title: [Effects of comprehensive interventions in community on smoking, chronic bronchitis, and asthma in rural areas of Beijing].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of comprehensive interventions in community on smoking, chronic bronchitis, and asthma in rural areas of Beijing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three villages in rural areas of Beijing were randomly divided into interventional (13 villages) and control villages (10 villages) in 1992. Comprehensive interventions including education of former-smokers and improvement of living environment were carried out in the interventional villages, and none was done in the control villages. In April 2000, surveys on smoking, chronic bronchitis, and asthma were carried out among 34,436 participants aged 15 or more in the interventional and control villages. During the same period, knowledge on prevention from chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), living environments, and smoking were assessed among 1658 high-risk individuals of COPD at baseline and following-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The scores of knowledge and improvement on living environments in the interventional villages were significantly higher than those in control villages (P < 0.001). The decrease rate of smoking and current smoking rate in the interventional villages were significantly higher than in the control villages (0.4% vs -0.8%, P < 0.001; 2.4% vs 1.3%, P < 0.001) in men, while not different in women (P > 0.05). Among never smokers at baseline, the accumulated incidence of smoking among people aged 15 to 24 from 1993 to 2000 was significantly lower in the interventional villages than in the control villages in men (18.9% vs 23.7%, P = 0.005) and in women (0% vs 0.7%, P = 0.005). Daily cigarettes smoked by smokers in the interventional villages were less than in control villages in both men (14.8 +/- 7.0 vs 17.2 +/- 8.2 cigs daily, P < 0.001) and women (12.8 +/- 6.9 vs 13.4 +/- 7.2 cigs daily, P = 0.088). The increase of prevalence of chronic bronchitis in the interventional villages was less than in the control villages (men: 0.9% vs 1.3%, P = 0.012; women: 0.1% vs 0.3%, P = 0.003). After the age factor is adjusted, odds ratio (OR) for accumulated incidence of chronic bronchitis from 1993 to 2000 in the interventional villages were 0.80 (95%CI: 0.60-1.07) for men, 0.76 (95%CI: 0.45-1.28) in women. The OR for asthma was not significant in both men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comprehensive interventions in community may improve knowledge of COPD prevention and living environments, decrease the smoking rate, cigarettes smoked per day, and incidence of chronic bronchitis, but have no significant effects on asthma.
authors.affiliation: Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing 100037, China.
authors.forename: Gao-qiang
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Xian-sheng
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Xi-sheng
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Bao-yuan
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yang-feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Feng-xia
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Fu-jun
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Qin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012423:Rural Health; D012424:Rural Population; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation