title: Association of cardiac valve calcification and inflammation in patients on hemodialysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the possible relationship between inflammation and cardiac valve calcification (VC) in patients on hemodialysis (HD), and identifies risk factors for VC in this patient group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-nine patients on HD (mean age, 52.2 +/- 13.6 years; mean HD duration, 46.8 +/- 34.3 months) were assessed echocardiographically for the presence of VC. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) values were determined. The blood parameters studied in each case were hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, calcium, phosphate, calcium-phosphorous (Ca x P) product, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, intact parathyroid hormone, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, lipoprotein(a), fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein (CRP). The number of patients receiving vitamin D and calcium-containing phosphate binder was determined from records, and presence of diabetes mellitus was noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiac VC was detected in 36 patients (46%). Five of these patients (6%) had mitral VC, 11 (14%) had aortic VC, and 20 (25%) had calcification of both valves. The patients with VC were significantly older than those without VC (60 +/- 11 vs. 43 +/- 15 years, respectively; P=.001). Compared with the group without VC, the group with calcification had significantly higher systolic (145.1 +/- 14.7 vs. 124.3 +/- 20.7 mmHg, P=.001) and diastolic BP (91.3 +/- 10.3 vs. 75.09 +/- 14.9 mmHg, P=.001); significantly higher phosphate (5.1 +/- 1.4 vs. 4.5 +/- 1.4 mg/dL, P=0.04), CaxP product (48.6 +/- 16.2 vs. 39.8 +/- 11.8, P=.01), lipoprotein(a) [28 (15, 45) vs. 16 (5,42) mg/dL, P=.04], fibrinogen (4.2 +/- 1.2 vs. 3.5-0.9, P=.005), and CRP levels [9 (4, 19) vs. 5 (3, 11) mg/L, P=.05]; and significantly longer HD duration [49 (27, 99) vs. 26 (17, 52) month, P=.01). Apart from age, duration of HD, systolic and diastolic BP, and Ca x P product, VC was associated with CRP (odds ratio, 1.151; P=.007) and fibrinogen (odds ratio, 1.119; P=.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirm well-known risk factors for cardiac VC in HD patients, such as older age, longer HD duration, elevated BP, and high Ca x P product. In addition, they suggest that elevated levels of CRP and fibrinogen were associated with VC in the HD population.
authors.affiliation: Adana Teaching and Medical Research Center, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey. dilektorun@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Dilek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Torun
authors.forename: Siren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sezer
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baltali
authors.forename: Fatma Ulku
authors.initials: FU
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erdem
authors.forename: Fatma Nurhan
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Ozdemir
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haberal
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein