title: The effect of preventive use of alanyl-glutamine on diaphragm muscle function in cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low muscle glutamine levels during sepsis are associated with reduced protein synthesis and elevated protein breakdown, in particular myofibrillar protein breakdown. Thus, in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis model in the rat, we hypothesized that glutamine pretreatment would protect the diaphragm muscle function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four male Wistar rats weighing between 180 g and 200 g received standard amino acid solution 1.2 g kg(-1) per day intraperitoneally (IP) or standard amino acid solution 1.2 g kg(-1) per day plus alanyl-glutamine (GLN) 0.25 g kg(-1) per day (IP) during the first 6 days of the experiment. On the seventh day, CLP or sham procedures were applied. The sham and CLP groups were equally divided into 3 subgroups according to the termination of the experiment, which took place at either the 24th hour, 48th hour, or 72nd hour. After the compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) were recorded from the diaphragms of the rats at these selected times, they were decapitated under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia, and diaphragms were harvested for biochemical and histopathological examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean area and amplitude of CMAP were significantly larger in sham+GLN groups when compared with CLP and CLP+GLN groups at all times (p < .05). Diaphragm Ca+2 -ATPase levels were found to be significantly decreased in CLP group at all times compared to sham groups (p < .05). Diaphragm reduced glutathione levels were significantly higher in sham+GLN groups when compared with CLP and CLP+GLN groups at all times (p < .05). In histopathologic assessment, moderate neutrophil infiltration, which was observed in CLP48, was significantly reduced with alanyl-glutamine supplementation in CLP+GLN48 group (p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that glutamine pretreatment did not improve diaphragm muscle function, but prevented the biochemical and histopathological changes in diaphragmatic muscle in CLP-induced sepsis. However, further studies are needed to clarify whether a higher dose of glutamine supplementation might protect the diaphragmatic muscle functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey. nurcan66@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Nurcan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Doruk
authors.forename: Belgin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buyukakilli
authors.forename: Sebnem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Atici
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cinel
authors.forename: Leyla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cinel
authors.forename: Lulufer
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tamer
authors.forename: Dincer
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Avlan
authors.forename: Egemen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bilgin
authors.forename: Ugur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Oral
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D002432:Cecum / Q000601:surgery*; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018805:Sepsis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; C054122:alanylglutamine