title: Thalidomide for the treatment of resistant cutaneous lupus: efficacy and safety of different therapeutic regimens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thalidomide is effective for the treatment of severe cutaneous lupus. Our aim was to study the safety and efficacy of different doses of thalidomide in this condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied patients with severe cutaneous lupus that was unresponsive to antimalarials, prednisolone, methotrexate, azathioprine, and cyclosporin A. Starting doses of 100 mg daily (n = 16 patients), 50 mg daily (n = 17), or 50 mg on alternate days (n = 15) were compared. The response to thalidomide was categorized as complete remission, partial remission, or no visible improvement. All patients received a baseline electromyogram (EMG) followed by repeat EMG every 3 to 6 months, or sooner if neuropathic symptoms developed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight patients (46 female; mean [+/- SD] age, 44 +/- 12 years; range, 22 to 71 years) with discoid lupus (n = 18), subacute cutaneous lupus (n = 6), or systemic lupus erythematosus with skin involvement (n = 24) were included. The response rate was 81%, including 29 patients (60%) in complete remission and 10 (21%) in partial remission. Nine patients (19%) failed to respond. Thirteen patients (27%) developed peripheral neuropathy, which was EMG-proven in 11, including 4 patients in the 50-mg alternate-day group. Other side effects included drowsiness, constipation or abdominal pain, and amenorrhea. The relapse rate after stopping thalidomide was 67% (26/39). There was no association between a positive response to the drug and either starting doses or cumulative dose. Similarly, no association was found between peripheral neuropathy and the starting or cumulative dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thalidomide is effective for the treatment of severe cutaneous lupus. There were no clear dose-dependent effects. However, the high incidence of neurotoxicity, even at low doses, suggests that it may be most useful as a remission-inducing drug.
authors.affiliation: Lupus Research Unit, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom. mjcuadrado@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cuadrado
authors.forename: Yousuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sanna
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Munther A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khamashta
authors.forename: Graham R V
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008178:Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D013792:Thalidomide