title: Requirement for myeloid growth factors in the differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukaemia.
abstract: It is well known that the differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) cells by all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) may be enhanced by myeloid growth factors, but the requirement for growth factors in this process is unclear. Our previous studies in multiple myeloma and non-APL acute myeloid leukaemia demonstrated that lineage-specific growth factors are required for the maximal activity of many pharmacologic differentiating agents in vitro. Thus, we studied whether the differentiation of APL is similarly dependent on growth factors. We found that the myeloid growth factors granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor markedly increased the differentiation of NB4 cells or APL blasts from clinical samples treated with ATRA, arsenic trioxide (ATO), or bryostatin-1 as evidenced by the enhanced expression of myeloid surface antigens and the inhibition of clonogenic growth. Furthermore, myeloid growth factors were necessary for the differentiation of APL cells since the activity of each pharmacologic agent could be blocked by specific growth factor-neutralizing antibodies. Each differentiating agent was active only at concentrations that inhibited cell cycling, suggesting that this property is also required for differentiation. These data demonstrate that both pharmacologic differentiating agents and myeloid growth factors are required, but neither sufficient, for the differentiation of APL cells. The combined use of pharmacologic differentiating agents and growth factors may improve the clinical efficacy of differentiation therapy in APL.
authors.affiliation: Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA. matsuwi@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: B Douglas
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Milada
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vala
authors.forename: Nikeshia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beal
authors.forename: Carol Ann
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Huff
authors.forename: Louis F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Diehl
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000494:pharmacology; D054713:Bryostatins; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000473:pathology*; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology; D038042:Myelopoiesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001152:Arsenicals; D054713:Bryostatins; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D018942:Macrolides; D010087:Oxides; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; C046785:bryostatin 1; D014212:Tretinoin; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide