title: The effectiveness of nicotine patch and nicotine lozenge in very heavy smokers.
abstract: The efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) among very heavy and highly dependent smokers was examined in a secondary analysis of two randomized clinical trials of NRT. In the first trial, smokers were assigned to active patch (n=249) or placebo (n=253) plus intensive behavioral treatment. In the second trial, smokers were assigned to active 4-mg nicotine lozenge (n=450) or placebo (n=451) plus brief behavioral treatment. Nicotine patch and lozenge significantly increased 6-month continuous abstinence quit rates in both very heavy (>or=40 cigarettes per day) and highly dependent (Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire or Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence score >7) smokers. The effect of active NRT treatment did not differ significantly by smoking rate or nicotine dependence, with the exception that the nicotine patch was significantly more effective than placebo in highly dependent smokers. The nicotine patch and lozenge are effective (vs. placebo) even in heavy and highly dependent smokers.
authors.affiliation: Pinney Associates, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; University of Pittsburgh, Smoking Research Group, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. shiffman@pinneyassociates.com
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiffman
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Di Marino
authors.forename: Janine L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pillitteri
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000534:rehabilitation*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine