title: Survival and intra-hepatic recurrences after laparoscopic radiofrequency of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The optimal treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is surgical resection. However, only a small percentage of patients are operative candidates. Percutaneous radiofrequency interstitial thermal ablation proved to be effective, too. Our objective was to assess a novel operative combination of laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) with laparoscopic radiofrequency (LRF) in the treatment of HCC not amenable to liver resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and four patients with HCC in liver cirrhosis were submitted to laparoscopic LRF. A LRF was indicated in patients not amenable to liver resection that had at least one of the following criteria: (a) severe impairment of the coagulation tests; (b) large tumors (but <5 cm) or multiple lesions requiring repeated punctures; (c) superficial lesions adjacent to visceral structures; (d) deep-sited lesions with a very difficult or impossible percutaneous approach; (e) short-term recurrence of HCC following percutaneous loco-regional therapies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LRF procedure was completed in 102 out of 104 patients (98% feasibility rate). LUS identified 26 new malignant lesions (25%) undetected by pre-operative imaging. There was no operative mortality. Seventy-six patients had no complication (73%). At 1-month computed tomography (CT) evaluation, a complete response with a 100% necrosis was achieved in 88 out of 101 patients (87%). During the follow-up (mean follow-up: 22.5 +/- 15.9 months), 55 patients (54%) developed new malignant nodules (42% of these recurrences were localized in the same segment of the HCC treated).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LRF of HCC proved to be a safe and effective technique at least in the short and mid-term: in fact it permits to treat lesions not treatable with the per cutaneous approach, to detect 25% of new HCC nodules and it has a low morbidity rate.
authors.affiliation: Bilio-Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Ospedale San Paolo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. rsantambrogio@mclink.it <rsantambrogio@mclink.it>
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santambrogio
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Opocher
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cappellani
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montorsi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000209:etiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate; D014463:Ultrasonography