title: Haemodynamic effects of haemorrhage during xenon anaesthesia in pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It was hypothesized that xenon would stabilize mean arterial pressure (MAP) in haemorrhagic shock, recovery, and volume resuscitation, because a higher MAP has been observed with xenon, when compared with isoflurane anaesthesia. The responses to haemorrhage and subsequent volume replacement were therefore compared between xenon and isoflurane anaesthesia, in pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pigs were randomized to anaesthesia with xenon 0.55 MAC (group Xe, n=9) or isoflurane 0.55 MAC (group Iso, n=9), each with remifentanil 0.5 microg kg(-1) min(-1). MAP, heart rate, cardiac output (CO), and left ventricular fractional area change (FAC) were collected at control (1), after haemorrhage (20 ml kg(-1)) (2), after 10 min of recovery (3), after volume replacement (4), and 30 min later (5). Data were analysed by two-way repeated measures anova.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood loss decreased MAP (Xe: 103 [21] to 53 [24] mm Hg; Iso: 92 [18] to 55 [14] mm Hg) and CO (Xe: 4.1 [0.8] to 2.6 [0.5] litre min(-1); Iso: 5.1 [1.1] to 3.8 [1.2] litre min(-1)), in spite of significant tachycardia. MAP and CO recovered to about 75% of control, and subsequent volume replacement completely reversed symptoms in both groups, but increased FAC only with xenon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Haemodynamic response to acute haemorrhage appeared faster with xenon/remifentanil than with isoflurane/remifentanil anaesthesia. In particular MAP decrease and short-term recovery were more marked with xenon (P<0.02). In the xenon group, volume replacement increased FAC compared with control and isoflurane (P<0.02).
authors.affiliation: Klinik fuer Anaesthesiologie, Universitaetsklinikum Aaachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany. jbaumert@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: J-H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Baumert
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hecker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hein
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Reyle-Hahn
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rossaint
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D020896:Hypovolemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine; D014978:Xenon / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D014978:Xenon; D007530:Isoflurane