title: Clinical practice guideline on the optimal radiotherapeutic management of brain metastases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An evidence-based clinical practice guideline on the optimal radiotherapeutic management of single and multiple brain metastases was developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. The Supportive Care Guidelines Group formulated clinical recommendations based on their interpretation of the evidence. External review of the report by Ontario practitioners was obtained through a mailed survey, and final approval was obtained from Cancer Care Ontario's Practice Guidelines Coordinating Committee (PGCC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and nine Ontario practitioners responded to the survey (return rate 44%). Ninety-six percent of respondents agreed with the interpretation of the evidence, and 92% agreed that the report should be approved. Minor revisions were made based on feedback from external reviewers and the PGCC. The PGCC approved the final practice guideline report.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For adult patients with a clinical and radiographic diagnosis of brain metastases (single or multiple) we conclude that: surgical excision should be considered for patients with good performance status, minimal or no evidence of extracranial disease, and a surgically accessible single brain metastasis. Postoperative whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) should be considered to reduce the risk of tumour recurrence for patients who have undergone resection of a single brain metastasis. Radiosurgery boost with WBRT may improve survival in select patients with unresectable single brain metastases. The whole brain should be irradiated for multiple brain metastases. Standard dose-fractionation schedules are 3000 cGy in 10 fractions or 2000 cGy in 5 fractions. Radiosensitizers are not recommended outside research studies. In select patients, radiosurgery may be considered as boost therapy with WBRT to improve local tumour control. Radiosurgery boost may improve survival in select patients. Chemotherapy as primary therapy or chemotherapy with WBRT remains experimental. Supportive care is an option but there is a lack of Level 1 evidence as to which subsets of patients should be managed with supportive care alone. Qualifying statements addressing factors to consider when applying these recommendations are provided in the full report. The rigorous development, external review and approval process has resulted in a practice guideline that is strongly endorsed by Ontario practitioners.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Toronto-Sunnybrook Regional Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. may.tsao@sw.ca
authors.forename: May N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: Nancy S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Rebecca K S
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D002170:Canada; D016371:Cranial Irradiation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents