title: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after stem cell transplant: clinical decision-making in the absence of evidence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the ethical dilemmas that arise in considering innovative therapies for critically ill children when there is little data to support their use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case report of a 13-yr-old patient after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplant for stage III neuroblastoma with sepsis and hemodynamic instability who survived to discharge after a 6-day course of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. The case serves as a source of discussion of the following: the use of available data in deciding to proceed with an unproved therapy, the approach to conversations to obtain informed consent, and the need for institutional oversight and hypothesis-driven data collection to advance pediatric critical care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric intensive care unit at a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  One adolescent with stage III neuroblastoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite a lack of data to support the use of ECMO in a neutropenic oncology patient after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplant, our patient had clinical features that suggested he was a reasonable ECMO candidate. His family gave informed consent to use ECMO and he survived. It is ethical to consider and use innovative therapies when patient characteristics are suggestive that the therapy may be successful even in the absence of evidence. This requires physicians' attention to the best interest of the patient and should occur in the setting of informed consent and rigorous data collection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The boundaries among standard therapy, innovative therapy, and research can be quite fluid. This case illustrates the ethical imperative to consider therapies that may be appropriate for a critically ill child even without evidence predictive of success, to have entry criteria and treatment protocols for such therapies, and to collect data from such experiences to advance the standard of care.
authors.affiliation: Sections of Critical Care, University of Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Wolfson
authors.forename: Madelyn D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Kahana
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Nachman
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lantos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016638:Critical Illness; D003657:Decision Making / Q000941:ethics; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000941:ethics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D033282:Parental Consent / Q000941:ethics; D036102:Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D035703:Therapies, Investigational / Q000941:ethics*; D016896:Treatment Outcome