title: Gene expression profiles in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia reflect the effects of Hedgehog signaling on pancreatic ductal epithelial cells.
abstract: Invasive pancreatic cancer is thought to develop through a series of noninvasive duct lesions known as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). We used cDNA microarrays interrogating 15,000 transcripts to identify 49 genes that were differentially expressed in microdissected early PanIN lesions (PanIN-1B/2) compared with microdissected normal duct epithelium. In this analysis, a cluster of extrapancreatic foregut markers, including pepsinogen C, MUC6, KLF4, and TFF1, was found to be up-regulated in PanIN. Up-regulation of these genes was further validated using combinations of real-time reverse transcription-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry in a total of 150 early PanIN lesions from 81 patients. Identification of these gastrointestinal transcripts in human PanIN prompted assessment of other foregut markers by both semiquantitative and real-time reverse transcription-PCR, revealing similar up-regulation of Sox-2, Gastrin, HoxA5, GATA4/5/6, Villin and Forkhead 6 (Foxl1). In contrast to frequent expression of multiple gastric epithelial markers, the intestinal markers intestinal fatty acid binding protein, CDX1 and CDX2 were rarely expressed either in PanIN lesions or in invasive pancreatic cancer. Hedgehog pathway activation induced by transfection of immortalized human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells with Gli1 resulted in up-regulation of the majority of foregut markers seen in early PanIN lesions. These data show frequent up-regulation of foregut markers in early PanIN lesions and suggest that PanIN development may involve Hedgehog-mediated conversion to a gastric epithelial differentiation program.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Nijaguna B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Andrew V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Biankin
authors.forename: Noriyoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Anirban
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maitra
authors.forename: Surajit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhara
authors.forename: Abdel G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Elkahloun
authors.forename: Ralph H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hruban
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goggins
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Leach
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D055272:Mucin-6; D009077:Mucins / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010183:Pancreatic Ducts / Q000378:metabolism; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020115:Pepsinogen C / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; C000715467:KLF4 protein, human; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; C524734:MUC6 protein, human; D055272:Mucin-6; D009077:Mucins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D020115:Pepsinogen C