title: Differential diagnosis of stroke in a setting of high HIV prevalence in Blantyre, Malawi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The differential diagnosis of stroke in Africa in areas with high HIV prevalence includes brain infections. We studied causes of stroke in Blantyre, Malawi, where HIV prevalence among medical inpatients is 70%.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a descriptive study of 8-month duration, all patients presenting at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, with central neurological deficit of acute onset (<24 hours) had baseline investigations, including full blood count, blood glucose, serology for toxoplasmosis, syphilis, and HIV, ECG, echocardiogram, ultrasound of the carotid arteries, and computerized tomography scan of the brain. A lumbar puncture was performed unless contraindicated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-eight consecutive patients (49 males) were studied. In those who were HIV positive (48%), the mean age was 37.5 years; ischemic stroke was the commonest diagnosis (n=25; 58%), followed by infection (n=11; 23%; including tuberculous [n=4] and cryptococcal [n=2] meningitis; toxoplasmic encephalitis [n=1]; neurocysticercosis [n=1]; brain abscess [n=1]; and progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy [n=2]). No clinical or laboratory parameters could be identified as predictors for infection, but 3 of 5 patients with fever on admission had tuberculous meningitis. In HIV-negative patients (mean age 58.6 years), 55% had ischemic stroke and 31% had intracerebral hemorrhage; no brain infection was diagnosed. Presence of vascular disease correlated with age but not with HIV status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ischemic stroke was found in half of patients irrespective of HIV status. In those who are HIV positive, brain infection should be considered for which the presence of fever and examination of cerebrospinal fluid seem most useful in diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kumwenda
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mateyu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kampondeni
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Lieshout
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Zijlstra
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020808:Central Nervous System Protozoal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008581:Meningitis / Q000175:diagnosis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009494:Neurosyphilis / Q000175:diagnosis; D015995:Prevalence; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed