title: Common mental disorders and ethnicity in England: the EMPIRIC study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is little population-based evidence on ethnic variation in the most common mental disorders (CMD), anxiety and depression. We compared the prevalence of CMD among representative samples of White, Irish, Black Caribbean, Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani individuals living in England using a standardized clinical interview.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey of 4281 adults aged 16-74 years living in private households in England. CMD were assessed using the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R), a standardized clinical interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethnic differences in the prevalence of CMD were modest, and some variation with age and sex was noted. Compared to White counterparts, the prevalence of CMD was higher to a statistically significant degree among Irish [adjusted rate ratios (RR) 2.09, 95% CI 1.16-2.95, p = 0.02] and Pakistani (adjusted RR 2.38, 95 % CI 1.25-3.53, p = 0.02) men aged 35-54 years, even after adjusting for differences in socio-economic status. Higher rates of CMD were also observed among Indian and Pakistani women aged 55-74 years, compared to White women of similar age. The prevalence of CMD among Bangladeshi women was lower than among White women, although this was restricted to those not interviewed in English. There were no differences in rates between Black Caribbean and White samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Middle-aged Irish and Pakistani men, and older Indian and Pakistani women, had significantly higher rates of CMD than their White counterparts. The very low prevalence of CMD among Bangladeshi women contrasted with high levels of socio-economic deprivation among this group. Further study is needed to explore reasons for this variation.
authors.affiliation: Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. s.weich@warwick.ac.uk
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weich
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nazroo
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sproston
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McManus
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.forename: Bob
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Erens
authors.forename: Saffron
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karlsen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stansfeld
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tyrer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012923:Social Class