title: Occurrence and regional distribution of apoptosis in scoliotic discs.
abstract: METHODS
  Seventy surgically obtained intervertebral discs from 9 patients with idiopathic and 7 patients with neuromuscular scoliosis were analyzed for the regional distribution of apoptosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of apoptotic mechanisms in scoliotic discs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The reasons for the development of scoliosis are complex and yet not completely understood. In herniated lumbar disc tissue, increased apoptosis and a high expression of Fas and Fas ligand and caspase-3 activity have already been reported, suggesting a pivotal role of apoptotic mechanisms in intervertebral disc degeneration. In scoliotic discs, cell death was correlated with disc deformity and changes in nutrient supply and metabolic levels. The role of apoptosis in scoliotic discs, however, is still unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) p85 immunohistochemistry. Expression of Fas and Fas-ligand was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all samples analyzed, apoptotic cells could be detected in the nucleus, anulus, and endplate. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly higher in the nucleus compared to the other areas and in the apex versus the nonapex discs. There was no difference between the discs of idiopathic and neuromuscular scoliosis and between the 2 age groups studied (10-17 years and 17-48 years, respectively). A strong expression of Fas and Fas-ligand could be detected in all samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased numbers of apoptotic cells in the nucleus of scoliotic discs and the apex disc suppose a pivotal role of programmed cell death for the progression of this common disorder. The simultaneous increase of Fas and Fas-ligand expression in areas with increased cell death point to an activation of the apoptotic process via the Fas/Fas-L system.
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Orthopedics, Orthopedic University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Bohua
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fellenberg
authors.forename: Haili
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carstens
authors.forename: Wiltrud
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Richter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C505661:FASLG protein, human; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors