title: Expression of nitric oxide synthase and transforming growth factor-beta in crush-injured tendon and synovium.
abstract: This study examined the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in macrophage infiltrates within crush-injured digital flexor tendon and synovium of control rats and rats treated with N(G)-nitro-1-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (5 mg/kg). Release of TGF-beta from organ cultures of tendon, muscle, and synovium, and the effects of L-NAME treatment (in vitro and in vivo), on adhesion of peritoneal macrophages to epitenon monolayers were also investigated. The results showed that during normal tendon healing the levels of TGF-beta are high at first and gradually decrease after 3 weeks of injury to slightly above control uninjured levels. However, when L-NAME was administered at the time of injury, the macrophage infiltrates were expressing high levels of TGF-beta even at 5 weeks after the injury, with no evidence of reduction. In the standard injury, iNOS activity was greatest at the acute phase of the inflammatory response and then gradually returned to normal. Treatment with L-NAME, however, resulted in inhibition of iNOS activity at 3 days and a reduction in the activity at the later time points examined after injury. We also found greatly increased levels of adhesion of peritoneal macrophages from L-NAME-treated rats to epitenon monolayers in vitro, which reflect a chronic imbalance in expression of TGF-beta, which is overexpressed, and nitric oxide, which is underexpressed. The results of the current study show that formation of nitric oxide is an important event in the course of tendon healing since its inhibition results in chronic inflammation and fibrosis due to an imbalance in TGF-beta expression in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Science, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan. darmani@just.edu.jo
authors.forename: Horma
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Darmani
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crossan
authors.forename: Sarah D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: McLellan
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meek
authors.forename: Curtis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Adam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester