title: Immunotherapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: Metastatic renal cell carcinoma has a poor prognosis. Conventional therapies such as chemotherapy, radiation or hormonal treatment have hardly any effect on the progression of this disease. As renal cell carcinoma seems to be an immunogenic tumor, several immunotherapeutic approaches with different response rates have been developed since the early 1990s. We present an overview of various immunotherapeutic approaches such as cytokine-based regimes, with and without different cytotoxic chemotherapy, of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. In addition, local therapies (e.g. inhalation of interleukin-2) are reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich-Grosshadern, Grosshadern Medical Center, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany. Karl.Rohrmann@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rohrmann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Staehler
authors.forename: Nikolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haseke
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bachmann
authors.forename: Christian G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Stief
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siebels
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000556:secondary; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000556:secondary
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D007376:Interleukin-2; D005472:Fluorouracil