title: Long-term neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: spatial learning impairment on repeated acquisition in a water maze.
abstract: Organophosphate compounds are cholinesterase inhibitors widely used in agriculture, industry, household products, and even as chemical weapons. Their major mechanism of acute toxic action is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, which is responsible for the degradation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. An organophosphorus ester-induced chronic neurotoxicity (OPICN) syndrome has been proposed. The OPICN syndrome could result from both long-term exposure to subclinical doses of OPs and after acute poisoning. Development of animal models for the cognitive decline are required and could later help to elucidate the mechanisms involved in this long-term effect on the central nervous system. Previously, we have found performance decrements in a four-trial repeated acquisition spatial task in a water maze. The present study includes two experiments to extend the long-term behavioral effects observed. Rats were injected either once or twice with chlorpyrifos (CPF) and then tested months after in a two-trial repeated acquisition task in a water maze. Our results confirm and extend the long-term behavioral effects of subcutaneous administration of CPF. The two treatments used produced performance decrements that suggest functional central nervous system alterations.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurociencia y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada, 04120 Almería, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cañadas
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cardona
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dávila
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Santed
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000523:psychology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013028:Space Perception / Q000187:drug effects; D014163:Transfer, Psychology / Q000187:drug effects; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D004390:Chlorpyrifos