title: An economic and outcomes assessment of first-line monotherapy in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia within managed care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the resource consumption and outcomes associated with first-line monotherapy for community-acquired pneumonia, focusing specifically on the use of erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and levofloxacin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective managed care database analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects included patients within a managed care setting over 18 years of age with an initial diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia from January 1995 to April 2002. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to examine associations with treatment success rates and direct medical costs between antibiotic treatments after controlling for patient demographics and pneumonia risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, treatment success rates were high (95.8%), the use of second antibiotics was un common (2.3%), and hospitalizations were infrequent (2.0%) among the 1952 subjects studied. After controlling for patient characteristics and risk factors, significantly lower total costs were associated with erythromycin (92.7% lower, p < 0.001), azithromycin (48.7% lower, p < 0.001), and clarithromycin (21.3% lower, p = 0.015) relative to levofloxacin, with no difference in treatment success between groups. Among newer agents, azithromycin (49.2% lower, p < 0.001) and clarithromycin (21.7% lower, p = 0.013) treatment groups were associated with significantly lower total costs than levofloxacin in the full sample. However, in subjects with a chronic disease score above the sample's mean, only azithromycin was associated with significantly lower total costs (47.9% lower, p < 0.001) relative to levofloxacin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin were associated with significantly lower total costs than levofloxacin, although treatment success rates did not differ between groups. Following stratification based upon various subset criteria, erythromycin and azithromycin were observed to have significantly lower total costs than levofloxacin. Although these findings may augment clinical guidelines and evidence-based approaches, health plans should consider evaluating their own patient data to see if similar differences exist in their populations.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research, University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. skrepnek@pharmacy.arizona.edu
authors.forename: Grant H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Skrepnek
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.forename: Sulabha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D019992:Databases as Topic; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D064704:Levofloxacin; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D017059:Models, Econometric; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004917:Erythromycin; D064704:Levofloxacin; D017963:Azithromycin; D015242:Ofloxacin; D017291:Clarithromycin