title: A polymeric nanoparticle consisting of mPEG-PLA-Toco and PLMA-COONa as a drug carrier: improvements in cellular uptake and biodistribution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a new polymeric nanoparticulate drug delivery formulation that consists of two components: i) an amphiphilic diblock copolymer having tocopherol moiety at the end of the hydrophobic block in which the hydrophobic tocopherol moiety increases stability of hydrophobic core of the nanoparticle in aqueous medium; and ii) a biodegradable copolyester having carboxylate end group that is capable of forming ionic complex with positively charged compounds such as doxorubicin.
  
  
  METHODS
  A doxourubicin-loaded polymeric nanoparticle (Dox-PNP) was prepared by solvent evaporation method. The entrapment efficiency, size distribution, and in vitro release profile at various pH conditions were characterized. In vitro cellular uptake was investigated by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and MTT assay using drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cell lines. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution were evaluated in rats and tumor-bearing mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Doxorubicin (Dox) was efficiently loaded into the PNP (higher than 95% of entrapment efficiency), and the diameter of Dox-PNP was in the range 20-25 nm with a narrow size distribution. In Vitro study showed that Dox-PNP exhibited higher cellular uptake into both human breast cancer cell (MCF-7) and human uterine cancer cell (MES-SA) than free doxorubicin solution (Free-Dox), especially into drug-resistant cells (MCF-7/ADR and MES-SA/Dx-5). In pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study, the bioavailability of Dox-PNP calculated from the area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) was 69.8 times higher than that of Free-Dox in rats, and Dox-PNP exhibited 2 times higher bioavailability in tumor tissue of tumor-bearing mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dox-PNP exhibited enhanced cellular uptake of the drug. In the cytotoxic activity study, this improved cellular uptake was proved to be more advantageous in drug-resistant cell. Dox-PNP exhibited much higher bioavailability in blood plasma and more drug accumulation in tumor tissue than conventional doxorubicin formulation. The results of this study suggest that the PNP system is an advantageous carrier for drug delivery.
authors.affiliation: Parenteral Delivery Research, Samyang R&D Center, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-717, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yilwoong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Jae Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hye-Won
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Hun Seung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Sung Wan
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Min Hyo
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Seo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008333:Mandelic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D049329:Nanostructures; D011091:Polyesters / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014018:Tissue Distribution / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D008333:Mandelic Acids; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; C492425:methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide); D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C033616:poly(lactide); D004317:Doxorubicin; C037938:mandelic acid