title: Prostate cancer: evaluation with endorectal MR imaging and three-dimensional proton MR spectroscopic imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the additional value of MR Spectroscopy (3D CSI MRS Three-dimensional Chemical Shift Imaging Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy) to endorectal MR in the diagnosis and grading of prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  MR and 3D CSI MR spectroscopy were performed in 53 patients with suspicion of prostate cancer on the basis of rectal exploration and/or transrectal ultrasound and/or the PSA levels. All the examinations were performed with a 1.5 T imager using an endorectal coil. We acquired axial and coronal T2-weighted FSE sequences, axial T1-weighted SE sequences and PRESS 3D CSI (Point Resolved Spectroscopy 3D Chemical Shift Imaging) sequences localized on the axial T2 images so as to include the prostatic gland while excluding the periprostatic fat. The MR examinations were evaluated by two radiologists unaware of the clinical data, transrectal ultrasound findings, PSA levels and histological findings. The MR and 3D CSI MRS findings were compared with the biopsy findings in 22 cases and with material obtained from laparoscopic prostatectomy in 31 cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The histological examination revealed adenocarcinoma in 37 cases, prostatitis in 2 cases and no alterations in the remaining 14 cases. The morphologic MR scan showed a sensitivity of 76%, a specificity of 56%, an accuracy of 70%, a PPV of 80% and a NPV of 50%. By combining MR and 3D CSI MRS we obtained a sensitivity of 95%, a specificity of 81%, an accuracy of 91%, a PPV of 92% and a NPV of 87%. Elevated choline concentrations were found both in tumours with a low Gleason score (18 cases) and in those with a high Gleason score (19 cases); instead we found markedly reduced (n=9) or absent (n=4) citrate only in the tumours with a high Gleason score, while we found normal citrate levels in the 18 tumours with a low Gleason score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 3D CSI MRS improved the reliability of endorectal MR in the diagnosis and characterisation of prostatic cancer. Moreover, the 3D CSI MRS findings demonstrated a linear correlation with tumour grade.
authors.affiliation: Servizio TC-RM, I Clinica Medica, Servizio Radiologia DEA, Az. Policlinico Umberto I, Università La Sapienza, Rome. emanuelecasciani@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Casciani
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Polettini
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bertini
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Emiliozzi
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amini
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pansadoro
authors.forename: Gian Franco
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Gualdi
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D001706:Biopsy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011472:Prostatitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen