title: Protein kinase C distribution and translocation in rat myocardium: Methodological considerations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein kinase C (PKC) is an important modifier of several cardiovascular phenomena, including cardioprotection, apoptosis, and hypertrophy. Although pharmacological activation of PKC is often assessed by translocation, the effects of isolation procedures on left ventricular (LV) PKC distribution have not been systematically examined. Accordingly, we sought to determine whether homogenization methods (Polytron, glass-glass tissue grinder), detergent selection and concentration, or centrifugation protocols affect PKC (alpha, epsilon) distribution or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced translocation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hearts of male F344 or Wistar rats were Langendorff perfused with either 100 nM PMA or vehicle, and LV cytosolic and particulate PKC (alpha, epsilon) distributions were assessed by differential centrifugation and Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following 100000 xg centrifugation of the homogenate, resuspension of the pellet (P(1)) in 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) increased electrophoretic mobility of PKC (alpha, epsilon) such that PKCepsilon comigrated with a nonspecific band. Resuspension of P(1) in Triton X-100 (TX) did not affect mobility but decreased P(1) PKC (alpha, epsilon) levels in a TX-concentration-dependent manner; however, this decrease was found to be due to differential protein solubilization. Decreased levels of PKC (alpha, epsilon) were also noted in soluble and P(2) (supernatant of 100000 xg centrifugation of P(1)) fractions due to increased Polytron burst and total homogenization times. Interestingly, the P(2) fraction also revealed Polytron-dependent decreases (47% vs. glass-glass tissue grinder; p<0.05) in PKCepsilon following an initial 1000 xg centrifugation and an increased PMA-dependent translocation of PKC (alpha, epsilon; 2.4-fold and 1.6-fold, respectively, vs. P(1); p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these results suggest that PKC isolation procedures should be carefully considered when designing or comparing LV PKC studies due to the potential effects isolation may have on PKC distribution and translocation.
authors.affiliation: The Noll Physiological Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: J Craig
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Donna H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Korzick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D003902:Detergents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology*; D017830:Octoxynol / Q000494:pharmacology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D003902:Detergents; D017830:Octoxynol; D011493:Protein Kinase C