title: Sources and fate of nitrosodimethylamine and its precursors in municipal wastewater treatment plants.
abstract: To assess the occurrence and fate of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and its precursors in wastewater treatment plants, samples from wastewater treatment plants and industrial sources were analyzed for NDMA, total NDMA precursors, and dimethylamine (DMA). The median concentration of NDMA in untreated wastewater was approximately 80 ng/L, with maximum concentrations up to 790 ng/L presumably occuring because of sources unrelated to domestic wastewater. Concentrations of DMA in untreated wastewater ranged from approximately 50 to 120 microg/L and accounted for a majority of the NDMA precursors. The removal of NDMA during secondary biological treatment exhibited considerable variability, with overall removal ranging from 0 to 75%. In contrast, removal of NDMA precursors and DMA generally exceeded 70%. The median concentration of NDMA in secondary effluent before disinfection was 46 ng/L. Although DMA was removed during secondary treatment, other NDMA precursors in wastewater effluent will result in formation of additional NDMA upon disinfection with chloramines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA. Sedlak@ce.berkeley.edu
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Sedlak
authors.forename: Rula A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Deeb
authors.forename: Elisabeth L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Hawley
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Mitch
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Durbin
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mowbray
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carr
mesh_terms: D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004203:Disinfection; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine