title: The effect of electrothermal shrinkage on the biomechanical properties of the anterior cruciate ligament: an experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the acute effects of electrothermal shrinkage on the biomechanical properties of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty fresh femur-ACL-tibia complexes harvested from fully matured pigs were used. The femur-anteromedial bundle-tibia complex specimens were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 specimens each. In each group, radiofrequency energy set at nonablative levels was applied to the anteromedial bundle of the ACL with a bipolar radiofrequency generator. In groups I and II, radiofrequency treatment was applied to the ACL using 28 W and 45 W power, respectively, for 30 seconds. In groups III and IV, radiofrequency treatment was applied to the ACL using 28 W and 45 W power, respectively, for 60 seconds. In group V, no treatment was applied in order to obtain normal control data. The treatment was performed in physiological saline solution under a 1-N load. In each group, 8 of the 10 specimens were used for biomechanical evaluation, and the remaining 2 were used for histologic observation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concerning the length of the anteromedial bundle after the treatment, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant difference among the 5 groups. The length in groups I, II, III, and IV was significantly shorter than that of group V. In tensile testing, the stiffness was 120, 116, 113, 89, and 156 N/mm in groups I, II, III, IV, and V, respectively. The ANOVA showed a significant difference among the groups. Groups I, II, III, and IV were significantly lower than group V, respectively. Histologic examination showed diffuse collagenous denaturation and pyknotic nuclear changes in fibroblasts at the treated portion. The collagen crimp pattern was not present in the treated area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Application of RF energy to the specimens caused both shortening and weakening according to the magnitude and duration of the application.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results may explain one of the causes of the poor results reported in some clinical studies. This study warns against a too optimistic application of electrothermal shrinkage to the ACL as a clinical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Reconstruction Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Nobuto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: Toshiharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kudoh
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: Harukazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tohyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D023421:Models, Animal; D011846:Radio Waves; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013552:Swine; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology