title: Dose verification of single shot gamma knife applications using VIPAR polymer gel and MRI.
abstract: This work describes an experimental procedure with potential to assess the overall accuracy associated with gamma knife clinical applications, from patient imaging and dosimetry planning to patient positioning and dose delivery using the automated positioning system of a Leksell Gamma Knife model C. The VIPAR polymer gel-MRI dosimetry method is employed due to its inherent three-dimensional feature and linear dose response over the range of gamma knife applications. Different polymer gel vials were irradiated with single shot gamma knife treatment plans using each of the four available collimator helmets to deliver a maximum dose of 30 Gy. Percentage relative dose results are presented not only in the form of one-dimensional profiles but also planar isocontours and isosurfaces in three dimensions. Experimental results are compared with corresponding Gammaplan treatment planning system calculations as well as acceptance test radiochromic film measurements. A good agreement, within the experimental uncertainty, is observed between measured and expected dose distributions. This experimental uncertainty is of the order of one imaging pixel in the MRI gel readout session (<1 mm) and allows for the verification of single shot gamma knife applications in terms of acceptance specifications for precision in beam alignment and accuracy. Averaging net R(2) results in the dose plateau of the 4 mm and 18 mm collimator irradiated gel vials, which were MR scanned in the same session, provides a crude estimate of the 4 mm output factor which agrees within errors with the default value of 0.870.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Department, Hygeia Hospital, Kiffisias Avenue, 4 Erythrou Stavrou, Marousi, 151 23 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karaiskos
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Petrokokkinos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tatsis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Angelopoulos
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baras
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kozicki
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Papagiannis
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rosiak
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sakelliou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sandilos
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vlachos
mesh_terms: D001128:Argon / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005782:Gels / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; C474491:N-vinylpyrrolidone-argon polymer; D011145:Polyvinyls; D001128:Argon