title: Anterior sciatic nerve block--new landmarks and clinical experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anterior sciatic nerve blocks can be complicated by several problems. Pain can be caused by bony contacts and, in obese patients, identification of the landmarks is frequently difficult.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a first step, 100 normal anterior-posterior pelvic X-rays were analyzed. The landmarks of the classical anterior approach were drawn on these X-rays and assessed for their sufficiency. Then, in a prospective case study, 200 consecutive patients undergoing total knee replacement were investigated. These patients received femoral and sciatic nerve catheters for postoperative pain management. Using modified anatomical landmarks, sciatic nerve catheters were inserted 5 cm distal from the insertion site of the femoral nerve block perpendicularly in the midline of the lower extremity. This midline connected the insertion site of the femoral nerve catheter to the midpoint between the medial and lateral epicondyle. Correct catheter positioning was verified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in six patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evaluation of pelvic X-rays showed that puncture following the classical landmarks pointed in 51% at the lesser trochanter, in 5% medial to the lesser trochanter and in 42% directly at the femur. In the latter patients, location of the sciatic nerve would have been difficult or even impossible. Using our modified anterior approach, the sciatic nerve could be blocked in 196 patients (98%). In nine patients (4.5%) blockade of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve failed. Vascular puncture happened in 10 (5%) and bony contact in 35 patients (17.5%). Median puncturing depth was 9.5 (7.5-14) cm. Correct sciatic nerve catheter positioning was verified in all patients who underwent MRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our landmarks for locating the sciatic nerve help to avoid bony contacts and thereby reduce pain during puncture. Our method reliably enabled catheter placement.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Diagnostic Radiology, and Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. wiegm@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiegel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reske
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hennebach
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Olthoff
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral; D005260:Female; D005267:Femoral Nerve; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam; D008875:Middle Aged; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000187:drug effects; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010388:Pelvis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D016683:Supine Position
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam