title: Ethnic differences in coronary calcification: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is substantial evidence that coronary calcification, a marker for the presence and quantity of coronary atherosclerosis, is higher in US whites than blacks; however, there have been no large population-based studies comparing coronary calcification among US ethnic groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using computed tomography, we measured coronary calcification in 6814 white, black, Hispanic, and Chinese men and women aged 45 to 84 years with no clinical cardiovascular disease who participated in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). The prevalence of coronary calcification (Agatston score >0) in these 4 ethnic groups was 70.4%, 52.1%, 56.5%, and 59.2%, respectively, in men (P<0.001) and 44.6%, 36.5%, 34.9%, and 41.9%, respectively, (P<0.001) in women. After adjustment for age, education, lipids, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, treatment for hypercholesterolemia, gender, and scanning center, compared with whites, the relative risks for having coronary calcification were 0.78 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.82) in blacks, 0.85 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.91) in Hispanics, and 0.92 (95% CI 0.85 to 0.99) in Chinese. After similar adjustments, the amount of coronary calcification among those with an Agatston score >0 was greatest among whites, followed by Chinese (77% that of whites; 95% CI 62% to 96%), Hispanics (74%; 95% CI 61% to 90%), and blacks (69%; 95% CI 59% to 80%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed ethnic differences in the presence and quantity of coronary calcification that were not explained by coronary risk factors. Identification of the mechanism underlying these differences would further our understanding of the pathophysiology of coronary calcification and its clinical significance. Data on the predictive value of coronary calcium in different ethnic groups are needed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md, USA. bildd@nhlbi.nih.gov
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bild
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Detrano
authors.forename: Do
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guerci
authors.forename: Kiang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shahar
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Mohammed F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Saad
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004522:Educational Status; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data