title: A randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of vitamin E in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A secondary school in Tehran, Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and seventy-eight girls aged 15-17 years who suffered from primary dysmenorrhoea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were given 200 units of vitamin E or placebo twice a day, beginning two days before the expected start of menstruation and continued through the first three days of bleeding. Treatment was continued over four consecutive menstrual periods.
  
  
  METHODS
  The severity and duration of pain, and the amount of menstrual blood loss, at two and four months. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to record pain, and a validated Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart (PBLAC) to measure menstrual loss.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the vitamin E group, pain severity was lower with vitamin E at two months (median VAS score 3 vs 5, P > 0.001) and four months (0.5 vs 6, P > 0.001), pain duration was shorter at two months (mean 4.2 [7.1] hours vs 15 [17], P > 0.001) and at four months (1.6 [4.0] hours vs 17 [18] hours, P > 0.0001), and blood loss assessed by PBLAC score was lower at two months (54 [31] vs 70 [40], P > 0.0001) and at four months (46 [28] vs 70 [37], P > 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin E relieves the pain of primary dysmenorrhoea and reduces blood loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modarres University, PO Box 14115.111, Tehran, IR, Iran.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ziaei
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zakeri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kazemnejad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004412:Dysmenorrhea / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014810:Vitamin E