title: Simple nomograms to calculate sample size in diagnostic studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To produce an easily understood and accessible tool for use by researchers in diagnostic studies. Diagnostic studies should have sample size calculations performed, but in practice, they are performed infrequently. This may be due to a reluctance on the part of researchers to use mathematical formulae.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a spreadsheet, we derived nomograms for calculating the number of patients required to determine the precision of a test's sensitivity or specificity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nomograms could be easily used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to being easy to use, the nomogram allows deduction of a missing parameter (number of patients, confidence intervals, prevalence, or sensitivity/specificity) if the other three are known. The nomogram can also be used retrospectively by the reader of published research as a rough estimating tool for sample size calculations.
authors.affiliation: Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WL, UK. simon.carley@cmmc.nhs.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carley
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dosman
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D049451:Nomograms; D012107:Research Design; D018401:Sample Size; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
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