title: Development of cholinergic amacrine cells is visual activity-dependent in the postnatal mouse retina.
abstract: In the present study, we used immunocytochemistry to study the temporal and spatial arrangement of mouse cholinergic amacrine cells during postnatal retinal development under normal light/dark cycles and during visual deprivation. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunolabeled cells were detected in the neuroblastic layer (NBL) and in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) at postnatal day 0 (P0). Between P3-5, two characteristic cholinergic bands were clearly identified in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). The signal intensity of somas and processes progressively increased over the first 2 postnatal weeks. Around eye opening at P12, cholinergic neurons were mature-like. This early developmental process was not altered by visual deprivation. After eye opening, the space between the two cholinergic bands increased continuously and the spatial regularity index changed constantly, indicating that the cholinergic neurons possibly underwent refinement during later postnatal development. The changes occurring following eye opening were retarded by visual deprivation. The morphologies of photoreceptors, horizontal cells, recoverin-positive OFF-cone bipolar cells, rod bipolar cells, dopaminergic amacrine cells, and Müller cells appeared normal. Their stratification in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and the IPL was not affected by visual deprivation. However, glial cells grew vertically across the entire thickness of dark-reared retinas. Our results suggest that the development of cholinergic neurons before eye opening is independent of the lighting conditions. Their development after eye opening is greatly impeded by visual deprivation. This visual activity-dependent phase of development may be a critical period for the maturation and synaptic wiring of cholinergic amacrine cells in the mammalian retina.
authors.affiliation: Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. jianz@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Samuel M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D025042:Amacrine Cells / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D064026:Calbindins; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count / Q000379:methods; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009474:Neurons / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D051603:Recoverin; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G / Q000378:metabolism; D012683:Sensory Deprivation / Q000502:physiology; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D064026:Calbindins; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D005136:Eye Proteins; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D008074:Lipoproteins; C496732:Rcvrn protein, mouse; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G; D051603:Recoverin; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase