title: Diabetes and cardiovascular risk markers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  People with type 2 diabetes generally carry an array of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, alterations in inflammatory mediators and coagulation/thrombolytic parameters, as well as other 'non-traditional' risk factors, many of which may be closely associated with insulin resistance. Consequently, rates of CVD mortality and morbidity are particularly high in this population. Targeting hyperglycaemia alone does not reduce the excess risk in diabetes, highlighting the need for aggressive treatment of other risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a review of cardiovascular risk markers in diabetes, based on MEDLINE and EMBASE literature searches (1994-2004).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although, the current use of statin therapy is effective at reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, residual risk remains from other independent lipid and non-lipid factors. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma(PPARgamma) appears to be intimately involved in regulating risk markers at multiple levels. Ligands that activate PPARgamma, which include the thiazolidinedione (TZD) insulin-sensitizing agents used to manage type 2 diabetes, display a number of potential anti-atherogenic properties, including effects on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as other beneficial non-lipid effects, such as regulating levels of mediators involved in inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Data from several sources suggest that simple strategies combining TZDs and statins could have complementary effects on CVD risk factors profiles in diabetes, alongside the ability to control glycaemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is hoped that studies currently underway will provide insights into the value of such treatment approaches in terms of reducing the excess CVD risk, morbidity and mortality associated with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Cologne, Germany. erland.erdmann@uni-koeln.de
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erdmann
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists; D012306:Risk; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D047495:PPAR gamma; D045162:Thiazolidinediones