title: Identifying factors which maximise the lambing performance of hoggets: a cross sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identity perceptions of farmers with respect to advantages of hogget lambing and to identify optimal management strategies for hogget lambing used in New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was sent to 1,038 sheep farmers in New Zealand who had indicated their hoggets would be lambing in 2002. Information was gathered on the practice of hogget lambing in New Zealand, in particular on the numbers and breeds of hoggets and rams used, selection criteria used for hoggets, use of teasers (vasectomised rams), length of mating period, use of mating crayons, vaccinations, medications and mineral supplements given, level of feed offered, use of pregnancy scanning, management during pregnancy and lambing, number of lambs present at docking, and shearing policies for hoggets. Farmers were also asked to indicate the relative importance of five stated reasons for choosing to have their hoggets mated in 2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 629 (60.6%) responses were incorporated in the analysis, and the average percentage of hogget lambing was 60%. Use of vaccinations, length of the mating period, number of rams used, breed of hogget, weight at mating, management during lactation, and shearing policy were associated (p<0.05) with the lambing performance of hoggets, in the multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicated that to ensure high lambing percentages (LP) in hoggets in New Zealand, sheep farmers should: vaccinate hoggets against toxoplasmosis and campylobacteriosis; utilise a 40-day mating period; use 2.6- 3.5% of rams during mating; incorporate Finn or East Friesian genetics; ensure liveweights at mating are as high as possible; manage single- and multiple-bearing/-rearing hoggets separately during the lambing and lactation periods; and shear hoggets pre-mating.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kenyon
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Pinchbeck
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: West