title: Risk factors for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a community study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms and potential risk factors among community subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was sent to 4000 subjects, stratified by age, gender and ethnicity to be representative of the local population. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms were defined as at least weekly heartburn or acid regurgitation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2231 responded (59%), 691 refused to participate and seven were incomplete. 1533 (41%) were evaluable (637 male, mean age 51 years, range: 20-80). The prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms was 21%. Smoking, excess alcohol, irritable bowel syndrome, increasing body mass index, a family history of upper gastrointestinal disease, increasing Townsend deprivation index, anticholinergic drugs (all P < 0.0001), weight gain, antidepressant drugs, inhaled bronchodilators, no educational attainment (all P < 0.01), south Asian origin (P = 0.02) and manual work (P < 0.05) were associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms. Multivariate logistic regression revealed increasing body mass index, a family history of upper gastrointestinal disease, irritable bowel syndrome, south Asian origin (all P < 0.0001), smoking, excess alcohol, no educational attainment and anticholinergic drugs (all P < 0.01) were independently associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequent gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms affect 21% of the population. Increasing body mass index, a family history of upper gastrointestinal disease, irritable bowel syndrome, south Asian origin, smoking, excess alcohol, social deprivation and anticholinergic drugs are independently associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sandwell General Hospital, West Bromwich B71 4HJ, UK.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nightingale
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Trudgill
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution