title: Benzodiazepine use, abuse, and dependence.
abstract: Although benzodiazepines are invaluable in the treatment of anxiety disorders, they have some potential for abuse and may cause dependence or addiction. It is important to distinguish between addiction to and normal physical dependence on benzodiazepines. Intentional abusers of benzodiazepines usually have other substance abuse problems. Benzodiazepines are usually a secondary drug of abuse-used mainly to augment the high received from another drug or to offset the adverse effects of other drugs. Few cases of addiction arise from legitimate use of benzodiazepines. Pharmacologic dependence, a predictable and natural adaptation of a body system long accustomed to the presence of a drug, may occur in patients taking therapeutic doses of benzodiazepines. However, this dependence, which generally manifests itself in withdrawal symptoms upon the abrupt discontinuation of the medication, may be controlled and ended through dose tapering, medication switching, and/or medication augmentation. Due to the chronic nature of anxiety, long-term low-dose benzodiazepine treatment may be necessary for some patients; this continuation of treatment should not be considered abuse or addiction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. obrien@mail.trc.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Charles P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: O'brien
mesh_terms: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D010634:Phenobarbital