title: Tumour necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) in Type 2 diabetes. Analysis of soluble plasma fractions and genetic variations of TNFR2 gene in a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have studied the relationships between soluble fractions of tumour necrosis factor receptors (sTNFR1 and sTNFR2) in Type 2 diabetes (DM2) and its chronic microvascular complications. Likewise, we have analysed the genetic susceptibility of 196T > G exon6/CA-repeat intron 4 mutations in the TNFR2 gene in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was conducted to examine the role of sTNFRs in 345 DM2 patients and 173 healthy subjects. The mutations were studied in all healthy subjects and in a subset of 232 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  sTNFRs levels were similar in healthy and DM2 patients. A positive correlation between age and both sTNFRs was observed in healthy subjects. In DM2 patients, sTNFR1 showed a positive correlation with age, systolic blood pressure and leptin levels (r = 0.53, P < 0.0001; r = 0.28, P = 0.005; r = 0.46, P < 0.0001, respectively) and sTNFR2 was positively correlated with age, triglycerides and leptin levels (r = 0.34, P < 0.0001; r = 0.21, P < 0.0001; r = 0.28, P = 0.002, respectively). Patients with micro- or macroalbuminuria showed higher plasma levels of sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 than normoalbuminuric patients, after adjusting for confounding variables (B = 0.85, P = 0.022, 95% CI: 0.12-1.58 for sTNFR1 and B = 1.50, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.67-2.33 for sTNFR2). In DM2 patients, TT-exon 6 homozygous showed lower levels of sTNFR1 [2,4 (1.1) vs. 3.4 (1.2) ng/ml], and the CA273-allele tracked with elevated plasma HDL-cholesterol [1.8 (0.7), 1.4 (0.3) and 1.3 (0.3) mm, for CA273/273, CA273/- and CA-/-, respectively]. No association was seen with other analysed variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that chronic TNF activation may have some pathogenic role in diabetic nephropathy in DM2 patients. Genetic variations in exon 6/intron 4 of the TNFR2 gene do not predispose to a major risk for DM2 or its microvascular complications.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain. jvo@comt.es
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vendrell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Broch
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Real
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Simón
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Megia
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gallart
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ricart
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Richart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II