title: Reliability and validity of the French version of the tobacco craving questionnaire.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To assess the factorial structure, reliability and validity of the French language version of the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire (TCQ), a multidimensional, self-report instrument evaluating tobacco craving, to allow its use in French-speaking populations. (2) To compare the two different language versions of the same instrument in 2 independent samples from 2 cultures in 2 distinct time periods.
  
  
  METHODS
  The French TCQ was administered to 226 current cigarette smokers after at least 2 h of abstinence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite the substantial difference in population characteristics between the French and American samples of smokers, both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the French version was best described by a 4-factor solution, similar to the original English version. Reliability estimates were 0.83, 0.79, 0.69 and 0.66 for the French and 0.82, 0.70, 0.75 and 0.48 for the English version for 'emotionality' (factor 1), 'expectancy' (factor 2), 'compulsivity' (factor 3) and 'purposefulness' (factor 4), respectively. The 4 factors accounted for 11.6, 17.1, 9.0, and 9.5% of the total variance in emotionality, expectancy, compulsivity, and purposefulness, respectively, for the French compared to 14.2, 12.5, 14.4 and 5% of the total variance for the English version, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The French version of the TCQ is as valid and reliable instrument as the original English version and assesses the same 4 dimensions of craving for tobacco.
authors.affiliation: Service de Pharmacologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, FR-75013 Paris, France. ivan.berlin@psl.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Berlin
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vorspan
authors.forename: Edward G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Singleton
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Warot
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Notides
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Heishman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine