title: Was Rodney Ledward a statistical outlier? Retrospective analysis using routine hospital data to identify gynaecologists' performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether routinely collected data from hospital episode statistics could be used to identify the gynaecologist Rodney Ledward, who was suspended in 1966 and was the subject of the Ritchie inquiry into quality and practice within the NHS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed scanning approach was used to identify seven variables from hospital episode statistics that were likely to be associated with potentially poor performance. A blinded multivariate analysis was undertaken to determine the distance (known as the Mahalanobis distance) in the seven indicator multidimensional space that each consultant was from the average consultant in each year. The change in Mahalanobis distance over time was also investigated by using a mixed effects model.
  
  
  METHODS
  NHS hospital trusts in two English regions, in the five years from 1991-2 to 1995-6. Population Gynaecology consultants (n = 143) and their hospital episode statistics data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whether Ledward was a statistical outlier at the 95% level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of consultants who were outliers in any one year (at the 95% significance level) ranged from 9% to 20%. Ledward appeared as an outlier in three of the five years. Our mixed effects (multi-year) model identified nine high outlier consultants, including Ledward.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was possible to identify Ledward as an outlier by using hospital episode statistics data. Although our method found other outlier consultants, we strongly caution that these outliers should not be overinterpreted as indicative of "poor" performance. Instead, a scientific search for a credible explanation should be undertaken, but this was outside the remit of our study. The set of indicators used means that cancer specialists, for example, are likely to have high values for several indicators, and the approach needs to be refined to deal with case mix variation. Even after allowing for that, the interpretation of outlier status is still as yet unclear. Further prospective evaluation of our method is warranted, but our overall approach may be potentially useful in other settings, especially where performance entails several indicator variables.
authors.affiliation: Inter-Authority Comparisons and Consultancy, Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2RT. M.J.Harley@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harley
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: Shakir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Almasri
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D003253:Consultants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003625:Data Collection; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004739:England; D017050:Episode of Care; D006176:Gynecology / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies