title: gli-1 Oncogene is highly expressed in granulomatous skin disorders, including sarcoidosis, granuloma annulare, and necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sarcoidosis, which occurs most commonly in African American women, is a granulomatous multisystem disorder affecting the skin, lungs, and central nervous system. In a previous immunohistochemistry study of keloids, a scar granuloma stained highly positive for glioma-associated oncogene homologue (gli)-1.
  
  
  METHODS
  This observation led us to study whether gli-1, one of the vertebrate zinc finger transcription factor genes of the gli superfamily, is expressed in granulomatous skin disorders such as cutaneous sarcoidosis, granuloma annulare (GA), and necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD). Immunohistochemistry studies for gli-1 were performed on biopsy specimens from patients with cutaneous sarcoidosis, GA, and NLD. All sarcoid lesions were highly positive for gli-1 expression, and 75% of the cells demonstrated positivity with a stain intensity of 3 on a scale of 1 to 3. The gli-1 expression was confined to cutaneous granulomas. CD68 staining was highly positive in the sarcoid lesions as well. Similarly, GA and NLD lesions were uniformly positive for gli-1 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that gli-1 is inappropriately expressed in granulomatous lesions of the skin such as cutaneous sarcoidosis, GA, and NLD. These findings provide a rationale for clinical trials of inhibitors of gli-1 signaling, including tacrolimus and sizolimus, for the treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders of the skin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, and Emory Center for Outcomes Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Nada C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Macaron
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Suephy C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jack L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Arbiser
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D016460:Granuloma Annulare / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009335:Necrobiosis Lipoidica / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1