title: Long-term evaluation of compliance with refuge requirements for Bt cotton.
abstract: The success of the refuge strategy for delaying pest resistance to Bt crops depends on compliance by farmers. However, the accuracy of previous estimates of compliance has been questioned. We have applied a novel approach based on the use of Geographical Information System (GIS) technology to measure compliance with refuge requirements for Bt cotton in six Arizona regions from 1998 to 2003. Although compliance varied among regions, overall compliance was above 88% in five of six years. With the cooperation of farmers, our approach allows precise and economical assessment of compliance with the refuge strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, 410 Forbes Building, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. ycarrier@ag.arizona.edu
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Carrière
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ellers-Kirk
authors.forename: Kamlesh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heuberger
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whitlow
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Antilla
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Dennehy
authors.forename: Bruce E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Tabashnik
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000592:standards*; D001130:Arizona; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000235:genetics; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics; D003368:Gossypium / Q000235:genetics; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins