title: Changes in androgen-mediated reproductive development in male rat offspring following exposure to a single oral dose of flutamide at different gestational ages.
abstract: Previous studies have indicated that the androgen receptor antagonist, flutamide, can produce a suite of reproductive malformations in the male rat when orally administered daily on gestation days (GD) 12-21. The objective of this study was to investigate the gestation time dependence for the induction of these malformations to establish a robust animal model for future studies of gene expression related to specific malformations. Groups of timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (GD 0 = day of mating) were administered flutamide as a single gavage dose (50 mg/kg) on GD 16, 17, 18, or 19 with 10 dams per group. Control animals (5 dams per time per group) were administered corn oil vehicle (2 ml/kg). Dams were allowed to litter, and their adult male offspring were killed at postnatal day (PND) 100 +/- 10. Anogenital distance was measured at PND 1 and 100. Areolae were scored at PND 13, and permanent nipples evaluated at PND 100. No reproductive tract malformations were found in control male offspring. In the treated groups, malformations were noted following exposure at every GD, although the incidence of specific malformations varied by GD. At GD 16, the highest incidence was noted for permanent nipples (46% pups, 60% litters), epispadias (12% pups, 30% litters), and missing epididymal components (5% pups, 20% litters). The highest incidences for hypospadias (58% pups, 80% litters), vaginal pouch (49% pups, 70% litters), cleft prepuce (29% pups, 60% litters), and missing prostate lobes (12% pups, 60% litters) were noted at GD 17. At GD 18 the highest incidence of malformations noted were epispadias (5% pups, 30% litters), reduced prostate size (32% pups, 90% litters), and abnormal kidneys (3% pups, 30% litters) and bladders (7% pups, 30% litters), while on GD 19 70% of the litters had animals with abnormal seminal vesicles. Testicular and epididymal morphological changes were noted at all GDs and were consistent with the gross observations and peaked in incidence and severity on GD17. The major discrepancy between this study and previous multiple-dose studies was in the very few numbers of animals presenting with cryptorchidism (only one each on GDs 16 and 17), suggesting that exposure over multiple days may be required to induce this malformation. Thus, a single gestational exposure of flutamide induced numerous reproductive tract malformations consistent with previously reports following multiple exposures, with the timing of the exposure producing marked tissue selectivity in the response noted in adult offspring.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA. foster2@niehs.nih.gov
authors.forename: Paul M D
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Martha W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000633:toxicity*; D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D004822:Epididymis / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005485:Flutamide / Q000633:toxicity*; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D005865:Gestational Age; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D051381:Rats; D013737:Testis / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D005485:Flutamide