title: Self-reported adherence to antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection and virologic treatment response: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV-1 infection is essential for plasma HIV-1 RNA suppression. Self-report is the most frequently used measure of adherence to HAART, but its validity is controversial. Studies on the relation between self-reported adherence and virologic treatment response have shown inconsistent results. We investigated whether this variability between studies about the effect of self-reported adherence on virologic treatment response could be attributed to study design features.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched for studies reporting on adult nonpregnant patients prescribed antiretroviral therapy for chronic HIV-1 infection using a self-reported adherence measure and providing information about the relation between adherence and plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations. Meta-analysis with random effects modeling was used to pool data and to investigate sources of heterogeneity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-five studies fulfilled inclusion criteria, containing data from 15,351 patients. The pooled odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of detectable plasma viral load in nonadherent patients was 2.31 (1.99-2.68). There was significant heterogeneity among studies (P < 0.001). Not ascertaining confidentiality of responses, use of actual viral load measurements, an adherence threshold lower than 95%, higher percentages of patients on their initial antiretroviral regimen, and higher percentages of patients with a history of intravenous drug use within a study were associated with higher point estimates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, we observed that self-reported adherence measures can distinguish between clinically meaningful patterns of medication-taking behavior. Distinct study characteristics were significantly associated with the relation between adherence and virologic response. These characteristics should be taken into consideration when interpreting results from studies on self-reported adherence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p.t.nieuwkerk@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Pythia T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Nieuwkerk
authors.forename: Frans J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Oort
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012648:Self Care
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents