The thioredoxin system in retroviral infection and apoptosis.
Human thioredoxin (TRX) was first identified in human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-positive T-cell lines and is associated with the pathophysiology of retroviral infections. TRX is a vital component of the thiol-reducing system and regulates various cellular function (redox regulation). Members of the TRX system regulate apoptosis through a wide variety of mechanisms. A family of thioredoxin-dependent peroxidases (peroxiredoxins) protects against apoptosis by scavenging hydrogen peroxide. Thioredoxin 2 is a critical regulator of cytochrome c release and mitochondrial apoptosis; transmembrane thioredoxin-related molecule (TMX) has a protective role in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. TRX interacts with apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and is a sensor of oxidative stress. Thioredoxin binding protein-2/vitamin D(3) upregulated protein 1 is a growth suppressor and its expression is suppressed in HTLV-I-transformed cells. Studies of these molecules of the TRX system provide novel insights into the apoptosis associated with retroviral diseases.
Masutani
H
H
Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan. hmasutan@virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Ueda
S
S
Yodoi
J
J
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000378:metabolism; D015490:HTLV-I Infections / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D048848:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 5 / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D054464:Peroxiredoxins; D012192:Retroviridae Infections / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000378:metabolism*
D008565:Membrane Proteins; D013879:Thioredoxins; D010544:Peroxidases; D054464:Peroxiredoxins; D048848:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 5; D005978:Glutathione