title: O Anna: being Bertha Pappenheim--historiography and biography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the famous case of Anna O. (the index case of psychoanalysis) as seen by each generation, in the light of current knowledge and thinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The case was neither a catharsis nor a cure as described. Historical research has revealed a significantly different outcome, shedding new light on the motives of the chief protagonists, Breuer and Freud. No less interesting but greatly neglected is the life of Bertha Pappenheim, the real identity of Anna O.
authors.affiliation: The Liaison Clinic, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia. rkaplan@bigpond.com
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D001317:Austria; D005197:Famous Persons; D005260:Female; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007046:Hysteria / Q000266:history*; D011572:Psychoanalysis / Q000266:history*; D011574:Psychoanalytic Theory