title: Feasibility and safety of endoscopic evaluation of gastric emptying.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Scintigraphy is the currently accepted method for evaluation of gastric emptying. Although quantitative, this method is complicated, time-consuming, and costly. If a simple endoscopic technique was available for those instances when quantification of an emptying abnormality is not needed, the same clinical information could be obtained in less time and with resource savings. Our aims in this study were therefore to assess the technical feasibility, tolerability, and safety of unsedated transnasal esophagogastroscopy (T-EG) as a technique for qualitative assessment of gastric emptying.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was done in two phases. In the first phase, 18 volunteers (ten men, eight women) underwent T-EG at 4 hours, 5 hours, or 6 hours after ingestion of a standard meal used for scintigraphic evaluation of gastric emptying without radiolabeling. In the second phase, ten volunteers underwent T-EG after scintigraphic imaging had demonstrated complete gastric emptying.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects in both phases tolerated the procedure well and completed the study. In the first phase, 13 of 15 volunteers exhibited complete gastric emptying at 6 hours (87%), while two (13%) revealed some particulate matter in the stomach at that time. In the second phase, one of the ten volunteers exhibited a small amount of solid food residue in the stomach despite documentation of scintigraphic complete emptying.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evaluation of gastric emptying by unsedated T-EG is both feasible and safe. In healthy, asymptomatic individuals, complete gastric emptying of solid food may take as long as 6 hours.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Attila
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hellman
authors.forename: A Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Krasnow
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saeian
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Dua
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Binion
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shaker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D020699:Gastroscopes; D005773:Gastroscopy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal / Q000295:instrumentation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012016:Reference Values; D013270:Stomach / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*