title: CARD15 frameshift mutation in patients with CROHN disease is associated with immune dysregulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mutations in the caspase-activating recruitment domain 15 (CARD15) gene are associated with Crohn disease (CD). CARD15 is an intracellular receptor for bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS-induced activation of transfectants containing the frameshift mutation (1007fs) of CARD15 is impaired. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the presence of CARD15 1007fs affects activation of CD patients' own cells. Patients (4 homozygotes, 6 heterozygotes, and 6 wild-type) were matched according to clinical picture and medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immune inflammatory status was evaluated by measuring monocyte HLA-DR and CD11b densities and the proportion of CD14dimCD16+ monocytes, and was found to be comparable in the three groups. Blood mononuclear cells were cultured overnight in serum-free medium alone, or the medium supplemented with LPS (0.1-10.0 ng/mL), a combination of IFN-gamma (100 IU/mL) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (5 ng/mL), or both. TNF and IL-10 levels in the culture supernatant were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS 0.1 or 1.0 ng/mL alone did not increase TNF levels. IFN-gamma/GM-CSF induced TNF release, and co-culture with LPS 1.0 or 10.0 ng/mL was strongly synergistic. CARD15 1007fs mutation was linked in a gene-dose-dependent manner to low TNF release induced by IFN-gamma/GM-CSF (P value for linear trend = 0.001). The degree of synergism in co-culture was normal or high, suggesting that 1007fs did not depress responses to LPS. IL-10 levels were not related to CARD15 1007fs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In CD patients, CARD15 1007fs is associated in a gene-dose-dependent manner to low mononuclear cell TNF release by IFN-gamma/GM-CSF but does not impair TNF release by LPS. This type of immune dysregulation may influence susceptibility to and/or phenotype of CD.
authors.affiliation: Depts of Surgery, Gastroenterology and Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. leena.halme@hus.fi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Halme
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Turunen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paavola-Sakki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heliö
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lappalainen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Färkkilä
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kontula
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Repo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D016368:Frameshift Mutation; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000502:physiology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C429018:NOD2 protein, human; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor