title: Prenatal screening for congenital heart disease using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography and a novel 'sweep volume' acquisition technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conventional prenatal screening for congenital heart disease (CHD) involves a time-consuming and highly operator-dependent acquisition of the four-chamber view and outflow tracts. By acquiring the entire fetal heart instantaneously as a single volume, real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) may facilitate fetal cardiac screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four reviewers, each experienced with fetal cardiac imaging, blindly and independently evaluated a single cardiac volume from each of 18 fetuses (11 normal, seven with CHD). Two-dimensional echocardiography served as the gold standard. Three-dimensional evaluation of each fetus included a series of volume acquisitions lasting 2-6 s each. A 'sweep volume' technique was developed to fit larger hearts into a single non-gated volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RT3DE had a high sensitivity for detecting CHD (93%), with only a single case being missed by two observers. Specificity for CHD was low (45%), with a high rate of 'cannot determine' responses and false positive artifacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary results suggest that RT3DE has the potential to function as a screening tool for fetal heart disease. However, artifacts must be recognized and minimized, resolution must improve, and substantial training will be necessary prior to widespread clinical use.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. msklansky@chla.usc.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sklansky
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Devore
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pretorius
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: R-K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004452:Echocardiography; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D015588:Observer Variation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity