title: Biomechanical properties of the brachioradialis muscle: Implications for surgical tendon transfer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the mechanical properties of the brachioradialis (BR) muscle and to use this information to simulate a BR-to-flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon transfer for restoration of lateral pinch.
  
  
  METHODS
  The BR mechanical properties were measured intraoperatively. Passive elastic properties were measured by elongating BR muscles at constant velocity while they were attached directly to a dual-mode servomotor. Sarcomere length was measured intraoperatively and in situ by laser diffraction with the elbow fully extended. Then both the mechanical and structural properties were programmed into a surgical simulator to test the hand surgeon's decision making when tensioning muscles in a simulated BR-to-FPL tendon transfer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Passive mechanical BR properties were highly nonlinear. Under slack conditions sarcomere length (mean +/- standard deviation) was 2.81 +/- 0.10 microm (n = 4), corresponding to an active force of 93% maximum. Sarcomere length of the BR measured in situ with the elbow fully extended and the forearm in neutral rotation was 3.90 +/- 0.27 microm (n = 8), corresponding to an active force of only 23% maximum. Surgeons, who tensioned the BR for transfer into the FPL using only tactile feedback from the surgical simulator, attached the muscle at a passive tension of 5.87 +/- 0.97 N, which corresponded to a sarcomere length of 3.84 microm and an active muscle force of 27% maximum. Passive BR tension when both tactile and visual information were provided to the surgeon was significantly lower (2.42 +/- 0.72 N), corresponding to a sarcomere length of 3.56 mum and a much higher active muscle force of 45% maximum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When these data were used to model pretransfer and posttransfer function dramatic differences in predicted function were obtained depending on the tensioning protocol chosen. This emphasizes the point that the decision-making process used during muscle tensioning has a profound effect on the functional outcome of the transfer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of California and Veterans Administration Medical Centers, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Lieber
authors.forename: Wendy M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Dina L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Vincent R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Hentz
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fridén
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004550:Elbow / Q000502:physiology*; D016552:Ergometry; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000601:surgery; D013709:Tendon Transfer