title: E-cadherin suppression accelerates squamous cell carcinoma progression in three-dimensional, human tissue constructs.
abstract: We studied the link between loss of E-cadherin-mediated adhesion and acquisition of malignant properties in three-dimensional, human tissue constructs that mimicked the initial stages of squamous cell cancer progression. Suppression of E-cadherin expression in early-stage, skin-derived tumor cells (HaCaT-II-4) was induced by cytoplasmic sequestration of beta-catenin upon stable expression of a dominant-negative E-cadherin fusion protein (H-2Kd-Ecad). In monolayer cultures, expression of H-2Kd-Ecad resulted in decreased levels of E-cadherin, redistribution of beta-catenin to the cytoplasm, and complete loss of intercellular adhesion when compared with control II-4 cells. This was accompanied by a 7-fold decrease in beta-catenin-mediated transcription and a 12-fold increase in cell migration. In three-dimensional constructs, E-cadherin-deficient tissues showed disruption of architecture, loss of adherens junctional proteins from cell contacts, and focal tumor cell invasion. Invasion was linked to activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated degradation of basement membrane in H-2Kd-Ecad-expressing tissue constructs that was blocked by MMP inhibition (GM6001). Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR showed a 2.5-fold increase in MMP-2 and an 8-fold increase in MMP-9 in cells expressing the H-2Kd-Ecad fusion protein when compared with controls, and gel zymography showed increased MMP protein levels. Following surface transplantation of three-dimensional tissues, suppression of E-cadherin expression greatly accelerated tumorigenesis in vivo by inducing a switch to high-grade carcinomas that resulted in a 5-fold increase in tumor size after 4 weeks. Suppression of E-cadherin expression and loss of its function fundamentally modified squamous cell carcinoma progression by activating a highly invasive, aggressive tumor phenotype, whereas maintenance of E-cadherin prevented invasion in vitro and limited tumor progression in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Biology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Margulis
authors.forename: Weitian
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Addy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alt-Holland
authors.forename: Howard C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Norbert E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Fusenig
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Garlick
mesh_terms: D022005:Adherens Junctions / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D015820:Cadherins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002465:Cell Movement; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D051176:beta Catenin
chemical_list: C495270:CTNNB1 protein, human; C495267:CTNNB1 protein, mouse; D015820:Cadherins; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D051176:beta Catenin; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9