title: Racial/ethnic discrimination and common mental disorders among workers: findings from the EMPIRIC Study of Ethnic Minority Groups in the United Kingdom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We measured perceived discrimination and its association with common mental disorders among workers in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a secondary analysis of a national sample of 6 ethnic groups (n=2054). Discrimination was measured as reports of insults; unfair treatment at work; or job denial stemming from race, religion, or language. The outcome assessed was presence of common mental disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of mental disorders was highest among ethnic minority individuals reporting unfair treatment (odds ratio [OR]=2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2, 3.2) and racial insults (OR=2.3; 95% CI=1.4, 3.6). The overall greatest risks were observed among Black Caribbeans exposed to unfair treatment at work (OR=2.9; 95% CI=1.2, 7.3) and Indian (OR=3.1; 95% CI=1.4, 7.2), Bangladeshi (OR=32.9; 95% CI=2.5, 436.0), and Irish (OR=2.9; 95% CI=1.1, 7.6) individuals reporting insults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Racial/ethnic discrimination shows strong associations with common mental disorders.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Psychiatry, Barts, and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom. k.s.bhui@qmul.ac.uk
authors.forename: Kamaldeep
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhui
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stansfeld
authors.forename: Kwame
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: Saffron
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karlsen
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nazroo
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000208:ethnology; D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000208:ethnology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D007494:Ireland / Q000208:ethnology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009017:Morbidity; D010154:Pakistan / Q000208:ethnology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011287:Prejudice; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology
references.citation: Psychol Med. 1997 Jan;27(1):21-33
references.pmid: 9122302
references.citation: Psychol Med. 1992 May;22(2):465-86
references.pmid: 1615114
references.citation: Psychol Med. 1998 Jan;28(1):145-52
references.pmid: 9483690
references.citation: J Occup Health Psychol. 1996 Jul;1(3):319-29
references.pmid: 9547054
references.citation: Public Health Rep. 1999 Sep-Oct;114(5):448-58
references.pmid: 10590767
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2001 Jul;31(5):815-25
references.pmid: 11459379
references.citation: Ethn Dis. 2001 Fall;11(4):711-21
references.pmid: 11763865
references.citation: Ethn Dis. 2001 Fall;11(4):800-16
references.pmid: 11763305
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2002 Apr;92(4):624-31
references.pmid: 11919063
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Jan;160(1):4-12
references.pmid: 12505793
references.citation: BMJ. 2003 Jan 11;326(7380):65-6
references.pmid: 12521953
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2003 Feb;93(2):221-6
references.pmid: 12554573
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2003 Feb;93(2):226-31
references.pmid: 12554574
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2003 Feb;93(2):232-8
references.pmid: 12554575
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2003 Feb;93(2):262-5
references.pmid: 12554580
references.citation: J Behav Med. 1984 Sep;7(3):259-75
references.pmid: 6481796
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987 May;44(5):473-80
references.pmid: 3555383
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1988 Jun;145(6):712-7
references.pmid: 3369558
references.citation: Psychol Med. 1989 Aug;19(3):549-58
references.pmid: 2798629
references.citation: JAMA. 1990 Nov 21;264(19):2524-8
references.pmid: 2146410
references.citation: J Psychosom Res. 1997 Jul;43(1):73-81
references.pmid: 9263933