title: Tularaemia outbreak in Bulgaria.
abstract: During the last 40 y, 2 large tularaemia outbreaks occurred in Bulgaria. We report the second outbreak, in 1998--2003, including a total of 262 laboratory confirmed cases. The majority of the patients presented with oropharyngeal tularaemia (89.7%). Less common were the glandular, pulmonary and oculoglandular forms. The diagnosis of tularaemia was confirmed serologically. In 5 cases, F. tularensis was detected by immunofluorescent assay in lymph node biopsies. By PCR, all 5 samples yielded successful amplification of the tul4 gene and the feredoxin gene of F. tularensis. Cultivation of the biopsies resulted in 2 F. tularensis isolates. Three additional F. tularensis isolates were obtained from an open well, a dead hare and a tick. All 5 isolates were identified as F. tularensis subsp. holarctica seu palaearctica. F. tularensis was detected by PCR amplification of the tul4 gene in spleen samples from 9 (21%) of 42 captured rodents. Our study indicated food and water contamination by rodents as important sources of human infection. The high prevalence of the oropharyngeal form of tularaemia supported the assumption that humans contracted the infection by alimentary route.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria. iva_christova@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Iva
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Christova
authors.forename: Tzvetan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Velinov
authors.forename: Todor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kantardjiev
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galev
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000818:Animals; D002031:Bulgaria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D005604:Francisella tularensis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D014406:Tularemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000635:transmission