title: Modulation of jaw reflexes induced by noxious stimulation to the muscle in anesthetized rats.
abstract: Previous studies have shown that jaw reflexes and activity patterns of the jaw muscles were modulated in the presence of jaw muscle pain. However, there is no study comparing the modulatory effects on the jaw reflexes induced by noxious stimulation to the jaw muscle. To clarify this, effects of the application of mustard oil (MO), an inflammatory irritant, into the temporalis (jaw-closing) muscle on (1) jaw-opening reflex evoked by tooth pulp stimulation (TP-evoked JOR) as a nociceptive reflex, (2) jaw-opening reflex evoked by inferior alveolar nerve stimulation as a non-nociceptive reflex and (3) jaw-closing reflex evoked by trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus stimulation as a proprioceptive reflex were investigated in anesthetized rats. The MO application induced suppression of all reflexes, and the effect on the TP-evoked JOR was more prominent than on the other reflexes. To elucidate the involvement of endogenous opioid system for the suppressive effect, a systemic administration of naloxone following the MO application was conducted. The MO-induced suppressive effect on the TP-evoked JOR was reversed by the naloxone administration. The results suggest that noxious stimulation to the jaw muscle modulate jaw reflexes particularly for the nociceptive jaw-opening reflex, and the modulatory effect includes both facilitatory and inhibitory aspects. The results also suggest that pain modulatory systems such as the endogenous opioid system play a crucial role in the suppression of the nociceptive transmissions related to nociceptive reflexes, and in some pathological states, defense reflexes may not be evoked properly.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Physiology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurose
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamura
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ootaki
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D007568:Jaw / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013703:Temporal Muscle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone