The tumor bed effect: increased metastatic dissemination from hypoxia-induced up-regulation of metastasis-promoting gene products.
Cancer patients with recurrent local disease after radiation therapy have increased probability of developing regional and distant metastases. The mechanisms behind this observation were studied in the present work by using D-12 and R-18 human melanoma xenografts growing in preirradiated beds in BALB/c-nu/nu mice as preclinical models of recurrent primary tumors in humans. D-12 tumors metastasize to the lungs, whereas R-18 tumors develop lymph node metastases. Based on earlier studies, we hypothesized that metastasis was governed primarily by the proangiogenic factor interleukin-8 (IL-8) in D-12 tumors and by the invasive growth-promoting receptor urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) in R-18 tumors. Pimonidazole was used as a hypoxia marker, and hypoxia, microvascular hotspots, and the expression of IL-8 and uPAR were studied by immunohistochemistry. The metastatic frequency was significantly higher in tumors in preirradiated beds than in control tumors in unirradiated beds, and it increased with the preirradiation dose. D-12 tumors showed increased fraction of hypoxic cells, increased fraction of IL-8-positive cells, and increased density of microvascular hotspots in preirradiated beds, and R-18 tumors showed increased fraction of hypoxic cells and increased fraction of uPAR-positive cells in preirradiated beds. Strong correlations were found between these parameters and metastatic frequency. IL-8 was up-regulated in hypoxic regions of D-12 tumors, and uPAR was up-regulated in hypoxic regions of R-18 tumors. Daily treatment with anti-IL-8 antibody (D-12) or anti-uPAR antibody (R-18) suppressed metastasis significantly. Our preclinical study suggests that primary tumors recurring after inadequate radiation therapy may show increased metastatic propensity because of increased fraction of hypoxic cells and hypoxia-induced up-regulation of metastasis-promoting gene products. Two possible mechanisms were identified: hypoxia may enhance metastasis by inducing neoangiogenesis facilitating hematogenous spread and by promoting invasive growth facilitating lymphogenous spread. The aggressive behavior of postirradiation local recurrences suggests that they should be subjected to curative treatment as early as possible to prevent further metastatic dissemination. Moreover, the possibility that patients with a high probability of developing local recurrences after radiation therapy may benefit from postirradiation treatment with antiangiogenic and/or anti-invasive agents merits clinical investigation.
Rofstad
Einar K
EK
Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway. e.k.rofstad@labmed.uio.no
Mathiesen
Berit
B
Henriksen
Kristin
K
Kindem
Kristil
K
Galappathi
Kanthi
K
D000818:Animals; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000528:radiation effects; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008545:Melanoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000235:genetics* / Q000556:secondary*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D015854:Up-Regulation
D016209:Interleukin-8; C524898:PLAUR protein, human; C524899:Plaur protein, mouse; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator