title: [Ultrasound for peripheral neural block].
abstract: Ultrasound is well established in medicine. Unfortunately, ultrasound is still rarely used in the area of anesthesia. The purpose of the article is to illustrate the possibilities and limitations of ultrasound in regional anesthesia. The basic principles of ultrasound are the piezoelectric effect and the behaviour of acoustic waveforms in human tissue. Ultrasound imaging in medicine uses high frequency pulses of sound waves (2.5-10 MHz). The following images are built up from the reflected sounds. The ultrasound devices used in regional anesthesia (commonly by 10 MHz) deliver a two-dimensional view. The main step for a successful regional anaesthesia is to identify the exact position of the nerve. In addition, specific surface landmarks and the use of peripheral nerve stimulator help to detect the correct position of the needle. Nerves are demonstrated as an composition of hyperechogenic (white) and hypoechogenic (black) areas. The surrounding hyperechogenic parts are epi- and perineurium, the dark hypoechogenic part is the neural tissue. The composition of peripheral nerves are always similar, but the quantities of each part, of surrounding perineurium and nerval structures, differ. Further the imaging of nerves is significantly influenced by the angle of beam to the nerve and the surrounding anatomic structures. Only experience and correct interpretation make the ultrasound a valid method in clinical practice. Correct interpretation has to be learned by standardized education. Three examples of peripheral nerve blocks are described. The detection of nerves and the visualization of the correct spread of local anesthetics to the nerves are the main principles of effective ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia, whereas closest proximity of the needle to the target nerve is not necessary. The described examples of ultrasound guidance for nerval block illustrates the specific procedures with reduced probability of nerval irritation, high success and low rate of complications.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Interdisziplinäre Intensivmedizin, Klinikum Ludwigsburg. Fotios.Kefalianakis@kliniken-lb.de
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kefalianakis
mesh_terms: D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D017933:Peripheral Nervous System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local