title: Light-emitting diodes as an illumination source for plants: a review of research at Kennedy Space Center.
abstract: The provision of sufficient light is a fundamental requirement to support long-term plant growth in space. Several types of electric lamps have been tested to provide radiant energy for plants in this regard, including fluorescent, high-pressure sodium, and metal halide lamps. These lamps vary in terms of spectral quality, which can result in differences in plant growth and morphology. Current lighting research for space-based plant culture is focused on innovative lighting technologies that demonstrate high electrical efficiency and reduced mass and volume. Among the lighting technologies considered for space are light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The combination of red and blue LEDs has proven to be an effective lighting source for several crops, yet the appearance of plants under red and blue lighting is purplish gray, making visual assessment of plant health difficult. Additional green light would make the plant leaves appear green and normal, similar to a natural setting under white light, and may also offer psychological benefits for the crew. The addition of 24% green light (500-600 nm) to red and blue LEDs enhanced the growth of lettuce plants compared with plants grown under cool white fluorescent lamps. Coincidentally, these plants grown under additional green light would have the additional aesthetic appeal of a green appearance.
authors.affiliation: NASA Biological Sciences Office, Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899, USA. hyeonhye.kim-1@ksc.nasa.gov
authors.forename: Hyeon-Hye
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Raymond M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sager
authors.forename: Neil C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Yorio
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Goins
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D018545:Lactuca / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects; D008021:Life Support Systems; D008027:Light; D008029:Lighting / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D063245:Plant Development; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010944:Plants / Q000528:radiation effects*; D031224:Raphanus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects; D013026:Space Flight; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates