title: Patterns of cognitive and emotional empathy in frontotemporal lobar degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between empathy and cognition in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Theoretical models suggest empathy has multiple cognitive and affective subcomponents, and recent studies suggest that performance on specific cognitive tests may predict empathy. Qualitative behavioral studies of patients with FTLD suggest empathy loss may occur directly as a result of damage to frontal and temporal structures.
  
  
  METHODS
  First-degree relatives used the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), a measure of cognitive and emotional empathy, to rate 18 patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 19 patients with semantic dementia (SD), 16 patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), and 10 age-matched healthy control subjects (NC). Subjects also underwent cognitive testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both FTD and SD groups showed significantly lower levels of empathy than either ADs or NCs. SDs showed disruption of both emotional and cognitive empathy, whereas FTDs showed only disruption of cognitive empathy. Regressions controlling for general cognitive impairment showed 32% of the variance in Perspective Taking score was predicted by Category Fluency (P < 0.001), and 25% of the variance in Fantasy score was accounted for by Phonemic Fluency (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although cognitive empathy is at least partly reliant on frontal structures, the emotional components of empathy are likely mediated by structures in the temporal lobes.
authors.affiliation: Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, California 94145-1203, USA. krankin@memory.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Katherine P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Rankin
authors.forename: Joel H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Bruce L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged