title: The effect of gradual or acute arterial occlusion on skeletal muscle blood flow, arteriogenesis, and inflammation in rat hindlimb ischemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current experimental models of critical limb ischemia are based on acute ischemia rather than on chronic ischemia. Human peripheral vascular disease is largely a result of chromic ischemia. We hypothesized that a model of chronic hindlimb ischemia would develop more collateral arteries, more blood flow, and less necrosis and inflammation than would acute hindlimb ischemia. We therefore developed a rat model of chronic hindlimb ischemia and compared the effects of chronic ischemia with those of acute ischemia on hindlimb skeletal muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acute or chronic ischemia was induced in 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Chronic ischemia caused blood flow, as measured by laser Doppler scanning and confirmed by muscle oxygen tension measurements, to gradually decrease over 1 to 2 weeks after operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histologic analysis showed chronic hindlimb ischemia better preserved muscle mass and architecture and stimulated capillary angiogenesis, while lacking the muscle necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltrate seen after acute ischemia. Surprisingly, the chronic ischemia group recovered dermal blood flow more slowly and less completely than did the acute ischemia group, as measured by laser Doppler (0.66 +/- 0.02 vs 0.76 +/- 0.04, P < .05) and tissue oxygen tension (0.61 +/- 0.06 vs 0.81 +/- 0.05, P < .05) at 40 days postoperatively. Consistent with poorer blood flow recovery, chronic ischemia resulted in smaller diameter collateral arteries (average diameter of the five largest collaterals on angiogram was 0.01 +/- 0.0003 mm vs 0.013 +/- 0.0007 mm for acute, P < .005 at 40 days postoperatively). Acute ischemia resulted in decreased tissue concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (0.96 +/- 0.23 pg/mg of muscle for acute vs 4.4 +/- 0.75 and 4.8 +/- 0.75 pg/mg of muscle for unoperated and chronic, respectively, P < .05 acute vs unoperated), and in increased tissue concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1beta (7.3 +/- 4.0 pg/mg of muscle for acute vs undetectable and 1.7 +/- 1.6 pg/mg of muscle for unoperated and chronic, respectively, P < 0.05 acute vs unoperated).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We describe here the first model of chronic hindlimb ischemia in the rat. Restoration of blood flow after induction of hindlimb ischemia is dependent on the rate of arterial occlusion. This difference in blood flow recovery correlates with distinct patterns of muscle necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cytokine induction in the ischemic muscle. Differences between models of acute and chronic hindlimb ischemia may have important consequences for future studies of mechanisms regulating arteriogenesis and for therapeutic approaches aimed at promoting arteriogenesis in humans suffering from critical limb ischemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the substantial clinical differences between acute and chronic ischemia, researchers attempting to develop molecular therapies to treat critical limb ischemia have only tested those therapies in experimental models of acute hindlimb ischemia. We present here a novel model of chronic hindlimb ischemia in the rat. We further demonstrate that when hindlimb ischemia is developed chronically, collateral artery development is poorer than when hindlimb ischemia is developed acutely. These findings suggest that further tests of molecular therapies for critical limb ischemia should be performed in chronic hindlimb ischemia models rather than in acute hindlimb ischemia models.
authors.affiliation: Pacific Vascular Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0222, USA.
authors.forename: Gale L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Rajabrata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Louis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Messina
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology