title: Rapid prototyping to create vascular replicas from CT scan data: making tools to teach, rehearse, and choose treatment strategies.
abstract: Our goal was to develop and prove the accuracy of a system that would allow us to re-create live patient arterial pathology. Anatomically accurate replicas of blood vessels could allow physicians to teach and practice dangerous interventional techniques and might also be used to gather basic physiologic information. The preparation of replicas has, until now, depended on acquisition of fresh cadaver material. Using rapid prototyping, it should be able to replicate vascular pathology in a live patient. We obtained CT angiographic scan data from two patients with known arterial abnormalities. We took such data and, using proprietary software, created a 3D replica using a commercially available rapid prototyping machine. From the prototypes, using a lost wax technique, we created vessel replicas, placed those replicas in the CT scanner, then compared those images with the original scans. Comparison of the images made directly from the patient and from the replica showed that with each step, the relationships were maintained, remaining within 3% of the original, but some smoothing occurred in the final computer manipulation. From routinely obtainable CT angiographic data, it is possible to create accurate replicas of human vascular pathology with the aid of commercially available stereolithography equipment. Visual analysis of the images appeared to be as important as the measurements. With 64 and 128 slice detector scanners becoming available, acquisition times fall enough that we should be able to model rapidly moving structures such as the aortic root.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology/Neurosurgery, University of California-San Diego, UCSD Medical Center, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Knox
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kerber
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Singel
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Imbesi
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D001488:Basilar Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards