title: Delivery of germinal granules and localized RNAs via the messenger transport organizer pathway to the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes occurs through directional expansion of the mitochondrial cloud.
abstract: During Xenopus oogenesis, the message transport organizer (METRO) pathway delivers germinal granules and localized RNAs to the vegetal cortex of the oocyte via the mitochondrial cloud (Balbiani body). According to the traditional model, the mitochondrial cloud is thought to break up at the onset of vitellogenesis and the germinal granules and METRO-localized RNAs are transported within the mitochondrial cloud fragments to the vegetal cortex of the oocyte. We used light and electron microscopy in situ hybridization and three-dimensional reconstruction to show that germinal granules and METRO-localized RNAs are delivered to the oocyte cortex before the onset of mitochondrial cloud fragmentation and that the delivery involves accumulation of localized RNAs and aggregation of germinal granules at the vegetal tip of the mitochondrial cloud and subsequent internal expansion of the mitochondrial cloud between its animal (nuclear) and vegetal tips, which drives the germinal granules and METRO-localized RNAs toward the vegetal cortex. Thus the fragmentation of the cloud that occurs later in oogenesis is irrelevant to the movement of METRO-localized RNAs and germinal granules. On the basis of these findings, we propose here a revised model of germinal granule and localized RNAs delivery to the oocyte vegetal cortex via the METRO pathway.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wilk
authors.forename: Szczepan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bilinski
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kloc
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016372:RNA, Antisense / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000077278:RNA, Mitochondrial; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D014981:Xenopus; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C513103:GDF1 protein, Xenopus; D006023:Glycoproteins; C113822:PGAT protein, Xenopus; D016372:RNA, Antisense; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000077278:RNA, Mitochondrial; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C029305:mitochondrial messenger RNA; C558784:nanos1 protein, Xenopus