title: Simple computer model for calculating and reporting 5-year osteoporotic fracture risk in postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To devise, validate, and test a software model that improves how clinicians calculate individual risk for osteoporotic fracture and expected treatment benefit.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a simple model of seven easily ascertained items plus bone mineral density (BMD) that calculates absolute fracture risk and expected absolute risk reduction after treatment. Baseline clinical variables and longitudinal fracture data from two large osteoporosis cohort studies validated the model's accuracy in predicting fracture risk. We then surveyed 298 clinicians to evaluate the likelihood they would prescribe alendronate in three hypothetical cases, first given the clinical data alone and then with model-derived data on fracture risk and expected treatment benefit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a strong linear relationship with the model's predicted fracture risk and observed fracture rates in two large observational cohorts but the model overestimated risk 2-3 fold. The model predicted a 1:200 5-year risk for spinal fracture and a 1:40 risk for nonspinal fracture in an index case of a younger, thin, osteopenic woman. Given this hypothetical history with BMD t-scores, 26% of clinicians were likely to prescribe alendronate; when also given model-calculated 5-year fracture risks with or without treatment, only 13% were likely to prescribe alendronate (p < 0.001). For 2 other osteoporosis patients in whom risk was much higher, further information on fracture risk and expected treatment benefit did not alter prescribing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reporting absolute fracture risk with and without treatment promises to be most useful in women with osteopenia, a common clinical dilemma in younger postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Oakland, California, USA. vmettinger@aol.com
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ettinger
authors.forename: Teresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hillier
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pressman
authors.forename: Maggie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Che
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hanley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019386:Alendronate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D019386:Alendronate