title: Comparison of single versus booster dose of influenza vaccination on humoral and cellular immune responses in older adults.
abstract: This study compared the immune response to the standard single-dose (SD) of influenza vaccine to a booster dose (BD) re-vaccination given 16 weeks after the initial dose. While seroprotection rates following vaccination were similar, T-cell responses were more optimally stimulated in the SD versus the BD group. SD lead to a greater than 10-fold decline in ex vivo interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels (P < .0001) and a corresponding significant increase in the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to IL-10 ratio. Although BD had no further effect on IL-10 production, the IFN-gamma:IL-10 ratio declined in the BD group (P < .001, A/H3N2 and B strains). In the SD group only, IFN-gamma:IL-10 ratios significantly correlated with serum antibody titers (R = .37 - .50, P < or = .01) and ex vivo granzyme B (Grz B) levels (R = .50-.65, P < or = .001). Following vaccination, granzyme B levels were significantly higher in the SD compared to the BD group (P < or= .0002). These results suggest that SD influenza vaccine produces Th1 and CTL responses while BD may produce a Th2 response that poorly stimulates the CTL response.
authors.affiliation: Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, 06030-1601, USA. jmcelhaney@uchc.edu
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McElhaney
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hooton
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hooton
authors.forename: R Chris
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bleackley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology*; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D053804:Granzymes; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology*; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma; C509213:GZMB protein, human; D053804:Granzymes; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases