title: Imaging frontostriatal function in ultra-high-risk, early, and chronic schizophrenia during executive processing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals experiencing prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia (ultra-high-risk group) demonstrate impaired performance on tasks of executive function, attention, and working memory. The neurobiological underpinnings of such executive deficits in ultra-high-risk individuals remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We assessed frontal and striatal functions during a visual oddball continuous performance task, in ultra-high-risk, early, and chronic schizophrenic patients with the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional case-control design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community; outpatient clinic. Patients Fifty-two individuals (control, n = 16; ultra-high risk, n = 10; early, n = 15; chronic, n = 11) from a referred clinical sample and age- and sex-matched control volunteers underwent scanning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percentage of active voxels and percentage signal change calculated for the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG), middle frontal gyrus (MFG), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), basal ganglia, and thalamus. Performance on the visual oddball task was measured with percentage of hits and d' (a measure based on the hit rate and the false-alarm rate).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ultra-high-risk group showed significantly smaller differential activation between task-relevant and task-irrelevant stimuli in the frontal regions (ACG, IFG, MFG) than the control group. Frontostriatal activation associated with target stimuli in the early and chronic groups was significantly lower than the control group, while the ultra-high-risk group showed a trend toward the early group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that prefrontal function begins to decline before the onset of syndromally defined illness and hence may represent a vulnerability marker in assessing the risk of developing psychotic disorders among ultra-high-risk individuals.
authors.affiliation: Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Rajendra A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Morey
authors.forename: Seniha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inan
authors.forename: Teresa V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Diana O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: Aysenil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology