title: User interface paradigms for patient-specific surgical planning: lessons learned over a decade of research.
abstract: This paper covers work in virtual reality-based, patient-specific surgical planning over the past decade. It aims to comprehensively examine the user interface paradigms and system designs during that period of time and to objectively analyze their effectiveness for the task. The goal is to provide useful feedback on these interface and implementation paradigms to aid other researchers in this field. First, specialized systems for specific clinical use were produced with a limited set of visualization tools. Later, through collaboration with NASA, an immersive virtual environment was created to produce high-fidelity images for surgical simulation, but it underestimated the importance of collaboration. The next system, a networked, distributed virtual environment, provided immersion and collaboration, but the immersive paradigm was found to be of a disadvantage and the uniqueness of the framework unwieldy. A virtual model, workbench-style display was then created using a commercial package, but limitations of each were soon apparent. Finally, a specialized display, with an integrated visualization and simulation system is described and evaluated. Lessons learned include: surgical planning is an abstract process unlike surgical simulation; collaboration is important, as is stereo visualization; and that high-resolution preoperative images from standard viewpoints are desirable, but interaction is truly the key to planning.
authors.affiliation: National Biocomputation Center, Stanford University Medical Center, 701A Weich Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. kevin@biocomp.stanford.edu
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stephanides
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schendel
authors.forename: Muriel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D014481:United States; D014584:User-Computer Interface