title: Does prolonged pneumoperitoneum affect oxidative stress compared with open surgical procedures?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As laparoscopic surgery has evolved, it has become part of the urologic surgical armamentarium and is now used to perform more complex procedures. Carbon dioxide, used to create pneumoperitoneum, produces physiologic changes in various organs, including the kidneys. Such changes are associated with altered redox status because of the release of free radicals and changes in oxidative stress signals. It is unknown whether prolonged pneumoperitoneum is associated with an increase in oxidative stress compared with open surgery. The objective of this study was to compare oxidative stress in patients undergoing urologic laparoscopic and open operations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine samples were obtained immediately preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and at 6 and 18 hours after surgery from 10 patients who underwent urologic laparoscopic surgery and 10 patients who underwent open surgery. Concentrations of the oxidative stress marker isoprostane (8- iso-prostaglandin F2a) were measured, and the results were analyzed with respect to clinical factors associated with the type of surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary isoprostane concentrations (mean +/- SEM) in the laparoscopic and open groups showed an increase immediately after surgery to 189.0 +/- 64.2% and 141.1 +/- 45.8% of the preoperative values, respectively. A decrease in isoprostane was subsequently observed in both groups at 6 hours postoperatively, with preoperative values restored at 18 hours postoperatively (126.3 +/- 19.7% and 89.5 +/- 55.9% at 6 and 18 hours, respectively, in the laparoscopic group and 130.7 +/- 41.6% and 88.7 +/- 20.4% at 6 and 18 hours, respectively, in the open-surgery group). Although in both groups the peak PGF 2a concentration was observed immediately (0 hours) postoperatively, no significant differences were observed between the groups at 0, 6, and 18 hours. In the laparoscopic-surgery group, the mean increase tended to be higher and the decrease to be less prolonged than in the open-surgery group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxidative stress, as measured by urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2a, is produced by both laparoscopic and open urologic surgery. The findings of our nonrandomized study suggest a pattern of increased oxidative stress postoperatively with either type of surgery, with subsequent return almost to preoperative levels. Prolonged laparoscopic operative time did not affect oxidative stress levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Urena
authors.forename: Freddy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Deya
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baratta
authors.forename: Raju
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sikka
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D028441:F2-Isoprostanes / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D028441:F2-Isoprostanes