title: Nonlinear progression of Parkinson disease as determined by serial positron emission tomographic imaging of striatal fluorodopa F 18 activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The investigation of disease progression provides important information on the dynamics of cell death in Parkinson disease (PD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the progression of dopaminergic impairment in PD with the use of positron emission tomography (PET).
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal prospective cohort study with a follow-up period of 64.5 +/- 22.6 months (mean +/- SD).
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive sample of patients with PD (N = 31; age at symptom onset, 53.6 +/- 11.3 years) with a wide range of symptom duration and severity at the time of study entry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Investigation by serial fluorodopa F 18 ([(18)F]fluorodopa) PET as a marker for striatal dopaminergic function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in caudate and putaminal [(18)F]fluorodopa influx constant (K(i)) values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with PD, the decline rate of putaminal [(18)F]fluorodopa K(i) correlated inversely with disease duration before study inclusion (r = -0.46, P = .01) and positively with baseline K(i) values (r = 0.44, P = .01), indicating a negative exponential loss of dopamine neurons. Annual disease progression rates ranged from 4.4% in the caudate nucleus to 6.3% in the putamen. A mean preclinical period of 5.6 +/- 3.2 years was calculated with symptom onset at a putaminal K(i) threshold of 69% from controls. Assuming nonlinear progression kinetics, the required sample size to prove neuroprotection with the use of [(18)F]fluorodopa PET was found to increase strongly with the preceding symptom duration of study subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the neurodegenerative process in PD follows a negative exponential course and slows down with increasing symptom duration, contradicting the long-latency hypothesis of PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. hilker@pet.mpin-koeln.mpg.de
authors.forename: Ruediger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hilker
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schweitzer
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coburger
authors.forename: Mehran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghaemi
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weisenbach
authors.forename: Andreas H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Jobst
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rudolf
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Herholz
authors.forename: Wolf-Dieter
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Heiss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes / Q000378:metabolism; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; C043437:fluorodopa F 18; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine