title: High prevalence of c-RET expression in papillary thyroid carcinomas from the Korean population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activation of the RET proto-oncogene, located on the long arms of chromosome 10, contributes to the development of thyroid cancers in two different ways. First, somatic rearrangements of RET with variable activation genes are frequently found in papillary thyroid carcinomas. Second, germ-line point mutations are responsible for the development of medullary thyroid carcinomas and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2). There are several conflicting reports on the influences of RET expression and RET/PTC rearrangements on the clinical outcome of thyroid cancers. Therefore, the wild-type RET gene expression and RET/PTC-1, RET/PTC-2, RET/PTC-3 rearrangements were examined in thyroid carcinomas and other thyroid diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), 8 follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTCs), 4 anaplastic thyroid carcinomas (ATC), 7 follicular adenomas (FAs), 23 hyperplasias, 6 normal thyroid tissues, and 39 normal portions from each tumor were included in this study. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analyses were used to identify the RET gene and RET/PTC rearrangements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the RT-PCR analysis, 68.9% of the PTCs, a single case of FTC, and 22.2% of the hyperplasias expressed the RET gene. No RET gene expression was observed in ATCs, FAs, or normal thyroid tissues. One RET/PTC-1 and one RET/PTC-2 rearrangement were detected in the PTCs. No RET/PTC-3 rearrangement was detected in any specimen. The immunohistochemical results revealed that 66.7% of PTCs, 28.6% of FAs, and 18.2% of hyperplastic thyroid tissue specimens showed high levels of RET protein expression. Neither the normal thyroid tissues nor the FTCs and ATC, showed high levels of RET protein expression. The two methods are agreed in PTC and hyperplastic nodules, but not in FA and FTC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PTCs among Koreans rarely showed RET/PTC rearrangements, but commonly showed increased RET gene expression. Compared to earlier reports indicating that the expression of the RET gene was limited to PTCs, the RET gene was also expressed in hyperplasias in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sihoon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Soon Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Woo Chul
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Myung Ryurl
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Jin Kyung
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chul Woo
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Bong Soo
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Kyung Rae
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyun Chul
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sung-Kil
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000231:Adenocarcinoma, Papillary / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D017931:DNA Primers; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007723:Korea; D015995:Prevalence; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000473:pathology; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas