title: Risk-adjustment in hepatobiliary pancreatic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study evaluates the performance of the POSSUM, the American Society of Anesthetists (ASA), APACHE and Childs classification in predicting mortality and morbidity in hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) surgery. We describe especially the limitations and advantages of risk in stratifying the patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 177 randomly chosen patients undergoing elective complex HPB surgery in a single institution with a total of 71 pre-operative and intra-operative risk factors. Primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality and morbidity. Ordered logistic regression analysis was used to identify individual predictors of operative morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The operative mortality in the series was 3.95%. This compared well with the p-POSSUM and APACHE predicted mortality of 4.31% and 4.29% respectively. Post-operative complications amounted to 45% with 24 (13.6%) patients having a major adverse event. On multivariate analysis the pre-operative POSSUM physiological score (OR = 1.18, P = 0.009) was superior in predicting complications compared to the ASA (P = 0.108), APACHE (P = 0.117) or Childs classification (P = 0.136). In addition, serum sodium, creatinine, international normalized ratio (INR), pulse rate, and intra-operative blood loss were independent risk factors. A combination of the POSSUM variables and INR offered the optimal combination of risk factors for risk prognostication in HPB surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Morbidity for elective HPB surgery can be accurately predicted and applied in everyday surgical practice as an adjunct in the process of informed consent and for effective allocation of resources for intensive and high-dependency care facilities.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Surgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK. hemant.kocher@cancer.org.uk
authors.forename: Hemant M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kocher
authors.forename: Paris P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Tekkis
authors.forename: Palepu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gopal
authors.forename: Ameet G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cottam
authors.forename: Irving S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Benjamin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D020379:Risk Adjustment