title: Neurocognitive impairment in lead-exposed children of Andean lead-glazing workers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The level of lead (Pb) exposure necessary to induce intellectual impairment has not been firmly established. Some studies using conventional language-based intelligence tests have reported that pediatric blood lead (PbB) levels lower than 10 microg/dL (0.483 micromol/L) are associated with neurocognitive impairment. However, these tests may introduce cultural biases in the assessment of intellectual functioning. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of PbB concentration on nonverbal intelligence in Andean children with chronic environmental Pb exposure using a nonlanguage-based test of cognitive functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using Raven Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM) as a measure of nonverbal intelligence, this study investigated the effects of Pb exposure (biomarker: PbB levels) on intellectual functioning in 188 chronically Pb-exposed children (age range: 5.33-11.67 years) of Ecuadorian Andean Pb-glazing workers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean PbB level of the 188 children was 29.3 microg/dL (range: 3.5-94.3 microg/dL). Forty-seven children had PbB levels <10 microg/dL (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] I classification), of which 30 had abnormal (ie, < or =25th percentile) RCPM standard scores. Of the 141 children with PbB levels > or =10 microg/dL, 97 had abnormal RCPM scores. A regression analysis revealed a statistically significant negative association (r = -0.331, P < 0.0001) between PbB level and RCPM standard score. Conversion of RCPM standard scores to estimated IQ scores showed an approximate two-point decrease in IQ for each 10-microg/dL increment in PbB level from 10 to >70 microg/dL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Performance on a test of nonverbal intelligence was inversely associated with chronic Pb exposure in Andean children with PbB levels below and above the CDC risk management level of 10 microg/dL, with the decline in test scores suggesting a dose-response relationship.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School/The Biological Laboratories, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. allen_counter@harvard.edu
authors.forename: S Allen
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Counter
authors.forename: Leo H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ortega
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002516:Ceramics; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004484:Ecuador / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D018570:Risk Assessment