title: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) might reduce risks of esophageal and gastric cancer, but previous studies are limited and provide somewhat conflicting results.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested these associations in a prospective, nested case-control study based on the General Practitioners Research Database, including over 2 million persons in the United Kingdom between 1994 and 2001. In multivariate analyses we calculated odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Data were stratified by history of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) disorders and recalculated using 2 years lag time on data (i.e., excluding all information 2 years before index date).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 4,340,207 person-years of follow-up, we identified 909 patients with esophageal cancer and 1,023 patients with gastric cancer. We randomly selected 10,000 control subjects. Overall analysis suggested that long-term users of nonaspirin NSAIDs were at reduced risks of esophageal (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.57-1.18) and gastric cancer (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.44-0.94), whereas long-term aspirin users might be at decreased risk of esophageal cancer (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.53-1.08), but not of gastric cancer (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.82-1.45). All estimates of reduced risk were weakened in the 2 years lag time analysis except the association between nonaspirin NSAIDs long-term users and gastric cancer. Potentially protective effects were suggestive of being more marked among subjects with a history of UGI disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonaspirin NSAIDs long-term use was associated with a reduced risk of gastric cancer, whereas no other studied associations could be firmly established. Our results suggest that UGI disorders could distort the associations, although we could not show this with statistical significance. If such bias was to be true, the previously reported inverse associations might, at least partly, be explained by lack of appropriate adjustment for such disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, P9: 03, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. mats.lindblad@karolinska.se
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindblad
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lagergren
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: García Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal