title: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces differentiation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells into osteoclasts through the induction of p21(WAF1/Cip1).
abstract: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a multifunctional cytokine that mediates inflammation and induces bone loss caused by excessive bone resorption by osteoclasts. The interaction of TNF-alpha with its receptor activates several signal transduction pathways, including those of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (p38, JNK, and ERK) and NF-kappaB. Signaling from these molecules has been shown to play an important role in osteoclastogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of TNF-alpha-induced osteoclast differentiation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We found that TNF-alpha alone greatly induced differentiation of PBMCs into osteoclasts. The osteoclast differentiation induced by TNF-alpha was independent of RANKL binding to its receptor RANK on PBMCs. Furthermore, TNF-alpha potently activated p38 MAPK, JNK, and NF-kappaB. Western blotting analysis revealed that p21(WAF1/Cip1), a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, is significantly induced upon TNF-alpha stimulation. The induction of p21(WAF1/Cip1) during differentiation is responsible for arrest at G(0)/G(1) phase and associated with the JNK pathway. These results suggest that TNF-alpha regulates osteoclast differentiation through p21(WAF1/Cip1) expression and further shows that these events require JNK activity.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Han Bok
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.forename: Hye-Mi
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Hyunil
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Mi-Jin
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Seung Bok
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hong-Hee
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Zang Hee
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; C505686:TNFRSF11A protein, human; C505688:TNFSF11 protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases