title: Vaccination markers: designing unique antigens to be added to vaccines to differentiate between natural infection and vaccination.
abstract: Some important vaccines, including ones against tuberculosis (Tb) and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), are not used in many developed countries because there is no simple way to differentiate between vaccine-induced immunity and infection. Eliminating major protein antigens has not succeeded in the cases of Tb, FMD and some other vaccine preparations. Instead of eliminating antigens, novel antigens can be added to vaccines in order to induce a unique immunological response proving that the vaccine has been delivered. Methods for producing such unique antigens are presented and preliminary test results reported. The technique may also be useful for immunologically "branding" animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, 2174 Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. rootbern@msu.edu
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Root-Bernstein
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D000941:Antigens / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D015415:Biomarkers; D003429:Cross Reactions; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D032581:Tuberculosis Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods*; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D000941:Antigens; D015415:Biomarkers; D032581:Tuberculosis Vaccines; D014612:Vaccines; D014765:Viral Vaccines