title: A high-resolution linkage-disequilibrium map of the human major histocompatibility complex and first generation of tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
abstract: Autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases present a major burden to human health and are frequently associated with loci in the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Here, we report a high-resolution (1.9 kb) linkage-disequilibrium (LD) map of a 4.46-Mb fragment containing the MHC in U.S. pedigrees with northern and western European ancestry collected by the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) and the first generation of haplotype tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) that provide up to a fivefold increase in genotyping efficiency for all future MHC-linked disease-association studies. The data confirm previously identified recombination hotspots in the class II region and allow the prediction of numerous novel hotspots in the class I and class III regions. The region of longest LD maps outside the classic MHC to the extended class I region spanning the MHC-linked olfactory-receptor gene cluster. The extended haplotype homozygosity analysis for recent positive selection shows that all 14 outlying haplotype variants map to a single extended haplotype, which most commonly bears HLA-DRB1*1501. The SNP data, haplotype blocks, and tagSNPs analysis reported here have been entered into a multidimensional Web-based database (GLOVAR), where they can be accessed and viewed in the context of relevant genome annotation. This LD map allowed us to give coordinates for the extremely variable LD structure underlying the MHC.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marcos M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Miretti
authors.forename: Emily C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Xiayi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Whittaker
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lander
authors.forename: Lon R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Cardon
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rioux
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Panos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deloukas
mesh_terms: D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics*; D008285:Major Histocompatibility Complex / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011995:Recombination, Genetic