title: Behavioral responses during the forced swim test are not affected by anti-inflammatory agents or acute illness induced by lipopolysaccharide.
abstract: Pro-inflammatory cytokines and other molecules traditionally associated with immune function have been implicated in mediating behavioral and physiological consequences of stressor exposure. There is also evidence that cytokines are aberrantly expressed in depressive populations, suggesting they may play an etiological role in the development of depression/despair-related processes. Thus, we conducted a series of experiments to determine whether agents known to suppress cytokine activity or inflammatory responses in the CNS would alter the normal progression of behavioral responses during the forced swim test (FST, an animal model of depression/behavioral despair). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with indomethacin (1 or 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.)), alpha-MSH (0.25 or 0.5 microg icv), or minocycline (20 or 40 mg/kg i.p.) prior to each day of the FST and behavioral assessments were performed. Injection of indomethacin, alpha-MSH, or minocycline had no effect on the development of the immobility response during the FST on either day of testing. In a second series of experiments, we examined whether behavioral responses during forced swim would be affected by acute illness induced by a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Acute injection of LPS (10 or 100 microg/kg i.p.) had no effect on behavioral responding during the FST irrespective of when it was injected, despite pronounced reductions in social behavior following these same doses of LPS. From these studies, we conclude that (a) endogenous inflammatory mediators do not appear to be involved in the normal progression of behavioral responses during the FST, and (b) behavioral responses during the FST are not affected by acute systemic injection of LPS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, State University of New York at Binghamton, Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA. tdeak@binghamton.edu
authors.forename: Terrence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deak
authors.forename: Cherie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bellamy
authors.forename: Leah G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosanoff
authors.forename: Nevin K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: McElderry
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bordner
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D003891:Desipramine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D046353:Immobility Response, Tonic / Q000187:drug effects; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D008911:Minocycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013550:Swimming; D013997:Time Factors; D000521:alpha-MSH / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D000521:alpha-MSH; D008911:Minocycline; D003891:Desipramine; D007213:Indomethacin