title: One year soy protein supplementation has positive effects on bone formation markers but not bone density in postmenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although soy protein and its isoflavones have been reported to reduce the risk of osteoporosis in peri- and post-menopausal women, most of these studies are of short duration (i.e. six months). The objective of this study was to examine if one year consumption of soy-containing foods (providing 25 g protein and 60 mg isoflavones) exerts beneficial effects on bone in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-seven eligible postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to consume soy or control foods daily for one year. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of the whole body, lumbar (L1-L4), and total hip were measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry at baseline and after one year. Blood and urine markers of bone metabolism were also assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sixty-two subjects completed the one-year long study. Whole body and lumbar BMD and BMC were significantly decreased in both the soy and control groups. However, there were no significant changes in total hip BMD and BMC irrespective of treatment. Both treatments positively affected markers of bone formation as indicated by increased serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) activity, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and osteocalcin (BSAP: 27.8 and 25.8%, IGF-I: 12.8 and 26.3%, osteocalcin: 95.2 and 103.4% for control and soy groups, respectively). Neither of the protein supplements had any effect on urinary deoxypyridinoline excretion, a marker of bone resorption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that although one year supplementation of 25 g protein per se positively modulated markers of bone formation, this amount of protein was unable to prevent lumbar and whole body bone loss in postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA. arjmand@okstate.edu
authors.forename: Bahram H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Arjmandi
authors.forename: Edralin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Dania A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.forename: Latha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Devareddy
authors.forename: Brenda J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Andrea B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Arquitt
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Payton
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mason
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008875:Middle Aged; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D010384:Pelvic Bones; D017698:Postmenopause; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D015415:Biomarkers; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D015675:Osteocalcin; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; C036020:deoxypyridinoline; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium
references.citation: Med J Aust. 2002 Feb 18;176(4):182-3
references.pmid: 11913921
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 1994 Oct;9(10):1643-9
references.pmid: 7817812
references.citation: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1998 Apr;44(2):257-68
references.pmid: 9675706
references.citation: Menopause. 2001 Jul-Aug;8(4):259-65
references.pmid: 11449083
references.citation: Fed Regist. 1999 Oct 26;64(206):57700-33
references.pmid: 11010706
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Oct;70(4):574-5
references.pmid: 10500030
references.citation: Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2003 Mar;32(1):233-52, viii
references.pmid: 12699301
references.citation: Menopause. 2004 May-Jun;11(3):246-54
references.pmid: 15167303
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Oct;77(4):1046-53
references.pmid: 8104954
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 2000 Dec;15(12):2504-12
references.pmid: 11127216
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 1998;8(3):274-81
references.pmid: 9797913
references.citation: Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1999 Jul;85(1):47-51
references.pmid: 10428321
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 1999;9(3):242-53
references.pmid: 10450414
references.citation: J Nutr Biochem. 2002 Mar;13(3):130-137
references.pmid: 11893477
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Feb;79(2):326-33
references.pmid: 14749241
references.citation: J Nutr. 2001 Nov;131(11 Suppl):3095S-108S
references.pmid: 11694655
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Sep;78(3 Suppl):584S-592S
references.pmid: 12936953
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2001 Mar;85(3):307-16
references.pmid: 11299076
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jul;83(7):2223-35
references.pmid: 9661587
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Sep;72(3):844-52
references.pmid: 10966908
references.citation: Menopause. 2001 Nov-Dec;8(6):433-40
references.pmid: 11723417
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Mar;88(3):1048-54
references.pmid: 12629084
references.citation: J Br Menopause Soc. 2003 Mar;9(1):17-21
references.pmid: 12804308
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 2002 Oct;17(10):1904-12
references.pmid: 12369794
references.citation: J Nutr. 2000 Jul;130(7):1675-81
references.pmid: 10867035
references.citation: J Med Food. 2003 Spring;6(1):1-11
references.pmid: 12804015
references.citation: J Am Coll Nutr. 2000 Apr;19(2 Suppl):83S-99S
references.pmid: 10759135
references.citation: Menopause. 2001 Sep-Oct;8(5):384-92
references.pmid: 11528367
references.citation: Menopause. 2003 May-Jun;10(3):196-202
references.pmid: 12792289
references.citation: Public Health Nutr. 1999 Sep;2(3A):391-6
references.pmid: 10610078
references.citation: Climacteric. 1998 Jun;1(2):124-9
references.pmid: 11907915
references.citation: JAMA. 2004 Jul 7;292(1):65-74
references.pmid: 15238592
references.citation: Nutr Rev. 2003 Apr;61(4):117-31
references.pmid: 12795445
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000 Aug;9(8):781-6
references.pmid: 10952094
references.citation: Menopause. 2004 May-Jun;11(3):290-8
references.pmid: 15167308
references.citation: J Nutr. 2003 Mar;133(3):862S-865S
references.pmid: 12612170
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 May;73(5):990-2
references.pmid: 11333855
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Sep;78(3 Suppl):593S-609S
references.pmid: 12936954
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 May;80(5):1685-90
references.pmid: 7745019
references.citation: J Nutr. 1996 Jan;126(1):161-7
references.pmid: 8558297
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2002 Nov;88 Suppl 2:S225-32
references.pmid: 12495464
references.citation: Ann Med. 1997 Apr;29(2):95-120
references.pmid: 9187225
references.citation: Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Jun;12(3):189-97
references.pmid: 10873119
references.citation: Nutr Cancer. 1999;33(1):82-7
references.pmid: 10227048
references.citation: Eur J Nutr. 2004 Aug;43(4):246-57
references.pmid: 15309425
references.citation: J Am Coll Nutr. 2001 Oct;20(5 Suppl):354S-362S; discussion 381S-383S
references.pmid: 11603644
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 Jun 18;95(12):906-13
references.pmid: 12813174
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Dec;68(6 Suppl):1375S-1379S
references.pmid: 9848502
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Oct;84(10):3479-84
references.pmid: 10522983
references.citation: Menopause. 1999 Fall;6(3):233-41
references.pmid: 10486794
references.citation: J Steroid Biochem. 1987;27(4-6):1135-44
references.pmid: 2826899
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2003 Jun;89 Suppl 1:S87-99
references.pmid: 12725658
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Dec;68(6 Suppl):1364S-1368S
references.pmid: 9848500
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Dec;68(6 Suppl):1358S-1363S
references.pmid: 9848499
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jun;71(6):1462-9
references.pmid: 10837286
references.citation: Maturitas. 2002 Aug 30;42(4):295-300
references.pmid: 12191852
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 1993 Sep;3(5):242-8
references.pmid: 8400605
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2003 Oct;14(10):835-42
references.pmid: 12920508