title: Egg mass in an asynchronously hatching parrot: does variation offset constraints imposed by laying order?
abstract: Life history theory predicts phenotypic trade-offs between the number and quality of offspring produced. Intraspecific variation in egg mass is common in birds and increased egg size can have positive effects on offspring fitness. However, evidence of a trade-off with clutch size is limited. We analyzed variation in mass of 5,743 Green-rumped parrotlet (Forpus passerinus) eggs laid over 15 years to evaluate the potential for facultative adjustment of egg mass and factors governing variation. Heavier eggs had an increased probability of both hatching and fledging but egg mass did not affect postfledging recruitment. Offspring egg mass differed between populations and the potential for seasonal adjustment to egg mass may be related to environmental factors such as seed density. Egg mass was moderately heritable (h2 = 0.42) which accounts for some of the individual variation detected, and these results are likely attributable to strong maternal effects. We found an effect of female age on egg mass, but no effects of previous reproductive experience. Finally, egg mass was strongly governed by position within the laying sequence, independent of clutch size, and such adjustment may facilitate brood reduction under some conditions in this highly asynchronous species.
authors.affiliation: Ecosystem Sciences Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, University of California, 137 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA. aebudden@nature.berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Amber E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Budden
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Beissinger
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D005260:Female; D010058:Oviposition / Q000502:physiology*; D010063:Ovum / Q000502:physiology*; D010311:Parrots / Q000502:physiology*; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014687:Venezuela