title: The challenge of reducing neonatal mortality in middle-income countries: findings from three Brazilian birth cohorts in 1982, 1993, and 2004.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Middle-income countries will need to drastically reduce neonatal deaths to achieve the Millennium Development Goal for child survival. The evolution of antenatal and perinatal care indicators in the Brazilian city of Pelotas from 1982 to 2004 provides a useful case study of potential challenges.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively studied three birth cohorts representing all urban births in 1982, 1993, and from January to July, 2004. The same methods were used in all three studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite improvements in maternal characteristics, prevalence of preterm births increased from 6.3% (294 of 4665) in 1982 to 16.2% (342 of 2112) in 2004, corresponding to a 47 g reduction in mean birthweight. Average number of antenatal visits in 2004 was 8.3 per woman, but quality of care was still inadequate--97% of women had an ultrasound scan, but only 1830 (77%) had a vaginal examination and 559 of 1748 non-immunised women did not receive tetanus toxoid. Rate of caesarean sections increased greatly, from 28% (1632 of 5914) in 1982 to 43% (1039 of 2403) in 2004, reaching 374 of 456 (82%) of all private deliveries in 2004. The increased rate of preterm births seemed to result largely from caesarean sections or inductions. Newborn care improved, and gestational-age-specific mortality rates had fallen by about 50% since 1982. As a result, neonatal mortality rates had been stable since 1990, despite the increase in preterm deliveries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excessive medicalisation--including labour induction, caesarean sections, and inaccurate ultrasound scans--led by an unregulated private sector with spill-over effects to the public sector, might offset the gains resulting from improved maternal health and newborn survival. These challenges will have to be faced by middle-income countries striving to achieve the child survival Millennium Development Goal.
authors.affiliation: PAHO/WHO Latin American Centre for Perinatology and Human Development, Montevideo, Uruguay. barrosfe@clap.ops-oms.org
authors.forename: Fernando C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Cesar G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Victora
authors.forename: Aluisio J D
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Ina S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Albernaz
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matijasevich
authors.forename: Marlos R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Domingues
authors.forename: Iândora K T
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Sclowitz
authors.forename: Pedro C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hallal
authors.forename: Mariângela F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: J Patrick
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vaughan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007348:Insurance, Health; D007751:Labor, Induced / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018743:Perinatal Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology; D011295:Prenatal Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors