title: Modification of ammonium lignosulfonate by phenolation for use in phenolic resins.
abstract: The structural modification of softwood ammonium lignosulfonate by phenolation was studied. A central factorial design was applied to determine the influence of reaction conditions (temperature, time and lignosulfonate content) on the properties of phenolation products. The reaction was monitored through the concentration of free phenol determined by gas chromatography (GC). The characterization of phenolation products was accomplished by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Empirical models were developed to predict phenol conversion and adduct formation according to operating conditions. The optimum phenolation conditions, attained by means of a response surface method, were found to be 120 degrees C; 160 min and 30% lignosulfonate content
authors.affiliation: Dpto. Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria  V
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliet
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gilarranz
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods; D020650:Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D007700:Kinetics; D008031:Lignin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010636:Phenols / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D028222:Picea / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D014934:Wood
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols; D011108:Polymers; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D005557:Formaldehyde; C001545:lignosulfuric acid; C011529:phenol-formaldehyde resin; D008031:Lignin