title: Localization of sentinel nodes in breast cancer: novel method and device to help pen marking of active nodes during gamma camera imaging.
abstract: Gamma camera imaging with Tc-99m marking is a widely used method to locate sentinel lymph nodes (SNs) in breast cancer patients. Prior to SN biopsy, the anterior and lateral location of the SN is marked on the patient's skin using an ink pen. The pen marks guide the surgeon during an operation. However, in many cases the marking is difficult due to limited space under the detectors of a gamma camera. The aim of this study was to improve the pen marking method. Eleven female patients were imaged 3-4 h after injection of Tc-99m labelled Nanocol. Injection was performed to parenchyma surrounding the breast tumour. To facilitate pen marking, two polycarbonate (PC) plates with 40 x 32 holes (spacing=10 mm) were engineered for anterior and lateral side imaging and then installed on the bed of a dual-head gamma camera. Two drops of Tc-99m were placed into the top corners of both the PC plates, in order to trace the corresponding x-y coordinates first from the acquired images and then from the plates. After imaging, the x-y coordinates of the SN(s) were determined from the anterior and lateral side images. Subsequently, the location of each SN was marked with an ink pen on the skin through the small holes in the PC plates. According to the surgeon's evaluation, the distance between the marks and the true location of the SNs was 4.5+/-6.9 mm. Measurements with a custom made phantom revealed that the accuracy of the novel method was significantly (P=0.06) higher as compared with the traditional method (2.7+/-3.0 mm versus 9.2+/-3.0 mm). In addition, we were not able to mark the weakest activity (0.02 MBq) with the traditional method. Taken together, the marking process was considerably easier with the novel method, it had better accuracy and sensitivity than the traditional method and the device is simple enough to be adapted for most gamma cameras.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Mikkeli Central Hospital, POB 87, FIN-50100 Mikkeli, Finland.
authors.forename: Mikko S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Laasanen
authors.forename: Jari O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Heikkinen
authors.forename: Simo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saarakkala
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Paajanen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013382:Subtraction Technique / Q000295:instrumentation