title: Cortical surface tracking using a stereoscopic operating microscope.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure and compensate for soft tissue deformation during image-guided neurosurgery, we have developed a novel approach to estimate the three-dimensional (3-D) topology of the cortical surface and track its motion over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  We use stereopsis to estimate the 3-D cortical topology during neurosurgical procedures. To facilitate this process, two charge-coupled device cameras have been attached to the binocular optics of a stereoscopic operating microscope. Before surgery, this stereo imaging system is calibrated to obtain the extrinsic and intrinsic camera parameters. During surgery, the 3-D shape of the cortical surface is automatically estimated from a stereo pair of images and registered to the preoperative image volume to provide navigational guidance. This estimation requires robust matching of features between the images, which, when combined with the camera calibration, yields the desired 3-D coordinates. After the 3-D cortical surface has been estimated from stereo pairs, its motion is tracked by comparing the current surface with its previous locations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We are able to estimate the 3-D topology of the cortical surface with an average error of less than 1.2 mm. Executing on a 1.1-GHz Pentium machine, the 3-D estimation from a stereo pair of 1024 x 768 resolution images requires approximately 60 seconds of computation. By applying stereopsis over time, we are able to track the motion of the cortical surface, including the pulsatile movement of the cortical surface, gravitational sag, tissue bulge as a result of increased intracranial pressure, and the parenchymal shape changes associated with tissue resection. The results from 10 surgical patients are reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated that a stereo vision system coupled to the operating microscope can be used to efficiently estimate the dynamic topology of the cortical surface during surgery. The 3-D surface can be coregistered to the preoperative image volume. This unique intraoperative imaging technique expands the capability of the current navigational system in the operating room and increases the accuracy of anatomic correspondence with preoperative images through compensation for brain deformation.
authors.affiliation: Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA. hai.sun@dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Hany
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Farid
authors.forename: Ziji
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hartov
authors.forename: Keith D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Paulsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods