title: Differential cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba after acute and chronic treatment in healthy young volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute doses of Ginkgo biloba have been shown to improve attention and memory in young, healthy participants, but there has been a lack of investigation into possible effects on executive function. In addition, only one study has investigated the effects of chronic treatment in young volunteers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to compare the effects of ginkgo after acute and chronic treatment on tests of attention, memory and executive function in healthy university students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a placebo-controlled double-blind design, in experiment 1, 52 students were randomly allocated to receive a single dose of ginkgo (120 mg, n=26) or placebo (n=26), and were tested 4 h later. In experiment 2, 40 students were randomly allocated to receive ginkgo (120 mg/day; n=20) or placebo (n=20) for a 6-week period and were tested at baseline and after 6 weeks of treatment. In both experiments, participants underwent tests of sustained attention, episodic and working memory, mental flexibility and planning, and completed mood rating scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The acute dose of ginkgo significantly improved performance on the sustained-attention task and pattern-recognition memory task; however, there were no effects on working memory, planning, mental flexibility or mood. After 6 weeks of treatment, there were no significant effects of ginkgo on mood or any of the cognitive tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In line with the literature, after acute administration ginkgo improved performance in tests of attention and memory. However, there were no effects after 6 weeks, suggesting that tolerance develops to the effects in young, healthy participants.
authors.affiliation: Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Centre for Neuroscience, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK. sarah.elsabagh@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elsabagh
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.forename: Osama
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Sandra E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: File
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D020441:Ginkgo biloba; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D011932:Reading; D013028:Space Perception / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
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