title: Effect of systemic lidocaine on visceral and somatic nociception in conscious horses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Commonly used analgesics (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, opioids and alpha2-agonists) have unwanted side effects. An effective alternative with minimal adverse effects would benefit clinical equine pain management.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effect of lidocaine or saline on duodenal and rectal distension threshold pressure and somatic thermal threshold in conscious mature horses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Systemically administered lidocaine would increase somatic and visceral nociceptive thresholds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lidocaine (2 mg/kg bwt bolus followed by 50 microg/kg bwt/min for 2 h) or saline was administered to 6 horses each carrying a permanently implanted gastric cannula, in a randomised, blinded cross-over design. Thermal threshold was measured using a probe containing a heater element placed over the withers which supplied heat until the horse responded. A barostatically controlled intraduodenal balloon was distended until a discomfort response was obtained. A rectal balloon was inflated until extruded or signs of discomfort noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thermal threshold was increased significantly 30 and 90 mins after the start of lidocaine infusion. There was no change in duodenal distension pressure and a small but clinically insignificant change in colorectal distension pressure in the lidocaine group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the dose used, systemically administered lidocaine produced thermal antinociception but minimal changes in visceral nociception.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At these doses, lidocaine may play a role in somatic analgesia in horses.
authors.affiliation: Island Whirl Equine Colic Research Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0136, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Merritt
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Doherty
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006736:Horses; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000662:veterinary; D011897:Random Allocation; D012007:Rectum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine