title: Left ventricular function and chronotropic responses after normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with intermittent antegrade warm blood cardioplegia in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies indicate that normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with intermittent antegrade warm blood cardioplegia (IAWBC) may have metabolic and clinical advantages, but limited data exist on its effects on myocardial function. Therefore, we investigated the acute effects of this approach on systolic and diastolic left ventricular function and on chronotropic responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 10 patients undergoing isolated CABG we obtained on-line left ventricular pressure-volume loops using the conductance catheter before and after normothermic CPB with IAWBC. Steady state and load-independent indices of left ventricular function derived from pressure-volume relations were obtained during right atrial pacing (80-100-120 beats/min) to determine baseline systolic and diastolic function and chronotropic responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean time of CPB was 105+/-36 min (median 103, range 60-167 min) with a mean aortic cross-clamp time of 75+/-27 min (median 69, range 43-129 min). Baseline (80 beats/min) end-systolic elastance (E(ES)) did not change after CPB (1.22+/-0.53 to 1.12+/-0.28 mm Hg/ml, P>0.2), while the diastolic chamber stiffness constant (k(ED)) significantly increased (0.014+/-0.005 to 0.040+/-0.007 ml-1, P=0.018) and relaxation time constant (tau) significantly decreased (61+/-3 to 49+/-2 ms, P=0.004). Before CPB, incremental atrial pacing had no significant effects on E(ES) and tau but significant negative effects on kED (0.014+/-0.005 to 0.045+/-0.012 ml-1, P=0.013). After CPB, atrial pacing had significant positive effects on E(ES), tau and kED (E(ES): 1.12+/-0.28 to 2.60+/-1.54 mm Hg/ml, P=0.021; tau: 49+/-2 to 45+/-2 ms, P=0.009; kED: 0.040+/-0.007 to 0.026+/-0.005 mm Hg, P=0.010), indicating improved systolic and diastolic chronotropic responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On-pump normothermic CABG with IAWBC preserved systolic function, increased diastolic stiffness, and improved systolic and diastolic chronotropic responses. Normalization of the chronotropic responses post-CPB is likely due to effects of successful revascularization and subsequent relief of ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sven A F
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Tulner
authors.forename: Robert J M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Klautz
authors.forename: Frank H M
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Engbers
authors.forename: Jeroen J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bax
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baan
authors.forename: Ernst E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: van der Wall
authors.forename: Robert A E
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dion
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Steendijk
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period; D013997:Time Factors; D020107:Troponin T / Q000097:blood; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020107:Troponin T