title: Evaluation of a lower tier exposure assessment model for veterinary medicines.
abstract: Veterinary antibiotics are used in large quantities in the European Union, and one of the key environmental exposure routes is via the application of manure containing excreted antibiotics to arable land as fertilizer. It is a legal requirement to assess the environmental risk of veterinary medicines, and this is done in two stages. A key decision parameter in phase I of these assessments is the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) in soil, and if a trigger value of 100 microg/kg is exceeded, then further phase II studies on the fate, behavior, and effects are carried out. A widely used model to calculate manure and soil PECs is the Uniform Approach. This study evaluated the Uniform Approach in two ways: first, by reviewing existing data, addressing data gaps by performing degradation studies, and then calculating soil and manure PECs for the veterinary antibiotics sulfachloropyridazine, oxytetracycline, and tylosin applied to arable land via liquid pig manure and comparing these data with the results from two field-scale fate studies; second, by collating monitoring data and making a comparison with modeled data. The data comparisons indicated that the Uniform Approach model performed conservatively, with initial PECs being up to 2 orders of magnitude greater than measured environmental concentrations, providing confidence in the use of the model in the risk assessment process, although the assumption of first-order degradation kinetics in the model may underestimate the environmental persistence of veterinary antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Cranfield Centre for EcoChemistry, Shardlow Hall, Shardlow, Derby, Derbyshire DE72 2GN, United Kingdom. paul.blackwell@environment-agency.gov.uk
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Blackwell
authors.forename: Alistair B A
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Boxall
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noble
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D007700:Kinetics; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis; D010118:Oxytetracycline / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D013410:Sulfachlorpyridazine / Q000032:analysis; D013552:Swine; D015645:Tylosin / Q000032:analysis; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil; D019155:Veterinary Drugs; D013410:Sulfachlorpyridazine; D010118:Oxytetracycline; D015645:Tylosin