title: Self-reported urinary incontinence in noninstitutionalized long-term stroke survivors: A population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the prevalence of self-reported incontinence among noninstitutionalized long-term stroke survivors with population controls without stroke and to identify risk factors associated with urinary incontinence in the stroke survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Municipality of Tronso.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 213 noninstitutionalized stroke survivors (mean time poststroke, 9y) and 242 control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported presence of urinary incontinence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary incontinence was present in 17% of the stroke survivors and in 7% of the control subjects (odds ratio [OR]=2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-5.2) and more prevalent among the stroke survivors than among the control subjects until 10 years poststroke. In the stroke survivors, urinary incontinence was associated with signs of depression (OR=3.0; 95% CI, 1.3-7.1) and tended to be associated with motor function of the leg (OR=3.1; 95% CI, 0.9-10.4) and cognitive function (OR=2.8; 95% CI, 0.9-8.6). Urinary incontinence was strongly related to the number of these risk factors present ( P trend, <.001; OR=7.2; 95% CI, 2.1-24.6) in subjects having 2 or more of the risk factors, compared with subjects with none of these risk factors).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of urinary incontinence is high among long-term stroke survivors, especially in subjects in whom paresis, depressive symptoms, and impaired cognition cluster.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway. lone.jorgensen@ism.uit.no
authors.forename: Lone
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Torgeir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Engstad
authors.forename: Bjarne K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012650:Self Disclosure; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology