title: Production of interferon-gamma by natural killer cells and aging in chronic human schistosomiasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aging is associated with several alterations in the phenotype, repertoire and activation status of lymphocytes as well as in the cytokine profile produced by these cells. As a lifelong condition, chronic parasitic diseases such as human schistosomiasis overlaps with the aging process and no systematic study has yet addressed the changes in immune response during infection with Schistosoma mansoni in older individuals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Herein we study the influence of immunological alterations brought about by senescence in the course of schistosomiasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals 10-95 years of age, from both sexes, from an endemic area for S. mansoni infection were matched by intensity of infection as measured by egg counts. We analyzed, as a parameter, cytokine expression by lymphocytes and natural killer cells after in vitro stimulation with soluble egg antigen and soluble worm antigen using flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated that the frequency of CD16+ interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)+ natural killer cells in negative individuals over the age of 70 years is significantly higher than in positive individuals after in vitro stimulation with S. mansoni antigen extracts. The frequency of these cells is increased in all individuals over the age of 50 years and only declines in positive individuals after 70 years of age. Analysis of either CD4? or CD8? cells after antigen stimulation show no significant increase in frequency of IFN-gamma in negative or in positive individuals of this age group, suggesting that the effect on CD16+ cells is not T-cell dependent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since production of IFN-gamma has been related to resistance to schistosome infection, our data suggest that age-associated changes in CD16+ cells may play a role in controlling infection intensity in the elderly in S. mansoni endemic areas of Brazil.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Speziali
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bethony
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Martins-Filho
authors.forename: L A O
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Fraga
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lemos
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Correa-Oliveira
authors.forename: A M C
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Faria
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012555:Schistosomiasis mansoni / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D007371:Interferon-gamma