title: Race differences in cardiovascular and cortisol responses to an interpersonal challenge in women who are family caregivers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine race differences in psychosocial and psychophysiological responses to family caregiving.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed paper-and-pencil surveys and were exposed to a laboratory-based interpersonal challenge that included a period of rest, an interpersonal challenge, and a period of recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen Caucasian and 12 African-American postmenopausal (64 +/- 10 years) women who were caregivers to a family member with dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychosocial functioning included self-reported perceived stress, caregiver burden, social support, and caregiving meaning. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured every two minutes during the rest, challenge, and recovery. Salivary cortisol was measured at rest and 15-minutes post-challenge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a Race x Task interaction for SBP and HR but not DBP reactivity. African-American women showed greater reactivity than Caucasian women. The magnitude of this interaction was large. African-American women also reported greater caregiving from meaning than Caucasian women. In contrast, significantly more African Americans (58%) than Caucasians (14%) showed cortisol reactivity from rest to 15-minutes post-challenge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differential pattern of physiologic responses is consistent with studies outside of the caregiving literature, and suggests that caregiving may be perceived as more effortful among Caucasian women and less controllable among African-American women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. swilcox@sc.edu
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bopp
authors.forename: Dawn K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Fulk
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Hand
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044383:Black People; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D012944:Social Support; D013022:South Carolina; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone