title: Smokeless tobacco use among professional baseball players: survey results, 1998 to 2003.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of smokeless tobacco (ST) (snuff and chewing tobacco) has long been associated with baseball in the USA. This article reviews six years of survey data from major and minor league baseball players to evaluate trends in tobacco use and quitting patterns over time in order to gain insight into the effects of past interventions and to document continued intervention needs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveys were distributed by athletic trainers to major and minor league professional baseball players during spring training session in the six years from 1998 to 2003. The surveys were anonymous and identified only by team, level of league, and other self reported demographic data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ST use among professional baseball players remains much higher than among young males in the general population, and use is most prevalent among white non-Hispanic players. There was a significant decrease in ST use among minor league players from 1998 to 2003, with seven day self reported use declining from 31.7% in 1998 to 24.8% in 2003. No significant year to year changes were observed for major league players. Major league players' self reported past week use rates, estimated at 35.9% in 1998 and at 36% in 2003, were consistently higher than those of minor league players. Self reported prevalence of past month cigarette and cigar smoking was much lower than ST use for both major and minor league players.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Six years of survey data confirm a continuing high use of ST among professional baseball players. Results suggest that the effects of the broad spectrum ST control efforts launched over the past decade may have been stronger among minor than major league players. Stronger policy interventions at the major league level and multi-level efforts, including programmes to increase the use of effective quitting aids and assistance, at both levels of play are needed. Future research is needed to further clarify changes in ST practices among professional players and set policy intervention directions.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute, 1715 Franklin Blvd, Eugene, OR 97403, USA. herb@ori.org
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Severson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lichtensein
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Orleans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology; D001484:Baseball / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000639:trends; D020340:Tobacco Use Cessation / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
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