title: Infected and noninfected ascites in pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, ascites with bacterial infection and noninfected ascites in pediatric patients with portal hypertensive ascites and to compare the clinical and laboratory features of infected and noninfected ascites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one episodes of portal hypertensive ascites (serum-ascites albumin gradient >1.1 g/dL) in 31 patients were studied. Median age was 2.9 years. Twenty-four (77.4%) patients were cirrhotic and 20 (83.3%) were classified as Child-Pugh C. Median pediatric end-stage liver disease score was 18.5. The following ascites features were assessed: polymorphonuclear neutrophil cell count, cytology, pH, concentration of glucose, lactic dehydrogenase, total protein and albumin, Gram stain and bacteriological culture. Blood was sampled for complete blood count, coagulation studies, liver and renal function tests. Groups were compared by Mann-Whitney and chi tests (P < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Noninfected ascites were observed in 29 of 41 samples, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in eight of 41 and ascites with bacterial infection in four of 41. The most prevalent clinical features were fever, voluminous ascites and encephalopathy, but there were no significant differences in the clinical features of the groups. All patients with infected ascites were cirrhotic. There was no statistical difference in Child-Pugh or pediatric end-stage liver disease status between patients with infected and noninfected ascites. Culture of ascetic fluid was positive in four of eight cases of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gram-negative rods were the most prevalent bacteria cultured. Except for serum albumin, no statistical differences in biochemical markers were observed between patients with infected and noninfected ascites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of infected ascites was 29.2%. With the exception of serum albumin, there were no differences in the clinical and biochemical features of patients with infected ascites and noninfected ascites.
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil. smvieira@hcpa.ufrgs.br
authors.forename: Sandra M G
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Matte
authors.forename: Carlos O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Kieling
authors.forename: Afonso L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: Cristina T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Aline F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: Themis R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: da Silveira
mesh_terms: D001201:Ascites / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000166:cytology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002452:Cell Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications; D007223:Infant; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000150:complications; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D019152:Paracentesis; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D012709:Serum Albumin