title: Factorial structure and internal consistency of the German TEMPS-A scale: validation against the NEO-FFI questionnaire.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the German version of the TEMPS-A questionnaire. Besides the reliability of the temperament scales, validity was the focus of interest. Therefore, the relationship between the TEMPS-A and the well-established personality questionnaire NEO-FFI, whose factors show theoretical overlap with temperaments, was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 227 students aged between 20 and 42 years were asked to fill in both instruments. Reliability coefficients for the five temperament scales and correlations among the scales of both questionnaires were calculated, as well as multiple linear regression analysis with the five personality factors and gender as independent, and the five temperaments as dependent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reliability indices for the five temperament scales were satisfactory, with values ranging between 0.63 (depressive) and 0.76 (anxious). Women scored higher on depressive and anxious scales, whereas men had higher scores on hyperthymic temperament. Correlations within the temperament scales showed close relationships between depressive, anxious and cyclothymic temperaments; cyclothymic and irritable temperament were also related. The personality factors of the NEO-FFI predicted temperaments fairly well and explained between 41% and 58% of the variance; the main effects were exerted by neuroticism and extraversion, while the irritable temperament was primarily explained by low agreeableness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study sample was relatively small and selected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TEMPS-A scale has sufficient reliability and good validity in a non-clinical sample. It opens new possibilities for clinical research at the interface of mental disorders, temperament and personality. Such research is in progress.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle/Saale, Germany.
authors.forename: Raffaela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blöink
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brieger
authors.forename: Hagop S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marneros
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D013694:Temperament / Q000145:classification; D014495:Universities