title: Iron and vitamin A deficiency in long-term African refugees.
abstract: Five cross-sectional surveys were conducted in African refugee camps to assess the level of iron deficiency anemia and vitamin A deficiency in populations dependent on long-term international food aid and humanitarian assistance. The prevalence of anemia in children [hemoglobin (Hb) <110 g/L] was high, with >60% affected in 3 of 5 camps. Iron deficiency [serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) >8.5 mg/L] was also high, ranging from 23 to 75%; there was also a strong ecological correlation between the prevalence of iron deficiency and anemia among different camps. Within camps, sTfR predicted the concentration of Hb with adjusted R(2) values ranging from 0.19 to 0.51. Although children were more affected, anemia was also a public health problem in adolescents and women. The effect of recent recommendations on Hb cutoff values for African populations was assessed and found to produce decreases in the prevalence of anemia of between 5 and 21%; this did not affect the public health categorization of the anemia problem within the most affected camps. Mean serum retinol in children, after adjustment for infection status, ranged from 0.72 +/- 0.2 to 0.88 +/- 0.2 micromol/L in the 4 camps assessed and vitamin A deficiency (<0.7 micromol/L) was present at levels ranging from 20.5 to 61.7%. In areas in which vitamin A capsule distribution programs were in effect, coverage ranged from 3.5 up to 66.2%. The high level of micronutrient deficiencies seen in long-term refugees argues in favor of further enhancements in food aid fortification and the strengthening of nutrition and public health programs.
authors.affiliation: Centre for International Child Health, Institute of Child Health, London, WC1 1EH, UK. a.seal@ich.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Seal
authors.forename: Paul I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Creeke
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mirghani
authors.forename: Fathia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abdalla
authors.forename: Rory P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: McBurney
authors.forename: Lisa S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brookes
authors.forename: Laird J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ruth
authors.forename: Elodie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marchand
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D000351:Africa, Eastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012036:Refugees; D012998:Somalia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013397:Sudan / Q000453:epidemiology; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins