title: A putative animal model of the "prodromal" state of schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is growing interest in detecting and treating schizophrenia during the "prodrome," before the symptoms are fully manifested. The objective of this study was to develop a putative model of the prodrome and study the effects of medications on it.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were treated with different regimens of amphetamine to produce full sensitization (full syndrome) and partial sensitization (to model the prodromal state) and were then treated with typical and atypical antipsychotics and a D1 antagonist to mimic early intervention. After several weeks of withdrawal, locomotor activity in response to amphetamine and behavioral deficits (prepulse inhibition [PPI] and latent inhibition [LI]) were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animals that received the full sensitization showed significant increase in locomotor activity and a disruption in both PPI and LI. Animals treated with a partial regimen showed only a muted phenotype. The animals that received "early intervention" did not show progression from the prodromal to the full-blown phenotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The partial regimen of amphetamine injections provided a modified phenotype that could be regarded as a representative of the "prodromal" state. Early intervention, instituted once the prodromal state was already developed, prevented further progression into the full phenotype analogous to schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia/PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto Canada.
authors.forename: Catherine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Tenn
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Shitij
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapur
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003024:Clozapine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001552:Benzazepines; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D000661:Amphetamine; D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol