title: Effects of epinephrine on right ventricular monophasic action potentials in the LQT1 versus LQT2 form of long QT syndrome: preferential enhancement of "triangulation" in LQT1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore effects of epinephrine and phenylephrine on the behavior of right ventricular monophasic action potentials (MAPs) in symptomatic LQT1 and LQT2 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We recorded endocardial MAPs from right interventricular septum at baseline and during epinephrine and phenylephrine infusions in six symptomatic DNA-verified LQT1 (QTc 528 +/- 83) and five LQT2 patients (QTc 527 +/- 72) and in five control patients (QTc 381 +/- 22). We measured MAP durations at 90% and at 50% levels of repolarization and their difference (MAP50 to MAP90, a measure of MAP morphologic "triangulation"), during atrial pacing to characterize rate dependence of MAPs and repolarization phase 3 durations, respectively. Restitution kinetics were determined during atrioventricular sequential pacing, using the approach of empirical restitution rate. Epinephrine prolonged MAP50-to-MAP90 duration and increased the rate dependence of MAP90 duration and increased restitution rate in type LQT1, but not in LQT2 patients nor in control subjects. Phenylephrine did not change MAP behavior. During epinephrine administration, both LQT1 and LQT2 patients had a ratio of the restitution rate of MAP to diastolic interval >1.0 at short diastolic intervals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptomatic LQT1 patients with prolonged baseline QTc intervals showed beta-adrenergic-induced changes in MAPs (triangulation) known to be arrhythmogenic, thus giving insight to the difference in clinical triggers of life-threatening arrhythmias between LQT1- and LQT2-affected individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viitasalo
authors.forename: Kristian J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Paavonen
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Swan
authors.forename: Kimmo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kontula
authors.forename: Lauri
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toivonen
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects*; D000293:Adolescent; D000322:Adrenergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D004837:Epinephrine