title: Intraoperative treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation with ultrasound.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative atrial compartmentalization utilizing ultrasound (US) energy in selected patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (CAF).
  
  
  METHODS
  From March 1999 to June 2000, 27 patients with ages ranging from 15 to 69 (mean 44.62+/-15.61 years), 15 of whom were female, underwent intraoperative atrial compartmentalization with US. Mitral valve replacement was performed in 22 patients, mitral valve repair in 4 and 1 patient with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) underwent isolated atrial compartmentalization. The compartmentalization procedure was started using an ultrasonic device (UltraCision) at the level of the right atrium on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and with beating heart, and then, after the mitral valve procedure, the ablation-lines were traced in an inverted U-shape, involving the 4 pulmonary veins. All patients were given verapamil or amiodarone for electrical atrial remodeling for 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time of surgery was 166 min on average, that is approximately 79 min of CPB, 59 min of aortic crossclamping, 12.5 min for right atrial lesion lines and 14 min for the left ones. After weaning CPB, all the patients maintained adequate cardiac output. Immediate reversion to sinus rhythm was achieved in 24 patients (88.8%). A small intraoperative left atrial wall rupture due to the ablation technique was easily repaired by a direct continuous suture. Another complication observed in 1 patient was a sternal instability, which was fixed successfully. Two patients died because of postoperative respiratory failure due to bilateral pneumonia in 1 case and low cardiac output, complicated by septicemia. The pharmacological anti-arrhythmic treatment was stopped 6 months after surgery. During 29 months of follow-up, 20 patients (74%) were still in sinus rhythm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of US during mitral valve operation in patients with CAF allowed for easy and rapid reestablishment of the sinus rhythm. This technique modifies and makes the Maze procedure easier, decreases surgical time and the incidence of postoperative complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hôpital de la Tour, Geneva, Switzerland. guffidr@ticino.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guffi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Visconti Brick
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seixas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Portilho
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klier Peres
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Melo Neto
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Melo Araújo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy