title: Serum markers of GH and insulin action in 12-year-old children born small for gestational age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to determine whether markers of growth hormone and insulin action differ between children born small for gestational age (SGA) and those born of an appropriate size for gestational age (AGA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five SGA children and their 55 age- and sex-matched AGA control subjects were studied in a case-control setting at 12 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1 and IGFBP-3, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), leptin, fasting insulin, and blood glucose. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The body mass index (BMI), sex, and puberty-adjusted mean serum IGF-I concentration was higher in the SGA than in the AGA children (303.4 vs 282.3 microg/l, P = 0.006). The mean serum concentrations of IGF-II, IGFBP-I, IGFBP-3, SHBG, fasting insulin, blood glucose and HOMA-IR did not differ between the SGA and the AGA group. The BMI, sex, and puberty-adjusted mean serum leptin concentration was lower in the SGA than in the AGA children (7.9 vs 10.1 microg/l, P = 0.037). In multiple logistic regression analysis, high HOMA-IR predicted high serum IGF-I levels in the SGA children (odds ratio 8.3; 95% confidence interval 1.7-41; P = 0.010), whereas in the AGA group HOMA-IR did not associate with the serum IGF-I level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The BMI, sex, and puberty-adjusted mean serum IGF-I concentration was significantly higher and the leptin concentration was lower in the SGA than in the AGA children. No differences were found in the indices of insulin action or sensitivity between the SGA and AGA children at 12 years of age. However, HOMA-IR strongly associated with serum IGF-I levels in the SGA children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University and University Hospital, PO Box 1777, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Sirpa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tenhola
authors.forename: Pirjo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Halonen
authors.forename: Jarmo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jääskeläinen
authors.forename: Raimo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Voutilainen
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age / Q000097:blood*; D007328:Insulin / Q000502:physiology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011627:Puberty / Q000097:blood; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I