title: Consistency or change in nicotine dependence according to the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence over three years in a population sample.
abstract: The goal was to determine whether nicotine dependence levels remain consistent or change over three years. From a population- based sample of 4075 residents aged 18-64, drawn at random, data of 696 individuals was used, who had smoked cigarettes for 21 years on average. Nicotine dependence was assessed by the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) at baseline, and 30 and 36 months later. In addition, nicotine dependence and alcohol dependence were diagnosed according to the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV). We found an increase in the FTND over 36 months. Subgroups were revealed with sustained high, increasing, decreasing, and sustained low rates of the FTND sum score. Male gender, age at onset of smoking 15 years or younger, DSM-IV nicotine dependence, and DSM-IV alcohol dependence at baseline predicted a sustained high FTND. We conclude that nicotine dependence is increasing even after many years of smoking in an adult population sample.
authors.affiliation: University of Greifswald, Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Addiction Research Center, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 48, D 17487 Greifswald, Germany. ujohn@uni-greifswald.de
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Rumpf
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schumann
authors.forename: Ulfert
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hapke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D011379:Prognosis; D012737:Sex Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000145:classification* / Q000523:psychology*