title: Biologic correlates of intratumoral heterogeneity in 18F-FDG distribution with regional expression of glucose transporters and hexokinase-II in experimental tumor.
abstract: The biologic mechanisms involved in the intratumoral heterogeneous distribution of 18F-FDG have not been fully investigated. To clarify factors inducing heterogeneous 18F-FDG distribution, we determined the intratumoral distribution of 18F-FDG by autoradiography (ARG) and compared it with the regional expression levels of glucose transporters Glut-1 and Glut-3 and hexokinase-II (HK-II) in a rat model of malignant tumor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were inoculated with allogenic hepatoma cells (KDH-8) into the left calf muscle (n = 7). Tumor tissues were excised 1 h after the intravenous injection of 18F-FDG and sectioned to obtain 2 adjacent slices for ARG and histochemical studies. The regions of interest (ROIs) were placed on ARG images to cover mainly the central (CT) and peripheral (PT) regions of viable tumor tissues and necrotic/apoptotic (NA) regions. The radioactivity in each ROI was analyzed quantitatively using a computerized imaging analysis system. The expression levels of Glut-1, Glut-3, and HK-II were determined by immunostaining and semiquantitative evaluation. The hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) was also immunostained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ARG images showed that intratumoral 18F-FDG distribution was heterogeneous. The accumulation of 18F-FDG in the CT region was the highest, which was 1.6 and 2.3 times higher than those in the PT and NA regions, respectively (P < 0.001). The expression levels of Glut-1, Glut-3, and HK-II were markedly higher in the CT region (P < 0.001) compared with those in the PT region. The intratumoral distribution of 18F-FDG significantly correlated with the expression levels of Glut-1, Glut-3, and HK-II (r = 0.923, P < 0.001 for Glut-1; r = 0.829, P < 0.001 for Glut-3; and r = 0.764, P < 0.01 for HK-II). The positive staining of HIF-1 was observed in the CT region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that intratumoral 18F-FDG distribution corresponds well to the expression levels of Glut-1, Glut-3, and HK-II. The elevated expression levels of Glut-1, Glut-3, and HK-II, induced by hypoxia (HIF-1), may be contributing factors to the higher 18F-FDG accumulation in the CT region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Songji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kuge
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Kunihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakada
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takei
authors.forename: Nagara
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tamaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D051274:Glucose Transporter Type 3; D006593:Hexokinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D051274:Glucose Transporter Type 3; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C495679:Slc2a1 protein, rat; C495690:Slc2a3 protein, rat; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006593:Hexokinase