title: Frequency and type of canal isthmuses in first molars detected by endoscopic inspection during periradicular surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the occurrence of canal isthmuses in molars following root-end resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The material consisted of 56 mandibular and 32 maxillary first molars subjected to periradicular surgery. Based on radiographic, clinical, as well as intraoperative status, only roots with associated pathological lesions were treated. In total, 124 roots were resected (80 mandibular and 44 maxillary molar roots). The cut root faces were inspected with a rigid endoscope following apical root-end resection. The number of canals as well as the presence and type of canal isthmuses were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In maxillary first molars, 76% of resected mesio-buccal roots had two canals and an isthmus, 10% had two canals but no isthmus, and 14% had a single canal. All disto-buccal and palatal roots had one canal. In mandibular first molars, 83% of mesial roots had two canals with an isthmus. In 11%, two canals but no isthmus were present, and 6% demonstrated a single canal. Sixty-four per cent of distal roots had a single canal and 36% had two canals with an isthmus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This clinical study during periradicular surgery and intraoperative endoscopic examination of first permanent molars found a high frequency of canal isthmuses at the resection level. Endoscopic inspection also demonstrated that none of the isthmuses were filled, emphasizing the difficulty of orthograde instrumentation and root filling of canal isthmuses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland. thomas.vonarx@zmk.unibe.ch
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: von Arx
mesh_terms: D001047:Apicoectomy; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D008963:Molar / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010486:Periapical Tissue / Q000601:surgery; D012184:Retrograde Obturation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity