title: Lower back disorders among forklift operators: an emerging occupational health problem?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most studies focusing on the occupational hazards associated with forklift operation have examined risks of fatalities and traumatic injuries. Few studies have examined the magnitude of risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). We review and critically appraise the epidemiological studies conducted on forklift operators in relation to MSDs, such as lower back pain and neck problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive search of databases resulted in the identification of seven epidemiological studies that addressed MSDs. A critical appraisal of these studies was conducted using epidemiological principles and a meta-analysis approach that involved the use of the confidence limit method to determine an overall "meta-odds ratio."
  
  
  RESULTS
  The methodological quality of these studies ranged from "marginal" to "average" with the exception of one study, which was considered "good." The meta-odds ratio for lower back pain among forklift operators was 2.13 (95% CI: 1.57, 2.87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that forklift operators are at increased risk of lower back pain. Additional high quality epidemiological studies are needed in the US, however, to determine the magnitude of risk for MSDs. In this regard, studies should address not only lower back pain among forklifts operators, but also neck pain. A full exposure assessment of physical and non-physical factors in these studies is needed.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA. trw1@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: Ash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Genaidy
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deddens
authors.forename: Heriberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barriera-Viruet
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors