title: The physiological and physical status of single calves at birth in a dairy herd in New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the physiological status of calves at birth and the perinatal factors that might predispose newborn calves to debility and death, using criteria previously established for newborn lambs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Friesian mixed-aged cows and heifers on a dairy farm in New Zealand that were close to calving were separated from the main herd and observed 24 h a day until they calved. Cows in which labour did not progress for over 1 h or which were in distress were assisted. About 12-13 min after birth, rectal temperature was measured and a blood sample was taken from each calf. The packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma lactate, glucose and fructose concentrations were determined. The time to stand for each calf and the air temperature and weather conditions at birth were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The parameters measured were within normal ranges for newborns for the majority of calves. Calves sired by an Angus bull and born to heifers (AngusX) had significantly higher plasma lactate and fructose concentrations than Friesian calves born to cows, but there were no significant differences between the two breeds in any of the other parameters measured. Calves of both breeds born with assistance had significantly higher plasma lactate concentrations than those born without. Friesian calves that were assisted at birth had significantly lower PCVs and took significantly longer to stand than calves born without assistance. Assisted AngusX calves were significantly heavier than their unassisted counterparts. Calves born during windy and wet weather and when air temperatures were below 10 degrees C had lower rectal temperatures, took longer to stand and had higher plasma glucose concentrations than those born in dry weather and when air temperatures were above 10 degrees C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calves with physiological parameters outside the normal range had experienced difficult labour and/or intrapartum hypoxaemia. Placental insufficiency and maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy did not apparently contribute to neonatal problems in the present study.
authors.affiliation: Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Diesch
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mellor
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Ward