title: Malignancy in perinatally human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of and factors associated with malignancy in perinatally human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included were 2969 children followed in the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) 219/219C cohort from 1993 through 2003. Cancer incidence by sex, race, age, histology and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era (pre-HAART, 1993-1997; HAART, 1998-2003) was estimated, and the standardized incidence ratio contrasting infected and uninfected children was determined. Poisson regression was used to further investigate the relation between HAART use (> or =3 drugs of > or =2 classes, 1 of which was a protease inhibitor), CD4% and cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 37 cancers (17 prevalent and 20 incident) diagnosed in 2969 children for a prevalence of 0.6% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.3, 0.9] and an incidence of 1.56/1000 person-years (95% CI 0.95, 2.41). Compared with uninfected children, the standardized incidence ratio was 10.08 (95% CI 5.87, 16.14). Incidence did not significantly differ by sex, race, age or HAART era. Of the cases, 35% were immunocompetent (CD4 > or =25%), 25% were moderately immunosuppressed (15%< or = CD4 < or =24%) and 40% were severely immunosuppressed (CD4 <15%) at diagnosis. In multivariate regression, the cancer rate was 3.09 (95% CI 1.22, 7.85) times higher in children with < or =2 years of HAART use than in children with >2 years of HAART and 3.20 (95% CI 1.32, 7.76) times higher in children with CD4 <15% at cohort enrollment than in children with CD4 > or =15%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cancer incidence in this U.S. pediatric cohort was lower than that of European cohorts but was markedly higher than that of HIV-uninfected children. Cancer incidence was highest in children who were severely immunosuppressed and in children who received HAART for < or =2 years.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Disease, St. Joseph Regional Medical Center of New Jersey, Paterson, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kest
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brogly
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McSherry
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dashefsky
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oleske
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Seage
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D015994:Incidence; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology