title: Australopithecus anamensis: a finite-element approach to studying the functional adaptations of extinct hominins.
abstract: Australopithecus anamensis is the stem species of all later hominins and exhibits the suite of characters traditionally associated with hominins, i.e., bipedal locomotion when on the ground, canine reduction, and thick-enameled teeth. The functional consequences of its thick enamel are, however, unclear. Without appropriate structural reinforcement, these thick-enameled teeth may be prone to failure. This article investigates the mechanical behavior of A. anamensis enamel and represents the first in a series that will attempt to determine the functional adaptations of hominin teeth. First, the microstructural arrangement of enamel prisms in A. anamensis teeth was reconstructed using recently developed software and was compared with that of extant hominoids. Second, a finite-element model of a block of enamel containing one cycle of prism deviation was reconstructed for Homo, Pan, Gorilla, and A. anamensis and the behavior of these tissues under compressive stress was determined. Despite similarities in enamel microstructure between A. anamensis and the African great apes, the structural arrangement of prismatic enamel in A. anamensis appears to be more effective in load dissipation under these compressive loads. The findings may imply that this hominin species was well adapted to puncture crushing and are in some respects contrary to expectations based on macromorphology of teeth. Taking together, information obtained from both finite-element analyses and dental macroanatomy leads us to suggest that A. anamensis was probably adapted for habitually consuming a hard-tough diet. However, additional tests are needed to understand the functional adaptations of A. anamensis teeth fully.
authors.affiliation: Palaeontology Research Group, Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK. gama1@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gabriele A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Macho
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Iain R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Spears
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004032:Diet; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D005580:Fossils; D015186:Hominidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010163:Paleontology; D013045:Species Specificity; D014070:Tooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing