title: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus persistence in Vero cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several coronaviruses establish persistent infections in vitro and in vivo, however it is unknown whether persistence is a feature of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) life cycle. This study was conducted to investigate viral persistence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We inoculated confluent monolayers of Vero cells with SARS-CoV at a multiplicity of infection of 0.1 TCID50 and passaged the remaining cells every 4 to 8 days for a total of 11 passages. Virus was titrated at each passage by limited dilution assay and nucleocapsid antigen was detected by Western blot and immunofluoresence assays. The presence of viral particles in passage 11 cells was assessed by electron microscopy. Changes in viral genomic sequences during persistent infection were examined by DNA sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cytopathic effect was extensive after initial inoculation but diminished with serial passages. Infectious virus was detected after each passage and viral growth curves were identical for parental virus stock and virus obtained from passage 11 cells. Nucleocapsid antigen was detected in the majority of cells after initial inoculation but in only 10%-40% of cells at passages 2-11. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of viral particles in passage 11 cells. Sequence analysis at passage 11 revealed fixed mutations in the spike (S) gene and ORFs 7a-8b but not in the nucleocapsid (N) gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SARS-CoV can establish a persistent infection in vitro. The mechanism for viral persistence is consistent with the formation of a carrier culture whereby a limited number of cells are infected with each round of virus replication and release. Persistence is associated with selected mutations in the SARS-CoV genome. This model may provide insight into SARS-related lung pathology and mechanisms by which humans and animals can serve as reservoirs for infection.
authors.affiliation: Greene Infectious Disease Laboratory, Mailman School of Public Health and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palacios
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jabado
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Renwick
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Briese
authors.forename: W Ian
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Lipkin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D045473:Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins