title: A three-dimensional active shape model for the detection of anatomical landmarks on the back surface.
abstract: In this study relations between anatomical landmarks on the dorsal surface of the human torso corresponding to underlying skeletal structures are established. By examining the statistics of the positions of the landmarks in a training set of subjects a point distribution model is derived. Rotations of the pelvis are simulated in order to show that the main mode shapes of variation are consistent with rotations of the pelvis relative to the trunk. The parameters of these mode shapes can therefore be used as independent measures of clinical parameters such as pelvic inclination, pelvic tilt, etc. The point distribution model is further applied to improve reliability and robustness for an automatic and objective detection of the anatomical landmarks on the back surface (active shape model). The results show that it is possible to replace radiographs by surface measurements in order to measure position and orientation of the pelvis, which is particularly valuable in the case of functional examinations that normally involve a large number of radiographs (e.g. to measure the position of the pelvis in a scoliosis).
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Biomechanics and Engineering Design, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huysmans
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Audekercke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vander Sloten
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bruyninckx
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van der Perre
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001415:Back / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity