title: Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Before renal transplantation complex abnormalities of bone metabolism exist and lead to increased risk for fracture after transplantation. This study was conducted to assess the evidence available to guide targeted treatment to reduce bone disease in transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane CENTRAL Registry, MEDLINE, and EMBASE were searched for randomized trials of interventions for bone disease after renal transplantation. Data were extracted on fracture, bone mineral density (BMD) by means of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, acute graft rejection, and adverse events. Analysis was performed with a random-effects model, and all results are expressed as relative risk with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three eligible trials (1,209 patients) were identified. No trial found a reduction in risk for fracture. Bisphosphonates (7 trials; 268 patients; weighted mean difference [WMD], 7.66; 95% CI, 4.82 to 10.50), vitamin D analogues (2 trials; 51 patients; WMD, 6.13; 95% CI, 4.97 to 7.29), and calcitonin (1 trial; 31 patients; WMD, 5.00; 95% CI, 0.88 to 9.12) favorably affected the percentage of change in BMD at the lumbar spine compared with no treatment. Bisphosphonates (4 trials; 149 patients; WMD, 7.18; 95% CI, 6.22 to 8.13) and vitamin D analogues (2 trials; 51 patients; WMD, 3.73; 95% CI, 2.71 to 4.75), but not calcitonin (1 trial; 31 patients; WMD, -0.30; 95% CI, -5.00 to 4.40), had a favorable effect on BMD measured at the femoral neck compared with no treatment. The incidence of reported toxicity was low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The trials were inadequately powered to show a reduction in risk for fracture. Bisphosphonates and vitamin D have a beneficial effect on BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck. With increasing survival after renal transplantation, this study stresses the importance of randomized controlled trial evidence of interventions of bone disease after renal transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand. suetoniapalmer@clear.net.nz
authors.forename: Suetonia C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Giovanni F M
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Strippoli
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: McGregor
mesh_terms: D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002118:Calcium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012080:Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder / Q000209:etiology; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000737:chemistry; D005459:Fluorides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005598:Fractures, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000188:drug therapy; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012306:Risk; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004164:Diphosphonates; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D013256:Steroids; D014807:Vitamin D; D002116:Calcitonin; D005459:Fluorides; D002118:Calcium