title: Comparison of clozapine use in Maryland and in Victoria, Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies of how differences in systems of care, including cultural differences, affect prescribing practice and patient outcomes are important and can help answer questions such as the effectiveness of clozapine in routine practice. This study examined the use of clozapine in Maryland and in Victoria, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used medical record data to examine the use of clozapine in January 2000 for people with schizophrenia in two different countries. Data were gathered from all six public inpatient facilities in Maryland and from the two main community outpatient centers in Victoria. Outpatients were studied in Victoria because Australia's inpatient mental health facilities have closed and people with treatment-resistant schizophrenia are managed exclusively as outpatients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Maryland 591 inpatients with schizophrenia were given a prescription for second-generation antipsychotics; in Victoria 356 outpatients with schizophrenia were given such a prescription. Among second-generation antipsychotics, clozapine was used significantly more frequently in Australia than in Maryland for the treatment of schizophrenia (173 prescriptions, or 49 percent, compared with 144 prescriptions, or 19 percent). Both systems used clozapine mostly for the treatment of schizophrenia (94 percent in Victoria compared with 88 percent in Maryland). The mean clozapine dosages that were used for the treatment of schizophrenia were significantly higher in Maryland than in Australia (522 mg per day compared with 431 mg per day).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant differences in use and dosages of clozapine were found in two populations that were similar in diagnoses and demographic characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Maryland Psyciatric Research Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21228, USA. rconley@umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Conley
authors.forename: Deanna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Tim J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Raymond C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Love
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D003024:Clozapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008499:Medical Records; D000077152:Olanzapine; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D018967:Risperidone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D003024:Clozapine; D018967:Risperidone; D000077152:Olanzapine