title: The effect of percutaneous transmyocardial laser revascularization on left ventricular function in a porcine model of hibernating myocardium: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hibernating myocardium is defined as a state of persistently impaired myocardial function at rest due to reduced coronary blood flow that can partially or completely be restored to normal if the myocardial oxygen supply/demand relationship is favorably altered. Percutaneous laser revascularization (PMR) is an emerging catheter-based technique that involves creating channels in the myocardium, directly through a percutaneous approach with a laser delivery system, and has been shown to reduce symptoms in patients with severe refractory angina; however, its effect on improving regional wall motion abnormalities in hibernating myocardium has not been clearly established. We sought to determine the effect of PMR using the Eclipse System (Cardiogenesis) on left ventricular function in a porcine model of hibernating myocardium.
  
  
  METHODS
  A model of hibernating myocardium was created by placement of an ameroid constrictor in the proximal left anterior descending artery of a 35 kg male Yorkshire pig. The presence of hibernating myocardium was confirmed with dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) and defined as severe hypocontractility at rest, with an improvement in systolic wall thickening with low-dose dobutamine in myocardial regions with a subsequent deterioration in function at peak stress (biphasic response). After the demonstration of hibernating myocardium, PMR was performed in the area of hypocontractile function, and the serial echocardiography was performed. The echocardiograms were reviewed by an experienced echocardiologist blinded to the results, and regional wall motion was assessed using the American Society of Echocardiography Wall Motion Score. Six weeks after PMR, the animal was sacrificed and the heart sent for histopathologic studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A comparison of the regional wall motion function of the area distal to the ameroid constrictor and in the contralateral wall at baseline, post-ameroid placement, and post-PMR was performed. Hibernating myocardium was demonstrated 4 weeks after ameroid placement by DSE. Coronary angiography demonstrated a discrete 90%stenosis in the proximal LAD at the site of ameroid constrictor placement without evidence of collaterals. Using PMR, 17 bursts were successfully delivered to the anterior wall distal to the ameroid constrictor. Four weeks after PMR, there was improvement in wall motion function in the region distal to the ameroid placement by echocardiography. Histopathologic analysis demonstrated the absence of myocardial infarction in the anterior wall distal to the ameroid constrictor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The performance of PMR in a porcine model of hibernating myocardium is feasible and is associated with an improvement regional wall motion function after 4 weeks.
authors.affiliation: Rush University Medical Center, Rush Heart Institute, and Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA. Falmeda@aol.com
authors.forename: Francis Q
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Almeda
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Glock
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sandelski
authors.forename: Osama
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Macioch
authors.forename: Trisha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dainauskas
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Parrillo
authors.forename: R Jeffrey
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Snell
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Schaer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004452:Echocardiography; D053685:Laser Therapy; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization / Q000379:methods*; D017682:Myocardial Stunning / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013552:Swine; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*