title: Bubble splitting in bifurcating tubes: a model study of cardiovascular gas emboli transport.
abstract: The transport of long gas bubbles, suspended in liquid, through symmetric bifurcations, is investigated experimentally and theoretically as a model of cardiovascular gas bubble transport in air embolism and gas embolotherapy. The relevant dimensionless parameters in the models match the corresponding values for arteries and arterioles. The effects of roll angle (the angle the plane of the bifurcation makes with the horizontal), capillary number (a dimensionless indicator of flow), and bubble volume (or length) on the splitting of bubbles as they pass through the bifurcation are examined. Splitting is observed to be more homogenous at higher capillary numbers and lower roll angles. It is shown that, at nonzero roll angles, there is a critical value of the capillary number below which the bubbles do not split and are transported entirely into the upper branch. The value of the critical capillary number increases with roll angle and parent tube diameter. A unique bubble motion is observed at the critical capillary number and for slightly slower flows: the bubble begins to split, the meniscus in the lower branch then moves backward, and finally the entire bubble enters the upper branch. These findings suggest that, in large vessels, emboli tend to be transported upward unless flow is unusually strong but that a more homogeneous distribution of emboli occurs in smaller vessels. This corresponds to previous observations that air emboli tend to lodge in the upper regions of the lungs and suggests that relatively uniform infarction of tumors by gas embolotherapy may be possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Michigan, 1107 Gerstacker Bldg., 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Andrés J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Calderón
authors.forename: J Brian
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Fowlkes
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bull
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005740:Gases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D045423:Microbubbles; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular
chemical_list: D005740:Gases