title: Interpretation of bond failure through conversion and residual solvent measurements and Weibull analyses of flexural and microtensile bond strengths of bonding agents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An inverse correlation between initial acetone content of bonding agents and microtensile bond strength (MTBS) has previously been reported. Here it was investigated whether the inferior MTBS of acetone-rich bonding agents was caused by flaws and low adhesive layer strength, insufficient to resist polymerization shrinkage stresses of the overlying composite.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bonding solutions with (27-67) mass fraction% acetone were dried for 10 s or 30 min. Specimens for infrared (IR) spectroscopy and flexural strength (FS) were cured for 10 s (cure mode 1) to represent the adhesive layer properties when polymerizing the composite resin or for 10 s plus an additional 60 s through composite resin (cure mode 2) to represent adhesive layer properties when testing the bond strength. Degree of conversion (DC) and residual acetone content were evaluated for films by mid-IR and bulk specimens by near-IR spectroscopy. FS and MTBS data using these bonding solutions were interpreted by Weibull statistics and ANOVA (alpha = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In bulk specimens, initial and residual acetone content were positively correlated (P = 0.003). FS in cure mode 1 was significantly lower than in cure mode 2 and decreased with increasing initial acetone content, while DC remained consistent, suggesting pores from acetone evaporation as flaw initiating sites affecting the mechanical adhesive properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From DC and Weibull analyses of MTBS and FS, early low strength of the adhesive layer and shrinkage stresses acting on pre-existing flaws are suggested as critical factors affecting the dentin/adhesive bond strength.
authors.affiliation: American Dental Association Foundation, Paffenbarger Research Center, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Sabine H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Dickens
authors.forename: Byeong Hoon
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000096:Acetone / Q000032:analysis*; D001565:Benzoates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D003198:Computer Simulation; D001840:Dental Bonding; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D018583:Pliability; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000032:analysis*; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D003188:Composite Resins; D008689:Methacrylates; D011108:Polymers; D019279:Resin Cements; D012997:Solvents; D000096:Acetone; C080129:pyromellitic dianhydride glycerol dimethacrylate adduct; C005044:hydroxyethyl methacrylate