title: A robust neural networks approach for spatial and intensity-dependent normalization of cDNA microarray data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microarray experiments are affected by numerous sources of non-biological variation that contribute systematic bias to the resulting data. In a dual-label (two-color) cDNA or long-oligonucleotide microarray, these systematic biases are often manifested as an imbalance of measured fluorescent intensities corresponding to Sample A versus those corresponding to Sample B. Systematic biases also affect between-slide comparisons. Making effective corrections for these systematic biases is a requisite for detecting the underlying biological variation between samples. Effective data normalization is therefore an essential step in the confident identification of biologically relevant differences in gene expression profiles. Several normalization methods for the correction of systemic bias have been described. While many of these methods have addressed intensity-dependent bias, few have addressed both intensity-dependent and spatiality-dependent bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present a neural network-based normalization method for correcting the intensity- and spatiality-dependent bias in cDNA microarray datasets. In this normalization method, the dependence of the log-intensity ratio (M) on the average log-intensity (A) as well as on the spatial coordinates (X,Y) of spots is approximated with a feed-forward neural network function. Resistance to outliers is provided by assigning weights to each spot based on how distant their M values is from the median over the spots whose A values are similar, as well as by using pseudospatial coordinates instead of spot row and column indices. A comparison of the robust neural network method with other published methods demonstrates its potential in reducing both intensity-dependent bias and spatial-dependent bias, which translates to more reliable identification of truly regulated genes.
authors.affiliation: Research Center in Forest Biology, Department of Wood and Forest Science, Laval University, Sainte-Foy (QC), Canada G1K-7P4. ltarca@rsvs.ulaval.ca
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Tarca
authors.forename: J E K
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mackay
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008957:Models, Genetic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods