title: Transdifferentiation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to dendritic-like cells at the site of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis: evidence for activation by T cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate infiltrated cells in the synovial fluid (SF) of inflamed joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with special reference to polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and their interaction with T cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression on PMN of activation associated receptors CD14, CD64, CD83, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II was examined in the SF of 15 patients with RA, as were the infiltrated T cells. SF cytokines were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To mimic the in vivo situation, co-culture experiments were carried out using PMN and T cells of healthy donors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SF contained activated T lymphocytes and abundant PMN. SF PMN expression of CD14 and CD64 was enhanced compared with peripheral blood. Of special interest was the observation that only the SF PMN expressed MHC class II antigens and CD83. Exposure to SF, which contained considerable amounts of cytokines (for example, interferon gamma (IFNgamma), tumour necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin 2), induced a similar receptor pattern on blood derived PMN of healthy donors. Furthermore, PMN acquired MHC class II and CD83 within 24 to 48 hours, when co-cultured with autologous T cells or T cell lines. This effect was also achieved by T cell supernatants, was dependent on protein synthesis, and could be inhibited by antibodies against IFNgamma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SF PMN from patients with RA undergo major alterations, including transdifferentiation to cells with dendritic-like characteristics, probably induced by T cell derived cytokines. Because MHC class II positive PMN are known to activate T cells, the mutual activation of PMN and T cells might contribute to the perpetuation of the local inflammatory process, and eventually to the destructive process in RA.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany. Iking-Konert@med.uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iking-Konert
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ostendorf
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jost
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Joosten
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hänsch
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*; D000097802:CD83 Antigen
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D016207:Cytokines; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D000097802:CD83 Antigen