title: Propofol 6% as sedative in children under 2 years of age following major craniofacial surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After alarming reports concerning deaths after sedation with propofol, infusion of this drug was contraindicated by the US Food and Drug Administration in children <18 yr receiving intensive care. We describe our experiences with propofol 6%, a new formula, during postoperative sedation in non-ventilated children following craniofacial surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective cohort study, children admitted to the paediatric surgical intensive care unit following major craniofacial surgery were randomly allocated to sedation with propofol 6% or midazolam, if judged necessary on the basis of a COMFORT behaviour score. Exclusion criteria were respiratory infection, allergy for proteins, propofol or midazolam, hypertriglyceridaemia, familial hypercholesterolaemia or epilepsy. We assessed the safety of propofol 6% with triglycerides (TG) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels, blood gases and physiological parameters. Efficacy was assessed using the COMFORT behaviour scale, Visual Analogue Scale and Bispectral Index monitor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two children were treated with propofol 6%, 23 were treated with midazolam and 10 other children did not need sedation. The median age was 10 (IQR 3-17) months in all groups. Median duration of infusion was 11 (range 6-18) h for propofol 6% and 14 (range 5-17) h for midazolam. TG levels remained normal and no metabolic acidosis or adverse events were observed during propofol or midazolam infusion. Four patients had increased CPK levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We did not encounter any problems using propofol 6% as a sedative in children with a median age of 10 (IQR 3-17) months, with dosages <4 mg kg(-1) h(-1) during a median period of 11 (range 6-18) h.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.forename: M Y M
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Houmes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: C A J
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Knibbe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Danhof
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tibboel
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D007223:Infant; D008874:Midazolam; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D014280:Triglycerides; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D008874:Midazolam; D015742:Propofol