title: Urinary incontinence in community dwelling elderly: are there sex differences in help-seeking behaviour?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess sex differences in disorder- and patient-specific factors influencing help-seeking behaviour by independently living elderly people with urinary incontinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the collected data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients from nine family practices involved in the Nijmegen Monitoring Project.
  
  
  METHODS
  Independently living elderly aged 60 or over.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of participants in a study on the prevalence of incontinence among elderly people. Independently living elderly people aged 60 or over from nine family practices with uncomplicated urinary incontinence were interviewed at home using a disorder-specific questionnaire and open-ended questions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 56 men and 314 women were interviewed. Half of them had sought help from a general practitioner. Men sought help from their GP when they had less severe incontinence than women. Help-seeking behaviour in women was related to the duration of symptoms (odds ratio 3.66, 95% CI 1.44-9.39), the presence of incontinence-related symptoms such as constant feeling of vaginal pressure and pain in the lower abdomen (odds ratio 2.69, 95% CI 1.52-4.76) and the severity of incontinence (odds ratio 1.69, 95% CI 0.99-2.88). In men help-seeking was related to the distress experienced in daily life (odds ratio 7.10, 95% CI 1.15-43.91). Most men and women who did not seek help consider their incontinence as not being serious enough, or they had inappropriate beliefs such as that "incontinence is age-related" and "there is nothing that can be done about incontinence".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Help-seeking in women is determined by the duration of the symptoms, the presence of concomitant complaints and the severity of incontinence. In men help-seeking behaviour is mostly related to the distress experienced in daily life. In men and women the most important reasons for not seeking help are that they consider the incontinence not serious enough and that they believe that there are no treatment options available.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Social Medicine, Nijmegen University, The Netherlands. T.Teunissen@hag.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Doreth
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Teunissen
authors.forename: Toine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lagro-Janssen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010358:Patient Participation; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy