title: The growth arrest function of the human oncoprotein mouse double minute-2 is disabled by downstream mutation in cancer cells.
abstract: We have reported earlier that ectopic expression of mouse double minute-2 (MDM2) induces G1 arrest in normal cells. To explain occasional overexpression of MDM2 in cancer cells, we searched for deletion or substitution mutation in the growth suppressor domains of MDM2 in several breast cancer cell lines that overexpress the oncoprotein. Our results suggest the absence of alteration (deletion or substitution) in the open reading frame of MDM2 transcripts in such cells. Because the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 overexpresses MDM2, we isolated the full-length MDM2 transcript from this cell line. The MDM2 cDNA synthesized from transcripts isolated from MCF-7 cells induced inhibition of G1 to S phase transition in normal human diploid cells such as WI38, suggesting that the genetic alterations in breast cancer cells that overexpress MDM2 disable the growth arrest function of the oncoprotein. Consistently, overexpression of full-length MDM2 in MCF-7 cells over its high endogenous level did not inhibit G1-S transition efficiently. Although MDM2 overexpression was accompanied by CDK4 overexpression or absence of cdk4 inhibitor p16 in most breast cancer cells, we found remarkably high levels of cyclin A rather than cyclin E in these cells. Ectopic expression of cyclin A released MDM2-mediated inhibition of G1-S transition in normal human diploid WI38 cells. We propose that cancer cells expressing high levels of cyclin A escape MDM2-mediated G1 arrest, which may account for a selective growth advantage over normal cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0614, USA.
authors.forename: Ruizhe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frum
authors.forename: Sumitra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deb
authors.forename: Swati P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Deb
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D019925:Cyclin A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019927:Cyclin E / Q000378:metabolism; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000378:metabolism; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D016193:G1 Phase; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2; D016196:S Phase; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D019925:Cyclin A; D019927:Cyclin E; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C497206:MDM2 protein, human; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2; C495900:CDK4 protein, human; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases