title: Alternative approaches to the definition and identification of learning disabilities: some questions and answers.
abstract: Recent consensus reports concur in suggesting major changes in the federal regulatory approach to the identification of learning disabilities (LD). These reports recommend abandoning the IQ-discrepancy model and the use of IQ tests for identification, and also recommend incorporation of response to instruction (RTI) as one of the identification criteria. These changes are also recommended to states in the current reauthorization of the U.S. Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA). While not mandatory, states that follow these recommendations will experience major changes in identification and treatment of students served under the LD category. This paper reviews the basis for these recommendations, summarizing four recent consensus group reports on special education that concur in suggesting these changes. Seventeen commonly asked questions about these changes are presented, with responses. In order to ensure adequate instruction for students with LD, it is essential that identification practices focus on assessments that are directly related to instruction, that any services for students who are struggling prioritize intervention over eligibility, and that special education be permitted to focus more on results and outcomes and less on eligibility and process. Identification models that incorporate RTI represent a shift in special education toward the goals of better achievement and behavioral outcomes for students identified with LD, as well as those students at risk for LD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin--UCT 2478, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Jack.Fletcher@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Jack M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: W Alan
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Coulter
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Reschly
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaughn
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000145:classification*; D004608:Eligibility Determination; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D020380:Needs Assessment; D011640:Public Policy; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014481:United States