title: Personal finances of residents at three Canadian universities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To address 3 research questions (What financial choices do residents make? Are the financial choices of residents similar to those of the general public? Are the financial choices of surgical residents reasonable?), we examined financial data from Canadian residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A written survey was administered to 338 residents (103 of them surgical residents) at 3 Canadian training institutions (University of Toronto, Queen's University and University of Manitoba). Resident household cash flows, assets and liabilities were characterized. Finances for residents were compared with those of the general public, by means of the Survey of Household Spending and Survey of Financial Security.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median resident income was 45,000 dollars annually (Can dollars throughout). With a working spouse, median household income was 87,500 dollars. Among residents, 62% had educational debt (median 37,500 dollars), 39% maintained unpaid credit-card balances (median 1750 dollars), 36% did not budget expenses, 25% maintained cash reserves <275 dollars, and 22% contributed neither to retirement nor nonretirement investments. Residents spent more on vehicles compared with members of the general public (median 17,500 dollars v. 10,720 dollars, p = 0.002) and on monthly housing (median 875 dollars v. 729 dollars, p < 0.001), respectively. Residents were more likely to carry student loans than people in the general population (61% v. 21%), more likely to carry vehicle loans (74% v. 29%) and less likely to carry credit-card debts (39% v. 50%, respectively). Surgical residents had income expectations after graduation higher than current billings justified. Fewer surgical (69%) than anesthesiology residents (88%, p < 0.05) contributed to Registered Retirement Savings Plans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From this limited sample, residents spend more than age- and income-matched members of the general public. Many residents save too little, fail to budget, and carry high educational and credit-card debts. Surgical residents' expectations of future income may be unrealistic. Further study is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Tex., USA. jteichman@providencehealth.bc.ca
authors.forename: Joel M H
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Teichman
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smart
authors.forename: Aspen E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tongco
authors.forename: Denis E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hosking
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: MacNeily
authors.forename: Michael A S
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jewett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D002755:Choice Behavior; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008350:Manitoba; D009864:Ontario; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires