title: Persistence of fluoroquinolone-resistant, multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a long-term-care facility: efforts to reduce intrafacility transmission.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe an effort to reduce transmission of a multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (MDRSP) in a long-term-care facility (LTCF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  An LTCF in New York City with ongoing disease due to an MDRSP strain among residents with AIDS since a 1995 outbreak. The MDRSP outbreak strain was susceptible to vancomycin but not to other antimicrobials tested, including fluoroquinolones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residents and staff members of the LTCF during 1999 through 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Implementing standard infection control measures, and developing and implementing "enhanced standard" infection control measures, modified respiratory droplet prevention measures to reduce inter-resident transmission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before the intervention, nasopharyngeal carriage of the MDRSP outbreak strain was detected in residents with AIDS and residents with tracheostomies who were not dependent on mechanical ventilation. The prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of the MDRSP outbreak strain was 7.8% among residents who had AIDS and 14.6% among residents with tracheostomies. After training sessions on standard and enhanced standard infection control measures, the staff appeared to have good knowledge and practice of the infection control measures. After the intervention, new transmission among residents with tracheostomies was prevented; however, these residents were prone to persistent tracheal carriage and needed ongoing enhanced standard infection control measures. Ongoing transmission among residents with AIDS, a socially active group, was documented, although fewer cases of disease due to the outbreak strain occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infection control contributed to less transmission of MDRSP in the LTCE Additional strategies are needed to reduce transmission and carriage among certain resident populations.
authors.affiliation: espiratory Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: Chi Chi N
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Udeagu
authors.forename: Montse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soriano-Gabarro
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fridkin
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Musinski
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: LaClaire
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Debra J P
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kornblum
authors.forename: Marcelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Layton
authors.forename: Cynthia G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Whitney
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000494:pharmacology; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology; D006268:Health Facilities; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009302:Nasopharyngeal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D015995:Prevalence; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D012293:Rifampin