Additive impairment of the barrier function and irritation by biogenic amines and sodium lauryl sulphate: a controlled in vivo tandem irritation study.
Biogenic amines are potential irritants e.g. in fish-, meat-, milk- and egg-processing professions like cooks, butchers and bakers. The aim of this study was to test the irritative and barrier-disrupting properties of the biogenic amines ammonium hydroxide (AM), dimethylamine (DMA) and trimethylamine (TMA). A repeated sequential irritation of 30 min twice per day was performed over a total of 4 days (tandem repeated irritation test) on the back of 20 healthy volunteers of both sexes with AM, DMA, TMA and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). The epidermal barrier function was assessed with a Tewameter TM 210, stratum corneum surface pH was measured with a Skin-pH-Meter 900, inflammation was assessed with a Chromameter CR-300 on the a* axis for redness and a visual score was recorded. All tested biogenic amines (AM, DMA and TMA) induced a barrier disruption and a pH increase paralleled with a 1-day-delayed onset of inflammatory signs. These effects were further enhanced and accelerated by a sequential application of SLS together with the biogenic amines, and inflammation occurred earlier than with the single compounds. Acetic acid (AA) in contrast did only show mild barrier disruption and no significant inflammatory signs. Our system allowed a ranking of the different compounds in their irritative potential in the tandem irritation with SLS: SLS > NaOH > TMA > AA > AM > DMA. The results are suggestive that in the food-processing industry the simultaneous contact with biogenic amines and harmful detergents like SLS should be minimized.
Fluhr
J W
JW
Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Friedrich Schiller University, Erfurter Strasse 35, DE-07740 Jena, Germany. fluhr@derma.uni-jena.de
Kelterer
D
D
Fuchs
S
S
Kaatz
M
M
Grieshaber
R
R
Kleesz
P
P
Elsner
P
P
D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D064753:Ammonium Hydroxide; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001415:Back / Q000473:pathology; D001679:Biogenic Amines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D017453:Dermatitis, Irritant / Q000209:etiology*; D003902:Detergents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004123:Dimethylamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005021:Ethylamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005503:Food Additives / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005525:Food-Processing Industry / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006878:Hydroxides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D023422:Skin Irritancy Tests / Q000941:ethics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000078329:Workforce
D001679:Biogenic Amines; D003902:Detergents; D004123:Dimethylamines; D005021:Ethylamines; D005503:Food Additives; D006878:Hydroxides; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D064753:Ammonium Hydroxide; C034516:dimethylamine; C016162:triethylamine