title: High frequency nonlinear B-scan imaging of microbubble contrast agents.
abstract: It previously was shown that it is possible to produce nonlinear scattering from microbubble contrast agents using transmit frequencies in the 14-32 MHz range, suggesting the possibility of performing high-frequency, nonlinear microbubble imaging. In this study, we describe the development of nonlinear microbubble B-scan imaging instrumentation capable of operating at transmit center frequencies between 10 and 50 MHz. The system underwent validation experiments using transmit frequencies of 20 and 30 MHz. Agent characterization experiments demonstrate the presence of nonlinear scattering for the conditions used in this study. Using wall-less vessel phantoms, nonlinear B-scan imaging is performed using energy in one of the subharmonic, ultraharmonic, and second harmonic frequency regions for transmit frequencies of 20 and 30 MHz. Both subharmonic and ultraharmonic imaging modes achieved suppression of tissue signals to below the noise floor while achieving contrast to noise ratios of up to 26 and 17 dB, respectively. The performance of second harmonic imaging was compromised by nonlinear propagation and offered no significant contrast improvement over fundamental mode imaging. In vivo experiments using the subharmonic of a 20 MHz transmit pulse show the successful detection of microvessels in the rabbit ear and in the mouse heart. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of nonlinear microbubble imaging at high frequencies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. d.goertz@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Goertz
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cherin
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Needles
authors.forename: Raffi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karshafian
authors.forename: Allison S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: F Stuart
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D051379:Mice; D045423:Microbubbles; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011817:Rabbits; D011846:Radio Waves; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods