title: Therapeutic effect of tamoxifen and energy-modulating vitamins on carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes in breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancer cells have an abnormal energetic metabolism. One of the earliest discovered hallmarks of cancer had its roots in bioenergetics, as many tumours were found in the 1920s to exhibit a high glycolytic phenotype. An animal with cancer shows significant and progressive energy loss from the host (i.e. noncancerous) tissues, which could occur by the establishment of a systemic energy-depriving cycle involving the interaction of tumour glycolysis and host gluconeogenesis. Tamoxifen (TAM) is a nonsteroidal antioestrogen that is widely used in adjuvant therapy for all stages of breast carcinoma. To improve the therapeutic efficacy of TAM and to expand its usage in the treatment of breast cancer, it is necessary to establish an energy-enhancing programme. In order to provide sufficient energy and to prevent cancer cachexia, TAM can be supplemented with energy-modulating vitamins (EMV). In this investigation the augmentation of the efficacy of TAM by the effects of EMV supplementation on carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, the mitochondrial Krebs cycle and respiratory enzymes was evaluated in the mammary gland of carcinoma-bearing rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female albino Sprague-Dawley rats were selected for the investigation. The experimental set-up included one control and four experimental groups. Mammary carcinoma was induced with 7,12- dimethyl benz(a)anthracene (25 mg), and TAM was administered orally (10 mg/kg body weight per day) along with EMV which comprised riboflavin (45 mg/kg per day), niacin (100 mg/kg per day) and coenzyme Q(10) (40 mg/kg per day).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurements were made on tumour tissue and surrounding normal tissue in all experimental groups. Tumour tissue showed significant (P<0.05) increases in the glycolytic enzymes hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase and aldolase, and significant decreases in the gluconeogenic enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase. In contrast, the surrounding tissue showed significant decreases in glycolytic enzymes and significant increases in gluconeogenic enzymes. The activities of the mitochondrial Krebs cycle enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, and respiratory chain enzymes NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase were significantly reduced in both tumour and surrounding tissue of the mammary carcinoma-bearing rats. These biochemical disturbances were effectively counteracted by supplementation with EMV, which restored the activities of all these enzyme to their respective control levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination therapy of TAM with EMV not only alters carbohydrate metabolism but can also prevent body weight loss by enhancing the host energy metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A.L. Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taramani Campus, University of Madras, Chennai 600 113, India.
authors.forename: Selvanathan Saravana
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Perumal
authors.forename: Palanivelu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shanthi
authors.forename: Panchanadham
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sachdanandam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002100:Cachexia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000201:enzymology*; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000201:enzymology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D014815:Vitamins; D013629:Tamoxifen