title: N-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate embolization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae: CT evaluation, technical features, and outcome prognosis in 26 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the role of CT as an early predictor of outcome prognosis after glue embolization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a 13-year period, 26 patients underwent glue embolization of SDAVF and were retrospectively reviewed. Immediately after embolization, each patient had CT evaluation of cast position. Mean follow-up angiography was 23.4 months (range, 1-87 months; median, 21 months). Both MR images and clinical data (e.g., gait and micturition disabilities according to the Aminoff and Logue disability scale, deep and superficial sensitivity) were analyzed, with a mean follow-up of 37.7 months (range, 12-98 months; median, 28 months). Data were tested by univariate analysis by using Fisher's exact test and the Kruskall Wallis test, depending on the order of the qualitative variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glue was found in the dura mater on CT in 19 (73%) patients. None of these patients had a recanalized fistula on angiography, and the clinical status of all of them improved. Glue was observed in or proximal to the foramen on CT in seven (27%) patients. In five of them, the fistula was recanalized within a mean period of 9 months (range, 3-24 months; median, 6 months) and their clinical status worsened. All five required surgical treatment. On angiography, the absence of fistula recanalization was observed in 21 (81%) patients and correlated with improvements in gait (P = .016), sensitivity (P = .030), and micturition (P = .080). It also correlated with a decrease in the extent of the abnormally high intramedullary T2 signal intensity (P = .002), a decrease in spinal cord diameter (P = .017), and the resolution of prominent perimedullary vessels (P < .001). The presence of glue within the dura mater on CT correlated with the absence of fistula recanalization (P = .045) and with overall improvement in clinical status, including gait and/or sensitivity and/or micturition (P = .042).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT evaluation of embolization cast position immediately after embolization may constitute an early and reliable tool for predicting permanent fistula occlusion and the prognosis for outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Remy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guillevin
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Vallee
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cormier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dormont
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chiras
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply*; D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D004659:Enbucrilate