title: Therapeutic potential of adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: In the pursuit of improved treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD), the adenosine A(2A) receptor has emerged as an attractive nondopaminergic target. Based on the compelling behavioral pharmacology and selective basal ganglia expression of this G-protein-coupled receptor, its antagonists are now crossing the threshold of clinical development as adjunctive symptomatic treatment for relatively advanced PD. The antiparkinsonian potential of A(2A) antagonism has been boosted further by recent preclinical evidence that A(2A) antagonists might favorably alter the course as well as the symptoms of the disease. Convergent epidemiological and laboratory data have suggested that A(2A) blockade may confer neuroprotection against the underlying dopaminergic neuron degeneration. In addition, rodent and nonhuman primate studies have raised the possibility that A(2A) receptor activation contributes to the pathophysiology of dyskinesias-problematic motor complications of standard PD therapy--and that A(2A) antagonism might help prevent them. Realistically, despite being targeted to basal ganglia pathophysiology, A(2A) antagonists may be expected to have other beneficial and adverse effects elsewhere in the central nervous system (e.g., on mood and sleep) and in the periphery (e.g., on immune and inflammatory processes). The thoughtful design of new clinical trials of A(2A) antagonists should take into consideration these counterbalancing hopes and concerns and may do well to shift toward a broader set of disease-modifying as well as symptomatic indications in early PD.
authors.affiliation: MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
authors.forename: Kui
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bastia
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwarzschild
mesh_terms: D058917:Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002110:Caffeine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011687:Purines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D043683:Receptors, Adenosine A2 / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D058917:Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D011687:Purines; D043683:Receptors, Adenosine A2; C111599:istradefylline; D002110:Caffeine