title: Regulation of prokineticin 2 expression by light and the circadian clock.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) contains the master circadian clock that regulates daily rhythms of many physiological and behavioural processes in mammals. Previously we have shown that prokineticin 2 (PK2) is a clock-controlled gene that may function as a critical SCN output molecule responsible for circadian locomotor rhythms. As light is the principal zeitgeber that entrains the circadian oscillator, and PK2 expression is responsive to nocturnal light pulses, we further investigated the effects of light on the molecular rhythm of PK2 in the SCN. In particular, we examined how PK2 responds to shifts of light/dark cycles and changes in photoperiod. We also investigated which photoreceptors are responsible for the light-induced PK2 expression in the SCN. To determine whether light requires an intact functional circadian pacemaker to regulate PK2, we examined PK2 expression in cryptochrome1,2-deficient (Cry1-/-Cry2-/-) mice that lack functional circadian clock under normal light/dark cycles and constant darkness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Upon abrupt shifts of the light/dark cycle, PK2 expression exhibits transients in response to phase advances but rapidly entrains to phase delays. Photoperiod studies indicate that PK2 responds differentially to changes in light period. Although the phase of PK2 expression expands as the light period increases, decreasing light period does not further condense the phase of PK2 expression. Genetic knockout studies revealed that functional melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptive systems are required for the light-inducibility of PK2. In Cry1-/-Cry2-/- mice that lack a functional circadian clock, a low amplitude PK2 rhythm is detected under light/dark conditions, but not in constant darkness. This suggests that light can directly regulate PK2 expression in the SCN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that the molecular rhythm of PK2 in the SCN is regulated by both the circadian clock and light. PK2 is predominantly controlled by the endogenous circadian clock, while light plays a modulatory role. The Cry1-/-Cry2-/- mice studies reveal a light-driven PK2 rhythm, indicating that light can induce PK2 expression independent of the circadian oscillator. The light inducibility of PK2 suggests that in addition to its role in clock-driven rhythms of locomotor behaviour, PK2 may also participate in the photic entrainment of circadian locomotor rhythms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. mycheng@uci.edu <mycheng@uci.edu>
authors.forename: Michelle Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Bittman
authors.forename: Samer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hattar
authors.forename: Qun-Yong
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D056931:Cryptochromes; D005420:Flavoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C538964:Cry1 protein, mouse; C538967:Cry2 protein, mouse; D056931:Cryptochromes; D005420:Flavoproteins; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D009479:Neuropeptides; C486586:Prok2 protein, mouse