title: Deep digital flexor tendon force and digital mechanics in normal ponies and ponies with rotation of the distal phalanx as a sequel to laminitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have implicated tension in the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) in the rotation of the distal phalanx (DP) after the breakdown of the dorsal laminae caused by laminitis. Howeveer, once the DP has rotated, the DDFT should become shorter, reducing the force it exerts on the DP.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare DDFT force and ground reaction forces (GRFs) in normal ponies and ponies with rotation of the DP as a sequel to laminitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six normal ponies (Group 1) and 6 sound ponies with 6-13 degrees of rotation of the DP in relation to the dorsal hoof wall (Group 2) were assessed at trot using forceplate and motion analysis. The force in the DDFT was calculated by assuming that the extending moment at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint resulting from the GRF was equal to the flexing moment created by the force in the DDFT during the stance phase (inverse dynamics).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In early stance, the peak DDFT force (mean+/-s.d.) in the normal ponies was 1.92+/-1.63 N/kg. However, in Group 2, the point of zero moment was palmar to the centre of rotation of the DIP joint for the first 40% of stance and hence DDFT force was zero. Force in the DDFT reached a peak of 10.00+/-3.56 N/kg at 60.7+/-5.6% of stance in Group 1 and 6.41+/-1.37 N/kg at 79.2+/-9.6% of stance in Group 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DDFT force in Group 2 laminitic ponies was much reduced until late stance, when it neared normal values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further studies of ponies with rotation of the DP as a sequel to laminitis should assist farriery aimed at reducing the force in the DDFT through the breakover phase of stance to protect damaged dorsal laminae.
authors.affiliation: Structure and Motion Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: McGuigan
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Pardoe
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005552:Forelimb / Q000502:physiology; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000473:pathology*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006736:Horses; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000209:etiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013710:Tendons / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing