title: Three-dimensionally reconstructed magnetic source imaging and neuronavigation in pediatric epilepsy: technical note.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the role of reconstructing three-dimensional magnetic source imaging (MSI) data on cortical resections for children undergoing epilepsy surgery using neuronavigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetoencephalographic recordings were analyzed in 16 children under 18 years of age with intractable epilepsy. The data were transferred to the neuronavigation workstation for intraoperative localization of MSI spike sources in selected patients. With the aid of neuronavigation, the MSI spike sources were resected. Intraoperative electrocorticography was then used to survey the surrounding field for residual epileptiform activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MSI spike sources were obtained in 13 of 16 patients. MSI spike sources localized the cortical and subcortical discharges before intraoperative electrocorticography in nine patients and before extraoperative subdural grid electroencephalographic monitoring in four patients. The localization of MSI spikes sources was characterized by clustered spike sources in 10 patients. By use of neuronavigation, the clustered spike sources were correlated to the interictal zone indicated by intraoperative electrocorticography in six patients and to the ictal onset zone shown on extraoperative subdural grid electroencephalography in three patients. Cortical excision of the spike cluster focus was then performed in these six patients. The technique used here to resect MSI spike source clusters that correlate with the ictal onset zone by invasive subdural grid monitoring is illustrated in one patient who underwent cortical resection for epilepsy surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional reconstruction of MSI data linked to neuronavigation is a promising technique to facilitate resections around eloquent cortex in children with epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Holowka
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Otsubo
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Amrita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hunjan
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: O Carter
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Snead
authors.forename: Nathaniel A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: Sylvester H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Rutka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015225:Magnetoencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed