title: The quantitative assessment of photodensity of the third carpal bone in the horse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether variation in x-ray-beam angle significantly affected photodensity of the third carpal bone (C3) in the horse using the tangential radiographic view, and indirectly determine whether radioabsorptiometry (RA) could be used to assess differences in bone mineral density (BMD) of C3 between exercised and non-exercised horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The left distal carpal row was isolated post-mortem from 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses that had been either exercised (n=7) for up to 14 weeks using a standard training regimen for racehorses, or not exercised (n=7). The effect of variation in x-ray-beam angle on photodensity was determined on these isolated carpal bones in vitro. Image analysis was used to assess photodensity (compared to a known thickness of aluminium) of four regions of interest (ROI) in C3 and one ROI in the fourth carpal bone (C4) of 14 isolated distal rows of carpal bones of the horse. The isolated carpal bones were placed fl at on a x-ray cassette and radiographed at 90 degrees (i.e. with the x-ray beam perpendicular to the cassette). The x-ray-beam angle was varied in the dorsal sagittal plane by 5 degrees increments to a total of 15 degrees from 90 degrees and from a base angle of 60 degrees (the x-ray-beam angle at which the tangential view is taken in clinical cases).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Variation in beam angle of <10 degrees from 90 degrees significantly affected photodensity, and photodensity was significantly affected when the angle was varied <5 degrees from 60 degrees . When taken at an x-ray-beam angle of 60 degrees , the abaxial aspect of the radial facet of C3 had a consistently higher photodensity than the rest of C3 and C4. The photodensity of the third and fourth carpal bones was higher in exercised horses than in non-exercised horses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As variation in x-ray-beam angle significantly affected photodensity, RA using the tangential view is not considered clinically applicable for assessing BMD of C3 and the accuracy of subjective assessment of BMD of C3 using the tangential view in horses is questionable.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. csecombe@murdoch.edu.au
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Secombe
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Firth
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Anderson