title: Parotid secretory protein is expressed and inducible in human gingival keratinocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parotid secretory protein (PSP) is a major salivary protein that is thought to possess both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity. A major question is whether PSP expression can be regulated by humoral factors and bacteria. Periodontitis is an inflammatory lesion initiated by interaction between gingival keratinocytes and periodontopathogenic microorganisms such as the Gram-negative anaerobe Porphyromonas gingivalis. Cytokines and sex hormones have been implicated in the progression of various forms of periodontal diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the expression of PSP and its regulation in primary cultures of human gingival keratinocytes (HGK). HGK at the third or fourth passage were exposed to heat-killed P. gingivalis, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and 17beta-estradiol. The PSP mRNA levels were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The protein expression of PSP was confirmed by immunofluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heat-killed P. gingivalis, TNF-alpha and 17beta-estradiol all resulted in increased HGK levels of mRNA for PSP as determined by real-time PCR analysis. Immunofluorescence demonstrated increased PSP localized within the cytoplasm of HGK following exposure to killed P. gingivalis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study has demonstrated for the first time that PSP is expressed in keratinocytes and that it can be up-regulated by bacteria and humoral factors. Thus PSP may have a role in the innate defense system at the gingival epithelial surface.
authors.affiliation: Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA. h0shib02@louisville.edu
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shiba
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Venkatesh
authors.forename: Sven-Ulrik
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Gorr
authors.forename: Germán
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barbieri
authors.forename: Hidemi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kurihara
authors.forename: Denis F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Kinane
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C045623:BPIFA2 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004958:Estradiol