title: No license required: severe pediatric motorbike-related injuries in Ohio.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Motorbikes (MBs), including motorcycles and dirt bikes, are becoming increasingly popular among children and adolescents. MBs are intended for off-road use. Although children who are younger than 16 years cannot be licensed to drive cars, they can drive MBs off-road without licenses. The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiology of severe MB injuries to children who are younger than 16 years in Ohio.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight hospitals that admit the majority of pediatric trauma patients in Ohio were approached to participate. Cases were identified using hospital trauma registries and were defined as any hospitalized child who was younger than 16 years and sustained MB injuries between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six hospitals participated. A total of 182 children were hospitalized with a mean age of 11.4 years (range: <1-15 years). A total of 89.6% were male, 89.0% were white, 68.7% had commercial medical insurance, and 71.4% were from urban areas. From 1995 to 1997, there were an average of 20 annual admissions; however, from 1998 to 2001, there were an average of 30 per year. Of the 85% of patients with injury events documented, 35.5% were riding in streets and 53.3% were unhelmeted. One patient died; 8 required rehabilitation. The mean injury severity score was 9.9 (median: 9), and mean length of hospitalization was 4.6 days (median: 3). Unhelmeted riders had significantly higher injury severity scores than helmeted ones (11.5 vs 8.4). The difference in mean length of hospitalization of unhelmeted compared with helmeted riders approached statistical significance (6.1 vs 3.7 days). Of the 163 patients with documented diagnoses, there were 510 injuries; 68.7% of patients sustained multiple injuries. Of all injuries, the most commonly injured body parts were lower extremity (23.4%), head (22.2%), abdomen/pelvis (13.4%), upper extremity (12.4%), and face (11.8%). The most common injuries were fractures (37.1%), abrasions/contusions (24.4%), lacerations (13.4%), intracranial injuries (7.5%), and solid abdominal organ injuries (7.5%). Central and Southwest Ohio had higher numbers of hospitalized injuries than other areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urban, white boys with commercial medical insurance predominated among children with MB-related injuries in Ohio. Most injured children did not wear a helmet and sustained multiple injuries. Not wearing a helmet resulted in significantly increased injury severity and a trend toward increased lengths of stay in the hospital. MB-related injuries increased by approximately 50% during the study period. Children should not operate MBs until they are old enough to obtain a motor vehicle driver's license, which occurs at a minimum of 16 years of age. High-risk populations need to be targeted to reduce these injuries, and requiring helmet use while operating MBs should be pursued.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 2008, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. wendy.pomerantz@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Wendy J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Pomerantz
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gittelman
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015541:Off-Road Motor Vehicles / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014505:Urban Population