title: Cross-cultural adaptation of the VISA-A questionnaire, an index of clinical severity for patients with Achilles tendinopathy, with reliability, validity and structure evaluations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Achilles tendinopathy is considered to be one of the most common overuse injuries in elite and recreational athletes and the recommended treatment varies. One factor that has been stressed in the literature is the lack of standardized outcome measures that can be used in all countries. One such standardized outcome measure is the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment - Achilles (VISA-A) questionnaire, which is designed to evaluate the clinical severity for patients with Achilles tendinopathy. The purpose of this study was to cross-culturally adapt the VISA-A questionnaire to Swedish, and to perform reliability, validity and structure evaluations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-cultural adaptation was performed in several steps including translations, synthesis of translations, back translations, expert committee review and pre-testing. The final Swedish version, the VISA-A Swedish version (VISA-A-S) was tested for reliability on healthy individuals (n = 15), and patients (n = 22). Tests for internal consistency, validity and structure were performed on 51 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The VISA-A-S had good reliability for patients (r = 0.89, ICC = 0.89) and healthy individuals (r = 0.89-0.99, ICC = 0.88-0.99). The internal consistency was 0.77 (Cronbach's alpha). The mean [95% confidence interval] VISA-A-S score in the 51 patients (50 [44-56]) was significantly lower than in the healthy individuals (96 [94-99]). The VISA-A-S score correlated significantly (Spearman's r = -0.68) with another tendon grading system. Criterion validity was considered good when comparing the scores of the Swedish version with the English version in both healthy individuals and patients. The factor analysis gave the factors pain/symptoms and physical activity
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The VISA-A-S questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument and comparable to the original version. It measures two factors: pain/symptoms and physical activity, and can be used in both research and the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Lundberg Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Dept of Orthopaedics, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden. karin.gravare-silbernagel@orthop.gu.se
authors.forename: Karin Grävare
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Silbernagel
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomeé
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karlsson
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013548:Sweden; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*