title: An audit of ultrasound-assisted catheter insertion in patients receiving chemotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hickman catheters have been shown to provide safe long-term venous access for patients with malignant diseases. In many centres, catheters are placed using fluoroscopic guidance. We hypothesised that ultrasound-assisted catheter placement by surgeons in the operating theatre would be a simple, safe and effective alternative technique with reduced infective complication rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hickman catheter insertions between May 1998 and March 2002 were studied. The data were collected from the Hospital Inpatient Enquiry database and the case notes of all patients were reviewed. Percutaneous catheter placement with tunnelling was performed in the operating theatre after scanning the internal jugular vein (IJV) for position, size and patency, using a Pie 100LC Scanner (Pie Medical, Maastricht). A standard chest radiograph confirmed catheter position at the end of the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-eight patients (30 males and 28 females) had 65 Hickman catheters inserted. The median age was 60 years (range 32-82 years). Catheter placement was achieved in all patients, 59 in the right IJV and six in the left. Ultrasound scanning demonstrated that the right IJV was thrombosed in six patients (10%), thus avoiding unnecessary attempts at cannulation. The Hickman catheters remained in situ for a combined total of 5857 days (median, 89 days, range 4-485 days). Immediate complications occurred in two patients (pneumothorax in both). One patient required a chest drain. The overall sepsis rate was 3.92 per 1000 catheter days. Systemic sepsis was slightly higher (2.21 per 1000 catheter days) than superficial sepsis (1.71 per 1000 catheter days). In all the patients who developed systemic sepsis the catheter had to be removed (n = 13). All the superficial infections were treated successfully with antibiotics (n = 10 patients). Two catheters developed thrombosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that ultrasound-assisted percutaneous placement of Hickman catheters in the operating suite is a simple, safe and effective technique and may help to reduce infective complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Midwestern Regional Hospital, Limerick.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shabbir
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kallimutthu
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nisar
authors.lastname: Kavanagh E G
authors.lastname: Burke P E
authors.lastname: Grace P A
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents