title: Role of interleukins and transforming growth factor-beta in chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the role of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-4 receptor (R), IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRS/NP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sinus tissue from patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for CRS and CRS/NP was collected. Sinus tissue was then analyzed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect transcription of IL-4R, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-11. Sinus tissue samples were also cultured in vitro, treated with IL-4 for 24 hours, and real-time PCR was used to quantify the transcription of TGF-beta.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty patients were evaluated, 9 with CRS/NP and 11 with CRS alone. The mean age was 43 (20-74) years, with 13 females and 7 males. IL-4R, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-11 were identified by RT-PCR in all 20 patients. The transcription of TGF-beta was found to be 3.2 times greater in patients with CRS/NP than in patients with CRS alone (P = .047).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-6, IL-8, and IL-11 are nonspecific markers of sinus inflammation being transcribed in patients with CRS and patients with CRS/NP. However, patients with CRS/NP demonstrate increased transcription of TGF-beta in response to IL-4 treatment, suggesting an IL-4 mediated mechanism for stromal proliferation in the formation of nasal polyposis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Dewayne T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Stilianos E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kountakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017370:Interleukin-11 / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D007378:Interleukins / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000276:immunology*; D019948:Receptors, Interleukin-4 / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000276:immunology*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000276:immunology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017370:Interleukin-11; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D007378:Interleukins; D019948:Receptors, Interleukin-4; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D015847:Interleukin-4