title: Functional electrical stimulation controlled by artificial neural networks: pilot experiments with simple movements are promising for rehabilitation applications.
abstract: This study falls within the ambit of research on functional electrical stimulation for the design of rehabilitation training for spinal cord injured patients. In this context, a crucial issue is the control of the stimulation parameters in order to optimize the patterns of muscle activation and to increase the duration of the exercises. An adaptive control system (NEURADAPT) based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) was developed to control the knee joint in accordance with desired trajectories by stimulating quadriceps muscles. This strategy includes an inverse neural model of the stimulated limb in the feedforward line and a neural network trained on-line in the feedback loop. NEURADAPT was compared with a linear closed-loop proportional integrative derivative (PID) controller and with a model-based neural controller (NEUROPID). Experiments on two subjects (one healthy and one paraplegic) show the good performance of NEURADAPT, which is able to reduce the time lag introduced by the PID controller. In addition, control systems based on ANN techniques do not require complicated calibration procedures at the beginning of each experimental session. After the initial learning phase, the ANN, thanks to its generalization capacity, is able to cope with a certain range of variability of skeletal muscle properties.
authors.affiliation: NITlab TBM LAB, Bioengineering Department, Polytechnic of Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrante
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pedrocchi
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iannò
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Momi
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrarin
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferrigno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010865:Pilot Projects