title: Urokinase plasminogen activator, uPa receptor, and its inhibitor in vernal keratoconjunctivitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Plasminogen activators play a role, not only in fibrinolysis but also in events such as chemotaxis, collagen degradation, and cell spreading. The serine protease urokinase (uPA) is a potent chemoattractant for leukocytes that may be involved in the pathogenesis of severe forms of allergic conjunctivitis such as vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Tear and peripheral blood samples were obtained from 20 patients with active VKC and from 19 normal subjects who formed the control group. Levels of plasminogen activity, uPA, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and their inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) were measured in tears and plasma of patients with VKC. The presence of tPA, uPA, and urokinase receptor (uPAR) in conjunctival tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 expression and production were measured in conjunctival epithelial cell and fibroblast cultures treated with cytokines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tear levels of uPA and tPA and tear plasminogen activity levels were significantly greater in patients with VKC than in control subjects. Increased staining for uPA and uPAR was found in VKC tissues compared with normal conjunctiva. Both conjunctival epithelial cells and fibroblasts demonstrated an increased expression of uPAR after exposure to IL-4 or -13, whereas uPA was highly expressed by epithelial cells exposed to IL-4. PAI-1 levels in culture medium were increased in IL-4-exposed epithelial cells compared to nonstimulated cells and were decreased in fibroblast culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased expression of fibrinolytic system components and imbalance between plasminogen activators and PAI may be involved in the pathogenesis of severe allergic conjunctivitis, thus contributing to inflammatory cell migration and tissue remodeling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. andrea.leonardi@unipd.it
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leonardi
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Sartori
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cortivo
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dedominicis
authors.forename: Graziella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saggiorato
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abatangelo
authors.forename: Antonio G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Secchi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000166:cytology; D003233:Conjunctivitis, Allergic / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012313:RNA / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C524898:PLAUR protein, human; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D012313:RNA; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator