title: Brain environment interactions: stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, and the need for a postmortem brain collection.
abstract: Stress, especially the extreme stress of traumatic events, can alter both neurobiology and behavior. Such extreme environmental situations provide a useful model for understanding environmental influences on human biology and behavior. This paper will review some of the evidence of brain alterations that occur with exposure to environmental stress. This will include recent studies using neuroimaging and will address the need for histological confirmation of imaging study results. We will review the current scientific approaches to understanding brain environment interactions, and then make the case for the collection and study of postmortem brain tissue for the advancement of our understanding of the effects of environment on the brain. Creating a brain tissue collection specifically for the investigation of the effects of extreme environmental stressors fills a gap in the current research; it will provide another of the important pieces to the puzzle that constitutes the scientific investigation of negative effects of environmental exposures. Such a resource will facilitate new discoveries related to the psychiatric illnesses of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, and can enable scientists to correlate structural and functional imaging findings with tissue abnormalities, which is essential to validate the results of recent imaging studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services Universityof the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. eosuch@usuhs.mil
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Osuch
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ursano
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Maree
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hough
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fullerton
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leskin
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004777:Environment; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D013216:Reflex, Startle; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D040701:Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D014015:Tissue Banks
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine