title: Neuropsychological differences between late-onset and recurrent geriatric major depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Executive dysfunction, possibly related to vascular pathology, has been well documented in patients with a first episode of major depressive disorder in later life (late-onset geriatric major depression). However, it is unclear whether the neuropsychological presentation differs in patients with a lifetime history of major depressive disorder (recurrent geriatric major depressive disorder). The purpose of this study was to explore differences in neuropsychological function, symptoms, and cardiovascular comorbidity between patients with late-onset and recurrent geriatric major depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used a two-by-two factorial design in which one factor was current major depressive disorder (present versus absent) and the second factor was lifetime history of depression (present versus absent). Neuropsychological measures of executive functioning and episodic memory, as well as psychopathological symptoms and comorbid medical illness, were examined in a total of 116 older adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with late-onset major depressive disorder showed specific deficits in attention and executive function, whereas patients with recurrent major depressive disorder exhibited deficits in episodic memory. The rates of anhedonia and comorbid cardiovascular illness were higher in patients with late-onset geriatric major depressive disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to recurrent geriatric major depressive disorder, late-onset major depressive disorder is characterized by specific deficits in tasks of attention and executive function, consistent with increased anhedonia and cardiovascular comorbidity. These findings, if confirmed, suggest that recurrent and late-onset geriatric major depressive disorder may represent distinct phenomenological entities. Such phenomenological differences as a function of lifetime history of major depression can guide research in the neurophysiology, prevention, and treatment of geriatric major depressive disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Pl., Box 1230, New York, NY 10029, USA. michael.rapp@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dahlman
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: Hillel T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Vahram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Haroutunian
authors.forename: Jack M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gorman
mesh_terms: D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012008:Recurrence