title: Erythropoietin after focal cerebral ischemia activates the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway and improves brain injury in postnatal day 7 rats.
abstract: Erythropoietin (Epo) plays a central role in erythropoiesis but also has neuroprotective properties. Recently, Epo-related neuroprotective studies used a hypoxic-ischemic neonatal model, which is different from focal stroke, a frequent cause of neonatal brain injury. We report on the effects of Epo treatment given after focal stroke and its potential neuroprotective mechanisms in postnatal day 7 rats with focal cerebral ischemia (FCI) achieved by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The experimental groups included sham operation, FCI plus vehicle, and FCI plus Epo. In the Epo-treated group, pups received a single intraperitoneal injection of 1000 U/kg 15 min after FCI or three injections of 100, 1000, or 5000 U/kg, starting at 15 min and repeated at 1 and 2 d after FCI. Epo treatment produced significant reductions in the mean infarct area and volume at 1 and 3 d after FCI, demonstrated by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining showed a markedly reduced number of TUNEL-positive cells in the Epo-treated group when compared with the vehicle control 3 d after FCI (p<0.01). The most effective dose after FCI was 1000 U/kg for 3 d. Immunoanalyses showed that Epo induced a significant increase in phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 expressions at 1 and 3 d and up-regulated Bcl-xL expression by 24 h after FCI but did not affect Epo receptor or NF-kappaB expression. In conclusion, Epo given after FCI in neonatal rats provides significant neuroprotection, mediated possibly by activation of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription-Bcl-xL signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Augusto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sola
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rogido
authors.forename: Ben H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Genetta
authors.forename: Tong-Chun
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Wen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; D053614:Janus Kinase 2; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017467:Receptors, Erythropoietin / Q000378:metabolism; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: C494813:Bcl2l1 protein, rat; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D008894:Milk Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D017467:Receptors, Erythropoietin; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor; D015534:Trans-Activators; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D004921:Erythropoietin; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C507927:Jak2 protein, rat; D053614:Janus Kinase 2