title: Neurocranial morphology and growth in Williams syndrome.
abstract: Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare congenital neurodevelopmental disorder with distinctive facial features, cardiovascular abnormalities, short stature, mental retardation, and behaviour and cognitive characteristics. The aim of this study was to describe the neurocranial morphology and growth in a group of 62 individuals with WS. The neurocranium was analysed on lateral cephalograms and comparisons were made with neurocranial standards from longitudinal data derived from the Oslo University Craniofacial Growth Archive. The size and morphology of the neurocranium in WS subjects differed from controls. Females as a group showed greater differences than males. The posterior cranial base length was shorter in both WS males and females, and the anterior cranial base length was shorter in WS females whereas it was close to normal in the WS male group. The cranial base angle was, however, not different from the control groups. A flattening was seen in the superior aspect of the parietal bone in both WS males and females. In the posterior part of the neurocranium, the prominence of the occipital bone was larger than in the control groups, which was also reflected in a larger total length of the neurocranium. The thickness of the frontal and occipital bones was considerably greater than in the control group. The deviant size and morphology of the neurocranium in WS subjects was already established in the youngest age group and maintained throughout the observation period. The growth pattern of the neurocranium in WS subjects seemed to be similar to that of the control groups, except in a few individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway. stefan.axelson@tako.no
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Axelsson
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kjaer
authors.forename: Arvid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heiberg
authors.forename: Tore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bjørnland
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Storhaug
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019066:Facies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D010294:Parietal Bone / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012886:Skull / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D019291:Skull Base / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology