title: Effects of hydration with salt repletion on renal toxicity of conventional amphotericin B empirical therapy: a prospective study in patients with hematological malignancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have suggested that hydration and sodium load might reduce nephrotoxicity related to amphotericin B-deoxycholate (AmB-d). However, a schedule of these nephroprotective measures has not been standardized until now. A protocol of hydration and electrolyte supplementation was used prospectively in patients with hematological malignancies receiving empirical AmB-d treatment to evaluate its effect on AmB-d-related renal toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 77 consecutive patients received AmB-d (1 mg/kg per day) in association with an initial intravenous hydration of at least 1 l/m2 body surface, containing at least 1 l of 0.9% saline daily. Hydration was increased when serum creatinine levels showed a 20% increase from baseline. Serum electrolytes were replaced when indicated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median duration of AmB-d therapy was 14 days. The mean intravenous hydration and the mean diuresis were 1530 and 1970 ml/m2 of body surface per day, respectively. Overall, 55 patients (71.4%) received a mean of 18.5 days of therapy without dose-limiting adverse events. Despite significant increases in mean creatinine serum levels and decreases in mean creatinine clearance observed early in the whole population, in only six patients (7.8%) was therapy discontinued due to renal failure, which always recovered after treatment discontinuation. In eight patients (10.4%) therapy was stopped due to infusion-related side effects. Seven patients died while under antifungal therapy without relevant signs of AmB-d-associated toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our prospective experience confirms that adequate hydration (about 1500 ml/m2 of body surface) and careful electrolyte supplementation are simple measures able to contain nephrotoxicity and to permit adequate antifungal therapy at least in the empirical setting.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, University La Sapienza, Via Benevento 6, 00161, Rome, Italy. girmenia@bce.uniroma1.it
authors.forename: Corrado
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Girmenia
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cimino
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Cristofano
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Micozzi
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gentile
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D003681:Dehydration / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D019337:Hematologic Neoplasms; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011191:Potassium Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000666:Amphotericin B