title: The control of responsiveness in ADHD by catecholamines: evidence for dopaminergic, noradrenergic and interactive roles.
abstract: We explore the neurobiological bases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from the viewpoint of the neurochemistry and psychopharmacology of the catecholamine-based behavioural systems. The contributions of dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) neurotransmission to the motor and cognitive symptoms of ADHD (e.g. hyperactivity, variable and impulsive responses) are studied in rodent and primate models. These models represent elements of the behavioural units observed in subjects with ADHD clinically, or in laboratory settings (e.g. locomotion, changed sensitivity/responsivity to novelty/reinforcement and measures of executive processing). In particular, the models selected emphasize traits that are strongly influenced by mesocorticolimbic DA in the spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and the Naples high excitability (NHE) rat lines. In this context, the mode of action of methylphenidate treatment is discussed. We also describe current views on the altered control by mesolimbic catecholamines of appropriate and inappropriate goal-directed behaviour, and the tolerance or intolerance of delayed reinforcement in ADHD children and animal models. Recent insights into the previously underestimated role of the NA system in the control of mesocortical DA function, and the frontal role in processing information are elaborated.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany. oades@uni-essen.de
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Oades
authors.forename: Adolfo G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Sadile
authors.forename: Terje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sagvolden
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Viggiano
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zuddas
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Devoto
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aase
authors.forename: Espen B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: Lucia A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ruocco
authors.forename: Vivienne A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D000882:Haplorhini; D006801:Humans; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D008774:Methylphenidate; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine