title: Insertion of a C in the exon 28 of integrin alphaIIb gene leading to a frameshift mutation is responsible for Glanzmann thrombasthenia in a Japanese case.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by a qualitative or quantitative defect in the integrin alphaIIbbeta3.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective is to identify the gene mutation that resulted in GT.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patient was a 66-year-old male with a history of frequent bleeding. The expression levels of the integrin proteins in the platelets were determined by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. The sequences of genomic DNA and mRNA encoding for alphaIIb and beta3 were analyzed by the dye-terminator cycle sequencing method. For transfection experiments, expression vectors encoding for wild-type alphaIIb, mutated alphaIIb, beta3, green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion wild-type alphaIIb, GFP fusion mutated alphaIIb and DsRed fusion beta3 were constructed. These vectors were transfected to COS-7 cells, and the expression levels were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The alphaIIb protein was remarkably reduced in the patient's platelets, and gene analysis showed that the patient possessed compound heterozygous mutations in the alphaIIb gene. One was a C --> G substitution at the splice acceptor site (- 3) of exon 26 (CAG -->GAG) and the other was the insertion of an additional C at the region including six C bases between 2911 and 2916 in exon 28 (InsC). Transfection experiments using COS-7 cells showed that alphaIIb containing InsC had expressed and formed a complex with beta3, but had not been transported to the Golgi apparatus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study the novel mutation InsC, leading to a frameshift that affects the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail, was found to be responsible for GT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Osaka Red Cross Blood Center, Osaka, Japan. hayashi-to@osaka.bc.jrc.or.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Terada
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D003596:Cytosine; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005091:Exons; D016368:Frameshift Mutation; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D039661:Integrin beta3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D040201:Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000235:genetics; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000235:genetics; D013915:Thrombasthenia / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D039661:Integrin beta3; D040201:Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb; D003596:Cytosine