title: Combined-modality treatment and organ preservation in bladder cancer. Do molecular markers predict outcome?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In invasive bladder cancer, several groups have reported the value of organ preservation by a combined-treatment approach, including transurethral resection (TUR-BT) and radiochemotherapy (RCT). As more experience is acquired with this organ- sparing treatment, patient selection needs to be optimized. Clinical factors are limited in their potential to identify patients most likely to respond to RCT, thus, additional molecular markers for predicting treatment response of individual lesions are sorely needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The apoptotic index (AI) and Ki-67 index were evaluated by immunohistochemistry on pretreatment biopsies of 134 patients treated for bladder cancer by TUR-BT and RCT. Expression of each marker as well as clinicopathologic factors were then correlated with initial response, local control and cancer-specific survival with preserved bladder in univariate and multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median AI for all patients was 1.5% (range 0.2-7.4%). The percentage of Ki-67-positive cells in the tumors ranged from 0.2% to 85% with a median of 14.2%. A significant correlation was found for AI and tumor differentiation (G1/2: AI = 1.3% vs. G3/4: AI = 1.6%; p = 0.01). A complete response at restaging TUR-BT was achieved in 76% of patients. Factors predictive of complete response included T-category (p < 0.0001), resection status (p = 0.02), lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.01), and Ki-67 index (p = 0.02). For local control, AI (p = 0.04) and Ki-67 index (p = 0.05) as well as T-category (p = 0.005), R-status (p = 0.05), and lymphatic vessel invasion (p = 0.05) reached statistical significance. Out of the molecular markers only high Ki-67 levels were associated to cause-specific survival with preserved bladder. On multivariate analysis, T-category was the strongest independent factor for initial response, local control and cancer-specific survival with preserved bladder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The indices of pretreatment apoptosis and Ki-67 predict a favorable outcome in bladder cancer patients treated with TUR-BT and RCT. Molecular markers may help to select patients for an organ-sparing approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Erlangen, Germany. Christian.Weiss@strahlen.imed.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rödel
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
authors.forename: Dirk G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Engehausen
authors.forename: Karl M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Schrott
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rödel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen