title: Smokers' responses to advertisements for regular and light cigarettes and potential reduced-exposure tobacco products.
abstract: This study examines smokers' responses to advertisements for potentially reduced exposure tobacco products (PREP), light cigarettes, and regular cigarettes. A convenience sample of 600 adult smokers reviewed one actual advertisement for each type of product. Smokers ranked the products on health risk, amount of tar, and carcinogenicity, and identified the messages they perceived the advertisements to convey. Smokers perceived PREP products as having lower health risks (mean = 5.4 on a scale of 1-10) and carcinogens (6.6) than light cigarettes (5.8 and 6.9, respectively, p < .001), and lights as having lower health risks and carcinogen levels than regular cigarettes (8.2 and 8.8, respectively, p <.001). The average PREP rating for level of tar (5.3) was not significantly less than the light mean of 5.4, but both were significantly less than the regular mean of 8.4 (p <.001). Although no advertisements explicitly said that the products were healthy or safe, advertisements for PREP products and light cigarettes were interpreted as conveying positive messages about health and safety. Most smokers believed that claims made in cigarette advertisements must be approved by a government agency. The results indicate that advertisements can and do leave consumers with perceptions of the health and safety of tobacco products that are contrary to the scientific evidence. Explicit and implicit advertising messages may be strengthened by the perceived government endorsement. This supports the Institute of Medicine's recommendation to regulate the promotion, advertising, and labeling of PREP tobacco products and light cigarettes. Effective regulation may need to focus on consumer perceptions resulting from advertisements rather than the explicit content of advertising text.
authors.affiliation: Abt Associates Inc, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Giulia diStefano
authors.initials: Gd
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Tammy K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Ouellette
authors.forename: Wiliam M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kling
authors.forename: Gregory N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Connolly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising / Q000592:standards; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects; D015995:Prevalence; D011356:Product Labeling / Q000592:standards; D012107:Research Design; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000592:standards; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine