title: Carotid stent delivery in an XMR suite: immediate assessment of the physiologic impact of extracranial revascularization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients undergoing stent placement as treatment for severe stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) were assessed with MR imaging in a combined MR-radiographic (XMR) angiography suite. MR imaging was performed before and immediately following conventional radiography-guided stent placement. Changes in MR imaging measurable properties, including flow and perfusion, resulting from stent placement were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  MR imaging analysis was performed for 12 patients with >70% stenosis of the ICA before and after conventional radiography-guided deployment of a carotid stent. MR imaging acquisitions included angiography, quantitative flow analysis, perfusion, diffusion, and turbo-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR). These acquisitions were all performed immediately before and following stent placement by using conventional techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MR angiography proved sufficient for identifying the target lesion and permitting targeted flow analysis. MR flow analysis demonstrated a marked increase in flow in the treated carotid artery (+2.2 +/- 1.2 mL/s) and little change in other extracranial arteries. MR perfusion imaging showed no significant differences in relative cerebral blood volume between hemispheres before or after treatment, but there was a modest decrease in mean transit time and time to peak evident in the treated hemisphere after stent placement. Diffusion imaging did not demonstrate any ischemic foci resulting from carotid stent treatment. Hyperintensity of the CSF was noted on turbo-FLAIR acquisitions in the ipsilateral hemisphere following stent placement in 75% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MR imaging reliably reflects the state of the carotid artery and provides a means of monitoring and quantifying the effects of revascularization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California--San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Alastair J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Saloner
authors.forename: Timothy P L
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Oliver M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: Van
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Halbach
authors.forename: Christopher F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Dowd
authors.forename: Randall T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Higashida
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001810:Blood Volume; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome