title: Helminths of saiga antelope in Kazakhstan: implications for conservation and livestock production.
abstract: Saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) graze extensively on livestock pasture, potentially enabling transmission of a wide range of parasitic helminths between saigas and domestic ruminants. Thirty-six of the 38 species of helminth that have been found in saigas in Kazakhstan in the past have been found also in domestic livestock. We examined 133 saigas culled for meat in autumn 1997, and found three species of cestode and 12 nematodes (nine in the abomasum), but no trematodes or lungworms. The most abundant species were Marshallagia marshalli, Marshallagia mongolica, and Nematodirus gazellae in the abomasum, Nematodirus gazellae in the small intestine, and Skrjabinema ovis in the large intestine. There was no clear relationship between intensities of abomasal nematodes and body condition. Age-intensity patterns differed between species: N. gazellae intensities were highest in saigas around 2-3 yr old, and declined in older animals, whereas the intensity of Marshallagia spp. rose asymptotically with age. Fecal egg density was directly proportional to adult worm intensity across ages for Marshallagia spp., but only in young animals for N. gazellae. There was no evidence that helminths, at the intensities observed, adversely affect saiga populations. The host range of many of the parasites found is broad, and transmission between saigas and livestock in both directions might become important to agriculture and conservation as livestock numbers recover. Simplified sampling techniques used in this study, and statistical analysis based on bootstrapping, could prove useful in other parasitologic surveys of wildlife in remote areas.
authors.affiliation: Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. eric.morgan@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Blok
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shaikenov
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Torgerson
authors.forename: Graham F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Medley
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Milner-Gulland
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000469:parasitology; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000469:parasitology; D000866:Antelopes / Q000469:parasitology*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006374:Helminthiasis, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D006376:Helminths / Q000145:classification; D007411:Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D007623:Kazakhstan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary