title: Childhood adversities and health variations among middle-aged men: a retrospective lifecourse study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Using a lifecourse approach, this study examines whether childhood adversities act on adult health as latent or pathway effects, and whether not only childhood ill health and material deprivation, but also an adverse psychosocial environment in terms of stressful relations with parents contribute to later ill health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lifecourse interviews with 380 men born in 1946 were conducted. Outcome variables were perceived health, number of medical conditions, and activity limitations. Ordinal scales indicating levels of exposures as regards childhood health/growth, childhood material deprivation, stressful relations with parents, educational level, and unhealthy adult behaviours were made. Statistical analyses were performed by non-parametric correlation, logistic regression and OLS regression with dummy variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simple regression analyses showed a consistent pattern of more negative health outcomes with higher exposures on each of the lifecourse health determinants, but associations were relatively often not statistically significant. In multivariate analyses, the overall pattern remained with few alterations. The lifecourse determinants differed somewhat in their effects on the three health outcomes. Stressful relations with parents were significantly associated with perceived health and activity limitations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childhood adversities influence later health to a large extent as latent effects. Stressful relations with parents were relatively important for two of the health outcomes, suggesting that not only ill health and material deprivation during childhood, but also an adverse psychosocial environment contributes to ill health among middle-aged men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study asks whether childhood adversities influence middle-aged men's health through latent or pathway effects. Adjusted for adult circumstances, childhood health problems were associated with activity limitations and medical problems among men aged 55. Stressful relations to parents during childhood had direct negative effects on perceived overall health and activity limitations. Results indicate that childhood adversities often affect adult health as latent effects. Health promotion policies should consider that childhood psychosocial difficulties may have longterm negative health consequences.
authors.affiliation: NOVA--Norwegian Social Research Box 3223 Elisenberg, 0208 Oslo, Norway. Jon.I.Elstad@nova.no
authors.forename: Jon Ivar
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Elstad
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare / Q000523:psychology*; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012962:Sociology, Medical; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D035862:Vulnerable Populations