title: Different subsets of peripheral blood dendritic cells show distinct phenotypic and functional abnormalities in HIV-1 infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the distribution, expression of chemokine receptors and ex vivo production of inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood (PB) monocytes and DC in HIV-1+ individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dendritic cells (DC) play an important role in the establishment and dissemination of HIV infection. DC interaction with HIV depends on expression of HIV receptors and co-receptors. Accumulating evidence supports the notion that DC functionality is impaired in HIV-1+ patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  PB samples from 30 naive-treated HIV-1+ progressors were studied. Additionally, 10 adult healthy volunteers (AHV), seven Hepatitis C virus positive (HCV+)/HIV-1- patients and five long-term non-progressor HIV-1+ patients (HIV-1+LTNP) were included as controls. Flow cytometry immunophenotyping was used for the identification, enumeration and characterization of monocytes and DC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PB myeloid DC (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) were significantly decreased in HIV-1+ progressors, while unaltered in HIV-1+LTNP. The expression of CXCR2 and CXCR4 and of CXCR4 and CCR5 were severely altered on PB mDC and pDC from HIV-1+ progressors, respectively. By contrast, both the expression of the chemokine receptors analysed and the numbers of CD16+ DC in HIV-1+ progressors were not different from AHV, while altered in HCV+/HIV-1- and HIV-1+LTNP. Furthermore, PB monocytes and DC from HIV-1+ progressors spontaneously produced inflammatory cytokines, in contrast with AHV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the existence of a selective interaction between HIV-1 and both mDC and pDC, associated with HCV co-infection-independent spontaneous production of inflammatory cytokines, reflecting the occurrence of in vivo activation of the immune system, which might further contribute to the impaired DC functionality.
authors.affiliation: Servicio General de Citometría and Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cordero
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orfao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D023062:Receptors, Interleukin-8A / Q000097:blood; D023063:Receptors, Interleukin-8B / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D023062:Receptors, Interleukin-8A; D023063:Receptors, Interleukin-8B