title: Effects of cold-water immersion on VEGF mRNA and protein expression in heart and skeletal muscles of rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of cold exposure on gene and protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in heart and skeletal muscles, were studied in male adult Wistar rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cold immersion was accomplished by submerging the rats in shoulder-deep water maintained at approximately 18 degrees C, either acutely (1 h) or chronically (1 h day(-1), 5 days week(-1) for 20 weeks). The expressions of VEGF mRNA and protein in heart, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles were examined by Northern and Western blotting and competitive-polymerase chain reaction techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expressions of VEGF mRNA and protein were markedly increased in cardiac muscle of the cold-immersed group, particularly in the 1-hour exposure group, whereas VEGF mRNA and protein in gastrocnemius were decreased significantly after an acute exposure. Although the protein level in gastrocnemius remained low in the chronically exposed group, the expression of mRNA of VEGF(165) with chronic exposure in this group returned to the control level and that of VEGF(206) was 15% greater than that in controls. The expression of mRNA for VEGF(165) in soleus was also lowered by acute cold exposure, although that for VEGF(206) was stable. However, VEGF protein was increased by 50%. After 20 weeks, all of these parameters were increased over the levels found in the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the VEGF gene may be a major regulatory factor in cardiac and skeletal muscle adaptation to the cold environment stimulating angiogenesis and thermogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, Chonbuk National University, Cheonju City, Korea.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohira
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007101:Immersion / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D014867:Water