title: A model of spectral filtering to reduce photochemical damage in age-related macular degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cumulative sunlight exposure and cataract surgery are reported risk factors for advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Laboratory studies suggest that accumulation and photochemical reactions of A2E (N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine) and its epoxides, components of lipofuscin, are important in AMD. To relate this data to the clinical setting, we modeled the effects of macular irradiance and spectral filtering on production of A2E and reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) in pseudophakic eyes with a clear or "yellow" intraocular lens (IOL) and in phakic eyes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We calculated relative changes of macular irradiance as a function of light (390 to 700 nm) intensity, pupil size, age, and lens status, and modeled resulting all-trans-retinal concentration and rates of production of A2E-related photochemicals and photon-induced ROIs in rods and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We compared these photoproducts following cataract surgery and IOL implantation with and without spectral sunglasses to normal age-related nuclear sclerotic lens changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following cataract and IOL surgery, all-trans-retinal and lipofuscin photochemistry would theoretically increase average generation of 1) A2E-related photochemicals, 2) ROI in rods and 3) ROI in RPE, respectively, 2.6-, 15- and 6.6-fold with a clear IOL, and 2.1-, 4.1- and 2.6 fold with a yellow IOL, but decrease approximately 30-, approximately 20- and 4-fold with a vermillion filter sunglass and clear IOL compared to an average 70 year old phakic eye.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sunglasses that strongly decrease both deep blue light and rod photobleaching, while preserving photopic sensitivity and color perception, would provide upstream protection from potential photochemical damage in subjects at risk for AMD progression after cataract surgery.
authors.affiliation: Retina Consultants, Des Plaines, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Sanford M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: Mikhail A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ostrovsky
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Bonner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002387:Cataract Extraction / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005135:Eye Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D019654:Lens Implantation, Intraocular; D007910:Lenses, Intraocular; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D012176:Retinoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: C112040:A2-E (N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine); D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012176:Retinoids