title: Salmonella Brandenburg - emergence of a new strain affecting stock and humans in the South Island of New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report information on the spread of a new strain of Salmonella Brandenburg, which affected livestock and humans in the South Island of New Zealand, and a series of small case studies designed to investigate potential transmission of infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on the occurrence and spread of S. Brandenburg in livestock was gathered from laboratory diagnostic submissions, from case studies on the faecal excretion rate in ewes, carrier status of black-backed gulls (Larus dominicanus), spread of S. Brandenburg organisms in sheep yards, infection in lambs going to meat plants, and from post-abortion pathological changes in the reproductive tract of ewes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A newly recognised strain of S. Brandenburg was first diagnosed in aborting sheep from a flock in mid Canterbury in the South Island in 1996. Subsequently, the disease spread to other farms in mid and south Canterbury in 1997 and to Southland and Otago in the lower half of the South Island in 1998-2003. In 1999, the same strain was responsible for abortions in cattle and gastroenteritis in calves and adult cattle. The same strain of bacterium also caused disease in horses, goats, deer, pigs and humans. Spread of the disease on farms was strongly associated with aborting ewes, which resulted in considerable environmental contamination. During the abortion season, black-backed gulls appeared to spread the disease to other farms. Other potential sources of infection were carrier sheep, contaminated water sources and contaminated sheepyard dust. Damage to the reproductive tract may affect the ability of surviving ewes to conceive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Important features of this disease are its high morbidity and mortality within a flock or herd, rapid local spread and its role as an occupational, health and safety risk to farm workers and their families.
authors.affiliation: Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Invermay, PO Box 371, Mosgiel, New Zealand. Erica.gary.clark@xtra.co.nz
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Fenwick
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nicol
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Marchant
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swanney
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leyland
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Davies