title: Bilateral complete avulsion of ocular globes in a Le Fort III maxillofacial fracture: a case report and review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a case of bilateral complete avulsion of the globes following maxillofacial trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 23-year-old man with bilateral complete globe avulsion following a maxillofacial trauma. Both globes were luxated out of the orbit and suspended on the skin of the upper lid below the brows. No direct or indirect light reflexes or any eye movements could be noted. Computerized tomography showed complete lacerations of both optic nerves at a level just anterior to the optic canal. There were also multiple fractures corresponding to Le Fort III fracture with Le Fort II components. The brain parenchyma was normal with an exception of brain edema. As the globes were unsuitable for repositioning, both were enucleated. The maxillofacial fractures were immobilized with plates and screws. Although the patient gained consciousness with normal vital signs in the early postoperative period, he died on the ninth day due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, despite invasive antibiotic treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optic nerve and the globes are very resistant to mild and moderate trauma. The avulsion of the nerve at the canalicular or more posterior level may demonstrate central nervous system complications resulting in life-threatening conditions. The most critical issue in complete globe avulsions with a transected optic nerve is to rescue the vision. In total transected optic nerves the final eyes could only have had cosmetic benefits. In spite of promising experimental research on optic nerve regeneration, there are unknowns, such as the methods to eliminate the risk of anterior segment ischemia and phthisis bulbi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Globe avulsions with a complete optic nerve cut remain a challenging problem. More research is required to better understand the pathophysiology of optic nerve repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Mersin, School of Medicine, Mersin - Turkey.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Unal
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Argin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Demirkan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aksoy
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000328:Adult; D015353:Eye Enucleation; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000293:injuries*; D008440:Maxillary Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000293:injuries; D020221:Optic Nerve Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D019340:Osteotomy, Le Fort; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed