title: Effects of plant leachates from four boreal understorey species on soil N mineralization, and white spruce (Picea glauca) germination and seedling growth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Natural regeneration of white spruce (Picea glauca) after disturbance has been reported to be very poor. Here a study was made to determine whether C compounds released from understorey species growing together with white spruce could be involved in this regeneration failure, either by (1) changing soil nutrient dynamics, (2) inhibiting germination, and/or (3) delaying seedling growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Foliage leachates were obtained from two shrubs (Ledum palustre and Empetrum hermaphroditum) and one bryophyte (Sphagnum sp.) with high phenolic compound concentrations that have been reported to depress growth of conifers in boreal forests, and, as a comparison, one bryophyte (Hylocomium splendens) with negligible phenolic compounds. Mineral soil from a white spruce forest was amended with plant leachates to examine the effect of each species on net N mineralization. Additionally, white spruce seeds and seedlings were watered with plant leachates to determine their effects on germination and growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leachates from the shrubs L. palustre and E. hermaphroditum contained high phenolic compound concentrations and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), while no detectable levels of C compounds were released from the bryophytes Sphagnum sp. or H. splendens. A decrease in net N mineralization was determined in soils amended with L. palustre or E. hermaphroditum leachates, and this effect was inversely proportional to the phenolic concentrations, DOC and leachate C/N ratio. The total percentage of white spruce germination and the growth of white spruce seedlings were similar among treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the shrubs L. palustre and E. hermaphroditum could negatively affect the performance of white spruce due to a decrease in soil N availability, but not by direct effects on plant physiology.
authors.affiliation: Unitat d'Ecofisiologia CSIC-CEAB-CREAF, CREAF (Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain. castells@life.uiuc.edu
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castells
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peñuelas
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Valentine
mesh_terms: D044002:Bryophyta / Q000737:chemistry*; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000737:chemistry*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry*; D028222:Picea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D012987:Soil; D009584:Nitrogen