title: Efficiency of hand drying for removing bacteria from washed hands: comparison of paper towel drying with warm air drying.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate warm air and paper towel drying for removing bacteria from washed hands.
  
  
  METHODS
  After hands were washed with non-antibacterial soap, they were dried using warm air with and without ultraviolet light, while being rubbed or held stationary, or paper towels. Each method was performed as a randomized trial using 30 hands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Log colony-forming units (CFU) on palms and fingers increased significantly when hands were dried with warm air while being rubbed for 15 seconds (P < .001), and many bacteria remained at 30 seconds without ultraviolet light (P < .001) Holding hands stationary while drying significantly decreased log CFU on palms, fingers, and fingertips (P < .01 or < .001). Few CFU were detected on palms and fingers dried with ultraviolet light. Although log CFU of palms and fingers did not decrease after drying with three sheets of paper towel, those of fingertips decreased significantly (P < .001). For palms and fingers, log reductions were greater with warm air drying while holding hands stationary, paper towels, and warm air drying while rubbing hands. For fingertips, the log reduction was often greater with paper towels than with warm air.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Holding hands stationary and not rubbing them was desirable for removing bacteria. Ultraviolet light reinforced the removal of bacteria during warm air drying. Paper towels were useful for removing bacteria from fingertips but not palms and fingers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing Art and Science Hyogo, Akashi, Japan. yukiko_yamamoto@cnas.u-hyogo.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ugai
authors.forename: Yasuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000391:Air Microbiology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000382:microbiology*; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene / Q000592:standards; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D010209:Paper