title: An extremely high dose of losartan affords superior renoprotection in the remnant model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rats subjected to 5/6 renal ablation (NX) exhibit large renal amounts of angiotensin II (Ang II) and of its main receptor, AT-1R. At previously used doses, AT-1R blockers (ARB) offer only partial renal protection. A possible explanation for this limited effect is that these doses are insufficient to block most of the abnormally expressed AT-1R. We investigated whether extremely high doses of the ARB, losartan (L), offer better protection than conventional doses in the NX model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty days after NX, tail-cuff pressure (TCP), albuminuria (U(alb)V, mg/day), glomerulosclerosis index (GSI), fractional interstitial area (%INT), and macrophage infiltration (MO) were evaluated in a separate group (NX(pre)). The remaining rats were then subdivided among 4 groups: NX+V, receiving vehicle; NX+L50, treated with L, at the "conventional" dose of 50 mg/kg/day; NX+L500, receiving L, 500 mg/kg/day; and NX+HH, receiving hydrochlorothiazide and hydralazine to lower blood pressure to a similar extent as in group L500.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a month of treatment, blood pressure and renal vascular resistance were lowest in group L500. Glomerular pressure was lowered by a similar extent by L50 and L500, while GFR was similar among groups. U(alb)V, TCP, and renal injury were only partially reduced by L50 120 days after renal ablation. By contrast, L500 arrested renal inflammation and glomerular/interstitial injury at pretreatment levels, and promoted regression of hypertension and U(alb)V, causing no apparent untoward effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The renal protection afforded by ARB in NX is dose dependent. Maximal protection may require doses several fold higher than those currently employed.
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clarice Kazue
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Fujihara
authors.forename: Mariliza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Velho
authors.forename: Denise Maria Avancini Costa
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Malheiros
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zatz
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000517:prevention & control; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019808:Losartan / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D019808:Losartan