title: Serine/arginine-rich protein-dependent suppression of exon skipping by exonic splicing enhancers.
abstract: The 5' and 3' splice sites within an intron can, in principle, be joined to those within any other intron during pre-mRNA splicing. However, exons are joined in a strict 5' to 3' linear order in constitutively spliced pre-mRNAs. Thus, specific mechanisms must exist to prevent the random joining of exons. Here we report that insertion of exon sequences into an intron can inhibit splicing to the downstream 3' splice site and that this inhibition is independent of intron size. The exon sequences required for splicing inhibition were found to be exonic enhancer elements, and their inhibitory activity requires the binding of serine/arginine-rich splicing factors. We conclude that exonic enhancers can act as barriers to prevent exon skipping and thereby may play a key role in ensuring the correct 5' to 3' linear order of exons in spliced mRNA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: El Chérif
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Schaal
authors.forename: Klemens J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hertel
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maniatis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007438:Introns; D007700:Kinetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000378:metabolism; D012326:RNA Splicing; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D000068103:Serine-Arginine Splicing Factors; D013489:Suppression, Genetic; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D000068103:Serine-Arginine Splicing Factors; D012319:RNA Polymerase II