title: Field and model investigations of external gamma dose rates along the Cumbrian coast, NW England.
abstract: A survey of the contribution to external dose from gamma rays originating from intertidal sediments in the vicinity of the British Nuclear Group Sellafield site showed that the major anthropogenic contributions were due to (137)Cs and (60)Co. At some sites, traces of other anthropogenic radionuclides were detected, namely (106)Ru, (125)Sb, and (154)Eu. The proportions of fine grained material (<63 microm) were used to improve model predictions of dose contribution due to external exposure to gamma rays, using the CUMBRIA77/DOSE77 model. Model dose predictions were compared to those directly measured in the field. Using the new proportions of fine grained material (1-17.5%) in conjunction with field gamma-ray spectra, model predictions were improved considerably for most sites. Exceptions were at Drigg Barn Scar and Whitehaven Coal Sands sites, which had their own unique characteristics. The highest (60)Co activity concentrations in this study were detected at Drigg Barn Scar. These relatively high activity concentrations of (60)Co were due to the presence of (60)Co in mussels and barnacles, hence upsetting the fine sediment relationships used in previous dose calculations. Whitehaven Coal Sands was unusual in that it contained higher levels of radionuclides than would be expected in sandy sediment. The mineralogy of these sediments was the controlling factor on (137)Cs binding, rather than the proportion of fine grained material. By adjusting the effective fine grained sediment proportions for calculations involving (60)Co and (137)Cs at Drigg Barn Scar and Whitehaven Coal Sands respectively, the CUMBRIA77/DOSE77 model predictions could be improved upon significantly for these sites. This work highlights the influence of particle size and sediment composition on external dose rate calculations, as well as the potential for external dose contributions from biota.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Sciences, Westlakes Scientific Consulting Limited, Westlakes Science and Technology Park, Moor Row, Cumbria CA24 3LN, UK. paul.mcdonald@westlakes.ac.uk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004739:England; D005720:Gamma Rays; D008954:Models, Biological; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis; D012758:Shellfish / Q000032:analysis; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive