title: Electrical bioimpedance readings increase with higher pressure applied to the measuring probe.
abstract: Electrical bioimpedance spectroscopy (EBIS) is a technique that uses a probe to calculate the transfer impedance from tissues. This transfer impedance can give information about the normal or pathological condition of the tissue. To take readings, pressure has to be applied to the probe in order to get a good contact between the electrodes and the tissue. We have been using EBIS to investigate the early diagnosis of dysplasia and cancer in the human cervix, oesophagus and bladder. We have found that, with increasing pressure (range used here was approximately 1 kPa to approximately 50 kPa), the resistivity readings increase in a consistent way up to 80%. In this paper, we show how this is a case in three different tissue types (oesophageal, gastric and vesical samples). These increases can be higher than those associated with the pathological changes that we are investigating (non-inflamed columnar tissue, for instance, shows values 50% higher than dysplastic columnar tissue). Finite-element modelling was also used to investigate the effect of volume reduction in the connective tissue or stroma. This simulation suggests no strong correlation between reduction of this structure and increase in resistivity. We hypothesize therefore that these changes may be mainly associated with the squeezing of water from the extracellular space. Finally, as pressure is difficult to control by hand, we raise the issue of the necessity of considering this variable when making EIS measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, S10 2JF, Sheffield, UK. c.gonzalez@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: González-Correa
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Smallwood
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Bardhan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000502:physiology*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010992:Plethysmography, Impedance / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011312:Pressure; D051381:Rats; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014159:Transducers