title: Assessing psychopathy in the UK: concerns about cross-cultural generalisability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diagnosis of psychopathy is important for violence risk assessment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the syndromal structure of psychopathy, as measured by the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), is the same in the UK and North America, and whether this measure yields scores that are equivalent in these two regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Confirmatory factor analytic and item response theory methods were applied to large samples of PCL-R ratings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The syndromal structure of psychopathy was invariant across cultures, three distinct factors underpinning the superordinate syndrome of psychopathy. However, PCL-R scores were not equivalent across cultures: the same level of psychopathy was associated with lower PCL-R scores in the UK. Items that reflected affective symptoms had the highest cross-cultural stability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scores on the PCL-R obtained in the UK are not directly comparable with those obtained in North America. Care must be exercised when the PCL-R is used to make important clinical decisions in the UK.
authors.affiliation: Glascow Caledonian University and Douglas Inch Centre, Glasgow, UK. djcooke@rgardens.vianw.co.uk
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Michie
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Danny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002170:Canada; D003415:Crime; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011329:Prisoners; D011581:Psychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States