title: Influenza and emergency department utilization by elders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Influenza outbreaks have been associated with worsened emergency department (ED) crowding. We sought to examine the mechanism behind this association.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective time series analysis was conducted in Toronto from January 1996 to April 1999. Weekly data on laboratory-confirmed influenza and other respiratory virus cases in the community and visits to all city EDs (n = 20) were obtained. In longitudinal analyses, we determined the association between influenza and changes in ED utilization by younger and older patients with specific diagnoses grouped as major influenza related (MIR) and upper respiratory infection (URI). Time trends in psychiatric visits and their relationship to influenza were used as a control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A mean of 11,075 ED visits occurred weekly (SD = 698; average age, 39.9 years; 51% women). Four influenza seasons occurred, with weekly incident case counts ranging from 0 to 236; there were a total of 81 weeks with zero new cases between seasons. In multivariable analyses, every ten new cases of influenza active in the community was associated with a 1.5% (95% confidence interval = 1.2 to 1.8) and 1.2% (95% confidence interval = 0.6 to 1.8) absolute increase in the proportion of ED patients who were elders with MIR conditions and URIs, respectively. Influenza was not significantly associated with ED utilization by younger patients; other respiratory viruses were not significantly associated with ED utilization for any patient group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Influenza season is associated with increased ED utilization by patients aged 65 years and older, most of whom have major respiratory illnesses and may require hospital admission. No association was seen between influenza and utilization by younger patients. Efforts to reduce the impact of influenza seasons on EDs should focus on elders.
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. mjs@ices.on.ca
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schull
authors.forename: Muhammad M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mamdani
authors.forename: Jiming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D003441:Crowding; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D014600:Utilization Review