title: An overview of oral frena and their association with multiple syndromic and nonsyndromic conditions.
abstract: The development of abnormal oral frena is an important diagnostic feature of several syndromic states. Five such syndromes are reviewed which include Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, holoprosencephaly, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, and oral-facial-digital syndrome. Each syndrome exhibits relatively specific frena abnormalities, ranging from multiple, hyperplastic, hypoplastic, or absent. 1-8 In addition to abnormal oral frena observed in syndromic conditions, anomalous frena are encountered without other associated phenotypic features of genetic or chromosomal states. 9 This paper is a review of the above stated frena deformities and their management.
authors.affiliation: College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Lauderdale, FL 33328-6962, USA.
authors.forename: Sheldon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mintz
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Seider
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000473:pathology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004535:Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D004613:Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D016142:Holoprosencephaly / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D007742:Labial Frenum / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D008035:Lingual Frenum / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009056:Mouth Abnormalities / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D009958:Orofaciodigital Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D046248:Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D013577:Syndrome; D014060:Tongue Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology