title: Intra-arterial bolus octreotide administration during Whipple procedure in patients with fragile pancreas: a novel technique for safer pancreaticojejunostomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Leakage from the pancreaticojujenostomy is the most serious complication of Whipple. Pancreatic fistula rate is higher in cases of fragile pancreas often seen in duodenal carcinomas and carcinomas of the ampulla of Vater. Octreotide administration has been used for the prevention of fistula formation through the subcutaneous route. Due to its physiologic effects to the pancreatic parenchyma the intra-arterial administration of octreotide could provide tissue hardening that allows for a technically easier anastomosis while maintaining its protective role for fistula formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Octreotide was injected directly into the distal part of the gastroduodenal artery (GDA) in four patients undergoing Whipple for histologically proven periampullary cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tissue hardening after octreotide administration was evident not only in surgeons' hands but in the intra-operative ultrasound as well. The three patients were discharged on day 9, 11, and 13; they had an uneventful postoperative course, while one patient had a minor bile leak from the choledojejunal anastomosis and was discharged on day 22.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intra-arterial administration of octreotide during Whipple is a safe procedure and provides tissue hardening thus making the performance of the anastomosis technically easier. The actual benefit in terms of morbidity, mortality, and fistula rate are to be further evaluated.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Hippocration Hospital, Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece. labsures@med.uoa.gr <labsures@med.uoa.gr>
authors.forename: Manousos M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Konstadoulakis
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Filippakis
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lagoudianakis
authors.forename: Pantelis T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Antonakis
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dervenis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bramis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014670:Ampulla of Vater; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003138:Common Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D017577:Cutaneous Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015282:Octreotide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010179:Pancreas / Q000473:pathology; D010185:Pancreatic Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy; D010193:Pancreaticojejunostomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D015282:Octreotide