title: Beneficial effect of acute normovolemic hemodilution in cardiovascular surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The efficacy of acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) in avoiding homologous blood transfusion (HBT) during cardiovascular surgery remains controversial. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of ANH on blood transfusion requirements during open cardiovascular surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 243 patients who had undergone open cardiac or thoracic aortic surgery using CPB between September 2001 and July 2003 in our department. ANH was performed when the hematocrit was over 35% and the patient was hemodynamically stable. Risk factors were selected in accordance with the Japanese Adult Cardiovascular Surgery Database and analyzed to determine their effect on perioperative HBT requirement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 243 patients, 64 (26%) underwent preoperative autologous blood donation and 62 (26%) ANH. HBT was required in 62% of patients (150/243) overall, in 32% (20/62) of ANH patients, and in 76% (130/171) of non-ANH patients. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that preoperative or pre-donation hemoglobin value (p < 0.001), duration of surgery (p = 0.001), intraoperative minimum rectal temperature (p = 0.001), age (p = 0.002), need for emergency surgery (p = 0.003), amount of ANH (p = 0.018), blood loss (p = 0.033) and amount of preoperative autologous blood donation (p = 0.042) were independent predictors of the need for perioperative HBT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data showed that open cardiovascular surgery using CPB continues to pose a high risk of HBT, but that ANH is an effective means of reducing this risk in those patients undergoing these operations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taketani
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Motomura
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toyokawa
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kotsuka
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takamoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001804:Blood Transfusion, Autologous; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006400:Hematocrit; D006438:Hemodilution; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
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