title: Inhaled and intravenous corticosteroids both attenuate chlorine gas-induced lung injury in pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The accidental release of chlorine gas is a constant threat in urban areas. The purpose of this randomized, blinded, controlled experiment was to examine the effects of post-injury administration of inhaled or intravenous corticosteroid in chlorine gas-injured pigs followed for 23 h.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anaesthetized, ventilated pigs (n = 24) in the prone position were exposed to chlorine gas (400 parts per million in air) (1160 mg/m3) for 15 min, then randomly allocated to receive inhaled budesonide (BUD) and intravenous placebo, intravenous betamethasone (BETA) and inhaled placebo or inhaled and intravenous placebo. Haemodynamics, gas exchange and lung mechanics were evaluated for 23 h after exposure to chlorine gas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Airway and pulmonary artery pressures increased and arterial oxygenation fell sharply (from 13.5 +/- 0.8 to 6.7 +/- 0.9 kPa, P < 0.001) after chlorine gas exposure. These immediate changes were followed by a gradual improvement over 5-7 h to a stable level of dysfunction for the rest of the experiment in placebo animals. Arterial oxygen tension, pulmonary vascular resistance and airway pressure recovered faster and more completely in the budesonide and betamethasone groups than in the placebo group (P < 0.01). Lung wet weight to dry weight ratios were greater in the placebo group than in the budesonide and betamethasone groups (6.34 +/- 0.59 vs. 5.56 +/- 0.38 and 5.53 +/- 0.54, respectively, P < 0.05). There was a trend towards lower histological injury scores compared with placebo in animals that received budesonide (P = 0.05) or betamethasone (P = 0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of chlorine gas lung injury with nebulized budesonide or intravenous betamethasone had similar positive effects on recovery of lung function.
authors.affiliation: Center for Teaching and Research in Disaster Medicine and Traumatology, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden. jiawa@ibk.liu.se
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Winskog
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Edston
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Walther
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001623:Betamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019819:Budesonide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D002713:Chlorine / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000379:methods; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D002713:Chlorine; D019819:Budesonide; D001623:Betamethasone; D010100:Oxygen