title: Ethnicity and variation in prognosis for patients newly hospitalised for heart failure: a matched historical cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare mortality and factors predictive for outcome in age matched white and South Asian cohorts after first admission for heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Matched historical cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  One National Health Service trust comprising three acute care hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  176 South Asian (mean age 68 (10) years, 45% women) and 352 age and sex matched white (70 (11) years, 42% women) patients hospitalised for the first time with heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  All cause survival, measures of disease severity, and the association of clinical variables with outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with white patients, South Asian patients had similar rates of prior coronary heart disease but more often had prior hypertension (45% v 33%, p = 0.006) and diabetes (46% v 18%, p < 0.0001). Atrial fibrillation (15% v 31%, p = 0.0002) and prior diuretic use (39% v 48%, p = 0.041) were less common among South Asians. Left ventricular function was more often preserved (38% v 23%, p = 0.002) and less often severely impaired (18% v 28%, p = 0.025) among South Asians. During follow up (range 520-1880 days) 73 of 176 (41.2%) South Asian and 167 of 352 (47.4%) white patients died. South Asian ethnicity was associated with lower all cause mortality (odds ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.53 to 0.96, p = 0.02). Other predictors of outcome (admission age, lower systolic blood pressure, higher creatinine, higher plasma glucose, and lower haemoglobin) were similar in each cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At first hospitalisation, heart failure appears less advanced in South Asians, among whom diabetes and hypertension are more prevalent. Survival is better for South Asian than for white patients. Higher glucose and lower haemoglobin at admission provide useful prognostic information in heart failure.
authors.affiliation: University of Leicester Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Blackledge
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Squire
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis