title: Nitric oxide synthase inhibition exaggerates the hypotensive response to ghrelin: role of calcium-activated potassium channels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the mechanism underlying the observation that infusion of the growth hormone secretagogue peptide, ghrelin, produces a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) with no change in heart rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of a single bolus infusion of ghrelin (12 nmol/kg intravenously) on the changes in MAP and heart rate was determined in 12-week-old male anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to pretreatment with either the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 0.7 mg/ml by mouth for 5 days), or vehicle (control).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ghrelin produced a significant decrease in MAP at 20 min (P < 0.05) after infusion in the control group, without any change in heart rate. The MAP recovered partially over 1 h. The ghrelin-evoked decrease in MAP was much greater (P < 0.01) and was sustained for 1 h in rats subjected to NOS inhibition. Pretreatment with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, failed to affect the responses in either group. Intravenous infusion of 50 mug/kg each of apamin and charybdotoxin (ChTX), a combination that is known to block Ca-activated K channels or the endothelium-derived hyperpolarization process, attenuated the decrease in MAP evoked by ghrelin in both control and NOS-inhibited rats. A sodium nitroprusside-induced decrease in MAP was unaffected in the presence of apamin-ChTX, but acetylcholine-evoked hypotension was significantly reduced in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the Ca-activated, K-channel-mediated, ghrelin-evoked decrease in MAP may be significant in states of endothelial dysfunction associated with reduced nitric oxide availability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5 Canada.
authors.forename: Urmila A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Shinde
authors.forename: Kaushik M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Changhua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Venkat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gopalakrishnan
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D001030:Apamin / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D018999:Charybdotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D054439:Ghrelin; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007022:Hypotension / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024681:Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D054439:Ghrelin; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D024681:Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated; D018999:Charybdotoxin; D001030:Apamin; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester