title: Holoprosencephaly and limb reduction defects: a consideration of Steinfeld syndrome and related conditions.
abstract: Individuals with holoprosencephaly (HPE) and limb reduction defects have been ascribed historically to a variety of syndromes with overlapping phenotypic features. As such, these patients are challenges for clinicians and researchers alike. In an effort to better understand this association, we reviewed our autopsy records and identified five cases of HPE with reduction defects of the limbs and other anomalies. One case appears to be the third reported instance of Steinfeld syndrome, while others represent microgastria-limb reduction sequence, VATER/VACTERL association, and an additional unique condition characterized by HPE, rhombencephalosynapsis, absent left radius, first metacarpal, and thumb, and congenital heart disease. The phenotypic heterogeneity inherent in these patients continues to complicate diagnosis, which will hopefully be simplified by continuing delineation at morphologic and especially genetic levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratories, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA. Joseph.Siebert@seattlechildrens.org
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Siebert
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Schoenecker
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Resta
authors.forename: Raj P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kapur
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D001132:Arm / Q000002:abnormalities; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death; D005865:Gestational Age; D016142:Holoprosencephaly / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007621:Karyotyping; D007866:Leg / Q000002:abnormalities; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D013577:Syndrome