title: Voucher-based incentives for cigarette smoking reduction in a women's residential treatment program.
abstract: Participants were women (N = 16) living with their children in a residential substance abuse treatment facility. In this within-subjects repeated measures study, a 1-week baseline was followed by a 4-week intervention and a 2-week follow-up (same as the baseline). The intervention consisted of exposure to an educational video and a smoking cessation workbook, brief individual support meetings, and an escalating schedule of voucher-based reinforcement of abstinence. Throughout the study, three daily breath samples (8 a.m., noon, and 4 p.m.) were collected Monday through Friday to determine carbon monoxide (CO) concentration. In addition, urine cotinine (COT) was assessed on Monday mornings to monitor weekend tobacco use. Participants received vouchers of escalating value for CO-negative breath and COT-negative urine samples. Positive samples reset the voucher value. Significantly more negative tests were submitted during the intervention than during baseline and follow-up. The intensive behavioral intervention evaluated in this study produced a substantial reduction in cigarette smoking, and 25% of participants remained abstinent 2 weeks after the intervention was suspended. Nevertheless, the percentage of CO-negative samples submitted during the follow-up returned to baseline levels. While retaining many real-world characteristics, residential treatment facilities provide important opportunities for smoking cessation treatment and research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. eroblessotelo@uams.edu
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robles
authors.forename: Cynthia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Crone
authors.forename: Leanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Whiteside-Mansell
authors.forename: Nicola A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Conners
authors.forename: Patti A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bokony
authors.forename: Linda L M
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Worley
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: McMillan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001131:Arkansas; D001944:Breath Tests; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D012114:Residential Treatment; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016387:Women's Health / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D002248:Carbon Monoxide