title: Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn levels in soils of Shika area, Nigeria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heavy metals presented in toxic amounts can become injurious to human health. In areas where there is a high level of human activities on soils (such as agriculture and grazing) studies are therefore required from time to time to monitor levels of such metals in the soils in order to identify the point in time when toxicity problems become real. The objective of this paper is to determine the concentrations of some trace metals (Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn) in soils under cultivation and grazing practices in Shika, a rural area of Kaduna state of Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, soil samples collected from three different categories of locations (cultivated, grazed, and uncultivated/non-grazed serving as a control) across Shika area, Nigeria, were analysed for some trace metal levels (Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. For each category, multiple sites were chosen to accommodate all possible intra-category variations, especially in terms of land use and management history and topographic characteristics. Topsoil (0-15 cm) and subsoil (20-30 cm) samples were collected from every site and analysed for the above metals. Averaged values of the metals for the three categories revealed that Zn is the most abundant metal, followed by Fe, then Mn and Cu the least.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results obtained indicate that the cultivation practices, and to a lesser extent grazing, in the area result in higher levels of all the metals than in the control, suggesting that crop immobilization of the metals from soils of the area is low, and that their systematic accumulation is taking place in cultivated soils of the area. Prospects of having elevated soil levels of the metals due to cultivation practices in the area therefore seem quite high.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of the results obtained, it was concluded that grazing and cultivation practices have in general caused some significant elevations in the bioavailable (i.e the plant available forms) levels of Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu in soils of the area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, University of Abuja, P. M. B. 117, Abuja, Nigeria. sanimashi2000@yahoo.com
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mashi
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Yaro
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Haiba
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001682:Biological Availability; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis*; D008345:Manganese / Q000032:analysis*; D009549:Nigeria; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014131:Trace Elements; D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D007501:Iron; D015032:Zinc