title: Parkinsonism with excessive daytime sleepiness--a narcolepsy-like disorder?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parkinsonian patients with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), hallucinations, REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), short mean sleep latencies, and sleep-onset REM periods (SOREMP) on multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT) have been reported. In these patients a narcolepsy-like pathophysiology of sleep-wake disturbances has been suggested.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 14 consecutive patients with Parkinsonism and EDS. Standard studies included assessment of duration and severity of Parkinsonism (Hoehn & Yahr score), Epworth sleepiness score (ESS), history of "REM-symptoms" (RBD/hallucinations/sleep paralysis/cataplexy-like episodes), polysomnography (PSG), MSLT, and measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of hypocretin-1 (orexin A).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 12 men and 2 women (mean age 69 years; range 54-82). The mean duration and the Hoehn&Yahr score were 6.3 years and 2.2, respectively. Diagnoses included idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD, n = 10), dementia with diffuse Lewy bodies (n = 3), and multisystem atrophy (n = 1). The ESS was > or = 10 in all patients (mean 12; range 10-18). "REM-symptoms" were reported by all but two patients (hallucinations: n = 9; RBD: n = 9). None of the patients reported cataplexy-like symptoms or sleep paralysis. On PSG sleep apnea (apnea hypopnea index > 10/h, n = 7), periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS-index > 10/h, n = 6), and features of RBD (n = 5) were found. On MSLT mean sleep latency was < 5 minutes in 10 patients, and SOREMP were found in two patients. When compared with controls (n = 20, mean 497 pg/ml; range 350-603), CSF hypocretin-1 levels were normal in 8 patients and low in 2 patients (221 and 307 pg/ml, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings do not support the hypothesis of a "final common pathway" in the pathophysiology of narcolepsy and Parkinsonism with EDS. Sleep apnea and PLMS may play a so-far underestimated role in the pathogenesis of EDS in Parkinsonian patients.
authors.affiliation: Neurologische Poliklinik, Universitätsspital Zürich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferini-Strambi
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Waldvogel
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Werth
authors.forename: Claudio Lino
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bassetti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009290:Narcolepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D000068797:Orexins; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods; D011863:Radioimmunoassay / Q000379:methods; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C000596229:HCRT protein, human; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D000068797:Orexins
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