title: Identification of 9alpha,11beta-prostaglandin F2 in human amniotic fluid and characterization of its production by human gestational tissues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  9alpha,11beta-Prostaglandin F(2) (9alpha,11beta-PGF(2)) can contract uterine smooth muscle with a potency equal to PGF(2alpha). Its presence in the human uterus and production by human gestational tissues is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  These studies were performed to determine whether the PGD(2)-derived 9alpha,11beta-PGF(2) is both present in human amniotic fluid and synthesized by human gestational tissues and if so, whether labor-related substances could regulate its production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Detectable concentrations of 9alpha,11beta-PGF(2) were found in amniotic fluid samples and appeared to increase in late gestation. All gestational tissues studied synthesized 9alpha,11beta-PGF(2), with the placenta having the highest basal production rate, followed by the amnion and then the choriodecidua. IL-1beta and TNFalpha caused concentration-dependent increases in 9alpha,11beta-PGF(2) production in human amnion and choriodecidual explants. Moreover, treatment of choriodecidual and placental explants with lipopolysaccharide resulted in a significant increase in 9alpha,11beta-PGF(2) production rates, reaching a maximum of 13-fold in the choriodecidua. Studies examining the effects of the addition of exogenous PGD(2) strongly indicated that the choriodecidua has significant ability to convert PGD(2) to 9alpha,11beta-PGF(2), whereas the amnion has little.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate for the first time that 9alpha,11beta-PGF(2) is present in human amniotic fluid and that it is produced by human gestational tissues and up-regulated by bacterial cell wall components and proinflammatory cytokines. We suggest that this prostaglandin may play a part in the mechanisms of human labor at term and preterm.
authors.affiliation: Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 2-6 Park Avenue, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand. m.mitchell@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: Murray D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Maxwell C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Tinnakorn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chaiworapongsa
authors.forename: Hao-Yi
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: Rachel J A
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Helliwell
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D002823:Chorion / Q000378:metabolism*; D003656:Decidua / Q000378:metabolism*; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015237:Dinoprost; D015230:Prostaglandin D2