title: Inertance measurements by jet pulses in ventilated small lungs after perfluorochemical liquid (PFC) applications.
abstract: Perfluorochemical liquid (PFC) liquids or aerosols are used for assisted ventilation, drug delivery, lung cancer hyperthermia and pulmonary imaging. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PFC liquid on the inertance (I) of the respiratory system in newborn piglets using partial liquid ventilation (PLV) with different volumes of liquid. End-inspiratory (I(in)) and end-expiratory (I(ex)) inertance were measured in 15 ventilated newborn piglets (age < 12 h, mean weight 724 +/- 93 g) by brief flow pulses before and 80 min after PLV using a PFC volume (PF5080, 3 M) of 10 ml kg(-1) (N = 5) or 30 ml kg(-1) (N = 10). I was calculated from the imaginary part of the measured respiratory input impedance by regression analysis. Straight tubes with 2-4 mm inner diameter were used to validate the equipment in vitro by comparison with the analytically calculated values. In vitro measurements showed that the measuring error of I was <5% and that the reproducibility was better than 1.5%. The correlation coefficient of the regression model to determine I was >0.988 in all piglets. During gas ventilation, I(in) and I(ex) (mean +/- SD) were 31.7 +/- 0.8 Pa l(-1) s(2) and 33.3 +/- 2.1 Pa l(-1) s(2) in the 10 ml group and 32.4 +/- 0.8 Pa l(-1) s(2) and 34.0 +/- 2.5 Pa l(-1) s(2) in the 30 ml group. However, I of the 3 mm endotracheal tube (ETT) used was already 26.4 Pa l(-1) s(2) (about 80% of measured I). During PLV, there was a minimal increase of I(in) to 33.1 +/- 2.5 Pa l(-1) s(2) in the 10 ml group and to 34.5 +/- 2.7 Pa l(-1) s(2) in the 30 ml group. In contrast, the increase of I(ex) was dramatically larger (p < 0.001) to 67.7 +/- 13.3 Pa l(-1) s(2) and to 74.8 +/- 9.3 Pa l(-1) s(2) in the 10 ml and 30 ml groups, respectively. Measurements of I by jet pulses in intubated small animals are reproducible. PFC increases the respiratory inertance, but the magnitude depends considerably on its spatial distribution which changes during the breathing cycle. Large differences between I(in) and I(ex) are an indicator for liquid in airways or the ETT.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Neonatology (Charité), Humboldt-University of Berlin, Schumannstrasse 20/21, D-10098 Berlin, Germany. gerd.schmalisch@charite.de
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schmalisch
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Proquitté
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rüdiger
authors.forename: Roland R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Wauer
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004548:Elasticity; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D021061:Liquid Ventilation; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D008170:Lung Compliance / Q000502:physiology*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D013147:Spirometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D005466:Fluorocarbons