title: [The role of calcium ions in the pathomechanism of the artery calcification accompanying atherosclerosis].
abstract: Artery calcification occurring in atherosclerosis is connected with a high risk of cardiovascular events. Quantitative calcification evaluation using electron beam tomography indicated a correlation between artery calcification and well-known cardiovascular risk factors, i.e. smoking, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. Elevated calcium scores are especially observed in diabetic patients, which may even explain the higher mortality in this group. Calcification leads to increased blood vessel rigidity and, consequently, elevated arterial vascular resistance and left ventricular hypertrophy. An increased risk of plaque rupture in relation to calcium-rich atherosclerotic lesions was not proved. Plaque rupture and thromboembolitic complications are probably higher in the case of lipid-rich lesions. Atherosclerotic calcification is an active process in which many cells (monocytes/macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells) participate. Many substances and transcription factors normally participating in the bone remodeling process are found in calcified atherosclerotic lesions (e.g. Cbfa-1, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, BMP-2, osteopontin, osteoprotegrin, and RANKL). On monocytes, cells playing an important role in atherosclerosis progression, the presence of a calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) has been demonstrated. Increase in monocyte chemotaxis and increased interleukin 6 secretion in response to extracellular calcium were observed. Monocytes also directly and indirectly enhance vascular calcification. Immune cells and cytokines participating in vascular calcification are connected in one pathogenetic mechanism, i.e. atherosclerosis as an inflammatory disease and calcification.
authors.affiliation: Klinika Angiologii, Nadciśnienia Tetniczego i Diabetologii Akademii Medycznej we Wrocławiu. rmalecki@gazeta.pl
authors.forename: Rafał
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Małecki
authors.forename: Rajmund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adamiec
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002413:Cations, Divalent / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D002413:Cations, Divalent; D002118:Calcium