title: CB1 cannabinoid receptor agonists increase intracranial self-stimulation thresholds in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Addictive drugs have a number of commonalities in animal behavioral models. They lower intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds, support self-administration, and produce conditioned place preference (CPP). However, cannabinoids appear atypical as drugs of abuse, since there are controversial data in the literature concerning their reinforcing properties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of cannabinoids on brain reward using the rate-frequency curve shift paradigm of ICSS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with electrodes into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). Rate-frequency functions were determined by logarithmically decreasing the number of cathodal pulses in a stimulation train from a value that sustained maximal responding to one that did not sustain responding. After brain stimulation reward thresholds stabilized rats received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of the potent CB1 receptor agonists WIN 55,212-2 (graded doses 0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg), CP 55,940 (graded doses 10, 30, 56 and 100 microg/kg), or HU-210 (graded doses 10, 30, 100 microg/kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the exception of the highest dose of all cannabinoid agonists tested, which significantly increased the threshold frequency required for MFB ICSS, all other doses of the tested drugs did not affect ICSS thresholds. The CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A reversed the actions of WIN 55,212-2 and CP 55,940, but not HU-210. However, the selective CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM 251 counteracted the effect of HU-210. Both CB1 receptor antagonists, at the doses used in the present study, did not affect reward thresholds by themselves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results indicate that cannabinoid agonists do not exhibit reinforcing properties in the ICSS paradigm, but rather have an inhibitory influence on reward mechanisms. The results suggest that the anhedonic effects of cannabinoids are probably mediated by cannabinoid CB1 receptors.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Crete, 74100 Rethymnon, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Styliani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vlachou
authors.forename: George G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Nomikos
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Panagis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D048588:Benzoxazines; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D008297:Male; D009025:Morpholines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000819:agonists* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012201:Reward; D000077285:Rimonabant; D012653:Self Stimulation
chemical_list: D048588:Benzoxazines; D009025:Morpholines; D009281:Naphthalenes; D010880:Piperidines; D011720:Pyrazoles; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; C103505:AM 251; C070417:(3R)-((2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-((4-morpholinyl)methyl)pyrrolo-(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)(1-naphthalenyl))methanone; D013759:Dronabinol; C062018:HU 211; D000077285:Rimonabant