title: An approach for measuring in vivo cerebral redox states using the oxidative conversion of dihydropyridine to pyridinium ion and the metabolic trapping principle.
abstract: This study was undertaken to develop radiopharmaceuticals for measuring in vivo cerebral redox states. Based on the oxidative conversion of dihydropyridine to pyridinium ion and the metabolic trapping principle, five N-[(14)C]methyl-3 or 3,5-substituted 1,4-dihydropyridines with different oxidation rates were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as a prototype of radiotracers for measuring in vivo cerebral redox states. When these tracers were injected into mice, they crossed the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and became trapped in the brain depending on their oxidation rates, while the corresponding oxidized forms hardly crossed the BBB. Furthermore, a significant increase in the radioactivity trapped in the brain was observed following injection of N-[(14)C]methyl-3-acetyl-1,4-dihydropyridine to mice pretreated with diethylmaleate that depletes glutathione in the brain. These findings suggested that an approach based on the oxidative conversion of dihydropyridine to the pyridinium ion and the metabolic trapping principle would be useful for measuring in vivo cerebral redox states.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshimitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Ayaka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagamine
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukushi
authors.forename: Toshikazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sekine
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Arano
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Irie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D004095:Dihydropyridines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005609:Free Radicals; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D051379:Mice; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D004095:Dihydropyridines; D005609:Free Radicals; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; C038806:1,4-dihydropyridine; D005978:Glutathione