title: Evidence for improved performance in cognitive tasks following selective NR2B NMDA receptor antagonist pre-treatment in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously reported that the NR2B subunit-selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist Ro 63-1908 produced a marked deficit in response control in the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present studies were designed to investigate this further by studying the NR2B NMDA antagonists, ifenprodil, traxoprodil (CP101,606), Ro 25-6981 as well as Ro 63-1908 in this test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following training in the 5-CSRTT, separate groups of rats were either tested under (1) standard test conditions [5 s inter-trial interval (ITI), 0.5 s stimulus duration, 100 trials], (2) high (3 s ITI) and low (10 s ITI) event rate of stimulus presentation and (3) a 250-trial protocol in aged 2-year-old rats. In a final study, the effects of traxoprodil were investigated in an operant delayed match to position (DMTP) task, a test of working memory, and compared to dizocilpine and Ro 63-1908.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Similar to Ro 63-1908, both traxoprodil (1-10 mg/kg) and Ro 25-6981 (3--30 mg/kg) increased premature responding but also increased response speed with no error trade-off. Conversely, ifenprodil (1--10 mg/kg) slowed response speed and increased omissions with no effect on premature responding. Tested under a variable ITI, Ro 63--1908 (1 mg/kg) increased premature responding at all ITIs, but this change was proportional to controls. At short ITI (3 s), Ro 63-1908 reliably improved performance both in terms of response speed and accuracy (percent correct). In a 250-trial protocol in aged rats, both Ro 63-1908 (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) and, particularly, traxoprodil (1--3 mg/kg) improved performance-increasing response speed and increasing the number of rewards earned during test. Finally, traxoprodil (1--10 mg/kg) improved accuracy and increased response speed in the DMTP task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present studies support the view that selective NR2B NMDA antagonists promote impulsive-type responding in the 5-CSRTT; however, under certain test conditions, drugs of this class-notably traxoprodil-may also improve task performance.
authors.affiliation: PRBN, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland. ghiggins@npsp.com
authors.forename: Guy A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Theresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Enderlin
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haman
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kemp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; C121001:NR2B NMDA receptor; D010636:Phenols; D010880:Piperidines; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; C406450:Ro 631908; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; C095106:traxoprodil mesylate