title: Pull-out strength of monocortical screws placed in the maxillae and mandibles of dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mini-implants can facilitate orthodontic tooth movement by serving as anchors. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the pull-out strength of screws in bone varies depending on the site of insertion in the maxilla or the mandible.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six titanium screws (2 mm diameter, 6 mm length, Synthes USA, Monument, Colo) were placed in 4 beagle dogs (14 screws per dog) within 30 minutes after they were killed. The screws were inserted to obtain monocortical anchorage, at predetermined sites in the anterior, middle, and posterior regions of the jaws bilaterally. Two screws were placed in the posterior palate in each dog. The jaws were harvested, and bone blocks, each containing a screw, were prepared for mechanical testing. The bone/screw block was aligned on a custom-made fixture, and the maximum force (F max ) at pullout was recorded. Cortical bone thickness was measured after extraction of the screw. Statistical analyses to test for differences were conducted with ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Screws placed in the anterior mandibular region had significantly ( P < .05) lower F max (134.5 +/- 24N, mean +/- SE) than those placed in the posterior mandibular region (388.3 +/- 23.1N). Regression analyses suggested a weak (r = 0.39, P = .02) but significant correlation between F max and cortical bone thickness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bone supporting monocortical screws would most likely withstand immediate loading and support tooth-moving forces.
authors.affiliation: Section of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, 4088 E. Postle Hall, 305 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. huja.1@osu.edu
authors.forename: Sarandeep S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Huja
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Litsky
authors.forename: F Mike
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Larsen
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density; D001863:Bone Screws; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D020878:Device Removal; D004285:Dogs; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000601:surgery; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013718:Tensile Strength; D019415:Torque