title: HS014, a selective melanocortin-4 (MC4) receptor antagonist, modulates the behavioral effects of morphine in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Melanocortin and opioid systems regulate feeding as well as other behaviors; however, the relationship between the two systems is not yet defined. Since agonist-induced stimulation of melanocortin receptors blocks the behavioral effects of mu opioid receptor agonists, and melanocortin-4 (MC4) receptors and mu opioid receptors share a similar anatomical distribution in the central nervous system, MC4 receptor blockade may increase opioid responsiveness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that blockade of MC4 receptors increases the behavioral effects of morphine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of HS014 (0.0032, 0.032, and 1 nmol, i.c.v.), a selective MC4 antagonist, on morphine-induced (3.2, 10, and 32 mg/kg, i.p.) locomotor activity (measured in the open field for 15 min) and antinociception (measured in the hot plate at 55 degrees C) were assessed in C57Bl/6 mice. In addition, the effects of morphine were evaluated in A(y) mice, a genetic model for MC4 receptor blockade.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dose-effect curve of morphine for locomotor activity was shifted downwards in C57Bl/6 mice pretreated with HS014 and in A(y) mice. The dose-effect curve of morphine for antinociception was shifted two- and threefold to the left in C57Bl/6 mice pretreated with HS014 and in A(y) mice, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that blockade of MC4 receptors increases the antinociceptive effects of morphine without changing the potency of morphine for locomotor activity, suggesting that MC4 receptor antagonists may be candidate drugs that can be clinically used for the treatment of pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 702 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
authors.forename: N Eser
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Ercil
authors.forename: Ruggero
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Galici
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kesterson
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044105:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; C116941:HS014 cyclic peptide; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D044105:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4; D009020:Morphine
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