title: Synergistic action of resveratrol, an ingredient of wine, with Ara-C and tiazofurin in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Resveratrol, a naturally occurring stilbene derivative, is a potent free-radical scavenger causing a number of biochemical and antineoplastic effects. It was shown to induce differentiation and apoptosis in leukemia cells. Resveratrol was also identified as an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (RR), a key enzyme of DNA synthesis. We report about the biochemical effects of resveratrol on the concentration of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), the products of RR, and on the incorporation of 14C-labeled cytidine into the DNA of HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incorporation of 14C-labeled cytidine into the DNA of resveratrol-treated HL-60 cells was measured. Concentration of dNTPs was determined by a HPLC method. Cytotoxic effects of resveratrol, Ara-C, and tiazofurin were analyzed using growth inhibition and clonogenic assays. Induction of apoptosis was studied using a Hoechst/propidium iodide staining method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that resveratrol effectively inhibited incorporation of 14C-labeled cytidine into DNA. Furthermore, incubation of HL-60 cells with resveratrol significantly decreased intracellular dCTP, dTTP, dATP, and dGTP concentrations. Based on these results, we investigated the combination effects of resveratrol with Ara-C or tiazofurin, both antimetabolites, which are known to exhibit synergistic effects in combination with other inhibitors of RR. In growth inhibition, apoptosis, and clonogenic assays, resveratrol acted synergistically with both Ara-C and tiazofurin in HL-60 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that resveratrol could become a viable candidate as one compound in the combination chemotherapy of leukemia and therefore deserves further testing.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, General Hospital of Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Zsuzsanna
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Horvath
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saiko
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Illmer
authors.forename: Sibylle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madlener
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hoechtl
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Erker
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jaeger
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fritzer-Szekeres
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Szekeres
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003854:Deoxyribonucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D004357:Drug Synergism; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy; D000077185:Resveratrol; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012264:Ribonucleotide Reductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003854:Deoxyribonucleotides; D013267:Stilbenes; D003561:Cytarabine; D012254:Ribavirin; D004247:DNA; D012264:Ribonucleotide Reductases; D000077185:Resveratrol; C033706:tiazofurin