title: The effects of different cryoprotectants and the temperature of addition on the survival of red deer epididymal spermatozoa.
abstract: With the aim of finding an ideal cryoprotectant in a suitable concentration for red deer epididymal spermatozoa conservation, we evaluated the effects of four most commonly used cryoprotectants (CPAs), Glycerol (G), Ethylene glycol (EG), Propylene glycol (PG), and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), on the sperm survival. Besides, the effects of two temperatures of CPA addition--22 degrees C (ambient temperature) and 5 degrees C--on sperm quality were also tested. For each temperature tested, sperm samples were evaluated after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of spermatozoa exposition to CPAs. Thus, sperm quality was in vitro judged by microscopic assessments of individual sperm motility (SMI), and of plasma membrane (Viability) and acrosome (NAR) integrities. Overall, DMSO showed the highest toxicity for red deer epididymal spermatozoa, and glycerol the lowest. Thus, at 60 min of incubation SMI results showed that the toxicity to red deer epididymal spermatozoa of the four CPAs are in the following sequence: G approximately = EG approximately = PG < DMSO ('less than' symbol means P < 0.05, and approximate symbol means P = 0.08). Furthermore, our results also showed a differential response of acrosome membrane to temperature of CPAs addition. Regardless of the CPA used, statistically significant variations (P < 0.05) were found between the two temperatures of addition of CPAs for acrosome integrity, the best being 22 degrees C (NAR = 83.8% vs. 69.8%). These data indicate that sperm quality of red deer epididymal spermatozoa, in addition to be affected by the cryoprotectant, can also be influenced by the temperature at which CPAs are added prior to freezing.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC, Campus Universitario, Albacete, Spain.
authors.forename: María R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Fernández-Santos
authors.forename: Milagros C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Esteso
authors.forename: Ana J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Soler
authors.forename: Vidal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Montoro
authors.forename: José J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Garde
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003670:Deer; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004822:Epididymis; D005990:Glycerol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D005990:Glycerol; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide