title: Drug resistance profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates: five years' experience and insight into treatment strategies for MDR-TB in Lima, Peru.
abstract: METHODS
  Lima, Peru.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe drug resistance profiles of TB isolates from patients at risk for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), and to consider the implications of these findings for treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive study of drug susceptibility testing (DST) results for TB isolates from 1680 patients referred for suspicion of MDR-TB between 1996 and 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1680 isolates tested, 1144 (68%) were resistant to at least one anti-tuberculosis drug and 926 (55%) were MDR-TB strains. Of 926 MDR isolates, 50 (5%) were resistant to INH and RMP alone, while 367 (40%) were resistant to at least five first-line drugs. We identified 146 unique drug resistance profiles, the most common of which accounted for 11% of drug-resistant isolates. The annual prevalence of isolates with resistance to at least five first-line drugs rose significantly during the study period, from 29% to 37% (P = 0.00086).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is a group of patients with TB disease among whom the prevalence of a broad spectrum of often highly drug-resistant strains appears to be increasing over time. A single standardized retreatment regimen may be inadequate to cure most patients. Capacity for drug sensitivity testing is essential for development of multiple standardized retreatment or individualized treatment regimens and epidemiological surveillance for planning.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts State Laboratory Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, USA. ralph.timperi@state.ma.us
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Timperi
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sloutsky
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Becerra
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nardell
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Smith-Fawzi
mesh_terms: D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D007538:Isoniazid; D012293:Rifampin