title: Mycological examinations on the fungal flora of the chicken comb.
abstract: A total of 500 combs of adult chickens from two different locations in Germany (Hessen and Schleswig-Holstein) were clinically and mycologically examined. The chickens came from three battery cages (n = 79), one voliere system (n=32), six flocks maintained on deep litter (n = 69) and 12 flocks kept on free outdoor range (n=320). Twenty-two of the 500 chicken combs (4.4%) were found to have clinical signs: only non-specific lesions neither typical of mycosis nor of avian pox such as desquamation with crust formation, yellow to brown or black dyschromic changes, alopecia in the surrounding area and moist inflammation. Only seven of the 22 clinically altered combs showed a positive mycological result; the non-pathogenic and geophilic Trichophyton terrestre in one case and non-pathogenic yeast in six cases. The following fungi were seen in the different housing systems: 13 dermatophytes (2.6% of 500 samples): 12 x T. terrestre, 1 x Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 11 isolates of Chrysosporium georgiae (2.2% of 500 samples) and 149 isolates of yeasts (29.8%): Malassezia sympodialis: n = 52, Kloeckera apiculata: n = 33, Trichosporon capitatum (syn. Geotrichum capitatum): n = 23, Trichosporon cutaneum/Trichosporon mucoides: n = 12, Trichosporon inkin (syn. Sarcinosporon inkin): n = 8 and Candida spp.: n = 21, including pathogenic or possibly pathogenic species: Candida albicans: n = 3, Candida famata: n = 4, Candida guilliermondii: n = 3, Candida lipolytica: n = 3, Candida dattila: n = 2 and one isolate each of Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida aaseri, Candida catenulata sive brumpti, Candida fructus and Candida kefyr sive pseudotropicalis. There is no stringent correlation between the clinical symptoms diagnosed on the chicken combs and the species of yeasts isolated. The causative agent of favus in chickens, Trichophyton gallinae, and the saprophytic yeast in pigeons, Cr. neoformans were not isolated. The most frequently isolated yeasts M. sympodialis and Kloeckera apiculata are suggested to be classified as members of the resident flora of the chicken comb.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Andrology, Justus Leibig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gründer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mayser
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Redmann
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Kaleta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002175:Candida / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology*; D002912:Chrysosporium / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003129:Comb and Wattles / Q000382:microbiology*; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005848:Geotrichum / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005858:Germany; D008290:Malassezia / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009181:Mycoses / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D004718:Saccharomycetales / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014249:Trichophyton / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014250:Trichosporon / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification