title: Recombination every day: abundant recombination in a virus during a single multi-cellular host infection.
abstract: Viral recombination can dramatically impact evolution and epidemiology. In viruses, the recombination rate depends on the frequency of genetic exchange between different viral genomes within an infected host cell and on the frequency at which such co-infections occur. While the recombination rate has been recently evaluated in experimentally co-infected cell cultures for several viruses, direct quantification at the most biologically significant level, that of a host infection, is still lacking. This study fills this gap using the cauliflower mosaic virus as a model. We distributed four neutral markers along the viral genome, and co-inoculated host plants with marker-containing and wild-type viruses. The frequency of recombinant genomes was evaluated 21 d post-inoculation. On average, over 50% of viral genomes recovered after a single host infection were recombinants, clearly indicating that recombination is very frequent in this virus. Estimates of the recombination rate show that all regions of the genome are equally affected by this process. Assuming that ten viral replication cycles occurred during our experiment-based on data on the timing of coat protein detection-the per base and replication cycle recombination rate was on the order of 2 x 10(-5) to 4 x 10(-5). This first determination of a virus recombination rate during a single multi-cellular host infection indicates that recombination is very frequent in the everyday life of this virus.
authors.affiliation: Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Ecole National Supérieure Agronomique de Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Remy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Froissart
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roze
authors.forename: Marilyne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uzest
authors.forename: Lionel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Galibert
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blanc
authors.forename: Yannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Michalakis
mesh_terms: D017796:Caulimovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005819:Genetic Markers; D016679:Genome, Viral; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000821:virology; D010942:Plant Viruses / Q000235:genetics; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D014777:Virus Diseases; D014780:Viruses / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers
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