title: Critical risk factors for intellectual impairment in children with posterior fossa tumors: the role of cerebellar damage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intellectual impairment is a major concern after treatment of malignant posterior fossa tumors in children. The effects of age at diagnosis and radiotherapy have been widely documented. Little is known, however, about perioperative factors, especially neurological damage to the cerebellum, the role of which in cognition and learning has been recently indicated. The authors studied the effects in 76 children treated for a malignant posterior fossa tumor in a cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two thirds of the tumors were medulloblastoma. Neuropsychological evaluation was performed at least 6 months after the end of treatment, and findings were correlated with clinical risk factors for intellectual impairment. The mean verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ) score was 87 +/- 19 (+/- standard deviation) and the mean performance IQ (PIQ) score was 76 +/- 17.5. A single neuropsychological test measuring hand skills (the Purdue Pegboard) was the strongest predictor of low IQ scores including items testing higher cognitive functions. A low VIQ was associated with impaired hand skills (p < 0.0001) and the presence of preoperative hydrocephalus (p = 0.02), whereas a low PIQ was associated with impaired hand skills (p < 0.0001) and incision of the vermis (p = 0.02). Impaired hand skills were associated with postoperative cerebellar mutism, oculomotor deficits, cerebellar syndrome, and therapeutic requirements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When treatment schedules are adapted to risk of disease and age, surgery-related risk factors then become critical for predicting intellectual impairment. Children with cerebellar damage are particularly at risk for long-term neuropsychological dysfunction and require active rehabilitation measures. Reducing surgery-related morbidity should be the next goal to reduce posterior fossa surgery-specific deficits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France. grill@igr.fr
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grill
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Viguier
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kieffer
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bulteau
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sainte-Rose
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kalifa
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dellatolas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002526:Cerebellar Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000293:injuries; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015192:Infratentorial Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors