title: Reference values for diagnostic radiology: application and impact.
abstract: Reference values (RVs) are recommended by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine for four radiographic projections, computed tomography, fluoroscopy, and dental radiography. RVs are used to compare radiation doses from individual pieces of radiographic equipment with doses from similar equipment assessed in national surveys. RVs recommended by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine have been developed from the Nationwide Evaluation of X-ray Trends survey performed by the state radiation protection agencies with the cooperation and support of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors, and the American College of Radiology. The RVs selected by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine represent, approximately, the 80th percentile of the survey distributions. Consequently, equipment exceeding the RVs is using higher radiation doses than is 80% of the equipment in the surveys. Radiation doses for specific projections, with standard phantoms, should be measured annually, as recommended by the American College of Radiology. When the RVs are exceeded, the medical physicist should investigate the cause and determine, in cooperation with the responsible radiologist, whether these doses are justified or the imaging system should be optimized to reduce patient radiation doses. RVs are a useful tool for comparing patient radiation doses at institutions throughout the United States and for providing information about radiographic equipment performance.
authors.affiliation: Landauer, 2 Science Road, Glenwood, IL 60425, USA. jgray@landauerinc.com
authors.forename: Joel E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Benjamin R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.forename: Priscilla F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Barry B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: Fred A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Mettler
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Pizzutiello
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Schueler
authors.forename: Keith J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: Orhan H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Suleiman
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yaffe
mesh_terms: D004869:Equipment Safety; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000592:standards; D011859:Radiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D011861:Radiography, Dental / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000592:standards*; D012016:Reference Values; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States