title: Acoustic diagnosis of aortic stenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Phonocardiography is a promising non-invasive diagnostic tool for the assessment of aortic stenosis (AS), and time-frequency representation is a potential tool to extract information from the phonocardiogram (PCG) signal. The study aim was to develop an acoustical method to predict the severity of AS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normalized continuous wavelet transform (NCWT) and fast Fourier Transform (FFT) were used to perform a spectral analysis of the PCG signal. A multi-peak detection algorithm was developed to determine the dominant frequency (DF) of systolic murmurs (SM). The spectral ratio of the SM, integration of the NCWT of SM (SI), and combined information of SM and second heart sound, were also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DF correlated best with the hemodynamic data: r = -0.72 with aortic valve (AV) area; r = 0.63 with maximal blood velocity through the AV; and r = 0.57 with mean pressure gradient across the AV. Based on DF and SI data, the study subjects (n = 59) were classified into three categories: severe AS; moderate AS; and other cases. The acoustical and echo classifications were in agreement in 50 subjects (85%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The acoustical method developed cannot predict accurately the severity of AS, but is valuable when conducting a screening classification before an invasive method is used.
authors.affiliation: Mechanical Engineering Department, National University of Singapore, Singapore. sun@eden.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Zhanyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Kian-Keong
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Poh
authors.forename: Lieng-Hsi
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Chye-Heng
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chew
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010701:Phonocardiography; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index