A new approach to fetal echocardiography: digital casts of the fetal cardiac chambers and great vessels for detection of congenital heart disease.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to describe a method of 4-dimensional (4D) reconstruction of the cardiac chambers and outflow tracts using a combination of spatiotemporal image correlation, "inversion mode," and "B-flow" imaging.


METHODS
Spatiotemporal image correlation and the inversion mode were used in the examination of the volume data sets of 23 fetuses with congenital heart anomalies. A subset was also examined with B-flow imaging using the gradient light algorithm. Digital reconstructions from abnormal hearts were compared with a library obtained from fetuses without abnormalities.


RESULTS
Rendered images of the 4-chamber view using the inversion mode were characterized by: (1) echogenic chambers; (2) sharp delineation of chamber contours when compared with 2-dimensional (2D) images; and (3) distinct display of the myocardium, interventricular septum, interatrial septum, and mitral and tricuspid valves as anechoic structures. Ventricular septal defects, abnormal differential insertion of the atrioventricular valves, and valve atresia were well visualized with the inversion mode. The application of inversion mode or B-flow imaging to 4D rendering of the outflow tracts resulted in "digital casts" displaying the spatial relationships between the outflow tracts as well as the connections between the great arteries and ventricular chambers. The spatial relationships and communications among cardiac structures cannot be visualized with conventional 2D ultrasonography.


CONCLUSIONS
The application of spatiotemporal image correlation, inversion mode, and B-flow imaging generates information about the anatomy and pathologic characteristics of the fetal heart (digital casts) that cannot be obtained with 2D fetal echocardiography. We propose that these modalities enhance the information provided by ultrasonographic interrogation of the fetal heart and will improve prenatal diagnosis.
Gonçalves
Luís F
LF
Perinatology Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women's Hospital, 3990 John R, Box 4, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
Espinoza
Jimmy
J
Lee
Wesley
W
Nien
Jyh Kae
JK
Hong
Joon-Seok
JS
Santolaya-Forgas
Joaquin
J
Mazor
Moshe
M
Romero
Roberto
R
D019561:Echocardiography, Four-Dimensional; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*