title: Recruiting drug-using men who have sex with men into behavioral interventions: a two-stage approach.
abstract: Drug-using men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV infection. Efforts to change behaviors in this population have been hampered by difficulties in recruiting drug-using MSM into behavioral interventions. This study sought to develop an effective strategy for recruiting drug-using MSM into behavioral interventions that consist of motivational interviewing alone or motivational interviewing plus contingency management. MSM were recruited through advertising and community outreach into groups to discuss party drugs, party burnout, and sexual behavior, with the intervention subsequently described and enrollment offered in the group setting. Many more eligible MSM responded to advertisements for the discussion groups than advertisements for the interventions, and 58% of those who participated in the discussion groups volunteered for counseling. Men who entered counseling reported high levels of drug use and sexual activity and were racially and ethnically diverse; only 35% were willing to accept drug treatment. Results demonstrate that a two-stage strategy in which drug-using MSM are first recruited into discussion groups before they are offered a behavioral intervention can be an effective way to induce voluntary acceptance of an intervention employing a behavioral risk-reduction approach.
authors.affiliation: The RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, USA. kanouse@rand.org
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kanouse
authors.forename: Ricky N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Bluthenthal
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bogart
authors.forename: Martin Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Iguchi
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sand
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shoptaw
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D001727:Bisexuality / Q000523:psychology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000379:methods*; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs
references.citation: Addiction. 2001 Dec;96(12):1725-42
references.pmid: 11784466
references.citation: Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 1999;3(4):303-25
references.pmid: 15661679
references.citation: J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000 Feb;68(1):64-72
references.pmid: 10710841
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005 May 9;78(2):125-34
references.pmid: 15845315
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2001 Jul;91(7):1019-24
references.pmid: 11441723
references.citation: J Consult Clin Psychol. 1997 Aug;65(4):673-85
references.pmid: 9256569
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1995 Nov;152(11 Suppl):1-59
references.pmid: 7485655
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2001 Jun;91(6):907-14
references.pmid: 11392933
references.citation: AIDS. 1994 Feb;8(2):223-31
references.pmid: 8043227
references.citation: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001 Feb 23;50(7):117-20
references.pmid: 11393490
references.citation: J Subst Abuse Treat. 1994 Jul-Aug;11(4):367-72
references.pmid: 7966507
references.citation: J Subst Abuse Treat. 2003 Apr;24(3):241-50
references.pmid: 12810145
references.citation: J Subst Abuse Treat. 2002 Apr;22(3):149-56
references.pmid: 12039618
references.citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999 Nov;153(11):1130-5
references.pmid: 10555713
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD001230
references.pmid: 12535405
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1966 Aug;4(2):195-202
references.pmid: 5969145
references.citation: J Subst Abuse Treat. 1996 Nov-Dec;13(6):483-6
references.pmid: 9219145
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 1998 Aug 1;51(3):219-27
references.pmid: 9787995
references.citation: AIDS. 1993 Feb;7(2):247-56
references.pmid: 8466688
references.citation: Br J Soc Psychol. 1998 Jun;37 ( Pt 2):231-50
references.pmid: 9639864
references.citation: JAMA. 1999 Feb 24;281(8):696-7
references.pmid: 10052429
references.citation: AIDS. 1999 Nov 12;13(16):2303-4
references.pmid: 10563716
references.citation: J Stud Alcohol. 1999 Nov;60(6):837-45
references.pmid: 10606497
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 1998 Jan;88(1):113-6
references.pmid: 9584015
references.citation: Psychiatr Serv. 1997 Nov;48(11):1445-9
references.pmid: 9355173
references.citation: JAMA. 2002 Sep 18;288(11):1344-8
references.pmid: 12240659
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1993 May;150(5):763-9
references.pmid: 8480823
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1994 Nov 24;331(21):1422-7
references.pmid: 7969281
references.citation: AIDS Educ Prev. 2003 Oct;15(5):401-12
references.pmid: 14626463
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 1997 Jun;87(6):1008-12
references.pmid: 9224185
references.citation: J Addict Dis. 1998;17(4):19-32
references.pmid: 9848029
references.citation: J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2000 Mar-Apr;11(2):51-62
references.pmid: 10752048
references.citation: J Homosex. 2001;41(2):17-35
references.pmid: 11482426
references.citation: AIDS Behav. 2004 Mar;8(1):87-98
references.pmid: 15146136
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2001 Jun;91(6):959-64
references.pmid: 11392941
references.citation: J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003 Oct;71(5):843-61
references.pmid: 14516234
references.citation: J Addict Dis. 2002;21(1):91-105
references.pmid: 11831503
references.citation: AIDS Care. 1994;6(5):559-70
references.pmid: 7711089
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2001 Jun;91(6):883-8
references.pmid: 11392927
references.citation: Health Educ Q. 1986 Winter;13(4):359-71
references.pmid: 3781860