title: Limited pelvic lymphadenectomy using the sentinel lymph node procedure in patients with localised prostate carcinoma: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the potential role of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) procedure in limited lymph node dissection in patients with apparently localised prostate carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 27 patients with organ-confined prostate cancer, a single injection of 0.3 ml/30 MBq( 99m)Tc-rhenium sulphur colloid was injected transrectally into the peripheral zone of each lobe of the prostate (total 0.6 ml/60 MBq) under ultrasound guidance. Two hours after injection, scintigraphy was performed. The first step in surgery was the detection and dissection of lymph nodes identified as SLNs. Then, standard lymphadenectomy was performed, consisting in a limited dissection that included all lymph nodes from the obturator fossa and along the external iliac vein. Lymphatic tissue along the hypogastric artery was not systematically removed, except in the presence of SLNs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean patient age was 66 years (48-77); the mean serum prostate-specific antigen value was 10.6 ng/ml. In a high proportion of patients (21/27, 77.8%) an SLN was located along the initial centimetres of the hypogastric artery. The second most frequent site of SLNs was in the obturator fossa (11/27 patients, 40.7%), followed by the external iliac area (5/27 patients, 18.5%). Four patients had lymph node metastases, all in SLNs: two in the hypogastric area and two in the obturator fossa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SLN procedure revealed the individual variability in the lymphatic drainage of the prostate. The main site of SLNs was the hypogastric area, and two of the four metastatic nodes were located at this site. A limited standard pelvic lymphadenectomy, excluding the hypogastric lymph nodes, would have missed half of the lymph node metastases in this study. A radionuclide SLN procedure could assist in the correct staging of patients with early prostate cancer, especially when performing limited lymphadenectomy.
authors.affiliation: Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Regional Cancer Center, Université de la Méditerranée, 232 Bd Sainte Marguerite, 13273, Marseille cedex 9, France. brenotrossii@marseille.fnclcc.fr
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brenot-Rossi
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bastide
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dumas
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Esterni
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pasquier
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rossi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D010388:Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome