title: Stochastic simulations of the origins and implications of long-tailed distributions in gene expression.
abstract: Gene expression noise results in protein number distributions ranging from long-tailed to Gaussian. We show how long-tailed distributions arise from a stochastic model of the constituent chemical reactions and suggest that, in conjunction with cooperative switches, they lead to more sensitive selection of a subpopulation of cells with high protein number than is possible with Gaussian distributions. Single-cell-tracking experiments are presented to validate some of the assumptions of the stochastic simulations. We also examine the effect of DNA looping on the shape of protein distributions. We further show that when switches are incorporated in the regulation of a gene via a feedback loop, the distributions can become bimodal. This might explain the bimodal distribution of certain morphogens during early embryogenesis.
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishna
authors.forename: Bidisha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Shivashankar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004330:Drosophila; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009875:Operator Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D013269:Stochastic Processes; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; C056478:bcd protein, Drosophila; C061245:hb protein, Drosophila