title: Maternal exposure to toxoplasmosis and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors examined the relationship between maternal antibody to toxoplasmosis and the risk of schizophrenia and other schizophrenia spectrum disorders in offspring. Toxoplasmosis is known to adversely affect fetal brain development.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a nested case-control design of a large birth cohort born between 1959 and 1967, the authors conducted serological assays for Toxoplasma antibody on maternal serum specimens from pregnancies giving rise to 63 cases of schizophrenia and other schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 123 matched comparison subjects. Toxoplasma immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibody was quantified by using the Sabin-Feldman dye test. The Ig titers were classified into three groups: negative (<1:16) (reference), moderate (1:16-1:64), and high (> or =1:128).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted odds ratio of schizophrenia/schizophrenia spectrum disorders for subjects with high maternal Toxoplasma IgG antibody titers was 2.61 (95% confidence interval=1.00-6.82). There was no association between moderate Toxoplasma Ig antibody titers and the risk of schizophrenia/spectrum disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that maternal exposure to toxoplasmosis may be a risk factor for schizophrenia. The findings may be explained by reactivated infection or an effect of the antibody on the developing fetus. Given that toxoplasmosis is a preventable infection, the findings, if replicated, may have implications for reducing the incidence of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr., Unit 23, New York, NY 10032, USA. asb11@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Charles P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Quesenberry
authors.forename: Liyan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Vicki P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Babulas
authors.forename: Ezra S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Susser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015597:Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000276:immunology*; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D007074:Immunoglobulin G