title: New adaptive color quantization method based on self-organizing maps.
abstract: Color quantization (CQ) is an image processing task popularly used to convert true color images to palletized images for limited color display devices. To minimize the contouring artifacts introduced by the reduction of colors, a new competitive learning (CL) based scheme called the frequency sensitive self-organizing maps (FS-SOMs) is proposed to optimize the color palette design for CQ. FS-SOM harmonically blends the neighborhood adaptation of the well-known self-organizing maps (SOMs) with the neuron dependent frequency sensitive learning model, the global butterfly permutation sequence for input randomization, and the reinitialization of dead neurons to harness effective utilization of neurons. The net effect is an improvement in adaptation, a well-ordered color palette, and the alleviation of underutilization problem, which is the main cause of visually perceivable artifacts of CQ. Extensive simulations have been performed to analyze and compare the learning behavior and performance of FS-SOM against other vector quantization (VQ) algorithms. The results show that the proposed FS-SOM outperforms classical CL, Linde, Buzo, and Gray (LBG), and SOM algorithms. More importantly, FS-SOM achieves its superiority in reconstruction quality and topological ordering with a much greater robustness against variations in network parameters than the current art SOM algorithm for CQ. A most significant bit (MSB) biased encoding scheme is also introduced to reduce the number of parallel processing units. By mapping the pixel values as sign-magnitude numbers and biasing the magnitudes according to their sign bits, eight lattice points in the color space are condensed into one common point density function. Consequently, the same processing element can be used to map several color clusters and the entire FS-SOM network can be substantially scaled down without severely scarifying the quality of the displayed image. The drawback of this encoding scheme is the additional storage overhead, which can be cut down by leveraging on existing encoder in an overall lossy compression scheme.
authors.affiliation: Center for High Performance Embedded Systems, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798. echchang@ntu.edu.sg
authors.forename: Chip-Hong
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Thambipillai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Srikanthan
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003116:Color; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods*; D003205:Computing Methodologies; D005246:Feedback; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted