title: Effect of hormone replacement therapy on lipids and left ventricular function in postmenopausal smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Menopause and smoking have negative effects on the cardiovascular system. The study was planned to investigate the influence of oral hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on heart function and lipids in postmenopausal smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lipid levels and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function by means of echocardiography were assessed before entering the study and at 6-month intervals during the 12 months of oral HRT in 62 postmenopausal women, 30 of whom were smokers and 32 were non-smokers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral HRT caused a significant decrease in levels of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and a significant increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in non-smokers. This effect was not evident in smokers. Echocardiography revealed a significant improvement of systolic function (ejection fraction, left ventricular outflow tract velocity, forward velocity integral, acceleration time and mean systolic acceleration) and diastolic function (diastolic time, duration of the early filling phase, peak velocity of early mitral flow, and the ratio of late to early peak mitral flow) in non-smokers. In smokers, a significant increase in some parameters of systolic function (ejection fraction, acceleration time and mean systolic acceleration) and an insignificant change in diastolic function were observed. Oral HRT of 12 months' duration has very limited beneficial effects on
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  lipids and left ventricular heart function in postmenopausal women who smoke.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital Zvezdara, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beljic
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Babic
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Babi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Knezevic
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drezgic
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D004452:Echocardiography; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol