title: Prevalence of hostility in young coronary artery disease patients and effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of hostility symptoms in young patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), the associated risk factor profile in these patients, and the effects of a formal phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study included consecutive CAD patients referred for cardiac rehabilitation from May 1999 through December 2000. At baseline and after rehabilitation, behavioral factors and quality of life were assessed by validated questionnaires, and standard CAD risk factors were measured, including exercise capacity. We specifically evaluated detailed data for young patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 500 patients were included in the study. Hostility scores were 2.5 times higher (P<.001) in the 81 young patients (< 50 years; mean +/- SD age, 45 +/- 5 years) than in the 268 elderly patients (> or = 65 years; mean +/- SD age, 70 +/- 4 years), and the prevalence of hostility symptoms was 3.5 times higher in young patients (28% vs 8%; P<.001). Young patients with hostility symptoms also had more adverse CAD risk profiles, including higher total cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios, fasting glucose levels, and glycosylated hemoglobin levels and lower quality-of-life scores compared with young patients with low hostility scores. After cardiac rehabilitation, young patients with hostility symptoms had marked improvements in CAD risk factors, behavioral characteristics (including hostility), and quality of life, and a nearly 50% (P=.005) reduction in the prevalence of hostility symptoms occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young CAD patients have a high prevalence of hostility symptoms and adverse CAD risk profiles. Reducing hostility symptoms and other parameters of psychological distress in young CAD patients should be emphasized, and the potential benefits of cardiac rehabilitation programs in the secondary prevention of CAD should be highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA. clavie@ochsner.org
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lavie
authors.forename: Richard V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Milani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology