title: Tetanic stimulation of the peripheral nerve before transcranial electrical stimulation can enlarge amplitudes of myogenic motor evoked potentials during general anesthesia with neuromuscular blockade.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuromuscular blockade can suppress myogenic motor evoked potentials (MEPs). The authors hypothesized that tetanic stimulation (TS) of the peripheral nerve before transcranial stimulation may enhance myogenic MEPs during neuromuscular blockade. In the current study, the authors evaluated MEP augmentations by TS at different levels of duration, posttetanic interval, neuromuscular blockade, and stimulus intensity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two patients undergoing propofol-fentanyl-nitrous oxide anesthesia were examined. Train-of-five stimulation was delivered to C3-C4, and MEPs were recorded from the abductor hallucis muscle. In study 1, TS with a duration of 1, 3, or 5 s was delivered at 50 Hz to the tibial nerve 1, 3, or 5 s (interval) before transcranial stimulation, and the effects of TS on MEP amplitude were evaluated. In study 2, TS-induced MEP augmentations were evaluated at the neuromuscular blockade level (%T1) of 50% or 5%. In study 3, MEP augmentations by TS at stimulus intensities of 0, 5, 25, and 50 mA were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The application of TS significantly enlarged the amplitudes of MEPs at the combinations of duration (3, 5 s) and interval (1, 3, 5 s) compared with those without TS. TS-induced MEP augmentations were similarly observed at %T1 of both 50% and 5%. TS-induced MEP augmentations were observed at stimulus intensities of 25 and 50 mA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that TS of the peripheral nerve before transcranial stimulation can enlarge the amplitude of MEPs during general anesthesia with neuromuscular blockade. TS of the peripheral nerve can be intraoperatively applied as a method to augment myogenic MEP responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
authors.forename: Meiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kakimoto
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Satoki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Toshinori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horiuchi
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakase
authors.forename: Toshisuke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakaki
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furuya
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D019148:Neuromuscular Blockade; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015742:Propofol; D013979:Tibial Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D005283:Fentanyl; D015742:Propofol