title: Sibling effects on smoking in adolescence: evidence for social influence from a genetically informative design.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Behavioral genetic research has suggested that sibling effects on smoking may reflect social rather than genetic processes. We utilize a genetically informative sample of adolescents to test this proposition, focusing on sibling relationship processes (social connectedness) shown to be influential in studies of deviancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A combined twin-sibling design was employed to disentangle genetic and non-genetic effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized a sample of 1421 adolescent sibling pairs participating in the US National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). These sibling pairs represent a spectrum of genetic relatedness and include monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, biological siblings, half-siblings and unrelated siblings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed self-report questionnaires on smoking behavior, quality of relationship with their sibling (social connectedness) and peer and parental smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Main effects of both shared environment and genetics were found on adolescent smoking frequency. Social connectedness between siblings moderated shared environmental influences on smoking frequency at each time period, as well as on change in smoking frequency. Shared environmental effects were more pronounced when siblings reported high levels of social connectedness. These environmental sibling effects on smoking were significant after controlling for parent and peer smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report extends prior research on sibling effects on smoking by identifying specific relationship dynamics that underlie transmission of risk within sibships and providing evidence that such relationship dynamics represent social rather than genetic processes.
authors.affiliation: Brown Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine at The Miriam Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Slomkowski
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rende
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lloyd-Richardson
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niaura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012801:Sibling Relations; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States