title: Increased expression of apoptosis inhibitor protein XIAP contributes to anoikis resistance of circulating human prostate cancer metastasis precursor cells.
abstract: Survival in lymph or blood is an essential prerequisite for metastasis of carcinoma cells to distant organs. Recently, we reported isolation and initial biological characterization of circulating metastatic cells in a fluorescent, orthotopic, metastatic nude-mouse model of human prostate cancer. Here we show that the metastatic human prostate carcinoma cells selected for survival in the circulation have increased resistance to anoikis, which is apoptosis induced by cell detachment. Using gene silencing and gene transfer techniques, we show that increased expression of the apoptosis inhibitory protein XIAP contributes to anoikis resistance of the circulating metastatic human prostate carcinoma cells. We also provide initial preclinical data on the antimetastatic efficacy of recently discovered small-molecule antagonists of XIAP.
authors.affiliation: The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Berezovskaya
authors.forename: Aaron D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Schimmer
authors.forename: Anna B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Glinskii
authors.forename: Clemencia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pinilla
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Gennadi V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Glinsky
mesh_terms: D023102:Anoikis / Q000502:physiology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D011506:Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; C496866:XIAP protein, human