title: Roles of mu-opioid receptors in development of tolerance to diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP).
abstract: Anatomical evidence indicates that cholinergic and opioidergic systems are co-localized and acting on the same neuron. However, the regulatory mechanisms between cholinergic and opioidergic system have not been well characterized. In the present study, the potential involvement of mu-opioid receptors in mediating the changes of toxic signs and muscarinic receptor binding after administration of irreversible anti-acetylcholinesterase diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) was investigated. DFP (1 mg/kg/day, subcutaneous injection, s.c.)-induced tremors and chewing movements were monitored during the 28-day treatment period in mu-opioid receptor knockout and wild type mice. Autoradiographic studies of total, M1, and M2 muscarinic receptors were conducted using [(3)H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate, [(3)H]-pirenzepine, and [(3)H]-AF-DX384 as ligands, respectively. DFP-induced tremors in both mu-opioid receptor knockout and wild type mice showed tolerance development. However, DFP-induced tremors in mu-opioid receptor knockout mice showed delayed tolerance development than that of DFP-treated wild type controls. DFP-induced chewing movements in both mu-opioid receptor knockout and wild type mice failed to show development of tolerance after four weeks of treatment. M2 muscarinic receptor binding of DFP-treated mu-opioid receptor knockout mice was significantly decreased than that of the DFP-treated wild type controls in the striatum, but not in the cortex and hippocampus. However, there were no significant differences in total and M1 muscarinic receptor binding between DFP-treated mu-opioid receptor knockout and wild type mice in the cortex, striatum and hippocampus. These studies indicate that mu-opioid receptors play an important role through the striatal M2 muscarinic receptors to regulate the development of tolerance to DFP-induced tremors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
authors.forename: Lu-Tai
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Tien
authors.forename: Lir-Wan
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Tangeng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Horace H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: Ing Kang
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D007531:Isoflurophate / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000187:drug effects; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000502:physiology*; D014202:Tremor / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D007531:Isoflurophate; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase