title: Evolution of human IgH3'EC duplicated structures: both enhancers HS1,2 are polymorphic with variation of transcription factor's consensus sites.
abstract: The enhancer complex regulatory region at the 3' of the immunoglobulin heavy cluster (IgH3'EC) is duplicated in apes along with four constant genes and the region is highly conserved throughout humans. Both human IgH3'ECs consist of three loci high sensitive (HS) to DNAse I with enhancer activity. It is thus possible that the presence of structural divergences between the two IgH3'ECs and of relative polymorphisms correspond to functional regulatory changes. To analyse the polymorphisms of these almost identical regions, it resulted mandatory to identify the presence of divergent sequences, in order to select distinctive primers for specific PCR genomic amplifications. To this aim, we first compared the two entire IgH3'ECs in silicio, utilising the updated GenBank (GB) contigs, then we analysed the two IgH3'ECs by cloning and sequencing amplicons from independent genomes. In silicio analysis showed that several inversions, deletions and short insertions had occurred after the duplication. We analysed in detail, by sequencing specific regions, the polymorphisms occurring in enhancer HS1,2-A (which lies in IgH3'EC-1, 3' to the Calpha-1 gene) and in enhancer HS1,2-B (which lies in IgH3'EC-2, 3' to Calpha-2). Polymorphisms are due to the repetition (occurring one to four times) of a 38-bp sequence present at the 3' of the core of enhancers HS1,2. The structure of both human HS1,2 enhancers has revealed not yet described polymorphic features due to the presence of variable spacer elements separating the 38-bp repetitions and to variable external elements bordering the repetition cluster. We found that one of the external elements gave rise to a divergent allele 3 in the two clusters. The frequency of the different alleles of the two loci varies in the Italian population and allele 3 of both loci are very rare. The analysis of the Callicebus moloch, Gorilla gorilla and Pan troglodytes HS1,2 enhancers showed the transformation from the ancestral structure with the 31- to the 17-bp external element in hominids. The relevance of the polymorphisms in the HS1,2 enhancers is due to the variable number of binding sites for the transcription factors: NF-kappaB, CMYB, BSAP1/2, AP1/4, E47, MyoD and muE5 and thus to the possible influence of these variations on switch, production of Ig and on maturation of B cells.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia Enrico Calef, Universita' degli Studi TorVergata, Viale della ricerca scientifica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Giambra
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fruscalzo
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giufre'
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martinez-Labarga
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Favaro
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rocchi
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Frezza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017931:DNA Primers; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020440:Gene Duplication; D006801:Humans; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011323:Primates; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; D014157:Transcription Factors