title: Comparison of ninhydrin method of detecting amine compounds with other methods of halitosis detection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Halitosis is a result of overactivity of Gram-negative bacteria for which protein amino acids are the major source of energy. Therefore, statistical correlation between concentrations of volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) and low-molecular-weight amines should be expected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four patients suffering from halitosis and 40 healthy volunteers aged 20-62 years (average 39.7) participated in the study. In all subjects low-molecular-weight amines were evaluated by the ninhydrin method. Patients with halitosis were randomized into treatment groups. Zinc tablets, tablets and mouthwash containing chlorhexidine or lyophilized lactic acid-forming bacteria were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis showed that the level of amines was highest in subjects with halitosis (0.39, s.d. +/- 0.06, P < 0.001) and correlated significantly with results of VSC measurement and organoleptic scores (P < 0.001). Reduction of amine levels after treatment was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Three months following treatment the amine levels began to increase (0.37, s.d. +/- 0.05). The amine levels in healthy controls were lower (0.29, s.d. +/- 0.07) and remained at a stable level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The salivary amine levels significantly correlated with VSC levels and organoleptic scores. Therefore, the ninhydrin method of detecting salivary amines may be an alternative or additional method of diagnosing halitosis. This method may also be used to evaluate treatment efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwanicka-Grzegorek
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lipkowska
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kepa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michalik
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wierzbicka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000588:Amines / Q000032:analysis; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001944:Breath Tests; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006209:Halitosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007778:Lactobacillus; D008297:Male; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009555:Ninhydrin; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D013457:Sulfur Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D015032:Zinc / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D009067:Mouthwashes; D013457:Sulfur Compounds; D009555:Ninhydrin; D015032:Zinc; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine