title: Behavioral and psychological symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: frequency and relationship with duration and severity of the disease.
abstract: The occurrence of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) is currently recognized as an important aspect of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We evaluated the frequency and severity of BPSD with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory across the various degrees and phases of the disease in 50 consecutive AD outpatients. Apathy, aberrant motor activity, dysphoria and anxiety were the symptoms most frequently reported by the caregivers, ranging in the whole study sample from 46 to 74%. A clear trend towards increasing frequency with the severity of disease was found for delusions, hallucinations and aberrant motor activity. A major effect of the duration of the disease was found in the probability of developing hallucinations and aberrant motor activity. Apart from hallucinations, all BPSD were present starting from a mild degree of dementia. A better understanding of the global spectrum of BPSD in AD is warranted in order to improve the allocation of health resources toward the treatment of dementia.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, Ospedale S.M. Nuova, Florence, Italy. dr.maristella@inwind.it
authors.forename: Maristella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piccininni
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Carlo
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baldereschi
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zaccara
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inzitari
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D003702:Delusions / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D009043:Motor Activity; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index