title: Enhanced survival of Salmonella enterica in vesicles released by a soilborne Tetrahymena species.
abstract: Nondestructive ingestion by soilborne protozoa may enhance the environmental resiliency of important bacterial pathogens and may model how such bacteria evade destruction in human macrophages. Here, the interaction of Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson with a soilborne Tetrahymena sp. isolate was examined using serovar Thompson cells labeled with the green fluorescent protein. The bacteria were mixed in solution with cells of Tetrahymena at several ratios. During incubation with serovar Thompson, Tetrahymena cells released a large number of vesicles containing green fluorescent serovar Thompson cells. In comparison, grazing on Listeria monocytogenes cells resulted in their digestion and thus the infrequent release of this pathogen in vesicles. The number of serovar Thompson cells per vesicle increased significantly as the initial ratio of serovar Thompson to Tetrahymena cells increased from 500:1 to 5,000:1. The density of serovar Thompson was as high as 50 cells per vesicle. Staining with propidium iodide revealed that a significantly higher proportion of serovar Thompson cells remained viable when enclosed in vesicles than when free in solution. Enhanced survival rates were observed in vesicles that were secreted by both starved (F = 28.3, P < 0.001) and unstarved (F = 14.09, P < 0.005) Tetrahymena cells. Sequestration in vesicles also provided greater protection from low concentrations of calcium hypochlorite. Thus, the release of this human pathogen from Tetrahymena cells in high-density clusters enclosed in a membrane may have important implications for public health.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA. mbrandl@pw.usda.gov
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Brandl
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Haxo
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Berk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D016053:RNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012987:Soil / Q000469:parasitology*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013768:Tetrahymena / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000382:microbiology*; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D016053:RNA, Protozoan; D012987:Soil; D002122:Calcium Chloride