title: Distribution of new methylene blue injected into the caudal epidural space in cattle.
abstract: To investigate the distribution of solutions injected into the first intercoccygeal epidural space, 24 adult, standing cattle were randomly assigned to 5-, 10- and 20-mL groups and injected with 0.12% new methylene blue (NMB) in 0.9% saline. Ten heifers received 1 mL NMB solution/100 kg of body weight. There was a significant correlation between the injected volume and the number of cranially stained spinal segments in three adult cattle groups (correlation coefficient R2=0.46; P<0.0001). In three cattle, NMB solution did not distribute more than one spinal segment cranially from the injection site due either to fibrosis of the epidural tissue or to inadvertent intravenous administration into the epidural vein. The study showed that the larger the volume of solution injected, the greater the spread with increased individual variation. The results could form the basis for determining the volume of injection required and for evaluating the pharmacokinetics of anaesthetics used in caudal epidural anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan. DOL825@hotmail.com
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oboshi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ayukawa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000662:veterinary; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D008751:Methylene Blue