title: Mercury impairment of mouse thymocyte survival in vitro: involvement of cellular thiols.
abstract: Heavy metals are well known to be able to induce immunotoxicity, but comparative metal studies related to apoptosis have not been conducted. In the present study, the effects of arsenic, cadmium, gold, lead, manganese, and mercury on thymocytes from BALB/c mice were analyzed. Thymic cells were cultured for 3-24 h in vitro in the absence or presence of metal, and markers of apoptosis or cell death, including annexin V binding, DNA loss/oligonucleosomal fragmentation, 7-amino-actinomycin D uptake (loss of impermeance), changes of the mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1 fluorescence), and Western analysis of cellular thiols, were assayed. Mercury (Hg) was the only metal shown to be consistently toxic with the dose and times utilized. Cadmium (Cd) was the only other metal tested that also produced some significant level of DNA loss; however, the induction of apoptosis by Cd was not as consistent as that observed with Hg. When Hg was added with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), Hg produced greater toxicity. Endogenous DNA synthesis by thymocytes was immediately inhibited by Hg and Hg + 2-ME. The Hg + 2-ME-induced apoptosis appeared to be associated with altered levels of cellular thiols, in that glutathione (GSH) depletion was significant in comparison to the non-metal control and Hg alone. The increased Hg-induced toxicity in the presence of 2-ME likely was due to the ability of 2-ME to enhance (10- to 20-fold) the cellular uptake of Hg. Western analysis with biotin maleimide demonstrated that Hg + 2-ME and to a lesser extent the positive control dexamethasone eliminated many reactive thiols; the major thiol-reactive protein still reactive with the maleimide probe had an approximate Molecular Mass of 45 kD. Surprisingly, Hg alone enhanced the expression of this thiol-expressing protein, which by Mass Spectrometry (MS)/MS analysis was shown to be beta-actin. Hg also produced the appearance of yet to be identified new proteins. Based on the results with Hg + 2-ME, it is suggested that numerous protein thiols participate in maintenance of cell survival and their loss is associated with apoptosis. The increased expression of new thiol-reactive proteins or thiol-reactive proteins with altered electrophoretic profiles needs to be further investigated. However, the enhanced toxicity attributed to Hg + 2-ME suggests that increased intracellular oxidative stress, observed as increased depletion of GSH, is responsible for the accelerated cell death.
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA.
authors.forename: Tapan K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Mondal
authors.forename: Daming
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Kamal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Swami
authors.forename: J Kenneth
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hauer
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lawrence
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008623:Mercaptoethanol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008627:Mercuric Chloride / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D008627:Mercuric Chloride; D008623:Mercaptoethanol; D004247:DNA; D008628:Mercury; D005978:Glutathione