title: A trial of self-adhesive patch electrodes and hand-held paddle electrodes for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (MOBIPAPA).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  External electrical cardioversion is the method of choice to terminate persistent atrial fibrillation. Whether the type of shock electrode affects cardioversion success is not known. We tested whether hand-held steel electrodes improve cardioversion outcome with monophasic or biphasic shocks when compared with adhesive patch electrodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and one consecutive patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (147 male, mean age 63+/-1 years, duration of atrial fibrillation 6.3+/-1 months) were randomly assigned to cardioversion using either a sinusoidal monophasic or a truncated exponential biphasic shock wave form. The first half of patients were cardioverted using adhesive patch electrodes, the second half using hand-held steel paddle electrodes, and all patients using an anterior-posterior electrode position. Paddle electrodes successfully cardioverted 100/104 patients (96%) and patch electrodes 85/97 patients (88%, P=0.04). This effect was comparable to that of biphasic shocks: biphasic shocks cardioverted 102/104 patients (98%) and monophasic shocks 83/97 patients (86%, P=0.001). A beneficial effect of paddle electrodes was observed for both shock wave forms. After cross-over from an ineffective monophasic to a biphasic shock, cardioversion was successful in 198/201 (98.5%) patients. Unsuccessful cardioversion after cross-over (3/201 patients) only occurred with patch electrodes (P=0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hand-held paddle electrodes increase success of external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in this trial. This increase is of similar magnitude as the increase in cardioversion success achieved with biphasic shocks. A combination of biphasic shocks, paddle electrodes, and an anterior-posterior electrode position renders outcome of external cardioversion almost always successful (104/104 patients in this trial).
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany. kirchhp@uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: Paulus
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kirchhof
authors.forename: Gerold
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mönnig
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wasmer
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heinecke
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Breithardt
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eckardt
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Böcker
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy*; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies