title: Axillary recurrence in breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether axillary recurrence reflects inadequate axillary treatment or adverse pathological features.
  
  
  METHODS
  The case-records were reviewed of 2122 women aged under 75 years, treated for invasive breast cancer during the time-period 1/1/86-31/12/91 in a geographically defined area. Data were abstracted on operations performed, pathological features, post-operative treatments and details of axillary recurrence. The risk of axillary recurrence was examined by pathological, treatment and patient factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Axillary recurrence was more than twice as likely after inadequate compared to adequate treatment of the axilla (adequate staging or axillary radiotherapy or clearance). Delayed treatment of the axilla was not as successful as adequate primary treatment: multiple axillary recurrences were twice as common, one third of which were uncontrolled at time of death. Inadequate surgical treatment was associated with increased rates of recurrence despite endocrine therapy, chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Lymphoedema was twice as common if axillary radiotherapy was combined with any axillary surgical procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Axillary recurrence is more common in tumours with adverse pathology but may also result from inadequate axillary treatment. In order to minimise axillary recurrence, optimal treatment of the axilla entails adequate staging (sampling of four or more nodes) and treatment (axillary clearance or radiotherapy and endocrine therapy) in all women.
authors.affiliation: The University Department of Surgery, Western Infirmary, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow G11 6NT, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kingsmore
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hole
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gillis
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: George
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012042:Registries; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology