title: Silicon image sensor technology for in vivo detection of surfactant-induced corneocyte swelling and drying.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several instrumental methods can indirectly assess some specific aspects of cutaneous irritation at the level of the stratum corneum (SC).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  There is a need for developing more sensitive approaches in this field.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed a recently introduced innovative tool (SkinChip) based on capacitive pixel-sensing technology in its potential to detect early discrete manifestations of skin irritation. The sensor generates a detailed non-optical picture corresponding to a capacitance map of the skin surface reaching 50 microm pixel resolution. Some topographical details can be easily disclosed and the SC hydration as well. Two surfactant solutions were tested on volunteers. These solutions were applied under test patches for 2 days on the volar forearms. Clinical and SkinChip assessments were performed 3 h after removing the patch.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The generated images allowed a precise observation of skin irritation which appeared as a two-step process. Early changes consisted of darker pixels corresponding to overhydrated swollen corneocytes at the irritated sites. Two days later, the same area appeared as white pixels, indicating the loss of corneocyte hydration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SkinChip device appears to be a very sensitive tool for detecting the early steps of surfactant-induced skin irritation affecting the SC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatopathology, University Medical Center of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uhoda
authors.forename: Jean Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lévêque
authors.forename: Gérald E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Piérard
mesh_terms: D017453:Dermatitis, Irritant / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D004817:Epidermis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D010328:Patch Tests / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012825:Silicon; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D012825:Silicon