title: Psychosocial treatment for opiate abuse and dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Substance dependence is a major social and public health problem; therefore it is a priority to develop effective treatments. The treatment of opioid dependence is complex. Previous Cochrane reviews have explored the efficacy of pharmacotherapy for opiate dependence. This current review focuses on the role of psychosocial interventions alone for the treatment of opiate dependence. There are many different psychosocial interventions offered to opiate addicts, which are widely spread. There is some evidence for the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions, but no systematic review has even been carried out.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy and acceptability of psychosocial interventions alone for treating opiate use disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic searches of Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and LILACS; reference searching; personal communication; conference abstracts; unpublished trials; book chapters on treatment of opioid abuse/ dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The inclusion criteria for all randomised-controlled trials were that they should focus on psychosocial interventions alone for treating opioid use disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reviewers extracted the data independently using relative risks, weighted mean difference and number needed to treat estimated, when possible. The reviewers assumed that people who died or dropped out had no improvement (intention to treat analysis) and tested the sensitivity of the final results to this assumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five studies fit the study criteria. These analysed Contingency Management, Brief Reinforcement Based Intensive Outpatient Therapy coupled with Contingency Management, Cue Exposure therapy, Alternative Program for Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program Drop-outs (MMTP) and Enhanced Outreach-Counselling Program. All the treatments were studied against the control (standard) treatment; therefore it was not possible to identify which type of psychosocial therapy was most effective. The main findings were that both Enhanced Outreach Counselling and Brief Reinforcement Based Intensive Outpatient Therapy coupled with Contingency Management had significantly better outcomes than standard therapy within treatment. This was regarding relapse to opioid use, re-enrollment in treatment and retention in treatment. At 1-month and 3- month follow up the effects of Reinforcement Based Intensive Outpatient Therapy were not sustained. There was no further follow up of the Enhanced Outreach Counselling group. The Alternative Program for MMTP Drop-outs and the behavioural therapies of Cue Exposure and Contingency Management alone were no better than the control (standard) therapy. As the studies were heterogeneous, it was not possible to pool the results and perform a meta-analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available evidence has low numbers and is heterogeneous. At present psychosocial treatments alone are not adequately proved treatment modalities or superior to any other type of treatment. It is important to develop a better evidence base for psychosocial interventions to assist in future rationale planning of opioid use drug treatment services. Large-scale randomised trials are required with longer follow up stating methods of randomisation, allocation concealment and blinding. Where possible this should include intention to treat analysis, with power calculations performed prior to the trial. These studies can be designed and delivered to provide usable data for better understanding of this important component of intervention in the field of dependence.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, 4 Windsor Walk, London, UK. Soraya.Mayet@oxleas.nhs.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mayet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Amato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davoli
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic