title: Chronic coadministration of olanzapine and fluoxetine activates locus coeruleus neurons in rats: implications for bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The depressive phase of bipolar disorder (bipolar depression) is a difficult-to-treat form of depression. The olanzapine/fluoxetine combination (Symbyax) is the only medication approved to treat this disorder. The precise neural mechanisms responsible for its efficacy are not clearly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In order to further elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for the beneficial clinical effects of the olanzapine/fluoxetine combination, the current experiment was designed to investigate the effects of chronic coadministration of olanzapine and fluoxetine on electrophysiological activity in the locus coeruleus (LC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats received olanzapine for 3 weeks via subcutaneous osmotic pumps while simultaneously receiving daily intraperitoneal injections of fluoxetine. These chronically treated rats were anesthetized, and single-unit recordings of LC neurons were made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic administration of olanzapine alone significantly increased firing of LC neurons, while, as reported previously, chronic administration of fluoxetine alone significantly reduced firing of LC neurons. However, in the combination condition, olanzapine was able to block the fluoxetine-induced suppression of the LC, and a significant increase in LC activity was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed increase in firing of LC neurons could lead to enhanced levels of norepinephrine release in projection areas and amelioration of the clinical symptoms of bipolar depression.
authors.affiliation: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Seager
authors.forename: Vanessa N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: Lee A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Phebus
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008125:Locus Coeruleus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000077152:Olanzapine; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D005473:Fluoxetine; D000077152:Olanzapine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
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