title: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 release during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction is related to coronary collateral flow.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that there was an association between tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) release and measured coronary collateral flow in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6 increase during acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, their relation to coronary collateral flow is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients with AMI due to complete thrombotic coronary occlusion underwent primary PCI within 12 h of symptom onset. Doppler-derived collateral flow index (CFI) was measured during first balloon inflation. TNF-alpha, IL-6, creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB fraction were measured from venous plasma samples serially for 24 h. Area at risk was determined off-line by coronary arteriography. Ejection fraction (EF) was measured using biplane left ventricular angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximal CK release varied between 569 and 6276 U/l and area at risk varied between 7 and 47% of myocardium. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (peak 4.4+/-0.5 pg/ml) and IL-6 (peak 35.5+/-3.0 pg/ml) increased in all patients. Peak TNF-alpha and IL-6 release was independent of CK, CKMB. No minimal threshold of myocardial necrosis for cytokine expression could be detected. Similarly, TNF-alpha and IL-6 release was also independent of time to reperfusion, area at risk or EF. Using univariate regression analysis, peak TNF-alpha inversely correlated with CFI (r = 0.67, P = 0.017) whereas IL-6 positively correlated with CFI (r = 0.76, P = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute myocardial infarction is associated with a significant rise in TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels independent of infarct size or myonecrosis. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6 correlate dichotomously with CFI indicating differing roles in reperfused AMI.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Cardiovascular Centre, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland. Roby.Rakhit@royalfree.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Roby D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Rakhit
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seiler
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wustmann
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zbinden
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Windecker
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Franz R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Eberli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013318:Stroke Volume; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003402:Creatine Kinase