title: Employment across chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases and comparison with the general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare labor force participation across chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases in order to assess the influence of the disease, disease duration, sex, education, and labor market conditions on employment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the German rheumatological database on outpatients of working age (20-59 yrs) between 1993 and 2001 were analyzed. The patients had rheumatoid arthritis (RA; n = 26,071), ankylosing spondylitis (AS; n = 5564), psoriatic arthritis (PsA; n = 6041), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; n = 4603), systemic sclerosis (SSc; n = 802), or Wegener's granulomatosis (WG; n = 385). Using population data, standardized employment ratios (SER) and part-time employment ratios of observed versus expected cases with 95% CI were calculated by means of indirect standardization for age and year of documentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across all diseases the overall employment rates were significantly lower than in the general population. Significant differences in SER were found between the diseases. The lowest SER of 0.76 to 0.81 (1.0 = population) were found in patients with RA, SLE, SSc, and WG. Higher SER were seen in AS (0.94) and PsA (0.92). In patients with a disease duration > 10 years the relative risk of being employed compared to RA, was 1.42 for AS, 1.26 for PsA, and 1.15, 1.03, 0.62 for PsA, SLE, SSc and WG, respectively. Comparing areas with low and high unemployment rates, a highly significant influence of labor market conditions on the SER was observed. The SER were significantly lower in patients with < 10 years of school education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences between employment rates in the population and the rates for the diseases under study are smaller than assumed by most clinical studies, especially in AS and PsA. However, these differences increase with longer disease duration. Specific measures to prevent patients from losing their job are needed, especially in areas with overall high unemployment.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Rehabilitation Medicine, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany. wilfried.mau@medizin.uni-halle.de
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mau
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Listing
authors.forename: Doerte
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huscher
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeidler
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zink
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*