title: Routine insertion of permanent peritoneal dialysis catheters in the nephrology ward. The sliding percutaneous technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A prerequisite to the technical success of peritoneal dialysis in its different modifications is a safe, reliable, correctly positioned, and functioning peritoneal catheter. The ideal method for insertion of permanent catheters (PC) remains debatable. The most commonly used technique is an open surgical approach, by minilaparatomy. Others have proposed a blind approach, using either a trocar method or a modified Seldinger technique or an insertion by means of peritoneoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe our 5-year experience (May 1997 - June 2002) with 68 percutaneous PC insertions in 63 consecutive patients. A modified technique of percutaneous PC insertion was used that here we call sliding percutaneous technique (SPT): 1) a midline incision is made 4 cm below the umbilicus; the peritoneum is punctured using a straight plastic catheter with a stylet. The catheter is pushed caudally towards the left iliac fossa; 2) a straight stiff 90 cm stylet is inserted through the temporary catheter, which is subsequently removed. The stylet has 2 tips, a blunt proximal one, which is pushed through the catheter into the iliac fossa, and the distal one; 3) having the stylet in situ, a double-cuffed curled-end PC is mounted at the distal tip of the stylet starting from the curl; then, the PC is gently slid down along the stylet as a train does along the rail-way. PC failure was defined as mechanical dysfunction, persistent dialysate leak and persistent peritonitis, or exit site/tunnel infection requiring PC removal. Furthermore, PC failure was defined as early, if occurring in the first 30 days after PC placement, or late, if occurring more than 30 days post-operation. Life-table estimates of PC survival were determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early complications: in the 1st month on dialysis, obstruction to dialysate flow was the commonest cause leading to PC failure. The early actuarial survival (AS) was 90%. Late complications: peritonitis was the commonest cause of PC failure. The late AS, i.e. excluding the catheter failures occurring in the 1st month post-operation, was 82% at 3 years. Global AS, i.e. including both early and late PC failures, was excellent (74% at 3 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though this study is retrospective and does not compare percutaneous with surgical PC placement techniques, it allows us to state that percutaneous PC insertion is a well-tolerated, rapidly performed, side-room procedure that gives excellent results, above all when using SPT.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, District Hospital, Martina Franca, Taranto, Italy. nefromiulli@libero.it
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Basile
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Padova
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parisi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montanaro
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giordano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors