title: Cancer risk in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: associations with immunodeficiency, smoking, and highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk for several cancers, but the influences of behavioral risk factors, such as smoking and intravenous drug use, and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on cancer risk are not clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient records were linked between the Swiss HIV Cohort Study and Swiss cantonal cancer registries. Observed and expected numbers of incident cancers were assessed in 7304 persons infected with HIV followed for 28,836 person-years. Relative risks for cancer compared with those for the general population were determined by estimating cancer registry-, sex-, age-, and period-standardized incidence ratios (SIRs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Highly elevated SIRs were confirmed in persons infected with HIV for Kaposi sarcoma (KS) (SIR = 192, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 170 to 217) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR = 76.4, 95% CI = 66.5 to 87.4). Statistically significantly elevated SIRs were also observed for anal cancer (SIR = 33.4, 95% CI = 10.5 to 78.6); Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR = 17.3, 95% CI = 10.2 to 27.4); cancers of the cervix (SIR = 8.0, 95% CI = 2.9 to 17.4); liver (SIR = 7.0, 95% CI = 2.2 to 16.5); lip, mouth, and pharynx (SIR = 4.1, 95% CI = 2.1 to 7.4); trachea, lung, and bronchus (SIR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.7 to 5.4); and skin, nonmelanomatous (SIR = 3.2, 95% CI = 2.2 to 4.5). In HAART users, SIRs for KS (SIR = 25.3, 95% CI = 10.8 to 50.1) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR = 24.2, 95% CI = 15.0 to 37.1) were lower than those for nonusers (KS SIR = 239, 95% CI = 211 to 270; non-Hodgkin lymphoma SIR = 99.3, 95% CI = 85.8 to 114). Among HAART users, however, the SIR (although not absolute numbers) for Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR = 36.2, 95% CI = 16.4 to 68.9) was comparable to that for KS and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. No clear impact of HAART on SIRs emerged for cervical cancer or non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining cancers. Cancers of the lung, lip, mouth, or pharynx were not observed among nonsmokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In persons infected with HIV, HAART use may prevent most excess risk of KS and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but not that of Hodgkin lymphoma and other non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining cancers. No cancers of the lip, mouth, pharynx, or lung were observed in nonsmokers.
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon cedex 08, France. clifford@iarc.fr
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Clifford
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Polesel
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rickenbach
authors.forename: Luigino
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dal Maso
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Keiser
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kofler
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rapiti
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: Gernot
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jundt
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fisch
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bordoni
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Weck
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franceschi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D016483:Lymphoma, AIDS-Related / Q000453:epidemiology; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008498:Medical Record Linkage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D027383:Papillomaviridae; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012107:Research Design; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology