title: The role of carbonic anhydrase in the recovery of skeletal muscle from anoxia.
abstract: To investigate the role of carbonic anhydrase in the recovery of skeletal muscle from anoxia, pH and cell phosphates were measured by (31)P-nuclear magnetic resonance in superfused newborn rabbit myotubes and cultured mouse soleus cells (H-2K(b)-ts a58) after approximately 2-3.5 h without superfusion. In control studies, pH and phosphocreatine fell and P(i) rose during anoxia and recovered within <10 min after reperfusion began. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide, and dimethylamiloride, an inhibitor of the Na(+)/H(+) antiporter NHE1, delayed the recoveries of pH, phosphocreatine, and P(i) for >10 min, but the rate of recovery, once initiated, was unchanged. In the presence of the inhibitors, after reperfusion started, the pH did not rise immediately, despite a large inwardly directed HCO(3)(-) gradient, suggesting that HCO(3)(-) movement was unimportant in acid elimination. Lactate, measured by its methyl protons, rose during anoxia and did not fall after 1 h of reperfusion and could not have eliminated protons by cotransport. We conclude that NHE1 is the major exporter of protons by skeletal muscle in recovery from a period of anoxia and that it is essential for functioning carbonic anhydrase to be attached to NHE1 to activate it. The mechanism of late recovery of pH could be the mobilization of another proton transporter or removal of the inhibition of the Na(+)/H(+) antiporter. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in skeletal muscle retards acid removal and modifies muscle metabolism significantly after anoxia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, A201 Richards Bldg., School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wroblewski
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spalthoff
authors.forename: Un-Jin
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sanger
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Forster
mesh_terms: D015308:Anaerobic Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D051379:Mice; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; D010100:Oxygen