title: Radiofrequency ablation in the liver close to the bile ducts: can intraductal cooling offer protection?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One complication of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the liver is biliary duct damage. Intraductal cooling (IDC) has been proposed as a means of protection.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first experiment, designed to evaluate the influence of IDC on the RFA procedure per se and on lesion formation, lesions were created in vivo in pig liver with and without IDC. The RFA needle was placed with a 1.5-cm safety margin from the bile ducts. In the second experiment, designed to evaluate the potential protective effects of IDC, lesions were created close to a bile duct with and without IDC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the safety margin, the RFA parameters and lesion size were not negatively affected by IDC. Microscopic examination revealed that IDC had a protective effect in most of the lesions created close to a bile duct.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IDC procedure was feasible and had no negative effect on the RFA procedure or the lesions. However, the protective effect of IDC was not statistically significant (p = 0.12).
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden. ulf.jersenius@karolinska.se
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jersenius
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arvidsson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anttila
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elvin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D001831:Body Temperature; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D034421:Sus scrofa; D017211:Treatment Failure; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional