title: Increased facilitation of the primary motor cortex following 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the contralateral cerebellum in normal humans.
abstract: Connections between the cerebellum and the contralateral motor cortex are dense and important, but their physiological significance is difficult to measure in humans. We have studied a group of 10 healthy subjects to test whether a modulation of the excitability of the left cerebellum can affect the excitability of the contralateral motor cortex. We used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at 1 Hz frequency to transiently depress the excitability of the left cerebellar cortex and paired-pulse TMS testing of intracortical inhibition (ICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) to probe the excitability of cortico-cortical connections in the right motor cortex. The cortical silent period was also measured before and after cerebellar rTMS. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were significantly larger after than before conditioning rTMS trains (p < 0.01). Moreover, left cerebellar rTMS increased the ICF of the right motor cortex as measured with paired-pulses separated by an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 15 ms. The effect lasted for up to 30 min afterward and was specific for the contralateral (right) motor cortex. The cortical silent period was unaffected by cerebellar rTMS. The implication is that rTMS of the cerebellar cortex can shape the flowing of inhibition from Purkinje cells toward deep nuclei, thereby increasing the excitability of interconnected brain areas.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Unità di Neuropsicologia Sperimentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Via Ardeatina, 306, 00179 Rome, Italy. maxoliveri@tiscali.it
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliveri
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torriero
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caltagirone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002525:Cerebellar Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D002529:Cerebellar Nuclei / Q000502:physiology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D011689:Purkinje Cells / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation