title: An integrative review of outcomes in patients with acute primary upper extremity deep venous thrombosis following no treatment or treatment with anticoagulation, thrombolysis, or surgical algorithms.
abstract: Primary upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT) is a rare condition that typically affects young patients and can cause considerable long-term morbidity. Proposed treatments have included rest, heat, elevation of the affected limb, anticoagulation, thrombolysis, surgical decompression, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), and stenting. However, the optimal management of primary UEDVT remains controversial. This study was an integrative review of the English-language literature since 1965 on primary UEDVT, with comparison of long-term symptoms, rethrombosis, and pulmonary embolism in 4 treatment algorithms: rest, heat, and elevation alone; anticoagulation alone; surgical decompression without thrombolysis; and algorithms including thrombolysis. Forty-one studies describing 559 patients met the criteria for inclusion. Statistically significant differences were found among the 4 treatment algorithms in the incidence of residual symptoms (p < 0.000), the incidence of pulmonary embolism (p < 0.000), and the incidence of rethrombosis (p < 0.027). Residual symptoms and the severity of residual symptoms were greatest in the rest, heat, and elevation algorithm (74%), followed by the surgical (60%), anticoagulation (44%), and thrombolysis (22%) algorithms. Pulmonary embolism was also greatest in the rest, heat, and elevation algorithm (12%), followed by the anticoagulation (7%), thrombolysis (1%), and surgical algorithms (0%), while rethrombosis was greatest in the thrombolytic algorithm (7%) followed by the surgical (3%), anticoagulation (2%), and rest, heat, and elevation (0%) algorithms. These results support the current clinical practice of a staged, multidisciplinary approach to treatment of primary UEDVT that includes thrombolytic therapy and possible surgical decompression. Further studies are needed to evaluate the natural history of patients treated with thrombolysis alone, to assess the optimal timing of surgical decompression, and to determine the best use of PTA and stenting in the multidisciplinary approach.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. ildi@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Ildiko H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Brenda K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Zierler
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000465:Algorithms; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000209:etiology; D012008:Recurrence; D012146:Rest; D015607:Stents; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants