title: Force barriers for membrane tube formation.
abstract: We used optical tweezers to measure the force-extension curve for the formation of tubes from giant vesicles. We show that a significant force barrier exists for the formation of tubes, which increases linearly with the radius of the area on which the pulling force is exerted. The tubes form through a first-order transition with accompanying hysteresis. We confirm these results with Monte Carlo simulations and theoretical calculations. Whether membrane tubes can be formed in, for example, biological cells, thus depends on the details of how forces are applied.
authors.affiliation: FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF), Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerbrand
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koster
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cacciuto
authors.forename: Imre
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Derényi
authors.forename: Daan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Frenkel
authors.forename: Marileen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dogterom
mesh_terms: D001710:Biotin / Q000737:chemistry; D003198:Computer Simulation; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry; D008566:Membranes / Q000737:chemistry*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000737:chemistry*; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry; D019809:Streptavidin / Q000737:chemistry; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: C410262:1,2-dioleoyl-glycero-3-phosphatidyl ethanolamine; D008081:Liposomes; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines; D011137:Polystyrenes; D001710:Biotin; D019809:Streptavidin; C017251:1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine