title: Insulin resistance in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: relation to obesity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin resistance is well recognized both in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and in obesity. Studies concerning the relation between insulin resistance and overweight in T1DM have not yet been carried out.
  
  
  METHODS
  Degree of overweight [standard deviation score-body mass index (SDS-BMI)] and daily insulin doses per weight (ID/kg), per body surface (ID/m2), and per ideal body weight (ID/IW) were recorded in 4124 children aged between 5 and 20 yr with a duration of T1DM of 4-5 yr and an adequate metabolic control [hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) <8.0%]. SDS-BMI was compared between insulin-resistant (ID/kg > or = 1.0) and insulin-sensitive (ID/kg <1.0) children. The ID/kg, ID/m2, and ID/IW were compared between obese (SDS-BMI >1.9) and non-obese children. Multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted for the dependent variables ID/kg, ID/m2, and ID/IW, including age, gender, SDS-BMI, and HbA1c as independent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 882 insulin-resistant children did not differ significantly (p = 0.447) with respect to SDS-BMI (median +0.38) compared to the 3242 insulin-sensitive children (median SDS-BMI +0.42). The ID/kg was significantly (p = 0.031) lower in the obese children compared to the non-obese children (median 0.80 vs. 0.83), while ID/m2 (median 31.0 vs. 26.2) and ID/IW (median 1.17 vs. 0.85) were significantly (p < 0.001) increased in the obese children. In multivariate linear regression analysis, SDS-BMI was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with an increase in ID/m2 and ID/IW and a decrease in ID/kg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T1DM children with insulin resistance based on ID/kg are not more overweight than insulin-sensitive children with T1DM. ID/m2 and ID/IW seem to reflect a better tool than ID/kg to describe the influence of overweight on insulin resistance in T1DM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vestische Youth Hospital, University of Witten Herdecke, Datteln, Germany. t.reinehr@kinderklinik-datteln.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reinehr
authors.forename: Reinhard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Holl
authors.forename: Christian L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wiesel
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stachow
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wabitsch
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Andler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001830:Body Surface Area; D001835:Body Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin