title: Lumbar discography: a comprehensive review of outcome studies, diagnostic accuracy, and principles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since its advent more than 50 years ago, the use of discography has been mired in controversy. The purpose of this review is to provide a clinical overview of lumbar discography and discogenic back pain, with special emphasis on determining the accuracy of discography and whether or not the procedure improves outcomes for surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Material for this review was obtained from a MEDLINE search conducted from 1951 thru September 2004, bibliographic references, book chapters, and conference proceedings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on a large number of comparative studies, plain discography is less accurate than magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus and comparable or slightly more sensitive in detecting degenerative disc disease. For disc degeneration, CT discography remains the gold standard for diagnosis. There are very few studies comparing surgical outcomes between patients who have undergone preoperative provocative discography and those who have not. What little evidence exists is conflicting. Before disc replacement surgery, approximately half the studies have used preoperative discography. A comparison of outcomes did not reveal any significant difference between the 2 groups but none of the studies was controlled, and they used different outcome measures, follow-up periods, and surgical techniques. Because all intradiscal electrothermal therapy (IDET) studies have used discography before surgery, no conclusions can be drawn regarding its effects on outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although discography, especially combined with CT scanning, may be more accurate than other radiologic studies in detecting degenerative disc disease, its ability to improve surgical outcomes has yet to be proven. In the United States and Europe, there are inconsistencies in the use of lumbar discography such that it is routinely used before IDET, yet only occasionally used before spinal fusion.
authors.affiliation: Pain Management Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. scohen40@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Larkin
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Barna
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hecht
authors.forename: Milan P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Stojanovic
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011859:Radiography; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D014732:Vibration