title: The association between educational level and risk of cardiovascular disease fatality among women with cardiovascular disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The inverse relation of socioeconomic status with incident cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has been well established. However, few data are available describing this relation among ethnically diverse women with prevalent CVD. Using education as a proxy for socioeconomic status, we examined its relation to CVD mortality among women with established CVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 2,157 women with CVD at baseline, who participated in nine long-term U.S. cohort studies, were pooled.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cox regression models adjusted for history of diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, smoking, race/ethnicity, and age at baseline were used to estimate hazard ratios for CVD mortality between non-high school graduates and high school graduates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean follow-up time of 11.5 years, 615 CVD deaths were observed. There was an age-dependent (p = .003) inverse association between education and CVD mortality among women with CVD. At age 60, the risk of dying due to CVD among non-high school graduates was more than twice greater than that of high school graduates (hazard ratio = 2.34; 95% CI 1.27-4.29). At age 65, the hazard ratio decreased to 1.31 (95% CI 1.00-1.71). By age 70, there was no difference in the hazard of dying between high school graduates and nongraduates (hazard ratio = 1.01; 95% CI .85-1.21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that among women with CVD, educational level was a significant, and age-dependent, predictor of fatal CVD independent of other traditional risk factors. These women are an important high-risk population to target secondary prevention and educational efforts.
authors.affiliation: College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University; New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: JiWon R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Furcy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paultre
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mosca
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016387:Women's Health