title: Effect of D-limonene on immune response in BALB/c mice with lymphoma.
abstract: The monoterpene D-limonene and its metabolites have been shown to exert chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities against different tumors in animal models and clinical trials. However, it is unknown whether these compounds modulate the immune response in tumor-bearing mice. We evaluated the survival of lymphoma-bearing mice fed with a diet with D-limonene. To assess the cell immune response, we sensitized and challenged BALB/c mice with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and evaluated the T-cell subpopulations by flow cytometry. We also examined phagocytosis, microbicidal activity and chemotactic function in peritoneal macrophages. In order to know the role of D-limonene and its metabolites, macrophage NO production and lymphocyte proliferation studies were performed in vitro with D-limonene, perillic acid and perillyl alcohol. The results showed that D-limonene increased the survival of lymphoma-bearing mice, delayed hypersensitivity reaction to DNFB, phagocytosis and microbicidal activity. In vitro studies indicate that D-limonene increased NO production in peritoneal macrophages obtained from tumor-bearing mice. Our data suggest that in addition to reported properties, D-limonene modulates the immune response with significant potential for clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Apartado Postal 2-236, Guadalajara 2, Jalisco, C.P. 44281, México.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Del Toro-Arreola
authors.forename: Edgardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flores-Torales
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torres-Lozano
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Toro-Arreola
authors.forename: Katia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tostado-Pelayo
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guadalupe Ramirez-Dueñas
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daneri-Navarro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000187:drug effects; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D004139:Dinitrofluorobenzene / Q000276:immunology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005260:Female; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed; D007114:Immunization; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007940:Leukemia L5178 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D000077222:Limonene; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D053138:Cyclohexenes; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D039821:Monoterpenes; D013729:Terpenes; C032208:perillyl alcohol; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C078706:perillic acid; D000077222:Limonene; D004139:Dinitrofluorobenzene