title: Direct costs related to rheumatoid arthritis: the patient perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine rheumatoid arthritis related out of pocket expenditure (OOPE) in Germany and to disaggregate the total OOPE into contributing cost domains.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for the cost analysis were drawn from a multicentre randomised controlled prospective trial to assess the effectiveness of clinical quality management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Both payer sources and patient cost questionnaires were used to generate health care utilisation data. All cost domains of a recently published matrix were reviewed and potential sources of OOPE were determined. Health care utilisation data were developed throughout 2001. Co-payment regulations as per January 2004 were applied in order to indicate the most recent level of OOPE in Germany. Data were analysed in both physical and monetary units using descriptive statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 136 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were included. Mean total OOPE per patient and year was 417.20 Euro (SEM 38.8, median 271.2). OOPE accounted for 15.3% of the total direct costs of rheumatoid arthritis. Total OOPE were further subdivided into cost domains: "non-physician service utilisation"' (194.40 Euro per patient and year; SEM 24.2), "medication" (99.00 Euro; 6.1), "transportation" (56.20 Euro; 17.4), "visits to physicians" (38.40 Euro; 0.6), "hospital facilities" (24.00 Euro; 5.6), and "devices and aids" (5.10 Euro; 0.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with substantial OOPE, imposing a considerable economic burden for patients. OOPE contribute significantly to the total health care expenditure in rheumatoid arthritis. The patient perspective has to be taken into account when calculating the overall direct costs of rheumatoid arthritis from a societal point of view.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Hannover, Germany. huelsemann.jan@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hülsemann
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mittendorf
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Merkesdal
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Handelmann
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: von der Schulenburg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeidler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruof
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014187:Transportation of Patients / Q000191:economics