title: Three-dimensional computer-generated head model reconstructed from cephalograms, facial photographs, and dental cast models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Three-dimensional (3D) computer models of the human craniofacial structure have been constructed with computed tomography (CT). However, the high cost of CT and the radiation exposure are drawbacks to this method. Attempts to create a 3D reconstruction from lateral and frontal cephalograms have failed because of problems with magnification, distortion, and limitations of landmark identification, among others. We introduce a new method that creates a standard head model for a patient from anatomic measurement points extracted from x-ray images, facial stereo photographs, and dental casts.
  
  
  METHODS
  To obtain precise 3D coordinates from cephalograms, several equations were introduced to compensate for radiographic image magnification and distortion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By comparing the constructed model and 3D-CT images, this method proved to be accurate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to produce a 3D head model on a personal computer and to view it from any desired angle; this will provide easy-to-understand information for patients and establish a diagnostic or therapeutic method for communication with other health care providers.
authors.affiliation: Departmernt of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. nakasima@dent.kyushu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakasima
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terajima
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hoshino
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tokumori
authors.forename: Yoshimitu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D044466:Asian People; D002508:Cephalometry; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008838:Microcomputers; D003765:Models, Dental; D010780:Photogrammetry; D023861:Photography, Dental; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology*