title: The heel-contact gait pattern of habitual toe walkers.
abstract: We used kinematic, kinetic and EMG analysis to compare the spontaneous heel-contact gait patterns of 13 children classified as habitual toe walkers (HTWs) and age-matched controls. In the HTWs, the incidence of spontaneous heel-contact strides during a single recording session ranged from 15% to 92%, with no correlation with age, passive ankle joint excursion, walking speed and trial order. Hallmarks of the heel-contact strides were premature heel-rise, reversal of the second rocker, relative shortening of the loading response and anticipation and enhancement of the electromyographic (EMG) activity normally observed in the triceps surae (TS) during the first half of the stance phase. This variant of the locomotor program is different from the walking patterns observed in normally developing toddlers and children with cerebral palsy (CP). It does not necessarily reflect a functional adaptation to changes in the rheological properties of the muscle-tendon complex.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Movement Analysis in Children (LAMB) P. & L. Mariani, Institute of Human Physiology I, School of Medicine, University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy. paola.crenna@unimi.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crenna
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fedrizzi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andreucci
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frigo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bono
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006365:Heel; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D014034:Toes; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*