title: Identifying the sick: can biochemical measurements be used to aid decision making on presentation to the accident and emergency department.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early and accurate identification of patients who may benefit from aggressive optimal medical intervention is essential if improved outcomes in terms of survival are to be achieved. We studied the usefulness of routine clinical measurements and/or markers of metabolic abnormality in the early identification of those patients at greatest risk of deterioration on presentation to the accident and emergency department.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective observational study in the accident and emergency department of a 602-bed district general hospital. Routine clinical measurements (heart rate, systolic blood pressure, temperature, oxygen saturation in room air, level of consciousness and ventilatory frequency) and venous blood analysis for metabolic markers (pH, bicarbonate, standard base excess, lactate, anion gap, strong ion difference, and strong ion gap) and biochemical markers (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, PO4- albumin, urea and creatinine) were recorded from unselected consecutive hospital admissions over two 3-month periods (September-November 2002 and February-April 2003).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Logistic regression analysis showed that neither conventional clinical measurements upon presentation to the accident and emergency department nor venous biochemical and metabolic indices have good discriminatory ability when used as single predictors of either hospital mortality or length of hospital stay. Selecting variables from all the clinical and venous blood measurements gave a parsimonious model containing only age, heart rate, phosphate and albumin (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.82 [95% CI 0.76, 0.87]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of clinical and venous biochemical measurements in the accident and emergency department proved the best predictors of hospital mortality. Consequently, they may be helpful as a triage tool in the accident and emergency department to help identify patients at risk of deterioration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care, Worthing Hospital, Lyndhurst Road, Worthing, West Sussex BN11 2DH, UK.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Hucker
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Blake
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cheek
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bewick
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grocutt
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Forni
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Venn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003243:Consciousness; D003657:Decision Making; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006339:Heart Rate; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014218:Triage / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers