title: A nonclassic CCAAT enhancer element binding protein binding site contributes to alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase expression in prostate cancer.
abstract: Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), an enzyme involved in branched-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation that is normally expressed at high levels in human liver, is specifically and consistently overexpressed at both mRNA and protein levels in human prostate cancer and potentially other cancer types. To characterize the mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of AMACR at the genetic and epigenetic levels, we performed a series of methylation and reporter assays in prostate cancer tissues and cell lines. The results ruled out altered methylation patterns as the cause of overexpression in prostate cancer cells. However, promoter deletion analysis identified an 8-bp nonclassic CCAAT enhancer element located approximately 80 bp upstream of the transcriptional initiation site that is responsible for AMACR expression in both prostate cancer cell lines and cell lines of liver origin. Deletion or mutation of this element completely abolished AMACR promoter activity. Ectopic expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta increased luciferase activity driven by a wild-type AMACR promoter sequence but not by the sequence in which the putative CCAAT/enhancer binding protein binding element had been mutated. These results implicate a nonclassic CCAAT enhancer element in the AMACR gene promoter as playing a critical role in the regulation of AMACR gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zha
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Isaacs
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases; C108352:alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase