title: Prescribing patterns for topical retinoids within NAMCS data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fears of potentially costly use of topical retinoids for cosmetic treatment of photodamaged skin have resulted in many managed care organizations placing prior authorization requirements on this class of medications. The purpose of this investigation was to examine whether prescribing patterns of a nationally representative sample of US physicians shed light on the incidence of use of topical retinoids for indications other than acne.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective, cross-sectional study of data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (1996--2000) was used to examine the impact of physician specialty as well as patient diagnosis of acne on the probability of retinoid prescription in weighted multivariate logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Topical retinoids were prescribed in 0.4% (14.7 million out of 3.67 billion) physician visits for any diagnosis in the 5-year period from 1996 to 2000, and in nearly 31% (12.0 million out of 38.7 million) of physician visits for a diagnosis of acne. Topical retinoids were prescribed for acne in 77.1% of the cases. This finding held when individual retinoids (tretinoin and adapalene) were examined separately. Clear age-related prescription trends are observed, with a significant decrease in prescriptions beyond the teen years. In older patients, tretinoin prescribing did not decrease as much as adapalene prescribing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that managed care organizations may want to examine their own data to determine the optimum criteria for operation of prior authorization (PA) programs for retinoids. PA requirements for these medications appear unnecessary in young patients, given the very small probability of non-acne related use. PA in older patients might be targeted to those patients on topical retinoids (such as tretinoin) for which there is evidence of efficacy in treatment of cosmetic photoaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Center for Dermatology Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, USA. balkrishnan.1@ous.edu
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balkrishnan
authors.forename: Julia C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sansbury
authors.forename: Rahul A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Shenolikar
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Fleischer
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D000152:Acne Vulgaris / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012176:Retinoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D012176:Retinoids