title: Sex ratios in California following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Natural and man-made disasters as well as declining economies appear to coincide with reduced odds of male live births among humans (i.e. lower secondary sex ratio). This association has been attributed to excess death of males in gestation and to reduced conception of males. We attempt to empirically discriminate between these two attributions by testing the hypotheses that the attacks of September 11, 2001 were followed in California first by higher fetal death sex ratios and later by lower sex ratios among very low weight births and total live births.
  
  
  METHODS
  We apply interrupted time-series methods to the fetal death, very low birth weight, and secondary sex ratios. The methods control for trends, seasonal cycles, and other forms of autocorrelation that could induce spurious associations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings support the excess death explanation in that the fetal death sex ratio reached its highest level in the 6 year test period in October and November of 2001, while the very low weight birth sex ratio dropped to its lowest level in 14 years in December of 2001. The secondary sex ratio exhibited its second lowest value in 14 years in December of 2001. No support was found for the reduced conception explanation in that the sex ratio did not differ from expected values 9, 10 or 11 months after the attacks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We infer support for the excess death explanation at the expense of the reduced conception explanation. We also describe the implications of our findings for public health planning.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, 94720, USA. rayc@berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bruckner
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eskenazi
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001723:Birth Rate / Q000639:trends; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012744:Sex Ratio; D023481:Terrorism