title: Use of helper enzymes for ADP removal in infrared spectroscopic experiments: application to Ca2+-ATPase.
abstract: Adenylate kinase (AdK) and apyrase were employed as helper enzymes to remove ADP in infrared spectroscopic experiments that study the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase. The infrared absorbance changes of their enzymatic reactions were characterized and used to monitor enzyme activity. AdK transforms ADP to ATP and AMP, whereas apyrase consumes ATP and ADP to generate AMP and inorganic phosphate. The benefits of using them as helper enzymes are severalfold: i), both remove ADP generated after ATP hydrolysis by ATPase, which enables repeat of ATP-release experiments several times with the same sample without interference by ADP; ii), AdK helps maintain the presence of ATP for a longer time by regenerating 50% of the initial ATP; iii), apyrase generates free P(i), which can help stabilize the ADP-insensitive phosphoenzyme (E2P); and iv), apyrase can be used to monitor ADP dissociation from transient enzyme intermediates with relatively high affinity to ADP, as shown here for ADP dissociation from the ADP-sensitive phosphoenzyme intermediate (Ca(2)E1P). The respective infrared spectra indicate that ADP dissociation relaxes the closed conformation immediately after phosphorylation partially back toward the open conformation of Ca(2)E1 but does not trigger the transition to E2P. The helper enzyme approach can be extended to study other nucleotide-dependent proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Man
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Eeva-Liisa
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Karjalainen
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barth
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000263:Adenylate Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D001081:Apyrase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007700:Kinetics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D011485:Protein Binding; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D000263:Adenylate Kinase; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; D001081:Apyrase; D002118:Calcium
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