title: Fine-needle and large-needle percutaneous aspiration biopsy of testicles in men with nonobstructive azoospermia: safety and diagnostic performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess by ultrasonography the safety of the association fine-needle aspiration (FNA) plus a new percutaneous large-needle aspiration biopsy technique (LNAB), and to compare the results obtained with the two techniques in the same testicle and with FNA in the two testicles of the same patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of clinical, ultrasonographic, and pathologic data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and academic research environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and eighty-seven testicles of 233 patients (ages 19 to 57 years) with nonobstructive azoospermia were consecutively examined with FNA (154) or FNA + LNAB (233); 54 patients (89 testicles) examined with FNA + LNAB underwent a second ultrasonography up to 63 days after.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasonography, FNA, LNAB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hypoechoic area at ultrasonography; cytologic picture at FNA or LNAB of only Sertoli cells (category 1), spermatogenetic cells different from elongated spermatids or spermatozoa (category 2), and elongated spermatids and/or spermatozoa (category 3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 54 patients monitored by ultrasonography 48 (88.9%) showed no difference and 6 (11.1%) showed an hypoechoic area < or =1 cm in the second image. Category 1 occurred at FNA or LNAB in a very similar number of testicles (36% vs. 36.9%). Categories 2 and 3 were more frequent at LNAB (29.9% vs. 9.8%) and at FNA (54.2% vs. 33.2%), respectively. One hundred and sixty-six patients had both testicles examined by FNA; 147 pair of testicles were concordant for the presence or the absence of spermatozoa or elongated spermatids. In the remaining 19 patients (11.4%), these spermatogenetic cells were shown only in the specimen from one of the two testicles. These 19 patients accounted for 20.0% of 93 patients with spermatogenetic cells in at least one of the two testicles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of FNA and LNAB did not produce clinically or subclinically relevant complications. No important differences in the identification of category 1 with FNA or LNAB were found. Fine-needle aspiration was more adequate in identifying category 3, which was particularly relevant in 20% of the men who had these cells in at least one of the two testicles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproduction and Aging, University of Pisa, Spedali Riuniti Santa Chiara, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy. a.carpi@med.unipi.it
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carpi
authors.forename: Fabrizio Giuseppe
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Menchini Fabris
authors.forename: Pierfrancesco
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palego
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Coscio
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romani
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nardini
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rossi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009339:Needles; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013087:Spermatids / Q000473:pathology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000473:pathology; D013737:Testis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography