title: Policymaking based on CERs: changes in costs are not the same as changes in benefits.
abstract: BACKGROUND: Earlier cost-effectiveness studies showed the cost-effectiveness ratios for pneumococcal vaccination in preventing cases of Bacteremic Pneumococcal Disease (BPD) alone to vary between 11,000 and 33,000 per quality-adjusted life year. If vaccination is also assumed to be effective in preventing cases of Non Bacteremic Pneumococcal Disease (NBPD) (at the same level of effectiveness), vaccinating all elderly persons becomes highly cost-effective or even cost saving. METHODS: The present article examines the effect of partial preventive power of the vaccine against cases of NBPD additional to its preventive power against cases of BPD, and the consequences this has in terms of cost-effectiveness. RESULTS: The analysis shows that even a fairly small additional preventive power against cases of NBPD leads to a dramatic and unexpected decrease in the cost-effectiveness ratio. CONCLUSION: Because a Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (CER) is a ratio, changes in costs and changes in effects have rather different influences on its value. There is a linear relation between a change in costs and a change in CER if the effects are kept constant. This linear relation is not found on the effect side. Assuming that costs are constant, a change in effect will be different for low levels of effect than for high levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Organization, Policy and Economics, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands. a.ament@beoz.unimaas.nl.
authors.forename: Andre Jha
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ament
authors.forename: Silvia Mma
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Evers