title: Hyperuricemia induces endothelial dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperuricemia has been linked to cardiovascular and renal diseases, possibly through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent endothelial dysfunction. The enzymatic effect of xanthine oxidase is the production of ROS and uric acid. Studies have shown that inhibiting xanthine oxidase with allopurinol can reverse endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, rat studies have shown that hyperuricemia-induced hypertension and vascular disease is at least partially reversed by the supplementation of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) substrate, L-arginine. Therefore, we hypothesized that uric acid induces endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting nitric oxide production.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hyperuricemia was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats with an uricase inhibitor, oxonic acid, by gavage; control rats received vehicle. Allopurinol was placed in drinking water to block hyperuricemia. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) allopurinol only, (3) oxonic acid only, and (4) oxonic acid + allopurinol. Rats were sacrificed at 1 and 7 days, and their serum analyzed for serum uric acid and nitrites/nitrates concentrations. The effect of uric acid on nitric oxide production was also determined in bovine aortic endothelial cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oxonic acid induced mild hyperuricemia at both 1 and 7 days (P < 0.05). Allopurinol reversed the hyperuricemia at 7 days (P < .001). Serum nitrites and nitrates (NO(X)) were reduced in hyperuricemic rats at both 1 and 7 days (P < .001). Allopurinol slightly reversed the decrease in NO(X) at 1 day and completely at 7 days (P < .001). There was a direct linear correlation between serum uric acid and NO(X) (R(2)= 0.56) and a trend toward higher systolic blood pressure in hyperuricemic rats (P= NS). Uric acid was also found to inhibit both basal and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced nitric oxide production in bovine aortic endothelial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperuricemic rats have a decrease in serum nitric oxide which is reversed by lowering uric acid levels. Soluble uric acid also impairs nitric oxide generation in cultured endothelial cells. Thus, hyperuricemia induces endothelial dysfunction; this may provide insight into a pathogenic mechanism by which uric acid may induce hypertension and vascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ukhosla@tmh.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Uday M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Khosla
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zharikov
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Finch
authors.forename: Takahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roncal
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krotova
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: Sharma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prabhakar
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide