title: Influence of level of nutrition during late pregnancy on reproductive productivity of red deer I. Adult and primiparous hinds gestating red deer calves.
abstract: The present study aimed to relate feed intake of red deer hinds during late pregnancy to dam body condition, foetal development and calf growth. Across 3 years, multiparous (n=33) or primiparous (n=18) hinds with known conception dates were housed in individual pens from days 150-220 of pregnancy, during which time they were each offered one of three daily allowances of pelletised rations (11 MJME/kg DM; 16% CP): high (H; ad libitum), medium (M; approximately 30% less; multiparous hinds only) and low (L; approximately 50% less). Restricted intake levels were retrospectively calculated from the mean intake of H hinds in the previous week. Hinds were returned to pasture at day 220 and calving was closely monitored. Liveweights, body condition score (BCS), and lactation score (LS) of hinds were recorded weekly from day 130 of pregnancy until calves were weaned at 12 weeks of age. Calves were tagged and weighed at birth, and subsequently weighed at 7 and 12 weeks of age. Additionally, hinds in the first year of study underwent CT scans on days 150 and 215 of pregnancy to assess compositional changes of the dam and conceptus. Mean daily ad libitum intakes of H hinds increased from 1.8 to 2.0 kg DM (0.6-0.7 MJME/kg0.75) at around day 150 to 2.8-3.2 kg DM (0.8-0.9 MJME/kg0.75) by day 220. Those of M and L hinds peaked at 1.8 and 1.6 kg DM, respectively, by day 220. This was reflected in significant treatment effects on liveweight gain and change in BCS and LS by the time of calving. CT scans indicated a significant treatment effect by day 215 on the mass of hind tissues (fat and lean) and a non-significant trend on conceptus/foetal weights. Despite apparent differences in foetal growth trajectories, there were no discernable treatment effects on sex-adjusted birth weights. However, there was an unexpectedly wide spread in calving dates that reflected considerable variation in gestation length. Furthermore, gestation length was negatively correlated with change in hind liveweight (but not BCS) between days 150 and 220 of pregnancy for all groups of hinds (P<0.05). Of three neonatal calf mortalities, none were related to overweight (dystocia) or underweight (non-viability) calves. Subsequent growth rates (g/day) of surviving calves did not reflect prior treatment of their dams, although variation in birth date influenced weights on specific dates. It is concluded from this study that while variation in nutrition to hinds during the last trimester may strongly influence foetal development, under conditions of modest feed imbalance, variation in gestation length compensates to ensure optimisation of birth weight.
authors.affiliation: AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand. geoff.asher@agresearch.co.nz
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Asher
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Mulley
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Jopson
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Littlejohn
mesh_terms: D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000254:growth & development; D001724:Birth Weight; D001823:Body Composition; D001835:Body Weight; D003670:Deer / Q000502:physiology*; D004435:Eating; D004973:Estrus Synchronization; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D005865:Gestational Age; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000662:veterinary; D014886:Weaning