title: Clinical utility of the Defensive Functioning Scale in the assessment of depression.
abstract: The Defensive Functioning Scale (DFS) and Overall Defensive Functioning score (ODF) have been used as reliable and valid measures of defense structure when applied to clinical narratives. This study aims to replicate and extend positive clinical validity data for the ODF in the assessment of depression and examine the relationship between specific defense levels of the DFS and depressive symptoms. Sixty-nine outpatients who completed the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised and Personality Assessment Inventory were rated on the DFS by trained clinicians. Lower (more maladaptive) scores on the ODF were significantly related to the presence and severity of patient-reported depression symptoms. Furthermore, depression symptoms were significantly related to both the presence of low-level action defenses and an absence of higher-range defenses in the mental inhibitions-obsessional level. Findings from this study provide further support for the clinical application and relevance of the DFS system; support the theory of defensive processes falling into a hierarchy of adaptive functioning; and, because of a naturalistic setting, are highly generalizable to real-world practice.
authors.affiliation: Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York 11530, USA. jared.defife@cwru.edu
authors.forename: Jared A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: DeFife
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hilsenroth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires