title: CD8 T-cell responses in early HIV-1 infection are skewed towards high entropy peptides.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the mechanisms underlying the differential targeting of T-cell responses during HIV-1 disease progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional analysis of HIV specific CD8 T-cell responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from 21 subjects with well characterized acute or early infection and 88 subjects with chronic HIV-1 infection. We also performed a longitudinal analysis of T-cell responses in five early infected subjects one of whom was studied extensively over a 4-year-period.
  
  
  METHODS
  PBMC were stimulated with pools of peptides encompassing all of the HIV-1 proteins in an interferon-gamma ELISpot assay. A mean entropy score was calculated for each peptide in the HIV-1 genome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The early infected group preferentially targeted variable peptides with higher entropy while responses towards more conserved peptides with lower entropy predominated in the group with chronic infection. In five early infected subjects followed longitudinally, responses to variable proteins declined while those to conserved proteins increased over time. In the subject who was followed for 4 years, epitopes in Vif and Nef were targeted early and escape occurred in three of these four epitopes. During the chronic phase of his infection, the early responses waned with an associated increase in breadth of T-cell responses mainly to Gag and Pol epitopes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these data demonstrate that HIV-specific CD8 T cells are directed preferentially to the variable peptides in early infection but diminish in frequency during chronic disease, in large part due to cytotoxic T lymphocyte escape.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
authors.forename: Anju
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: Ethan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gough
authors.forename: Steffanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabbaj
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yusim
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sfakianos
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aldrovandi
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kaslow
authors.forename: Craig M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kilby
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Goepfert
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019277:Entropy; D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000276:immunology; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D014764:Viral Proteins; D007371:Interferon-gamma