title: Apples prevent mammary tumors in rats.
abstract: Regular consumption of fruits and vegetables has been consistently shown to be associated with reduced risk of developing chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Apples are commonly consumed and are the major contributors of phytochemicals in human diets. It was previously reported that apple extracts exhibit strong antioxidant and antiproliferative activities and that the major part of total antioxidant activity is from the combination of phytochemicals. Phytochemicals, including phenolics and flavonoids, are suggested to be the bioactive compounds contributing to the health benefits of apples. Here it is shown that whole apple extracts prevent mammary cancer in a rat model in a dose-dependent manner at doses comparable to human consumption of one, three, and six apples a day. This study demonstrated that whole apple extracts effectively inhibited mammary cancer growth in the rat model; thus, consumption of apples may be an effective strategy for cancer protection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-7201, USA. RL23@cornell.edu
authors.forename: Rui Hai
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jiaren
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bingqing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants; D002273:Carcinogens; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002273:Carcinogens; D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene