title: Risk factors of sudden death in the Japanese hot bath in the senior population.
abstract: A series of experiments were carried out to clarify the cause of death and the risk factors related to sudden death in the Japanese senior population while bathing in a Japanese style "hot bath." The biodynamic changes while bathing were carefully monitored under actual bathing situations occurring in both the winter and summer seasons. We observed double product (DP), total peripheral blood vessel resistance (TPR), cardiac output (CO), and blood vessel compliance (COMP) by measuring blood pressure, heart rate, pulse wave, and electrocardiogram (ECG). The finding of a high level of DP in the elderly suggests that more myocardial oxygen consumption is needed than for young adults, particularly in subjects with arrhythmia. Although the values for TPR and CO changed somewhat during bathing, the changes were considered normal and to be expected. However, more significant and substantial changes were observed during the winter experiment than during the summer experiment, no doubt owing to lower temperature of the bathing room. The value of COMP did not vary significantly between winter and summer subjects. Twelve subjects in the elderly developed ECG changes while bathing such as supraventricular extrasystole or ventricular tachycardia. No clinical significance was found in the biochemical analyses of the blood obtained before and after bathing. In conclusion, some subjects in the elderly showed risky changes in the above parameters and ECG, factors which may partially explain some of the causes of the many reported cases of lapse of consciousness and unexpected sudden death in the elderly while bathing especially in the winter season. Cold climate, hot water immersion, and hydrostatic pressure may affect their physiological compensation along with existing of coronary stenosis or weakness of respiratory function as a normal consequence of advanced age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Division of Forensic Sciences, Akita University School of Medicine, Hondo 1-1-1, Akita 010-8543, Japan. chibachi@med.akita-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.forename: Misa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: Taeko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Katsuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshizaki
authors.forename: Naofumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology; D001494:Baths / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002980:Climate; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons