title: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for caliceal diverticular calculi: a novel single stage approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current percutaneous treatment of symptomatic caliceal diverticular calculi involves renal access, stone removal, dilation of the diverticular communication, fulguration of the cavity and placement of a nephrostomy tube. We reviewed the outcomes of patients undergoing a novel single stage percutaneous nephrolithotomy technique for radiopaque caliceal diverticular stones that eliminates ureteral catheterization and entry into the renal collecting system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 21 patients (8 male and 13 female including 1 bilateral) with a mean age of 42.4 years underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy for caliceal diverticular stones from February 2001 to May 2003. Of the diverticula 12 were upper pole, 4 were interpolar and 6 were lower pole. Infracostal access was established by the urologist directly onto the radiopaque stones without the aid of a ureteral catheter. After balloon tract dilation a 30Fr Amplatz sheath was placed and following stone removal the diverticulum was fulgurated. The infundibulum was neither cannulated nor dilated. A 20Fr red rubber catheter or an 8.5Fr Cope loop was placed into the diverticulum. Stone-free status was assessed by noncontrast computerized tomography on postoperative day 1 (POD1). The drainage tube was removed if there was no urine drainage and the kidney was stone-free. Excretory urography was performed at 3 months to evaluate diverticular resolution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 21 patients 20 were discharged home tubeless on POD1 and 18 of 21 (85.7%) renal units were stone- free on POD1 noncontrast computerized tomography. Mean operative time was 58.5 minutes and mean stone burden was 138.9 mm. Mean stone diameter was 11.6 mm and mean diverticular diameter was 15.3 mm. Of 22 renal units 16 had followup excretory urography. All diverticula decreased in size and 14 (87.5%) had complete resolution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with symptomatic radiopaque caliceal diverticular stones, a single stage procedure without the need for ureteral catheterization combined with direct infracostal diverticular puncture allows for a rapid procedure with little morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Methodist Hospital Institute for Kidney Stone Disease, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ramsay L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Tinmouth
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lingeman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002404:Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation; D003287:Contrast Media; D004240:Diverticulum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D004564:Electrocoagulation; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D007670:Kidney Calices / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011677:Punctures; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media