title: Genetic polymorphisms of TGF-beta1 & TNF-beta and breast cancer risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The proliferation of malignant breast epithelial cells is regulated by various stimuli including cytokines and growth factors, thus the variants of those genes may modify the breast cancer risk. To evaluate the potential influences of TGF-beta1 T29C and TNF-beta A252G gene polymorphisms on breast cancer risk, a case-control study was conducted in Korea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histologically confirmed breast cancer cases (n=560) and controls (n=509) with no previous history of cancer were recruited from three teaching hospitals in Seoul, Korea. Genotypes were determined by PCR-CTPP (polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers) method. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by unconditional logistic regression model adjusting for age, body mass index, education, parity, age at first full-term pregnancy, and family history of breast cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TGF-beta1 29C-allele containing genotypes posed an increased risk of breast cancer (OR=1.3, 95% CI=1.02-1.79), especially in postmenopausal women (OR=1.6, 95% CI=1.01-2.44). Similarly, the TNF-beta 252G-allele containing genotypes posed an increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer (OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.09-2.55). The risk of postmenopausal breast cancer increased in parallel with the number of the risk genotypes (p for trend <0.01). When data were stratified by the presumed non-genetic risk factors, TGF-beta1 C-allele containing genotypes were found to increase breast cancer risk almost two-fold in postmenopausal women with greater than median body mass index (>22.8 kg/m2) (OR=1.9, 95% CI=1.04-3.37).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study therefore suggest that polymorphisms of TGF-beta1 and TNF-beta genes may modify individual susceptibility to breast cancer in Korean women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-799, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung-Mu
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sue Kyung
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamajima
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tajima
authors.forename: Keun-Young
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Aesun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Dong-Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.forename: Sei-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
authors.forename: Daehee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D016014:Linear Models; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D012306:Risk; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta