title: Bladder carcinoma during pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We report 3 cases of bladder cancer during pregnancy and give a review of the literature in an attempt to evaluate tumor at presentation, characteristics, maternal and fetal outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The case history of 3 pregnant women treated for bladder cancer in 2001 together with the results of a MEDLINE search from 1966 to 2003.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 27 cases of nonbilharzial bladder carcinoma, 74% presented with transitional cell carcinoma. Five patients had muscle-invasive tumors. Major symptom was hematuria in 81%, which was initially mistaken as vaginal bleeding in 22%. Only half of the tumors were identified by ultrasonography. Although superficial bladder carcinoma was transurethrally resected alone, outcome and prognosis are good. But the prognosis of locally advanced bladder carcinoma is poor. None of the fetuses delivered before 30 weeks of gestation survived. Two of the 5 patients died from the disease and follow-up is only short in the rest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Any doubtful genital bleeding during pregnancy without definite proof of vaginal/cervical origin should be investigated by both ultrasonography of the upper urinary tract and urethrocystoscopy. Superficial bladder tumors can be most effectively treated by transurethral resection followed by cystoscopy, whereas the prognosis of muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma is poor and demands more radical treatment, depending on the stage of pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe GmbH, DE-76133 Karlsruhe, Germany. martin.spahn@t-online.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spahn
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Westermann
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Echtle
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Frohneberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D003663:Decision Trees; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery