title: C-type natriuretic peptide inhibits constrictive remodeling without compromising re-endothelialization in balloon-dilated renal arteries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the long-term effect of local, liposome-mediated gene transfer of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) plasmid versus CNP protein on restenosis in porcine renal arteries following balloon angioplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  The renal arteries of 15 pigs were dilated and the adventitia at the site of balloon injury injected with CNP protein, pCR3.1 plasmid encoding CNP, or the beta-galactosidase gene (control) via a needle injection catheter. Five animals receiving the CNP and control genes in dilated arteries were sacrificed after 3 weeks to analyze re-endothelialization, proliferation, and early CNP expression. Ten animals designated for the long-term experiments (3 months) were treated with the CNP gene versus CNP protein (n=3), the CNP gene versus the control gene (n=3), and the CNP protein versus the control gene (n=3). One animal served as a dilated non-treated control. Transfection and expression of CNP and beta-galactosidase were measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR. Renal arterial lumen narrowing was measured with angiography and histology. Endothelialization was assessed using Evans blue stain; vWF, CD31, factor VIII, and Ki67 were markers for immunohistochemical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An intact endothelial layer was seen at 3 weeks following angioplasty in all transfected arteries. Three months following treatment, computer-assisted morphometric analysis revealed significant enlargement of the arterial cross-sectional areas in CNP plasmid- treated vessels compared to dilated but untreated arteries (CNP plasmid +34.8%+/-13.9% versus CNP protein -1.75%+/-19.9% versus beta-galactosidase -47.0%+/-13.9%, p<0.01). Angiographic analysis showed significant enlargement of the arterial diameter compared to dilated, untreated arteries (CNP plasmid +20.8%+/-6.8% versus CNP protein +5.7%+/-6.0% versus beta-galactosidase -24.5%+/-10.2%, p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local application of CNP plasmid proved superior to CNP protein in producing rapid re-endothelialization and significantly enlarging the renal arterial lumen following dilation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital, Westfälische Wilhelm University, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kühnl
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pelisek
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuhlmann
authors.forename: Pierre H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Rolland
authors.forename: Choukri
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mekkaoui
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: Sigrid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nikol
mesh_terms: D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D008081:Liposomes; D045283:Natriuretic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics*; D020098:Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics*; D010957:Plasmids; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D012078:Renal Artery Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes; D045283:Natriuretic Agents; D020098:Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type