title: Coverage of painful peripheral nerve neuromas with vascularized soft tissue: method and results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goals are to describe a method of treating painful peripheral nerve neuromas by means of vascularized tissue coverage, report the results in seven patients, and discuss the indications for this treatment modality. An analysis of pain, functionality of the affected body part, professional activities of the patients, and medications before and after surgery is presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven male patients (mean age, 45.1 yr) with posttraumatic nerve injuries, who had developed painful stump neuromas or neuromas-in-continuity, and who had unsuccessfully undergone several treatment procedures, were selected for the surgery described here. The operation included resection of the stump neuroma (four patients) or neurolysis of the neuroma-in-continuity (three patients) and coverage of the nerve with a vascularized fascial, fasciocutaneous, or perforator flap (three pedicled regional flaps and four free flaps). A modified quadruple visual analog scale was used to quantify pain before and after surgical treatment. The mean follow-up was 16.6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean values of the quadruple visual analog scale (pain now/typically/at its best/at its worst) before surgery were 6.5/6.5/4.7/7.9. These values changed to 0.3/0.4/0/0.9 at a mean follow-up of 16.6 months after surgery. Five patients returned to their original profession, one receives a pension, and one began a less demanding job after undergoing surgery. Six of the seven patients received opioids before surgery (one had a spinal cord stimulator). After surgery, all patients stopped taking regular pain killers and the spinal cord stimulator was deactivated in one; two patients still take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs occasionally, but not on a regular basis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vascularized soft tissue coverage of painful peripheral nerve neuromas seems to be an effective and attractive, but also complex, method of treatment. This option may be considered and reserved for patients who have already undergone several pain treatment modalities without success.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany. Kartik.Krishnan@uniklinikum-dresden.de
authors.forename: Kartik G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pinzer
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schackert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004954:Esthetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009463:Neuroma / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D010524:Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications