title: Assessing truck driver exposure at the World Trade Center disaster site: personal and area monitoring for particulate matter and volatile organic compounds during October 2001 and April 2002.
abstract: The destruction of the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City on September 11, 2001, created a 16-acre debris field composed of pulverized and burning material significantly impacting air quality. Site cleanup began almost immediately. Cleanup workers were potentially exposed to airborne contaminants, including particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, and asbestos, at elevated concentrations. This article presents the results of the exposure assessment of one important group of WTC workers, truck drivers, as well as area monitoring that was conducted directly on site during October 2001 and April 2002. In cooperation with a local labor union, 54 drivers (October) and 15 drivers (April) were recruited on site to wear two monitors during their 12-hour work shifts. In addition, drivers were administered a questionnaire asking for information ranging from "first day at the site" to respirator use. Area monitoring was conducted at four perimeter locations during October and three perimeter locations during April. During both months, monitoring was also conducted at one location in the middle of the rubble. Contaminants monitored for included total dust (TD), PM10, PM2.5, and volatile organic compounds. Particle samples were analyzed for mass, as well as elemental and organic carbon content. During October, the median personal exposure to TD was 346 microg/m3. The maximum area concentration, 1742 microg/m3, was found in middle of the debris. The maximum TD concentration found at the perimeter was 392 microg/m3 implying a strong concentration gradient from the middle of debris outward. PM2.5/PM10 ratios ranged from 23% to 100% suggesting significant fire activity during some of the sampled shifts. During April, the median personal exposure to TD was 144 microg/m3, and the highest area concentration, 195 microg/m3, was found at the perimeter. During both months, volatile organic compounds concentrations were low.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. ageyh@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Alison S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Geyh
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chillrud
authors.forename: D'Ann L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herbstman
authors.forename: J Morel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Symons
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Sung Roul
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ho-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Turpin
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Breysse
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000401:Aircraft; D001194:Asbestos / Q000032:analysis; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003252:Construction Materials; D004391:Dust; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D009519:New York City; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D012621:Seasons; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D001194:Asbestos