title: Surface consolidation of Pentelic marble: criteria for the selection of methods and materials. The Acropolis case.
abstract: GOAL AND SCOPE: In order to realize surface consolidation of Pentelic marble on the Acropolis monuments, we have collected the criteria that have to be fulfilled by the methods and materials without side effects on the marbles (and other stones). When the existing methods and materials did not satisfy the requirements (criteria), we invented new ones.
  
  
  METHODS
  The criteria were collected from the literature, by thermodynamic and kinetic viewpoints, by laboratory experiments and in situ observations on monuments, both in Greece and in several countries in which the various methods and materials were applied. Concerning our method of 'Inversion of sulfation', performed by spraying a K2CO3 solution, its concentration and its temperature were controlled in order to have a total inversion (certified by liquid crystals) of gypsum back to CaCO3. For the new material of ours, 'Reinforced Lime', in order to eliminate the disadvantages of plain lime (low carbonation rate, low mechanical properties of CaCO3 formed, lack of carbonation in the bulk of lime), measurements of the rate of carbonation were performed in plain lime and in lime with a different CaCO3 concentration beforehand as well as in a different CO2 environments, using DTG and XRD to measure the rate of carbonation. The detachment (kg/cm2) of marble specimens stuck by lime in each case was also measured. A microscope was also used to measure the dimensions of the grain in each case as well as ammonium citrate and thymolphthalein to certify the depth of carbonation in each case. Part of the work was communicated in an international congress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A table with the criteria of the selection of the methods and materials for the consolidation of Pentelic marble surfaces (and other stones) was established. None of the employed methods and materials fulfilled the criteria. Only the 'Inversion of gypsum' and the 'Reinforced Lime' were adopted and applied to the Acropolis monuments and to other monuments in Greece and in several other countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All criteria must be used for the selection of methods and materials for the consolidation of the monument surfaces. This is why we have already studied with the same procedures, methods and materials for restoration, surface cleaning and protection.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece. skoul@orfeas.chemeng.ntua.gr
authors.forename: Theodor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Skoulikidis
authors.forename: Panayota
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vassiliou
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsakona
mesh_terms: D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards*; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000592:standards*; D006115:Greece; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019563:Mechanics; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D016062:Porosity; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D002133:Calcium Sulfate