title: Reports on defense styles in depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  'State effect' of depression on personality makes its assessment during depression difficult. Many clinicians do not only refer to the patient, but use additional information sources, especially reports from close informants. Our hypothesis was that an informant could assess the defensive functioning of the depressed patient. The objective of this study was to investigate the validity of the informants' assessment of defense styles in depressed patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three inpatients with DSM-IV major depression as primary diagnosis were included. They were administered the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) at admission (D0) and 28 days after treatment (D28) according to their current state. At the same time, informants rated an adapted version of the DSQ (INF-DSQ), according to the patient's current (D0 and D28) and premorbid defensive functioning (D0). Otherwise, severity of depression was assessed using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale at D0 and D28.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Agreement between patient's and informant's DSQ scores was moderate, both at D0 and D28, even if comparison of mean defense scores does not show significant difference. Mature defense scores significantly increased between D0 and D28, whereas immature defense scores significantly decreased, with both the DSQ and INF-DSQ. During the episode, informants are able to discriminate premorbid from current D0 defenses, but not from current D28 defenses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even if this study has strong limitations, our results argue for the interest of close informants to assess premorbid personality. Before it could be validated, the INF-DSQ should be further studied in other subgroups of patients, especially its ability to give accurate descriptions of patient's premorbid defenses during an acute episode.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bronnec
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Corruble
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Falissard
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reynaud
authors.forename: Julien-Daniel
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Guelfi
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hardy
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D017028:Caregivers; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires