title: Cross-sectional study of care, socio-economic status and complications in young French patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the present status of type 1 diabetes care in France and study the relations between clinical and socio-economic variables on one hand and disease management and prevalence of complications on the other hand.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of 365 French specialists in diabetes care performed a cross-sectional study and included consecutively 562 children aged 10-16 and 1691 adults aged 16-45, with more than 2 years of type 1 diabetes. The main outcome measures were the prevalence of complications (retinal, renal, lower-limb, cardiovascular, ketoacidosis); disease management parameters (blood pressure, HbA1c, daily number of insulin injections, frequency of visits to a specialist in diabetes, membership of a patient association); socio-economic status as a score, and treatments received.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retinal complications were rare in children (0.7%) and common in adults (28.3%). 10.2% children and 15.2% adults had micro- or macro-albuminuria, 4.7% adults had plasma creatinine >or=150 micromol/L. Only 15% children and 26% adults had HbA1c<7%, 86.2% children and 62.7% adults had blood pressure<130/85 mmHg; 58% children and 80% adults had at least 3 daily insulin injections. In adults, the risk of experiencing at least one complication was linked significantly with diabetes duration, HbA1c, and socio-economic status. Age, sex, type of insulin therapy, tobacco consumption, and blood pressure control were not significant parameters. Ketoacidosis in the preceding year was only linked with HbA1C and socio-economic status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although this sample of patients had overall a fair socio-economic status and were followed-up by specialists of diabetes care, metabolic and blood pressure control were not optimal. The care of French type 1 diabetics could probably be improved by a stricter control of glycaemia and blood pressure, and an earlier use of intensive insulin treatment, with a particular focus on adolescents and patients with the lowest socio-economic status.
authors.affiliation: Clinical pharmacology unit, Lyon hospitals, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lièvre
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marre
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Charpentier
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Iannascoli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Passa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors