title: TGFbeta1 haplotypes and asthma in Indian populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Asthma is a complex disorder of the airways of the lungs. TGF-beta1 plays a key role in airway remodeling and asthma by having both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities, making TGFbeta1 an important candidate gene to study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of TGFbeta1 gene polymorphisms with asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was designed for identifying polymorphisms and haplotypes associated with asthma and associated phenotypes. We have verified our results in 2 independent cohorts collected from northern (number of patients, 187; number of controls, 187) and western India (number of patients, 209; number of controls, 190). We measured the serum TGF-beta1 levels of selected individuals and correlated them with genotypes and haplotypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A novel (CT)n(CA)m repeat polymorphism (BV209662) 24.9 kb upstream of TGFbeta1 was identified. A significant association was seen at the level of alleles and genotypes with asthma in the 2 cohorts studied independently (P < .05). Interestingly, a novel 3-locus haplotype, 23_G_T, was found to be significantly associated with asthma (P = .00001 in cohorts A and B) as well as with higher serum TGF-beta1 level (P = .01). On the other hand, a novel haplotype, 22_G_C, was negatively associated with asthma (P = .00001 for cohorts A and B) and with lower serum TGF-beta1 level (P = .0019).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study identifying novel risk and protective haplotypes--23_G_T and 22_G_C, respectively--in the TGFbeta1 gene that are associated with asthma. We also demonstrate the functional significance of these haplotypes with serum TGF-beta1 levels. These results would be valuable in elucidating the role of TGF-beta1 in asthma pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Kamalpreet
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagpal
authors.forename: Shilpy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Chandrika
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: B-Rao
authors.forename: Sanober
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nahid
authors.forename: Pramod V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Niphadkar
authors.forename: Surendra K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Balaram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ghosh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta