title: Highly ordered interstitial water observed in bone by nuclear magnetic resonance.
abstract: NMR was used to study the nanostructure of bone tissue. Distance measurements show that the first water layer at the surface of the mineral in cortical bone is structured. This water may serve to couple the mineral to the organic matrix and may play a role in deformation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The unique mechanical characteristics of bone tissue have not yet been satisfactorily connected to the exact molecular architecture of this complex composite material. Recently developed solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques are applied here to the mineral component to provide new structural distance constraints at the subnanometer scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  NMR dipolar couplings between structural protons (OH(-) and H(2)O) and phosphorus (PO(4)) or carbon (CO(3)) were measured using the 2D Lee-Goldburg Cross-Polarization under Magic-Angle Spinning (2D LG-CPMAS) pulse sequence, which simultaneously suppresses the much stronger proton-proton dipolar interactions. The NMR dipolar couplings measured provide accurate distances between atoms, e.g., OH and PO(4) in apatites. Excised and powdered femoral cortical bone was used for these experiments. Synthetic carbonate ( approximately 2-4 wt%)-substituted hydroxyapatite was also studied for structural comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In synthetic apatite, the hydroxide ions are strongly hydrogen bonded to adjacent carbonate or phosphate ions, with hydrogen bond (O-H) distances of approximately 1.96 A observed. The bone tissue sample, in contrast, shows little evidence of ordered hydroxide. Instead, a very ordered (structural) layer of water molecules is identified, which hydrates the small bioapatite crystallites through very close arrangements. Water protons are approximately 2.3-2.55 A from surface phosphorus atoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In synthetic carbonated apatite, strong hydrogen bonds were observed between the hydroxide ions and structural phosphate and carbonate units in the apatite crystal lattice. These hydrogen bonding interactions may contribute to the long-range stability of this mineral structure. The biological apatite in cortical bone tissue shows evidence of hydrogen bonding with an ordered surface water layer at the faces of the mineral particles. This structural water layer has been inferred, but direct spectroscopic evidence of this interstitial water is given here. An ordered structural water layer sandwiched between the mineral and the organic collagen fibers may affect the biomechanical properties of this complex composite material.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Ayorinde
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Awonusi
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kohn
authors.forename: Mary Mj
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Tecklenburg
authors.forename: Larry W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Beck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001031:Apatites / Q000737:chemistry; D015519:Bone Density; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D002417:Cattle; D005269:Femur / Q000737:chemistry; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D014867:Water