title: Costs of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the US: excess costs of persons with ADHD and their family members in 2000.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive estimate of the cost of ADHD by consider ing the healthcare and work loss costs of persons with ADHD, as well as those costs imposed on their family members.
  
  
  METHODS
  Excess per capita healthcare (medical and prescription drug) and work loss (disability and work absence) costs of treated ADHD patients (ages 7 years-44 years) and their family members (under 65 years of age) were calculated using administrative claims data from a single large company; work loss costs are from disability data or imputed for medically related work loss days. Excess costs are the additional costs of patients and their family members over and above those of comparable control individuals. The excess costs of untreated individuals with ADHD and their family members were also estimated. All per capita costs were extrapolated using published prevalence and treatment rates and population data; the prevalence of persons with ADHD was based upon the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total excess cost of ADHD in the US in 2000 was $31.6 billion. Of this total, $1.6 billion was for the ADHD treatment of patients, $12.1 billion was for all other healthcare costs of persons with ADHD, $14.2 billion was for all other healthcare costs of family members of persons with ADHD, and $3.7 billion was for the work loss cost of adults with ADHD and adult family members of persons with ADHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The annual cost of ADHD in the US is substantial. Both treated and untreated persons with ADHD, as well as their family members, impose consider able economic burdens on the healthcare system as a result of this condition. While these first estimates of the cost of ADHD to the nation are suggestive of its substantial economic burden, future research needs to refine and build on this analysis, particularly in the context of a model to control for related co-morbidities. Similarly, since these results are based on data from a single company for the period 1996-1998, the analysis should be validated with more representative, current data.
authors.affiliation: Analysis Group, Inc., Boston, MA 02199, USA. hbirnbaum@analysisgroup.com
authors.forename: Howard G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: Sarah W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Secnik
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Andrine R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Swensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology