title: Cranial manipulation can alter sleep latency and sympathetic nerve activity in humans: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if cranial manipulation is associated with altered sleep latency. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of cranial manipulation on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) as a potential mechanism for altered sleep latency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized block design with repeated measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Integrative Physiology and Manipulative Medicine Departments, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty (20) healthy volunteers (12 male, 8 female; age range, 22-35 years) participated in this investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were exposed to 3 randomly ordered treatments: compression of the fourth ventricle (CV4), CV4 sham (simple touch), and control (no treatment).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep latency was assessed during each of the treatments in 11 subjects, using the standard Multiple Sleep Latency Test protocol. Conversely, directly recorded efferent MSNA was measured during each of the treatments in the remaining 9 subjects, using standard microneurographic technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep latency during the CV4 trial was decreased when compared to both the CV4 sham or control trials (p < 0.05). MSNA during the CV4-induced temporary halt of the cranial rhythmic impulse (stillpoint) was decreased when compared to prestillpoint MSNA (p < 0.01). During the CV4 sham and control trials MSNA was not different between CV4 time-matched measurements (p > 0.05). Moreover, the change in MSNA prestillpoint to stillpoint during the CV4 trial was different compared to the CV4 sham and control trials (p < 0.05). However, this change in MSNA was similar between the CV4 sham and control trials (p > 0.80).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study is the first to demonstrate that cranial manipulation, specifically the CV4 technique, can alter sleep latency and directly measured MSNA in healthy humans. These findings provide important insight into the possible physiologic effects of cranial manipulation. However, the mechanisms behind these changes remain unclear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA. mcutler@metrohealth.org
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cutler
authors.forename: B Shane
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Bernard A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Stupski
authors.forename: Russell G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Gamber
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020393:Manipulation, Spinal / Q000379:methods*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012016:Reference Values; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors