title: Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations, small-molecule kinase inhibitors, and non-small-cell lung cancer: current knowledge and future directions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gefitinib and erlotinib are small molecules that selectively inhibit epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase activity. When these drugs were introduced into the clinic, the specific targets affected in human tumors were unknown. In April 2004, two groups reported that mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR are strongly associated with gefitinib sensitivity in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We subsequently extended these findings and showed that such mutations are also associated with sensitivity to erlotinib. Here, we present current knowledge about EGFR mutations in the context of clinical trials involving gefitinib and erlotinib in NSCLC.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article reviews the rationale for targeting EGFR, the development of gefitinib and erlotinib, the discovery of EGFR mutations, and subsequent studies to define the incidence, spectrum, and functions of EGFR mutations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The discovery of EGFR mutations promises to alter the ways in which we consider and treat NSCLC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This information can guide practitioners and help them inform their patients about EGFR mutations and their impact on the treatment of NSCLC.
authors.affiliation: Program in Cancer Biology and Genetics and the Thoracic Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA. paow@mskcc.org
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pao
authors.forename: Vincent A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D000077156:Gefitinib; D005784:Gene Amplification; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009154:Mutation; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011799:Quinazolines; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D000077156:Gefitinib