title: Proteinuria screening for children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Japan, urine screenings are performed annually at school for proteinuria and hematuria, but the effectiveness of this practice has not been clarified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine screening at school was performed, and we investigated the prevalence of urine abnormalities and incidence and the causes of their diseases. Therefore, we studied effectiveness of the school-screening program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of urinary abnormalities was 0.52% among elementary school children and 0.75% among junior high school children. The incidence was 0.24% among elementary school children. The school-screening program is effective in early detection of glomerulonephritis, so the number of new end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients starting treatment has been changing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The school-screening program is effective for early detection of glomerulonephritis. In case of generations who underwent the school-screening program, the age that one develops ESRD has been rising year by year, and the number of new ESRD patients starting treatment before 20 years old is lower in Japan than in America.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The school-screening program in Japan represents a highly effective mass screening technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan. m-murakami@jcom.home.ne.jp
authors.forename: Mutsumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yanagihara
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hukunaga
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D015995:Prevalence; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D012572:School Health Services