title: Longitudinal development of psychopathology in an adult congenital heart disease cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the development of psychopathology in patients with congenital heart disease (ConHD) from adolescence into adulthood. In this study, the course of psychopathology in a cohort of ConHD adults, who received their first heart surgery in childhood, was determined longitudinally over a 10-year-period.
  
  
  METHODS
  At both the first (1989-1991) and second (2000-2001) follow-up, patients (n=251, aged 20-32 years) completed questionnaires during a psychological examination. Parallel instruments were used to measure psychopathology in adolescence and adulthood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Young ConHD female patients showed higher levels of psychopathology compared to the reference group. Larger differences in psychopathology were found between younger (20-27 years) and older (28-32 years) patients compared to the reference group; the younger patients showed more psychopathology than the older patients. Also, larger differences in psychopathology were found between male and female patients compared to the reference group; female patients showed more psychopathology than male patients. Parents and partners of patients evaluated the patients' behavior as more deviant from the norm than patients themselves. There was a stronger decline of psychopathology in ConHD patients with increasing age compared to reference groups. Female and younger patients showed more variability in trajectories of psychopathology than did male and older patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessment and treatment of psychopathology at a younger age is highly desirable in ConHD patients. Young adult ConHD female patients deserve special attention since they might be hampered by disease-specific uncertainties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC- Sophia, The Netherlands. vanrijen@fsw.eur.nl
authors.forename: Elisabeth H M
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: van Rijen
authors.forename: Elisabeth M W J
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Utens
authors.forename: Jolien W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Roos-Hesselink
authors.forename: Folkert J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Meijboom
authors.forename: Ron T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: van Domburg
authors.forename: Jos R T C
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Roelandt
authors.forename: Ad J J C
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bogers
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires