title: Estimating medium- and long-term trends in malaria transmission by using serological markers of malaria exposure.
abstract: The implementation and evaluation of malaria control programs would be greatly facilitated by new tools for the rapid assessment of malaria transmission intensity. Because acquisition and maintenance of antimalarial antibodies depend on exposure to malaria infection, such antibodies might be used as proxy measures of transmission intensity. We have compared the prevalence of IgG antibodies with three Plasmodium falciparum asexual stage antigens in individuals of all ages living at varying altitudes encompassing a range of transmission intensities from hyper- to hypoendemic in northeastern Tanzania, with alternative measures of transmission intensity. The prevalence of antibodies to merozoite surface protein-1(19) was significantly more closely correlated with altitude than either point-prevalence malaria parasitemia or single measures of hemoglobin concentration. Analysis of age-specific seroprevalence rates enabled differentiation of recent (seasonal) changes in transmission intensity from longer-term transmission trends and, using a mathematical model of the annual rate of seroconversion, estimation of the longevity of the antibody response. Thus, serological tools allow us to detect variations in malaria transmission over time. Such tools will be invaluable for monitoring trends in malaria endemicity and the effectiveness of malaria control programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Drakeley
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Corran
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tongren
authors.forename: S L R
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Carneiro
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malima
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lusingu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manjurano
authors.forename: W M M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Nkya
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lemnge
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reyburn
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Riley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000635:transmission*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D020066:Merozoite Surface Protein 1 / Q000276:immunology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000276:immunology; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000276:immunology; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D020066:Merozoite Surface Protein 1; D021122:Protein Subunits; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C090077:apical membrane antigen I, Plasmodium; C065974:merozoite surface protein 2, Plasmodium