title: An interactional network of genes involved in chitin synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In S. cerevisiae the beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine polymer, chitin, is synthesized by a family of 3 specialized but interacting chitin synthases encoded by CHS1, CHS2 and CHS3. Chs2p makes chitin in the primary septum, while Chs3p makes chitin in the lateral cell wall and in the bud neck, and can partially compensate for the lack of Chs2p. Chs3p requires a pathway of Bni4p, Chs4p, Chs5p, Chs6p and Chs7p for its localization and activity. Chs1p is thought to have a septum repair function after cell separation. To further explore interactions in the chitin synthase family and to find processes buffering chitin synthesis, we compiled a genetic interaction network of genes showing synthetic interactions with CHS1, CHS3 and genes involved in Chs3p localization and function and made a phenotypic analysis of their mutants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using deletion mutants in CHS1, CHS3, CHS4, CHS5, CHS6, CHS7 and BNI4 in a synthetic genetic array analysis we assembled a network of 316 interactions among 163 genes. The interaction network with CHS3, CHS4, CHS5, CHS6, CHS7 or BNI4 forms a dense neighborhood, with many genes functioning in cell wall assembly or polarized secretion. Chitin levels were altered in 54 of the mutants in individually deleted genes, indicating a functional relationship between them and chitin synthesis. 32 of these mutants triggered the chitin stress response, with elevated chitin levels and a dependence on CHS3. A large fraction of the CHS1-interaction set was distinct from that of the CHS3 network, indicating broad roles for Chs1p in buffering both Chs2p function and more global cell wall robustness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on their interaction patterns and chitin levels we group interacting mutants into functional categories. Genes interacting with CHS3 are involved in the amelioration of cell wall defects and in septum or bud neck chitin synthesis, and we newly assign a number of genes to these functions. Our genetic analysis of genes not interacting with CHS3 indicate expanded roles for Chs4p, Chs5p and Chs6p in secretory protein trafficking and of Bni4p in bud neck organization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal (PQ) H3A 1B1, Canada. guillaume.lesage@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lesage
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Specht
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sdicu
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ménard
authors.forename: Shamiza
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.forename: Amy Hin Yan
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boone
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bussey
mesh_terms: D002473:Cell Wall / Q000235:genetics; D002686:Chitin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002687:Chitin Synthase / Q000235:genetics; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D002686:Chitin; C069390:CHS3 protein, S cerevisiae; D002687:Chitin Synthase
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