title: [Upper limb deep venous thrombosis. Risk factors, outcome, and posthrombotic syndrome].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was that of describing a series of episodes of upper limb deep venous thrombosis, with special emphasis on the incidence of posthrombotic syndrome and its impact in the quality of life of the patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  33 episodes (29 patients) of upper limb deep venous thrombosis were studied, between January 1995 and January 2002; episodes until September 1999 (18 episodes) were considered retrospectively while those which took place starting in this date (15 episodes) were considered prospectively. In all, 24 patients were cared in hospital clinic. It was possible to obtain complete data in 16 cases, in which evolution toward posthrombotic syndrome, venous revascularization, and impact of the pathological process in the global quality of life of patients were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average age of patients was 58.9 years. In 25 episodes (75.8%) some risk factor for venous thrombosis existed, the presence of a venous catheter being the most frequent. Subclavian axillary affectation was predominant (18 episodes, 55%) and in the left side (25 episodes, 76%). Twenty-eight episodes were diagnosed with echography (84.8%). Mean D-dimers concentration (N = 16) was 1,046 ng/ml (standard deviation [SD]: 826.9). One of the episodes (3%) was associated to lung thromboembolism. Treatment consisted on the administration of low molecular weight heparin during the acute phase in 70% of the cases. In 13 episodes (39%) additional treatment of thrombosis (endovascular in most) was carried out. In 29 episodes (88%) chronic treatment was administered with acenocoumarol, while in 4 episodes (12%) the administration of low molecular weight heparin was kept. No patient died during hospitalization. In 15 patients (52%) control of revascularizacion was performed. We detected complete revascularization in 6 patients (40%), revascularization with collateral circulation in 4 patients (27%), partial revascularization in other 4 patients (27%) and presence of permeability but with expansion and tortuosity of deep venous system in 1 case (6%). Posthrombotic syndrome was considered mild or nonexistent in 10 patients (62.5%) and moderate in 6 patients (37.5%). Quality of life of patients with moderate posthrombotic syndrome was significantly worse than that of patients with mild posthrombotic syndrome (73 vs 90, p < 0.035).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of upper limb deep venous thrombosis are associated to the use of intravenous catheters. Echography is the primary diagnostic technique. At the time of the diagnosis, patients tend to show elevation in D-dimers levels. Evolution toward posthrombotic syndrome is frequent; this syndrome does not use to be serious but indeed influences the quality of life of patients.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gargallo Maicas
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Todolí Parra
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Romera Barroso
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Suárez Alvarez
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calabuig Muñoz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saro Pérez
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bonora Tamarit
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Calabuig Alborch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D034941:Upper Extremity; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy