title: Oxidative stress and respiratory muscle dysfunction in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress is involved in the skeletal muscle dysfunction observed in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We hypothesized that the diaphragms of such patients might generate greater levels of oxidants than those neutralized by antioxidants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the levels of both oxidative and nitrosative stress and different antioxidants in the diaphragms of those patients, and to analyze potential relationships with lung and respiratory muscle dysfunctions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study in which reactive carbonyl groups, hydroxynonenal-protein adducts, antioxidant enzyme levels, nitric oxide synthases, and 3-nitrotyrosine formation were detected using immunoblotting and immunhistochemistry in diaphragm specimens (thoracotomy) obtained from six patients with severe COPD, six patients with moderate COPD, and seven control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diaphragms of patients with severe COPD showed both higher protein carbonyl groups and hydroxynonenal-protein adducts than control subjects. When only considering patients with COPD, negative correlations were found between carbonyl groups and airway obstruction, and between hydroxynonenal-protein adducts and respiratory muscle strength. Although diaphragmatic neuronal nitric oxide synthase did not differ among the three groups and no inducible nitric oxide synthase was detected in any muscle, muscle endothelial nitric oxide synthase was lower in patients with severe COPD than in control subjects. Muscle nitrotyrosine levels were similar in both patients with severe COPD and control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that oxidative stress rather than nitric oxide is likely to be involved in the respiratory muscle dysfunction in severe COPD.
authors.affiliation: Muscle and Respiratory System Research Unit, Respiratory Medicine Department, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader, 80, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain. ebarreiro@imim.es
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barreiro
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de la Puente
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Minguella
authors.forename: Josep M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Corominas
authors.forename: Sergi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: Sabah N A
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gea
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D011506:Proteins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D014443:Tyrosine