title: Does competitive apnea diving have a long-term risk? Cardiopulmonary findings in breath-hold divers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the cardiopulmonary status in a competitive apnea diving team.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted with a cross-sectional study design in which subjects had to undergo a predefined series of cardiopulmonary examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight competitive apnea divers (mean age, 26.9 +/- 5.3 years) who were participating in international apnea diving contests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electrocardiographic, 2-dimensional echocardiographic, Doppler-echocardiographic, and oxymetric examinations were performed in each subject during an apnea test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apnea diving experience was 2.5 +/- 0.58 years, with a training frequency of 8.9 +/- 6.0 dives per week. During an apnea test, mean apnea time was 4.5 +/- 0.96 minutes. While 2-dimensional echocardiography showed normal morphologic findings of cardiac dimensions and function, electrocardiography, and Doppler echocardiography revealed indicators suggesting the beginning of right ventricular strain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We interpret the findings of our study as the onset of pulmonary hypertension resulting from repetitive pulmonary vasoconstriction together with severe hypoxia during apnea diving. We conclude that regular competitive apnea diving over a period of >2 to 3 years might carry a chronic cardiopulmonary risk that may lead from early functional changes to manifestation of pulmonary hypertension.
authors.affiliation: I. Medical Clinic, University Hospital Mannheim, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Mannheim University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. armin.scherhag@roche.com
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scherhag
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pfleger
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grosselfinger
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borggrefe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004242:Diving / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004452:Echocardiography; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors