title: Helplessness in the tail suspension test is associated with an increase in ethanol intake and its rewarding effect in female mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is frequently observed in drug abusers. However, depression may be a primary factor of predisposition to drug abuse or a consequence of drug abuse. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of a preexisting depressive-like state/helplessness on subsequent alcohol responsiveness in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male and female CD1 mice were selected according to their immobility time in the tail suspension test, and only mice with "high immobility" and "low immobility" time were retained. Using a two-bottle free-choice paradigm, these mice were given continuous access to tap water or solutions of ethanol (3-20% v/v), quinine (12.5-50 mg/liter), or sucrose (1-4% w/v). In female mice, rewarding and aversive effects of ethanol (1.5 and 3 g/kg, intraperitoneally) were also investigated using the conditioned place preference and the conditioned taste aversion paradigms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Female mice were more immobile and drank more ethanol than male mice. No striking sex difference was observed in quinine consumption. Sucrose intake was higher in female than in male mice, whatever the solution concentration. At the 4% concentrated solution, a sucrose-induced increase in daily fluid intake was observed only in female mice. Female mice with high immobility time (HI) consumed more ethanol at the highest concentration than female mice with low immobility time (LI), whereas no difference was observed between HI and LI male mice. Moreover, whereas LI female mice failed to express place conditioning induced by the 3-g/kg dose of ethanol, HI female mice were strongly responsive to the rewarding effect of this high ethanol dose. Ethanol dose-dependently induced a conditioned taste aversion with a similar magnitude in both LI and HI female mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that female CD1 mice tend to drink greater amounts of ethanol or sucrose solutions than male CD1 mice, suggesting that female mice may be a better model of excessive alcohol intake. Furthermore, no relationship was found between immobility scores and ethanol consumption in male mice. On the contrary, within female mice, HI mice consumed higher amounts of ethanol than LI mice probably because they experienced greater rewarding effects of ethanol. The present results support the hypothesis that depressive-like responses may predispose to ethanol abuse in female mice.
authors.affiliation: CNRS UMR 6036, Unité de neuropsychopharmacologie expérimentale, Institut Fédératif de Recherche Multidisciplinaire sur les Peptides, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Rouen, 22, Bld Gambetta 76000 Rouen, France.
authors.forename: Yann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pelloux
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hagues
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Costentin
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duterte-Boucher
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000818:Animals; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006380:Helplessness, Learned; D019417:Hindlimb Suspension / Q000502:physiology*; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000139:chemically induced; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D012201:Reward; D013649:Taste / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000431:Ethanol