title: A survey of kidney disease and risk-factor information on the World Wide Web.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is epidemic, and informing those at risk is a national health priority. However, the discrepancy between the readability of health information and the literacy skills of those it targets is a recognized barrier to communicating health information that may promote good health outcomes. Because the World Wide Web has become one of the most important sources of health information, we sought to assess the readability of commonly available CKD information.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve highly cited English-language, kidney disease Web sites were identified with 4 popular search engines. Each Web site was reviewed for the availability of 6 domains of information germane to CKD and risk-factor information. We estimated readability scores with the Flesch-Kincaid and Flesch Reading Ease Index methods. The deviation of readability scores for CKD information from readability appropriate to average literacy skills and the limited literacy skills of vulnerable populations (low socioeconomic status, health disparities, and elderly) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven Web sites met the inclusion criteria. Six of 11 sites provided information on all 6 domains of CKD and risk-factor information. Mean readability scores for all 6 domains of CKD information exceeded national average literacy skills and far exceeded the fifth-grade-level readability desired for informing vulnerable populations. Information about CKD and diabetes consistently had higher readability scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Information on the World Wide Web about CKD and its risk factors may not be readable for comprehension by the general public, especially by underserved minority populations with limited literacy skills. Barriers to health communication may be important contributors to the rising CKD epidemic and disparities in CKD health status experienced by minority populations.
authors.affiliation: Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Calderón
authors.forename: Ashraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zadshir
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Norris
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D003144:Communication Barriers; D006801:Humans; D033181:Information Dissemination; D020407:Internet; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors