title: Aggression at age 5 as a function of prenatal exposure to cocaine, gender, and environmental risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine childhood aggression at age 5 in a multiple risk model that includes cocaine exposure, environmental risk, and gender as predictors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aggression was assessed in 206 children by using multiple methods including teacher report, parent report, child's response to hypothetical provocations, and child's observed behavior. Also examined was a composite score that reflected high aggression across contexts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple regression analyses indicated that a significant amount of variance in each of the aggression measures and the composite was explained by the predictors. The variables that were independently related differed depending on the outcome. Cocaine exposure, gender, and environmental risk were all related to the composite aggression score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cocaine exposure, being male, and a high-risk environment were all predictive of aggressive behavior at 5 years. It is this group of exposed boys at high environmental risk that is most likely to show continued aggression over time.
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Study of Child Development, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Jersey 08903, USA. bendersk@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bendersky
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires