title: Redox signalling: from nitric oxide to oxidized lipids.
abstract: Cellular redox signalling is mediated by the post-translational modification of proteins in signal-transduction pathways by ROS/RNS (reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species) or the products derived from their reactions. NO is perhaps the best understood in this regard with two important modifications of proteins known to induce conformational changes leading to modulation of function. The first is the addition of NO to haem groups as shown for soluble guanylate cyclase and the newly discovered NO/cytochrome c oxidase signalling pathway in mitochondria. The second mechanism is through the modification of thiols by NO to form an S-nitrosated species. Other ROS/RNS can also modify signalling proteins although the mechanisms are not as clearly defined. For example, electrophilic lipids, formed as the reaction products of oxidation reactions, orchestrate adaptive responses in the vasculature by reacting with nucleophilic cysteine residues. In modifying signalling proteins ROS/RNS appear to change the overall activity of signalling pathways in a process that we have termed 'redox tone'. In this review, we discuss these different mechanisms of redox cell signalling, and give specific examples of ROS/RNS participation in signal transduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294-32180, USA.
authors.forename: Sruti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiva
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moellering
authors.forename: Anup
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
authors.forename: Anna-Liisa
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Levonen
authors.forename: Aimee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Landar
authors.forename: Aparna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Venkatraman
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ceaser
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ulasova
authors.forename: Jack H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Brookes
authors.forename: Rakesh P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Darley-Usmar
mesh_terms: D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012323:RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide