title: The role of Axin2 in calvarial morphogenesis and craniosynostosis.
abstract: Axin1 and its homolog Axin2/conductin/Axil are negative regulators of the canonical Wnt pathway that suppress signal transduction by promoting degradation of beta-catenin. Mice with deletion of Axin1 exhibit defects in axis determination and brain patterning during early embryonic development. We show that Axin2 is expressed in the osteogenic fronts and periosteum of developing sutures during skull morphogenesis. Targeted disruption of Axin2 in mice induces malformations of skull structures, a phenotype resembling craniosynostosis in humans. In the mutants, premature fusion of cranial sutures occurs at early postnatal stages. To elucidate the mechanism of craniosynostosis, we studied intramembranous ossification in Axin2-null mice. The calvarial osteoblast development is significantly affected by the Axin2 mutation. The Axin2 mutant displays enhanced expansion of osteoprogenitors, accelerated ossification, stimulated expression of osteogenic markers and increases in mineralization. Inactivation of Axin2 promotes osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, as the mammalian skull is formed from cranial skeletogenic mesenchyme, which is derived from mesoderm and neural crest, our data argue for a region-specific effect of Axin2 on neural crest dependent skeletogenesis. The craniofacial anomalies caused by the Axin2 mutation are mediated through activation of beta-catenin signaling, suggesting a novel role for the Wnt pathway in skull morphogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Center for Oral Biology, Department of Biomedical Genetics, Abs Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Hsiao-Man Ivy
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jerchow
authors.forename: Tzong-Jen
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Sheu
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Costantini
authors.forename: J Edward
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Puzas
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Birchmeier
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hsu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060466:Axin Protein; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004627:Embryonic Induction / Q000502:physiology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006652:Histological Techniques; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000502:physiology; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012886:Skull / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin
chemical_list: D060466:Axin Protein; C111729:Axin2 protein, mouse; C495267:CTNNB1 protein, mouse; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin