title: A novel method for assessing contrast sensitivity in the beagle dog is sensitive to age and an antioxidant enriched food.
abstract: Tasks requiring visual discrimination are commonly used in assessment of canine cognitive function. However, little is known about canine visual processing, and virtually nothing is known about the effects of age on canine visual function. This study describes a novel behavioural method developed to assess one aspect of canine visual function, namely contrast sensitivity. Four age groups (young, middle aged, old, and senior) were studied. We also included a group of middle aged to old animals that had been maintained for at least 4 years on a specially formulated food containing a broad spectrum of antioxidants and mitochondrial cofactors. Performance of this group was compared with a group in the same age range maintained on a control diet. In the first phase, all animals were trained to discriminate between two high contrast shapes. In the second phase, contrast was progressively reduced by increasing the luminance of the shapes. Performance decreased as a function of age, but the differences did not achieve statistical significance, possibly because of a small sample size in the young group. All age groups were able to acquire the initial discrimination, although the two older age groups showed slower learning. Errors increased with decreasing contrast with the maximal number of errors for the 1% contrast shape. Also, all animals on the antioxidant diet learned the task and had significantly fewer errors at the high contrast compared with the animals on the control diet. The initial results suggest that contrast sensitivity deteriorates with age in the canine while form perception is largely unaffected by age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Rivera
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Boutet
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Zicker
authors.forename: Norton W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Milgram
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants