title: Outcome criteria in smoking cessation trials: proposal for a common standard.
abstract: Smoking cessation treatment is now integrated into many health-care systems and a major research effort is under way to improve current success rates. Until now results from randomized clinical trials have been reported in many different ways, leading to problems of interpretation. We propose six standard criteria comprising the 'Russell Standard' (RS). These criteria are applicable to trials of cessation aids where participants have a defined target quit date and there is face-to-face contact with researchers or clinic staff, as follows. (1) Follow-up for 6 months (RS6) or 12 months (RS12) from the target quit date or the end of a predefined 'grace period'; (2) self-report of smoking abstinence over the whole follow-up period allowing up to five cigarettes in total; (3) biochemical verification of abstinence at least at the 6-month or 12-month follow-up point; (4) use of an 'intention-to-treat' approach in which data from all randomized smokers are included in the analysis unless they have died or moved to an untraceable address (participants who are included in the analysis are counted as smokers if their smoking status at the final follow-up cannot be determined); (5) following-up 'protocol violators' and using their true smoking status in the analysis; and (6) collecting follow-up data blind to smokers' allocation to trial group. We believe that these criteria provide the best compromise between practicability and surrogacy for long-term cessation and will enable meaningful comparison between studies. There may be good reasons why other outcome criteria would also be reported, and studies that involve interventions with special groups or where there is no designated target quit date or face to face contact would need to adapt these criteria accordingly.
authors.affiliation: University College, London, UK. robert.west@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hajek
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stead
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stapleton
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D012107:Research Design; D016540:Smoking Cessation