title: Biodegradation of the insecticide N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide by fungi: identification and toxicity of metabolites.
abstract: Fungi (Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 9245, Mucor ramannianus R-56, Aspergillus niger VKMF-1119, and Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKMF-1767) were tested to elucidate the biologic fate of the topical insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). The elution profile obtained from analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography equipped with a reverse-phase C-18 column, showed that three peaks occurred after incubation of C. elegans, with which 1 mM DEET was combined as a final concentration. The peaks were not detected in the control experiments with either DEET alone or tested fungus alone. The metabolites produced by C. elegans exhibited a molecular mass of 207 with a fragment ion (m/z) at 135, a molecular mass of 179 with an m/z at 135, and a molecular mass of 163 with an m/z at 119, all of which correspond to N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide-N-oxide, N-ethyl-m-toluamide-N-oxide, and N-ethyl-m-toluamide, respectively. M. ramannianus R-56 also produced N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide-N-oxide and N-ethyl-m-toluamide but did not produce N-ethyl-m-toluamide-N-oxide. For the biologic toxicity test with DEET and its metabolites, the freshwater zooplankton Daphnia magna was used. The biologic sensitivity in decreasing order was DEET > N-ethyl-m-toluamide > N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide-N-oxide. Although DEET and its fungal metabolites showed relatively low mortality compared with other insecticides, the toxicity was increased at longer exposure periods. These are the first reports of the metabolism of DEET by fungi and of the biologic toxicity of DEET and its fungal metabolites to the freshwater zooplankton D. magna.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500-712, Korea.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Y-G
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S-D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: C-J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: J-H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: H-G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Hur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D020093:Cunninghamella / Q000378:metabolism; D003671:DEET / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects; D005658:Fungi / Q000378:metabolism*; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D007302:Insect Repellents; D007306:Insecticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003671:DEET