title: Cardiovascular risk factors and migraine: the GEM population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Migraine, particularly with aura, is a risk factor for early-onset ischemic stroke. The underlying mechanisms are unknown, but may in part be due to migraineurs having an increased risk profile for cardiovascular disease. In this study, the authors compare the cardiovascular risk profile of adult migraineurs to that of nonmigraineurs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n = 5,755, 48% men, age 20 to 65 years) are from the Genetic Epidemiology of Migraine (GEM) study, a population-based study in the Netherlands. A total of 620 current migraineurs were identified: 31% with aura (MA), 64% without aura (MO), and 5% unclassified. Controls were 5,135 individuals without lifetime migraine. Measured cardiovascular risk factors included blood pressure (BP), serum total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC, HDL), smoking, oral contraceptive use, and the Framingham risk score for myocardial infarction or coronary heart disease (CHD) death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to controls, migraineurs were more likely to smoke (OR = 1.43 [1.1 to 1.8]), less likely to consume alcohol (OR = 0.58 [0.5 to 0.7]), and more likely to report a parental history of early myocardial infarction. Migraineurs with aura were more likely to have an unfavorable cholesterol profile (TC > or = 240 mg/dL [OR = 1.43 (0.97 to 2.1)], TC:HDL ratio > 5.0 [OR = 1.64 (1.1 to 2.4)]), have elevated BP (systolic BP > 140 mm Hg or diastolic BP > 90 mm Hg [OR = 1.76 (1.04 to 3.0)]), and report a history of early onset CHD or stroke (OR = 3.96 [1.1 to 14.3]); female migraineurs with aura were more likely to be using oral contraceptives (OR = 2.06 [1.05 to 4.0]). The odds of having an elevated Framingham risk score for CHD were approximately doubled for the migraineurs with aura.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Migraineurs, particularly with aura, have a higher cardiovascular risk profile than individuals without migraine.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. ascher@usuhs.mil
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Scher
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Terwindt
authors.forename: H S J
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Picavet
authors.forename: W M M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Verschuren
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Launer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020325:Migraine with Aura / Q000453:epidemiology; D020326:Migraine without Aura / Q000453:epidemiology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000235:genetics; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012923:Social Class; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal