title: A stronger bicortical sacral pedicle screw fixation through the s1 endplate: an in vitro cyclic loading and pull-out force evaluation.
abstract: METHODS
  The insertion torque and pull-out force after cyclic loading of the bicortical sacral pedicle screw through the S1 endplate were tested using human cadaveric specimens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to (1) evaluate the effect of cyclic loading on the pull-out force of two different techniques of bicortical sacral pedicle screw fixation and (2) to correlate the pull-out force after cyclic loading with the screw insertion torque.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Biomechanical studies using conventional sacral pedicle screw fixation techniques have demonstrated reduction in stiffness and strength after cyclic loading. Technical difficulties with anterior sacral cortex penetration and frequent screw loosening have been reported in clinical studies. In the authors' center, a new method of sacral pedicle screw fixation bicortically through the S1 endplate has been used successfully in the clinical setting. However, the mechanical stability of this new technique after undergoing cyclic loading has not been documented in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven-millimeter compact Cotrel-Dubousset sacral screws were randomly assigned by side (left vs. right) and inserted bicortically either anteromedially through the anterior sacral cortex or superiorly through the S1 endplate of 17 fresh frozen human sacrum. The tk;4maximum insertion torque for each screw was measured. Cyclic loading from 40 N to 400 N was applied to each screw at a frequency of 2 Hz for 20,000 cycles. Pull-out tests were conducted after completion of the cyclic tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean maximum insertion torque and mean pull-out force following cyclic loading were significantly higher for bicortical fixation through the S1 endplate (mean 3.17 N.m and 1457 N) than bicortical fixation through the anterior sacral cortex (mean 1.98 N.m and 1122 N). Both S1 endplate and anterior cortical fixation techniques demonstrated significant correlations between insertion torque and pull-out force following cyclic loading.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In sacral pedicle screw fixation, screw trajectory through the S1 endplate was significantly stronger than screws penetrating the anterior sacral cortex. Insertion torque was a good intraoperative indicator of screw pull-out force after cyclic loading.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. hrmoldk@hkucc.hku.hk
authors.forename: Keith D K
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Luk
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008297:Male; D012447:Sacrum / Q000502:physiology*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D019415:Torque; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology