title: Dietary supplementation with blueberries, spinach, or spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage.
abstract: Free radicals are involved in neurodegenerative disorders, such as ischemia and aging. We have previously demonstrated that treatment with diets enriched with blueberry, spinach, or spirulina have been shown to reduce neurodegenerative changes in aged animals. The purpose of this study was to determine if these diets have neuroprotective effects in focal ischemic brain. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with equal amounts of diets (blueberry, spinach, and spirulina) or with control diet. After 4 weeks of feeding, all animals were anesthetized with chloral hydrate. The right middle cerebral artery was ligated with a 10-O suture for 60 min. The ligature was later removed to allow reperfusional injury. Animals were sacrificed and brains were removed for caspase-3 enzymatic assays and triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining at 8 and 48 h after the onset of reperfusion. A subgroup of animals was used for locomotor behavior and biochemical assays. We found that animals which received blueberry, spinach, or spirulina enriched diets had a significant reduction in the volume of infarction in the cerebral cortex and an increase in post-stroke locomotor activity. There was no difference in blood biochemistry, blood CO2, and electrolyte levels among all groups, suggesting that the protection was not indirectly mediated through the changes in physiological functions. Animals treated with blueberry, spinach, or spirulina had significantly lower caspase-3 activity in the ischemic hemisphere. In conclusion, our data suggest that chronic treatment with blueberry, spinach, or spirulina reduces ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis and cerebral infarction.
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chen-Fu
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Hui-Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Brandon K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Jean Lud
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cadet
authors.forename: Paula C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Bickford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D029798:Blueberry Plants; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000458:Cyanobacteria; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018724:Spinacia oleracea; D053545:Spirulina
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001426:Bacterial Proteins