title: Differential effects of DRD4 and DAT1 genotype on fronto-striatal gray matter volumes in a sample of subjects with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, their unaffected siblings, and controls.
abstract: Genetic influences on behavior are complex and, as such, the effect of any single gene is likely to be modest. Neuroimaging measures may serve as a biological intermediate phenotype to investigate the effect of genes on human behavior. In particular, it is possible to constrain investigations by prior knowledge of gene characteristics and by including samples of subjects where the distribution of phenotypic variance is both wide and under heritable influences. Here, we use this approach to show a dissociation between the effects of two dopamine genes that are differentially expressed in the brain. We show that the DAT1 gene, a gene expressed predominantly in the basal ganglia, preferentially influences caudate volume, whereas the DRD4 gene, a gene expressed predominantly in the prefrontal cortex, preferentially influences prefrontal gray matter volume in a sample of subjects including subjects with ADHD, their unaffected siblings, and healthy controls. This demonstrates that, by constraining our investigations by prior knowledge of gene expression, including samples in which the distribution of phenotypic variance is wide and under heritable influences, and by using intermediate phenotypes, such as neuroimaging, we may begin to map out the pathways by which genes influence behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. S.Durston@azu.nl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Durston
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fossella
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hulshoff Pol
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galvan
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Schnack
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Steenhuis
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Minderaa
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Engeland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D009929:Organ Size; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D035781:Siblings; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: C493599:DRD4 protein, human; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; C493214:SLC6A3 protein, human; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4