title: Radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer in marginal surgical candidates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment options for patients with non-small cell lung cancer who are not surgical candidates or who refuse operation are limited. Radiofrequency ablation represents a potential less invasive option for these patients. Our initial experience with radiofrequency ablation for peripheral, primary non-small cell lung cancer is reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  We treated 21 tumors in 18 patients. Median age was 75 (range 58-86) years. Cancer stages were I (n = 9), II (n = 2), III (n = 3), and IV (n = 4). Patients with stage IV disease included 3 with recurrence after previous lobectomies and 1 with a synchronous liver metastasis also treated with radiofrequency ablation. Median tumor diameter was 2.8 cm (range 1.2-4.5 cm). Radiofrequency ablation was delivered by minithoracotomy in 2 cases and by a computed tomography-guided percutaneous approach in 16 patients. Computed tomographic and positron emission tomographic scans were used to evaluate recurrence and radiographic response in ablated nodules.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One postoperative death occurred from pneumonia after open radiofrequency ablation. Median hospital stay was 2.5 days. A chest tube or pigtail catheter was required in 7 patients (38.9%) for procedure-related pneumothoraces. At a median follow-up of 14 months, 15 patients (83.3%) were alive. Local progression occurred in 8 nodules (38.1%). Mean and median progression-free intervals were 16.8 and 18 months, respectively. For stage I cancers, mean progression-free interval was 17.6 months. Median progression-free interval was not reached.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the feasibility of radiofrequency ablation for small, peripheral non-small cell lung cancer tumors. Local control is comparable to, if not better than, that provided by radiotherapy. Radiofrequency ablation should continue to be evaluated by thoracic surgeons as a noninvasive therapy for the high-risk patient with non-small cell lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Goregut Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Hiran C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Fernando
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Hoyos
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Landreneau
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Gooding
authors.forename: Percival O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Buenaventura
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Christie
authors.forename: Chandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Belani
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Luketich
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000453:epidemiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology