Development and validation of a measure of display rule knowledge: the display rule assessment inventory.
As one component of emotion regulation, display rules, which reflect the regulation of expressive behavior, have been the topic of many studies. Despite their theoretical and empirical importance, however, to date there is no measure of display rules that assesses a full range of behavioral responses that are theoretically possible when emotion is elicited. This article reports the development of a new measure of display rules that surveys 5 expressive modes: expression, deamplification, amplification, qualification, and masking. Two studies provide evidence for its internal and temporal reliability and for its content, convergent, discriminant, external, and concurrent predictive validity. Additionally, Study 1, involving American, Russian, and Japanese participants, demonstrated predictable cultural differences on each of the expressive modes.
Matsumoto
David
D
Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA. dm@sfsu.edu
Yoo
Seung Hee
SH
Hirayama
Satoko
S
Petrova
Galina
G
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D004644:Emotions; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012426:Russia; D012919:Social Behavior; D012931:Social Environment; D012945:Social Values; D012951:Socialization; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014481:United States