title: Laparoscopy and malignancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The advantages of pneumoperitoneum-based surgery are well documented. Laparoscopy is the gold standard of treatment in certain benign conditions such as cholelithiasis and gastroesophageal disease. This success has led to the application of laparoscopy in the management algorithm of malignant conditions. There is currently no universally accepted consensus of the role of pneumoperitoneum-based surgery in the treatment of cancer. This is due to the early reports of port site metastasis, initial lack of randomized controlled trials and the concern of performing oncologically adequate operations. The aim of this section is to review the current literature and attempt to obtain a consensus of the role of laparoscopy in the treatment of cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted through Pubmed with key words laparoscopy, pneumoperitoneum, carbon dioxide, malignancy, cancer, and port site metastasis. The obtained results were divided into various sections such as non-randomized reports, randomized reports, animal studies, human studies, etc. A comparison was made between laparoscopic and open resections when possible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are several published reports of studies in animal models and in humans relating to pneumoperitoneum-based surgery in the setting of malignancy. There are also a few randomized controlled trials that compared open versus laparoscopic surgery for malignancies of various organ systems. In addition, the early reports of alarmingly high rate of port site metastasis have been scaled down to rates comparable to wound recurrences after open resections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopy has added another dimension to the management of patients with cancer. Advanced training, superior instrumentation, and a better understanding of the pathophysiology of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum has led to the successful application of laparoscopy. The improved results are obtained in centers with high volume of patients and with experience in both fields of oncology and minimally invasive surgery. Laparoscopy is now an integral tool in the management algorithm of malignancies of some organ systems and its role will be further expanded in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. arec@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Chandrakanth
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Are
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Talamini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic