title: Prospective evaluation of community-acquired acute-phase hepatitis C virus infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More than two-thirds of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in Western countries are caused by injection drug use, but prospective clinical data regarding the most common mode of HCV acquisition are rare, in part because acute-phase HCV infection is usually asymptomatic.
  
  
  METHODS
  To characterize acute-phase HCV infection, 179 HCV antibody-negative injection drug users were prospectively evaluated; 62 (34%) of these patients had seroconverted. Twenty of the participants who seroconverted had long-term follow-up with consistent monthly sampling before and after seroconversion, allowing detailed study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first indication of HCV infection was the presence of HCV RNA in serum, which preceded elevation of alanine transaminase levels and total bilirubin levels to > or =2 times baseline in 45% and 77% of patients, respectively. No subjects had jaundice. The median time from initial viremia to seroconversion was 36 days (range, 32-46 days). In one instance, viremia was detected 434 days before seroconversion. However, in no other case was HCV RNA detected >63 days before seroconversion. In subjects with viral persistence, a stable level of HCV RNA in the blood was noted in some subjects within 60 days after the initial detection of viremia, but in others, it was not apparent until >1 year later. In subjects with long-term viral clearance, HCV became persistently undetectable as early as 94 and as late as 620 days after initial viremia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data underscore the importance of nucleic acid screening of blood donations to prevent HCV transmission and of long-term follow-up to ascertain whether there is viral persistence, at least among injection drug users.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. acox@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Dale M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Netski
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mosbruger
authors.forename: Susan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: Steffanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strathdee
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ompad
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vlahov
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: Venkatakrishna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shyamala
authors.forename: Stuart C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications; D013997:Time Factors; D014758:Viral Core Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014766:Viremia / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014758:Viral Core Proteins; D000410:Alanine Transaminase