title: Enhanced plasmid DNA delivery using anionic LPDII by listeriolysin O incorporation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A major obstacle to achieving effective DNA-based therapeutics is efficient delivery of the DNA to its site of action in the cell. Upon internalization by endocytosis, the endosomal membrane represents a critical physical barrier preventing access of DNA to the cell cytosol. In order to overcome the membrane barrier and facilitate cytosolic entry, the endosomolytic bacterial protein listeriolysin O (LLO) is a potentially promising agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  LLO was incorporated in an anionic liposome-entrapped polycation-condensed DNA delivery system (LPDII). Plasmid DNA was condensed using protamine sulfate and then complexed to anionic liposomes. LLO was incorporated into the delivery vehicle through encapsulation in anionic, pH-sensitive liposomes. Transfection levels were monitored using a model reporter plasmid encoding luciferase in P388D1 cells, a macrophage-like cell line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transfection using the anionic LPDII delivery platform was enhanced through incorporation of LLO. Additionally, the net charge of the condensate, the lipid composition, and the total amount of LLO-liposomes were all capable of modulating the transfection levels of the vehicle. Importantly, in the presence of serum, transfection levels using the LLO-containing LPDII system were comparable to established cationic lipid delivery systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LLO is capable of facilitating transfection using an anionic LPDII system. This anionic delivery vehicle represents the successful combination of the LPDII system for condensation of the DNA with the unique endosomolytic properties of LLO for improved transfection using plasmid DNA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA. gretchen@fulbrightweb.org
authors.forename: Gretchen L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Lorenzi
authors.forename: Kyung-Dall
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions / Q000737:chemistry; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000737:chemistry*; D004247:DNA / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000235:genetics; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D010957:Plasmids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000235:genetics; D011479:Protamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D044967:Serum; D014162:Transfection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D008081:Liposomes; D011479:Protamines; D004247:DNA; C038705:hlyA protein, Listeria monocytogenes