title: Direct activation of glucose transport in primary human myotubes after activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta.
abstract: Activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma have been studied intensively for their insulin-sensitizing properties and antidiabetic effects. Recently, a specific PPARdelta activator (GW501516) was reported to attenuate plasma glucose and insulin levels when administered to genetically obese ob/ob mice. This study was performed to determine whether specific activation of PPARdelta has direct effects on insulin action in skeletal muscle. Specific activation of PPARdelta using two pharmacological agonists (GW501516 and GW0742) increased glucose uptake independently of insulin in differentiated C2C12 myotubes. In cultured primary human skeletal myotubes, GW501516 increased glucose uptake independently of insulin and enhanced subsequent insulin stimulation. PPARdelta agonists increased the respective phosphorylation and expression of AMP-activated protein kinase 1.9-fold (P < 0.05) and 1.8-fold (P < 0.05), of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 2.2-fold (P < 0.05) and 1.7-fold (P < 0.05), and of p38 MAPK 1.2-fold (P < 0.05) and 1.4-fold (P < 0.05). Basal and insulin-stimulated protein kinase B/Akt was unaltered in cells preexposed to PPARdelta agonists. Preincubation of myotubes with the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 reduced insulin- and PPARdelta-mediated increase in glucose uptake, whereas the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor PD98059 was without effect. PPARdelta agonists reduced mRNA expression of PPARdelta, sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1a, and SREBP-1c (P < 0.05). In contrast, mRNA expression of PPARgamma, PPARgamma coactivator 1, GLUT1, and GLUT4 was unaltered. Our results provide evidence to suggest that PPARdelta agonists increase glucose metabolism and promote gene regulatory responses in cultured human skeletal muscle. Moreover, we provide biological validation of PPARdelta as a potential target for antidiabetic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Science, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: David Kitz
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Krämer
authors.forename: Lubna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Al-Khalili
authors.forename: Sebastio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perrini
authors.forename: Josefin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skogsberg
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wretenberg
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannisto
authors.forename: Harriet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wallberg-Henriksson
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ehrenborg
authors.forename: Juleen R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Zierath
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krook
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005347:Fibroblasts; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology; D047494:PPAR delta / Q000819:agonists / Q000502:physiology*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010636:Phenols; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D005947:Glucose; D007093:Imidazoles; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; D047494:PPAR delta; D011725:Pyridines; D013844:Thiazoles; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C425931:GW 501516; C479979:(4-(((2-(3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfanyl)-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid; D010636:Phenols; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; C093642:SB 203580; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one