title: Consumption of milk and calcium in midlife and the future risk of Parkinson disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relation between milk and calcium intake in midlife and the risk of Parkinson disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Findings are based on dietary intake observed from 1965 to 1968 in 7,504 men ages 45 to 68 in the Honolulu Heart Program. Men were followed for 30 years for incident PD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the course of follow-up, 128 developed PD (7.1/10,000 person-years). Age-adjusted incidence of PD increased with milk intake from 6.9/10,000 person-years in men who consumed no milk to 14.9/10,000 person-years in men who consumed >16 oz/day (p = 0.017). After further adjustment for dietary and other factors, there was a 2.3-fold excess of PD (95% CI 1.3 to 4.1) in the highest intake group (>16 oz/day) vs those who consumed no milk. The effect of milk consumption on PD was also independent of the intake of calcium. Calcium from dairy and nondairy sources had no apparent relation with the risk of PD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that milk intake is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson disease. Whether observed effects are mediated through nutrients other than calcium or through neurotoxic contaminants warrants further study.
authors.affiliation: Korea University Genomic Institute, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan-Si, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Petrovitch
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Masaki
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Curb
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Blanchette
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Abbott
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015984:Causality; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000009:adverse effects; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D009498:Neurotoxins; D010575:Pesticides