title: Particles of all sizes provoke inflammatory responses in vivo.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate whether all sizes of wear particles are capable of provoking inflammatory responses and whether there are different responses among different particle sizes. The knees of 40 female Balb/c mice were injected with polystyrene particles of three different diameters, 0.5 microm, 2.0 microm, and 75 microm, using a 0.1% vol/vol concentration. Seven days after particle injection, assessment of the synovial microcirculation using intravital microscopy, and histologic examination, were done. All the mice injected with polystyrene particles had enhanced leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and histologic scores regardless of particle size when compared with control animals injected with sterile phosphate buffered saline. Polystyrene particles 0.5 microm in size provoked stronger membrane thickening and increased leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions than 75-microm particles. The fraction of rolling leukocytes was enhanced in the 2.0-microm particle group when compared with the 75-microm particle group. These results indicate that polystyrene particles of all sizes (0.5 microm, 2.0 microm, and 75 microm) are capable of inducing an inflammatory response. Small particles (0.5 microm, 2.0 microm) seem to provoke a stronger inflammatory response than larger particles (75 microm) in conditions with equal particle volume.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Klinikum Grosshadern, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany. szysk@helios.med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Zysk
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Gebhard
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kalteis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmitt-Sody
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Messmer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Veihelmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010316:Particle Size; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013585:Synovitis / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D011137:Polystyrenes