title: Associations of patella lead and other lead biomarkers with renal function in lead workers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to compare associations of patella lead, which may represent a unique cumulative and bioavailable lead pool, with other lead measures in models of renal function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Renal function measures included blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, measured and calculated creatinine clearances, and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and retinol-binding protein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 652 lead workers, mean (SD) blood, patella, and tibia lead were 30.9 (16.7) microg/dL, 75.1 (101.1) and 33.6 (43.4) microg Pb/g bone mineral, respectively, and were correlated (Spearman's r = 0.51-0.74). Patella lead was associated (P < 0.05) with NAG in all lead workers. In models of effect modification by age, higher patella lead also was associated with higher serum creatinine in older participants. Similar associations were observed for blood and tibia lead.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Associations between patella lead and adverse renal outcomes were not unique; this may be due, in part, to high correlations among the lead biomarkers in this study.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. vweaver@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Virginia M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Byung-Kook
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: Bernard G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Jaar
authors.forename: Kyu-Dong
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Jiayu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010329:Patella / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007854:Lead