title: Affective and anxiety disorders in a German sample of diabetic patients: prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to examine (1) the prevalence of clinical and subclinical anxiety and affective disorders in a sample of diabetic patients attending a secondary care clinic in Germany and (2) risk factors associated with the occurrence of these disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and twenty diabetic patients (36.9% Type 1; 24.7% Type 2; 38.4% Type 2 with insulin) participated in a questionnaire-based screening survey. Those who screened positive received a diagnostic interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of clinical affective disorders was 12.6%, with an additional 18.8% of patients reporting depressive symptoms without fulfilling all criteria for a clinical affective disorder. The prevalence of anxiety disorders was 5.9%, with an additional 19.3% of patients reporting some anxiety symptoms. The comorbidity rate of affective and anxiety disorders was 1.8%, whereas 21.4% of the diabetic patients reported elevated affective as well as anxiety symptomatology. Logistic regression established demographic variables such as age, female gender and living alone as well as diabetes-specific parameters such as insulin treatment in Type 2 diabetes, hypoglycaemia problems and poor glycaemic control as risk factors for affective disorders. For anxiety symptoms female gender, younger age and Type 2 diabetes were significant independent variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of affective disorders in diabetic patients was twofold higher than in the non-diabetic population, whereas prevalence for anxiety disorders was not increased. Analysis of risk factors can facilitate the identification of patients who are at a greater risk for these disorders.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of the Diabetes Academy, Diabetes Centre Mergentheim, Germany. hermanns@diabetes-zentrum.de
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hermanns
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kulzer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krichbaum
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubiak
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001007:Anxiety; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000523:psychology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors