title: Neural and behavioral responses to systemic immunologic stimuli: a consideration of bacterial T cell superantigens.
abstract: Immune responses represent a source of systemic stress which impacts the brain and modifies various neuroendocrine and behavioral functions. Therefore, the immune system has been conceived of as a potential contributor to stress-related behavioral abnormalities, such as depression. Much of this knowledge has been gained through research focused largely on the administration of cytokines and/or bacterial endotoxin (eg., LPS), which targets innate immune cells, such as macrophages. However, fewer studies have addressed the effects of T cell activation on central nervous system (CNS) function. The discovery and characterization of bacterial superantigens (SAgs) has introduced an important opportunity for studying how T cell activation influences CNS function. Superantigens target unique variable regions of the beta chain of the mouse and human T cell receptor. This is restricted by the class II molecule of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and results in the production of a cytokine cascade that includes interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma (IFNgamma), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and many other cytokines, including IL-6. The best studied SAgs are the staphylococcal enterotoxins, of which staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B (SEA and SEB), have been shown to produce significant changes in behavior and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Importantly, a T cell requirement was necessary to produce these changes. Furthermore, the anorexic or hypophagic effects of SAg challenge in mice appears to be related to anxiety-like processes, since challenge with both SEA or SEB reduces consumption of mainly novel food or food presented in a novel context. In the present paper, these studies are reviewed and related to known alterations in both anxiogenic and anxiolytic neuropeptides. It is suggested that immunologically-induced changes in the brain activate both categories of neuropeptides, thereby sustaining an adaptive state of arousal that promotes appropriate behavioral adjustments during infectious illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA. kusnecov@rci.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Alexander W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Kusnecov
authors.forename: Yael
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goldfarb
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology*; D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000502:physiology*; D007157:Immunologic Surveillance; D009420:Nervous System / Q000276:immunology; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000502:physiology; D018089:Superantigens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D009479:Neuropeptides; D018089:Superantigens