title: Development of adjacent-level ossification in patients with an anterior cervical plate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been our experience that ossification occurs adjacent to anterior cervical plates. Our hypothesis was that the closer the plate is to the adjacent disc space, the greater the ossification.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the lateral radiographs of the cervical spine of 118 patients who had a solid fusion following an anterior cervical arthrodesis with a plate for the treatment of a degenerative cervical condition; none of the patients had had cervical spine surgery prior to the index arthrodesis. The plate-to-disc distance was measured on the postoperative lateral radiograph and was used to divide the patients into two groups for each of the two adjacent disc spaces. In group A the plate-to-disc distance was <5 mm, and in group B it was >/=5 mm. The mean duration of follow-up was 25.7 months. The severity of the ossification at the two adjacent disc spaces was classified on a scale ranging from grade 0 (no ossification) to grade 3 (complete bridging). Eighteen patients were excluded from the measurement of the severity of the caudal ossification because overlapping by the bone of the shoulder precluded adequate visualization of the caudal level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ossification developed in seventy (59%) of the 118 cephalad adjacent disc spaces and twenty-nine (29%) of the 100 caudal adjacent disc spaces (p < 0.001). The mean cephalad plate-to-disc distance was shorter than the mean caudal plate-to-disc distance (p < 0.001). The rate of ossification was higher in group A than in group B, both at the cephalad adjacent disc spaces (67% compared with 24%) and at the caudal adjacent disc spaces (45% compared with 5%) (both p < 0.001). In addition, 93% (twenty-six) of the twenty-eight cases of moderate-to-severe ossification developed in group A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a positive association between adjacent-level ossification following anterior cervical plate procedures and the plate-to-disc distance. We now strive to place anterior cervical plates at least 5 mm away from the adjacent disc spaces in order to decrease the likelihood of moderate-to-severe adjacent-level ossification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital at Washington University School of Medicine, One Barnes-Jewish Hospital Plaza, Suite 11300 West Pavilion, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Jong-Beom
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Yong-Sun
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: K Daniel
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Riew
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods