title: Darier's disease in Singapore.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Darier's disease is a rare, dominantly inherited genodermatosis. Although it has been well studied in caucasians, very little is known about the clinical spectrum of this disorder among Asians.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the demographic and clinical profile of Asian patients with Darier's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective study of all new cases of Darier's disease seen in our centre over a 20-year period (1982-2002). Results Twenty-four nonrelated cases of Darier's disease were studied. The incidence rate was 3.1 per million per decade. The gender distribution was 19 males and five females, and the ethnic origin was 21 Chinese, two Malays and one Nepalese. The peak age of onset was between 11 and 20 years. Sun exposure exacerbated the disease in 13 of the patients, and three had neuropsychiatric disorders. The disease affected predominantly seborrhoeic areas in 19 patients, flexural in three, acral in one and was segmental in one patient. Hand involvement was common and included palmar pits in nine patients, acrokeratosis verruciformis in four and nail changes in 12 patients. Haemorrhagic macules were not seen. Rare features included oral mucosal lesions (two patients) and guttate leucoderma (three patients). Pathogens involved in cutaneous infections included herpes simplex virus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species and Morganella morgani. All patients treated with oral retinoids had improvement of clinical signs. In contrast, the response to topical retinoids was poor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with western studies, our results show a similar incidence rate, age of onset, distribution of disease patterns and association with neuropsychiatric disorders. Features that differ include co-occurrence of guttate leucoderma, rarity of acrokeratosis, absence of haemorrhagic macules and poor response to topical retinoids.
authors.affiliation: National Skin Centre, 1 Mandalay Road, 308205 Singapore. bkgoh@nsc.gov.sg
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ang
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Goh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D044466:Asian People; D007644:Darier Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology