title: Effect of electronic health records in ambulatory care: retrospective, serial, cross sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of implementing comprehensive, integrated electronic health record systems on use and quality of ambulatory care
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, serial, cross sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Colorado and Northwest regions of Kaiser Permanente, a US integrated healthcare delivery system.
  
  
  METHODS
  367,795 members in the Colorado region and 449,728 members in the Northwest region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Implementation of electronic health record systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total number of office visits and use of primary care, specialty care, clinical laboratory, radiology services, and telephone contact. Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set to assess quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two years after electronic health records were fully implemented, age adjusted rates of office visits fell by 9% in both regions. Age adjusted primary care visits decreased by 11% in both regions and specialty care visits decreased by 5% in Colorado and 6% in the Northwest. All these decreases were significant (P < 0.0001). The percentage of members making > or = 3 visits a year decreased by 10% in Colorado and 11% in the Northwest, and the percentage of members with < or = 2 visits a year increased. In the Northwest, scheduled telephone contact increased from a baseline of 1.26 per member per year to 2.09 after two years. Use of clinical laboratory and radiology services did not change conclusively. Intermediate measures of quality of health care remained unchanged or improved slightly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Readily available, comprehensive, integrated clinical information reduced use of ambulatory care while maintaining quality and allowed doctors to replace some office visits with telephone contacts. Shifting patterns of use suggest reduced numbers of ambulatory care visits that are inappropriate or marginally productive.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Systems Planning and Consulting, Kaiser Permanente, 2101 Webster Street, Oakland, CA 94612, USA. terhilda.garrido@kp.org
authors.forename: Terhilda
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Garrido
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jamieson
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiesenthal
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003120:Colorado; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D011872:Radiology Department, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019114:Remote Consultation; D012189:Retrospective Studies