title: Effects of HIV disease on lipid, glucose and insulin levels: results from a large antiretroviral-naive cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With the use of potent antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV disease, changes in lipid parameters and glucose homeostasis have been noted. However, these effects have been difficult to interpret because of the varied demographic and treatment characteristics of the cohorts and the complexity of differentiating the effect of HIV disease from that of the drugs used in its treatment. This study was designed to explore these issues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic information and fasting blood samples were collected from 419 antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age of the participants was 38.2 years, with 21% being female, 60% being African American, and 14% having a history of injection drug use. The mean CD4 lymphocyte count was 216 cells/microL, the mean baseline log10 HIV viral load was 4.98 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL, and 26% of patients had a history of AIDS-defining events. Women and African Americans had significantly higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and older age was associated with higher total cholesterol levels. Lower CD4 lymphocyte counts and higher HIV RNA levels were independently associated with lower HDL cholesterol levels. Additionally, higher HIV RNA level was associated with lower levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and higher levels of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and triglycerides. A history of AIDS-defining events was associated with higher total cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. With respect to glucose homeostasis, a higher CD4 lymphocyte count was associated with less evidence of insulin resistance. However, a higher body mass index was associated with higher lipid levels and with more evidence of insulin resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both HIV disease and demographic characteristics were found to influence lipid values and glucose homeostasis in the absence of antiretroviral treatment. More advanced HIV disease was associated with less favourable lipid and glucose homeostatic profiles. The independent association between HIV RNA levels and various lipid parameters suggests that viral replication had a direct effect on lipid levels. Interpretation of the effects of various HIV treatment regimen and drugs on metabolic parameters must take into account the stage of HIV disease and the demographic characteristics of the population studied.
authors.affiliation: Harlem Hospital and Columbia University, New York, NY 10037, USA. wme1@columbia.edu
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: El-Sadr
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mullin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gibert
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rappoport
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Visnegarwala
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grunfeld
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Raghavan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D015243:Cholesterol, VLDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D015243:Cholesterol, VLDL; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol