title: Effectiveness of automated locomotor training in patients with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury: a multicenter trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether automated locomotor training with a driven-gait orthosis (DGO) can increase functional mobility in people with chronic, motor incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated assessment of the same patients or single-case experimental A-B design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research units of rehabilitation hospitals in Chicago; Heidelberg, Germany; and Basel and Zurich, Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with a chronic (>2 y postinjury), motor incomplete SCI, classified by the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale with ASIA grades C (n=9) and D (n=11) injury. Most patients (n=16) were ambulatory before locomotor training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Locomotor training was provided using robotic-assisted, body-weight-supported treadmill training 3 to 5 times a week over 8 weeks. Single training sessions lasted up to 45 minutes of total walking time, with gait speed between .42 and .69 m/s and body-weight unloading as low as possible (mean +/- standard deviation, 37%+/-17%).
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome measures included the 10-meter walk test, the 6-minute walk test, the Timed Up & Go test, and the Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury-II tests. Secondary measures included lower-extremity motor scores and spastic motor behaviors to assess their potential contribution to changes in locomotor function. All subjects were tested before, during, and after training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Locomotor training using the DGO resulted in significant improvements in the subjects' gait velocity, endurance, and performance of functional tasks. There were no significant changes in the requirement of walking aids, orthoses, or external physical assistance. There was no correlation between improvements in walking speed or changes in muscle strength or spastic motor behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intensive locomotor training on a treadmill with the assistance of a DGO results in improved overground walking.
authors.affiliation: Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wirz
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Zemon
authors.forename: Ruediger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rupp
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheel
authors.forename: Gery
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: T George
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Hornby
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D012371:Robotics; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome