title: Impairment of lung function in asbestos-exposed workers in relation to high-resolution computed tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to determine the causes of impairment of ventilatory function and diffusing capacity in smoking asbestos-exposed workers (N=590) showing radiological pleural thickenings or pulmonary fibrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and spirometry were performed, and diffusing capacity was measured. The workers were divided into five groups based on the HRCT scoring: pleural disease (N=190), pulmonary fibrosis (N=68), emphysema (N=148), combined fibrosis and emphysema (N=74), and marked adhesions (N=110). The graded lung function impairment was compared between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate impairment of forced expiratory volume in 1 second [odds ratio (OR) 2.72, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.31-5.57] and forced vital capacity (OR 2.81, 95% CI 1.05-6.89) was associated with the persons with combined fibrosis and emphysema. Marked impairment of diffusing capacity was associated with the combined fibrosis and emphysema (OR 4.94, 95% CI 2.48-9.77) but not with pleural disease (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.09-0.45) or pulmonary fibrosis (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.08-1.05). For the persons with combined fibrosis and emphysema, the mean fibrosis score did not differ between normal, slightly reduced, or markedly reduced diffusing capacity, but the emphysema score was significantly higher for the patients with marked impairment than for those with normal diffusing capacity (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different profiles of asbestos- and smoking-induced pulmonary or pleural disease were found. The results indicate that the most important factor determining the degree of functional impairment in smoking asbestos-exposed workers is the presence of pulmonary emphysema.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland. paivi.piirila@hus.fi
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Piirilä
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindqvist
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Huuskonen
authors.forename: Simo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaleva
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koskinen
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lehtola
authors.forename: Tapio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vehmas
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kivisaari
authors.forename: Anssi R A
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sovijärvi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001195:Asbestosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010994:Pleura / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D010995:Pleural Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed