title: [Design of a prototype operating seat with SESAM (Ergonomic System of Mobile Forearm Rests) mobile armrests designed to optimize the surgeon's ergonomy during pelvic laparoscopy].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pelvic laparoscopic surgery offers multiple advantages for patients, but requires uncomfortable, non-ergonomic positions for the surgeon. Only a remote operator (Robot "slave" reproducing the surgeon's movements performed on a "master" console situated away from the patient), like Da-Vinci or Zeus (Intuitive Surgical) can improve the laparoscopic surgeon's working conditions. The objective of this study, based on an ergonomic analysis and recording of a laparoscopic surgeon's movements, was to define the specifications for the manufacture of an operating seat with armrests, based on the surgeon's position using a remote operator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Movements of the centre of pressure and upper limbs of 12 urologists and gynaecologists with various levels of experience, were recorded using a force platform and a SAGA 3 RT movement analysis system (Biogesta), during 4 exercises performed on a pelvi-trainer, with the surgeon positioned to the left (introduction of a needle, unravelling of a cord, dissection, suture). Ergonomic analysis of the laparoscopic surgeon's movements was based on video recordings of a surgeon under real operating conditions. The specifications were defined from all of these data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The small amplitude of movements of the surgeon 's centre of pressure (< 45 cm2) confirmed that surgeons can be seated during laparoscopy. Recordings of the upper defined the elbow working zones and the need for 3D mobile armrests. Ergonomic analysis of posture defined the characteristics of the prototype. On the basis of these specifications, a prototype operating seat was developed. This prototype now needs to be validated or invalidated clinically.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Urologie, CHU de Saint-Etienne, France. slorin@wanadoo.fr
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lorin
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Poumarat
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Memeteau
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wattiez
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tostain
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006804:Ergonomics; D006801:Humans; D007374:Interior Design and Furnishings; D010535:Laparoscopy; D010388:Pelvis / Q000601:surgery; D013523:Surgical Equipment