title: Impact of early neonatal breast-feeding on psychomotor and neuropsychological development in children of diabetic mothers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In general, breast-feeding positively influences development of psychomotor function and cognition in children. Offspring of diabetic mothers (ODM) have delayed psychomotor and cognitive development. Recently, we observed a dose-dependent negative effect of early neonatal ingestion of breast milk from diabetic mothers (diabetic breast milk [DBM]) on the risk of overweight during early childhood. Here, we investigated the influence of early neonatal intake of DBM on neurodevelopment in ODM.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 242 ODM were evaluated for age of achieving major developmental milestones (Denver Developmental Scale) according to the volume of DBM ingested during the first week of life, using Kruskal-Wallis and Kaplan-Meier analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children in the upper tertile of early neonatal ingestion of DBM achieved early psychomotor developmental milestones ("lifting head while prone," "following with eyes") earlier than those in lower tertiles (P = 0.002). In contrast, a delay in the onset of speaking was observed in children who had ingested larger volumes of DBM compared with those with lower DBM intake (P = 0.002). This negative impact of DBM ingestion was not confounded by birth characteristics, total milk intake, or socioeconomic/educational status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate differential effects of early neonatal DBM ingestion on psychomotor and cognitive development. Ingesting larger compared with smaller volumes of DBM may normalize early psychomotor development in ODM but delays onset of speaking as a parameter indicative of cognitive development. This effect may result from qualitative alterations in the composition of DBM. Further studies are urgently recommended on the benefits and harms of breast-feeding in ODM.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Obstetrics, Division of Experimental Obstetrics, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany. andreas.plagemann@charite.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plagemann
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harder
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kohlhoff
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fahrenkrog
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodekamp
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Joachim W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Dudenhausen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D002657:Child Development; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance