title: Craniofacial defects of blastogenesis: duplication of pituitary with cleft palate and orophgaryngeal tumors.
abstract: Duplications of organs and/or tissues are rare in morphogenesis and have frequently been attributed to incomplete twinning. To further elucidate the phenotypes associated with organ duplications, we present three infants with duplication of the pituitary gland (DPG). A review of previously reported cases with DPG showed that the commonest additional findings were hypothalamic enlargement, a broad or duplicated sella, cleft palate, hypertelorism, oropharyngeal tumors, agenesis or hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, and abnormalities of vertebrae. DPG and additional malformations constitute a distinct and recognizable pattern of anomalies, which may constitute a polytopic field defect due to splitting of the notochord. However, the precise inductive mechanism resulting in DPG remains unknown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California-San Francisco, 553 Parnassus Street, Rm. U-585P, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. slavotia@peds.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Slavotinek
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parisi
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heike
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hing
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000473:pathology*; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000473:pathology*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007621:Karyotyping; D008297:Male; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000002:abnormalities*; D013131:Spine / Q000002:abnormalities