title: Circadian clock genes directly regulate expression of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger NHE3 in the kidney.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Daily rhythms in mammalian physiology are generated by a transcription/translation feedback loop orchestrated by a set of clock genes. However, little is known about the molecular cascade from the clock gene oscillators to cellular function.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mRNA expression profiles of NHE3 and clock genes were examined in mice and rat kidneys. First, luciferase assays followed by a site directed mutagenesis of an E-box sequence were used to assess the CLOCK:BMAL1-transactivated NHE3 promoter activity. A direct binding of CLOCK:BMAL1 heterodimers to an E-box sequences of NHE3 promoter was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present evidence that renal tubular NHE3, the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger critical for systemic electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis, is a clock-controlled gene regulated directly by CLOCK:BMAL1 heterodimers in kidneys. NHE3 mRNA level in rat kidney displayed circadian kinetics, and this circadian expression was severely blunted in homozygous CRY1/2 double-deficient mice, suggesting that the transcriptional machinery of peripheral clocks in renal tubular cells directly regulates the circadian expression of NHE3. By analyzing the 5' upstream region of the NHE3 gene, we found an E box critical for the transcription of NHE3 via the CLOCK:BMAL1-driven circadian oscillator. The circadian expression of NHE3 mRNA was reflected by oscillating protein levels in the proximal tubules of the rat kidney.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NHE3 should represent an output gene of the peripheral oscillators in kidney, which is regulated directly by CLOCK:BMAL1 heterodimers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saifur Rohman
authors.forename: Noriaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Emoto
authors.forename: Hidemi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.forename: Ryusuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Okura
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yagita
authors.forename: Gijsbertus T J
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: van der Horst
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D056926:CLOCK Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000235:genetics*; D056931:Cryptochromes; D005420:Flavoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D007668:Kidney; D008029:Lighting; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009893:Opossums; D010957:Plasmids; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000074083:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000235:genetics*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C538964:Cry1 protein, mouse; C538965:Cry1 protein, rat; D056931:Cryptochromes; D005420:Flavoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C000613386:Slc9a3 protein, mouse; C000613387:Slc9a3 protein, rat; D000074083:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D015534:Trans-Activators; D056926:CLOCK Proteins; C538944:Clock protein, mouse; C538945:Clock protein, rat