title: Accuracy of an automated method to measure rotations of vertebrae from computerized tomography data.
abstract: METHODS
  In this phantom study, rotations of a vertebral body calculated from computerized tomography (CT) were compared to the actual rotations provided by a specially designed device incorporating a reduction gear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to measure the accuracy of the CT and an automated software program to calculate rotations of lumbar vertebral bodies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Rotations of individual vertebrae secondary to a change in position or load can be measured in select patients by roentgen stereophotogrammetry or by using CT and a specially constructed table that creates the rotation of the torso. The purpose of this study was to measure the precision and accuracy of rotation measurements made with a CT scanner and an automated program to calculate rotation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We constructed a phantom with a lumbar vertebra that can be rotated within a CT scanner. CT of the vertebra were obtained at angular positions of 0, 0.360 degrees , 1.080 degrees , 2.520 degrees , 5.400 degrees , 11.160 degrees , 29.160 degrees , 29.340 degrees , 29.520 degrees , 29.610 degrees , 29.700 degrees , 29.790 degrees , 29.880 degrees , and 29.889 degrees . With an automated program based on a pixel-shift algorithm, we calculated rotations of the vertebra between pairs of images. Accuracy was calculated as mean difference between the actual and the calculated rotation, and precision was calculated as the standard deviation of the differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences between actual and calculated rotations varied from -0.083 degrees to 0.132 degrees . For rotations less than 15 degrees , mean error (accuracy) was -0.039 degrees , and the standard deviation (precision) was 0.029 degrees . For rotations greater than 15 degrees , the accuracy was 0.086 degrees , and the precision was 0.023 degrees .
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that rotations of lumbar vertebrae may be measured with CT, and an automated program to an accuracy and precision better than 0.1 degrees , comparable to that of roentgen stereophotogrammetry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, USA.
authors.forename: Baxter
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wiese
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blankenbaker
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meyerand
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Haughton
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014102:Torsion Abnormality