title: Flexible cystoscopy assisted by hexaminolevulinate induced fluorescence: a new approach for bladder cancer detection and surveillance?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was the assessment of flexible cystoscopy assisted by hexaminolevulinate (HAL) fluorescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a prospective controlled, within-patient comparison of flexible HAL cystoscopy with standard flexible cystoscopy, HAL rigid and standard white light rigid cystoscopy. Eligible patients received an intravesical instillation of 50 ml hexylaminolevulinate 8 mM solution. First flexible than rigid cystoscopy was performed in each patient using a Combilight PDD system (Richard Wolf, Germany), which provided standard white light and blue light at 375 to 440 nm, with mapping of all lesions detected. All tumors and suspicious areas identified under white light and by red fluorescence with flexible or rigid cystoscopy were then resected by TUR or biopsied. The specimen was assessed by an independent blinded pathologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 45 patients studied 41 (91%) patients had exophytic tumors, of which 39 (95.1%) were detected by HAL flexible cystoscopy and 40 (97.5%) by HAL rigid cystoscopy. 17 (37.8%) patients had concomitant or carcinoma in situ only, which was identified by HAL flexible cystoscopy in 14 (82.3%), by HAL rigid cystoscopy in 15 (88.2%), by flexible standard in 11 (64.7%) and by standard white light rigid cystoscopy in 13 (76.7%) patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAL fluorescence flexible cystoscopy compared to HAL rigid cystoscopy showed almost equivalent results in detecting papillary and flat lesions in bladder cancer patients. Both procedures were superior to standard white light flexible cystoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Vienna, Medical School, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Loidl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmidbauer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Susani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marberger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; D020684:Cystoscopes; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid