title: Endoscopic management of stones in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Management of pediatric urolithiasis has evolved from open surgery to minimally invasive techniques. With advancements in instrumentation, endourological procedures are being performed more commonly in children. The current article reviews the literature published from January 2003 to September 2004 regarding endoscopic management of stones in children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas recent literature supports shock-wave lithotripsy as the preferred treatment option for pediatric stones, it also confirms the safety of percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ureteroscopy in all age groups. Retrograde intrarenal surgery and laparoscopic surgery are newer additions to the armamentarium of the endourologist but their role needs to be better defined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of stones in children can be managed using minimally invasive techniques. Proper treatment planning and use of appropriate instrumentation are important to achieve optimal outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital, Nadiad, Gujarat 387-001, India. mrdesai@mpuh.org
authors.forename: Mahesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desai
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D008096:Lithotripsy; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods*