title: Development of a phantom compatible for MRI and hyperthermia using carrageenan gel-relationship between T1 and T2 values and NaCl concentration.
abstract: The authors developed a phantom, designated as the CAGN phantom, compatible for MRI and hyperthermia that is useful in the fundamental studies of non-invasive MR thermometry. The ingredients of this phantom are carrageenan, GdCl3 as a T1 modifier, agarose as a T2 modifier, NaCl as a conductivity modifier, NaN3 as an antiseptic and distilled water. Another phantom that was developed, the CAG phantom, has relaxation times that are adjustable to those of any human tissue. To use this phantom for electromagnetic heating, NaCl was added to change the conductivity of the phantom and clarified the relationship between the conductivity and NaCl concentration. This study examined the relationship between relaxation times and NaCl concentration of the CAGN phantom. The results showed that both T1 and T2 values were affected by NaCl and the experimental results led to the empirical formulae expressing the relationship between the relaxation rates (1/T1, 1/T2) and the concentrations of GdCl3, agarose and NaCl. The appropriate concentrations of T1 and T2 modifiers were calculated from these empirical formulae when making a specified phantom that has the required relaxation times and NaCl concentration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Okayama University Medical School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan. radiol@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hanamoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsunoda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanazawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hiraki
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000737:chemistry*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012685:Sepharose / Q000737:chemistry; D019810:Sodium Azide / Q000737:chemistry; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D002351:Carrageenan; D012685:Sepharose; D019810:Sodium Azide; D005682:Gadolinium; C038958:gadolinium chloride