Statistical and geostatistical modelling of preliminarily adjusted defoliation on an European scale.
Since 1987 tree crown condition is surveyed annually in large parts of Europe mainly in terms of defoliation. The plot-wise means of defoliation from 1994 to 2000 were evaluated by General Linear Models (GLM) in order to describe country-specific levels of defoliation and age-trends. Additional runs with estimates for influences of insects and fungi were performed. The amount of variance of defoliation explained by country, age and its interaction was between 35% and 59% for the main tree species, except for Quercus ilex. Additionally, up to 10% could be explained by the inclusion of estimates for infestations by insects and fungi. Residuals of the GLMs were taken as a measure of forest condition not biased by country or age effects and interpreted as 'preliminarily adjusted defoliation' (PAD). PAD values were analysed using geostatistical methods. The modelled spatial autocorrelations were used for kriging. The resulting maps give an overview on regions with elevated defoliation, which may pinpoint regional causes of defoliation. The elimination of methodologically caused variance is a precondition of any cause-effect oriented analyses. The combination of explorative modelling and geostatistics will promote the choice of further promising predictors.
Seidling
Walter
W
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products, Institute for Forest Ecology and Inventory, Alfred-Miller-Strasse 1, Eberswalde, Germany. walter.seidling@weh.de
Mues
Volker
V
D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D003625:Data Collection; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005060:Europe; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D055593:Geological Phenomena; D005844:Geology; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018515:Plant Leaves; D014197:Trees / Q000254:growth & development*
Environ Monit Assess. 2003 Jul;85(3):221-38
12841687
Environ Pollut. 1995;90(2):171-80
15091482
Environ Monit Assess. 1993 Mar;25(1):29-40
24227454
Oecologia. 1995 Oct;104(2):156-162
28307352