title: Minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia is predicted by an apoptosis-resistant protein profile at diagnosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Apoptosis is an important mechanism regulating survival of acute myeloid leukemia cells. The apoptosis-related protein profile at diagnosis is important for achieving complete remission thereby affecting survival variables such as disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).To investigate the role of the apoptosis protein profile in further response to therapy and outgrowth of disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied whether Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, Bax as well as the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and a combination of all (antiapoptosis index, AAI) are related to the frequency of malignant cells surviving the chemotherapy (i.e., minimal residual disease, MRD). MRD cells were identified by leukemia-associated aberrant phenotypes established at diagnosis by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that Bcl-2 (R = 0.55, P = 0.002), Bcl-2/Bax (R = 0.42, P = 0.02), and AAI (R = 0.47, P = 0.01) at diagnosis directly correlated with MRD after the first cycle of chemotherapy. In turn, MRD frequency after first cycle correlated with DFS (P = 0.04). Taken together, these results directly explain why Bcl-2/Bax and especially AAI (P = 0.007) at diagnosis correlate with DFS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that apoptosis resistance plays an important role in the first stage of the therapy (i.e., to eliminate the bulk of malignant cells), in terms of achievement of complete remission and frequency of MRD after first cycle of therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Stijn
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Feller
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: Marjoleine A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van der Pol
authors.forename: Gert J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Ossenkoppele
authors.forename: Gerrit J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Schuurhuis
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000032:analysis; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: C494826:BAX protein, human; C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein