title: Fine tuning and cross-talking of TGF-beta signal by inhibitory Smads.
abstract: Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-beta family, including TGF-beta, bone morphorgenic protein (BMP), and activn, plays an important role in essential cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, tissue remodeling, angiognesis, immune responses, and cell adhesions. TGF-beta predominantly transmits the signals through serine/threonine receptor kinases and cytoplasmic proteins called Smads. Since the discovery of TGF-beta in the early 1980s, the dysregulation of TGF-beta /Smad signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human diseases. Among signal transducers in TGF-beta/Smad signaling, inhibitory Smads (I-Smads), Smad6 and Smad7, act as major negative regulators forming autoinhibitory feedback loops and mediate the cross-talking with other signaling pathways. Expressions of I-Smads are mainly regulated on the transcriptional levels and post-translational protein degradations and their intracellular levels are tightly controlled to maintain the homeostatic balances. However, abnormal levels of I-Smads in the pathological conditions elicit the altered TGF-beta signaling in cells, eventually causing TGF-beta-related human diseases. Thus, exploring the molecular mechanisms about the regulations of I-Smads may provide the therapeutic clues for human diseases induced by the abnormal TGF-beta signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Research Institute of Medical Science, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea. parksh@inha.ac.kr
authors.forename: Seok Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D020239:Receptor Cross-Talk / Q000502:physiology*; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta