title: Comparison of clonidine to sleep deprivation in the potential to induce spike or sharp-wave activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate previously observed side effects, i.e. increased epileptic activity during clonidine medication. The safety and effectiveness of clonidine as spike inducing agent compared to sleep deprivation were tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients suffering from drug-resistant localization related epilepsy took part in 3 magnetoencephalography (MEG) sessions. One session was recorded without any activating measures. The other two sessions were either performed after sleep deprivation or after medication with clonidine. Target parameter was the number of spikes or sharp-waves during a 30 min recording period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 67% of the patients showed increased spike activity after clonidine, whereas sleep deprivation increased the number of spikes in 33%, and 29% of the patients did not show any activation at all. Clonidine was most effective in temporal lobe epilepsy, when the focus was located in the right hemisphere, and when clonidine serum concentrations were ranging between 0.6 and 1.0 ng/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed for the first time that clonidine can be considered an effective spike or sharp-wave inducing drug that is superior to the potency of sleep deprivation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The administration of clonidine increases the probability of recording ictal and interictal epileptic activity during limited acquisition time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany. bkettenmann2@vcu.edu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kettenmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feichtinger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tilz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaltenhäuser
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stefan
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015225:Magnetoencephalography / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D003000:Clonidine