title: Thrombosis modulates arterial drug distribution for drug-eluting stents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug-eluting stents deliver potent compounds directly to arterial segments but can become clot laden when deployed. The question arises as to whether thrombi affect drug elution and arterial uptake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Paclitaxel transport and retention were assessed in clots of different blood components. Diffusivity, affected by clot organization, is fastest in fibrin (approximately 347 microm2/s), slower in fibrin-red blood cell clots (34.98 microm2/s), and slowest in whole-blood clots (3.55 microm2/s). Blood cells bind and retain paclitaxel such that levels in clot increase linearly with red cell fraction. At physiological hematocrit, clot retains 3 times the amount of paclitaxel in surrounding solutions. Computational models predict that the potential of thrombus to absorb, retain, and release drug or to act as a barrier to drug delivery depends on clot geometry and strut position in clot relative to the vessel wall. Clot between artery and stent can reduce uptake 10-fold, whereas clot overlying the stent can shield drug from washout, increasing uptake. Model assumptions were confirmed and predictions were validated in a novel rat model that introduces thrombosis within stented aortas where nonocclusive thrombus acts as capacitive space for drug and shifts drug levels to decrease tissue uptake 2-fold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thrombus apposed on stents creates large variations in drug uptake and can act to either increase or decrease wall deposition according to the clot and stent geometry. Arterial deposition of drug from stents deployed in clots will be highly variable and unpredictable unless the clot can be adequately controlled or removed.
authors.affiliation: Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA. cwhwang@post.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Chao-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: Pamela H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Elazer R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Edelman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000378:metabolism*; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004058:Diffusion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015607:Stents; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D017239:Paclitaxel