title: Organ and effective dose conversion coefficients for radiographic examinations of the pediatric skull estimated by Monte Carlo methods.
abstract: The objective of the present work was to provide precise effective and organ dose data for radiographic examinations of the skull performed on pediatric patients. To accomplish this, the MCNP4C2 transport code was utilized and 18 mathematical anthropomorphic phantoms, representing ages from a newborn child to a 17-year-old adolescent, were developed. Three common projections, anterior-posterior, posterior-anterior and lateral, were considered. The results consist of effective and organ radiation doses normalized to the entrance surface dose. Normalized data are presented for a wide range of peak kilovoltages and beam filtration values so that doses for any X-ray unit can be calculated. Both organ and effective dose values showed an inverse correlation with age. Good agreement was observed between the normalized effective doses produced in this study and values derived from calculations based on the National Radiological Protection Board coefficients for specific mathematical phantoms representing 1-, 5-, 10- and 15-year-old children. In the present work, dose data for nine mathematical phantoms representing 0-, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 9- and 14-year-old pediatric patients were provided for estimation of organ and effective doses delivered to pediatric patients from radiographic examinations of the skull.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Crete, Iraklion, P.O. Box 2208 Crete, 71003, Greece.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stratakis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Damilakis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gourtsoyiannis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000528:radiation effects; D001921:Brain / Q000528:radiation effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008954:Models, Biological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011859:Radiography; D011874:Radiometry; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000528:radiation effects; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000528:radiation effects