title: Heart rate and posttraumatic stress in injured children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated, acute heart rate has been related to later posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) development in injured adults, but this has not been examined in children and adolescents. Better understanding of the relationship between acute physiological arousal and later child PTSD could help elucidate the etiology of posttrauma responses in children and might identify useful markers for PTSD risk.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship between heart rate assessed in the emergency department (ED) during normal clinical care and later PTSD outcome in traumatically injured children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study assessed heart rate at ED triage and PTSD an average of 6 months' postinjury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Large, urban pediatric academic medical center in the northeastern United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ninety children and adolescents (aged 8-17 years) hospitalized for traffic-related injury.Main Outcome Measure Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group of children who developed partial or full PTSD had a higher mean +/- SD heart rate at ED triage than those who did not go on to have PTSD (109.6 +/- 22.3 vs 99.7 +/- 18.0 beats per minute). Children with an elevated heart rate (defined as >/=2 SDs higher than the normal resting heart rate for their age and sex) at ED triage were more likely to meet criteria for partial or full PTSD at follow-up, even after adjusting for age, sex, and injury (adjusted odds ratio, 2.4 [95% confidence interval, 1.1-5.4]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest an association between early physiological arousal and the development or persistence of PTSD symptoms in injured children and point to the importance of better understanding the interplay between physiological and psychological functioning after a traumatic stressor.
authors.affiliation: TraumaLink: The Pediatric Interdisciplinary Injury Control Research Center, Center for Pediatric Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychology, Division of Biostatistics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kassam-Adams
authors.forename: J Felipe
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Garcia-España
authors.forename: Joel A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fein
authors.forename: Flaura Koplin
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Winston
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012737:Sex Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014218:Triage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology