title: Where giving birth is a forecast of death: maternal mortality in four districts of Afghanistan, 1999-2002.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal mortality in Afghanistan is uniformly identified as an issue of primary public-health importance. To guide the implementation of reproductive-health services, we examined the numbers, causes, and preventable factors for maternal deaths among women in four districts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did a retrospective cohort study of women of reproductive age (15-49 years) who died between March 21, 1999, and March 21, 2002, in four selected districts in four provinces: Kabul city, Kabul province (urban); Alisheng district, Laghman province (semirural); Maywand, Kandahar province (rural); and Ragh, Badakshan province (rural, most remote). Deaths among women of reproductive age were identified through a survey of all households in randomly selected villages and investigated through verbal-autopsy interviews of family members.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a population of 90 816, 357 women of reproductive age died; 154 deaths were related to complications during pregnancy, childbirth, or the puerperal period. Most maternal deaths were caused by ante-partum haemorrhage, except in Ragh, where a greater proportion of women died of obstructed labour. All measures of maternal risk were high, especially in the more remote areas; the maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 livebirths) was 418 (235-602) in Kabul, 774 (433-1115) in Alisheng, 2182 (1451-2913) in Maywand, and 6507 (5026-7988) in Ragh. In the two rural sites, no woman who died was assisted by a skilled birth attendant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal mortality in Afghanistan is high and becomes significantly greater with increasing remoteness. Deaths could be averted if complications were prevented through optimisation of general health status and if complications that occurred were treated to reduce their severity--efforts that require a multisectoral approach to increase availability and accessibility of health care.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. LBartlett@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: Shairose
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mawji
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: Chadd
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crouse
authors.forename: Suraya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dalil
authors.forename: Denisa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ionete
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salama
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000346:Afghanistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008427:Maternal Health Services; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors