title: Ependymal tumors in childhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ependymal tumors are classified as ependymoma (benign or low grade) versus anaplastic ependymoma (malignant or high grade). Ependymomas represent 5-10% of intracranial neoplasm in children. In this study, demographic data and the treatment results of pediatric patients with ependymal tumors, treated in a single institute, is reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1989 and 2001, 40 (22 M/18 F) previously untreated patients with a median age of 5.5 years (3 months-15 years), of histologically proven ependymal tumors (except ependymoblastomas) were referred to the Institute of Oncology, University of Istanbul. The localization was supratentorial in 18, infratentorial in 20, both supra and infratentorial in two patients. Histologic subgroups were 18 ependymomas (43.6%), and 22 anaplastic ependymomas (56.4%). Total tumor resection was performed in 20 patients (50%), subtotal in 18 patients (45%), and biopsy only in 2 patients (5%). Postoperative treatment consisted of regional (8 patients) or craniospinal (CSI) (9 patients) radiotherapy (RT) in patients with ependymoma; regional (7 patients) or CSI RT (14 patients) with chemotherapy (ChT) in patients with anaplastic ependymoma; ChT only (1 patient) in patients less than 3 years of age. The standard technique for posterior fossa irradiation was parallel-opposed lateral fields and total dose was 45-54 Gy. Between September 1989 and May 1991 patients received regimen A, which consisted of RT followed by eight-in-one ChT, given every 4 weeks for eight courses. Patients who were treated between June 1991 and July 1994, received regimen B, which included two courses of postoperative "VEC" (vincristine, etoposide, cisplatin) ChT, administered every 3 weeks, followed by RT applied with low dose concomitant cisplatin used as a radiosensitizer. Patients with objective response to postoperative "VEC" continued to have "VEC" after completion of RT for six more courses. From August 1994 on, patients received regimen C, consisting of RT and concomitant infusion of cisplatin followed by "VCPCU" (vincristine, cyclophosphamide, procarbazine, lomustine) administered every 4 weeks for eight courses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 40 patients were included in the outcome and survival data. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 64.9%, and the 5-year progression-free survival rate was 50.8% for the whole series. Median time for progression or relapse was 24.3 months and there were 19 patients (43.6%) with relapse or progression. Non-metastatic patients (P = 0.0008, 5-year OS rate was 82% vs. 29%), and totally resected patients (P = 0.01, 5-year OS rate was 80% vs. 55%), and > or =3 years of age (P = 0.04, 5-year OS rate was 75% vs. 38%) had significantly better outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of complete responders were patients who had total tumor removal. Treatment failure occurred mainly within the first 2 years, and outcome was dismal for patients who relapsed or had progressive disease. The median age at diagnosis is 6 years in our patient group; younger children (less than 3 years old) have less favorable outcome. There was no significant difference in survival or progression-free survival between the two histologic subtypes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Istanbul University-Istanbul Medical Faculty, 34390 Capa Istanbul, Turkey. yamanf@isbank.net.tr
authors.forename: Fulya Yaman
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Agaoglu
authors.forename: Inci
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ayan
authors.forename: Yavuz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dizdar
authors.forename: Rejin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kebudi
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gorgun
authors.forename: Emin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Darendeliler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004806:Ependymoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology