title: Sedation, analgesia, and neuromuscular blockade for high-frequency oscillatory ventilation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a comprehensive review of the issue related to the administration of sedative, analgesic, and neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) to patients who are receiving ventilatory support for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sedative, analgesic, and NMBA are used with great frequency in patients with severe ARDS who are undergoing high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. In particular, the use of NMBA has been higher than for other ARDS populations. Important considerations for effective treatment include careful patient evaluation, patient-based medication selection, identification of treatment goals with periodic re-assessment, titration of medications to objective parameters such as sedation scales and peripheral nerve stimulation, use of intermittent therapy when feasible, implementation of drug interruption strategies, and discontinuation of medications at the earliest possible time. It is important to recognize that patients evolve from severe ARDS through phases of recovery to the resolution of respiratory failure and that ventilatory management, as well as sedative and related medication requirements, will vary markedly over the course of this process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A multidisciplinary, structured approach that is based on the considerations described should help achieve optimal results in this challenging patient population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Curtis N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Sessler
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D006612:High-Frequency Ventilation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019148:Neuromuscular Blockade / Q000379:methods*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*