title: Activated Ras enhances insulin-like growth factor I induction of vascular endothelial growth factor in prostate epithelial cells.
abstract: Mutations in the three closely related RAS genes, HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS are among the most common mutations found in human cancer; reaching 50% in some types of cancer, such as colorectal carcinoma, and 10% in prostate cancers. The activated Ras proteins produced by these mutations can, among other cellular changes, increase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production. Moreover, tumors bearing RAS gene mutations are more vascular than tumors without RAS mutations. We find that, in prostate epithelial cells, the introduction of an activated HRAS causes cells to produce VEGF in response to insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). In comparison, cells lacking an activated Ras are unable to produce VEGF in response to IGF-I. This effect of Ras may occur through stabilization of a second messenger protein, insulin receptor substrate 1, that mediates PI 3-kinase-dependent signaling. Because IGF-I is a paracrine/endocrine hormone that has been associated with increased risk for several types of cancer, these results suggest a novel interrelationship between oncogenic conversion of a cellular gene such as HRAS, and IGF-I produced locally for normal tissue homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stearns
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Mary Kay
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sell
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C526292:IRS1 protein, human; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D018631:ras Proteins