title: Inhibiting the expression of CD28 costimulatory molecule on human lymphocytes by special siRNA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The B7/CD28 pathway provides critical costimulatory signals for complete T cell activation, and members of this pathway have served as useful targets for immunotherapeutic strategies. In this study, we investigated the RNA interference (RNAi) effect induced by small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting CD28 mRNA on human lymphocytes and its specificity.
  
  
  METHODS
  According to CD28 gene sequence, we designed and synthysized three different siRNAs (siRNA-1, siRNA-2, siRNA-3) containing 21 bases using Silencertrade mark siRNA construction kit. These siRNAs were transfected into freshly isolated human lymphocytes with Lipofectamine 2000 reagent. At 24-hour, 48-hour and 72-hour post transfection, these cells were collected and analyzed. The changes of surface expression of CD28 gene were detected by flow cytometry, and the changes of CD28 mRNA levels were determined by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The cell viability of transfected lymphocytes was determined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and trypan blue dye exclusion assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three siRNAs (siRNA-1, siRNA-2, siRNA-3) specifically targeting CD28 mRNA were successfully designed and constructed. Flow cytometry analysis showed that a decrease in CD28 expression was detectable at 24-hour post transfection. Different siRNA showed different inhibition effects on CD28 expression. At 48-hour post transfection, the degrees of reduction with siRNA-1, siRNA-2 and siRNA-3 were 22.10% +/- 1.63%, 73.50% +/- 1.02% and 42.90% +/- 0.89% respectively compared with the control (P < 0.001). Neither of the groups transfected only with siRNA or lipo showed marked reduction in CD28 expression (3.15% +/- 0.75% and 4.55% +/- 0.80%) (P > 0.05). Moreover, lymphocytes treated with siRNA-co showed no marked reduction in CD28 expression (5.07% +/- 0.96%) (P > 0.05). The results of semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay indicated CD28 mRNA level was inhibited after transfection of specific siRNAs. At least 4-fold of reduction in siRNA-2 group occurred at 48-hour post transfection compared with the control (P < 0.001). MTT assay and trypan blue dye exclusion assay demonstrated that the viable cell rations of transfected lymphocytes were significantly reduced in siRNA-1, siRNA-2 and siRNA-3 groups at 48-hour post transfection (P < 0.01). The control groups showed no marked reduction in cell viability (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three different siRNAs were synthesized and transfected into lymphocytes. They could reduce the expression of CD28 and the CD28 mRNA level. siRNA-2 was the most efficient. The cell viability reduced correspondingly. Therefore, the silencing effect on CD28 mRNA induced by siRNA may contribute to costimulatory blockade. This result show that siRNA may be useful for further study on graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT).
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, China. xukailin@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Kai-lin
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiu-ying
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Qun-xian
authors.initials: QX
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D018106:CD28 Antigens; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering