title: Design and characterization of a compact dual channel virus counter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although there is a growing need in the field of biotechnology to rapidly and accurately quantify viruses, time-consuming techniques such as the plaque titer method remain the "gold standard." Flow cytometric methods for virus quantification offer the advantages of rapid analysis and statistical treatment. The technique presented in this work represents the first demonstration of a flow cytometric determination of a viral count that is directly related to the count obtained by plaque titer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A flow cytometric instrument for rapid quantification of virus particles was designed, constructed, and thoroughly characterized. A two-color method, which involved staining the viral genome and the protein coat for baculoviruses, was developed in addition to an algorithm to identify simultaneous events on the DNA and protein channels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The instrument was fully characterized, which included analysis of the data acquisition rate, sampling time, flow rate, detection efficiency, linear dynamic range, channel cross-talk, and the limit of detection. Baculovirus samples were analyzed and the results were compared with concentrations obtained by a one-channel flow cytometer and plaque assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dual channel virus counter yields a representative value for the concentration of active viruses in an unpurified sample when compared with plaque assay and a one-channel flow cytometer. The technique is rapid (within minutes), requires only minimal sample preparation and minimum sample size (approximately 100 microl).
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Carrie L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Stoffel
authors.forename: Robin Finch
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Kathy
authors.forename: Kathy L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rowlen
mesh_terms: D016367:Baculoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D001583:Benzoxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods; D002138:Calibration; D002213:Capsid / Q000737:chemistry; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004867:Equipment Design; D005063:Europium / Q000494:pharmacology; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013997:Time Factors; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D014780:Viruses / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001583:Benzoxazoles; D004279:DNA, Viral; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C120457:POPO 3; C436863:SYPRO Rose Plus; D014764:Viral Proteins; D005063:Europium; D004247:DNA