title: Bacterial peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein: a naturally occurring toll-like receptor 2 agonist that is shed into serum and has synergy with lipopolysaccharide.
abstract: Sepsis is initiated by interactions between microbial products and host inflammatory cells. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are central innate immune mediators of sepsis that recognize different components of microorganisms. Peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL) is a ubiquitous gram-negative bacterial outer-membrane protein that is shed by bacteria into the circulation of septic animals. We explored the inflammatory effects of purified PAL and of a naturally occurring form of PAL that is shed into serum. PAL is released into human serum by Escherichia coli bacteria in a form that induces cytokine production by macrophages and is tightly associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). PAL activates inflammation through TLR2. PAL and LPS synergistically activate macrophages. These data suggest that PAL may play an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis and imply that physiologically relevant PAL and LPS are shed into serum and act in concert to initiate inflammation in sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Aranya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagchi
authors.forename: H Shaw
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Tehan
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Trigilio
authors.forename: Laura K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Beasley-Topliffe
authors.forename: Brenda L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Tesini
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lazzaroni
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fenton
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hellman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D002460:Cell Line; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000276:immunology*; D048168:Escherichia coli K12 / Q000276:immunology; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000276:immunology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010457:Peptidoglycan / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018805:Sepsis / Q000503:physiopathology; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C031163:ExcC protein, E coli; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008074:Lipoproteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D010457:Peptidoglycan; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors