title: Intraoperative monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve using acoustic, free-run, and evoked electromyography.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore advantages and disadvantages of electrodes used for monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and to determine the postoperative outcome in 135 patients. A pilot study examined 11 patients to compare the clinical performance of two commercially available recording electrodes and three stimulation electrodes for RLN neuromonitoring. After determining the most reliable and consistent stimulating/recording electrode combination, 124 patients were then monitored. In a total of 135 patients there was no permanent iatrogenic nerve damage to the RLN, although 2 patients developed transient vocal hoarseness that resolved shortly postoperatively. An initial "searching" current for evoked electromyography (EMG) was delivered at 0.7 mA and then decreased to a value of 0.35 mA, which reliably elicited RLN stimulation with a minimal incidence of false-positive results. The combination of auditory feedback from the mechanically elicited EMG and a control channel involving EMG monitoring of an additional peripheral muscle improved the detection of artifact and improved the clinical efficacy of intraoperative electromyography. A video camera showed the surgical manipulation on the EMG screen, allowing the neurophysiologist to correlate dissection with RLN status and location. Auditory responses from the nerve helped to determine the type of distress the RLN was encountering.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Communication, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA. rpearlman@howard.edu
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Pearlman
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Isley
authors.forename: Garry D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Ruben
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: Bertram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weisbaum
authors.forename: Mohammad Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Barry S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Vijayan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.forename: Ajit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012009:Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies