title: Differences between men with screening-detected versus clinically diagnosed prostate cancers in the USA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The advent of prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing in the United States of America (USA) has led to a dramatic increase in the incidence of prostate cancer in the United States as well as the number of men undergoing aggressive treatment with radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy. We compared patient characteristics and treatment selection between American men with screening-detected versus clinically diagnosed prostate cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 3,173 men with prostate cancer in the USA. Surveys and medical records provided information on demographics, socioeconomic status, comorbidities, symptoms, tumor characteristics, and treatment. We classified men presenting with symptoms of advanced cancer - bone pain, weight loss, or hematuria - as "clinically diagnosed"; asymptomatic men and those with only lower urinary tract symptoms were considered "screening-detected." We used multivariate analyses to determine whether screening predicted receiving aggressive treatment for a clinically localized cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We classified 11% of cancers as being clinically diagnosed. Men with screening-detected cancers were more often non-Hispanic white (77% vs. 65%, P < 0.01), younger (36% < 65 years vs. 25%, P <or= 0.01), better educated (80% >or= high school vs. 67%, P < 0.01), healthier (18% excellent health vs. 10%, P < 0.01), and diagnosed with localized disease (90% vs. 75%, P < 0.01). Men with screening-detected localized cancers more often underwent aggressive treatment, 76% vs. 70%, P = 0.05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most cancers were detected by screening in this American cohort. Appropriately, younger, healthier men were more likely to be diagnosed by screening. Minority status and lower socio-economic status appeared to be screening barriers. Screening detected earlier-stage cancers and was associated with receiving aggressive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Medicine Service, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. rhoffman@unm.edu <rhoffman@unm.edu>
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: S Noell
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Espey
authors.forename: Arnold L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Potosky
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology