title: Haplotype analysis of the RAGE gene: identification of a haplotype marker for diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic nephropathy (DN) represents a devastating complication of diabetes. Family clustering, heterogeneity in the onset and progression and results of segregation studies indicate that susceptibility to DN is a complex trait.
  
  
  METHODS
  Common single nucleotide polymorphisms in the RAGE (receptor of advanced glycation end-products) gene (-429T/C, -374T/A, G82S, 1704G/T, 2184A/G and 2245G/A) were studied in the association study comprising 605 Caucasian subjects by means of haplotype analysis in order to identify an eventual haplotype marker for DN in type 2 diabetes. Haplotypes were constructed computationally; frequencies were compared among groups of subjects with type 2 diabetes (DM) and DN, diabetics without DN and non-diabetics. Survival analysis was carried out to ascertain whether certain RAGE haplotypes influence onset of DN in type 2 diabetics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences in haplotype frequencies among DM + DN vs DM non-DN and non-DM groups were found (P = 0.0007 and 0.0013, respectively; permutation test). Frequency of the RAGE(2) haplotype containing minor alleles in positions -429 and 2184 (CTGGGG) in the DN group was significantly higher than in the two control groups (21.7% vs 12.8% and 13.8%, both P(corr)<0.003; two-tail Fisher exact test); odds ratios 1.65 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-2.50; P = 0.020] and 1.79 (95% CI: 1.22-2.62; P = 0.003), respectively. In survival analysis, duration of diabetes until the onset of DN (e.g. appearance of persistent proteinuria) was significantly different among RAGE(2) diplotype groups (P<0.05); median DN-free interval was 9.6 years in RAGE(2) +/+ homozygotes, 15.2 years in +/- heterozygotes and 17.0 years in the -/- combination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RAGE(2) haplotype is associated with DN in type 2 diabetics and with earlier DN onset and, thus, can be regarded a marker for DN.
authors.affiliation: Masaryk University Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Komenského nám. 2, 66243 Brno, Czech Republic. kankov@med.muni.cz
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanková
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stejskalová
authors.forename: Miluse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hertlová
authors.forename: Vladimír
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Znojil
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000235:genetics*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic