title: Catching ants with honey: an experimental test of distraction and satiation as alternative modes of escape from flower-damaging ants.
abstract: According to the distraction hypothesis, extrafloral nectaries (EFN) evolved under selection to entice ants away from floral nectaries, reducing ant-mediated damage to flowers and/or interference with pollinators. Predator-satiation, through production of nectar in either surplus flowers or EFN, provides an alternative mechanism for reducing the impact of ants as flower visitors. I tested these two hypotheses by experimentally adding EFN to flowering plants of the alpine wildflower, Polemonium viscosum, and by surveying the relationship between ant visitation and nectary number in nature. Plants of P. viscosum lack EFN and experience flower damage by ants of Formica neorufibarbus gelida. Ant behavior was compared on plants with five flowers and three experimental EFN and on controls with equal floral display, but no EFN. Addition of EFN increased flower visitation by ants. The effect of EFN on flower visitation did not depend on proximity of EFN to flowers or attractiveness of EFN to ants. Findings suggest that ants perceived patch quality on a whole plant basis, rather than responding to EFN and flowers as distinct nectar patches. Ant visitation did not keep pace with nectary number in nature. The relationship between ant visitation and nectary number per plant was weak and shallow as predicted under satiation. Ant foraging choices on experimental inflorescences showed that ants bypass flowers avoided by earlier ants, enhancing probability of escape via satiation. Results do not support the idea that EFN evolve to reduce flower visitation by ants, but show instead that nectar in surplus flowers can satiate ants and reduce their negative impacts on flower function and integrity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 105 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO 65211-7400, USA. galenc@missouri.edu
authors.forename: Candace
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Galen
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001000:Ants / Q000502:physiology*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003120:Colorado; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology*; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D012044:Regression Analysis