title: Statins reduce interleukin-6-induced C-reactive protein in human hepatocytes: new evidence for direct antiinflammatory effects of statins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Besides its predictive role in determining cardiovascular risk, C-reactive protein (CRP) may exert direct proatherogenic effects through proinflammatory properties. CRP is mainly produced by hepatocytes in response to interleukin-6 (IL-6) and is then released into the systemic circulation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-coenzyme A (CoA) reductase inhibitors, or statins, significantly reduce cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with or without coronary artery disease and reduce plasma CRP levels in humans. However, the mechanism by which statins reduce plasma CRP levels remains unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we report that statins limit both protein and RNA levels of IL-6-induced CRP in human hepatocytes. These effects are reversed by l-mevalonate and mimicked by an inhibitor of the geranylgeranyltransferase. IL-6-induced CRP production requires the binding of IL-6 to its cognate receptors, which results in activation and phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT3. We provide evidence that statins reduce this IL-6-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 in hepatocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that statins reduce IL-6-induced CRP production directly in hepatocytes via inhibition of protein geranylgeranylation. We further show that statins act via inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation. These findings furnish new evidence for direct antiinflammatory properties of statins and provide new mechanistic insight into their clinical benefits.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arnaud
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Steffens
authors.forename: Niels R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Veillard
authors.forename: Tuan Huy
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trono
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mach
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017035:Pravastatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D017368:Protein Prenylation; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D015850:Interleukin-6; D011758:Pyrroles; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D019821:Simvastatin; D017035:Pravastatin