title: The bacterial flora of alpha-Gal knockout mice express the alpha-Gal epitope comparable to wild type mice.
abstract: The human genome possesses pseudogenes for the enzyme alpha1,3 galactosyltransferase and hence, human cells and tissues do not express the Galalpha terminated trisaccharide structure Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc, the so-called alpha-Gal epitope. Circulating antibodies specific for this carbohydrate epitope are, however, present in high amounts in humans. It has previously been hypothesized that the antibody production is induced by the presence of the alpha-Gal epitope in the cell walls of the enteric flora, especially Enterobacteriaceae spp. However, in mice, in which the epitope has been deleted by targeted mutation of the gal-transferase gene, alpha-Gal antibodies do not appear without prior immunization, although the mice through their growth probably have been exposed to a normal bacterial flora of e.g. Enterobacteriaceae spp. It is unknown whether there are different types of immune reactions to antigenic carbohydrate expressing bacteria and whether there are discrepancies in the enteric flora between these knockout mice and their wild type litter mates. In this study the enteric flora of alpha-Gal knockout and wild type mice was compared both in relation to the prevalence of different types of bacteria in the two groups of mice, as well as in relation to the expression of the epitope on the surface of Enterobacteriaceae spp. Our results showed that the enteric flora did not differ significantly between knockout and wild type mice and that it was comparable to the flora known to be present in the intestines of other mice. All Enterobacteriaceae spp. examined expressed the alpha-Gal epitope no matter whether they were isolated from knockout or wild type mice. It is, therefore, discussed whether it is more reasonable to assume that alpha-Gal antibodies in mammals that do not produce alpha1,3 galactosyltransferase such as in the knock mice and in humans are the result of another antigen stimulant than these common representatives of the enteric flora, that we isolated from the two types of mice. Possible candidates for a carrier in humans could be bacteria or viruses not isolated from barrier-bred mice.
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Welfare, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Dyrlaegevej 35, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kirkeby
authors.forename: A F J
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: d'Apice
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mathiassen
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002432:Cecum / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005835:Genitalia / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D014312:Trisaccharides / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D014312:Trisaccharides; C076569:alpha-galactosyl epitope