title: Lipid vesicles in capillary electrophoretic techniques: characterization of structural properties and associated membrane-molecule interactions.
abstract: This paper reviews the use of lipid vesicles as model membranes in capillary electrophoresis (CE). The history and utility of CE in the characterization of microparticles is summarized, focusing on the application of colloidal electromigration theories to lipid vesicles. For instance, CE experiments have been used to characterize the size, surface properties, enclosed volumes, and electrophoretic mobilities of lipid vesicles and of lipoprotein particles. Several techniques involving small molecules or macromolecules separated in the presence of lipid vesicles are discussed. Interactions between the analytes and the lipid vesicles - acting as a pseudostationary phase or coated stationary phase in electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) - can be used to obtain additional information on the characteristics of the vesicles and analytes, and to study the biophysical properties of membrane-molecule interactions in lipid vesicles and lipoproteins. Different methods of determining binding constants by EKC are reviewed, along with the relevant binding constant calculations and a discussion of the application and limitations of these techniques as they apply to lipid vesicle systems.
authors.affiliation: Georgia State University, Department of Chemistry, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.affiliation: ëlan Nanosystems, King of Prussia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Joost K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Strasters
authors.affiliation: Georgia State University, Department of Chemistry, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Emelita D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Breyer
mesh_terms: D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes; D010743:Phospholipids
references.citation: Barenholz, Y., Lasic, D. D., Handbook of Nonmedical Applications of Liposomes, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1996.
references.citation: Alves, D. S., Perez-Fons, L., Estepa, A., Micol, V., Biochem. Pharmacol. 2004, 68, 549-561.
references.citation: Roy, C. C., Bouthillier, L., Seidman, E., Levy, E., Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 7, 117-122.
references.citation: Ruozi, B., Forni, F., Battini, R., Vandelli, M. A., J. Drug Target 2003, 11, 407-414.
references.citation: Mohammed, A. R., Weston, N., Coombes, A. G., Fitzgerald, M., Perrie, Y., Int. J. Pharm. 2004, 285, 23-34.
references.citation: Ito, I., Ji, L., Tanaka, F., Saito, Y., Gopalan, B., Branch, C. D., Xu, K., Atkinson, E. N., Bekele, B. N., Stephens, L. C., Minna, J. D., Roth, J. A., Ramesh, R., Cancer Gene Ther. 2004, in press.
references.citation: Chen, Q., Tong, S., Dewhirst, M. W., Yuan, F., Mol. Cancer Ther. 2004, 10, 1311-1317.
references.citation: Fretz, M. M., Koning, G. A., Mastrobattista, E., Jiskoot, W., Storm, G., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2004, 1665, 48-56.
references.citation: Degim, Z., Unal, N., Essiz, D., Abbasoglu, U., Life Sci. 2004, 75, 2819-2827.
references.citation: Sezer, A. D., Bas, A. L., Akbuga, J., J. Liposome Res. 2004, 14, 77-86.
references.citation: De Carlo, S., Fiaux, H., Marca-Martinet, C. A., J. Liposome Res. 2004, 14, 61-76.
references.citation: Seth, A. K., Misra, A., Umrigar, D., Pharm. Dev. Technol. 2004, 9, 277-289.
references.citation: Kostarelos, K., Emfietzoglou, D., Papakostas, A., Yang, W. H., Ballangrud, A., Sgouros, G., Int. J. Cancer 2004, 112, 713-721.
references.citation: Banerjee, R., Tyagi, P., Li, S., Huang, L., Int. J. Cancer 2004, 112, 693-700.
references.citation: Medina, O. P., Zhu, Y., Kairemo, K., Curr. Pharm. Des. 2004, 10, 2981-2989.
references.citation: Ito, K., Chen, J., Asano, T., Vaughn, E. D., Poppas, D. P., Hayakawa, M., Felsen, D., Hum. Cell 2004, 17, 17-28.
references.citation: Er, Y., Prestidge, C. A., Fornasiero, D., Colloids Surf. B 2004, 36, 147-153.
