title: Characterization of Salmonella spp. mutants with reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility: importance of efflux pump mechanisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We studied the importance of the efflux pump mechanisms in Salmonella spp. mutants with reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility generated in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  The efflux pump was studied using MC-207,110 as an inhibitor of these systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wild strains with mutations in gyrA exhibit greater activity of the efflux pump systems than nalidixic-acid-susceptible strains (30-fold). When we evaluate the respective mutants, in those of susceptible strains there is seen to be greater elimination of the antibiotic (13-fold), whereas in mutants of nalidixic-acid-resistant strains these systems are not modified. When evaluating the influence of the antibiotic generating the mutants, ciprofloxacin is seen to be the quinolone that activates the efflux pump systems the most.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeated exposure to low concentrations of all the fluoroquinolones studied leads to activation of the efflux pump systems and a reduction in susceptibility, even when there are no mutations in gyrA. Activation of these mechanisms is greatly influenced by the chemical structure of the antibiotic. The capacity of these systems to eliminate fluoroquinolones is limited and therefore, for the microorganism to acquire high-level fluoroquinolone resistance, they must be complemented by other mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: S. Microbiología, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, España.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cebrián
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Escribano
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Royo
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D027081:DNA Gyrase / Q000235:genetics; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology*; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009268:Nalidixic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004151:Dipeptides; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; C419365:phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide; D009268:Nalidixic Acid; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D027081:DNA Gyrase