title: Potentially inappropriate medication use among elderly home care patients in Europe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use among elderly patients have been used in the past decade in large US epidemiological surveys to identify populations at risk and specifically target risk-management strategies. In contrast, in Europe little information is available about potentially inappropriate medication use and is based on small studies with uncertain generalizability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence and associated factors of potentially inappropriate medication use among elderly home care patients in European countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cross-sectional study of 2707 elderly patients receiving home care (mean [SD] age, 82.2 [ 7.2] years) representatively enrolled in metropolitan areas of the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United Kingdom. Patients were prospectively assessed between September 2001 and January 2002 using the Minimum Data Set in Home Care instrument.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of potentially inappropriate medication use was documented using all expert panels criteria for community-living elderly persons (Beers and McLeod). Patient-related characteristics independently associated with inappropriate medication use were identified with a multiple logistic regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combining all 3 sets of criteria, we found that 19.8% of patients in the total sample used at least 1 inappropriate medication; using older 1997 criteria it was 9.8% to 10.9%. Substantial differences were documented between Eastern Europe (41.1% in the Czech Republic) and Western Europe (mean 15.8%, ranging from 5.8% in Denmark to 26.5% in Italy). Potentially inappropriate medication use was associated with patient's poor economic situation (adjusted relative risk [RR], 1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58-2.36), polypharmacy (RR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.62- 2.22), anxiolytic drug use (RR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.51-2.15), and depression (RR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.06-1.55). Negatively associated factors were age 85 years and older (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65-0.92) and living alone (RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.64-0.89). The odds of potentially inappropriate medication use significantly increased with the number of associated factors (P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial differences in potentially inappropriate medication use exist between European countries and might be a consequence of different regulatory measures, clinical practices, or inequalities in socioeconomic background. Since financial resources and selected patient-related characteristics are associated with such prescribing, specific educational strategies and regulations should reflect these factors to improve prescribing quality in elderly individuals in Europe.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. fickova@faf.cuni.cz
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fialová
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Topinková
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gambassi
authors.forename: Harriet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Finne-Soveri
authors.forename: Pálmi V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Jónsson
authors.forename: Iain
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schroll
authors.forename: Graziano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Onder
authors.forename: Liv Wergeland
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Sørbye
authors.forename: Cordula
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Jindra
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reissigová
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bernabei
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005853:Geriatrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006699:Home Care Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies