title: Differential expression of cell cycle regulators in phenotypic variants of transgenically induced bladder tumors: implications for tumor behavior.
abstract: Proteins controlling cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and oncogenic stress are often deregulated in tumor cells. However, whether such deregulations affect tumor behavior remains poorly understood in many tumor types. We recently showed that the urothelium-specific expression of activated H-ras and SV40 T antigen in transgenic mice produced two distinctive types of tumors strongly resembling the human superficial papillary tumors and carcinoma in situ of the bladder, respectively. Here we assessed the expression of a key set of cell cycle regulators in these mouse tumors and in a new transgenic line expressing a cyclin D1 oncogene in the urothelium. We found that urothelia of the wild-type and cyclin D1 transgenic mice exhibited a profile of cell cycle regulators found in quiescent (G(0)) cells, indicating that urothelium overexpressing the cyclin D1 (an 8-fold increase) is reminiscent of normal urothelium and remains slow-cycling. Low-grade superficial papillary tumors induced by activated H-ras had no detectable Rb family proteins (Rb, p107, and p130) and late cell cycle cyclins and kinases (cyclin A, E, and CDK1), but had increased level of p16, p53, and MDM2. These data suggest that the inactivation of the Rb pathway plays an important role in H-ras-induced superficial papillary tumors and that oncogenic H-ras can induce a compensatory activation of alternative tumor suppressor pathways. In contrast, carcinoma in situ of the bladder induced by SV40 T antigen had increased expression of cell cycle regulators mainly active in post-G(1) phases. The fact that phenotypically different bladder tumors exhibit different patterns of cell cycle regulators may explain why these tumors have different propensity to progress to invasive tumors. Our results indicate that the transgenic mouse models can be used not only for studying tumorigenesis but also for evaluating therapeutic strategies that target specific cell cycle regulators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garcia-España
authors.forename: Edgard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.forename: Tung-Tien
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xue-Ru
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pellicer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000952:Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming / Q000235:genetics; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics; D006965:Hyperplasia; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000952:Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming; C493957:Cdkn1a protein, mouse; C493961:Cdkn1b protein, mouse; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D019938:Cyclin D1; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27