title: Mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics and related outcomes early after renal transplant.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide are complex. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and protein binding of mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide metabolite, early post-transplant in renal allograft recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two de novo renal transplant recipients receiving mycophenolate mofetil and concomitant cyclosporin (n = 32) or tacrolimus (n = 10) participated in the study. Blood samples were taken on day 5 post-transplant for measurement of free and total concentrations of mycophenolic acid, mycophenolic acid glucuronide and relevant biochemistry. Associations between free fraction and biochemistry were investigated. Free and total 6-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-6) of mycophenolic acid was assessed relative to clinical outcomes in the first month post-transplant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kinetic variability of free and total mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide was greater in patients on cyclosporin (12- to 18-fold variation) than on tacrolimus (four- to fivefold) cotherapy. Cyclosporin-treated patients also had significantly lower predose total mycophenolic acid concentrations than tacrolimus-treated patients (median 0.8 mg l(-1) and 1.6 mg l(-1), respectively, P = 0.002). Mycophenolic acid glucuronide predose concentration correlated positively with mycophenolic acid glucuronide AUC0-6 (r > 0.95). Mycophenolic acid free fraction varied 11-fold, from 1.6% to 18.3%, whilst the glucuronide free fraction varied threefold, from 17.4% to 54.1%. Urea and creatinine concentrations correlated positively (r > 0.46), whilst albumin correlated negatively (r = -0.54) with free fraction of mycophenolic acid. Similar relationships were found for the free fraction of mycophenolic acid glucuronide. Mycophenolic acid free fraction was on average 70% higher in patients with albumin concentrations below a specified albumin cut-off concentration of 31 g l(-1)[free fraction = 7 +/- 4% for lower albumin and 4 +/- 3% for higher albumin, respectively; P = 0.001; 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference 1.9, 4.2]. Neither free nor total mycophenolic acid AUC0-6 was related to rejection (P > 0.07). Free AUC0-6 was significantly higher in those patients with thrombocytopenic, leukopenic and/or infectious outcomes than in those without (mean +/- SD 1.9 +/- 0.3 mg h(-1) l(-1) and 1.1 +/- 0.1 mg h(-1) l(-1), P = 0.0043; 95% CI for the difference 0.3, 1.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The marked variability in mycophenolic acid/glucuronide pharmacokinetics occurring early post-transplant during the current study was greater in cyclosporin (12-18-fold) than in tacrolimus (four- to fivefold) treated patients. Concomitant cyclosporin was associated with total mycophenolic acid concentrations approximately half that of tacrolimus. Patients with marked renal impairment had the highest free fractions reported to date. The exposure to unbound mycophenolic acid was significantly related to infections and haematological toxicity.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Bronwyn A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Atcheson
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Mudge
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Carmel M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hawley
authors.forename: Scott B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Isbel
authors.forename: Peter I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Pillans
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Tett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D020719:Glucuronides; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011485:Protein Binding; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D005965:Glucuronates; D020719:Glucuronides; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; C113145:mycophenolic acid glucuronide; D016572:Cyclosporine; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D016559:Tacrolimus