title: Non-invasive monitoring of muscle blood perfusion by photoplethysmography: evaluation of a new application.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a specially developed photoplethysmographic (PPG) technique, using green and near-infrared light sources, for simultaneous non-invasive monitoring of skin and muscle perfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluation was based on assessments of changes in blood perfusion to various provocations, such as post-exercise hyperaemia and hyperaemia following the application of liniment. The deep penetrating feature of PPG was investigated by measurement of optical radiation inside the muscle. Simultaneous measurements using ultrasound Doppler and the new PPG application were performed to elucidate differences between the two methods. Specific problems related to the influence of skin temperature on blood flow were highlightened, as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following static and dynamic contractions an immediate increase in muscle perfusion was shown, without increase in skin perfusion. Liniment application to the skin induced a rapid increase in skin perfusion, but not in muscle. Both similarities and differences in blood flow measured by Ultrasound Doppler and PPG were demonstrated. The radiant power measured inside the muscle, by use of an optical fibre, showed that the near-infrared light penetrates down to the vascular depth inside the muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate the potentiality of the method for non-invasive measurement of local muscle perfusion, although some considerations still have to be accounted for, such as influence of temperature on blood perfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, INR, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden. margareta.sandberg@lio.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandberg
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Styf
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gerdle
authors.forename: L-G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Lindberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm; D001566:Benzocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008038:Liniments / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D009525:Niacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D017156:Photoplethysmography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012459:Salicylates / Q000494:pharmacology; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D008038:Liniments; D012459:Salicylates; C045326:Transvasin; D009525:Niacin; D001566:Benzocaine