title: Ketamine attenuates acetylcholine-induced contraction by decreasing myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity in pulmonary veins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors investigated the extent and cellular mechanisms by which the intravenous anesthetic ketamine alters acetylcholine-induced contraction in pulmonary veins (PVs). They tested the hypothesis that ketamine inhibits acetylcholine contraction in PVs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Canine PV rings with endothelium (E+) and without endothelium (E-) were isolated for measurement of isometric tension. The effects of ketamine (10(-5) m approximately 10(-3) m) on acetylcholine contraction were assessed in E+ and E- rings. The effects of inhibiting nitric oxide synthase on ketamine-induced changes in acetylcholine contraction were investigated in E+ rings, whereas the effects of Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release were investigated in E- rings. In fura-2 loaded E- PV strips, the effects of ketamine (10(-4) m) on the intracellular Ca2+ concentration-tension relation (i.e., myofilament Ca sensitivity) were assessed in the presence or absence of acetylcholine. The roles of the protein kinase C and rho-kinase signaling pathways in ketamine-induced changes in myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity were also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ketamine caused dose-dependent (P < 0.001) inhibition of acetylcholine contraction in E+ and E- PV rings. The ketamine-induced attenuation of acetylcholine contraction was still observed after inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (P = 0.002), Ca2+ influx (P < 0.001), and Ca2+ release (P = 0.021). Ketamine alone had no effect on myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity (P = 0.892) but attenuated (P = 0.038) the acetylcholine-induced increase in myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. This attenuation was still observed after rho-kinase inhibition (P = 0.039), whereas it was abolished by protein kinase C inhibition (P = 0.798).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine attenuates acetylcholine contraction by inhibiting the acetylcholine-induced increase in myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity, which is mediated by the protein kinase C signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Center for Anesthesiology Research, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, The Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Xueqin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Derek S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Damron
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000502:physiology; D004285:Dogs; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate / Q000502:physiology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases
chemical_list: D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007649:Ketamine; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D000109:Acetylcholine; D002118:Calcium