title: Histology of the vitreoretinal interface after indocyanine green staining of the ILM, with illumination using a halogen and xenon light source.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the histology of the retinal surface after staining of the inner limiting membrane (ILM) with indocyanine green (ICG) followed by illumination with halogen or xenon light sources in human donor and porcine eyes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten eyes of six human donors and six porcine eyes were used in the study. In human donor eyes, the postmortem time varied between 7 and 38 hours, and porcine eyes were evaluated 9 hours after death. In all eyes, the vitreous was removed, and a few drops of 0.5% ICG were poured over the trephined posterior pole and carefully washed out after a period of 1 minute, with balanced salt solution. Then the stained retina was illuminated for 3 minutes with different light sources: a halogen light source of 145-W power or a xenon light source of 50-W power. Adjacent, unstained retina of each eye served as a control to assess postmortem artifacts. In two human and two porcine eyes ICG was applied without illumination. Retinal specimens were evaluated by light and electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In human eyes, severe disorganization of the innermost retina and ILM loss were observed after ICG application with subsequent illumination with the halogen light source. After illumination with the xenon light source, there was only slight vacuolization of the innermost retina, with mostly intact Muller cells. The ILM remained in situ in relation to the retinal surface. Intact cellular architecture was found in all specimens after ICG staining without subsequent illumination and control specimens of unstained retina. In porcine eyes, no impact attributable to the light source or ICG alone was noted in this experimental setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that adverse effects of ICG at the retinal surface may depend on the light source used during vitrectomy and correlate with the emission spectrum of the different light sources. In addition, care should be taken when comparing results obtained in human eyes and porcine eyes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haritoglou
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Priglinger
authors.forename: Arnd
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gandorfer
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Welge-Lussen
authors.forename: Anselm
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kampik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004396:Coloring Agents; D006219:Halogens; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008027:Light; D008875:Middle Aged; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D014019:Tissue Donors; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D014978:Xenon
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D006219:Halogens; D014978:Xenon; D007208:Indocyanine Green