title: Antioxidant activity of A-type proanthocyanidins from Geranium niveum (Geraniaceae).
abstract: Geranium niveum S. Watson (Geraniaceae) is a medicinal herb widely used by the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico. This species is rich in proanthocyanidins and other phenolics. Previous in vitro assays have demonstrated that proanthocyanidins exhibited antiinflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, enzyme-inhibiting, antioxidant, and radical-scavenging properties. In view of its medicinal use and chemical composition, the aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts and two proanthocyanidins (geranins A and D) from the roots of G. niveum by using seven different assay systems, namely, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion (O2*-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (OH*), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and singlet oxygen ((1)O2). Two known antioxidants, resveratrol and ascorbic acid, were used as positive controls. The results showed that geranins A and D and the extracts were able to scavenge ABTS, DPPH, O2*-, OH*, and HOCl. The scavenging ability of geranins A and D was similar to that of resveratrol and ascorbic acid in the following assays: ABTS, O2*-, and HOCl. The scavenging capacity of ascorbic acid for DPPH was higher than that of both geranins and resveratrol. On the other hand, the OH* scavenging action of both geranins and resveratrol was similar. The methanol-CHCl3 (1:1) extract had a higher ability to scavenge ABTS, DPPH, and O2*- radicals than the chloroform extract. In turn, the latter was more potent than the methanol-CHCl3 (1:1) extract as OH* or HOCl scavenger agent. Neither geranins A and D nor the extracts were able to scavenge H2O2 and (1)O2. In conclusion, G. niveum roots have proanthocyanidins with powerful radical scavenging in vitro activity. This property may partially explain the wide use of this plant in the Tarahumara indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal illnesses (other than spasms), pain, and fevers associated with oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Patología Vascular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur, Tlalpan, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Perla D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rivero-Cruz
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mata
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pedraza-Chaverrí
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D031315:Geranium / Q000737:chemistry*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C120205:geranin A; C440105:geranin D