title: Management of arteriovenous malformations: a surgical perspective.
abstract: The management strategies for arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) continue to evolve, spurred by advancing technology and improved understanding of the natural history of these lesions. In general, intervention is reserved for Spetzler-Martin Grade I-III lesions or for those with certain high-risk features. Grade IV-V AVMs, in contrast, are usually managed conservatively. Although multimodality therapy incorporating endovascular and/or radiosurgical techniques is increasingly common, microsurgical removal remains the definitive form of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 W. Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nakaji
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Spetzler
mesh_terms: D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index