title: Cognitive therapy vs medications in the treatment of moderate to severe depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is substantial evidence that antidepressant medications treat moderate to severe depression effectively, but there is less data on cognitive therapy's effects in this population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy in moderate to severe depression of antidepressant medications with cognitive therapy in a placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random assignment to one of the following: 16 weeks of medications (n = 120), 16 weeks of cognitive therapy (n = 60), or 8 weeks of pill placebo (n = 60).
  
  
  METHODS
  Research clinics at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred forty outpatients, aged 18 to 70 years, with moderate to severe major depressive disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Some study subjects received paroxetine, up to 50 mg daily, augmented by lithium carbonate or desipramine hydrochloride if necessary; others received individual cognitive therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale provided continuous severity scores and allowed for designations of response and remission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 8 weeks, response rates in medications (50%) and cognitive therapy (43%) groups were both superior to the placebo (25%) group. Analyses based on continuous scores at 8 weeks indicated an advantage for each of the active treatments over placebo, each with a medium effect size. The advantage was significant for medication relative to placebo, and at the level of a nonsignificant trend for cognitive therapy relative to placebo. At 16 weeks, response rates were 58% in each of the active conditions; remission rates were 46% for medication, 40% for cognitive therapy. Follow-up tests of a site x treatment interaction indicated a significant difference only at Vanderbilt University, where medications were superior to cognitive therapy. Site differences in patient characteristics and in the relative experience levels of the cognitive therapists each appear to have contributed to this interaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive therapy can be as effective as medications for the initial treatment of moderate to severe major depression, but this degree of effectiveness may depend on a high level of therapist experience or expertise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. derubeis@psych.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: DeRubeis
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hollon
authors.forename: Jay D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Amsterdam
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: Paula R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Salomon
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: O'Reardon
authors.forename: Margaret L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lovett
authors.forename: Madeline M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gladis
authors.forename: Laurel L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gallop
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D003891:Desipramine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016651:Lithium Carbonate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D017374:Paroxetine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D003891:Desipramine; D016651:Lithium Carbonate; D017374:Paroxetine; D010919:Placebos; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors