title: Phenobarbital pharmacokinetics in old age: a case-matched evaluation based on therapeutic drug monitoring data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the influence of aging on the pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital (PB) at steady state in patients receiving long-term therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum PB concentrations from the database of the therapeutic drug monitoring service of a large neurological hospital were used to calculate apparent clearance values (CL/F) in 224 patients aged 65 years and older (mean, 73 +/- 6.1 years). CL/F values in these patients were compared with those determined in an equal number of controls aged 20 to 50 years (mean, 35.7 +/- 7.9 years) and matched for gender, body weight, and type of anticonvulsant comedication. Correlations of CL/F with age, body weight, gender, and comedication also were explored within each age group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PB CL/F values were significantly lower in elderly patients than in controls (3.2 +/- 0.8 vs. 4.1 +/- 1.2 ml/h/kg; p < 0.0001). Age was identified as a statistically significant predictor of CL/F at multiple regression analysis, but it accounted for only a modest component of the interindividual pharmacokinetic variation. Comedication with carbamazepine (CBZ) and phenytoin (PHT) was associated with a moderate decrease in PB CL/F, which reached statistical significance in the elderly group (p < 0.01 for CBZ comedication; p < 0.001 for PHT comedication).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aging is associated with a significant decrease in PB clearance, which might be related to a reduction in glomerular filtration rate or diminished drug-metabolizing capacity in the liver or both. Because of this, older patients will require lower dosages to achieve serum PB concentrations comparable with those found in nonelderly adults.
authors.affiliation: Carlo Besta National Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Battino
authors.forename: Danilo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Croci
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mamoli
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ratti
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perucca
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism*; D000465:Algorithms; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001682:Biological Availability; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D002220:Carbamazepine; D010634:Phenobarbital