title: 'Lophenteropneust' hypothesis refuted by collection and photos of new deep-sea hemichordates.
abstract: The deep ocean is home to a group of broad-collared hemichordates--the so-called 'lophenteropneusts'--that have been photographed gliding on the sea floor but have not previously been collected. It has been claimed that these worms have collar tentacles and blend morphological features of the two main hemichordate body plans, namely the tentacle-less enteropneusts and the tentacle-bearing pterobranchs. Consequently, lophenteropneusts have been invoked as missing links to suggest that the former evolved into the latter. The most significant aspect of the lophenteropneust hypothesis is its prediction that the fundamental body plan within a basal phylum of deuterostomes was enteropneust-like. The assumption of such an ancestral state influences ideas about the evolution of the vertebrates from the invertebrates. Here we report on the first collected specimen of a broad-collared, deep-sea enteropneust and describe it as a new family, genus and species. The collar, although disproportionately broad, lacks tentacles. In addition, we find no evidence of tentacles in the available deep-sea photographs (published and unpublished) of broad-collared enteropneusts, including those formerly designated as lophenteropneusts. Thus, the lophenteropneust hypothesis was based on misinterpretation of deep-sea photographs of low quality and should no longer be used to support the idea that the enteropneust body plan is basal within the phylum Hemichordata.
authors.affiliation: Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (UCSD), La Jolla, California 92093-0202, USA. nholland@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Nicholas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Clague
authors.forename: Dennis P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gebruk
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Pawson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vecchione
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002816:Chordata, Nonvertebrate / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification*; D005260:Female; D008954:Models, Biological; D012623:Seawater