title: Contrast-aided diagnostic ultrasound does not enhance lung metastasis in a mouse melanoma tumor model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this research was to test the hypothesis that contrast-aided diagnostic ultrasound (CADUS) could exacerbate the metastatic spread of mouse melanoma tumor cells to the lungs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The melanoma cell lines B16 and B16-D5 (metastatic specifically to lung) were implanted on a hind leg of female C57/bl6 mice. Growing tumors were scanned by 1.5-MHz diagnostic ultrasound in a 37 degrees C water bath. Four hundred image frames were triggered at a 1-Hz rate with 4 retro-orbital injections of an ultrasonographic contrast agent at dosage of 10 microL/kg at 100-second intervals. Sham-treated mice received 400 frames of ultrasonography followed by the contrast agent with the ultrasound off. The primary tumor was surgically removed 1 day after ultrasound administration. Lungs were removed and evaluated blind after 2 weeks of bleaching in Fekete solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three experiments were performed. The first experiment involved scanning sham and CADUS groups of 20 mice each with B16 tumors; B16 metastasis was not enhanced. The second experiment repeated this test with the D5 cell line; the metastasis enhancement was marginally significant for average number (0.3 and 3.2; P = .06) and incidence (3 and 9 of 19; P = .08) in mice without tumor recurrence. Finally, a third experiment was performed to clarify ambiguous results in the second experiment and consisted of 2 groups of 40 mice each. In this larger experiment, the results were essentially equal for the sham and CADUS groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the results do not support the hypothesis of CADUS-enhanced metastasis.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Medical Center, Room 3315, Kresge III, 200 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0553 USA. douglm@umich.edu
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000556:secondary*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000556:secondary*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media