title: Preservation of embryonic kidneys for transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term storage of embryonic kidneys is crucial for the organization of transplantation and organ banking. In this study, we investigated the effects of controlled-rate freezing and ice-free vitrification on metanephroi (MN) viability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metanephroi isolated from 15-day (E15) timed pregnant Lewis rats were either: (i) frozen, using a DMSO/FCS/RPMI solution and a controlled freezing rate of -0.3 degrees C/min, from -10 degrees to -40 degrees C; or (ii) cryopreserved in an ice-free state by rapid cooling to -100 degrees C in cryoprotectant (VS55), followed by vitrification to -120 degrees C. After cryopreservation, the metanephroi were stored at -135 degrees C for 48 hours. After storage the MN were rewarmed, resuspended in culture media, and their viability was assessed using the AlamarBlue assay and histology (light microscopy, TEM, and cryosubstitution).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was statistically no difference in embryonic kidney metabolic activity of either of the cryopreserved MN groups relative to the control untreated group. However, cryosubstitution demonstrated the presence of significant ice formation during controlled-rate freezing, yet in contrast the amount of ice was significantly reduced by vitrification. This was confirmed by TEM, where vacuolation of the cytoplasm of controlled-rate frozen metanephroi was observed, whereas vitrified metanephroi had little cytoplasmic disruption. However, vitrified metanephroi showed mitochondrial and nuclear injury at the cellular level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a need for long-term storage of organs to make MN transplantation a reality. This study demonstrates that standard freezing methods are unsuitable for this purpose. Vitrification yielded more promising results, but further development is required.
authors.affiliation: Intercytex, Manchester, UK. mbottomley@intercytex.com
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bottomley
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baicu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Boggs
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clancy
authors.forename: K G M
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Brockbank
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bravery
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D016332:Fetal Tissue Transplantation; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D009926:Organ Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew