title: Performance of screening questionnaires and risk scores for undiagnosed diabetes: the KORA Survey 2000.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Validation of published screening questionnaires and risk scores for undiagnosed diabetes has typically not been performed in independent population samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed in 1353 participants (aged 55-74 years) without known diabetes in the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) Survey 2000, Augsburg, Germany. Sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for undiagnosed diabetes were calculated for various screening questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four screening tests (Rotterdam Diabetes Study, Cambridge Risk Score, San Antonio Heart Study, and Finnish Diabetes Risk Score) were applied to the KORA data. The AUCs were 61% (95% confidence interval [CI], 56%-66%) for the Rotterdam Diabetes Study, 65% (95% CI, 60%-69%) for the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (P=.10 vs Rotterdam), and 67% (95% CI, 62%-72%) for the Cambridge Risk Score (P<.001 vs Rotterdam). A predictive model including fasting glucose level (San Antonio Heart Study) yielded an AUC of 90% (P<.01 vs all 3 questionnaires); however, this was not significantly different from fasting glucose level alone (AUC, 89%; P=.46). The sensitivities, specificities, and predictive values of questionnaires were substantially lower than originally described, which was mainly due to population variation of risk factors compared with the KORA sample (age, body mass index, antihypertensive medication, and smoking).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently proposed questionnaires yielded low validity when applied to a new population, most likely due to differences in population characteristics. Performance of diabetes risk questionnaires or scores must be assessed in the target population where they will be applied.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center at Düsseldorf University, Düsseldorf, Germany. rathmann@ddz.uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rathmann
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haastert
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Icks
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holle
authors.forename: Hannelore
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Löwel
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005858:Germany; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D016239:MEDLINE; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose