title: Strain-rate dependent material properties of the porcine and human kidney capsule.
abstract: This study was performed to characterize the mechanical properties of the kidney capsular membrane at strain-rates associated with blunt abdominal trauma. Uniaxial quasi-static and dynamic tensile experiments were performed on fresh, unfrozen porcine and human renal capsules at deformation rates ranging from 0.0001 to 7 m/s (strain-rates of 0.005-250 s(-1)). Single stroke, dynamic tests were performed on samples of porcine renal capsule at strain-rates of 0.005 s(-1) (n = 33), 0.05 s(-1) (n = 17), 0.5 s(-1) (n = 38), 2 s(-1) (n = 10), 4 s(-1) (n = 10), 50 s(-1) (n = 21), 100 s(-1) (n = 18), 150 s(-1) (n = 17), 200 s(-1) (n = 10), and 250 s(-1) (n = 17). Due to limited availability of human tissues, only quasi-static tests were performed (0.005 s(-1), n = 25). Porcine renal capsule properties were found to match the material properties of human capsular tissue sufficiently well such that porcine tissue material can be used as a human test surrogate. The apparent elastic modulus and breaking stress of the porcine renal capsule were observed to increase significantly with increasing strain-rate (p < 0.01). Breaking strain was inversely related to strain-rate (p < 0.01). The effect of increasing strain-rate on material properties diminished appreciably at rates exceeding 150 s(-1). Empirically derived mathematical models of constitutive behavior were developed using a hyperelastic/viscoelastic Ogden formulation, as well as a Cowper-Symonds law material curve multiplication.
authors.affiliation: ETH and University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. snedeker@biomed.ee.ethz.ch
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Snedeker
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Niederer
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Schmidlin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farshad
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Demetropoulos
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004548:Elasticity; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology*; D008566:Membranes / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D013045:Species Specificity; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013552:Swine; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology; D014783:Viscosity