title: Public access defibrillation: suppression of 16.7 Hz interference generated by the power supply of the railway systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A specific problem using the public access defibrillators (PADs) arises at the railway stations. Some countries as Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Norway and Sweden are using AC railroad net power-supply system with rated 16.7 Hz frequency modulated from 15.69 Hz to 17.36 Hz. The power supply frequency contaminates the electrocardiogram (ECG). It is difficult to be suppressed or eliminated due to the fact that it considerably overlaps the frequency spectra of the ECG. The interference impedes the automated decision of the PADs whether a patient should be (or should not be) shocked. The aim of this study is the suppression of the 16.7 Hz interference generated by the power supply of the railway systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Software solution using adaptive filtering method was proposed for 16.7 Hz interference suppression. The optimal performance of the filter is achieved, embedding a reference channel in the PADs to record the interference. The method was tested with ECGs from AHA database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The method was tested with patients of normal sinus rhythms, symptoms of tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Simulated interference with frequency modulation from 15.69 Hz to 17.36 Hz changing at a rate of 2% per second was added to the ECGs, and then processed by the suggested adaptive filtering. The method totally suppresses the noise with no visible distortions of the original signals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed adaptive filter for noise suppression generated by the power supply of the railway systems has a simple structure requiring a low level of computational resources, but a good reference signal as well.
authors.affiliation: Center of Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad, G,Bonchev str,, blok 105, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. Ivaylo.Christov@clbme.bas.bg
authors.forename: Ivaylo I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Christov
authors.forename: Georgi L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Iliev
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D047548:Defibrillators; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D004560:Electricity; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D006801:Humans; D011890:Railroads; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods