title: Race, education, and weight change in a biracial sample of women at midlife.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overall rates of obesity have increased dramatically in the United States, yet African American women remain disproportionately represented among the overweight and obese. The excess weight observed in African American women is primarily considered a result of low socioeconomic status, but recent cross-sectional findings suggest otherwise.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the interactive effects of race and 3 levels of education (low [high school or less]; moderate [some college]; and high [college degree or more]) on body mass index (BMI) (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) and changes in BMI over 4 years in 2019 middle-aged African American and white women from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Data were analyzed with mixed effects regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, we observed a significant race x education interaction (estimate, -3.7; 95% confidence interval, -5.3 to -2.1; P<.001) on BMI. Compared with whites, African Americans had higher BMIs, but only at the moderate (means, 32.1 and 29.2) and highest (means, 31.5 and 27.8) level of education. At the lowest level of education, African American and white women were similar in BMI (means, 31.1 [African American] and 31.2 [white]). Body mass index increased significantly for all women over follow-up (estimate, 0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.17 to 0.26; P<.001), but increases did not differ by race, education, or race x education. Results were unchanged after adjustment for potential confounding variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For middle-aged women, racial disparities in BMI are largely patterned by education, with the greatest disparities observed at higher levels of education. The absence of significant longitudinal effects suggests that these race-education patterns are set in place and well established before midlife.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. tene_lewis@rush.edu
authors.forename: Tené T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Everson-Rose
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sternfeld
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karavolos
authors.forename: Deidre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wesley
authors.forename: Lynda H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000375:Aging / Q000208:ethnology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*