title: Investigation of bovine venereal campyloacteriosis in beef cow herds in New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine regional prevalences of beef cow herds in New Zealand positive for Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis antibodies in samples of vaginal mucus tested using an immunoglobulin (Ig) A enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and to examine the suitability of the IgA ELISA for detecting infection with C. fetus subsp venerealis under field conditions in New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vaginal mucus samples (n=1,230) collected from beef cow herds (n=125) throughout New Zealand (approximately 10 samples/herd) were tested for antibodies to C. fetus subsp venerealis using an IgA ELISA. Test results were compared between herds classified as having low, medium and high fertility based on pregnancy test results interpreted in relation to the duration of the mating period used. In addition, a small number of samples were collected from dairy cows that were mated using artificial insemination (AI) and had no contact with breeding bulls. The influence of putative risk factors for the spread of venereal disease and the effect of sample quality on the status of herds according to test results was assessed using multivariate logistical regression. Preputial washings from 54 bulls from nine herds classified as low fertility in which mucus samples from > or =3 cows were IgA antibody-positive were cultured for the presence of Campylobacter spp, and isolates of C. fetus subspecies were characterised using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One or more mucus samples was positive to the IgA ELISA in 70% of all herds tested. The prevalence of IgA antibody- positive individuals was >20% in most regions of New Zealand and did not differ significantly for cows from herds classified as high, medium or low fertility (28%, 26% and 23%, respectively; p=0.39). No relationship was found between mucus antibody status and age of breeding group, herd size, herd fertility, number of herds that female replacements or breeding bulls were sourced from, whether a serving ability test (SAT) was used to assess bulls, or the quality of samples submitted to the laboratory. Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis was not cultured from any of the 54 bulls sampled. Four other species of Campylobacter and related organisms were cultured, viz Arcobacter cryaerophilus, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus and Helicobacter cinaedi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The specificity of the IgA ELISA as a diagnostic test for C. fetus subsp venerealis was found to be unsatisfactory under New Zealand conditions. It is possible that an immunological response by cows to Campylobacter species other than C. fetus subsp venerealis caused cross-reactivity in the IgA ELISA. The results do not support the hypothesis that C. fetus subsp venerealis is widespread in New Zealand.
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Disease Investigation, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt, New Zealand. aandmcfadden@xtra.co.nz
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McFadden
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heuer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Parkinson
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002168:Campylobacter fetus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014621:Vagina / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007070:Immunoglobulin A