title: [6]-Gingerol inhibits COX-2 expression by blocking the activation of p38 MAP kinase and NF-kappaB in phorbol ester-stimulated mouse skin.
abstract: [6]-Gingerol, a pungent ingredient of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae), has a wide array of pharmacologic effects. The present study was aimed at unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying previously reported antitumor promoting effects of [6]-gingerol in mouse skin in vivo. One of the well-recognized molecular targets for chemoprevention is cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) that is abnormally upregulated in many premalignant and malignant tissues and cells. In our present study, topical application of [6]-gingerol inhibited COX-2 expression in mouse skin stimulated with a prototype tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Since the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is known to regulate COX-2 induction, we attempted to determine the effect of [6]-gingerol on TPA-induced activation of NF-kappaB. Pretreatment with [6]-gingerol resulted in a decrease in both TPA-induced DNA binding and transcriptional activities of NF-kappaB through suppression of IkappaBalpha degradation and p65 nuclear translocation. Phosphorylation of both IkappaBalpha and p65 was substantially blocked by [6]-gingerol. In addition, [6]-gingerol inhibited TPA-stimulated interaction of phospho-p65-(Ser-536) with cAMP response element binding protein-binding protein, a transcriptional coactivator of NF-kappaB. Moreover, [6]-gingerol prevented TPA-induced phosphorylation and catalytic activity of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase that regulates COX-2 expression in mouse skin. The p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580 attenuated NF-kappaB activation and subsequent COX-2 induction in TPA-treated mouse skin. Taken together, our data suggest that [6]-gingerol inhibits TPA-induced COX-2 expression in mouse skin in vivo by blocking the p38 MAP kinase-NF-kappaB signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sue Ok
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Joydeb Kumar
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kundu
authors.forename: Young Kee
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Jin-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Myung-Haing
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Tae-Yoon
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young-Joon
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Surh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002396:Catechols; D018890:Chemoprevention; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009153:Mutagens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010703:Phorbol Esters / Q000633:toxicity; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012867:Skin; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002396:Catechols; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D009153:Mutagens; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010703:Phorbol Esters; C007845:gingerol; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases