title: Practice of sedation and analgesia in German intensive care units: results of a national survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sedation and analgesia are provided by using different agents and techniques in different countries. The goal is to achieve early spontaneous breathing and to obtain an awake and cooperative pain-free patient. It was the aim of this study to conduct a survey of the agents and techniques used for analgesia and sedation in intensive care units in Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was sent by mail to 261 hospitals in Germany. The anesthesiologists running the intensive care unit were asked to fill in the structured questionnaire about their use of sedation and analgesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 220 (84%) questionnaires were completed and returned. The RAMSAY sedation scale was used in 8% of the hospitals. A written policy was available in 21% of hospitals. For short-term sedation in most hospitals, propofol was used in combination with sufentanil or fentanyl. For long-term sedation, midazolam/fentanyl was preferred. Clonidine was a common part of up to two-thirds of the regimens. Epidural analgesia was used in up to 68%. Neuromuscular blocking agents were no longer used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to the US 'Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult', our survey showed that in Germany different agents, and frequently neuroaxial techniques, were used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Hospital am Eichert, Göppingen, Germany. joerg.martin@email.de
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parsch
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franck
authors.forename: Klaus D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Wernecke
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spies
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016638:Critical Illness; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005858:Germany; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017409:Sufentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D017409:Sufentanil; D003000:Clonidine; D008874:Midazolam; D005283:Fentanyl; D015742:Propofol