title: Sporadic cryptosporidiosis decline after membrane filtration of public water supplies, England, 1996-2002.
abstract: The incidence of sporadic cryptosporidiosis among 106,000 residents of 2 local government districts in northwest England before and after installation of membrane filtration of public water supplies was compared to that of 59,700 residents whose public water supplies remained unchanged. A national outbreak of foot and mouth disease in livestock during 2001 was associated with a decline in sporadic human cryptosporidiosis in all regions of the United Kingdom. In a Poisson regression model, membrane filtration was associated with an estimated 79% reduction (incidence ratio 0.207, 95% confidence intervals 0.099-0.431, p < 0.0001) after adjustment for the interval of the foot and mouth disease epidemic and the water source. Despite the confounding effect of that epidemic, membrane filtration of the public water supply was effective in reducing the risk for sporadic human Cryptosporidium infection in this population.
authors.affiliation: Carlisle and District Primary Care Trust, Carlisle, UK.
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reacher
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Casemore
authors.forename: Neville Q
authors.initials: NQ
authors.lastname: Verlander
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Charlett
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Chalmers
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pennington
authors.forename: Joy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osborn
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016785:Cryptosporidium parvum / Q000254:growth & development*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D014867:Water