title: Nasopharyngeal cancer in the Middle East: experience of the American University of Beirut Medical Center.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the data of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated at the American University of Beirut Medical Center and reflect on the characteristics and treatment outcome of NPC in the Middle East compared with those of Western countries and countries in which NPC is endemic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1966 and 1998, 151 patients with the diagnosis of NPC received definitive radiotherapy at the American University of Beirut Medical Center. Of the 151 patients, 111 were males (gender ratio, 2.78); the median age was 45 years (range, 11-75 years). Most (95%) patients (n = 144) were Lebanese, 4 were Syrians, and 3 were from the Gulf countries. Most (60%) patients (n = 91) had Stage IV disease, 27% had Stage III, and 13% had Stage I or II disease; nodal disease was present in 117 patients (77%). The pathologic type was predominantly lymphoepithelioma or World Health Organization type III (95 patients, 63%). Treatment consisted of definitive radiotherapy alone for 116 patients (77%). All others received induction chemotherapy, primarily with cisplatin-containing regimens. The median radiation dose was 66 Gy (range, 47-73 Gy) to the primary and 67 Gy (range, 49-85 Gy) to involved neck nodes given at 2 Gy/fraction. The average follow-up was 3.02 years (range, 0.1-24.5 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5-year and 10-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate was 46%. Using univariate analyses, the following factors significantly affected DFS: node size (<3 vs. 3-6 vs. >6 cm; p = 0.01), node level (upper vs. mid vs. lower neck; p = 0.004), and duration of radiotherapy (p = 0.002). However, T stage, age, gender, radiation dose, use of chemotherapy, and histologic features had no statistically significant influence on DFS. The actuarial rate of local control at 5 and 10 years was 81% and 73%. T stage, N stage, and histologic features were statistically significant variables for local control in the univariate analyses. Using a Cox regression model, N stage (N1-N2 vs. N3; relative risk 2.09, p = 0.004) was identified as an independent variable for DFS, and N stage and pathologic features were identified as independent variables for local control. The actuarial rate of distant metastases was 32% at both 5 and 10 years. Distant metastases were only affected by N stage (upper-mid vs. lower neck; p = 0.004). Six patients (4%) were reported to have Grade 4 late complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the characteristics of NPC patients in Lebanon and their parameters of outcome are comparable to those reported in Western series, particularly for the relative frequency and effect of lymphoepithelial histologic type. Because of potential confounding factors, no definite conclusions about induction chemotherapy could be drawn from this retrospective study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon. fg00@aub.edu.lb
authors.forename: Fady B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Geara
authors.forename: Elie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nasr
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Emile
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brihi
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zaytoun
authors.forename: Usama
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hadi
authors.forename: Ziad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.forename: Naji
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: El Saghir
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Issa
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shamseddine
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome