title: Mechanisms of resistance of malaria parasites to antifolates.
abstract: Antifolate antimalarial drugs interfere with folate metabolism, a pathway essential to malaria parasite survival. This class of drugs includes effective causal prophylactic and therapeutic agents, some of which act synergistically when used in combination. Unfortunately, the antifolates have proven susceptible to resistance in the malaria parasite. Resistance is caused by point mutations in dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase, the two key enzymes in the folate biosynthetic pathway that are targeted by the antifolates. Resistance to these drugs arises relatively rapidly in response to drug pressure and is now common worldwide. Nevertheless, antifolate drugs remain first-line agents in several sub-Saharan African countries where chloroquine resistance is widespread, at least partially because they remain the only affordable, effective alternative. New antifolate combinations that are more effective against resistant parasites are being developed and in one case, recently introduced into use. Combining these antifolates with drugs that act on different targets in the parasite should greatly enhance their effectiveness as well as deter the development of resistance. Molecular epidemiological techniques for monitoring parasite drug resistance may contribute to development of strategies for prolonging the useful therapeutic life of this important class of drugs.
authors.affiliation: Malaria Section, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF1 Room 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Aric
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gregson
authors.forename: Christopher V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Plowe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D017354:Point Mutation; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; C056930:thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase; D005492:Folic Acid; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase