title: Hope, meaning, and growth following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
abstract: Positive psychologists found the increase of seven character strengths that encompass the so-called theological virtues, including hope and spirituality, in Americans after the September 11, 2001, attacks. Little is known about how they may affect post-September 11, 2001, mental health. Using multivariate analysis, this study investigated the relationship of hope and spiritual meaning with depression and anxiety in a sample of 457 students 3 months after September 11, 2001. Both characters contributed to lower levels of symptoms. In qualitative analysis, of 313 answers to an open-ended question regarding personal change, four categories emerged. The first three were consonant with other studies on posttraumatic growth (PTG), including changes in the self or behavior, relationships, and worldviews. The fourth category unique to September 11, 2001, was changes in political views. These findings offer further credence to the study of positive aspects resulting from violence-related trauma and highlight the needs for addressing the nature of traumatic events and PTG.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington-Seattle, USA. amyai@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ai
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cascio
authors.forename: Linda K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Santangelo
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Evans-Campbell
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks / Q000523:psychology*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D026712:Value of Life