title: Analysis of technical surgical errors during initial experience of laparoscopic pyloromyotomy by a group of Dutch pediatric surgeons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The adoption of laparoscopic pyloromyotomy (LPM) by pediatric surgeons has been limited due to concerns about long execution times and higher-than-expected morbidity. The aim of the present study was to examine the performance of LPM by pediatric surgeons during the initial stages of their experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Complete videotapes of 50 early LPM performed in one hospital were subjected to Observational Clinical Human Reliability Analysis (OCHRA) by an independent team.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This series had a total morbidity of 6% (one intraoperative bleed, one gastric perforation, one incomplete pyloromyotomy). Using OCHRA, we identified 77 consequential and 233 inconsequential errors (mean of 6 +/- 5.4 per operation, 16.7% total error probability) during an average operative time of 29.8 min. Eighty percent of the errors were of the execution type. A high probability of error was observed with the use of the following key instruments: holding graspers (68%), retractable blade (79%), and splitting forceps (77%). The OCHRA system confirmed that task III was the hazard zone for LPM. Excessive force (task III) resulted in gastric perforation and bleeding from the pyloric mass. Movement in the wrong direction and misorientation in tissue planes were the external error modes underlying misaligned cuts of the pyloric mass and poor tissue splitting (task zones II and III).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This early series of LPM was associated with an appreciable execution error rate, largely due to the poor functionality of the specific instruments used for the procedure. Human factors identified by the external error modes played a subsidiary but important role, underscoring the importance of skills training and experience (proficiency-gain curve).
authors.affiliation: Surgical Skills Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, DD1 9SY, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: N M A
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bax
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuschieri
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D013502:General Surgery / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000592:standards*; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009426:Netherlands; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000592:standards*; D011708:Pylorus / Q000601:surgery*