title: Effect of implant angulation upon retention of overdenture attachments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overdentures supported and retained by endosteal implants depend upon mechanical components to provide retention. Ball attachments are frequently described because of simplicity and low cost, but retentive capacity of these components may be altered by a lack of implant parallelism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the retention of gold and titanium overdenture attachments when placed on ball abutments positioned off-axis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four ball abutments were hand-tightened onto ITI dental implants and placed in an aluminum fixture that allowed positioning of the implants at 0 degrees, 10 degrees, 20 degrees, and 30 degrees from a vertical reference axis. Gold and titanium matrices were then coupled to the ball abutments at various angles and then subjected to pull tests at a rate of 2 mm/second; the peak loads of release (maximum dislodging forces) were recorded and subjected to statistical analyses. A balanced and randomized factorial experimental design testing procedure was implemented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant differences in retention of gold matrices were noted when ball abutments were positioned at 20 degrees and 30 degrees , but not at 0 degrees and 10 degrees. Statistically significant differences were noted among the titanium matrices employed for the testing procedure, as well as for the 4 ball abutments tested. Angle was not a factor affecting retention for titanium matrices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) The gold matrices employed for the testing procedures exhibited consistent values in retention compared to titanium matrices, which exhibited large variability in retention. (2) Angle had an effect upon the retention of gold matrices, but not for titanium matrices.
authors.affiliation: Prosthodontics Graduate Program, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA. mpgulizio@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gulizio
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Agar
authors.forename: J Robert
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000044:Dental Abutments; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D003834:Denture Precision Attachment; D003781:Denture Retention / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003828:Denture, Overlay; D006047:Gold Alloys; D006801:Humans; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; D006047:Gold Alloys; D014025:Titanium