title: Origins of individual differences in theory of mind: from nature to nurture?
abstract: In this study of the origins of individual differences in theory of mind (ToM), the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study sample of 1,116 sixty-month-old twin pairs completed a comprehensive battery of ToM tasks. Individual differences in ToM were striking and strongly associated with verbal ability. Behavioral genetic models of the data showed that environmental factors explained the majority of the variance in ToM performance in this sample. Shared environmental influences on verbal ability had a common impact on ToM and explained more than half the phenotypic correlation between these two skills. Possible underlying proximal mechanisms are discussed, including maternal speech and mind-mindedness, sibling interactions, and peer influences.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, UK. ch288@cam.ac.uk <ch288@cam.ac.uk>
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Sara R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Jaffee
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Happé
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Avshalom
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caspi
authors.forename: Terrie E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Moffitt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D012801:Sibling Relations; D012938:Social Perception; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014427:Twins / Q000235:genetics*; D014888:Wechsler Scales