title: A reliable probabilistic sleep stager based on a single EEG signal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We developed a probabilistic continuous sleep stager based on Hidden Markov models using only a single EEG signal. It offers the advantage of being objective by not relying on human scorers, having much finer temporal resolution (1s instead of 30s), and being based on solid probabilistic principles rather than a predefined set of rules (Rechtschaffen & Kales)
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-eight whole night sleep recordings from two different sleep labs are analysed using Gaussian observation Hidden Markov models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our unsupervised approach detects the cornerstones of human sleep (wakefulness, deep and REM sleep) with around 80% accuracy based on data from a single EEG channel. There are some difficulties in generalizing results across sleep labs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using data from a single electrode is sufficient for reliable continuous sleep staging. Sleep recordings from different sleep labs are not directly comparable. Training of separate models for the sleep labs is necessary.
authors.affiliation: The Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Freyung 6/6, A-1010 Vienna, Austria. arthur@sccn.ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flexer
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dorffner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D016011:Normal Distribution; D011336:Probability; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology