title: Prevalence of silent kidney disease in Hong Kong: the screening for Hong Kong Asymptomatic Renal Population and Evaluation (SHARE) program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is epidemic worldwide. In Hong Kong, the annual incidence of ESRD has risen from 100 pmp (per million population) in 1996 to 140 pmp in 2003. SHARE (Screening for Hong Kong Asymptomatic Renal Population and Evaluation program) is a population-based screening program aimed at identifying the prevalence of unrecognized renal disease in asymptomatic individuals, allowing further evaluation and disease-modifying interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  From November to December 2003, SHARE was conducted in several large residential communities in Hong Kong. The screening tool included a questionnaire documenting demographics and history or family history of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HT), and chronic kidney disease (CKD), together with on-site measurements of blood pressure (BP) and urine dipstick for protein, blood, and glucose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were a total of 1811 participants. One thousand two hundred and one subjects were entered into the final analysis. Among the 1201 who were apparently "healthy" (asymptomatic and without history of DM, HT, or CKD), the prevalence of positive (> or =1+) urine dipstick for protein, glucose, blood, protein or blood, any urine abnormality, and HT (BP> or =140/90) was 3.2%, 1.7%, 13.8%, 16%, 17.4%, and 8.7%, respectively. Thirty three percent of the age over 60 years old group had either hypertension or urine abnormalities, compared with 24.0% in the 41- to 60-year-old group and 9.7% in the 20- to 40-year-old group. Having a family history of diabetes or hypertension increases the risk of having urine abnormalities, while a family history of hypertension also increases the risk of high blood pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that subclinical abnormalities in urinalysis or BP readings are prevalent across all age groups in the adult population. An effective screening program at the primary care level that identifies these subjects for further evaluation is warranted, and the public in Hong Kong should be educated toward the significance of such findings in order to have regular health check for asymptomatic renal diseases.
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Philip Kam-Tao
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Bonnie Ching-Ha
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: Chi Bon
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Tze Hoi
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: Kim Ming
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Sing Leung
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.forename: Wai Kay
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: Christopher Chun Yu
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: Siu Ka
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: Alex Wai-Yin
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Sydney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000453:epidemiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors