title: Glutamine supplementation of parenteral nutrition does not improve intestinal permeability, nitrogen balance, or outcome in newborns and infants undergoing digestive-tract surgery: results from a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of isocaloric isonitrogenous parenteral glutamine supplementation on intestinal permeability and nitrogen loss in newborns and infants after major digestive-tract surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Glutamine supplementation in critically ill and surgical adults may normalize intestinal permeability, attenuate nitrogen loss, improve survival, and lower the incidence of nosocomial infections. Previous studies in critically ill children were limited to very-low-birthweight infants and had equivocal results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty newborns and infants were included in a double-blind, randomized trial comparing standard parenteral nutrition (sPN; n = 39) to glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition (GlnPN; glutamine target intake, 0.4 g kg day; n = 41), starting on day 2 after major digestive-tract surgery. Primary endpoints were intestinal permeability, as assessed by the urinary excretion ratio of lactulose and rhamnose (weeks 1 through 4); nitrogen balance (days 4 through 6), and urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion (day 5). Secondary endpoints were mortality, length of stay in the ICU and the hospital, number of septic episodes, and usage of antibiotics and ICU resources.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glutamine intake plateaued at 90% of the target on day 4. No differences were found between patients assigned sPN and patients assigned GlnPN regarding any of the endpoints. Glutamine supplementation was not associated with adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In newborns and infants after major digestive-tract surgery, we did not identify beneficial effects of isonitrogenous, isocaloric glutamine supplementation of parenteral nutrition. Glutamine supplementation in these patients therefore is not warranted until further research proves otherwise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sophia Children's Hospital/Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. m.albers@bkk.azg.nl
authors.forename: Marcel J I J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Albers
authors.forename: Ewout W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Steyerberg
authors.forename: Frans W J
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Hazebroek
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mourik
authors.forename: Gerard J J M
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Borsboom
authors.forename: Trinet
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rietveld
authors.forename: Jan G M
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Huijmans
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tibboel
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000151:congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine; D009584:Nitrogen