title: Drug use and the severity of a traffic accident.
abstract: Several studies have showed that driving under the influence of alcohol and/or certain illicit or medicinal drugs increases the risk of a (severe) crash. Data with respect to the question whether this also leads to a more severe accident are sparse. This study examines the relationship between the use of alcohol, illicit drugs and/or medicinal drugs and the severity of an accident within a group of drivers that were involved in a crash in The Netherlands. Blood samples of 993 drivers, collected in the period from October 1998 through September 1999, were linked to accident characteristics as available from the National Transport Research Centre. The outcome measure was the severity of the accident. An accident was considered severe when the accident had resulted in hospital admission or death. All the blood samples obtained after the accident were screened for the presence of alcohol, illicit drugs (opiates, amphetamines and amphetamine-like substances, cocaine and metabolites, methadone, cannabinoids) and medicinal drugs (benzodiazepines, barbiturates and tricyclic antidepressants). The strength of the associations between exposure to the different classes of alcohol/drugs/medicines and the severity of the accident was evaluated using logistic regression analysis and were expressed as odds ratios (OR), adjusted for age, gender, time of the day, day of the week and urban area. The most frequently detected drugs were cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and cocaine. Our results showed no clear association between the use of alcohol, illicit drug and/or medicinal drug use and the severity of the accident. Given the process of obtaining blood samples from drivers involved in accidents and the retrospective nature of the study, we cannot rule out the occurrence of selection bias. Therefore, our findings need further confirmation.
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Forensic Institute, Department of Toxicology, P.O. Box 24044, 2490 AA The Hague, The Netherlands. b.smink@nfi.minjus.nl
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Smink
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ruiter
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lusthof
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de Gier
authors.forename: D R A
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Uges
authors.forename: A C G
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Egberts
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000145:classification* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*