title: Development and initial validation of a risk score for predicting in-hospital and 1-year mortality in patients with hip fractures.
abstract: Our objectives were to better define the rates and determinants of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after hip fracture. We studied a population-based cohort of 3981 hip fracture patients. Using multivariable regression methods, we identified risk factors for mortality (older age, male sex, long-term care residence, 10 prefracture co-morbidities) and calculated a hip fracture-specific score that could accurately predict or risk-adjust in-hospital and 1-year mortality. Our methods, after further validation, may be useful for comparing outcomes across hospitals or regions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Hip fractures in the elderly are common and associated with significant mortality and variations in outcome. The rates and determinants of mortality after hip fracture are not well defined. Our objectives were (1) to define the rate of in-hospital and 1-year mortality in hip fracture patients, (2) to describe co-morbidities at the time of fracture, and (3) to develop and validate a multivariable risk-adjustment model for mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied a population-based cohort of 3981 hip fracture patients > or =60 years of age admitted to hospitals in a large Canadian health region from 1994 to 2000. We collected sociodemographic and prefracture co-morbidity data. Main outcomes were in-hospital and 1-year mortality. We used multivariable regression methods to first derive a risk-adjustment model for mortality in 2187 patients treated at one hospital and then validated it in 1794 patients treated at another hospital. These models were used to calculate a score that could predict or risk-adjust in-hospital and 1-year mortality after hip fracture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The median age of the cohort was 82 years, 71% were female, and 26% had more than four prefracture co-morbidities. In-hospital mortality was 6.3%; 10.2% for men and 4.7% for women (adjusted odds ratio, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.4). Mortality at 1 year was 30.8%; 37.5% for men and 28.2% for women (adjusted p < 0.001). Older age, male sex, long-term care residence, and 10 different co-morbidities were independently associated with mortality. Risk-adjustment models based on these variables had excellent accuracy for predicting mortality in-hospital (c-statistic = 0.82) and at 1 year (c-statistic = 0.74). We conclude that 1 in 15 elderly patients with hip fracture will die during hospitalization, and almost one-third of those who survive to discharge will die within the year. The determinants of mortality were primarily older age, male sex, and prefracture co-morbidities. Our hip fracture-specific risk-adjustment tool is pragmatic and reliable, and after further validation, may be useful for comparing outcomes across different hospitals or regions.
authors.affiliation: Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. hongxing@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Hong X
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Sumit R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raso
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: D William C
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000401:mortality*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D020379:Risk Adjustment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors