title: Toxicological effects of mainstream whole smoke solutions on embryonic movements of the developing embryo.
abstract: Cigarette smoking is unrivaled among developmental toxicants in terms of total adverse impact on the human population. Maternal tobacco use during pregnancy adversely affects prenatal and postnatal growth and increases the risk of behavioral and developmental defects in children and adolescents. In the current study, the effects of different preparations of nicotine and mainstream whole smoke solutions (MSWSS) on embryonic movements during neonatal development were examined in vivo, using the chicken embryo model, recorded in real-time by a video camera. It was observed that low doses of nicotine induced hyperactivity and higher doses induced hypoactivity. Accordingly, a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in movements was observed by application of 10 microg of nicotine and different preparations of MSWSS. A dose-dependent decrease in embryonic movements was observed, which did not recover by the end of experiment. It was concluded that nicotine could alter embryonic movements, which are important during embryogenesis for differentiation and maturation of the body systems.
authors.affiliation: Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sohail
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ejaz
authors.forename: Kim Bum
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Seok
authors.forename: Lim Chae
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Woong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014743:Videotape Recording; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke; D009538:Nicotine