title: How education, income, control over life and life style contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease among adults in a post-communist country.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of education, income, food habits and control over life on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in Poland, a former communist country with ongoing transformations of the political and economic system, where cardiovascular disease is an important health problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data were collected by questionnaire, as part of the CINDI Programme, from 2001 to 2002 in Lodz, an industrial city in Poland. The surveys were directed at random samples of 2000 men and 2000 women; 1847 participants aged 18-64 years responded. As detailed in the ATP III report, participants with three or more of abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia, low high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, high blood pressure or high fasting glucose were defined as having the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have found that education is more strongly associated with the metabolic syndrome. Our study suggests that higher education may be a strong and consistent predictor of good health. Also, low control over life (unfulfilled daily needs, unfulfilling work, little or no reward for effort at work) and lack of physical activity have been shown to be predictors for the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that interventions to improve the health of the Polish population need to be specific for the social environment.
authors.affiliation: Regional Health Insurance Foundation, 113 Kolarska Street, 94-131 Lodz, Poland. interna@wss.zgierz.pl
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stelmach
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaczmarczyk-Chałas
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bielecki
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Drygas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004493:Education; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012922:Social Change