title: Release of methyl CpG binding proteins and histone deacetylase 1 from the Estrogen receptor alpha (ER) promoter upon reactivation in ER-negative human breast cancer cells.
abstract: Estrogen receptor alpha (ER) is an epigenetically regulated gene. Inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) synergistically activate the methylated ER gene promoter in ER-negative MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to examine the chromatin status and repressor complex associated with silenced ER and changes in the key regulatory factors during reactivation by inhibitors of DNMT (5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine) and HDAC (trichostatin A). The silencing of ER due to CpG hypermethylation correlates with binding of specific methyl-binding proteins, DNMTs, and HDAC proteins. Inhibition of HDAC activity by trichostatin A results in the accumulation of hyperacetylated core histones. The activation of ER gene expression by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine also involves the release of the repressor complex involving various methyl-binding proteins, DNMTs, and HDAC1. HDAC and DNMT inhibitors modulate histone methylation at H3-K9 and H3-K4 to form a more open chromatin structure necessary for reactivation of silenced ER transcription. Together these results impart a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of chromatin remodeling during ER reactivation by DNMT and HDAC inhibitors. These findings will aid in the application of agents targeting epigenetic changes in the treatment of breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 409, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
authors.forename: Dipali
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Xiaowei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Normand
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beaulieu
authors.forename: A Robert
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Macleod
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Davidson
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000378:metabolism; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077209:Decitabine; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D056284:Histone Deacetylase 1; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051783:Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; C066141:MBD1 protein, human; C489325:MBD2 protein, human; C115369:MBD3 protein, human; C497392:MECP2 protein, human; D051783:Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000077209:Decitabine; C110550:HDAC1 protein, human; D056284:Histone Deacetylase 1; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D001374:Azacitidine