title: Analysis of environmental biomarkers in urine using an electrochemical detector.
abstract: Phenols are present in the environment and are prevalent in human populations, as environmental contaminants, dietary components, or their metabolites. Many are potential endocrine-altering agents. Currently available methods analyze single components or single families of chemicals as biomarkers of exposure. In order to assess multiple biologically relevant exposures to such substances, we evaluated the feasibility of determining several phenols simultaneously in urine, using an electrochemical detector (ECD) in combination with high performance liquid chromatography (LC). Based on reported analyses in the literature and the ECD response, we selected four xenobiotic residues, including three phytoestrogens (enterolactone, daidzein, and genistein) and bisphenolA [BPA]. These compounds had detection limits below 1 microg/L in urine using the cleanup procedure (glucuronidase hydrolysis and C18 column) and the urine volume (2 mL) we employed. As a pilot study to demonstrate the method's utility, we determined urinary enterolactone, daidzein, genistein and BPA in samples from nine children and 24 adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Zhisong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Mary S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moline
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D019833:Genistein / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000652:urine; D017705:Lignans / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D010636:Phenols / Q000652:urine*; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000652:urine*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D015107:4-Butyrolactone; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D015415:Biomarkers; D019833:Genistein; D007529:Isoflavones; D017705:Lignans; D010636:Phenols; D048789:Phytoestrogens; C004742:daidzein; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds; C029497:2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone