title: Comparative study of complex spina bifida and split cord malformation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To see the difference in clinical profiles, radiological findings and surgical outcome of the group 1 split cord malformation and meningomyelocele (SCM with MMC) from group 2 (SCM without MMC).
  
  
  METHODS
  46 patients of SCM were selected from a total of 138 cases of spinal dysraphism. They were divided into two groups, based on presence or absence of MMC. Group I (SCM with MMC) n =19 patients and Group II (SCM without MMC) n=27 patients. A detail clinical evaluation and MR screening of whole spine of all cases was performed. All patients underwent surgical detethering of cord. After an average follow-up of 1.7 years, the operative results were clinically assessed and statistical significance was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male to female ratio was 1:09. Mean age of presentation was 3.6 years. Cutaneous markers like tuft of hair, cutaneous haemangioma, etc, had a higher incidence in group II in comparison to group I (50% vs 10.5%). The incidence of motor deficits was significant in group I in comparison to group II (63% vs 40%). The incidences of sensory loss, trophic ulcers, sphincteric dysfunction and muscle atrophy were relatively more common in group I patients, while neuro-orthopedic deformities such as congenital telepes equinovarus (CTEV), scoliosis and limb shortening were more frequent (67%) in group II children as compared to group I (53%). Type I SCM has higher incidence in group I children. Low lying conus were found in 47% patient of group I, while in group II it was noticed in 69%. The associated cranial anomalies like hydrocephalus, ACM and syrinx, were slightly higher in group I patients. At surgery, dysgenetic nerve roots, neural placode, arachnoid bands and atrophic cord were seen mainly in group I. Postoperative complications like, CSF leak, pseudomeningocele and meningitis were more commonly encountered in group I patients. The patients of group II showed better operative outcome compared to group I cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incidence of SCM with MMC amount to 41% of total SCM cases. Progressive neurological deficit was higher in this group (SCM with MMC) in comparison to the group harboring SCM without MMC. In view of a significant association of SCM in MMC cases, associated with other craniospinal anomalies, a thorough screening of neuraxis (by MRI) is recommended to treat all treatable anomalies simultaneously for desired outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences & King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India. rajkumar@sgpgi.ac.in
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: Vinita
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000002:abnormalities*; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome