235:genetics*; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019910:Mycobacterium marinum / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D019911:Mycobacterium ulcerans / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D013045:Species Specificity
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