title: Surface roughness of ceramic femoral heads after in vivo transfer of metal: correlation to polyethylene wear.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A dark metallic-appearing smear, resembling a lead pencil mark, may be seen on a ceramic femoral head component at revision total hip arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that such a mark on a retrieved ceramic femoral head is associated with increased surface roughness of the head and increased polyethylene liner wear in total hip replacement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen ceramic prosthetic femoral heads retrieved from fifteen patients at revision arthroplasty were examined in this study. Thirteen heads had been in vivo for an average of 10.8 years (range, 7.8 to 14.2 years). The remaining two heads had been in vivo for less than one month. The surface roughness characteristics of the explanted ceramic heads, the linear wear of the polyethylene liner, and the patient activity levels after the primary replacement and before the revision were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four of the thirteen ceramic heads that had been in vivo for >/=7.8 years had severe smears (>6% of the surface area), and the remaining nine heads had slight smears (<6% of the surface area). The two heads that had been in vivo less than one month had severe smears. The mean Ra and Rpm, the values for surface roughness, were 44.95 nm and 571.15 nm, respectively, in the hips with slightly smeared regions and 180.77 nm and 1245.88 nm, respectively, in the hips with severely smeared regions (p = 0.002). The mean linear liner wear rate was 0.10 mm/yr in the hips with slightly smeared heads and 0.19 mm/yr in the hips with severely smeared heads (p = 0.002). The activity score for all patients was 5 or 6 points on a 6-point scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study confirm the hypothesis that a visual dark metallic-appearing smear on a ceramic femoral head correlates with increased surface roughness of the head and increased polyethylene wear. These findings imply that contact of a ceramic femoral head with a metallic material, such as may occur with femoral head reduction or dislocation of a total hip replacement, is best avoided to prevent this metallic smear phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: The Joint Replacement Center of Korea at Ewha Womans University Dong Dae Mun Hospital, 70, ChongRo 6-Ga, ChongRo-Gu, Seoul, Korea 110-783. younghookim@ewha.ac.kr
authors.forename: Young-Hoo
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: Cath
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hardaker
mesh_terms: D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; D002516:Ceramics; D005270:Femur Head; D006622:Hip Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D020959:Polyethylene; D012086:Reoperation; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D020959:Polyethylene