title: Long term complications in single and dual chamber pacing are influenced by surgical experience and patient morbidity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine how short and long term complication rates after pacemaker implantation are influenced by patient morbidity, operator experience, and choice of pacing system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of 1884 patients who received VVI (n = 610), VDD (n = 371), or DDD devices (n = 903) between 1990 and 2001. Follow up period was 64 (34) months. The influence of age, sex, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, reduced left ventricular (LV) function, right ventricular (RV) dilatation, atrial fibrillation, device type, and operator experience on operation time and complication rate were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Operation time was prolonged in patients with coronary artery disease, inferior myocardial infarction, reduced LV function, and RV dilatation. Implantation of DDD pacemakers prolonged operation time, particularly among operators with a low or medium level of experience. The overall complication rate was 4.5%. Sixty seven per cent of these complications occurred within the first three months. Complication rate was increased by age, reduced LV function, and RV dilatation. Implantation of DDD systems led to a higher complication rate (6.3%) than implantation of VVI (2.6%) or VDD pacemakers (3.2%). These differences were present only among operators with a low or medium level of experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Operation time and complication rate increased with age, impaired LV function, and RV dilatation. Complication rates were higher with DDD than with VVI or VDD implantation and were excessive among inexperienced but not experienced operators.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik Schleswig Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Medizinische Klinik II, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany. eberhard@uni-luebeck.de
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eberhardt
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bonnemeier
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boguschewski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schlei
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: U K H
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Wiegand
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000150:complications