title: Effect of the growth promoter avilamycin on emergence and persistence of antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria in the pig.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of the growth promoter avilamycin on emergence and persistence of resistance in enteric bacteria in the pig.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pigs (treated with avilamycin for 3 months and controls) were challenged with multi-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 and faecal counts were performed for enterococci, Escherichia coli, S. Typhimurium and Campylobacter (before, during and 5 weeks post-treatment). Representative isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance and for the presence of resistance genes. Avilamycin-resistant Enterococci faecalis (speciated by PCR) were isolated from the treated pigs and continued to be detected for the first week after treatment had ceased. The avilamycin-resistance gene was characterized by PCR as the emtA gene and speciation by PCR. MIC profiling confirmed that more than one strain of Ent. faecalis carried this gene. There was no evidence of increased antimicrobial resistance in the E. coli, Salmonella and Campylobacter populations, although there was a higher incidence of tetB positive E. coli in the treated pigs than the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although avilamycin selects for resistance in the native enterococci population of the pig, no resistant isolates were detected beyond 1 week post-treatment. This suggests that resistant isolates were unable to persist once selective pressure was removed and were out-competed by the sensitive microflora.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest the risk of resistant isolates becoming carcass contaminants and infecting humans could be minimized by introducing a withdrawal period after using avilamycin and prior to slaughter.
authors.affiliation: Division of Farm Animal Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Langford, UK. a.a.g.delsol@bris.ac.uk
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Delsol
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cooles
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunderland
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Roe
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D005516:Food Microbiology; D019450:Genes, MDR; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013552:Swine / Q000382:microbiology*; D015047:Zoonoses
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009844:Oligosaccharides; C006653:avilamycin