title: Study of the relationship between social deprivation and outcome after stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the incidence and mortality of stroke are known to be inversely related to socioeconomic status (SES), the relationship between SES and recovery after stroke has been little-studied. This study has investigated the relationship between SES and case fatality, "death or dependency," and "death or institutional care" at 6 months after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with acute stroke (n=2709) were identified using routine hospital discharge data and SES was measured using Carstairs scores (an ecological index of social deprivation). Case mix and treatment data were collected by medical chart review, case fatality by record linkage, and functional status and place of residence by questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to adjust the association of social deprivation and outcome for case mix and selected treatment variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With increasing social deprivation, patients were younger, more likely to live alone, and, on admission, more likely to need help to walk. Social deprivation was not associated with case fatality or with "death or institutional care" in any analysis. However, patients residing in the most deprived areas (deprivation categories 6 and 7) were significantly more likely to be dead or dependent than patients from more affluent areas. This association was weakened but remained after adjusting for case mix and treatment variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings contribute to growing evidence of an inverse social gradient in disability after stroke. Institutionalization, as a proxy for functional outcome, may not reflect this fact. A marked social gradient in case fatality after stroke seems unlikely.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, Scotland.
authors.forename: Nicolas U
authors.initials: NU
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gunkel
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McDowall
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dennis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012923:Social Class; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome