title: Inhibition of cell invasion by indomethacin on glioma cell lines: in vitro study.
abstract: Malignant glioma invasion into the surrounding brain tissue is still a major problem for any therapeutical methods. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated as important factors in this pathological process. In this study, one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) indomethacin was employed to investigate the effect of inhibition of cell invasion mediated by MMP-2 and MMP-9 in human malignant glioma cell lines, A172, U87MG, U251MG, and U373MG in vitro. MTT assay was firstly examined to determine non-cytotoxic dose range, then gelatin zymography, matrigel invasion assay, migration assay and MMP-2 activity assay for 24 h exposure in indomethacin were employed to assess the inhibitory effect of indomethacin. MTT assay revealed that dose with 0, 50, and 500 microM/ml were non-cytotoxic. Zymography demonstrated: (a) expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity was downregulated along with elevated dose of indomethacin. (b) MMP-2 activity that changed from pro-MMP-2 to active form of MMP-2 in supernatants of cell lines could not be inhibited by indomethacin. Invasion assay disclosed that the number of invading cells through the matrigel were significantly decreased in a dose dependent manner. Migration assay indicated indomethacin did not affect cells migration. MMP-2 activity assay showed the total and active MMP-2 secretion was suppressed by 500 microM/ml of indomethacin. Our present study is the first report on inhibitive effect of indomethacin mediated by MMP-2 and MMP-9 in invasion assay of glioma cell lines. The current study suggested that non-cytotoxic level of indomethacin was able to reduce the cell invasion of malignant gliomas mediated by MMP-2 and MMP-9, but it did not affected on cell motility. It also lowered down the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and could reduce of MMP-2 secretion of cell lines. Thus, high concentration of indomethacin within non-cytotoxic dose might offer a new therapeutic strategy to impair cell invasion of gliomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.1 Jiankang Road, Xi'an, China. maodewang@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: Maode
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Daizo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Shouxun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teramoto
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001681:Biological Assay; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000187:drug effects; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000187:drug effects; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000187:drug effects*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000517:prevention & control; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D007213:Indomethacin