title: Spastic bladder and spinal cord injury: seventeen years of experience with sacral deafferentation and implantation of an anterior root stimulator.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spinal cord injured patients with a suprasacral lesion usually develop a spastic bladder. The hyperreflexia of the detrusor and the external sphincter causes incontinence and threatens those patients with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI), renal failure, and autonomic dysreflexia. All of these severe disturbances may be well managed by sacral deafferentation (SDAF) and implantation of an anterior root stimulator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between September 1986 to December 2002, 464 paraplegic patients (220 female, 244 male) received a SDAF-SARS. Almost exclusively the SDAF was done intradurally, which means with one operation field there can be done two steps (SDAF and SARS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  440 patients have a follow-up with 6.6 years (at least > 6 months-17 years). The complete deafferentation was successful in 94.1%. A total of 420 paraplegics may use the SARS for voiding (frequency 4.7 per day) and 401 use it for defecation (frequency 4.9 per week). Continence was achieved in 364 patients (83%). UTI declined from 6.3 per year preoperatively to 1.2 per year postoperatively. Kidney function presented stable. Early complications were 6 CSF leaks, 5 implant infections. Late complications with receiver or cable failures made us do surgical repairs in 34 paraplegics. A step-by-step program for trouble-shooting differentiates implant failure and myogenic or neurogenic failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SDAF is able to restore the reservoir function of the urinary bladder and to achieve continence. Autonomic dysreflexia disappeared in most of the cases. By means of an accurate adjustment of stimulation parameters it is possible to accomplish low resistance micturition. The microsurgical technique requires an intensive education. One has to be able to manage late implant complications.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Neuro-Urology, Werner-Wicker Hospital, Bad Wildungen, Germany. jkutzenberger@werner-wicker-klinik.de
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kutzenberger
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Domurath
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sauerwein
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000601:surgery*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation*; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology