title: Interventions to improve treatment of respiratory infections in ambulatory managed-care patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature on managed-care initiatives to improve antimicrobial use in respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and examine whether efforts were successful in decreasing antibiotic prescribing when an antibiotic was not indicated or in increasing the frequency with which a preferred antimicrobial agent was chosen when an antibiotic was appropriate.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computerized search of Ovid MEDLINE was conducted for research articles published between 1966 and September 2004 using a key word search of MeSH subject headings and titles. Search terms included managed care or health maintenance organization and antibacterial agents or antibiotic or antimicrobial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies evaluating initiatives in ambulatory managed-care environments and the effects of managed care on treatment of RTIs were chosen. Articles addressing both population and individual level tools were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initiatives have been attempted in a variety of managed-care models. In some studies, multidimensional educational interventions were effective in decreasing antimicrobial prescribing rates for RTIs. However, in other studies, no decrease in antimicrobial prescribing after implementation of an evidence-based guideline or initiation of an educational intervention was observed. In one successful study, patient satisfaction was similar between groups. Each study had limitations in design or generalizability. Several studies had strengths, including using randomized groups or offering multidimensional educational efforts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Randomized prospective studies of interventions to improve antimicrobial prescribing for RTIs in managed care have been variably successful. Because the topic is one of ongoing importance, it will continue to be an area of research.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente of Colorado, Clinical Research Unit, Denver, CO 80237-8066, USA. Marsha.A.Raebel@kp.org
authors.forename: Marsha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Raebel
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008329:Managed Care Programs; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents