title: Hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis of treatment-options.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During 2001, over 32,000 patients in the United Kingdom received renal replacement therapy (RRT). Approximately half had a functioning transplant, with the remainder receiving dialysis therapy. The main form of dialysis is hemodialysis (HD), which is provided to 37.1 percent of the RRT population. HD is provided in three main settings: hospital (24.5 percent), satellite (10.9 percent), or home (1.7 percent). The objective of this study is to explore the cost-effectiveness of these different modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using clinical and cost data from a systematic review, a Markov model was developed to assess the costs and benefits of the three different modalities. The model included direct health service costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Satellite HD has lower costs 46,000 pounds sterling and 62,050 pounds sterling at 5 and 10 years than home HD 47,660 pounds sterling and 63,540 pounds sterling. The total effectiveness of home HD was slightly greater than for satellite HD, so the incremental cost per QALY of home versus satellite HD was modest at 6,665 pounds sterling at 5 years and 3,943 pounds sterling at 10 years. Both modalities dominated hospital HD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from the study reveal that satellite HD was less costly than home HD, and home HD was less costly than hospital HD. The lack of robust data on the effectiveness and new dialysis equipment, which were not included in this review, throws some caution on these results. Nonetheless, the results are supportive of a shift from hospital HD to satellite and home HD.
authors.affiliation: University of Aberdeen, UK. j.perez@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: Juan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Perez
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.forename: Sally C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Stearns
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wordsworth
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D006113:United Kingdom