title: Treatment option for sperm- or oocyte-related fertilization failure: assisted oocyte activation following diagnostic heterologous ICSI.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Failed fertilization occurs in 2-3% of ICSI cycles and is mainly due to lack of oocyte activation. Heterologous ICSI of patient's sperm in mouse oocytes allows discrimination between sperm- and oocyte-related aetiologies of activation failure. Assisted oocyte activation (AOA) by Ca-ionophore treatment can initiate fertilization in subsequent therapeutic ICSI. We report on diagnosis and clinical treatment in 17 patients with previously failed fertilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sperm from patients were injected into mature mouse oocytes. Activation capacity was assessed by 2-cell formation (mouse oocyte activation test, MOAT). When no activation occurred, it was assumed that the spermatozoon was deficient; otherwise an oocyte-related factor was suspected. In a subsequent ICSI cycle, AOA was done by ICSI with CaCl2 followed by a Ca2+ ionophore exposure. Fertilization was checked 16-20 h later. Embryo transfer was on day 2 or 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MOAT showed sperm-related activation deficiency in six globozoospermic patients and two patients with extreme oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. One patient with small sperm acrosomes had a normal activation percentage. In eight other patients, the MOAT revealed a relatively normal activation capacity of the sperm, indicating an oocyte-related defect. After AOA, fertilization rates were 77 and 71% in the sperm- and oocyte-related groups respectively. Five pregnancies were achieved in the globozoospermia group and three in cases of oocyte-related activation failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assisted oocyte activation enables normal fertilization and pregnancy in sperm- and oocyte-related fertilization failure.
authors.affiliation: Infertility Centre, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Bjorn.Heindryckx@UGent.be
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heindryckx
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van der Elst
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Sutter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dhont
mesh_terms: D000177:Acrosome / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D007476:Ionophores; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009865:Oocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D007476:Ionophores; D002122:Calcium Chloride