title: The effect of a memory screening program on the early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alzheimer Disease (AD) is often diagnosed at a moderately advanced stage, even though its early detection has become increasingly important, because of the continuing development of treatments that may improve its outcome.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if a free memory screening program is associated with an earlier diagnosis of AD, compared with traditional referral methods, such as by physicians and family members.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of 1489 consecutive patients with AD who presented to an outpatient memory disorders clinic between 1993 and 2002. Subjects were classified according to referral source (memory screening, physician, family/friend, other), and self-reported ethnicity (white non-Hispanic, white Hispanic). The associations between referral source and the presenting cognitive and behavioral status of subjects were evaluated using analysis of variance and logistic regression analyses, after controlling for potentially confounding factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Score on the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), duration of cognitive symptoms, and presence of psychosis, defined as delusions and/or hallucinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for ethnicity, gender, and the year of diagnosis, subjects with AD, who were referred by the memory screening program, scored significantly higher at presentation on the MMSE (20.8 +/- 5.7), than those referred by physicians (18.8 +/- 6.6), family/friends (16.8 +/- 6.6), or other referral sources (15.3 +/- 7.1). Subjects with AD, referred by the memory screening program, also had a lower reported duration of illness at presentation, and a decreased frequency of psychosis compared with those referred by family/friend and other methods. Other factors related to a diagnosis of AD at a later stage included female gender, Hispanic ethnicity, and a diagnosis early in the 1993 to 2002 time period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The memory screening program referred patients with AD to a memory clinic at an earlier phase of illness compared with traditional methods such as physician referral.
authors.affiliation: Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida 33140, USA. billy@msmc.com
authors.forename: Warren W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luis
authors.forename: Dylan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harwood
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Loewenstein
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ownby
authors.forename: Ranjan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Duara
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008609:Mental Status Schedule / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies