title: Satisfaction with pharmacotherapy for approved and off-label indications--a Delphi study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prescribing for non-approved uses is widespread in the treatment of AIDS, cancer, and pediatric illnesses, but it is by no means limited to these areas. Few studies have been performed evaluating reasons for off-label prescribing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the satisfaction with drug therapy as one of the potential reasons for off-label uses by testing a hypothesis that the satisfaction with drug therapy for off-label indications is lower than for approved indications.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study compared the satisfaction with drug therapy for known off-label indications with a control group of approved indications. Twenty-four of the first 50 single-ingredient drugs, according to their share in the drug cost budget of the Slovenian Compulsory Health Insurance, had 86 different off-label indications eligible for inclusion. A control group of 86 approved indications was randomly selected from the list of all possible approved indications for the same 24 drugs. A 2-round Delphi technique, involving an expert panel of physicians who are members of the drug regulatory agency, was used to evaluate the satisfaction with drug therapy for selected indications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the second round of the Delphi study, the median scores of satisfaction with drug therapy for approved and off-label indications were 7.00 and 6.50, respectively (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows that the satisfaction with available drug therapy for off-label indications is lower than for approved indications. The statistical association, biologic plausibility, and coherence with existing information, as well as the temporality of the association, provide supporting evidence that low satisfaction with drug therapy is one of the incentives for off-label use.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. mitja.kos@ffa.uni-lj.si
authors.forename: Mitja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kos
authors.forename: Albert I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Wertheimer
authors.forename: Ales
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mrhar
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003697:Delphi Technique; D004348:Drug Labeling; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D004363:Drug Utilization; D006801:Humans; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric