title: Mortality and risk factors for late deaths in tetralogy of Fallot: the Japanese Nationwide Multicentric Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have compared mortality and risk factors for late deaths in patients with tetralogy of Fallot undergoing surgical repair in 1972 and 1982 in a Japanese multicentric study, examining in particular the impact of time of repair.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is limited information on the effect that time of repair, and our constantly changing approach to it, has on late outcome in repaired tetralogy of Fallot.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed the Japanese registry of deaths occurring after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. We studied two postoperative 1-year cohorts of survivors of surgery performed in 12 centers. Of the patients, 122, aged 29+/-12 years, had undergone repair in 1972, their age at repair being 9.6 years. An additional 186 patients, aged 23+/-8.7 years, had been repaired in 1982 at the age of 7.7 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annual mortality, as judged per 100,000 population of patients with tetralogy of Fallot, declined from 0.387 in 1972 to 0.196 in 1982. Significant differences were deaths following surgery (27% vs. 13%, p < 0.001), patching of the subpulmonary outflow tract (48% vs. 89%, p < 0.001), and transjunctional patching (13% vs. 63%, p < 0.001). Late death was observed in 6 vs. 3 patients (9/308, 2.9%). The actuarial rate of survival calculated over 14 years was 97% vs. 98%. Reoperation was performed in 5 vs. 9 patients (14/308, 4.5%). Risk factors for late death were age at repair (p = 0.01), and history of reoperation (p < 0.001). Transjunctional patching (p = 0.01) proved to be associated with late mortality only in patients repaired in 1972.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Late survival was excellent, with a low incidence of reoperations in both groups of patients. The era of repair has a big influence on total and operative mortality, but has only a small impact on late mortality. Ongoing analysis of follow-up will possibly reveal subsequent changes with time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Chiba Cardiovascular Center, Ichihara, Chiba 290-0512, Japan. KNIWA@aol.com
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niwa
authors.forename: Hiromichi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terai
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tateno
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Arata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishizawa
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katoki
authors.forename: Katuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Seiyo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yasui
authors.forename: Youichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawahira
authors.forename: Teiji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akagi
authors.forename: Naho
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haraguchi
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gatzoulis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003644:Death Certificates; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care; D011182:Postoperative Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery