title: Methylseleninic acid potentiates apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic drugs in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether and how selenium enhances the apoptosis potency of selected chemotherapeutic drugs in prostate cancer (PCA) cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  DU145 and PC3 human androgen-independent PCA cells were exposed to minimal apoptotic doses of selenium and/or the topoisomerase I inhibitor 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38), the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide or the microtubule inhibitor paclitaxel/taxol. Apoptosis was measured by ELISA for histone-associated DNA fragments, by flow cytometric analysis of sub-G(1) fraction, and by immunoblot analysis of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase. Pharmacologic inhibitors were used to manipulate caspases and c-Jun-NH(2)-terminal kinases (JNK).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The methylselenol precursor methylseleninic acid (MSeA) increased the apoptosis potency of SN38, etoposide, or paclitaxel by several folds higher than the expected sum of the apoptosis induced by MSeA and each drug alone. The combination treatment did not further enhance JNK1/2 phosphorylation that was induced by each drug in DU145 cells. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 substantially decreased the activation of caspases and apoptosis induced by MSeA combination with SN38 or etoposide and completely blocked these events induced by MSeA/paclitaxel. The caspase-8 inhibitor zIETDfmk completely abolished apoptosis and caspase-9 and caspase-3 cleavage, whereas the caspase-9 inhibitor zLEHDfmk significantly decreased caspase-3 cleavage and apoptosis but had no effect on caspase-8 cleavage. None of these caspase inhibitors abolished JNK1/2 phosphorylation. A JNK-independent suppression of survivin by SN38 and etoposide, but not by paclitaxel, was also observed. In contrast to MSeA, selenite did not show any enhancing effect on the apoptosis induced by these drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MSeA enhanced apoptosis induced by cancer therapeutic drugs in androgen-independent PCA cells. In DU145 cells, the enhancing effect was primarily through interactions between MSeA and JNK-dependent targets to amplify the caspase-8-initiated activation cascades. The results suggest a novel use of methyl selenium for improving the chemotherapy of PCA.
authors.affiliation: Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue Northeast, Austin, MN 55912, USA.
authors.forename: Hongbo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Clement
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ip
authors.forename: Youcef M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Rustum
authors.forename: Junxuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lü
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000737:chemistry; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D020169:Caspases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005047:Etoposide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D016566:Organoselenium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D016566:Organoselenium Compounds; C106003:SN38-Glu; D005047:Etoposide; C008493:methylselenic acid; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020169:Caspases; D017239:Paclitaxel; D002166:Camptothecin