title: Real-time monitoring of a digestive tract marker to reduce adverse effects of moving organs at risk (OAR) in radiotherapy for thoracic and abdominal tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility of real-time monitoring of a fiducial marker in/near the digestive tract and to analyze the motion of organs at risk to determine a reasonable internal margin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed two methods to insert a fiducial marker into/near the digestive tract adjacent to the target volume. One method involves an intraoperative insertion technique, and the other involves endoscopic insertion into the submucosal layer of the normal digestive tract. A fluoroscopic real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy system was used to monitor the marker.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen markers (2 in the mediastinum and 12 in the abdomen) were implanted intraoperatively in 14 patients with no apparent migration. Seventeen of 20 markers (13/14 in the esophagus, 1/2 in the stomach, and 3/4 in the duodenum) in 18 patients were implanted using endoscopy without dropping. No symptomatic adverse effects related to insertion were observed. The mean/standard deviation of the range of motion of the esophagus was 3.5/1.8, 8.3/3.8, and 4.0/2.6 mm for lateral, craniocaudal and anteroposterior directions, respectively, in patients with intrafractional tumor motion less than 1.0 cm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both intraoperative and endoscopic insertions of a fiducial marker into/near the digestive tract for monitoring of organs at risk were feasible. The margin for internal motion can be individualized using this system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. hashimoto@pmrc.tsukuba.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shirato
authors.forename: Mototsugu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Nobuaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kurauchi
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Yong Chan
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akine
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyasaka
mesh_terms: D000008:Abdominal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D003938:Diagnostic Techniques, Digestive System / Q000295:instrumentation; D004386:Duodenum; D004947:Esophagus; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D013270:Stomach; D013552:Swine; D013899:Thoracic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*