title: Urethral injuries in the Civil War.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compiled all cases of urethral injury received in battle during the Civil War to detail their management and determine the outcome of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgeon medical reports of individual cases of urethral injury listed in the Medical and Surgical History of the Civil War, and pension records available in the National Archives and Records Administration were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 105 cases of urethral injury from gunshot wounds, comprising 7% of all urogenital casualties, were reported during the Civil War between 1861 and 1865. Of them 22 (21%) were fatal and 83 patients (79%) cases survived. Debridement and catheter drainage of urinary extravasation or perineal urethrotomy was initial treatment. The majority of urethral injuries were complicated by troublesome strictures, fistulas, urinary incontinence and erectile impotence. Only 19 patients (23%) recovered fully.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Civil War urethral injuries had devastating long-term consequences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York , USA. herrh@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Harry W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Herr
authors.forename: Jack W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: McAninch
mesh_terms: D047831:American Civil War; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014521:Urethra / Q000293:injuries*; D014572:Urology / Q000266:history; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000266:history* / Q000601:surgery