title: Correlation between shaking behaviors and seizure severity in five animal models of convulsive seizures.
abstract: Wet dog shakes (WDS) and head shakes (HS) are associated with experimentally induced convulsive seizures. We sought to determine whether these behaviors are correlated or not with major (status epilepticus (SE) or fully kindled animals) or minor (non-SE or partially kindled animals) seizure severity. WDS are directly correlated with SE induced by intracerebral star fruit extract (Averrhoa carambola) injection and with kindled animals in the amygdala fast kindling model. On the other hand, WDS are inversely correlated with SE induced by intracerebral bicuculline and pilocarpine injections. Systemic pilocarpine in animals pretreated with methyl-scopolamine barely induced WDS or HS. The role of shaking behaviors may vary from ictal to anticonvulsant depending on the experimental seizure model, circuitries involved, and stimulus intensity. The physical presence of acrylic helmets may per se inhibit the HS response. Also, methyl-scopolamine, a drug incapable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, can induce HS in animals without acrylic helmets.
authors.affiliation: Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo Cairrão Araújo
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rossetti
authors.forename: Maira Licia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Foresti
authors.forename: Gabriel Maisonnave
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Arisi
authors.forename: Márcio Araújo
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Furtado
authors.forename: Maria Luiza Cleto
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Dal-Cól
authors.forename: Poliana
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bertti
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Francisco Leite
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Flávio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Del Vecchio
authors.forename: Norberto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Garcia-Cairasco
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000528:radiation effects; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D001640:Bicuculline / Q000633:toxicity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000633:toxicity; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D007696:Kindling, Neurologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D008857:Microscopy, Interference / Q000379:methods; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000633:toxicity; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000633:toxicity; D010862:Pilocarpine / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000633:toxicity; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018756:GABA Antagonists; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D010862:Pilocarpine; D012601:Scopolamine; D001640:Bicuculline