title: Neuronal nitric oxide synthase is heterogeneously distributed in equine myofibers and highly expressed in endurance trained horses.
abstract: Mammalian skeletal muscle expresses splice variants of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Skeletal muscles have a metabolically heterogeneous population of myofibers, and fiber composition in equine skeletal muscle is correlated with athletic ability in endurance events. In this study, we investigated whether nNOS expression in equine skeletal muscle is related to fiber type and endurance training. Biopsy samples obtained from the gluteus medius of sedentary- (SH) and endurance-trained (TH) horses were examined for the electrophoretic mobility of myosin heavy chain (MHC) and NOS activity. Serial tissue cross-sections were stained for myosin ATPase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) reductase, and also immunostained for nNOS. The gluteus medius of TH had higher levels of nNOS expression and activity when compared to muscle from SH. In SH, nNOS was restricted to the subsarcolemmal area while in TH nNOS was also present at cytoplasmic sites. A splice variant of nNOS was heterogeneously distributed among the different myofibers, its expression being higher in fast-oxidative-glycolytic type IIA fibers than in fast-glycolytic type IIX fibers and absent in slow-twitch type I fibers. Trained horses had a significantly higher relative content of type IIA fibers, a greater oxidative capacity, and a lower percentage of type IIX fibers when compared with SH. The differences in muscle fiber typing between the 2 groups of horses reflected alterations that probably resulted from the endurance-training program. Overall, these results show that nNOS is differentially expressed and localized in the gluteus medius according to the fiber type and the athletic conditioning of the horses.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Gondim
authors.forename: Luzia V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Modolo
authors.forename: Gerson E R
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salgado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002081:Buttocks; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000032:analysis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains
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