title: Is posttraumatic stress in youth a culture-bound phenomenon? A comparison of symptom trends in selected U.S. and Russian communities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cross-cultural applicability of the concept of posttraumatic stress was investigated by assessing symptom frequency and levels of comorbid psychopathology in adolescents from the United States and Russia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A self-report survey was conducted in representative samples of 2,157 adolescents 14 to 17 years old from urban communities of the United States (N=1,212) and Russia (N=945).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both countries, the levels of all three major clusters of posttraumatic symptoms (reexperiencing, avoidance, and arousal), as well as of internalizing psychopathology, increased along with the level of posttraumatic stress. Expectations about the future had a tendency to decrease with increasing posttraumatic stress. No differences between countries in significant interaction effects for symptom levels were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current findings suggest that posttraumatic symptoms and their associations with other adolescent mental health problems are not culture bound and that the psychological consequences of trauma follow similar dynamics cross-culturally.
authors.affiliation: Yale Child Study Center, 230 South Frontage Rd., New Haven, CT 06520-7900, USA. vladislav.ruchkin@yale.edu
authors.forename: Vladislav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ruchkin
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwab-Stone
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Domenic V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Cicchetti
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koposov
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vermeiren
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015897:Comorbidity; D003237:Connecticut / Q000453:epidemiology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires