title: Temperament profiles in physicians, lawyers, managers, industrialists, architects, journalists, and artists: a study in psychiatric outpatients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the possible exception of cyclothymia in artists, there is a paucity of data in the literature on the temperament in different professions.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this exploratory study, we sought to generate preliminary data on temperaments among psychiatric outpatients, including physicians (n=41), lawyers (n=30), managers and executives (n=35), industrialists (n=48), architects (n=27), journalists (n=34), and a mixed group of artists (n=48). They were compared with age, sex, social class, and affective disorder matched outpatients outside of these professions, drawn from the same clinical settings to serve as our Comparison Group (CG, n=120). We used an interview version of the Akiskal-Mallya criteria for temperaments. We finally used the DSM-III-R obsessive compulsive personality (OC traits).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the CG, lawyers and physicians had high rates of dysthymic temperament and OC traits. Managers, like lawyers and doctors, had high rates on OC traits but were different in being very low on cyclothymic and twice as hyperthymic than the CG was. Industrialists, who, by definition, were self-made, had even higher rates of hyperthymic traits. Both architects and artists seemed to have benefited from being cyclothymic (3-4 times higher than CG's); interestingly, architects had higher levels of OC traits, and artists were less obsessional than the CG was. Overall, among managers/executives and lawyers, 41% met criteria for affective temperaments, whereas the equivalent rate among the remainder was 77%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given that this is a chart review of existing clinical records, it was not possible to be blind to the profession of the patients. A mixed group of artists may have obscured differences among artists from different domains of art (e.g., poets vs. performing artists), and the same can be said of physicians (e.g., internists vs. surgeons). A disclaimer would be appropriate: Ours is not a study on eminence in the different professions but on the temperament and personality profiles that distinguish among them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the foregoing limitations and overlapping attributes in the different professions, they nonetheless emerged as having distinct temperamental and personality profiles. Dysthymic and obsessional attributes are notable in lawyers and physicians. We confirm the role of cyclothymia in artists and architects. The role of the hyperthymic temperament in managers, self-made industrialists, and journalists, to the best of our knowledge, is being reported for the first time. The role of cyclothymic and hyperthymic temperaments appears to be moderated by obsessional traits across the entire professional realm examined. In particular, artists' creative imagination appears "liberated" by low levels of OC traits, whereas among architects, relatively high levels of OC traits seem to contribute to the execution of their work. More tentatively, judging from the overall levels of affective temperaments in the remaining professions, on average, more of the managers/executives than self-made industrialists could be described as "colder" in temperament, and more of the physicians "warmer" than lawyers are. Journalists, as a group, appeared to possess the broadest representation of affective temperaments. The foregoing conclusions must be regarded as tentative, even hypothetical, in need of verification among professionals without major psychiatric disorders. Nonetheless, temperament profiles among psychiatrically ill professionals in the seven professional realms studies can help predict how they relate to their doctors, family members, colleagues, coworkers, and clients/patients. Such knowledge, in turn, can help the therapeutic process.
authors.affiliation: International Mood Center, San Diego (USA) and French Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Kareen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Savino
authors.forename: Hagop S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Akiskal
mesh_terms: D000288:Administrative Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D001108:Architecture; D001154:Art; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003527:Cyclothymic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D020452:Journalism; D007802:Language; D033241:Lawyers / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010815:Physician Impairment / Q000523:psychology; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012016:Reference Values; D013694:Temperament / Q000145:classification