title: Lethal photosensitization of oral pathogens via red-filtered halogen lamp.
abstract: OBJECTIVE OF INVESTIGATION: The ability of laser irradiation in the presence of photosensitizing agent to induce lethal effect on oral bacteria is well documented. We designed an in-vitro experiment to achieve phototoxic results on two common oral pathogens, using a high intensity, red filtered halogen lamp. Our goal was to determine the minimum duration of light exposure and drug dilution to achieve at least 50% reduction in bacteria counts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two common oral pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia were used in experiments. The source for light energy was a continuous working, high intensity, red filtered, halogen lamp (HL) with light transmitted through a flexible light guide over petri dishes containing live bacteria. Microorganisms were exposed to light for 5, 10 and 20 min. Methylene Blue (MB) in concentrations of 0.1, 0.075, 0.05, 0.025 and 0.01% was used as a photosensitizing agent. Light energy alone and MB alone was used as controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimum lethal photosensitization (50% or more bacteria killing) of oral pathogens was achieved using halogen light illumination for 5 min and longer with 0.05% MB or exposure to light for 20 min in the presence of 0.025 and 0.01% MB. Light exposure of 20 min in the absence of MB was not effective in killing bacteria. In the absence of light, MB at concentrations of 0.025 and 0.001% was not effective. Reduction of bacteria with the use of 0.05% MB alone was also insignificant. However, 0.075 and 0.1% MB, even in the absence of light was found to be bacteriocidal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our in-vitro data indicate that we were able to achieve lethal photosensitization of two common oral pathogens with high intensity red filtered HL in the presence of diluted MB. In this era of increased incidence of antibiotic resistance, bacterial killing with laser or light energy in the presence of photosensitizing agent can prove to be a valuable treatment modality.
authors.affiliation: St Lukes/Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University and Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. HNSG@aol.com
authors.forename: Y P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Krespi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slatkine
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marchenko
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Protic
mesh_terms: D005374:Filtration; D006219:Halogens; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008027:Light; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018713:Prevotella intermedia / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D006219:Halogens; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D008751:Methylene Blue