title: Nucleotide excision repair gene polymorphisms and recurrence after treatment for superficial bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interindividual differences in DNA repair capacity not only modify individual susceptibility to carcinogenesis, but also affect individual response to cancer treatment. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is one of the major DNA repair pathways in mammalian cells involved in the removal of a wide variety of DNA lesions. Polymorphisms in NER genes may influence DNA repair capacity and affect clinical outcome of bladder cancer treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test the influence of NER gene polymorphisms on superficial bladder cancer outcome (recurrence and progression), we conducted a follow-up study of 288 patients with superficial bladder cancer. Median follow-up among patients who were recurrence-free at the end of observation was 21.7 months from diagnosis. The specific polymorphic loci examined include XPA [A/G at 5' untranslated region (UTR)], XPC (poly AT, Ala(499)Val, Lys(939)Gln), XPD (Asp(312)Asn, Lys(751)Gln), XPG (His(1104)Asp), ERCC 1 (G/T at 3' UTR), and ERCC6 (Met(1097)Val, Arg(1230)Pro).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ERCC6 (Met(1097)Val) polymorphism had a significant impact on recurrence: carriers of at least one variant allele (Val) had a significantly higher recurrence risk than carriers of the wild-type allele (Met/Met; hazard ratio, 1.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-2.33). There were no overall statistically significant differences in the distributions of the other polymorphisms between patients with and without recurrence. However, when we combined these variant genotypes, there was a significant trend for an increased recurrence risk with an increasing number of putative high-risk alleles. Using individuals with five or fewer putative high-risk alleles as the reference group, individuals with six to seven risk alleles and individuals with eight or more risk alleles had higher recurrence risks, with hazard ratios of 0.92 (0.54-1.57) and 2.53 (1.48-4.30), respectively (P for trend < 0.001). There was also a significant trend for shorter recurrence-free survival time with increasing number of variant alleles (log rank test, P = 0.0007). When we stratified the patients according to intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment, we found a significant trend for shorter recurrence-free survival time in patients with variant alleles of XPA or ERCC6 polymorphisms who received Bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment (log rank test, P = 0.078 and 0.022, respectively). There were no significant individual or joint associations between these polymorphisms and progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that interindividual differences in DNA repair capacity may have an important impact on superficial bladder cancer recurrence. A pathway-based approach is preferred to study the effects of individual polymorphism on clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Colin P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Dinney
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leibovici
authors.forename: Carlos E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bermejo
authors.forename: H Barton
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Xifeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004265:DNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics*; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D000075223:Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D051760:Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group A Protein
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000075223:Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins; C497314:XPA protein, human; D051760:Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group A Protein; D004265:DNA Helicases; C078673:ERCC6 protein, human; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes