title: A novel thiol antioxidant that crosses the blood brain barrier protects dopaminergic neurons in experimental models of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: It is believed that oxidative stress (OS) plays an important role in the loss of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) and that treatment with antioxidants might be neuroprotective. However, most currently available antioxidants cannot readily penetrate the blood brain barrier after systemic administration. We now report that AD4, the novel low molecular weight thiol antioxidant and the N-acytel cysteine (NAC) related compound, is capable of penetrating the brain and protects neurons in general and especially dopaminergic cells against various OS-generating neurotoxins in tissue cultures. Moreover, we found that treatment with AD4 markedly decreased the damage of dopaminergic neurons in three experimental models of PD. AD4 suppressed amphetamine-induced rotational behaviour in rats with unilateral 6-OHDA-induced nigral lesion. It attenuated the reduction in striatal dopamine levels in mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6,-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). It also reduced the dopaminergic neuronal loss following chronic intrajugular administration of rotenone in rats. Our findings suggest that AD4 is a novel potential new neuroprotective drug that might be effective at slowing down nigral neuronal degeneration and illness progression in patients with PD.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, Felsenstein Medical Research Center and Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus Tel Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel.
authors.forename: Merav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bahat-Stroomza
authors.forename: Yossi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gilgun-Sherki
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Offen
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Panet
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saada
authors.forename: Nili
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krool-Galron
authors.forename: Aari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barzilai
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Atlas
authors.forename: Eldad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Melamed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016627:Oxidopamine; D016716:PC12 Cells; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D016627:Oxidopamine; D004298:Dopamine