title: Changes in parathyroid hormone-related protein and 3-dimensional trabecular bone structure of the mandibular condyle following mandibular distraction osteogenesis in growing rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is commonly performed for mandibular reconstruction during the growth period. We tested the hypothesis that parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in mandibular condylar cartilage and underlying trabecular bone in growing individuals undergo changes in response to distraction forces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Animals underwent unilateral mandibular distraction using a distractor that we devised, and unoperated animals were evaluated as controls. DO procedure was performed: 3 days' latency period, 0.4 mm/day rate, total 4.0 mm. Changes in cartilage morphology, PTHrP activity, and 3-dimensional trabecular bone structure changes measured by micro-computed tomography were examined at 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks of consolidation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A marked irregularity was noted in the superior portion of the distracted side's condylar cartilage that resolved after distraction ceased. PTHrP was more strongly expressed in the hypertrophic layer of condylar cartilage on the distracted side than in controls, up to 6 weeks after the end of distraction. Subchondral trabecular bone volume, percent bone volume, and trabecular number in the superior and posterior regions of the condyle decreased significantly by 2 weeks after distraction. These parameters returned to normal in the posterior condyle, but not in the superior part of the condyle by 6 weeks following distraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that unilateral mandibular distraction in growing rats causes temporary morphologic alterations of trabecular bone structure on the distracted side accompanied by increased production of PTHrP in the mandibular condyle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shibazaki
authors.forename: Koutaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maki
authors.forename: Tetsuhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tachikawa
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibasaki
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hinton
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Lynne A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Opperman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density; D002356:Cartilage; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery*; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein