title: Lipopolysaccharide- and gram-positive bacteria-induced cellular inflammatory responses: role of heterotrimeric Galpha(i) proteins.
abstract: Heterotrimeric G(i) proteins may play a role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated signaling through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), leading to inflammatory mediator production. Although LPS is a TLR4 ligand, the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a TLR2 ligand, and group B streptococci (GBS) are neither TLR2 nor TLR4 ligands but are MyD88 dependent. We hypothesized that genetic deletion of G(i) proteins would alter mediator production induced by LPS and gram-positive bacterial stimulation. We examined genetic deletion of Galpha(i2) or Galpha(i1/3) protein in Galpha(i2)-knockout (Galpha(i2)-/-) or Galpha(i1/3)-knockout (Galpha(i1/3)-/-) mice. LPS-, heat-killed SA-, or GBS-induced mediator production in splenocytes or peritoneal macrophages (MPhi) was investigated. There were significant increases in LPS-, SA-, and GBS-induced production of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in splenocytes from Galpha(i2)-/- mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Also, LPS-induced TNF-alpha was increased in splenocytes from Galpha(i1/3)-/- mice. In contrast to splenocytes, LPS-, SA-, and GBS-induced TNF-alpha, IL-10, and thromboxane B(2) (TxB(2)) production was decreased in MPhi harvested from Galpha(i2)-/- mice. Also, LPS-induced production of IL-10 and TxB(2) was decreased in MPhi from Galpha(i1/3)-/- mice. In subsequent in vivo studies, TNF-alpha levels after LPS challenge were significantly greater in Galpha(i2)-/- mice than in WT mice. Also, myeloperoxidase activity, a marker of tissue neutrophil infiltration, was significantly increased in the gut and lung of LPS-treated Galpha(i2)-/- mice compared with WT mice. These data suggest that G(i) proteins differentially regulate murine TLR-mediated inflammatory cytokine production in a cell-specific manner in response to both LPS and gram-positive microbial stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., BSB Rm. 403, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Hongkuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Basilia
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zingarelli
authors.forename: Octavia M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Teti
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Tempel
authors.forename: Perry V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Halushka
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Spicher
authors.forename: Guylain
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boulay
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Birnbaumer
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019206:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000276:immunology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D019206:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go