title: Roles of polymerization dynamics, opposed motors, and a tensile element in governing the length of Xenopus extract meiotic spindles.
abstract: Metaphase spindles assemble to a steady state in length by mechanisms that involve microtubule dynamics and motor proteins, but they are incompletely understood. We found that Xenopus extract spindles recapitulate the length of egg meiosis II spindles, by using mechanisms intrinsic to the spindle. To probe these mechanisms, we perturbed microtubule polymerization dynamics and opposed motor proteins and measured effects on spindle morphology and dynamics. Microtubules were stabilized by hexylene glycol and inhibition of the catastrophe factor mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK) (a kinesin 13, previously called XKCM) and destabilized by depolymerizing drugs. The opposed motors Eg5 and dynein were inhibited separately and together. Our results are consistent with important roles for polymerization dynamics in regulating spindle length, and for opposed motors in regulating the relative stability of bipolar versus monopolar organization. The response to microtubule destabilization suggests that an unidentified tensile element acts in parallel with these conventional factors, generating spindle shortening force.
authors.affiliation: Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. timothy_mitchison@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Mitchison
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maddox
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaetz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Groen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shirasu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Kapoor
mesh_terms: D000266:Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002457:Cell Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D004398:Dyneins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D005260:Female; D006018:Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology; D016547:Kinesins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D007700:Kinetics; D008540:Meiosis; D008859:Microscopy, Polarization; D018715:Microscopy, Video; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009865:Oocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism*; D014981:Xenopus; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D002457:Cell Extracts; D006018:Glycols; C088335:KIF11 protein, Xenopus; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D000266:Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate; D004398:Dyneins; D016547:Kinesins; C011480:hexylene glycol