title: Frequent retention of heterozygosity for point mutations in p53 and Ikaros in N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mouse thymic lymphomas.
abstract: In agreement with Knudson's two-hit theory, recent findings indicate that the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes is not only mediated by the loss of function but also by the dominant-negative or gain-of-function activity. The former generally accompanies loss of a wild-type allele whereas in the latter a wild-type allele is retained. N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), which efficiently induces point mutations, reportedly leads to the development of tumors by activating ras oncogenes. Little is known about how ENU affects tumor suppressor genes and, therefore, we examined ENU-induced mutations of p53 and Ikaros in thymic lymphomas and compared these with mutations of Kras. In addition, loss of heterozygosity was examined for chromosome 11 to which both p53 and Ikaros were mapped. The frequency of point mutations in p53 and Ikaros was 30% (8/27) and 19% (5/27), respectively, comparable to that observed in Kras (33%: 9/27). In total, 14 of the 27 thymic lymphomas examined (52%) harbored mutations in at least one of these genes. One Ikaros mutation was located at the splice donor site, generating a novel splice isoform lacking zinc finger 3, Ik (F3del). Interestingly, 90% (10/11) of the tumors with point mutations retained wild-type alleles of p53 and Ikaros. Sequence analysis revealed that the most common nucleic acid substitutions were T>A (4/8) in p53, T>C (4/5) in Ikaros and G>A/T (8/9) in Kras, suggesting that the spectrum of mutations was gene dependent. These results suggest that point mutations in tumor suppressor genes without loss of the wild-type allele play an important role in ENU-induced lymphomagenesis.
authors.affiliation: Low Dose Radiation Effect Research Project, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan. skakinum@nirs.go.jp
authors.forename: Shizuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kakinuma
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Ayumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Jun-Ya
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Amasaki
authors.forename: Hideyuki J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Majima
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sado
authors.forename: Yoshiya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005038:Ethylnitrosourea / Q000633:toxicity*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D016158:Genes, p53; D051740:Ikaros Transcription Factor; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D017354:Point Mutation; D013953:Thymus Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C497238:Zfpn1a1 protein, mouse; D051740:Ikaros Transcription Factor; D005038:Ethylnitrosourea