title: Recognition and binding of mismatch repair proteins at an oncogenic hot spot.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current investigation was undertaken to determine key steps differentiating G:T and G:A repair at the H-ras oncogenic hot spot within the nuclear environment because of the large difference in repair efficiency of these two mismatches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electrophoretic mobility shift (gel shift) experiments demonstrate that DNA containing mismatched bases are recognized and bound equally efficiently by hMutSalpha in both MMR proficient and MMR deficient (hMLH1-/-) nuclear extracts. Competition experiments demonstrate that while hMutSalpha predictably binds the G:T mismatch to a much greater extent than G:A, hMutSalpha demonstrates a surprisingly equal ratio of competitive inhibition for both G:T and G:A mismatch binding reactions at the H-ras hot spot of mutation. Further, mismatch repair assays reveal almost 2-fold higher efficiency of overall G:A repair (5'-nick directed correct MMR to G:C and incorrect repair to T:A), as compared to G:T overall repair. Conversely, correct MMR of G:T --> G:C is significantly higher (96%) than that of G:A --> G:C (60%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined, these results suggest that initiation of correct MMR requires the contribution of two separate steps; initial recognition by hMutSalpha followed by subsequent binding. The 'avidity' of the binding step determines the extent of MMR pathway activation, or the activation of a different cellular pathway. Thus, initial recognition by hMutSalpha in combination with subsequent decreased binding to the G:A mismatch (as compared to G:T) may contribute to the observed increased frequency of incorrect repair of G:A, resulting in the predominant GGC --> GTC (Gly --> Val) ras-activating mutation found in a high percentage of human tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, OH, USA. medelbrock@mco.edu <medelbrock@mco.edu>
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edelbrock
authors.forename: Huiling
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schroering
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernstrom
authors.forename: Sangeetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bathala
authors.forename: Kandace J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D020137:Base Pair Mismatch / Q000235:genetics*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004260:DNA Repair; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay / Q000379:methods; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D017354:Point Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011519:Proto-Oncogenes / Q000235:genetics; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D004247:DNA; D018631:ras Proteins