references.citation: Kitaeva, M. V., Melik-Nubarov, N. S., Menger, F. M., Yaroslavov, A. A., Langmuir 2004, 20, 6575-6579.
references.citation: Manosroi, A., Kongkaneramit, L., Manorsoi, J., Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 2004, 30, 535-543.
references.citation: Taira, M. C., Chiaramoni, N. S., Pecuch, K. M., Alonso-Romanowski, S., Drug. Deliv. 2004, 11, 123-128.
references.citation: Ng, C. C., Cheng, Y. L., Pennefather, P. S., Biophys. J. 2004, 87, 323-331.
references.citation: Krittanai, C., Panyim, S., J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2004, 37, 460-465.
references.citation: Li, S., Palmer, A. F., Langmuir 2004, 20, 7917-7925.
references.citation: Belokoneva, O. S., Satake, H., Mal'tseva, E. L., Pal'mina, N. P., Villegas, E., Nakajima, T., Corzo, G., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2004, 1664, 182-188.
references.citation: Persson, D., Thoren, P. E., Lincoln, P., Norden, B., Biochemistry 2004, 43, 11045-11055.
references.citation: Sengupta, B., Banerjee, A., Sengupta, P. K., FEBS Lett. 2004, 570, 77-81.
references.citation: Aricha, B., Fishov, I., Chohen, Z., Sikron, N., Pesakhov, S., Khozin-Goldberg, I., Dagan, R., Porat, N., J. Bacteriol. 2004, 186, 4638-4644.
references.citation: Radko, S. P., Stastna, M., Chrambach, A., J. Chromatogr. B 2001, 761, 69-75.
references.citation: Radko, S. P., Stastna, M., Chrambach, A., Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 5955-5960.
references.citation: Roberts, M. A., Locascio-Brown, L., MacCrehan, W. A., Durst, R. A., Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 3434-3440.
references.citation: Tsukagoshi, K., Akasaka, H., Nakajima, R., Hara, T., Chem. Lett. 1996, 467-468.
references.citation: Tsukagoshi, K., Okumura, Y., Nakajima, R., J. Chromatogr. A 1998, 813, 402-407.
references.citation: Kawakami, K., Nishihara, Y., Hirano, K., J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 1998, 206, 177-180.
references.citation: Kawakami, K., Nishihara, Y., Hirano, K., Langmuir 1999, 15, 1893-1895.
references.citation: Wiedmer, S. K., Hautala, J., Holopainen, J. M., Kinnunen, P. K. J., Riekkola, M.-L., Electrophoresis 2001, 22, 1305-1313.
references.citation: Wiedmer, S. K., Jussila, M. S., Holopainen, J. M., Alakoskela, J.-M., Kinnunen, P. K. J., Riekkola, M.-L., J. Sep. Sci. 2002, 25, 427-437.
references.citation: Duffy, C. F., Gafoor, S., Richards, D. P., Admadzadeh, H. R., O. K., Arriaga, E. A., Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 1855-1861.
references.citation: Phayre, A. N., Vanegas Farfano, H. M., Hayes, M. A., Langmuir 2002, 18, 6499-6503.
references.citation: Pysher, M. D., Hayes, M. A., Langmuir 2004, 20, 4369-4375.
references.citation: Zhang, Y. X., Zhang, R., Hjertén, S., Lundahl, P., Electrophoresis 1995, 16, 1519-1523.
references.citation: Wiedmer, S. K., Holopainen, J. M., Mustakangas, P., Kinnunen, P. K., Riekkola, M.-L., Electrophoresis 2000, 21, 3191-3198.
references.citation: Manetto, G., Bellini, M. S., Deyl, Z., J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 990, 205-214.
references.citation: Breyer, E. D., Howard, S., Raje, N., Allison, S., Apkarian, R., Brown, W. V., Strasters, J. K., Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 5160-5169.
references.citation: Kuroda, Y., Wanatabe, Y., Shibukawa, A., Nakagawa, T., J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2003, 30, 1869-1877.
references.citation: Burns, S. T., Agbodjan, A. A., Khaledi, M. G., J. Chromatogr. A 2002, 973, 167-176.
references.citation: Burns, S. T., Khaledi, M. G., J. Pharm. Sci. 2002, 91, 1601-1612.
references.citation: Chen, D. H., Cole, D. L., Srivatsa, S., J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. 2000, 22, 791-801.
references.citation: McKeon, J., Khaledi, M. G., J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 1004, 39-46.
references.citation: Schlenk, A., Herbeth, B., Siest, G., Visvikis, S., J. Lipid Res. 1999, 40, 2125-2133.
references.citation: Duffy, C. F., Fuller, K. M., Malvey, M. W., O'Kennedy, R., Arriaga, E. A., Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 171-176.
references.citation: Fuller, K. M., Duffy, C. F., Arriaga, E. A., Electrophoresis 2002, 23, 1571-1576.
references.citation: Fuller, K. M., Arriaga, E. A., Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 2123-2130.
references.citation: Qi, L., Danielson, N. D., Dai, Q., Lee, R. M., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 1680-1686.
references.citation: Lian, T., Ho, R. J. Y., J. Pharm. Sci. 2001, 90, 667-680.
references.citation: Lehtonen, J. Y. A., Adlercreutz, H., Kinnunen, P. K. J., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1996, 1285, 91-100.
references.citation: Sankaram, M. B., Thompson, T. E., Biochemistry 1990, 29, 10676-10684.
references.citation: Sankaram, M. B., Thompson, T. E., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991, 88, 8686-8690.
references.citation: Pasenkiewicz-Gierula, M., Rog, T., Kitamura, K., Kusumi, A., Biophys. J. 2000, 78, 1376-1389.
references.citation: Sharma, A., Sharma, U. S., Int. J. Pharm. 1997, 154, 123-140.
references.citation: Lawaczeck, R., Nandi, P. K., Nicolau, C., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1987, 903, 123-131.
references.citation: Ruysschaert, T., Germain, M., da Silva Gomes, J. F. P., Fournier, D., Sukhorukov, G. B., Meier, W., Winterhalter, M., IEEE Trans. Nanobiosci. 2004, 3, 49-55.
references.citation: Akama, K., Awai, K., Yano, Y., Tokuyama, S., Nakano, Y., Polym. Adv. Technol. 2000, 11, 280-287.
references.citation: New, R. R. C., in: New, R. R. C. (Ed.), Liposomes: A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Oxford 1990, pp.  33-104.
references.citation: Jain, M. K., in: Jain, M. K. (Ed.), Introduction to Biological Membranes, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1988, pp.  147-165.
references.citation: Golden, G. A., Rubin, R. T., Mason, R. P., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998, 1368, 161-166.
references.citation: O'Brien, R. W., J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 1983, 92, 204-216.
references.citation: VanOrman, B. B., McIntire, G. L., J. Microcol. Sep. 1989, 1, 289-293.
references.citation: VanOrman Huff, B., McIntire, G. L., J. Microcol. Sep. 1994, 6, 591-594.
references.citation: Radko, S. P., Stasna, M., Chrambach, A., Electrophoresis 2000, 21, 3583-3592.
references.citation: Petersen, S. L., Ballou, N. E., Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 1676-1681.
references.citation: Jones, H. K., Ballou, N. E., Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 2484-2490.
references.citation: Wiersema, P. H., Loeb, A. L., Overbeek, J. T. G., J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 1966, 22, 78-99.
references.citation: Booth, F., Nature 1948, 161, 83-86.
references.citation: Overbeek, J. T. G., Adv. Colloid Sci. 1950, 3, 97-134.
references.citation: O'Brien, R. W., White, L. R., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1978, 77, 1607-1626.
references.citation: O'Brien, R. W., J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 1981, 81, 234-248.
references.citation: O'Brien, R. W., Ward, D. N., J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 1988, 121, 402-413.
references.citation: Karlsson, M., Nolkrantz, K., Davidson, M. J., Stromberg, A., Ryttsen, F., Akerman, B., Orwar, O., Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 5857-5862.
references.citation: Groves, J. T., Boxer, S. G., McConnell, H. M., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94, 13390-13395.
references.citation: Groves, J. T., Boxer, S. G., McConnell, H. M., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95, 935-938.
references.citation: Groves, J. T., Boxer, S. G., McConnell, H. M., J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 119-124.
references.citation: Groves, J. T., Boxer, S. G., McConnell, H. M., J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 11409-11415.
references.citation: Foo, J.-J., Chan, V., Liu, K.-K., IEEE Trans. Nanobiosci. 2004, 3, 96-100.
references.citation: Jin, A. J., Huster, D., Gawrisch, K., Nossal, R., Eur. Biophys. J. 1998, 28, 187-199.
references.citation: Orchard, M. J., Collin, I. P., Bushell, M., Chromatographia 1999, 50, 181-187.
references.citation: Tadey, T., Purdy, W. C., J. Chromatogr. B 1995, 671, 237-253.
references.citation: Weiller, B. H., Ceriotti, L., Shibata, T., Rein, D., Roberts, M. A., Lichtenberg, J., German, B. J., de Rooij, N., Verpoorte, E., Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 1702-1711.
references.citation: Schmitz, G., Mollers, C., Electrophoresis 1994, 15, 31-39.
references.citation: Schmitz, G., Mollers, C., Richter, V., Electrophoresis 1997, 18, 1807-1813.
references.citation: Inano, K., Tezuka, S., Miida, T., Okada, M., Ann. Clin. Biochem. 2000, 37, 708-716.
references.citation: Cruzado, I. D., Hu, A. Z., Macfarlane, R. D., J. Capil. Electrophoresis 1996, 3, 25-29.
references.citation: Stocks, J., Miller, N. E., Electrophoresis 1999, 20, 2118-2123.
references.citation: Petersen, J. R., Okorodudu, A. O., Mohammed, A., Payne, D. A., Clin. Chem. Acta 2003, 330, 1-30.
references.citation: Kremser, L., Blass, D., Kenndler, E., Electrophoresis 2004, 25, 2282-2291.
references.citation: Rodriguez, M. A., Armstrong, D. W., J. Chromatogr. B 2004, 800, 7-25.
references.citation: Radko, S. P., Chrambach, A., Electrophoresis 2002, 23, 1957-1972.
references.citation: Lundahl, P., Yang, Q., J. Chromatogr. 1991, 544, 283-304.
references.citation: Wiedmer, S. K., Jussila, M. S., Riekkola, M.-L., Trends Anal. Chem. 2004, 23, 562-582.
references.citation: Hong, M., Weekley, B. S., Grieb, S. J., Foley, J. P., Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 1394-1403.
references.citation: Schwarz, M. A., Raith, K., Ruttinger, H. H., Dongowski, G., Neubert, R. H. H., J. Chromatogr. A 1997, 781, 377-389.
references.citation: Holland, L. A., MLeigh, A. M., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 2935-2939.
references.citation: Schaper, K. J., Zhang, H., Raevsky, O. A., Quant. Struct.-Act. Rel. 2001, 20, 46-54.
references.citation: Escher, B. I., Schwarzenbach, R. P., Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 3954-3961.
references.citation: Escher, B. I., Schwarzenbach, R. P., Westall, J. C., Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 3962-3968.
references.citation: Hu, S., Zhang, L., Dovichi, N. J., J. Chromatogr. A 2001, 924, 369-375.
references.citation: Cunliffe, J. M., Baryla, N. E., Lucy, C. A., Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 776-783.
references.citation: Bo, T., Wiedmer, S. K., Riekkola, M.-L., Electrophoresis 2004, 25, 1784-1791.
references.citation: Yang, Q., Liu, X.-Y., Miyake, J., Supramol. Sci. 1998, 5, 769-772.
references.citation: Ornskov, E., Ullsten, S., Soderberg, L., Markides, K. E., Folestad, S., Electrophoresis 2002, 23, 3381-3384.
references.citation: Hautala, J. T., Linden, M. V., Wiedmer, S. K., Ryhanen, S. J., Saily, M. J., Kinnunen, P. K. J., Riekkola, M.-L., J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 1004, 81-90.
references.citation: Hautala, J. T., Wiedmer, S. K., Riekkola, M.-L., Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2004, 378, 1769-1776.
references.citation: Kuldvee, R., Linden, M. V., Wiedmer, S. K., Riekkola, M.-L., Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2004, 380, 293-302.
references.citation: Manetto, G., Bellini, M. S., Deyl, Z., J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 990, 281-289.
references.citation: Mohamed, N. A. L., Kuroda, Y., Shibukawa, A., Nakagawa, T., El Gizawy, S., Askal, H. F., El Kommos, M. E., J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 1999, 21, 1037-1043.
references.citation: Mohamed, N. A., L., Kuroda, Y., Shibukawa, A., Nakagawa, T., El Gizawy, S., Askal, H. F., El Kommos, M. E., J. Chromatogr. A 2000, 875, 447-453.
references.citation: Kuroda, Y., Cao, B., Shibukawa, A., Nakagawa, T., Electrophoresis 2001, 22, 3401-3407.
references.citation: Shibukawa, A., Ishizawa, N., Kimura, T., Sakamoto, Y., Ogita, K., Matsuo, Y., Kuroda, Y., Matayasuk, C., Nakagawa, T., Wainer, I. W., J. Chromatogr. B 2002, 768, 177-188.
references.citation: Busch, M. H. A., Carels, L. B., Boelens, H. F. M., Kraak, J. C., Poppe, H., J. Chromatogr. A 1997, 777, 311-328.
references.citation: Rundlett, K. L., Armstrong, D. W., J. Chromatogr. A 1996, 721, 173-186.
references.citation: Busch, M. H. A., Kraak, J. C., Poppe, H., J. Chromatogr. A 1997, 777, 329-353.
references.citation: Heegaard, N. H. H., Kennedy, R. T., Electrophoresis 1999, 20, 3122-3133.
references.citation: Rundlett, K. L., Armstrong, D. W., Electrophoresis 2001, 22, 1419-1427.
references.citation: Tanaka, Y., Terabe, S., J. Chromatogr. B 2002, 768, 81-92.
references.citation: Heegaard, N. H. H., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 3879-3891.
references.citation: He, X., Ding, Y., Li, D., Lin, B., Electrophoresis 2004, 25, 697-711.
references.citation: Bose, S., Yang, J., Hage, D. S., J. Chromatogr. B 1997, 679, 77-88.
references.citation: Ostergaard, J., Heegaard, N. H. H., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 2903-2913.
references.citation: Gomez, F. A., Avila, L. Z., Chu, Y., Whitesides, G. W., Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 1785-1791.
references.citation: Guijt-van Duijn, R. M., Frank, J., van Dedem, G. W. K., Baltussen, E., Electrophoresis 2000, 21, 3905-3918.
references.citation: Bao, J. J., J. Chromatogr. B 1997, 699, 463-480.
references.citation: Heegaard, N. H. H., Nissen, M. H., Chen, D. D. Y., Electrophoresis 2002, 23, 815-822.
references.citation: Berthod, A., Rodriguez, M., Armstrong, D. W., Electrophoresis 2002, 23, 847-857.
references.citation: Razak, J. L., Cutak, B. J., Larive, C. K., Lunte, C. E., Pharmaceut. Res. 2001, 18, 104-111.
references.citation: Delgado-Zamarreno, M. M., Sanchez-Perez, A., Maza, G., Hernandez-Mendez, J., J. Chromatogr. A 2000, 871, 403-414.
references.citation: Kawaoka, J., Gomez, F. A., J. Chromatogr. B 1998, 715, 203-210.
references.citation: Zhang, W., Zhang, L., Ping, G., Zhang, Y., Kettrup, A., J. Chromatogr. B 2002, 768, 211-214.