title: The Australasian Clinical Toxicology Investigators Collaboration randomized trial of different loading infusion rates of N-acetylcysteine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determine whether the incidence of adverse events caused by intravenous N -acetylcysteine is significantly less when the initial dose is infused over a 60-minute period compared with the standard infusion period of 15 minutes. A secondary objective is to assess the efficacy of the 2 treatment arms.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a multicenter, randomized, prospective trial of patients who presented with acetaminophen poisoning and who were treated with N -acetylcysteine and had no history of hypersensitivity to N-acetylcysteine. Patients were randomly assigned to receive the initial dose of N-acetylcysteine over a 15-minute or 60-minute period. Baseline signs and symptoms and adverse events were serially evaluated before and during administration of N -acetylcysteine. Tests of liver injury and coagulation were collected at baseline and then at 12-hour intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study was designed with an 80% power to detect a halving of the incidence of adverse events. Of 180 evaluable patients, 109 patients were randomized to the 15-minute group and 71 patients were randomized to the 60-minute group. The incidence of drug-related adverse events was 45% in the 15-minute group and 38% in the 60-minute group (95% confidence interval -8% to 22%). The study did not demonstrate a reduction of drug-related adverse outcomes with the 60-minute infusion. Incidence of maximum alanine aminotransferase levels indicating hepatotoxicity (serum level >1,000 IU/L) was 6.8% (5.6% for 15-minute, 8.7% for 60-minute). The difference did not attain statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study did not demonstrate a reduction of drug-related adverse outcomes with the 60-minute infusion. The study also confirmed that early treatment with N -acetylcysteine (within 8 hours of ingestion) is more effective than later treatment.
authors.affiliation: Austin Health, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia. John.KERR@austin.org.au
authors.forename: Fergus
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Whyte
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Andis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Graudins
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Trudinger
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning*; D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000139:chemically induced; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D000082:Acetaminophen; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000111:Acetylcysteine