title: CpG oligodeoxynucleotides inhibit tumor growth and reverse the immunosuppression caused by the therapy with 5-fluorouracil in murine hepatoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) alone or in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on tumor growth and whether CpG ODN can reverse the immunosuppression caused by the chemotherapy with 5-FU in murine hepatoma model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hepatoma model was established by subcutaneous inoculation with hepatoma-22 (H(22)) cells into the right flank of BALB/c mice. Mice with tumor were treated by peritumoral injection of CpG ODN alone or in combination with subcutaneous injection of 5-FU. Tumor size was quantified regularly. Serum levels of IL-12 and IFN-gamma in mice were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The lytic capacity of splenic NK cells was tested by lactate dehydrogenase release assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peritumoral injection of CpG ODN alone or in combination with subcutaneous injection of 5-FU, and the treatment with 5-FU alone all led to significant inhibition of hepatoma growth. The mean tumor volumes fell by 46.66% in mice injected with CpG ODN, 68.34% in the 5-FU treated mice, and 70.23% in mice treated with the combination of CpG ODN and 5-FU than in controls. There was no significant difference in tumor size between 5-FU-treated mice and mice treated with the combination of 5-FU and CpG ODN (P>0.05). The serum levels of IL-12 and IFN-gamma of mice treated with CpG ODN alone (IL-12: 464.50+/-24.37 pg/mL; IFN-gamma: 134.20+/-25.76 pg/mL) or with the co-administration of CpG ODN and 5-FU (IL-12: 335.83+/-28.74 pg/mL; IFN-gamma: 111.00+/-5.33 pg/mL) were significantly higher than that of controls (IL-12: 237.50+/-45.31 pg/mL; IFN-gamma: 56.75+/-8.22 pg/mL). The production of IL-12 and IFN-gamma was suppressed moderately in 5-FU-treated mice (IL-12: 166.67+/-53.22 pg/mL; 53.33+/-16.98 pg/mL) compared to control mice (P>0.05), whereas the combination of CpG ODN and 5-FU significantly increased the serum levels of IL-12 and IFN-gamma compared to 5-FU alone (P<0.05). The NK cell killing activity in CpG ODN-treated mice (44.04+/-1.38%) or the mice treated with CpG ODN combined with 5-FU (30.67+/-1.28%) was significantly potentiated compared to controls (19.22+/-0.95%, P<0.05). The co-administration of CpG ODN and 5-FU also significantly enhanced the lytic activity of NK cells when compared with the treatment with 5-FU alone (12.03+/-1.42%, P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data suggests that CpG ODN used as single therapeutic agent triggers anti-tumor immune response to inhibit the growth of implanted hepatoma and reverses the immunosuppression caused by the chemotherapy with 5-FU.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Technology and Science, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China. xiansongw@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Xian-Song
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: You-Bing
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guang
authors.forename: Mu-Lan
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018899:CpG Islands; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000378:metabolism; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D018664:Interleukin-12; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D005472:Fluorouracil