title: Surgical closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with suspected paradoxical embolism: long-term results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is thought that a patent foramen ovale (PFO) is the crucial mechanism in patients with suspected paradoxical embolism and cryptogenic stroke. It has been hypothesized that closure of the PFO would prevent further cerebrovascular incidents. We describe our early and late experience with surgical closure of the PFO in patients with paradoxical embolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 1994 and December 2001, 33 patients (26 men, 7 women; mean age, 55.2 +/- 8.7 years; range, 37-74) underwent surgical closure of a PFO at our institution. All patients had preoperatively suffered from a stroke and/or a transient ischemic attack, after which echocardiography showed a PFO. Mean follow-up at 99 +/- 30 months (range, 10-111 months) was 100% complete.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients survived the operative procedure. Early complications occurred in four patients (12%). Actuarial survival at 1, 5 and 8 years was 97 +/- 3%, 97 +/- 5% and 94 +/- 8%, respectively. At long-term follow-up all but two patients were alive. The deaths of these two patients were related to malignancy and ischemic heart disease, respectively. Two patients (6%) had suffered a residual cerebrovascular event after successful surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical closure of PFO in patients with paradoxical embolism can safely be performed with a low risk of early mortality. Residual thromboembolic events were rare and in those few it occurred it did so with the interatrial septum being closed, indicating that in those patients the PFO was not the mechanism of the thromboembolic event in the first place.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gasiavelis
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Grinnemo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lindblom
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dellgren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D019320:Embolism, Paradoxical / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography