title: [The duration of expulsion and the separation of the afterbirth in breeding cows--a contribution to the improvement of parturition monitoring].
abstract: The objective of this study was to obtain data on the duration of the expulsion and afterbirth stages and on the rate of contractions of the abdominal muscles in dams with eutocia (n = 81; heifers: 11; cows: 70). We also looked into the questions of whether and at which stage of expulsion there were differences in these parameters between cows and heifers as well as purebred Simmental (n = 49) and Simmental X Limousin (n = 21). The total period of expulsion (period from appearance of the phalanxes in the rima vulvae until the complete expulsion of the calf) was 19.7 +/- 2.1 minutes. It took 17.3 +/- 2.3 minutes for the head to emerge. Further expulsion required 1.9 +/- 1.7 minutes. At an average of 40.1 +/- 1.5 minutes, the expulsion stage was longer in heifers than in cows, in which it lasted 18 +/- 2.1 minutes (p < 0.01). The differences are due to the time that the head took to emerge. While this stage of labor lasted 15.3 +/- 2.3 minutes in cows, this interval was clearly longer in heifers, lasting 38.1 +/- 1.5 minutes (p < 0.01). No statistically significant difference was observed in the course of further expulsion and there were not any differences detected between purebred Simmental and Simmental X Limousin. An average of 67.5 +/- 1.6 abdominal contractions were required for complete expulsion, 56.5 +/- 1.7 contractions of the abdominal muscles were necessary until the head appeared. After 9.3 +/- 1.6 abdominal presses, the calf had completely emerged. There was a statistically significant difference between cows (52.8 +/- 1.7) and heifers (93.3 +/- 1.6) until the expulsion of the head (p < 0.01). No breed-specific differences were observed. Separation of the afterbirth was observed in 95.0% of the animals up to the eighth hour post partum. Retarded separation and retained placenta were recorded in 2.5% of the animals in each case. 82.7% of the animals performed placentophagy. No placentophagy was observed when the placenta was retarded. No differences were detected between heifers and cows and the breeds with regard to the separation of the afterbirth and the incidence of placentophagy.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Gross- und Kleintiere mit Tierärztlicher Ambulanz der Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen. Axel.Wehrend@vetmed.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wehrend
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bostedt
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007749:Labor Stage, Third / Q000502:physiology*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000662:veterinary*; D010298:Parity; D010920:Placenta; D011247:Pregnancy; D013997:Time Factors