title: Distribution of artificial cerebral microemboli in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is considered as an important risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases. Nevertheless, the relationship between the distribution of high-intensity transient signals (HITS), resulting from injection of air mixed with saline and detected by transcranial Doppler (TCD), and clinical cerebrovascular syndromes in these patients has not been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using TCD, we screened 40 patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), in whom PFO was proven by transesophageal echocariography (TEE). Of these, 30 patients (75%) with artificially produced HITS either in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) or the basilar artery (BA) were included in the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen patients had a stroke or TIA in the carotid territory and 11 patients in the vertebro-basilar territory. HITS were found in the MCA in all 30 patients and in 21 of the 30 patients in the BA. Of the latter, ten patients were in the carotid group and 11 patients were in the veretebro-basilar group, p = 0.011.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a significant association between the distribution of artificial HITS and the clinical cerebrovascular syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Telman
authors.forename: Efim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kouperberg
authors.forename: Elliot
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sprecher
authors.forename: Dorit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldsher
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yarnitsky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001488:Basilar Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media