title: A case-control study of patient, medication, and care-related risk factors for inpatient falls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To comprehensively analyze potential risk factors for falling in the hospital and describe the circumstances surrounding falls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study. Data on potential risk factors and circumstances of the falls were collected via interviews with patients and/or nurses and review of adverse event reports, medical records, and nurse staffing records.
  
  
  METHODS
  Large urban academic hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-eight inpatients who fell and 318 controls matched on approximate length of stay until the index fall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a multivariate model of patient-related, medication, and care-related variables, factors that were significantly associated with an increased risk of falling included: gait/balance deficit or lower extremity problem (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 9.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0 to 41.0), confusion (aOR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.6 to 8.4), use of sedatives/hypnotics (aOR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.6 to 11.5), use of diabetes medications (aOR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.3 to 7.9), increasing patient-to-nurse ratio (aOR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.0), and activity level of "up with assistance" compared with "bathroom privileges" (aOR, 8.7; 95% CI, 2.3 to 32.7). Urinary or stool frequency or incontinence was of borderline significance (aOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 0.99 to 5.6). Having one or more side rails raised was associated with a decreased risk of falling (aOR, 0.006; 95% CI, 0.001 to 0.024).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient health status, especially abnormal gait or lower extremity problems, medications, as well as care-related factors, increase the risk of falling. Fall prevention programs should target patients with these risk factors and consider using frequently scheduled mobilization and toileting, and minimizing use of medications related to falling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. mkrauss@im.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Melissa J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Evanoff
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hitcho
authors.forename: Kinyungu E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Ngugi
authors.forename: William Claiborne
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Dunagan
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Birge
authors.forename: Shirley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Costantinou
authors.forename: Victoria J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003221:Confusion / Q000453:epidemiology; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006304:Health Status; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008923:Missouri; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004856:Postural Balance; D012307:Risk Factors; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology