title: Rapid apoptosis induction by IGFBP-3 involves an insulin-like growth factor-independent nucleomitochondrial translocation of RXRalpha/Nur77.
abstract: Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) induces apoptosis by its ability to bind insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) as well as its IGF-independent effects involving binding to other molecules including the retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRalpha). Here we describe that in response to IGFBP-3, the RXRalpha binding partner nuclear receptor Nur77 rapidly undergoes translocation from the nucleus to the mitochondria, initiating an apoptotic cascade resulting in caspase activation within 6 h. This translocation is a type 1 IGF receptor-signaling independent event as IGFBP-3 induces Nur77 translocation in R-cells. IGFBP-3 and Nur77 are additive in inducing apoptosis. GFP-Nur77 transfection into RXRalpha wild-type and knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts and subsequent treatment with IGFBP-3 show that RXRalpha is required for IGFBP-3-induced Nur77 translocation and apoptosis. Addition of IGFBP-3 to 22RV1 cell lysates enhanced the ability of GST-RXRalpha to "pull down" Nur77, and overexpression of IGFBP-3 enhanced the accumulation of mitochondrial RXRalpha. This unique nongenotropic nuclear pathway supports an emerging role for IGFBP-3 as a novel, multicompartmental signaling molecule involved in induction of apoptosis in malignant cells.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Kuk-Wha
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Liqun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Xinmin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Bingrong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiao-kun
authors.initials: XK
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Pinchas
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003720:Densitometry; D019281:Dimerization; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D057105:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1; D021381:Protein Transport; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000378:metabolism*; D047490:Retinoid X Receptor alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; C539818:Nr4a1 protein, mouse; D057105:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D047490:Retinoid X Receptor alpha; D013002:Somatomedins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D020169:Caspases