title: Ghrelin levels before and after reduction of overweight due to a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet in obese children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are conflicting results for ghrelin changes in reduction of overweight. Increasing ghrelin levels in weight reduction are considered to be responsible for compensatory mechanisms that make the reduction of overweight unlikely to be sustained.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have analyzed fasting serum ghrelin levels, weighed dietary record and, as biochemical markers of clinically relevant reduction of overweight, leptin, adiponectin and insulin levels and insulin resistance measured by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) at baseline and after a 1-y outpatient weight reduction program based on a high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet in 37 obese children (median age 10 y). We divided these children into two subgroups according to their degree of weight loss (substantial reduction of overweight: decrease in SDS-BMI > or = 0.5). Furthermore, we analyzed ghrelin levels in 16 normal-weight children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obese children demonstrated significant (P<0.001) lower ghrelin levels compared to normal-weight children. Daily caloric intake (P = 0.004) and percentage fat content decreased significantly (P<0.001), while percentage carbohydrate content increased significantly (P = 0.003) between baseline and 1-y follow-up in the obese children. The substantial reduction of overweight in 16 children (median SDS-BMI = -0.7) was associated with significant changes in insulin resistance (median decrease of HOMA 27%; P = 0.013), insulin (median decrease 25%, P = 0.036), adiponectin (median increase 15%; P = 0.003), and leptin levels (median decrease 19%; P = 0.023), while there were no significant changes in ghrelin levels (median increase 4%; P = 0.326). In the 21 children without substantial reduction of overweight (median SDS-BMI = -0.3), there were no significant changes in insulin resistance and in insulin, adiponectin, leptin and ghrelin levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that in obese children, low-fat high-carbohydrate diet-induced weight loss does not change ghrelin secretion, but significantly decreases leptin levels, increases adiponectin levels and improves insulin resistance determined by significantly decreased insulin resistance indices as well as lowered serum insulin levels.
authors.affiliation: Vestische Kinder- und Jugendklinik Datteln, University of Witten-Herdecke, Datteln, Germany. T.Reinehr@kinderklinik-datteln.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reinehr
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Alexy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kersting
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kiess
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Andler
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin; D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D054439:Ghrelin; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy*; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D011627:Puberty / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D020738:Leptin; D036361:Peptide Hormones