title: Induction of apoptosis and modulation of production of reactive oxygen species in human endothelial cells by diphenyleneiodonium.
abstract: Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) inhibits activity of flavoenzymes like NADPH oxidase, the major source of superoxide anion in cardiovascular system, but affects also other oxidoreductases. Contradictory data have been published concerning the effect of diphenyleneiodonium on the production of reactive oxygen species in cells, both inhibitory and stimulatory action of DPI being reported. We have examined the effect of DPI on the cellular production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and on the proliferation and apoptosis of human vascular endothelial cells. We found increased oxidation of ROS-sensitive probes (dihydrorhodamine 123 and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) when DPI (20 microM-100 microM) was present in the treated cells. However, oxidation of the fluorogenic probes was inhibited if DPI (20 microM-100 microM) was removed from the reaction medium after cell preincubation. These results suggest an artifactual oxidation of the fluorogenic probes by DPI or its metabolites. A similar pattern of influence of DPI on the production of NO (measured with 4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate) was observed. Modulation of generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in DPI-treated cells influenced the nitration of tyrosine residues of cellular proteins, estimated by Western blotting. Decreased level of nitration generally paralleled the lowered production of ROS. A decreased 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl)-3-3(4-sulphophenyl) tetrazolium (MTT) reducing activity of cells for was observed immediately after 1h treatment of human endothelial cells with DPI (1 microM-100 microM), in spite of lack of changes in cell viability estimated by other methods. These results point to a next limitation of MTT in estimation of viability of cells treated with oxidoreductase inhibitors. DPI inhibited the proliferation of HUVECs as well as immortalized cell line HUVEC-ST, as assessed by acid phosphatase activity test and measurement of total nucleic acid content. Proapoptotic action of DPI was observed 12 h after incubation with this compound.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland. abal@biol.uni.lodz.pl
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balcerczyk
authors.forename: Mirosław
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soszynski
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rybaczek
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Przygodzki
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karowicz-Bilinska
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maszewski
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartosz
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009861:Onium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012313:RNA / Q000032:analysis; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009861:Onium Compounds; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D012313:RNA; C007517:diphenyleneiodonium; D004247:DNA; D000135:Acid Phosphatase