title: Key role of Chlamydophila psittaci on Belgian turkey farms in association with other respiratory pathogens.
abstract: Two hundred turkey sera from eight Belgian and two French farms were tested for the presence of antibodies against avian pneumovirus (APV), Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT), Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma meleagridis and Chlamydophila psittaci. At slaughter, C. psittaci, APV and ORT antibodies were detected in 94, 34 and 6.5% of the turkeys, respectively. No antibodies against M. gallisepticum or M. meleagridis were present. Additionally, turkeys on three Belgian farms were examined from production onset until slaughter using both serology and antigen or gene detection. All farms experienced two C. psittaci infection waves, at 3-6 and 8-12 weeks of age. Each first infection wave was closely followed by an ORT infection starting at the age of 6-8 weeks, which was still detectable when the second C. psittaci infection waves started. Animals on farm A were not vaccinated against APV leading to an APV subtype B outbreak accompanying the first C. psittaci infection wave. Despite subtype A APV vaccination on farms B and C, the second C. psittaci infection waves were accompanied (farm B) or followed (farm C) by a subtype B APV infection. On all farms respiratory signs always appeared together with a proven C. psittaci, APV and/or ORT infection. This study suggests an association between C. psittaci, APV and ORT, and indicates the multi-factorial aetiology of respiratory infections in commercial turkeys. All three pathogens should be considered when developing prevention strategies for respiratory disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Loock
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Geens
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Smit
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nauwynck
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Empel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Naylor
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hafez
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Goddeeris
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vanrompay
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D002691:Chlamydophila psittaci / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D045826:Flavobacteriaceae Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D029121:Metapneumovirus / Q000276:immunology*; D009174:Mycoplasma / Q000276:immunology; D009175:Mycoplasma Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D045246:Ornithobacterium / Q000276:immunology*; D018184:Paramyxoviridae Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D009956:Psittacosis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014422:Turkeys
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000914:Antibodies, Viral