title: Pulse pressure and stroke volume variations during severe haemorrhage in ventilated dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Similarly to systolic pressure variation (SPV), pulse pressure variation (PPV) and stroke volume variation (SVV) derived from arterial pulse contour analysis have been shown to reflect fluid responsiveness in ventilated patients. However, unlike the SPV, both PPV and SVV have not been validated during extreme hypovolaemia. The aim of the present study was to examine whether these newly introduced variables respond to gradual hypovolaemia like the SPV by increasing gradually with each step of the haemorrhage even during extreme hypovolaemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  SPV, SVV and PPV were measured in 8 dogs following initial volume loading (10% of the estimated blood volume administered as colloid solution), 5 steps of graded haemorrhage, each consisting of 10% of the estimated blood volume, followed by retransfusion of the shed blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The correlations of the SVV, SPV and PPV to the stroke volume (SV) throughout the study were -0.89, -0.91 and -0.91, respectively. Correlations of the CVP and the global end-diastolic volume (GEDV) of the heart chambers to the SV were 0.79 and 0.95, respectively. The SPV correlated significantly with both the PPV and the SVV (r=0.97 and 0.93 respectively). However, the PPV increased by more than 400% at 50% haemorrhage compared with increases of 200% and 120% for the SVV and %SPV, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that the present algorithm used for the calculation of the SVV and the formula used to calculate the PPV, perform well over a wide range of preload states including severe hypovolaemia. However, the PPV changes more than the SPV and SVV. This may be due to the changing relation of the SV to the pulse pressure when the filling of the aorta is greatly decreased.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Israel. berken@netvision.net.il
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Berkenstadt
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Preisman
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Keidan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Livingstone
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perel
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D004285:Dogs; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D020896:Hypovolemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013318:Stroke Volume