title: Simulation of minimally invasive vascular interventions for training purposes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To master the skills required to perform minimally invasive vascular interventions, proper training is essential. A computer simulation environment has been developed to provide such training. The simulation is based on an algorithm specifically developed to simulate the motion of a guide wire--the main instrument used during these interventions--in the human vasculature. In this paper, the design and model of the computer simulation environment is described and first results obtained with phantom and patient data are presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  To simulate minimally invasive vascular interventions, a discrete representation of a guide wire is used which allows modeling of guide wires with different physical properties. An algorithm for simulating the propagation of a guide wire within a vascular system, on the basis of the principle of minimization of energy, has been developed. Both longitudinal translation and rotation are incorporated as possibilities for manipulating the guide wire. The simulation is based on quasi-static mechanics. Two types of energy are introduced: internal energy related to the bending of the guide wire, and external energy resulting from the elastic deformation of the vessel wall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A series of experiments were performed on phantom and patient data. Simulation results are qualitatively compared with 3D rotational angiography data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate plausible behavior of the simulation.
authors.affiliation: Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. tanja@isi.uu.nl
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alderliesten
authors.forename: Maurits K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Konings
authors.forename: Wiro J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Niessen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002404:Catheterization; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D017145:Models, Educational; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*