title: Common visual defects and peer victimization in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether wearing glasses, having manifest strabismus, or having a history of wearing an eye patch predisposes preadolescent children to being victimized more frequently at school and whether the impact may be different on boys than on girls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were examined on 6536 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) based in the United Kingdom. At 7.5 years, the children undertook a detailed eye examination by orthoptists, including a cover test and visual acuity assessment. At 8.5 years, trained psychologists assessed the children's bullying involvement as either victim or perpetrator for overt and relational bullying, in a standard interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children currently wearing glasses or with a history of wearing eye patches were 35% to 37% more likely to be victims of physical or verbal bullying, even after adjustment for social class and maternal education. No interactions were found between sex and visual problems in the prediction of bullying.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For those children who require glasses, opticians should be aware of the risks of bullying, and strategies should be developed and discussed that help reduce their vulnerability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. j.horwood@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horwood
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waylen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Herrick
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wolke
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression; D002648:Child; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012683:Sensory Deprivation; D012923:Social Class; D013285:Strabismus / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*