title: Examination of sex as an independent risk factor for adverse events after carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of adverse events after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for women compared with men is controversial. This report compares the incidence of perioperative stroke and death in men and women by examining the effect of comorbidities and hospital setting on CEA outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  All CEAs performed in non-Federal acute-care Virginia hospitals between 1997 and 2001 were reviewed. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and hospital characteristics were compared for possible relationships to perioperative adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 14,095 CEAs were performed in 34 urban and 28 rural hospitals (9 high-volume and 53 low-volume hospitals); 42% were performed on women, and 58% were performed on men. Women experienced a significantly higher stroke rate (1.23%) than men (0.87%; P = .04) with bivariate analysis. However, logistic regression analysis of comorbidities and hospital settings demonstrated that sex was actually not independently related to adverse outcomes in CEA ( P = .08). Preoperative neurologic symptoms could not be evaluated as risk factors for adverse events. Acute coronary ischemia, history of arrhythmia, end-stage renal disease, nonwhite race, advanced age, and low hospital volume were all significantly related to mortality. History of arrhythmia was the only factor that was significantly related to the incidence of stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Logistic regression analysis of comorbidities and hospital setting indicated that female sex is not independently associated with higher mortality or a higher stroke rate during CEA. These data indicate that patients with carotid stenosis frequently have multiple medical problems that need to be carefully examined and controlled before any single patient or hospital factor is designated as significantly related to adverse outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Sugery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA. nlh4a@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Harthun
authors.forename: Gail L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Kongable
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Baglioni
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Meakem
authors.forename: Irving L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Kron
mesh_terms: D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D015897:Comorbidity; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014768:Virginia