title: Cystoscopy: techniques and clinical applications.
abstract: Cystoscopy is a powerful tool for characterization of lower urinary tract disease in dogs and cats. Current applications of cystoscopy include diagnostic and interventional techniques. This article reviews cystoscopy equipment, procedures, and common applications of cystoscopy. A review of normal anatomy and common lower urinary tract lesions identifiable with cystoscopy is also presented.
authors.affiliation: Small Animal Internal Medicine Section, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Vetennary Clinical Sciences, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. messer.55@osu.edu
authors.forename: Jeannette S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Messer
authors.forename: Dennis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McLoughlin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D002415:Cats; D020684:Cystoscopes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D014521:Urethra / Q000473:pathology; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D014553:Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*