title: Reading impairment in the neuronal migration disorder of periventricular nodular heterotopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the behavioral profile of periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH), a malformation of cortical development that is associated with seizures but reportedly normal intelligence, and to correlate the results with anatomic and clinical features of this disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten consecutive subjects with PNH, all with epilepsy and at least two periventricular nodules, were studied with structural MRI and neuropsychological testing. Behavioral results were statistically analyzed for correlation with other features of PNH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight of 10 subjects had deficits in reading skills despite normal intelligence. Processing speed and executive function were also impaired in some subjects. More marked reading difficulties were seen in subjects with more widely distributed heterotopia. There was no correlation between reading skills and epilepsy severity or antiepileptic medication use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The neuronal migration disorder of periventricular nodular heterotopia is associated with an impairment in reading skills despite the presence of normal intelligence.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. bchang@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ly
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Appignani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bodell
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Apse
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ravenscroft
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Sheen
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hackney
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Galaburda
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002828:Choristoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009421:Nervous System Malformations / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests