title: Thalidomide in the treatment of cancer cachexia: a randomised placebo controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proinflammatory cytokines, especially tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia. Thalidomide, which is an inhibitor of TNF-alpha synthesis, may represent a novel and rational approach to the treatment of cancer cachexia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the safety and efficacy of thalidomide in attenuating weight loss in patients with cachexia secondary to advanced pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients with advanced pancreatic cancer who had lost at least 10% of their body weight were randomised to receive thalidomide 200 mg daily or placebo for 24 weeks in a single centre, double blind, randomised controlled trial. The primary outcome was change in weight and nutritional status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty three patients (16 control, 17 thalidomide) were evaluated at four weeks, and 20 patients (eight control, 12 thalidomide) at eight weeks. At four weeks, patients who received thalidomide had gained on average 0.37 kg in weight and 1.0 cm(3) in arm muscle mass (AMA) compared with a loss of 2.21 kg (absolute difference -2.59 kg (95% confidence interval (CI) -4.3 to -0.8); p = 0.005) and 4.46 cm(3) (absolute difference -5.6 cm(3) (95% CI -8.9 to -2.2); p = 0.002) in the placebo group. At eight weeks, patients in the thalidomide group had lost 0.06 kg in weight and 0.5 cm(3) in AMA compared with a loss of 3.62 kg (absolute difference -3.57 kg (95% CI -6.8 to -0.3); p = 0.034) and 8.4 cm(3) (absolute difference -7.9 cm(3) (95% CI -14.0 to -1.8); p = 0.014) in the placebo group. Improvement in physical functioning correlated positively with weight gain (r = 0.56, p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thalidomide was well tolerated and effective at attenuating loss of weight and lean body mass in patients with cachexia due to advanced pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Mailpoint 813, Level E, South Block, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK. j.gordon@soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Trebble
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johns
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Goggin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001835:Body Weight; D002100:Cachexia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D013792:Thalidomide