title: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists inhibit the activation of microglia and astrocytes: implications for multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonists, including thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14) prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), have been shown to be effective in the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to compare the anti-inflammatory actions of three TZDs - rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, and ciglitazone - with those of 15d-PGJ(2) on stimulated mouse microglia and astrocytes. The results show that TZDs and 15d-PGJ(2) are effective in inhibiting production of nitric oxide, the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6, and the chemokine MCP-1 from microglia and astrocytes. However, 15d-PGJ(2) was a more potent suppressor of pro-inflammatory activity than the TZDs. These studies suggest that PPAR-gamma agonists modulate EAE, at least in part, by inhibiting the activation of microglia and astrocytes. The studies further suggest that PPAR-gamma agonists may be effective in the treatment of MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 510, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Storer
authors.forename: Jihong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chavis
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Drew
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists*; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C097240:15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D047495:PPAR gamma; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015230:Prostaglandin D2