title: Fate of glutaraldehyde in hospital wastewater and combined effects of glutaraldehyde and surfactants on aquatic organisms.
abstract: Glutaraldehyde (GA), an aliphatic dialdehyde disinfectant, and surfactants, one of the major components of detergents, are widely used in hospitals in order to eliminate pathogenic organisms causing nosocomial infectious diseases. After their use, disinfectants and surfactants reach the wastewater network together. The discharge of chemical compounds from hospital activities into wastewater is also a well-known problem, causing pollution of water resources and constituting an ecological risk for aquatic organisms. In this study, the chemistry and toxicology of GA and surfactant mixtures were reviewed in order to estimate their fate in aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, their joint effects on aquatic organisms were experimentally assessed in the laboratory. A simple model of the additive joint action of toxicants was used to determine combined acute toxicity effects on the bacteria luminescence and Daphnia mobility of three mixtures containing GA at 1.5 x EC50 24 h [in mg/L] on Daphnia and anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants at twice their critical micellar concentration (CMC). The mixture of GA and a cationic surfactant gave an EC50 30 min on Vibrio fischeri of 0.158%, with a concentration of 0.04 mg GA/L and 1.04 mg CTAB/L, which provided an additive action. The interaction between GA and an anionic surfactant on V. fischeri produced an antagonistic joint action with an EC50 30 min of 3.95%, containing 1.06 mg GA/L and 33.2 mg SDS/L. A synergistic action with an EC50 30 min of 8.4% on V. fischeri was observed for the mixture containing GA and a nonionic surfactant. Antagonistic interactions were observed for the joint action between GA and the surfactants studied on Daphnia. The mixture of GA and CTAB was more toxic (EC50 24 h=0.02%) than the two other mixtures (EC50 24 h GA+SDS=6%; EC50 24 h GA+TX 100=10%). This study provides new data on the toxicity of certain hospital pollutants entering the aquatic environment and detected in surface and groundwaters. It is necessary to study the joint effects of GA and surfactant mixtures following chronic and sublethal standard bioassays in order to estimate the contribution of the additive joint action models in assessing the environmental risk of hospital wastewater (HW).
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement, Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat, Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France. evemml@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Evens
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Emmanuel
authors.forename: Khalil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bazin
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Keck
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clément
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Perrodin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D003621:Daphnia; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005976:Glutaral / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D006761:Hospitals; D017744:Medical Waste Disposal; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014733:Vibrio; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D017744:Medical Waste Disposal; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D005976:Glutaral