title: The unique role of diamorphine in British medical practice: a survey of general practitioners and hospital doctors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diamorphine (heroin) is one of the longest established medications with a 130-year history. In British medicine diamorphine is sometimes used as a maintenance treatment for opiate addiction but is also routinely used in clinical practice to treat a number of general medical conditions. These uses are very different but are often confused by observers of the British system. The routine clinical use of diamorphine in medicine is unique to the UK, but this is not well known outside the UK. The present study investigates the use of diamorphine to treat medical conditions by general practitioners and by hospital doctors.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a survey of 141 medical practitioners who had prescribed diamorphine for the treatment of a medical condition, data were collected on conditions prescribed for, numbers of patients, dosage, routes of administration, duration of treatment, worries about prescribing diamorphine and observed adverse effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many doctors had prescribed diamorphine to a large number of patients. The four main conditions for which diamorphine had been prescribed in the previous year were myocardial infarction, palliative care, pulmonary oedema, and post-operative pain. More than half of the sample (57%) reported no reservations about prescribing diamorphine. Of the doctors (n = 60, 43%) who expressed worries, this was most often about possible problems of respiratory depression or respiratory arrest. Respiratory arrest/failure was also the most frequent observed adverse effect. Relatively few doctors reported worries about addiction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although diamorphine was widely used and most doctors regarded it as a useful medication, there remains insufficient research information about current clinical practice. At a time when diamorphine may be coming under increased scrutiny, more detailed information is required of its uses and applications.
authors.affiliation: National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London and The Maudsley Hospital, 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8AF, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gossop
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Keaney
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D003932:Heroin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010821:Physicians, Family / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003932:Heroin