title: A novel drill set for the enhancement and assessment of robotic surgical performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There currently exist several training modules to improve performance during video-assisted surgery. The unique characteristics of robotic surgery make these platforms an inadequate environment for the development and assessment of robotic surgical performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expert surgeons (n=4) (>50 clinical robotic procedures and >2 years of clinical robotic experience) were compared to novice surgeons (n=17) (<5 clinical cases and limited laboratory experience) using the da Vinci Surgical System. Seven drills were designed to simulate clinical robotic surgical tasks. Performance score was calculated by the equation Time to Completion + (minor error) x 5 + (major error) x 10. The Robotic Learning Curve (RLC) was expressed as a trend line of the performance scores corresponding to each repeated drill.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance scores for experts were better than novices in all 7 drills (p<0.05). The RLC for novices reflected an improvement in scores (p<0.05). In contrast, experts demonstrated a flat RLC for 6 drills and an improvement in one drill (p=0.027).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new drill set provides a framework for performance assessment during robotic surgery. The inclusion of particular drills and their role in training robotic surgeons of the future awaits larger validation studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Charles Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ro
authors.forename: Ioannis K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Toumpoulis
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.forename: Celina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Imielinska
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jebara
authors.forename: Seung H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Zipkin
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McGinty
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Derose
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D012371:Robotics; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis