title: Osteoinductive properties of urothelium depend on inherent bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanism of heterotopic ossicle formation induced by grafted transitional epithelium, described in several species, has not yet been elucidated. This phenomenon is not species specific, but in xenogeneic systems, immunosuppression of the host is needed to protect the implant long enough for it to exert its osteoinductive potency. We showed a strong correlation between the intensity of bone induction caused by implantation of HeLa cell lines and their ability to synthesize and secrete seven different isoforms of BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins). We decided to discover whether the urothelium of guinea pig, having high osteoinductive potency, differs in BMP content from human urothelium, which does not induce heterotopic bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  The RT-PCR technique was used to investigate the expression of BMP family genes. PCR products were directly sequenced with an ABI Prism 310 sequencer. The obtained sequences were analyzed using BLAST.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two isoforms of BMP (BMP-3 and BMP-4) were detected in the guinea pig urinary bladder mucosa. The sequences of these products were identified by BLAST analysis and compared with human mRNA and protein. The experiment performed on human urinary bladder mucosa failed to detect the expression of these BMPs, while b-actin mRNA was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings explain the reason for the osteoinductive properties of guinea pig urothelium and are in line with the explanation of the osteoinductive properties of HeLa cells. Moreover, human urothelium, which did not express any BMP mRNA, therefore probably lacks osteoinductive competence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapy, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland. kochanie@iitd.pan.wroc.pl
authors.forename: Iwona E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Kochanowska
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niemira
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Włodarski
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Liberek
authors.forename: Kazimierz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ostrowski
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D005810:Multigene Family; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000502:physiology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins