title: Pharmacokinetics of carfentanil and naltrexone in domestic goats (Capra hircus).
abstract: Using a crossover study design, the pharmacokinetics of carfentanil and naltrexone after i.v., i.m., and s.c. administration were determined in eight domestic goats (Capra hircus). Serial blood samples were taken up to 120 hr after carfentanil administration, and the plasma drug concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy. All goats were immobilized with 40 microg/kg carfentanil i.m., although the resulting neurologic effects varied considerably. Plasma profiles showed rapid carfentanil absorption and a simple biphasic decline for 12-48 hr. Naltrexone given at 100 mg naltrexone/mg carfentanil 30 min after carfentanil administration produced rapid reversal of immobilization after all routes of administration. Variable fluctuations in the naltrexone plasma concentrations during the first 2.5-3.5 hr were observed, followed by a more consistent biphasic decline. The time to standing was significantly shorter after i.v. compared with s.c. naltrexone, although the time difference (1 min) had little clinical relevance. No statistically significant differences between the naltrexone pharmacokinetic parameters measured for the three routes of naltrexone administration were identified, although the recoveries after i.m. administration were, subjectively, the smoothest. The carfentanil half-life did not differ significantly in the goats given naltrexone by different routes. Although it is currently recommended that the naltrexone dose be divided into s.c. and i.v. portions, this practice does not appear to offer any benefit.
authors.affiliation: Zoological Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mutlow
authors.forename: Ramiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Isaza
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Hunter
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D006041:Goats / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D006207:Half-Life; D007103:Immobilization / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009271:Naltrexone; C017114:carfentanil; D005283:Fentanyl