title: Long-term risk of tuberculosis among immigrants in Norway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two-thirds of the tuberculosis (TB) cases in Norway were discovered among immigrants. Some cases were discovered at arrival, but many develop the disease several years post-migration. Knowledge about how long after migration to Norway TB were discovered will enable us to better target preventive measures including preventive therapy. This study examines the long-term risk of TB among immigrants in Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  All non-Nordic immigrants who arrived in Norway between 1986 and 2002, as registered by the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration, were followed-up. Their TB status was determined from the National Tuberculosis Registry. Observation period for TB cases was calculated from the date of arrival in Norway to TB registration. For persons without TB, it was calculated from the date of arrival in Norway to the date of emigration from Norway, date of death, or until end of follow-up (December 31, 2002).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For immigrants from Africa and Asia, the TB rates were 190 and 80 per 100,000 person-years (PY), respectively, at 7 years post-migration. For immigrants from Somalia, Pakistan, Vietnam, and the former Yugoslavia, the rates were 520, 160, 210, and 40 per 100 000 PY respectively, at 7 years post-migration. These rates were 7 to 90 times higher than the crude TB incidence for Norway. This increased risk applies to both genders, pulmonary and extra-pulmonary sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate the need for health personnel to be aware that immigrants remain at high risk of TB many years post-migration. Screening for TB on arrival should be strengthened, and preventive therapy for those with recent TB infection should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway. m.g.farah@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Farah
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Selmer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heldal
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bjune
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa / Q000208:ethnology; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013997:Time Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology