title: The validation of a pesticide exposure algorithm using biological monitoring results.
abstract: A pesticide exposure algorithm was developed to calculate pesticide exposure intensity scores based on responses to questions about pesticide handling procedures and application methods in a self-administered questionnaire. The validity of the algorithm was evaluated through comparison of the algorithm scores with biological monitoring data from a study of 126 pesticide applicators who applied the herbicides MCPA or 2,4-D. The variability in the algorithm scores calculated for these applicators was due primarily to differences in their use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Rubber gloves were worn by 75% of applicators when mixing and 22% when applying pesticides, rubber boots were worn by 33% when mixing and 23% when applying, and goggles were worn by 33% and 17% of applicators when mixing and when applying, respectively. Only 2% of applicators wore all three types of PPE when both mixing and applying, and 15% wore none of these three types of PPE when either mixing or applying. Substantial variability was also observed in the concentrations of pesticides detected in the post application urine samples. The concentration of MCPA detected in urine samples collected on the second day after the application ranged from less than < 1.0 to 610 microg/L among 84 of the applicators who applied MCPA. The concentrations of 2,4-D detected in the urine samples ranged from less than < 1.0 to 514 microg/L among 41 of the applicators who applied 2,4-D. When categorized into three groups based on the algorithm scores, the geometric mean in the highest exposure group was 20 microg/L compared with 5 microg/L in the lowest exposure group for the MCPA applicators, and 29 microg/L in highest exposure group compared with 2 microg/L in the low exposure group for the 2,4-D applicators. A regression analysis detected statistically significant trends in the geometric mean of the urine concentrations across the exposure categories for both the 2,4-D and the MCPA applicators. The algorithm scores, based primarily on the use of PPE, appear to provide a reasonably valid measure of exposure intensity for these applicators, however, further studies are needed to generalize these results to other types of pesticides and application methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, NIH, DHHS, Rockville, Maryland 20892-7240, USA. jcoble@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coble
authors.forename: Tye
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arbuckle
authors.forename: Wonjin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alavanja
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dosemeci
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D008456:2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D000465:Algorithms; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D017575:Gloves, Protective; D006540:Herbicides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011481:Protective Clothing; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D008456:2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid