title: Reproduction of menstrual changes in transplanted human endometrial tissue in immunodeficient mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cultures of human endometrial tissue are useful for analysing the mechanisms underlying the menstrual cycle. However, long-term culture of endometrial tissue is difficult in vitro. Xenotransplantation of normal human endometrial tissue into immunodeficient mice could allow prolonged survival of the transplanted tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proliferative-phase endometrial tissue samples from three women were transplanted into the subcutaneous space of ovariectomized, immunodeficient, non-obese diabetic (NOD)/severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)/gammaC(null) (NOG) mice. The mice were treated with 17beta-estradiol (E2) for the first 14 days after transplantation, followed by E2 plus progesterone for the next 14 days. The transplants were investigated morphologically and immunohistochemically at various times after implantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The transplanted tissues contained large numbers of small glands, pseudostratification of the nuclei and dense stroma after treatment with E2 alone. After treatment with E2 plus progesterone, subnuclear vacuolation, luminal secretion and decidualization of the stroma were observed. When the hormone treatment ceased, tissue destruction occurred and the transplants returned to the proliferative phase. Lymphocytes were identified immunohistochemically: the numbers of CD56-positive and CD16-negative cells increased significantly in the stroma during the late secretory phase (day 28).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human endometrial tissue transplanted into NOG mice showed similar histological changes to eutopic endometrial tissue during treatment with sex steroid hormones for 1 month. Moreover, lymphocytes were produced in the transplanted human endometrial tissue. This system represents a new experimental model of the human endometrium in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine--Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seiryo-machi1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai Japan. sawada@ob-gy.med.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matsuura-Sawada
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nabeshima
authors.forename: Jun-Ichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Akahira
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koyanagi
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Terada
authors.forename: Kunihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okamura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D019002:CD56 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D008598:Menstruation / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D008875:Middle Aged; D011374:Progesterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D017452:Receptors, IgG / Q000378:metabolism; D016378:Tissue Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D017252:CD3 Complex; D019002:CD56 Antigen; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D017452:Receptors, IgG; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol