title: Work-related disorders of the upper limb in female workers using orbital sanders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of vascular, neurological and musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb in a group of female workers performing either mechanical or hand sanding in the furniture industry (n=100) and in a control group of female office workers (n=100). A further aim was to study the possible adverse effects of exposure to a combination of vibration and ergonomic risk factors in female workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  All female workers underwent a medical interview and a complete physical investigation. The clinical diagnoses of Raynaud's phenomenon and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) were made according to international consensus criteria. Hand-transmitted vibration from orbital sanders was measured according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recommendations. Daily vibration exposure was assessed in terms of 8-h energy-equivalent frequency-weighted acceleration [A(8)] according to the European Directive on physical agents. Ergonomic load on the upper limbs was estimated by means of strain index methodology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in the prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon between the furniture workers (4%) and the controls (8%). The prevalence of CTS, peripheral sensorineural disturbances (after exclusion of CTS cases) and upper-limb musculoskeletal complaints was significantly greater in the furniture workers than in the controls. CTS was clinically diagnosed in 19% of the furniture workers and 8% of the controls. A log-binomial regression analysis showed that the occurrence of soft-tissue disorders of the upper limb increased significantly with the increase of both daily vibration exposure and the strain index score. It was estimated that the risk for CTS increased by a factor of 1.30 (95% CI 1.11-1.53) for each unit of increase in A(8) (ms(-2)), and by 1.09 (95% CI 1.02-1.15) for each unit of increase in the strain index score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though the cross-sectional design of this epidemiological study does not allow aetiological considerations, our findings suggest a significant association between occupational use of vibratory tools and soft-tissue disorders in the upper limbs of female workers. Quantitative estimation of vibration exposure and ergonomic stress showed that these physical risk factors seem to contribute in a multiplicative way to the occurrence of chronic nerve and musculoskeletal disorders in female workers operating hand-held vibrating tools in the furniture industry.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. bovenzi@units.it
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bovenzi
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Della Vedova
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nataletti
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alessandrini
authors.forename: Tullio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Poian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003625:Data Collection; D004864:Equipment and Supplies / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000293:injuries*; D014732:Vibration / Q000009:adverse effects*