title: The effects of implant composition on extensor tenosynovitis in a canine distal radius fracture model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dorsal plating of distal radius fractures with titanium plates has resulted in clinically observed tenosynovitis and tendon rupture. The goal of this study was to investigate whether titanium-based implants result in more extensor tendon inflammation than matched stainless-steel implants in a canine fracture model.
  
  
  METHODS
  An osteotomy was created in the distal radius of 18 beagles and fixed with 2.7-mm 4-hole plates composed of commercially pure titanium, titanium alloy (Ti-Al6-V4), or 316L stainless steel. Animals were killed at an average of 4 months. Tendon gliding was assessed by applying a force at the extensor musculotendinous junction and noting gliding. Histologic grading (mild, moderate, severe) was based on cellular hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and leukocytic infiltration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tendons glided freely in 100% stainless-steel specimens, 75% of titanium alloy, and 43% of commercially pure titanium groups. A severe inflammatory reaction was identified in 60% of the titanium alloy (Ti-A16-V4) group, 57% of the pure titanium group, and 0% of the stainless-steel group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dorsal plating of the canine radius with commercially pure titanium or titanium alloy implants produced a greater inflammatory peritendinous response than matched stainless-steel implants.
authors.affiliation: Trauma Training Center, New York Orthopedic Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Stefano M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sinicropi
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Raia
authors.forename: May
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parisien
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Strauch
authors.forename: Melvin P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Rosenwasser
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D000818:Animals; D001860:Bone Plates; D004285:Dogs; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D023421:Models, Animal; D010027:Osteotomy; D011859:Radiography; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013710:Tendons / Q000502:physiology; D013717:Tenosynovitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D013193:Stainless Steel; D014025:Titanium