title: Correlation of serum alkaline phosphatase activity with the healing process of long bone fractures in dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone healing is monitored mainly by physical and serial radiologic examinations of the fracture site. However, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish a delayed union from a nonunion, and advanced imaging techniques may not be available. Serum biochemical markers of bone formation, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, may be clinically useful in evaluating the progress of healing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to correlate serial values of serum ALP activity with the process of fracture healing in dogs and to assess its potential as a postsurgical prognostic indicator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in serum ALP activity were studied in 83 dogs with closed long bone diaphyseal fractures treated surgically. Physical and radiologic examinations of the fracture site and determination of serum ALP activity and calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) concentrations were performed on admission (day 0); postoperatively on days 10, 20, and 30; and subsequently on a monthly basis until bone union was completed or signs of nonunion were evident. The dogs were allocated into 3 groups with respect to the fracture healing progress as documented by physical and serial radiologic examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group A dogs (n=35) developed a medium-sized callus that led to bone union within 2 months. Group B dogs (n=36) had a hypertrophic callus and delayed union, within 3-5 months. Group C dogs (n=12) had slow progress in fracture healing, with minimal callus formation during a 2-month period. Changes in mean serum ALP activity followed the same pattern in groups A and B, reaching a maximum level on day 10. Group A values returned to normal within 2 months, at which point bone union was complete, whereas group B values remained increased and returned to normal within 3-5 months, thus correlating with delayed union. In Group C, mean serum ALP activities showed no significant changes during the 2-month follow-up period, consistent with failure of bone union (nonunion). Serum P and Ca changes followed a proportional and inverse pattern to ALP changes, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serial determination of serum ALP activity during fracture healing could be an additional tool in predicting fractures at risk of developing a nonunion, helping the clinician to choose the appropriate intervention.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. natakomn@vet.auth.gr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Komnenou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karayannopoulou
authors.forename: Z S
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Polizopoulou
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Constantinidis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dessiris
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004285:Dogs / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000201:enzymology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000201:enzymology / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase