title: Free amino acid and glutathione concentrations in muscle during short-term starvation and refeeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of short-term starvation and refeeding on the free amino acids and glutathione in skeletal muscle in healthy man are not known. This is necessary baseline knowledge when studying the effects of nutrition, trauma and sepsis on protein, amino acid and glutathione metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concentrations of free amino acids and glutathione in muscle and plasma from young healthy male volunteers (n = 8) were measured before and after a 3-day fast and then again after 2 days refeeding. Nitrogen balance was determined during the study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulated nitrogen loss was 36.9+/-5.4 g during the fasting period indicating a condition of protein catabolism. During the fasting period decreases were seen in muscle glutamate by 48 +/- 20% and in glutamine by 38 +/- 12%. These changes were returned back to normal levels during the refeeding period. The changes seen in other muscle amino acids during the study period were reflected by similar changes in plasma amino acids, again with normalisation after the refeeding period. Muscle glutathione concentration and the redox status of glutathione remained unaffected of short-term starvation and refeeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A short-term fasting followed by a refeeding period induced changes in the concentrations of concentrations of glutamate, glutamine, branched chained and basic amino acids in muscle and plasma. Despite this, no changes were seen regarding the glutathione levels in muscle and plasma or its redox status, indicating that the glutathione system is of priority.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Centre for Surgical Science, Gastrocentrum, K53, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden. folke.hammarqvist@cfss.ki.se
authors.forename: Folke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hammarqvist
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Jia-Li
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wernerman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D005973:Glutamine; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005978:Glutathione; D009584:Nitrogen