title: Factors associated with celecoxib and rofecoxib utilization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) celecoxib and rofecoxib (before its removal) are marketed as having fewer gastrointestinal (GI)-related complications than nonselective NSAIDs. However, adverse reaction data suggest that the use of COX-2 selective NSAIDs is associated with clinically significant GI events.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether patients receiving celecoxib and rofecoxib have a greater underlying disease burden than patients prescribed nonselective NSAIDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of members of 11 health plans, aged >34 years, with a pharmacy claim for celecoxib or rofecoxib or a nonselective NSAID dispensed between February 1, 1999, and July 31, 2001, who had been continuously enrolled for >364 days before the dispensing date. Celecoxib and rofecoxib patients were randomly selected without replacement from a pool of eligible users in each of the 30 months. Nonselective NSAID users were randomly chosen without replacement within each month on a 2:1 ratio to cases; they could be chosen in more than one month. Univariate analyses comparing 9000 cases and 18 000 controls were performed, followed by a multiple logistic regression analysis conditioned on time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing age, treatment by a rheumatologist or an orthopedic specialist, treatment with a high number of different medications in the past year, treatment with oral corticosteroids in the past year, and having had a previous GI bleed increased the likelihood of receiving celecoxib or rofecoxib, whereas treatment with a high number of nonselective NSAID prescriptions in the past year decreased it. Treatment with a high number of different medications was a predictor of increased prevalence of underlying diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients having a greater underlying disease burden were more likely to receive COX-2 selective NSAIDs than nonselective ones. Paradoxically, patients at higher risk for cardiovascular disease were channeled toward treatment with COX-2 selective NSAIDs, many of which may confer an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction and other adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Care Policy and Evaluation, Eden Prairie, MN Oakville, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Nigel S B
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Rawson
authors.forename: Parivash
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nourjah
authors.forename: Stella C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Grosser
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000068579:Celecoxib; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D019981:Health Care Sector / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007783:Lactones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013450:Sulfones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007783:Lactones; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; D000068579:Celecoxib