title: Alendronate, vitamin D, and calcium for the treatment of osteopenia/osteoporosis associated with HIV infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteopenia and osteoporosis are frequent complications of HIV infection and/or its treatment. Alendronate is the only bisphosphonate approved for the treatment of osteoporosis in men and women. We conducted a 48-week prospective, randomized, open-label study to evaluate the effects of alendronate, vitamin D, and calcium supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with HIV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one HIV-infected subjects with lumbar spine BMD t-scores less than -1.0 on antiretroviral therapy for a minimum of 6 months were randomized to receive (n = 15) or not to receive (n = 16) 70 mg of alendronate weekly for 48 weeks. All subjects received calcium (1000 mg daily as calcium carbonate) and vitamin D supplementation (400 IU daily). The study was powered to detect 3% changes in BMD in the lumbar spine within arms at 48 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one patients were enrolled; most were male, with an average length of HIV infection of 8 years. Eighty-four percent had an HIV RNA load below 400 copies/mL, with a current median CD4+ T-cell count of 561 cells/mm3 (median nadir CD4 cell count of 167 cells/mm). At baseline, the median t-score in the lumbar spine was -1.52 and the median t-score in the hip was -1.02. Alendronate in combination with vitamin D and calcium increased lumbar spine BMD by 5.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-6.4) at 48 weeks compared with an increase of 1.3% (95% CI: -2.4 to 4.0) in subjects receiving vitamin D and calcium alone. One subject discontinued treatment in each arm. There were no serious adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alendronate, vitamin D, and calcium are safe and potentially useful in the treatment of osteopenia/osteoporosis associated with HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mondy
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Powderly
authors.forename: Sherry A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Claxton
authors.forename: Kevin H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yarasheski
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Royal
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Stoneman
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tebas
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D019386:Alendronate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002118:Calcium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium; D019386:Alendronate