title: Antibiotics directly induce apoptosis in B cell lymphoma cells derived from BALB/c mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of bacterial eradication therapy cannot be fully explained simply by elimination of the target bacteria, if one considers the effects of eradication therapy in H. pylori-negative cases of low-grade malignancy MALTomas of the rectum. The present study was undertaken to examine the possibility and mechanism of direct induction of apoptosis of the tumor cells by the antibiotics used for bacterial eradication therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A B cell lymphoma cell line (300-19) derived from BALB/c mice was co-cultured with amoxicillin or clarithromycin, and amoxicillin and clarithromycin at concentrations equal to or 1/10 x MIC of either drug. Cells co-cultured with 1/100 x MIC of the standard anti-tumor agents, adriamycin, vincristine and cyclophosphamide, served as positive controls. Cells cultured without any antibiotic or anti-tumor agent served as controls. In each group, the following analyses were performed: (i) the time-course of changes in the cellular morphology, (ii) the time-course of occurrence of DNA fragmentation, (iii) the appearance of apoptotic changes as evaluated by trypan blue staining, (iv) Bcl-2 expression as examined by immunoblotting; and (v) the expression of TNFR1, Fas, FasL and caspase-3, -8 and -9, as evaluated by immunoblotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cells treated with amoxicillin and clarithromycin showed the formation of apoptotic bodies, and degeneration and detachment of the cells in a dose-dependent manner. DNA fragmentation was induced in these cells to a degree similar to that seen in cells treated with the anti-tumor agents. Trypan blue staining also demonstrated apoptosis of the cells and loss of cell viability. Bcl-2 expression was seen only in the control group and FasL was never seen, while the expression of TNFR1, Fas and caspase-3, -8 and -9 was seen in the amoxicillin-treated group, clarithromycin-treated group, amoxicillin and clarithromycin-treated group and the positive control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antibiotics used for the eradication of H. pylori can also directly induce apoptosis in mouse B cell lymphoma cells, an action which involves the TNF system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba Hospital, Chiba 261-8502, Japan. tohara@tdc.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohara
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morishita
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Tatsuhiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masaoka
authors.forename: Hiromasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hibi
mesh_terms: D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D020169:Caspases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007527:Isoenzymes; D016393:Lymphoma, B-Cell / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007527:Isoenzymes; D000658:Amoxicillin; D020169:Caspases; D017291:Clarithromycin