title: Corticotropin-releasing hormone triggers differentiation in HaCaT keratinocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is proposed to be involved in the regulation of the proliferative capacity of keratinocytes, based on its significant actions in the skin. These are mediated by CRH-R1alpha and represented by adenylate cyclase activation, Ca2+ influx, inhibition of cell proliferation and modifications in intracellular signal transduction by NF-kappaB.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To define CRH action in the cell cycle we investigated its effects on the differentiation programme using the HaCaT keratinocytes model.
  
  
  METHODS
  HaCaT keratinocytes were incubated with CRH in Dulbecco's modified Eagles's medium (containing 1.8 mmol L(-1) calcium) or EpiLife (containing 0.06 mmol L(-1) calcium) medium. Cell proliferation was assessed with the MTT assay. Flow cytometry was used for the measurement of DNA content, cell size and granularity and the expression of cytokeratin 14, cytokeratin 1 and involucrin. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay was used to determine DNA binding activity by AP-1 transcription factor. Expression of cytokeratin 1 was also assessed with immunofluorescence microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CRH did produce inhibition of proliferation, which was dose-dependent; the shape of the inhibition curve was determined by the media calcium concentration. CRH action was pinpointed at inhibition of the G0/1 to the S phase transition of the cell cycle. CRH also increased AP-1 binding activity, cell granularity, cytokeratin 1 and involucrin expression, and inhibited cytokeratin 14 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are consistent with CRH induction of the keratinocyte differentiation programme. Thus, the overall CRH cutaneous actions connote protective functions for the epidermis, that appear to include the triggering or acceleration of the differentiation programme.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Immunology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zbytek
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pikula
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Slominski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mysliwski
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wortsman
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Slominski
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D006801:Humans; D007399:Interphase / Q000187:drug effects; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007633:Keratins / Q000378:metabolism; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000378:metabolism; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000819:agonists; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D000099052:CRF Receptor, Type 1
chemical_list: D011498:Protein Precursors; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D000099052:CRF Receptor, Type 1; C032253:involucrin; D007633:Keratins; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone