title: Non-invasive cardiovascular risk assessment in women with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: This study assessed and compared carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes with that in postmenopausal women without type 2 diabetes and compared risk factors that contribute to increased carotid IMT in these groups of women. Carotid IMT, a non-invasive assessment of cardiovascular risk, was measured using high-resolution ultrasound in 20 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes and 20 postmenopausal women without type 2 diabetes who had no known coronary heart disease. Risk factors (age, race, family history, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, years past menopause, use of hormone replacement therapy, perceived level of physical activity, and body mass index) known to contribute to coronary heart disease were also assessed. Mean carotid IMT was .88 mm for women with type 2 diabetes compared with .74 mm for women without type 2 diabetes. There were no differences between groups in age, race, cholesterol, and perceived level of physical activity. Women with type 2 diabetes, however, reported more hypertension ( P = .004), greater body mass index ( P = .026), and less use of hormone replacement therapy ( P = .027). Of concern is that 10% of the women with diabetes had stenosis that required surgical intervention. Findings suggest that carotid IMT is a valid way to screen for cardiovascular risk, particularly in postmenopausal women who are at high risk for coronary heart disease. It may also be a feasible, non-invasive method for the detection and prevention of the macrovascular complications of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Loyola University Chicago, Neihoff School of Nursing, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Penckofer
authors.forename: Dusty R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Filliung
authors.forename: Nicos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Labropoulos
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D015146:Midwestern United States; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D017698:Postmenopause; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography