title: Microbiological culture analysis of the tongue anaerobic microflora in subjects with and without halitosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determination of the microflora present on the tongue dorsum of subjects with and without halitosis using conventional microbiological culture methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one halitosis and 20 control patients were recruited using a strict clinical protocol. Samples were collected from the posterior dorsum of the tongue using a sterile brush. Each sample was vortex mixed for 30 s and serial 10-fold dilutions to 10(-7) were carried out. Samples were plated onto fastidious anaerobe agar (FAA) and FAA enriched with vancomycin. These were incubated under anaerobic conditions for 10 days at 37 degrees C. Strict anaerobes were identified by metronidazole sensitivity and bacteria were identified to genus level by a combination of colony morphology, Gram staining and biochemical and enzymatic tests (rapid ID 32 A).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The predominant species in test and control groups were Veillonella sp. and Prevotella sp. Greater species diversity was found in the halitosis samples compared with controls. The halitosis samples contained an increased incidence of unidentifiable Gram-negative rods, Gram-positive rods and Gram-negative coccobacilli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no obvious association between halitosis and any specific bacterial genus. The increased species diversity found in halitosis samples suggests that halitosis may be the result of complex interactions between several bacterial species. The role of uncultivable bacteria may also be important in contributing to this process.
authors.affiliation: Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Riggio
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rolph
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bagg
mesh_terms: D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D006209:Halitosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D014059:Tongue / Q000382:microbiology*