title: Female genital mutilation in the context of migration: experience of African women with the Swiss health care system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In contrast to other European countries, the Swiss health care system does not deal with the specific needs of women with female genital mutilation (FGM) in a consistent manner, though migrants from countries where FGM is commonly practised are living in Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this study, the interaction of women who had undergone FGM, with the Swiss health services was analysed both from the perspective of the women concerned and that of health care professionals (doctors and midwives). The methods used were mainly qualitative, including focus group discussions with 29 women from Somalia and Eritrea and telephone interviews with 37 health care professionals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It is estimated that some 6000 girls and women with FGM could be living in Switzerland. The fact that health care providers rarely see such patients and the absence of professional guidelines give rise to misunderstandings. Counselling of the women is often inadequate, and there is a striking lack of communication about FGM between health care providers and users, as well as within the women's communities. As a surprising finding, reinfibulation is carried out in Switzerland when requested by the patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that at present the specific gynaecological and obstetric health care needs of migrant women who have undergone FGM are not adequately addressed in the Swiss health system. The situation could be easily improved by taking into consideration the fairly simple measures suggested by the women and the health care providers taking part in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to international migration, female genital mutilation (FGM) has become an issue of increasing concern in host countries such as Switzerland. Objectives of this study were to analyze how immigrant women with FGM experience gynaecological/obstetrical care in the Swiss health care system, and to investigate if gynaecologists/obstetricians and midwives treat and counsel FGM related complications adequately. Specific health care needs of women with FGM should--and easily could--be better considered by the Swiss health care system. Recommended measures include capacity building and professional guidelines on FGM for health care providers; and access to culturally appropriate information and self-help groups for the communities concerned.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Centre for International Health, Swiss Tropical Institute. clara.thierfelder@unibas.ch
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thierfelder
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: Claudia M Kessler
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bodiang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019093:Circumcision, Female / Q000208:ethnology*; D003142:Communication; D003376:Counseling / Q000592:standards; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D019017:Eritrea / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006176:Gynecology / Q000592:standards; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D009774:Obstetrics / Q000592:standards; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012998:Somalia / Q000208:ethnology; D013557:Switzerland