title: Depression and clinical progression in HIV-infected drug users treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To disentangle the impact of adherence from that of injecting drug status and depressive syndrome on HIV clinical progression in a cohort of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-treated HIV patients infected through drug use.
  
  
  METHODS
  MANIF 2000 is a French cohort of HIV-infected drug users with scheduled medical visits every 6 months. Only patients enrolled in the MANIF 2000 cohort who had a CD4 cell count >200 cells/microl at HAART initiation were selected. The follow-up period included all post-HAART initiation visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV clinical progression was defined as either AIDS-related death or reaching a CD4 level <200 cells/microl. Adherence was assessed using a self-administered questionnaire and a structured face-to-face interview. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score at each visit. Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate crude and adjusted relative hazards and 95% confidence intervals and thus identify independent predictors of clinical progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 305 HAART-treated patients in the cohort, 243 had CD4 cell count >200 cells/microl at HAART initiation. At the first visit after HAART initiation, median CD4 cell count was 466 cells/microl and 45% had undetectable viral load. Injecting drug users accounted for 17% of the study group. Over the follow-up period, 32 patients experienced HIV clinical progression. Probable depression was encountered in 46% of patients and non-adherence in 31% of the sample. After adjustment on baseline CD4 cell count, predictors of clinical progression were: having a higher level of cumulative non-adherence over the follow-up period [HR (95% CI)=1.2 (1.1-1.3) per 10% increase] and having a high score of depressive symptoms following HAART initiation [HR (95% CI)=5.3 (2.21-3.0)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although depressive syndrome is known to influence non-adherence behaviours that are amongst the major reasons for clinical progression, it is also a predictor of clinical progression in HIV-infected intravenous drug users on HAART, independently of non-adherence behaviours. HIV care providers should be more sensitive to depressive symptoms in order to detect them early and supply HIV patients with specific care. Further research is needed to determine whether treating depressive symptoms may improve adherence and thus delay disease progression and mortality.
authors.affiliation: INSERMU379/ORS-PACA, Marseilles, France.
authors.forename: Anne-Déborah
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bouhnik
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Préau
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Maria Patrizia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Carrieri
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gallais
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lepeu
authors.forename: Jean-Albert
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gastaut
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Moatti
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spire
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications