title: Body piercing practices and attitudes among urban adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article describes adolescents' attitudes and practices toward body piercing and their awareness of associated health risks.
  
  
  METHODS
  An anonymous, 32-item, random, convenience-sample survey was administered to 225 participants, ages 12-21 years, at an urban, hospital-based, adolescent clinic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean participant age was 16.5 +/- 2.1 years; 78% were female; and 58% were African-American and 30% were Caucasian. Forty-eight percent had a body piercing. About half of participants (range, 45%-62%) endorsed each site as accepted by the public, except for nipple and genital sites, which fewer than 10% endorsed as accepted. African-Americans were more likely to have pierced noses, and to find that site acceptable, whereas Caucasians were more likely to have pierced navels and nipples, and to find those sites acceptable (odds ratio [OR] range, 3.05-19.37). Youth tended to see their own pierced site as more acceptable and less risky than others did (OR range, 8.99-23.61; effect sizes [r] range, .15-.60). The most common health problems from body piercing reported by participants from their personal experience were infection (10%), allergic reaction (1%), and bruising (1%). The most common health problems from body piercing reported by participants based on others' experiences were infection (74%), bleeding (30%), allergic reaction (26%), bruising (19%), and keloids (19%). Those who were pierced in a body-piercing shop reported more infections (18.4%) than those pierced in other places (1.9%) (OR, 11.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39-90.91). Youth who had pierced themselves perceived less risk from piercing from a nonprofessional (50%) compared with those pierced by a professional (77%) (p = .003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Youth from this hospital-based urban adolescent clinic considered body piercings to be generally accepted by the public. Pierced youth in our survey often participated in body piercing practices that they perceived as minimally risky and that they defined as normative. Based on these findings, clinicians should discuss body piercing in the context of providing routine anticipatory guidance to adolescents and should educate adolescents about safer piercing strategies to help minimize associated health risks.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. magold@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Melanie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: Cindy M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schorzman
authors.forename: Pamela J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Downs
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tolentino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D001294:Attitude to Health; D046288:Body Piercing / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D014505:Urban Population; D044465:White People