title: Variability of target-controlled infusion is less than the variability after bolus injection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Target-controlled infusion (TCI) drug delivery systems deliver intravenous drugs based on pharmacokinetic models. TCI devices administer a bolus, followed by exponentially declining infusions, to rapidly achieve and maintain pseudo-steady state drug concentrations in the plasma or at the site of drug effect. Many studies have documented the prediction accuracy of TCI devices. The authors' goal was to apply linear systems theory to characterize the relation between the variability in concentrations achieved with TCI devices and the variability in concentrations after intravenous bolus injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors developed a mathematical model of the variability of any arbitrary method of drug delivery, based on the variability with intravenous bolus injection or the variability with an arbitrary infusion regimen. They tested the model in a simulation of 1,000 patients receiving propofol by simple bolus injection, conventional infusion, or a TCI device. The authors then examined an experimental data set for the same behavior.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The variability of any arbitrary infusion regimen, including TCI, is bounded by the variability after bolus injection. This is observed in the simulation and experimental data sets as well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TCI devices neither create nor eliminate biologic variability. For any drug described by linear pharmacokinetic models, no infusion regimen, including TCI, can have higher variability than that observed after bolus injection. The median performance of TCI devices should be reasonably close to the prediction of the device. However, the overall spread of the observations is an intrinsic property of the drug, not the TCI delivery system.
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics, Sanofi-Synthelabo Research, Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Chuanpu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Damian J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Horstman
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Shafer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008433:Mathematics; D008954:Models, Biological; D051381:Rats