title: Ginger extract components suppress induction of chemokine expression in human synoviocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ginger has a long history of medicinal use, particularly as an anti-inflammatory agent for a wide variety of diseases such as arthritis. Suppression of inflammation in arthritis is attributed to suppression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines produced by synoviocytes, chondrocytes, and leukocytes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to elucidate the effect of a combination ginger extract and its individual components on chemokine expression in human synoviocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human synoviocytes were incubated with 100 microg/mL combination ginger extract (GE) of Alpinia galanga (AG) and Zingiber officinale (ZO); AG extract alone; ZO extract alone; or control media, for 1 hour at 37 degrees C, 5% CO2. Cells were next activated with 1 ng/mL of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) for 1 hour to determine macrophage chemotactic factor (MCP-1) and interferon-gamma activated protein (IP-10) mRNA levels using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Secreted MCP-1 and IP-10 were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following a 24 hour incubation period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GE combination was consistently more effective in decreasing chemokine mRNA and chemokine secreted protein levels than its individual components ZO or AG. In comparison, ZO was more effective than AG in suppressing chemokine expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates that GE inhibits chemokine expression, and that the combination of ZO and AG components acts synergistically. This ginger formulation may be useful for suppressing inflammation due to arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Arthritis Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Phong V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.forename: Afshin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sohrabi
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polotsky
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hungerford
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lindmark
authors.forename: Carmelita G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Frondoza
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000378:metabolism; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D020939:Zingiber officinale; D006801:Humans; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013844:Thiazoles; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D018925:Chemokines; C084913:MPC-1 antigen; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D013844:Thiazoles; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C041057:5(4'-hydroxybenzylidenoimino)-3-methylisothiazolo(5,4-d)pyrimidine-(7H)-4,6-dione