title: Extrapyramidal symptoms in unmedicated schizophrenia.
abstract: Studies of spontaneous extrapyramidal symptoms, dyskinesia and parkinsonism, in unmedicated schizophrenia are of importance in understanding their underlying pathology and relation to the psychosis. This is a study of extrapyramidal symptoms using Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale for dyskinesia and Simpson-Angus Scale for parkinsonism in 143 schizophrenia patients who never received antipsychotic medication. Psychopathology was measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Dyskinesia was present in 35% of patients and parkinsonism in 15%. The two disorders coexisted in 11 subjects. Orofacial dyskinesia, rigidity and tremor were common symptoms noted. There was no significant change in the rates and total scores of dyskinesia and parkinsonism with gender, age, duration of illness or age at onset of psychosis. Dyskinesia was unrelated to psychopathology. Parkinsonism score correlated positively with the motor symptom cluster of psychopathology. Dyskinesia and parkinsonism scores correlated positively with each other and parkinsonism score discriminated presence of dyskinesia. The associations between the spontaneous abnormal movements and other aspects of schizophrenia differed from those described in treated patients. Dyskinesia and parkinsonism are an integral part of the schizophrenia disease process whose relationship with other factors could be influenced by antipsychotic drug treatment.
authors.affiliation: Crichton Royal Hospital, Dumfries, DG1 4XB, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Robin G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: McCreadie
authors.forename: Tirupati N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: Raman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Padmavati
authors.forename: Rangaswamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D020820:Dyskinesias / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index