title: Cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis: combined postmortem MR imaging and histopathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cortical lesions constitute a substantial part of the total lesion load in multiple sclerosis (MS) brain. They have been related to neuropsychological deficits, epilepsy, and depression. However, the proportion of purely cortical lesions visible on MR images is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of intracortical and mixed gray matter (GM)-white matter (WM) lesions that can be visualized with postmortem MR imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 49 brain samples from nine cases of chronic MS. Tissue sections were matched to dual-echo T2-weighted spin-echo (T2SE) MR images. MS lesions were identified by means of myelin basic protein immunostaining, and lesions were classified as intracortical, mixed GM-WM, deep GM, or WM. Investigators blinded to the histopathologic results scored postmortem T2SE and 3D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemistry confirmed 70 WM, eight deep GM, 27 mixed GM-WM, and 63 purely cortical lesions. T2SE images depicted only 3% of the intracortical lesions, and 3D FLAIR imaging showed 5%. Mixed GM-WM lesions were most frequently detectable on T2SE and 3D FLAIR images (22% and 41%, respectively). T2SE imaging showed 13% of deep GM lesions versus 38% on 3D FLAIR. T2SE images depicted 63% of the WM lesions, whereas 3D FLAIR images depicted 71%. Even after side-by-side review of the MR imaging and histopathologic results, many of the intracortical lesions could not be identified retrospectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to WM lesions and mixed GM-WM lesions, intracortical lesions remain largely undetected with current MR imaging resolution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeroen J G
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Geurts
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bö
authors.forename: Petra J W
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Pouwels
authors.forename: Jonas A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Castelijns
authors.forename: Chris H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Polman
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barkhof
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology*; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D010487:Periaqueductal Gray / Q000473:pathology; D016037:Single-Blind Method