title: The effect of olive mill wastewater on seed germination after various pretreatment techniques.
abstract: Olive mill wastewater (OMW) management has been a major issue of environmental concern for olive oil producing countries. OMW can be a serious nuisance, when disposed of untreated, due to its significantly high organic load, its phytotoxic properties and its relatively low biodegradability. Field and plant irrigation with raw or pretreated OMW is an easy and relatively inexpensive method to treat and dispose of OMW. Typical pretreatment techniques could be comprised of phase separation through a settling basin, dilution with water, aeration to promote biological degradation and pH neutralization. A full factorial experimental design approach was used here to study the main effects and interactions of the above four pretreatment techniques on the germination of tomato and chicory seeds. Results of the study showed that the most statistically significant technique affecting OMW phytotoxicity is water dilution. The next most significant technique was aeration. In particular, phytotoxicity decreased with increased OMW dilution with water, when OMW was aerated and without pH adjustment. pH neutralization resulted in increased phytotoxicity. Settling did not significantly decrease the phytotoxicity of settled OMW and is therefore not considered necessary in an OMW management system in which plant irrigation is the goal. The interaction of aeration and pH was, marginally, the most significant two-way interaction for tomato seeds, while no interactions were significant when chicory seeds were used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mitilinis 50, 11364 Athens, Greece. dkomilis@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Dimitris P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Komilis
authors.forename: Emmanouil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karatzas
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Halvadakis
mesh_terms: D018651:Cichorium intybus; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum; D031658:Olea; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D059808:Polyphenols; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D010100:Oxygen