title: Accumulation and altered localization of telomere-associated protein TRF2 in immortally transformed and tumor-derived human breast cells.
abstract: We have used cultured human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) and breast tumor-derived lines to gain information on defects that occur during breast cancer progression. HMEC immortalized by a variety of agents (the chemical carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene, oncogenes c-myc and ZNF217, and/or dominant negative p53 genetic suppressor element GSE22) displayed marked upregulation (10-15 fold) of the telomere-binding protein, TRF2. Upregulation of TRF2 protein was apparently due to differences in post-transcriptional regulation, as mRNA levels remained comparable in finite lifespan and immortal HMEC. TRF2 protein was not upregulated by the oncogenic agents alone in the absence of immortalization, nor by expression of exogenously introduced hTERT genes. We found TRF2 levels to be at least twofold higher than in control cells in 11/15 breast tumor cell lines, suggesting that elevated TRF2 levels are a frequent occurrence during the transformation of breast tumor cells in vivo. The dispersed distribution of TRF2 throughout the nuclei in some immortalized and tumor-derived cells indicated that not all the TRF2 was associated with telomeres in these cells. The process responsible for accumulation of TRF2 in immortalized HMEC and breast tumor-derived cell lines may promote tumorigenesis by contributing to the cells' ability to maintain an indefinite lifespan.
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Tarlochan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nijjar
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bassett
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garbe
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takenaka
authors.forename: Martha R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gilley
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yaswen
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D016922:Cellular Senescence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018450:Disease Progression; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D019098:Telomerase / Q000378:metabolism; D016615:Telomere / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D035341:Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D035341:Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 2; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D019098:Telomerase