title: Vitamins C and e reduce retinal oxidative stress and nitric oxide metabolites and prevent ultrastructural alterations in porcine hypercholesterolemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis and retinal degeneration. The current study was conducted to examine vitreoretinal oxidative status in a model of porcine hypercholesterolemia to identify morphologic alterations and analyze the effect of dietary supplementation with vitamins C and E.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult miniature pigs were fed standard chow, cholesterol-rich chow, or a cholesterol-rich diet supplemented with vitamins C and E. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, lipid peroxidation, and tocopherol were measured in plasma. Lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites were measured in vitreous and retinal homogenates. Superoxide anion release in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was analyzed by chemiluminescence. Retinal morphology was studied by transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The high-cholesterol group, with increased retinal oxidative stress (P < 0.01) and NO metabolites in the retina (P < 0.05), had increased superoxide anion release (P < 0.05) and showed development of pyknosis, irregular nuclear membranes, and cytoplasmic accumulation of lipids and autophagocytic vacuoles in the RPE cells. Vitamins C and E prevented biochemical changes and most ultrastructural alterations in the RPE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest an evolving role for hypercholesterolemia through increased retinal oxidative stress and NO synthesis that could be responsible for retinal ultrastructural alterations. The beneficial effects of vitamins C and E in the retinal tissue further support this hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Robredo
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moya
authors.forename: Jose Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garcia-Layana
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000097:blood; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D014280:Triglycerides; D013481:Superoxides; D014810:Vitamin E; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002784:Cholesterol; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D024505:Tocopherols