title: A placebo-controlled screening trial of olanzapine, valproate, and coenzyme Q10/L-carnitine for the treatment of cocaine dependence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a medication screening trial on the efficacy of olanzapine, valproate or coenzyme Q10/L-carnitine combination versus placebo for the treatment of cocaine dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A four-arm, modified blinded, parallel group study in an out-patient setting using the Cocaine Rapid Efficacy and Safety Trials (CREST) study design.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed at the New York Medications Development Research Unit (MDRU).
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM-IV) criteria for cocaine dependence and provided at least two urine samples positive for benzoylecgonine (BE) during the 2-week screening period. Sixty-eight participants were enrolled with 39 completing the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a 2-week screening period, 68 subjects were assigned randomly to receive either olanzapine (10 mg/day), valproate (1500 mg/day), coenzyme Q10 (200 mg/day) and L-carnitine (500 mg/day) combination or placebo for an 8-week treatment period. All subjects also received individual cognitive behavioral counseling during treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome measures included quantitative urine benzoylecgonine (BE) levels, self-report of drug use, and global impression scores. Secondary outcomes included cocaine craving, study retention and related psychosocial measures. Safety measures included adverse event monitoring, vital signs, and extrapyramidal side-effects tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study retention was similar across all treatment groups, and all groups showed improvement across most measures of treatment efficacy over the duration of the study. None of the study medications, however, were superior to placebo on any of the primary or secondary outcome measures. Cocaine use, as measured by urine BE levels and self-report, was not significantly lower than placebo in any of the drug treatment groups. All study medications were equally well tolerated, and few medication side effects were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study does not support the effectiveness of olanzapine, valproate or coenzyme Q10/L-carnitine combination for the treatment of cocaine dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 10010, USA. malcolm.reid@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Malcolm S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Casadonte
authors.forename: Sherryl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanfilipo
authors.forename: Dania
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Braunstein
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hitzemann
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Majewska
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rotrosen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002331:Carnitine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003067:Coenzymes; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D002331:Carnitine; D003067:Coenzymes; D000077152:Olanzapine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D014451:Ubiquinone; D014635:Valproic Acid; C024989:coenzyme Q10