title: Neuroimaging in hepatic encephalopathy.
abstract: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a poorly defined, complex neuropsychological disorder that often accompanies portal hypertension. Although the mechanisms underlining HE and the characterization of HE are still under investigation, the information derived from functional neuroimaging of patients with HE complemented by laboratory investigation and neuropsychological and neurophysiological studies have clarified much of the neuroanatomical defects. In this review, we have provided an outline of the understood mechanisms of HE and the associated findings on neuroimaging.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. stewart.charmaine@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Charmaine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reivich
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lucey
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gores
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008345:Manganese / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000378:metabolism; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D008345:Manganese; D000641:Ammonia