title: Gender differences in food and energy intake among adult villagers in northwestern Bangladesh: a food frequency questionnaire survey.
abstract: This study aimed to elucidate gender differences in dietary intake of rural Bangladeshi adults. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) survey using 15 food/dish items, together with anthropometric measurements, was conducted for 230 adults and adolescents (95 males and 135 females). To estimate the portion sizes of these foods/dishes, the samples consumed by 25 subjects were weighed. The FFQ revealed that rice was eaten two to three times (or more) per day by 98% of the subjects, providing nearly 60% of energy for both sexes. Puri (fried bread), meats, eggs, pulses, milk, fresh vegetables, fruits, tea with milk and sugar, and soft drinks were consumed more frequently by males. Males' larger portion sizes of rice, fish dish, potato dish, and vegetable dish resulted in larger daily energy intake per body weight in males (235 +/- 41 kJ/kg) than in females (161 +/- 28 kJ/kg). Despite males' larger energy intake, the proportion of chronically energy deficient persons (<18.5 kg/m2 in body mass index) was similar between males (35.8%) and females (37.8%), attributing to males' larger energy expenditure. Females' less-frequent consumption of nutritious foods and smaller energy intake were considered vulnerable to micronutrient deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion and Research, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama Prefecture, 351-0197, Japan. norikosu@niph.go.jp
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sudo
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sekiyama
authors.forename: Chiho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: A T M Mozammel Haque
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Bokul
authors.forename: Ryutaro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ohtsuka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001459:Bangladesh; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003906:Developing Countries; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires