title: Ocular defects in first generation of ethanol exposed albino rats and its penetrance into third generation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to observe the ocular teratogenic effects of alcohol on the third generation in albino rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was carried out at department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, JPMC Karachi from 1996--98. 36 pregnant female rats were divided into a treated and a control group (18 in each). The gestation period of albino rats is between 21-23 days (7 days trimester). Treated group was injected 25% alcohol (ethanol) intraperitonealy in a dose of 0.03 ml/gm body weight, while the control group was treated with normal saline in the same dose by same route. This intervention was done on 8th, 9th and 10th gestational day. The first generation (n=115) was crossbred to get second generation (n=104) that was then used to produce the third generation (n=95). Generations of control rats were developed parallel. No treatment was given to the subsequent generations of treated or control groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ocular defects (micro/macrophthalmia, cataract, coreanl opacity etc.) were observed in 30% (39/115) of the first generation, 40.38% (42/104) of the second generation and 45.26% (43/95) of 3rd generation of ethanol treated group. No ocular defect was observed in the three generations of controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol exposure caused ocular defects in three generations of exposed rats. There is a need to study subsequent generations of rats for further penetrance and to develop cohort study in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Saidu Medical College, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Muhammad Zahoor
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Janjua
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D010375:Pedigree; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013723:Teratogens / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013723:Teratogens; D000431:Ethanol