title: Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate the temporal activation of nuclear factor kappaB to modulate tumour necrosis factor-induced apoptosis: evidence from mitochondria-targeted antioxidants.
abstract: ROS (reactive oxygen species) from mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial sources have been implicated in TNFalpha (tumour necrosis factor alpha)-mediated signalling. In the present study, a new class of specific mitochondria-targeted antioxidants were used to explore directly the role of mitochondrial ROS in TNF-induced apoptosis. MitoVit E {[2-(3,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-yl)ethyl]triphenylphosphonium bromide} (vitamin E attached to a lipophilic cation that facilitates accumulation of the antioxidant in the mitochondrial matrix) enhanced TNF-induced apoptosis of U937 cells. In time course analyses, cleavage and activation of caspase 8 in response to TNF were not affected by MitoVit E, whereas the activation of caspase 3 was significantly increased. Furthermore, there was an increased cleavage of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bid and an increased release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, in cells treated with TNF in the presence of MitoVit E. We considered several mechanisms by which MitoVit E might accelerate TNF-induced apoptosis including mitochondrial integrity (ATP/ADP levels and permeability transition), alterations in calcium homoeostasis and transcription factor activation. Of these, only the transcription factor NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) was implicated. TNF caused maximal nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB within 15 min, compared with 1 h in cells pretreated with MitoVit E. Thus the accumulation of an antioxidant within the mitochondrial matrix enhances TNF-induced apoptosis by decreasing or delaying the expression of the protective antiapoptotic proteins. These results demonstrate that mitochondrial ROS production is a physiologically relevant component of the TNF signal-transduction pathway during apoptosis, and reveal a novel functional role for mitochondrial ROS as a temporal regulator of NF-kappaB activation and NF-kappaB-dependent antiapoptotic signalling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Elizabeth C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Ledgerwood
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
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