title: Guidelines for operative vaginal birth. Number 148, May 2004.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide guidelines for operative vaginal birth in the management of the second state of labour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonoperative techniques, episiotomy, and Caesarean section are compared to operative vaginal birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reduced fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE and Cochrane databases were searched using the key words "vacuum" and "birth" as well as "forceps" and "birth" for literature published in English from january 1970 to June 2004. The level of evidence and quality of recommendations made are described using the Evaluation of Evidence from the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Nonoperative interventions such as one-to-one support, partogram use, oxytocin use, and delayed pushing in women using epidurals will decrease need for operative birth (I-A). (2) Manual rotation may be used alone or in conjunction with instrumental birth with little or no increased risk to the pregnant women or the fetus (III-B). (3) Routine episiotomy is not necessary for an assisted vaginal birth (II-1E). (4) When operative intervention in the second stage of labour is required, the options, risks, and benefits of vacuum, forceps, and Caesarean section much be considered. The choice of intervention needs to be individualized, as one is not clearly safer or more effective than the other (II-B). (5) Failure of the chosen method, vacuum and/or forceps, to achieve delivery of the fetus in a reasonable time should be considered an indication for abandonment of the method (III-C). (6) Adequate clinical experience and appropriate training of the operator are essential to the safe performance of operative deliveries. Hospital credentialing boards should grant privileges for performing these techniques only to an appropriately trained individual who demonstrates adequate skills (III-C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Clinical Practice Obstetrics Committee and Executive and Council of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada approved these guidelines.
mesh_terms: D002585:Cesarean Section; D000075202:Contraindications; D004841:Episiotomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007748:Labor Stage, Second; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D009772:Obstetrical Forceps; D011247:Pregnancy; D012399:Rotation; D014620:Vacuum Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods