title: Involvement of the actin cytoskeleton and homotypic membrane fusion in ER dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans.
abstract: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major intracellular membrane system. The ER is essential for protein and lipid biosynthesis, transport of proteins along the secretory pathway, and calcium storage. Here, we describe our investigations into the dynamics and regulation of the ER in the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. Using a GFP fusion to the ER-resident signal peptidase SP12, we observed the morphological transitions of the ER through fertilization and the early cell-cycles in living embryos. These transitions were tightly coordinated with the division cycle: upon onset of mitosis, the ER formed structured sheets that redispersed at the initiation of cleavage. Although microtubules were not required for the transition of the ER between these different states, the actin cytoskeleton facilitated the dispersal of the ER at the end of mitosis. The ER had an asymmetric distribution in the early embryo, which was dependent on the establishment of polarity by the PAR proteins. The small GTPase ARF-1 played an essential role in the ER dynamics, although this function appeared to be unrelated to the role of ARF-1 in vesicular traffic. In addition, the ER-resident heat shock protein BiP and a homologue of the AAA ATPase Cdc48/p97 were found to be crucial for the ER transitions. Both proteins have been implicated in homotypic ER membrane fusion. We provide evidence that homotypic membrane fusion is required to form the sheet structure in the early embryo.
authors.affiliation: Friedrich Miescher Laboratorium, Max Planck Gesellschaft, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poteryaev
authors.forename: Jayne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Squirrell
authors.forename: Jay M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spang
mesh_terms: D020823:ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism*; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002453:Cell Cycle; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008561:Membrane Fusion / Q000502:physiology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008938:Mitosis; D034622:RNA Interference; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000074405:Valosin Containing Protein
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C436742:bra-2 protein, C elegans; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; C026515:type I signal peptidase; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; D000074405:Valosin Containing Protein; D020823:ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1
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