Clomethiazole: mechanisms underlying lasting neuroprotection following hypoxia-ischemia.
Damage after hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is observed in both cortical and subcortical regions. In this study, we employed a "Levine" rat model of HI (left carotid ligation + 1 h global hypoxia on PND-26) and used histological and electrophysiological paradigms to assess the long-term neuroprotective properties of clomethiazole (CMZ; a GABA(A) receptor modulator). Key enzymes involved in inflammation, namely nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and arginase, were also examined to assess potential CMZ mechanisms not involving GABA-R activation. Assessments were carried out 3 and 90 days post-HI. Extensive CNS lesions were evident after HI ipsilaterally at both short- and long-term intervals. CMZ significantly decreased the lesion size at 3 and 90 days (P<0.01; P<0.05). Evoked field potential analyses were used to assess hippocampal CA1 neuronal activity ex vivo. Electrophysiological measurements contralateral to the occlusion revealed impaired neuronal function after HI relative to short- and long-term controls (P<0.001, 3 and 14 days; P<0.01, 90 days), with CMZ treatment providing near complete protection (P<0.001 at 3 and 14 days; P<0.01 at 90 days). Both NOS and arginase activities were significantly increased at 3 days (P<0.01), with arginase remaining elevated at 90 days post-HI (P<0.05) ipsilaterally. CMZ suppressed the HI-induced increase in iNOS and arginase activities (P<0.001; P<0.05). These data provide evidence of long-term functional neuroprotection by CMZ in a model of HI. We further conclude that under conditions of HI, functional deficits are not restricted to the ipsilateral hemisphere and are due, at least in part, to changes in the activity of NOS and arginase.
Clarkson
Andrew N
AN
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Liu
Hanzhong
H
Rahman
Rosanna
R
Jackson
David M
DM
Appleton
Ian
I
Kerr
D Steven
DS
D000818:Animals; D001119:Arginase / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000601:surgery; D002719:Chlormethiazole / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018079:Receptors, GABA / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D018079:Receptors, GABA; D002719:Chlormethiazole; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D001119:Arginase