title: Prior exercise training improves the outcome of acute myocardial infarction in the rat. Heart structure, function, and gene expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this research was to investigate the structural, functional, and molecular features of the remodeling heart in prior swim-trained infarcted rats.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Physical exercise training is a known protective factor against cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The structural and molecular aspects underlying this protection in the remodeling heart have not been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  After seven weeks of swimming exercise training, rats underwent surgical ligation of the left coronary artery followed by a four-week sedentary period. Untrained control rats underwent the same surgical protocol. Left ventricular function was assessed by echocardiography four weeks after infarction, and hearts were sampled for histological and molecular analysis. Ribonucleic acid from the surviving left ventricle was analyzed by complementary deoxyribonucleic acid arrays followed by Northern blotting or quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of selected messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scar area was 1.6-fold smaller (p = 0.0002), arteriolar density was 1.7-fold higher (p = 0.0002), and left ventricular shortening fraction was 1.9-fold higher (p = 0.003) in the exercise-trained compared with sedentary hearts. Eleven genes whose expression level varied by at least +/-1.5-fold distinguished the prior exercised rats from their sedentary counterparts. Compared with sedentary, the exercised hearts displayed 9- and 2.4-times lower levels of atrial natriuretic peptide and aldolase mRNA (p = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively), and a 2.7- and 1.9-fold higher abundance of cytochrome c-oxidase and fatty acid binding protein, respectively (p < 0.03, each).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Swimming exercise training before acute myocardial infarction reduces scar size, increases arteriole density, and manifests adaptation of stress- and energy-metabolism-related genes that may contribute to the improved heart function observed during remodeling.
authors.affiliation: Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Sarit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Freimann
authors.forename: Mickey
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheinowitz
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yekutieli
authors.forename: Micha S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Feinberg
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eldar
authors.forename: Gania
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kessler-Icekson
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases