title: The accuracy of digital-video retinal imaging to screen for diabetic retinopathy: an analysis of two digital-video retinal imaging systems using standard stereoscopic seven-field photography and dilated clinical examination as reference standards.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the accuracy of two digital-video retinal imaging (DVRI) systems to detect diabetic retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, masked, technology assessment was conducted for two DVRI systems at a tertiary care Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Group A (n = 151 patients) was imaged with a 640x480 resolution system and group B (n = 103 patients) with an 800x600 resolution system. Four retinal evaluations were performed on each patient: DVRI with undilated pupils using one imaging field (U-DVRI), DVRI with dilated pupils using three imaging fields (D-DVRI), dilated clinical examination, and Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study stereoscopic seven-field photography (ETDRS-P). Two analyses of accuracy were conducted, one using ETDRS-P as a "gold standard" (ETDRS-GS) and one using dilated clinical examination as a "gold standard" (C-GS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For group A, using the ETDRS-GS, sensitivities of U-DVRI and D-DVRI were 0.66 and 0.66; specificities of U-DVRI and D-DVRI were 0.66 and 0.86. Using the C-GS, sensitivities of U-DVRI and D-DVRI were 0.79 and 0.80; specificities of U-DVRI and D-DVRI were 0.68 and 0.85. For group B, using the ETDRS-GS, sensitivities of U-DVRI and D-DVRI were 0.76 and 0.85; specificities of U-DVRI and D-DVRI were 0.45 and 0.80. Using the C-GS, sensitivities of U-DVRI and D-DVRI were 0.81 and 0.87; specificities of U-DVRI and D-DVRI were 0.45 and 0.69. For both groups, dilation significantly improved specificities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 800x600 resolution DVRI system offers an accurate method of detecting diabetic retinopathy, provided there is adequate pupillary dilation and three retinal images are taken. DVRI technology may help facilitate retinal screenings of growing diabetic populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, and Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Mary Gilbert
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Lawrence
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D009184:Mydriatics; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods*; D010808:Physical Examination; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D009184:Mydriatics