title: Safety and cognitive effect of frontal DC brain polarization in healthy individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data from the human motor cortex suggest that, depending on polarity, direct current (DC) brain polarization can depress or activate cortical neurons. Activating effects on the frontal lobe might be beneficial for patients with frontal lobe disorders. This phase 1 study tested the safety of frontal DC, including its effects on frontal and other brain functions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors applied 20 minutes of anodal, cathodal, or sham DC to the left prefrontal cortex in three groups of right-handed subjects and looked for effects on global measures of processing and psychomotor speed, emotion, and verbal fluency, a measure of local cortical function. In one experiment (n = 30), the authors tested before and after 1 mA DC and monitored EEG in 9 subjects. In two other experiments using 1 mA (n = 43) and 2 mA (n = 30), the authors tested before and then starting 5 minutes after the onset of DC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects tolerated DC well. There were no significant effects on performance with 1 mA DC. At 2 mA, verbal fluency improved significantly with anodal and decreased mildly with cathodal DC. There were no clinically significant effects on the other measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limited exposure to direct current polarization of the prefrontal cortex is safe and can enhance verbal fluency selectively in healthy subjects. As such, it deserves consideration as a procedure to improve frontal lobe function in patients.
authors.affiliation: Brain Stimulation Unit and Cognitive Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mattu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grafman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lomarev
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wassermann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012016:Reference Values; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology