title: Effects of betaine intake on plasma homocysteine concentrations and consequences for health.
abstract: High plasma concentrations of homocysteine may increase risk of cardiovascular disease. Folic acid lowers plasma homocysteine by 25% maximally, because 5-methyltetrahydrofolate is a methyl donor in the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. Betaine (trimethylglycine) is also a methyl donor in homocysteine remethylation, but effects on homocysteine have been less thoroughly investigated. Betaine in high doses (6 g/d and higher) is used as homocysteine-lowering therapy for people with hyperhomocysteinemia due to inborn errors in the homocysteine metabolism. Betaine intake from foods is estimated at 0.5-2 g/d. Betaine can also be synthesized endogenously from its precursor choline. Studies in healthy volunteers with plasma homocysteine concentrations in the normal range show that betaine supplementation lowers plasma fasting homocysteine dose-dependently to up to 20% for a dose of 6 g/d of betaine. Moreover, betaine acutely reduces the increase in homocysteine after methionine loading by up to 50%, whereas folic acid has no effect. Betaine doses in the range of dietary intake also lower homocysteine. This implies that betaine can be an important food component that attenuates homocysteine rises after meals. If homocysteine plays a causal role in the development of cardiovascular disease, a diet rich in betaine or choline might benefit cardiovascular health through its homocysteine-lowering effects. However betaine and choline may adversely affect serum lipid concentrations, which can of course increase risk of cardiovascular disease. However, whether the potential beneficial health effects of betaine and choline outweigh the possible adverse effects on serum lipids is as yet unclear.
authors.affiliation: Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences and Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands. margreet.olthof@wur.nl
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Olthof
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verhoef
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001622:Betaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D002794:Choline / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D006710:Homocysteine; D001622:Betaine; D005492:Folic Acid; D002794:Choline