title: Effect of K and bentonite additions on Cs-transfer to ryegrass.
abstract: Bentonite amendments are generally ineffective in reducing the soil-to-plant radiocaesium transfer but have previously been shown that bentonites in the K-form having been subjected to wetting-drying cycles had pronounced radiocaesium binding capacities. We have investigated the effect of wetting-drying (WD) on Radiocaesium Interception Potential (RIP) development in three K-bentonites and K-bentonite soil mixtures, using a variety of procedures: homogenisation of the bentonites with K through dialysis (K(B)), or partial transformation of the bentonite to the K-form in the presence of a solution of K2CO3 (K(L)) or in presence of solid K2CO3 (K(S)). Of the three strategies tested, addition of K2CO3 (solid) at a dose of 2 meq g(-1) clay and adding the K-bentonite mixtures to the soil resulted in the highest RIP increase after 20 WD cycles. The procedure giving the highest RIP yield is the most practical for further applications and was used in a pot experiment under greenhouse condition. When expressing the RIP increase of the soil-bentonite mixtures per unit bentonite added (RIP yield), 28- to 110-fold RIP increases were observed up to a value of approximately 60,000 meq kg(-1) (6 times higher than the RIP for illite). The beneficial effect following K-bentonite application was shown to be dependent both on a sorption enhancement effect (direct RIP effect) and fixation effects (indirect RIP effect). Greenhouse testing proved that the RIP effects observed in greenhouse could be predicted by making use of the sorption data from the laboratory tests. Optimum soil-amendment would be obtained with bentonites with high initial sorption RIP and a high sorption RIP increase when subjected to WD in the presence of potassium. Hypothised Transfer Factor (TF)-reductions of at least 10-fold could result when mixing approximately 1% bentonite, like Otay bentonite (RIP yield 99,000 meq kg(-1) after WD in presence of K if only fine particle size of <1mm considered) with the contaminated ploughing layer.
authors.affiliation: Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Division of Radiation Protection Research, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium. hvandenh@sckcen.be
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vandenhove
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cremers
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smolders
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Hees
mesh_terms: D001546:Bentonite / Q000737:chemistry; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002586:Cesium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008129:Lolium / Q000737:chemistry*; D011188:Potassium / Q000737:chemistry; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive; D001546:Bentonite; D002586:Cesium; D011188:Potassium