title: Respiratory symptoms in older people and their association with mortality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of reported respiratory symptoms in a population aged over 75 years and their association with mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 14 458 people aged 75 years and over participating in a trial of health screening of older people in general practice answered questions on three respiratory symptoms: cough, sputum production, and wheeze. The association of symptoms with mortality was examined for all cause and respiratory causes of death taking account of potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coughing up phlegm in winter mornings had a prevalence of 27.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 26.8 to 27.2). Those with this symptom had an adjusted hazard ratio for all cause mortality of 1.35 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.50), p<0.001 and for respiratory specific mortality of 2.01 (95% CI 1.66 to 2.41), p<0.001. Phlegm at any time of the day in winter had a prevalence of 16.5% (95% CI 16.3 to 16.7) with hazard ratios for all cause and respiratory specific mortality of 1.28 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.42) and 2.28 (95% CI 1.92 to 2.70), p<0.001. Wheeze or whistling from the chest had a prevalence of 14.3% (95% CI 14.1 to 14.5) with hazard ratios of 1.45 (95% CI 1.31 to 1.61) and 2.86 (95% CI 2.45 to 3.35), p<0.001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of respiratory symptoms is widespread among elderly people and their presence is a strong predictor of mortality.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ageing and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK. Jonathan.Hewitt@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smeeth
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bulpitt
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tulloch
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Fletcher
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology