title: Genome-wide analysis of cAMP-response element binding protein occupancy, phosphorylation, and target gene activation in human tissues.
abstract: Hormones and nutrients often induce genetic programs via signaling pathways that interface with gene-specific activators. Activation of the cAMP pathway, for example, stimulates cellular gene expression by means of the PKA-mediated phosphorylation of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) at Ser-133. Here, we use genome-wide approaches to characterize target genes that are regulated by CREB in different cellular contexts. CREB was found to occupy approximately 4,000 promoter sites in vivo, depending on the presence and methylation state of consensus cAMP response elements near the promoter. The profiles for CREB occupancy were very similar in different human tissues, and exposure to a cAMP agonist stimulated CREB phosphorylation over a majority of these sites. Only a small proportion of CREB target genes was induced by cAMP in any cell type, however, due in part to the preferential recruitment of the coactivator CREB-binding protein to those promoters. These results indicate that CREB phosphorylation alone is not a reliable predictor of target gene activation and that additional CREB regulatory partners are required for recruitment of the transcriptional apparatus to the promoter.
authors.affiliation: The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Xinmin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Duncan T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Odom
authors.forename: Seung-Hoi
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Conkright
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Canettieri
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Best
authors.forename: Huaming
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jenner
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Herbolsheimer
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Shilpa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kadam
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ecker
authors.forename: Beverly
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Emerson
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hogenesch
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Unterman
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montminy
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015894:Genome, Human; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: C115163:CREB1 protein, human; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA; D000242:Cyclic AMP