title: Simulation of eye-tracker latency, spot size, and ablation pulse depth on the correction of higher order wavefront aberrations with scanning spot laser systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this theoretical work was to investigate the robustness of scanning spot laser treatments with different laser spot diameters and peak ablation depths in case of incomplete compensation of eye movements due to eye-tracker latency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scanning spot corrections of 3rd to 5th Zernike order wavefront errors were numerically simulated. Measured eye-movement data were used to calculate the positioning error of each laser shot assuming eye-tracker latencies of 0, 5, 30, and 100 ms, and for the case of no eye tracking. The single spot ablation depth ranged from 0.25 to 1.0 microm and the spot diameter from 250 to 1000 microm. The quality of the ablation was rated by the postoperative surface variance and the Strehl intensity ratio, which was calculated after a low-pass filter was applied to simulate epithelial surface smoothing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatments performed with nearly ideal eye tracking (latency approximately 0) provide the best results with a small laser spot (0.25 mm) and a small ablation depth (250 microm). However, combinations of a large spot diameter (1000 microm) and a small ablation depth per pulse (0.25 microm) yield the better results for latencies above a certain threshold to be determined specifically. Treatments performed with tracker latencies in the order of 100 ms yield similar results as treatments done completely without eye-movement compensation. CONCWSIONS: Reduction of spot diameter was shown to make the correction more susceptible to eye movement induced error. A smaller spot size is only beneficial when eye movement is neutralized with a tracking system with a latency <5 ms.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland. michael.mrochen@greenmail.ch
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bueeler
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mrochen
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003319:Corneal Stroma / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019781:Corneal Topography / Q000295:instrumentation; D005133:Eye Movements; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007834:Lasers; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000503:physiopathology; D054140:Refractive Surgical Procedures