title: [Biocompatibility of the acetate in the dialysis fluid].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dialytic vasculopathy is a major morbidity and mortality risk factor in patients undergoing chronic dialysis treatment. Among the pathogenetic factors some are related to the uremic condition, others are due to biocompatible reactions to dialytic materials. Endothelial cells (EC) are the target of the mediators released during bioincompatible reactions, and the related effects could be considered the initial event eliciting the vasculopathy pathogenesis. Among the others, we focused our attention on the role played in this process by the inducible isoform of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS). In previous studies we demonstrated that bioincompatible membranes, as well as acetate-containing dialysis buffers stimulate iNOS gene expression and activity in endothelial cells in culture. In this study, we planned to evaluate the potential role of a new dialysis buffer in which acetate has been substituted with HCl as a stabilizer.
  
  
  METHODS
  ECs were incubated for 12 h at 37 degrees C with different dialysis buffers: acetate (Acet), standard bicarbonate (Bic), acetate-free buffer (AF) and HCl-bicarbonate (BicHCl). We evaluated in reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) the gene transcription for iNOS, the NOS activity (as the production of H3 citrulline from H3 arginine by ionic exchange chromatography), EC proliferative (H3 thymidine incorporation) and pro-apoptotic rate (TUNEL analysis) and the nuclear translocation of the transcriptional factor NF-kappaB (EMSA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acetate, even in the low concentration present in Bic was able to induce a significant iNOS gene transcription (results expressed as relative units and referred to basal values: Acet 1.9 +/- 0.01 fold increase, p<0.01; Bic 1.45 +/- 0.03 p<0.05; BicHCl 1.24 +/- 0.01; AF 1.17 +/- 0.02) and translation. Acetate at concentrations both of 3 mmoL and 38 mmoL (present in the bicarbonate buffer) significantly increased the enzymatic NOS activity vs unconditioned ECs: Acet 3.46 +/- 0.3, p<0.0005; Bic 1.69 +/- 0.2, p<0.005; BicHCl 1.24 +/- 0.15; AF 1.17 +/- 0.05. The EC proliferative index was significantly depressed by acetate containing dialysis buffers (unconditioned ECs 100%, Acet 38 +/- 15%, p<0.01; Bic 65 +/- 6%, p<0.05; AF 87 +/- 8%; BicHCl 75 +/- 6%). The percentage of apoptotic ECs was significantly increased by buffers contain-ing Acet vs BicHCl and AF. Finally, acetate at the concentrations present in Acet and Bic activated and promoted the nuclear translocation of the transcriptional factor NF-kappaB in ECs (p<0.01 vs unconditioned cells).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The acetate-free dialysis buffers have better biocompatibility and potentially down-modulate the flogistic and sclerotic processes responsible for dialytic vasculopathy.
authors.affiliation: S.C. di Nefrologia, Dialisi e Trapianto Rene, Ospedale Regina Margherita, Turin. nefrologia@oirmsantanna.piemonte.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amore
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cirina
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peruzzi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mollo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiesa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turcato
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ghisellini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coppo
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004727:Endothelium / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000502:physiology; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse