title: Response to hepatitis B vaccine in HIV-1-positive subjects who test positive for isolated antibody to hepatitis B core antigen: implications for hepatitis B vaccine strategies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whether human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-positive subjects who test positive for isolated antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) should be vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine is not certain. Development of an anamnestic response after vaccination would suggest previous hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, in which case vaccination is not necessary.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-nine HIV-1-positive subjects who tested negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) received vaccination with standard hepatitis B vaccine. Twenty-nine subjects (42%) tested positive for anti-HBc, and 40 (58%) tested negative for anti-HBc. An anamnestic response was defined as an anti-HBs titer of >or=10 IU/L within 4 weeks of the first vaccination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall anamnestic response rate was 16% and was not significantly different between subjects who tested positive for anti-HBc (24%) and those who tested negative for anti-HBc (10%) before vaccination (P=.18). Approximately 50% of subjects who tested positive for anti-HBc also tested positive for antibody to hepatitis Be antigen (anti-HBe). The anamnestic response rate was higher in subjects who tested positive for both anti-HBc and anti-HBe (43%) than in subjects who tested positive for anti-HBc but negative for anti-HBe (7%) (P=.035). After a complete series of vaccinations, HIV-1/hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected subjects were less likely to achieve high anti-HBs titers than were subjects infected with HIV-1 alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After hepatitis B vaccination, the anamnestic response rate in HIV-1-positive subjects who tested positive for isolated anti-HBc but negative for anti-HBe was low and was comparable to that in subjects who tested negative for anti-HBc. This finding suggests that testing for anti-HBc alone may not be a reliable assessment of protection from HBV infection. HIV-1/HCV coinfection may be associated with impaired responses to hepatitis B vaccine, and evaluation of strategies to improve immunogenicity of the vaccine in such individuals is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. rgandhi@partners.org
authors.forename: Rajesh T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: Alysse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wurcel
authors.forename: Hang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McGovern
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shopis
authors.forename: Meghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Geary
authors.forename: Rohini
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sivamurthy
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Sax
authors.forename: Chinweike
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ukomadu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines