title: Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 2. Measurement error and effect of training stage on the relationship between objective and subjective criteria of training workload.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the magnitude and sources of error involved in simply quantifying the workload of a group of Thoroughbred racehorses in training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from seven 2-year-old fillies trained for 13 weeks on sand and grass tracks at various cantering velocities, and at the gallop in the last 4 weeks. Four fillies completed training and comprised a 'high exercise intensity' subgroup; three fillies did not complete all gallops due to lameness or injury and comprised a 'medium exercise intensity' subgroup. The trainer recorded the distance, time, track used, and subjective gait (SG; viz canter, 1/4-pace, 1/2-pace and gallop) of each horse each day. Data were analysed to describe the training programme and sources of variation in workload. A cumulative workload index (CWI) was devised to simply express distance and velocity aspects of the training programme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The magnitude of errors in measurement of timing and distance were small but significant (<0.8%, p=0.01). SG was an inaccurate descriptor of velocity. Mean velocity of 1/2-pace decreased from 8.92 (SE 0.049) in Weeks 6-8 to 6.33 (SE 0.061) m/sec after the start of galloping sessions in Week 9 (p=0.01). Track surface had a significant effect on the velocity of 1/2-pace (p=0.001). The fastest velocity was recorded on the grass (9.06, SE 0.292 m/sec), followed by 'plough' (8.23, SE 0.152 m/sec), and sand (7.90, SE 0.132 m/sec) tracks. The CWI of the horses ranged between 1,085,000 and 1,634,000 (mean=1,428,000; SE 78,000). The average exercise intensity per week was 110,000 (SE 1,048). There were no significant differences between high and medium exercise intensity subgroups for the canter and 1/4-pace. The high exercise subgroup had a greater CWI for the 1/2-pace (839,000 vs 559,000; p=0.004), gallop (71,000 vs 31,000; p=0.001), and total index (1,580,000 vs 1,242,000; p=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The workload history of a horse can be accurately described using an index based on manual measurement of the time and distance worked.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accurate and precise data on the training programme of performance horses are likely to enable greater differentiation of aspects of workload which are associated with both performance and injury.
authors.affiliation: Epicentre, Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Firth