title: Function of the ING family of PHD proteins in cancer.
abstract: The ING genes encode a family of at least seven proteins with conserved plant homeodomain (PHD)-type zinc fingers in their C-termini. The founding member, ING1, is capable of binding to and affecting the activity of histone acetyltransferase (HAT), histone deacetylase (HDAC), and factor acetyltransferase (FAT) protein complexes. Some ING proteins are involved in transcriptional regulation of genes, such as the p53-inducible genes p21 and Bax. Others have been found to affect post-translational modifications, exemplified by the ING2-induced acetylation of p53 on the same site deacetylated by the Sir2 HDAC. Upon UV irradiation, ING1 causes cell cycle arrest and interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen to promote DNA repair or induce apoptosis in cells to prevent tumorigenesis depending upon the severity of DNA damage. It is very likely that, by linking DNA repair, apoptosis and chromatin remodeling to the transcriptional regulation of critical genes, ING1 exerts it tumor suppressor functions by helping maintain genomic stability. Therefore, ING proteins, which are down-regulated in a broad variety of cancer types, are able to restrict cell growth and proliferation, induce apoptosis, and modulate cell cycle progression, which strongly supports the notion that ING family proteins act as class II tumor suppressors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary HSC, 370 Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, Alta., Canada T2N 4N1.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Riabowol
mesh_terms: D000123:Acetyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D017209:Apoptosis; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004260:DNA Repair; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor / Q000502:physiology*; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D000076023:Inhibitor of Growth Protein 1; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009154:Mutation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; C501503:ING1 protein, human; D000076023:Inhibitor of Growth Protein 1; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D000123:Acetyltransferases; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; D006655:Histone Deacetylases