The presence of dialkylphosphates in fresh fruit juices: implication for organophosphorus pesticide exposure and risk assessments.
This study was designed to determine whether dialkylphosphates (DAPs) are present in fresh fruit juices, as a result of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides degradation. Fresh conventional and organic fruit (apple and orange) juices were purchased from local grocery stores. DAPs were found in both conventional and organic juices, and the original levels were higher, for both apple and orange juices, in conventional than in organic juices. Additional DAPs were found in OP pesticide fortified juices after 72 h of storage at 4 degrees C, suggesting a degradation of OP pesticides in juices. Overall, 12% and 36.2% of fortified azinphosmethyl, a dimethyl OP pesticide, and the combination of fortified diazinon and chlorpyrifos, both diethyl OP pesticides, were degraded to dimethyl and diethyl DAPs, respectively. Although the exact mechanism of the degradation is unknown, hydrolysis is likely the cause of OP pesticide degradation in juice. The presence of DAPs in fresh fruit juices clouds the validity of using urinary DAP measurements for estimating OP pesticide exposures in humans, particularly in children. The overestimated OP pesticide exposures based on urinary DAPs reported in other studies is likely due to the coexistence of preformed DAPs and DAPs resulting from OP pesticide exposures. Thus, before urinary DAP concentrations can be reliably used in exposure and risk assessment, the proportion of the concentration attributable to environmental DAP exposure, particularly through the diet, must be ascertained. In conclusion, urinary DAPs have many limitations when being used as biomarkers for OP pesticides in exposure and risk assessment, and caution should be exercised when interpreting DAPs results.
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Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. clu2@sph.emory.edu
Bravo
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Caltabiano
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Irish
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Weerasekera
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Barr
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D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000737:chemistry; D004355:Drug Stability; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010575:Pesticides