title: Glaucoma and its treatment: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A review of glaucoma and its treatment is presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glaucoma is a common eye disease that can cause irreversible blindness if left undiagnosed and untreated. Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness in the United States and other industrialized countries. In most cases, the symptoms of early-stage glaucoma are minimal or nonexistent. There are several different types of glaucoma, and they have been classically divided into the categories of primary or secondary open-angle or angle-closure glaucoma. Secondary forms of glaucoma are caused by various ocular or systemic diseases. Every available treatment to prevent progressive glaucomatous optic neuropathy has potential adverse effects and involves a certain amount of risk and financial expense. Conventional first-line treatment of glaucoma usually begins with the use of a topical selective or nonselective beta-blocker or a topical prostaglandin analog. Second-line drugs of choice include alpha-agonists and topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Parasympathomimetic agents, most commonly pilocarpine, are considered third-line treatment options. For patients who do not respond to antiglaucoma medications, laser trabeculoplasty and incisional surgery are further methods that can be used to lower intraocular pressure. The results of clinical trials have reaffirmed the utility of antiglaucoma medications in slowing the progression of the disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glaucoma is a common eye disease that is usually associated with an elevated intraocular pressure. Treatment options for patients with glaucoma include medications, laser therapy, and incisional surgery. The risks and benefits of each type of treatment must be carefully considered to maximize the treatment's benefits while minimizing adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. leedav@musc.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eve J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Higginbotham
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014130:Trabeculectomy / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D011453:Prostaglandins