title: Distal microcirculatory protection during percutaneous coronary intervention in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atheromatous and thrombotic embolization during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in acute myocardial infarction is common and may result in microcirculatory dysfunction, the prevention of which may improve reperfusion success, reduce infarct size, and enhance event-free survival.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether protection of the distal microcirculation from thromboembolic debris liberated during primary PCI results in improved reperfusion and decreased infarct size.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomized controlled trial at 38 academic and community-based institutions in 7 countries enrolling 501 patients aged 18 years or older with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) presenting within 6 hours of symptom onset and undergoing primary PCI or rescue intervention after failed thrombolysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized between May 20, 2002, and November 21, 2003, to receive PCI with a balloon occlusion and aspiration distal microcirculatory protection system vs angioplasty without distal protection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coprimary end points were ST-segment resolution (STR) measured 30 minutes after PCI by continuous Holter monitoring and infarct size measured by technetium Tc 99m sestamibi imaging between days 5 and 14. Secondary end points included major adverse cardiac events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 252 patients assigned to distal protection, aspiration was performed in 97% (242/251), all angioplasty balloon inflations were fully protected in 79% (193/245), and visible debris was retrieved from 73% (182/250). Complete STR was achieved in a similar proportion reperfused with vs without distal protection (63.3% [152/240] vs 61.9% [148/239], respectively; absolute difference, 1.4% [95% confidence interval, -7.7% to 10.5%; P = .78]), and left ventricular infarct size was similar in both groups (median, 12.0% [n = 229] vs 9.5% [n = 208], respectively; P = .15). Major adverse cardiac events at 6 months occurred with similar frequency in the distal protection and control groups (10.0% vs 11.0%, respectively; P = .66).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A distal balloon occlusion and aspiration system effectively retrieves embolic debris in most patients with acute STEMI undergoing emergent PCI. Nonetheless, distal embolic protection did not result in improved microvascular flow, greater reperfusion success, reduced infarct size, or enhanced event-free survival.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY 10022, USA. gs2184@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Gregg W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Brodie
authors.forename: Mansoor
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalynych
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turco
authors.forename: Heinz P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Schultheiss
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dulas
authors.forename: Barry D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Rutherford
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Antoniucci
authors.forename: Mitchell W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Krucoff
authors.forename: Raymond J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Alexandra J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lansky
authors.forename: Roxana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mehran
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013396:Suction; D017256:Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi; D013923:Thromboembolism; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017256:Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi