title: Behavioral effects of local microinfusion of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN).
abstract: Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been implicated in the regulation of several autonomic and neuroendocrine functions. In the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), for example, PACAP-immunoreactive fibers densely innervate corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-containing neurons in the medial parvocellular region, suggesting that PACAP acts to mediate stress responses. Therefore, we examined the behavioral effects of an intra-PVN PACAP injection (25 pmol) in combination with a mild stressor. PACAP or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) was microinjected into the PVN (0.25 l) and then animals were restrained or placed in their home cage for 5 min. Exploratory activity (total distance traveled) and scored behaviors (face washing, body grooming, wet dog shakes, and rearing) were observed in a familiar open field for 10 min. In animals receiving aCSF, there were no behavioral differences between restrained and unrestrained groups. For the entire 10-min observation period, animals receiving PACAP, whether restrained or not, displayed elevated face washing and body grooming with decreased locomotor activity and rearing. Among PACAP-injected animals, restrained animals displayed increased body grooming compared to unrestrained animals during the first 2 min in the open field suggesting a summation of the effects of peptide injection and stressor. The observed elevation in grooming is consistent with previous studies reporting similar increases following electrical-, NMDA-, CRH-, or stressor-induced activation of the PVN. Thus, at the level of the PVN, PACAP may act as an excitatory neuropeptide and augment behavioral responses to stressors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 6, Tampa, FL 33612-4799, United States.
authors.forename: Seth D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Norrholm
authors.forename: Mahasweta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Gábor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Légrádi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008297:Male; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010286:Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: C495403:Adcyap1 protein, rat; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D009479:Neuropeptides; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
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