title: Development of a multiplex nested consensus PCR for detection and identification of major human herpesviruses in CNS infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rapid, sensitive and economical detection and identification of human herpesviruses as causative agents of central nervous system (CNS) infections are of clinical importance. The traditional methods for the detection of herpesviruses in CNS infections all suffer from limitations. PCR has a potential to overcome each of them.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were reducing the number of primers in multiplex PCR and increasing the sensitivity of the assay by nested PCR.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multiplex nested consensus PCR (MNC-PCR) was developed for the simultaneous detection of major human herpesviruses. A pair of conserved primers was designed for detection of HSV-1, HSV-2, CMV and EBV and another pair of conserved primers for nested PCR. For VZV, a different pair of primers was designed and another pair of primers for nested PCR. A reduction in the number of designed primer pairs (from five pairs to two in both stages of PCR) is an advantage in this assay. One hundred forty-seven cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients that showed clinical manifestation of CNS infections were tested. Results of MNC-PCR in CSF samples were compared with those of single PCR assay for each individual DNA virus. Sensitivity of the assay was determined with a plasmid containing VZV DNA binding protein gene and another plasmid for HSV-1 DNA polymerase gene. False negative results (due to the presence of inhibitor of DNA amplification in CSF samples) were avoided by the inclusion of beta2-microglobulin primers in the MNC-PCR assay as an internal control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive results were obtained in 20 CSF samples (8 HSV-1, 2 HSV-2, 4 CMV, 3 VZV, 3 HSV-1/CMV, CMV/VZV and HSV-1/EBV coinfections). The comparison between single PCR and MNC-PCR showed a marked increase in sensitivity of MNC-PCR test, since six negative samples in single PCR proved positive in MNC-PCR (P<0.005). Sensitivity was determined 1-5 plasmid copies for VZV and 50-100 plasmid copies for HSV-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MNC-PCR assay presented in this study can provide a rapid, sensitive and economical method for detection of viral infections and is applicable to small volumes of CSF samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, P.O. Box 14155-4843, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Narges Kharazani
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Tafreshi
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadeghizadeh
authors.forename: Samad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amini-Bavil-Olyaee
authors.forename: Ali Mohammad
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ahadi
authors.forename: Issa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jahanzad
authors.forename: Mohammad Hassan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Roostaee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020805:Central Nervous System Viral Diseases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D005260:Female; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral