title: Toxicology and overdose of atypical antipsychotic medications in children: does newer necessarily mean safer?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atypical antipsychotic medications (second-generation antipsychotics) have been increasingly used in the treatment of a number of psychotic disorders since their introduction in 1988, with the newest medication introduced in 2002. Justification for their use includes claims of equal or improved antipsychotic activity over first-generation antipsychotics, increased tolerability, and decreased side effects. However, there are still significant adverse effects and toxicities with this class of medications. Toxicologic exposures and fatalities associated with atypical antipsychotics continue to increase in the United States, with 32,422 exposures and 72 deaths in 2003. There have also been Food and Drug Administration warnings in the past year about how some atypical antipsychotics have been marketed to minimize the potentially fatal risks and claiming superior safety to other atypical antipsychotics without adequate substantiation, indicating the toxicologic potential of these agents may be underestimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Continued research to evaluate adverse effects and tolerability of atypical antipsychotics compared with first-generation antipsychotics and each other is reviewed. This article also reviews the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and drug interactions with these medications. New therapeutic monitoring recommendations for this class of medications have also been proposed. Finally, clinical toxicity in overdose and management are reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While new atypical antipsychotic medications may have a safer therapeutic and overdose profile than first-generation antipsychotic medications, many adverse and toxic effects still need to be considered in therapeutic monitoring and overdose management.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA. ddubois@peds.uab.edu
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dubois
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068180:Aripiprazole; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000139:chemically induced; D002648:Child; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000139:chemically induced; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004347:Drug Interactions; D062787:Drug Overdose; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000139:chemically induced; D007022:Hypotension / Q000139:chemically induced; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010879:Piperazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D015363:Quinolones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018967:Risperidone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines; D010879:Piperazines; D015363:Quinolones; D013844:Thiazoles; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; C092292:ziprasidone; D000068180:Aripiprazole; D003024:Clozapine; D018967:Risperidone; D000077152:Olanzapine