title: Standardized assessment of whole body adipose tissue topography by MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess standardized whole body adipose tissue topography in a cohort of subjects at an increased risk for type 2 diabetes and to compare fat distribution in subgroups regarding anthropometric (age, body mass index [BMI]) and metabolic parameters (insulin sensitivity).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 80 volunteers (40 females, 40 males) underwent T1-weighted MR imaging of the entire body. Standardized adipose tissue (AT) profiles were calculated considering the different body structure of the participants. The measured data were interpolated to a defined number of sampling points enabling a direct comparison of the profiles independent on body structure. Resulting mean profiles and region-dependent standard deviations of four age groups and three BMI-groups were compared for females and males. Correlations between insulin sensitivity and body fat distribution were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reliable adipose tissue profiles could be obtained from all volunteers. In BMI-matched subgroups, females show significant higher AT and subcutaneous abdominal AT (P < 0.05 both), but lower visceral AT (P < 0.01) compared to the males. Furthermore, visceral AT increases with age, as shown in the matched age groups. In both gender groups, insulin-resistant subjects are characterized by higher visceral adipose tissue (VAT) compared to insulin-sensitive subjects. In addition, profiles of insulin-resistant subjects show more AT in the shoulder/neck region but less AT in the upper extremities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standardized assessment of whole body AT profiles based on T1-weighted MRI provides a reliable basis for interindividual comparison of the body fat distribution and allows a fast and reliable quantification of total body adipose tissue and the distribution of different AT components as subcutaneous and visceral fat in different body regions. Differences in standardized profiles might enable an early identification of people at risk of metabolic disorders, as not only the amount but also the distribution of AT is expected to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Section on Experimental Radiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. juergen.machann@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Machann
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thamer
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schnoedt
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haap
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Haring
authors.forename: Claus D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Claussen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stumvoll
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fritsche
authors.forename: Fritz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schick
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged