title: Association of transmission intensity and age with clinical manifestations and case fatality of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are concerns that malaria control measures such as use of insecticide-treated bed nets, by delaying acquisition of immunity, might result in an increase in the more severe manifestations of malaria. An understanding of the relationships among the level of exposure to Plasmodium falciparum, age, and severity of malaria can provide evidence of whether this is likely.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical manifestations and case fatality of severe P falciparum malaria at varying altitudes resulting in varying levels of transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1984 patients admitted for severe malaria to 10 hospitals serving populations living at levels of transmission varying from very low (altitude >1200 m) to very high (altitude <600 m) in a defined area of northeastern Tanzania, studied prospectively from February 2002 to February 2003. Data were analyzed in a logistic regression model and adjusted for potential clustering within hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specific syndromes of severe malaria; mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of patients was 1 year in high transmission, 3 years in moderate transmission, and 5 years in low transmission areas. The odds of severe malarial anemia (hemoglobin <5 g/dL) peaked at 1 year of age at high transmission and at 2 years at moderate and low transmission intensities and then decreased with increasing age (P = .002). Odds were highest in infants (0-1 year: referent; 2-4 years: odds ratio [OR], 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-0.96), 5 to <15 years: OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.27-0.72; > or =15 years: OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.27-0.73; P<.001) and high transmission intensity areas (altitude <600 m: referent; 600 m to 1200 m: OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.35-0.84; >1200 m: OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.26-1.15; P for trend = .03). The odds of cerebral malaria were significantly higher in low transmission intensity areas (altitude of residence <600 m: referent; 600 m to 1200 m: OR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.32-7.60; >1200 m: OR, 3.76; 95% CI, 1.96-7.18; P for trend = .003) and with age 5 years and older (0-1 year: referent; 2-4 years: OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 0.82-2.99; 5 to <15 years: OR, 6.07; 95% CI, 2.98-12.38; > or =15 years: OR, 6.24; 95% CI, 3.47-11.21; P<.001). The overall case-fatality rate of 7% (139 deaths) was similar at high and moderate levels of transmission but increased to 13% in low transmission areas (P = .03), an increase explained by the increase in the proportion of cases with cerebral malaria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age and level of exposure independently influence the clinical presentation of severe malaria. Our study suggests that an increase in the proportion of cases with more fatal manifestations of severe malaria is likely to occur only after transmission has been reduced to low levels where the overall incidence is likely to be low.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England. hugh.reyburn@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reyburn
authors.forename: Redempta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mbatia
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Drakeley
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Ilona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Carneiro
authors.forename: Raimos
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olomi
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: W M M M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Nkya
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lemnge
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Greenwood
authors.forename: Eleanor M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Riley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000531:Altitude; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D016779:Malaria, Cerebral / Q000453:epidemiology; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000635:transmission; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology