title: Robotically enhanced coronary artery bypass surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Robotically enhanced telemanipulation surgery is a fast developing technique which allows totally endoscopic cardiac surgery with utmost precision and perfection on both beating heart as well as arrested heart.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between December 2002 and February 2004, 125 patients underwent robotically enhanced coronary artery bypass surgery using the da Vinci telemanipulation system (Intuitive Surgical Inc., California). Eleven patients underwent totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass surgery. Of them 9 were done on beating heart while 2 were done on arrested heart. One hundred and fourteen patients had endoscopic takedown of internal mammary artery followed by minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass in 63 patients and left anterolateral thoracotomy in 51 patients. The internal mammary artery mobilization time was 42 min (35-74 min) while the left internal mammary artery to left anterior descending artery anastomosis time ranged from 20 to 36 min for the totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass patients. In 1 patient, the right internal mammary artery was anastomosed to diagonal artery totally endoscopically. The mean internal mammary artery flow by Doppler measurement done in patients undergoing minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass was 64 ml/min. Seven patients required conversion to median sternotomy and coronary bypass surgery on beating heart. The mean intensive care unit stay was 1.2 days and the mean hospital stay 4.5 days. There was 1 in-hospital mortality. All 11 patients who underwent totally endoscopic bypass surgery had coronary angiography done at 3 months interval which showed 100% patency in 10 patients while one patient had 50% anastomotic narrowing for which coronary angioplasty was done in the same sitting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using telematic technology, a complete endoscopic anastomosis is possible in both single vessel and suitable double vessel disease patients. The use of robotics is now extended to achieve complete myocardial revascularization by harvesting both the internal mammary arteries and making a small thoracotomy for direct anastomosis as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Escorts Heart Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi. dryugal@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wasir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Trehan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*