title: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for heritable neoplasia.
abstract: Especially applicable for heritable neoplasia, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is possible for any Mendelian disorder whose gene has been localized, whether the molecular basis is known or not.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PGD requires DNA from gametes (oocytes) or embryos before 6 days postconception, when implantation occurs. Approaches include 1) polar body biopsy, 2) blastomere biopsy (aspiration of one or two cells from the six- to eight-cell embryos at 2 or 3 days), and 3) trophectoderm biopsy, which allows recovery of 20 or more cells (20-50) from 125- to 150-cell, 5- to 6-day blastocysts. Of some 6000 PGD cycles worldwide, approximately 1500 have been performed for Mendelian indications. The approximately 25% live birth rates following PGD parallel the general U.S. experience for assisted reproductive technology. PGD has been accomplished for both cancer-specific disorders like adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), BRCA1, retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL), as well as disorders predisposing to neoplasia (Fanconi anemia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome). PGD also makes possible the identification and, hence, transfer of embryos of specific HLA genotypes. This allows cord blood harvesting for stem cell implantation into a moribund child, often an older sibling of the fetus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PGD is a complex, but achievable, approach especially applicable to Mendelian forms of neoplasia. PGD is an attractive addition to the prenatal diagnostic armamentarium, especially relevant to heritable neoplasia. PGD also makes possible novel indications having special relevance to heritable neoplasia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6550 Fannin, Ste. 901A, Houston, TX 77030, USA. jsimpson@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Joe Leigh
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Sandra A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cisneros
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000473:pathology; D001757:Blastomeres / Q000473:pathology; D036101:Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006680:HLA Antigens; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D019836:Preimplantation Diagnosis; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D014918:Wills
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens