title: A phase I study of alpha-galactosylceramide (KRN7000)-pulsed dendritic cells in patients with advanced and recurrent non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human Valpha24 natural killer T (NKT) cells bearing an invariant Valpha24JalphaQ antigen receptor, the counterpart of murine Valpha14 NKT cells, are activated by a specific ligand, alpha-galactosylceramide (alphaGalCer, KRN7000), in a CD1d-dependent manner. I.v. administration of alphaGalCer-pulsed dendritic cells (DC) induces significant activation and expansion of Valpha14 NKT cells in the lung and resulting potent antitumor activities in mouse tumor metastatic models. We did a phase I dose escalation study with alphaGalCer-pulsed DCs in lung cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer or recurrent lung cancer received i.v. injections of alphaGalCer-pulsed DCs (level 1: 5 x 10(7)/m(2); level 2: 2.5 x 10(8)/m(2); and level 3: 1 x 10(9)/m(2)) to test the safety, feasibility, and clinical response. Immunomonitoring was also done in all completed cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven patients were enrolled in this study. No severe adverse events were observed during this study in any patient. After the first and second injection of alphaGalCer-pulsed DCs, dramatic increase in peripheral blood Valpha24 NKT cells was observed in one case and significant responses were seen in two cases receiving the level 3 dose. No patient was found to meet the criteria for partial or complete responses, whereas two cases in the level 3 group remained unchanged for more than a year with good quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this clinical trial, alphaGalCer-pulsed DC administration was well tolerated and could be safely done even in patients with advanced disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Motohashi
authors.forename: Eiichi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fuchida
authors.forename: Kazuko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higashino
authors.forename: Mizuto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otsuji
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iizasa
authors.forename: Toshinori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005699:Galactosylceramides / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005699:Galactosylceramides; C103873:KRN 7000