title: Accumulation of long-chain acylcarnitine and 3-hydroxy acylcarnitine molecular species in diabetic myocardium: identification of alterations in mitochondrial fatty acid processing in diabetic myocardium by shotgun lipidomics.
abstract: Diabetic cardiomyopathy is the result of maladaptive changes in energy homeostasis. However, the biochemical mechanisms underlying dysfunctional lipid metabolism in diabetic myocardium are incompletely understood. Herein, we exploit shotgun lipidomics to demonstrate a 4-fold increase in acylcarnitines in diabetic myocardium, which was reversible upon insulin treatment. Analysis of acylcarnitine molecular species in myocardium unexpectedly identified acylcarnitine molecular species containing a mass shift of 16 amu in comparison to the anticipated molecular species. Synthesis of 3-hydroxy acylcarnitine identified the natural products as the 3-hydroxylated acylcarnitines through comparisons of diagnostic fragmentation patterns of synthetic and naturally occurring constituents using tandem mass spectrometry. Diabetes induced an increase of both calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)) mRNA and iPLA(2) activity in rat myocardium. Cardiac ischemia in myocardium genetically engineered to overexpress iPLA(2) dramatically increased the amount of acylcarnitine present in myocardium. Moreover, mechanism-based inactivation of iPLA(2) in either wild-type or transgenic myocardium ablated a substantial portion of the acylcarnitine increase. Collectively, these results identify discrete insulin remediable abnormalities in mitochondrial fatty acid processing in diabetic myocardium and identify iPLA(2) as an important enzymatic contributor to the pool of fatty acids that can be used for acylcarnitine synthesis and energy production in myocardium.
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Xiong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Xianlin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mancuso
authors.forename: Dana R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Abendschein
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gross
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002331:Carnitine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006224:Cricetinae; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D054522:Group VI Phospholipases A2; D006900:Hydroxylation; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C116917:acylcarnitine; D004247:DNA; D010741:Phospholipases A; D054522:Group VI Phospholipases A2; C516476:Pla2g6 protein, mouse; D002331:Carnitine