title: Search and identification of spermatozoa and spermatids in the ejaculate of non-obstructive azoospermic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To search and to identify spermatozoa and spermatids, present in the ejaculate of non-obstructive azoospermic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  27 patients, aged between 18 and 48 years, with initial diagnosis compatible with non-obstructive azoospermia, underwent up to 3 seminal samples, with assessment of macroscopic and microscopic parameters differentiated for each sample. In the first sample, 5 microL of semen were analyzed in a Horwell chamber in order to assess the presence or absence of spermatozoa. The procedure was repeated with 2 other aliquots. In the absence of spermatozoa, the entire sample was transferred to a conic tube and following centrifugation the sediment was freshly analyzed. The second seminal sample was collected only when no spermatozoa were found in the first sample and the research was performed in the same way. In cases where spermatozoa were not seen, the sample was centrifuged and the obtained sediment was stained by the panoptic method and observed under common light microscopy (1250X). The third seminal sample was collected only in cases when patients had not shown spermatozoa in the first and second seminal samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  4/27 (14.8%) patients presented spermatozoa in the first seminal sample and 6/23 (26.1%), in the second seminal sample. No spermatozoa were seen in the third sample, however, 11/17 (64.7%) presented spermatids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In clinical situations where the initial diagnosis is non-obstructive azoospermia, one single routine seminal analysis is not enough to confirm this diagnosis and the analysis of the centrifuged sediment can have relevant clinical consequences. Among patients considered non-obstructive azoospermic, when duly assessed, 37% presented spermatozoa and 64.7%, spermatids.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Reproduction, Division of Urology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Odival
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Timm
authors.forename: Agnaldo P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Cedenho
authors.forename: Deborah M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Spaine
authors.forename: Marcia H P
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Buttignol
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fraietta
authors.forename: Valdemar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srougi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002498:Centrifugation; D004542:Ejaculation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010338:Pathology, Clinical / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013076:Sperm Count; D013087:Spermatids / Q000473:pathology*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000473:pathology*