title: Simultaneous estimation of pharmacokinetic properties in mice of three anti-tubercular ethambutol analogs obtained from combinatorial lead optimization.
abstract: Integrating combinatorial lead optimization of [1,2]-diamine core structure based on ethambutol with high-throughput screening has led us to focus on three promising analogs (SQ37, SQ59 and SQ109) as potential anti-tubercular drug candidates from thousands of synthesized diamine analogs for further characterization of their biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties by using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and cassette dosing for pharmacokinetic screening. Simultaneous separation of the three analogs was achieved on reversed phase HPLC using a gradient mobile phase composed of MeOH/CH(3)COONH(4) (5mM)/trifluoroacetic acid: 80/20/0.1 (v/v/v). After extraction with acetonitrile from biomatrices, samples were analyzed on the LC/MS/MS system in the positive mode using an electrospray ion source. The retention time for the analogs ranged from 3.70 to 4.48 min. Incubation of SQ37 with plasma at 37 degrees C for 6h resulted in its degradation in human and rat plasma (20-35%), but no significant degradation was observed in mouse and dog plasma. SQ59 was relatively stable in the plasma of the four species. SQ109 was degraded in human and dog plasma (30-40%), but stable in mouse and rat plasma during the 6h incubation. A rapid multiple pharmacokinetic screening was taken by cassette dosing of the three analogs to mice and simultaneous analysis of their plasma concentrations. The analogs showed large Vd(ss) ranging from 11,300 (SQ37), 12,800 (SQ109) to 63,900 ml/kg (SQ59). The clearance ranged from 3240 (SQ109), 3530 (SQ37) and 8043 ml/kg/h (SQ59). The elimination t(1/2) ranged from 4.4 to 21.1h dependent on the routes. The oral bioavailability was 5.1 (SQ59), 20.1 (SQ37) and 7.8% (SQ109), respectively. Both SQ37 and SQ109 possess good pharmacokinetic properties.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Executive Plaza North Rm. 8042, 6130 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852, USA. jiale@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tomaszewski
authors.forename: Patricia E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Noker
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Glaze
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Protopopova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001702:Biopharmaceutics; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D020650:Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques; D004285:Dogs; D015195:Drug Design; D004977:Ethambutol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D051381:Rats; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D004977:Ethambutol