title: Mental health outcomes of cocaine-exposed children at 6 years of age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess 6-year-old cocaine- and noncocaine-exposed children's mental health outcomes controlling for potential confounders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 322 children [169 cocaine exposed (CE) and 153 noncocaine exposed (NCE)] enrolled in a longitudinal study since birth. At age 6, children were assessed for mental health symptoms using the Dominic Interactive (DI), a child self-report measure, and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), a caregiver report of behavioral problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CE children were more likely to self-report symptoms in the probable clinical range for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In contrast, prenatal cocaine exposure was not related to child behavior based on the CBCL. After control for exposure, CE children in adoptive or foster care were rated as having more problems with aggression, externalizing behaviors, and total behavioral problems than NCE children and CE children in maternal or relative care. Also, CE children in adoptive or foster care self-reported more externalizing symptoms than CE children in maternal or relative care and NCE children. Findings could not be attributed to caregiver intelligence or depressive symptoms, or to the quality of the home environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CE children report more symptoms of ODD and ADHD than nonexposed children. Adoptive or foster caregivers rated their CE children as having more behavioral problems than did maternal or relative caregivers of CE children or parents of NCE children. Although further studies are needed to understand the basis for the more negative ratings by adoptive or foster caregivers of their CE children, the self-report of CE children indicates a need for psychological interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, USA. teresa.linares@case.edu
authors.forename: Teresa J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Linares
authors.forename: Lynn T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: H Lester
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Kirchner
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: Meeyoung O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hussey
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minnes
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index