title: Direct-to-consumer drug advertisements on network television: an exploration of quantity, frequency, and placement.
abstract: Prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drug advertisements that appear on television are among the most common forms of health communication reaching the U.S. public, but no studies to date have explored the quantity, frequency, or placement of these ads on television. We explored these questions by recording all programs and advertisements that appeared on network television in a southeastern city during a selected week in the summer of 2001 and coding each prescription and OTC drug ad for its frequency, length, and placement by time of day and television program genre. A total of 18,906 ads appeared in the 504-hour sample, including 907 OTC drug ads (4.8%) and 428 prescription (Rx) drug ads (2.3%), which together occupied about 8% of all commercial airtime. Although OTC drug ads were more common, Rx drug ads on average were significantly longer. Direct-to-consumer drug ads appeared most frequently during news programs and soap operas and during the middle-afternoon and early-evening hours. Overall, we found that direct-to-consumer drug advertisements occupy a large percentage of network television commercial advertising and, based on time and program placement, many ads may be targeted specifically at women and older viewers. Our findings suggest that Americans who watch average amounts of television may be exposed to more than 30 hours of direct-to-consumer drug advertisements each year, far surpassing their exposure to other forms of health communication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA. ebrownf@emory.edu
authors.forename: Erica D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Brownfield
authors.forename: Jay M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.forename: Mark V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Ruth M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D000329:Advertising / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033181:Information Dissemination; D008297:Male; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D010565:Persuasive Communication; D015144:Southeastern United States; D013690:Television / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013995:Time; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D004366:Nonprescription Drugs