title: Study on cell survival, induction of apoptosis and micronucleus formation in SCL-II cells after exposure to the auger electron emitter (99m)Tc.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the biological effectiveness of Auger electrons emitted by (99m)Tc on cell survival, induction of apoptosis and micronucleus (MN) formation in the human squamous cell carcinoma cell line SCL-II and compare the effects observed to those observed after exposure to external 60Co gamma radiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells were either gamma(60Co)-irradiated (0.67 Gy/min) or exposed to (99m)Tc-pertechnetate (0.95-14.3 MBq/ml) for 24 h under cell culture conditions and assayed for cell survival (colony-forming assay), micronucleus formation (cytochalasin B assay) and the frequency of apoptotic cells (fluorescence microscopy). Monte Carlo based dosimetry has been applied to derive the absorbed dose corresponding to the accumulated decays of (99m)Tc under the given geometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Absorbed doses up to 0.5 Gy could be achieved after 99mTc-exposure leading to no substantial cell killing in this dose range except at one dose point (0.1 Gy) resulting in an relative biological effectiveness (RBE)SF 0.9 of 0.64 when compared to the 60Co reference radiation. MN formation was described best by a linear dose response and was consistently lower after 99mTc exposure when compared to 60Co irradiated cells resulting in an RBE of 0.37. Apoptosis induction was significantly increased after 99mTc exposure at much lower doses (0.1 Gy) when compared to the reference radiation. The (99m)Tc uptake experiments revealed an activity concentration ratio cells vs. medium of 0.07 after 24 h of exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No overall increased biological effectiveness due to the emitted Auger electrons of (99m)Tc, applied as sodium-pertechnetate, could be observed in the investigated cell line when compared to acute external gamma radiation. The RBEs in the range of 0.37-0.64 might be well explained by dose rate effects. The significantly increased apoptotic response after (99m)Tc-exposure at very low doses has to be further investigated.
authors.affiliation: Universität Rostock, FB Biowissenschaften, Institut für Zellbiologie und Biosystemtechnik, Lehrstuhl für Tierphysiologie, Albert-Einsteinstrasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, The Netherlands. ralf.kriehuber@biologie.uni-rostock.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kriehuber
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kadenbach
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000009:adverse effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004583:Electrons / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000009:adverse effects; D013670:Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013670:Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m