title: Meta-analysis: low-dose dopamine increases urine output but does not prevent renal dysfunction or death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surveys have documented the continued popularity of low-dose dopamine to influence renal dysfunction even though few data support it and editorials and reviews have discouraged its use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of low-dose dopamine (< or =5 microg/kg of body weight per minute) compared with placebo or no therapy in patients with or at risk for acute renal failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE (1966-January 2005), EMBASE (1980-week 5, 2005), CANCERLIT (1975-2002), CINAHL (1982-January 2005), and CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library, fourth quarter, 2004); bibliographies of retrieved publications; and additional information from 50 trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently selected parallel-group randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials of low-dose dopamine versus control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study methods, clinical and renal physiologic outcomes, and adverse events (arrhythmias and myocardial, limb, and cutaneous ischemia) were extracted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  61 trials that randomly assigned 3359 patients were identified. Meta-analyses using random-effects models showed no effect of low-dose dopamine on mortality (relative risk, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.78 to 1.19]), need for renal replacement therapy (relative risk, 0.93 [CI, 0.76 to 1.15]), or adverse events (relative risk, 1.13 [CI, 0.90 to 1.41]). Low-dose dopamine increased urine output by 24% (CI, 14% to 35%) on day 1. Improvements in serum creatinine level (4% relative decrease [CI, 1% to 7%]) and measured creatinine clearance (6% relative increase [CI, 1% to 11%]) on day 1 were clinically insignificant. There were no significant changes on days 2 and 3 of therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statistically significant between-study heterogeneity in physiologic but not clinical outcomes was unexplained by prespecified hypotheses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose dopamine offers transient improvements in renal physiology, but no good evidence shows that it offers important clinical benefits to patients with or at risk for acute renal failure.
authors.affiliation: St. Michael's Hospital, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. j.friedrich@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Jan O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: Neill
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Adhikari
authors.forename: Margaret S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Herridge
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beyene
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014554:Urination / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine; D004298:Dopamine