title: How to use the C-reactive protein in cardiac disease?
abstract: Inflammation is an important contributor to atherothrombosis. The C-reactive protein (CRP) is not only an excellent biomarker of inflammation, but it is also a direct participant in atherogenesis. CRP consistently predicts new coronary events, including myocardial infarction and death, in patients with ischemic heart disease. The predictive value of CRP is, in the majority of the studies, independent of and additive to that of the troponins and its levels can be modulated by statins. Prospective observational studies show that moderately elevated levels of CRP are associated with an adverse cardiovascular prognosis among healthy individuals. The availability of high sensibility assays for CRP should provide a valuable tool for identifying patients at risk of cardiovascular events in primary prevention in conjunction with lowering LDL cholesterol and may also have utility in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) therapy. High CRP levels, associated with a higher risk, should suggest a more aggressive medical therapy in the long term and also an aggressive and invasive therapy in the short term, including the use of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, high doses of statins, and when a PCI is necessary, provisional stenting. Finally, CRP will provide a readily accessible marker for further testing of the inflammatory hypothesis in atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Sacro Cuore Catholic University, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy. steura@hotmail.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ursella
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazzone
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Portale
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pignataro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Covino
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fenici
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Gasbarrini
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gentiloni Silveri
mesh_terms: D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein