title: Evaluation of deformable models for femoral neck surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using fluoroscopic images alone, it is difficult to guarantee that screws are positioned within the femoral head and neck. This study evaluates whether the introduction of deformable 3D models limiting the planning and navigation space is a helpful approach to minimizing the incidence of misplaced screws, thereby enhancing patient safety.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Even though a screw may appear to lie within the femoral head and neck on fluoroscopic images, this may not, in fact, be the case. This is a particular problem for interventions such as fixation of a slipped femoral head or osteosynthesis of the femoral neck, where screws must be set close to the cortical bone without penetrating the joint or injuring the cortex of the femoral neck.
  
  
  METHODS
  A system was developed which permits computer-based planning and navigation of screws for femoral neck fracture fixation based on fluoroscopic images. Different approaches were employed which either a) make use of a deformable model adapted to the femoral head/neck, constraining the screw positions within this model; or b) allow the user to position the screws with or without geometrical constraints on the X-rays while maintaining parallelism of the screws. All designs were evaluated and compared by 7 test users using integral projection X-rays calculated from the CT dataset. Results were checked using a 3D model of the bone, also calculated from the CT dataset.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positioning screws using the deformable model resulted in a significantly smaller distribution of screw tip locations and no penetrations into the hip joint, in contrast to the other approaches where up to 11% of screws were misplaced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Constraining the planning and navigation space by means of a deformable model allows better control of screw positioning and thus increases the chances of a successful intervention. In particular, CAS systems allowing for virtual fluoroscopy should consider supporting this planning approach.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biomedizinische Technologien, Helmholtz-Institut Aachen, Aachen, Germany. andreas.zimolong@synagon.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zimolong
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Portheine
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Friedrichs
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Traub
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Radermacher
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005265:Femoral Neck Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D005592:Fracture Fixation; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008954:Models, Biological; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted