title: Sex disparities in treatment of cardiac risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes eliminates the protective effect of female sex on the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). We assessed sex differences in the treatment of CHD risk factors among patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis included 3,849 patients with diabetes treated in five academic internal medicine practices from 2000 to 2003. Outcomes were stratified by the presence of CHD and included adjusted odds ratios (AORs) that women (relative to men) were treated with hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, lipid-lowering medications or aspirin (if indicated) and AORs of reaching target HbA(1c), blood pressure, or lipid levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women were less likely than men to have HbA(1c) <7% (without CHD: AOR 0.84 [95% CI 0.75-0.95], P = 0.005; with CHD: 0.63 [0.53-0.75], P < 0.0001). Women without CHD were less likely than men to be treated with lipid-lowering medication (0.82 [0.71-0.96], P = 0.01) or, when treated, to have LDL cholesterol levels <100 mg/dl (0.75 [0.62-0.93], P = 0.004) and were less likely than men to be prescribed aspirin (0.63 [0.55-0.72], P < 0.0001). Women with diabetes and CHD were less likely than men to be prescribed aspirin (0.70 [0.60-0.83], P < 0.0001) or, when treated for hypertension or hyperlipidemia, were less likely to have blood pressure levels <130/80 mmHg (0.75 [0.69-0.82], P < 0.0001) or LDL cholesterol levels <100 mg/dl (0.80 [0.68-0.94], P = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with diabetes received less treatment for many modifiable CHD risk factors than diabetic men. More aggressive treatment of CHD risk factors in this population offers a specific target for improvement in diabetes care.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA. dwexler@partners.org
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wexler
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Meigs
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nathan
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cagliero
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents