title: Development of a rationally designed, low abuse potential, biogenic amine releaser that suppresses cocaine self-administration.
abstract: Convergent lines of evidence support a dual deficit model of stimulant withdrawal, where reductions in synaptic dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (5-HT) contribute to dysphoria, drug craving, and relapse. Thus, we predicted that a nonamphetamine compound with substrate activity at DA and 5-HT transporters (i.e., a dual DA/5-HT releaser) would be an effective medication for treating stimulant addictions. Ideally, this type of medication would alleviate withdrawal symptoms, suppress cocaine self-administration, and lack side effects commonly associated with central nervous system stimulants. In the present work, more than 350 compounds were screened in vitro for activity as substrate-type releasing agents at DA, 5-HT, and norepinephrine transporters. These efforts identified PAL-287 (1-napthyl-2-aminopropane) as a nonamphetamine compound with potent substrate activity at biogenic amine transporters. In vivo microdialysis in rats demonstrated that PAL-287 (1-3 mg/kg i.v.) increased extracellular DA and 5-HT in frontal cortex, but effects on 5-HT were somewhat greater. PAL-287 induced substantially less locomotor stimulation than (+)-amphetamine, a drug that increases only extracellular DA. Administration of high-dose (+)-methamphetamine or (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine to rats produced long-lasting depletion of cortical 5-HT, whereas PAL-287 (18 mg/kg i.p. x 3) did not. PAL-287 displayed little or no reinforcing properties in rhesus monkeys trained to self-administer cocaine, yet PAL-287 produced a dose-dependent decrease in responding for cocaine when infused at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg/h. Collectively, the findings reported here demonstrate that nonamphetamine monoamine releasing agents such as PAL-287 might be promising candidate medications for the treatment of stimulant dependence.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychopharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: Bruce E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Blough
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Woolverton
authors.forename: Karen G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: S Stevens
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Negus
authors.forename: Nancy K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Mello
authors.forename: Bryan L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Baumann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000502:physiology; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012646:Self Administration; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism*; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
chemical_list: D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; C493232:Slc6a4 protein, rat; D012701:Serotonin; D003042:Cocaine; D004298:Dopamine