title: Transformation of carbon tetrachloride under sulfate reducing conditions.
abstract: The removal of carbon tetrachloride under sulfate reducing conditions was studied in an anaerobic packed-bed reactor. Carbon tetrachloride, up to a concentration of 30 microM, was completely converted. Chloroform and dichloromethane were the main transformation products, but part of the carbon tetrachloride was also completely dechlorinated to unknown products. Gram-positive sulfate-reducing bacteria were involved in the reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride to chloroform and dichloromethane since both molybdate, an inhibitor of sulfate reduction, and vancomycin, an inhibitor of gram-positive bacteria completely inhibited carbon tetrachloride transformation. Carbon tetrachloride transformation by these bacteria was a cometabolic process and depended on the input of an electron donor and electron acceptor (sulfate). The rate of carbon tetrachloride transformation by sulfate reducing bacteria depended on the type of electron donor present. A transformation rate of 5.1 nmol x ml(-1) x h(-1) was found with ethanol as electron donor. At carbon tetrachloride concentrations higher than 18 microM, sulfate reduction and reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride decreased and complete inhibition was observed at a carbon tetrachloride concentration of 56.6 microM. It is not clear what type of microorganisms were involved in the observed partial complete dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride. Sulfate reducing bacteria probably did not play a role since inhibition of these bacteria with molybdate had no effect on the complete dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride.
authors.affiliation: TNO Environmental Technology and Process Engineering Division, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, PO Box 342, 7300 AH Apeldoorn, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: de Best
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salminen
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Doddema
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Harder
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D013431:Sulfates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride