title: In vitro assessment of image-guided otologic surgery: submillimeter accuracy within the region of the temporal bone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Application of image-guided surgery to otology has been limited by the need for submillimeter accuracy via a fiducial system that is easily usable (noninvasive and nonobstructive).
  
  
  METHODS
  A dental bite-block was fitted with a rigid frame with 7 fiducial markers surrounding each external ear. The temporal bones of 3 cadaveric skulls were removed and replaced with surgical targets arranged in a bull's-eye pattern about the centroid of each temporal bone. The surgical targets were identified both within CT scans and in physical space using an infrared optical tracking system. The difference between positions in CT space versus physical space was calculated as target registration error.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 234 independent target registration errors were calculated. Mean +/- standard deviation = 0.73 mm +/- 0.25 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show that image-guided otologic surgery with submillimeter accuracy is achievable with a minimally invasive fiducial frame. Significance In vivo validation of the system is ongoing. With such validation, this system may facilitate clinically applicable image-guided otologic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. robert.labadie@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Labadie
authors.forename: Rohan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Steve S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Ebru
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cetinkaya
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Fenlon
authors.forename: Andrzej S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Juszczyk
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Galloway
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000601:surgery*