title: Effect of albumin on the photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms by a cationic porphyrin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) employs visible light and a photosensitizer to inactivate cells. The technique is currently clinically used for the treatment of several malignancies. However, the PDI of microorganisms still remains in the research phase.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of human blood plasma and human serum albumin (HSA) on the PDI of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans.
  
  
  METHODS
  PDI experiments were performed using white light (30 mW cm-2) and the cationic 5-phenyl-10,15,20-tris(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin chloride (TriP[4]) as photosensitizer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The microorganisms could be successfully photoinactivated by TriP[4] when suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In this medium, P. aeruginosa was the most resistant microorganism. Changing the suspending medium from PBS to human blood plasma reduced the PDI of all three microorganisms. In human blood plasma C. albicans was the most resistant microorganism. The same results were obtained with 4.5% and 7% HSA/PBS suspensions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Albumin inhibits the PDI of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans in a dose dependent manner. However, our results are encouraging towards the potential future application of PDI for the treatment of superficial wound infections caused by S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans.
authors.affiliation: Laser Center K01-225-5, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Saskia A G
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lambrechts
authors.forename: Maurice C G
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Aalders
authors.forename: Frank D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Verbraak
authors.forename: Johan W M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lagerberg
authors.forename: Jacob B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dankert
authors.forename: Johannes J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Schuitmaker
mesh_terms: D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D011166:Porphyrins; D012709:Serum Albumin