title: Experimental gingivitis in type 1 diabetics: a controlled clinical and microbiological study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To monitor clinical and microbiological changes during experimental gingivitis in type 1 diabetics and non-diabetics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine type 1 diabetics with good/moderate metabolic control and nine age-gender matched non-diabetics were recruited. Probing pocket depths in all subjects did not exceed 4 mm and none were affected by attachment loss. According to the original model, an experimental 3-week plaque accumulation resulting in experimental gingivitis development and a subsequent 2-week period of optimal plaque control were staged. Subgingival plaque samples were collected at days 0, 21 and 35 from one site per quadrant, pooled and analysed using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetics (mean age 25.6+/-5.8 standard deviation (SD), range 16-35 years) had a mean HbA1c level of 8.1+/-0.7% (SD), while non-diabetics (mean age 24.8+/-5.7 (SD), range 15-36 years) were metabolically controlled (HbA1c< or =6.5%). Between Days 0, 21 and 35, no statistically significant differences in mean plaque and gingival index scores were observed between diabetics and non-diabetics. At days 7 and 21, however, diabetics showed statistically significantly higher percentages of sites with gingival index scores > or =2 compared with non-diabetics. Mean DNA probe counts of the red and orange complex species increased significantly (p<0.05) between days 0 and 21 and decreased significantly (p<0.05) between days 21 and 35 in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both diabetics and non-diabetics react to experimental plaque accumulation with gingival inflammation. Type 1 diabetics, however, develop an earlier and higher inflammatory response to a comparable bacterial challenge.
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Medicine, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland. giovanni.salvi@zmk.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Giovanni E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Salvi
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kandylaki
authors.forename: Amineh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Troendle
authors.forename: G Rutger
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Niklaus P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005888:Gingival Pocket / Q000150:complications; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000209:etiology*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010512:Periodontal Index
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin