title: Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Malaysian children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the clinical presentation, therapy and outcome of children diagnosed with both primary and secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) at the University of Malaya Medical Centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients diagnosed with HLH between 1998 and 2004 were studied. Clinico-pathological data of these patients were prospectively collected and analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen consecutive patients (eight boys) with a median age of 28 months were seen. All patients presented with high-grade unremitting fever and almost all, with hepatosplenomegaly and cytopenias. Neurological manifestations, which ranged from irritability to seizures and coma, were seen in 10 (77%) patients. Other common presenting features include liver dysfunction (46%) and skin rash (38%). All patients were treated using the HLH-94 protocol chemotherapy which consisted of a combination of etoposide, dexamethasone and cyclosporine. Complete response was seen in seven patients while two required bone marrow transplantation and one developed secondary acute myeloid leukaemia. Two patients died before treatment could be commenced. Overall mortality rate in our series was 46%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is an uncommon disease with a high fatality rate. Due to its protean clinical manifestations, it may be underdiagnosed. Early detection and prompt institution of appropriate therapy is necessary to improve the outcome in affected patients.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Unit, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. hany@um.edu.my <hany@um.edu.my>
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ariffin
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lum
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cheok
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shekhar
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Ariffin
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D015616:Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D005047:Etoposide; D003907:Dexamethasone; D016572:Cyclosporine