title: Using persuasive messages to encourage voluntary hearing protection among coal miners.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This longitudinal field study was designed to encourage Appalachian coal miners in West Virginia and Pennsylvania to engage in hearing-protection behaviors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were mailed postcards that featured either a positive, negative, or neutral message on the outside of the postcard and a message encouraging hearing protection behaviors on the inside. The first posttest measurement of the effectiveness of the persuasive messages was conducted about a week after the postcards were mailed. The delayed posttest measurement was conducted six weeks later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Responses from 307 coal miners revealed that the positive or neutral messages generated significantly more self-reported hearing protection behaviors than the negative message. Identical results were obtained in a delayed posttest assessment of miners' self-reported hearing protection behaviors. The positive message was also more effective than either the neutral or negative message in preventing defensive mechanisms from emerging over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positive and neutral messages were convincingly more successful than negative messages in facilitating self-reported hearing protection behaviors among coal miners. Similarly, the positive messages kept defensive processes at bay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication, Texas A&M University, 4234 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4234, USA. mstephenson@tamu.edu
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vaught
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Quick
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Booth-Butterfield
authors.forename: Dhaval
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zuckerman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003032:Coal Mining; D003625:Data Collection; D004430:Ear Protective Devices; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D016272:Occupational Health; D010414:Pennsylvania; D010565:Persuasive Communication; D010865:Pilot Projects; D014903:West Virginia