title: Uroflowmetry nomogram in Iranian children aged 7 to 14 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As the voiding habits of Iranian children differs from other children because of some cultural and religious considerations, we aimed to establish normal reference values of urinary flow rates in Iranian children between 7 to 14 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight hundred and two uroflowmetry studies were performed on children with no history of a renal, urological, psychological or neurological disorder, between the ages 7 and 14. Five hundred twenty five studies from 192 girls and 335 boys were considered in this study excluding the staccato/interrupted voiding pattern or voided volume less than 20 ml. The voiding volume, the maximum and average urinary flow rates were extensively analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximal and average urine flow rate nomograms were plotted for both girls and boys. Mean maximum urine flow rate was 19.9 (ml/sec) for boys and 23.5 (ml/sec) for girls with a mean voided volume of 142 (ml) for boys and 147 (ml) for girls. Flow rates showed a close association with voiding volume in both sexes. The maximum and average flow rates were higher in girls than in boys, and they showed a significant increase in flow rates with increasing age, where boys did not. The mean maximum urine flow rates (19.9 ml/sec for boys and 23.5 ml/sec for girls) were found to be higher in this study than other studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nomograms of maximal and average flow rates of girls and boys are presented in centile form, which can help the physician to evaluate the response to medical or surgical treatment and be useful for the screening of lower urinary tract disturbances in children, for a wide range of voided volumes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. kajbafzd@sina.tums.ac.ir
authors.forename: Abdol-Mohammad
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kajbafzadeh
authors.forename: Cyrus Ahmadi
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Yazdi
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rouhi
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tajik
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mohseni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D049451:Nomograms; D012016:Reference Values; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*; D014556:Urine; D014563:Urodynamics