title: Transdermal iontophoresis of the dopamine agonist 5-OH-DPAT in human skin in vitro.
abstract: The feasibility of transdermal iontophoretic delivery of a potent dopamine agonist 5-OH-DPAT was studied in vitro in side by side diffusion cells across human stratum corneum (HSC) and dermatomed human skin (DHS) according to the following protocol: 6 h of passive diffusion, 9 h of iontophoresis and 5 h of passive diffusion. The influences of the following parameters on the flux were studied: donor solution pH, NaCl concentration, drug donor concentration, current density and skin type. A current density of 0.5 mA cm(-2) was used, except for one series of experiments to study the current density effect. Probably due to the influence of the skin perm-selectivity and the competition with H(+), increase in pH from 3 to 5 resulted in a significant increase in flux. Further increase in pH to 6 did not further increase the flux. The iontophoretic transport was found to increase linearly with concentration and current density, providing a convenient way to manage dose titration for Parkinson's disease therapy. Increase in concentration of NaCl dramatically reduced the flux of 5-OH-DPAT as a result of ion competition to the transport. When DHS was used, the iontophoretic transport was less. Also, with DHS the response in flux profile, by switching the current on and off, was shallower than that with HSC. With the optimum condition, a delivery of 104 microg of 5-OH-DPAT per cm(2) patch per hour is feasible, indicating that the therapeutic level could be achieved with a smaller patch size than required in case of rotigotine. Thus, based on this in vitro study, transdermal iontophoretic delivery of 5-OH-DPAT is very promising.
authors.affiliation: Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, University of Leiden, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Akhmad Kharis
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Nugroho
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Durk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wikström
authors.forename: Meindert
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Danhof
authors.forename: Joke A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bouwstra
mesh_terms: D017371:8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007478:Iontophoresis; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists; C011799:5-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin; D017371:8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin