title: Racial and ethnic disparities in cardiac catheterization for acute myocardial infarction in the United States, 1995--2001.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine recent trends in racial and ethnic disparities in cardiac catheterization for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) to determine whether disparities documented from the 1980s through mid-1990s persist, and evaluate whether patient and hospital characteristics are associated with any observed disparities
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analyses of 585,710 white, 51,369 black and 31,923 Hispanic discharges from hospitals in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (which includes data on all discharges from 951 representative hospitals in 23 states) that had performed cardiac catheterization from 1995--2001 with a primary diagnosis of AMI. Adjusted procedure rates and prevalence ratios (PR) were computed to compare catheterization rates by race and ethnicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Catheterization rates were higher for whites than blacks for all years examined; rates among Hispanics increased during this period and approached the rate among whites. After adjustment for age, demographics, comorbidity, year and hospital characteristics, rates (per 100 discharges) were 58.4 for whites, 50.1 for blacks (PR 0.87; 95% CI 0.84-0.91) and 55.2 for Hispanics (PR 0.95; 95% CI 0.90-0.99).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These nationwide data suggest blacks remain less likely than whites and Hispanics to undergo catheterization during a hospitalization for AMI. Whether this disparity stems from patient or provider factors remains to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Public Health Sciences and Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. abertoni@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Alain G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Bertoni
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Goonan
authors.forename: Denise E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bonds
authors.forename: Melicia C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Whitt
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Brancati
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000628:therapy*; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States