title: The inferior right atrial isthmus: further architectural insights for current and coming ablation technologies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although linear ablation of the right atrial isthmus in patients with isthmus-dependent atrial flutter can be highly successful, recurrences and complications occur in some patients. Our study provides further morphological details for a better understanding of the structure of the isthmus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined the isthmic area in 30 heart specimens by dissection, histology, and scanning electron microscopy. This area was bordered anteriorly by the hinge of the tricuspid valve and posteriorly by the orifice of the inferior caval vein. With the heart in attitudinal orientation, we identified and measured the lengths of three levels of isthmus: paraseptal (24 +/- 4 mm), central (19 +/- 4 mm), and inferolateral (30 +/- 3 mm). Comparing the three levels, the central isthmus had the thinnest muscular wall and the paraseptal isthmus the thickest wall. At all three levels, the anterior part was consistently muscular whereas the posterior part was composed of mainly fibro-fatty tissue in 63% of hearts. The right coronary artery was less than 4 mm from the endocardial surface of the inferolateral isthmus in 47% of hearts. Inferior extensions of the atrioventricular node were present in the paraseptal isthmus in 10% of hearts, at 1-3 mm from the endocardial surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The thinner wall and shorter length of the central isthmus together with its distance from the right coronary artery, and nonassociation with the atrioventricular node or its arterial supply, should make it the preferred site for linear radiofrequency ablation.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Cardiología, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José Angel
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Quintana
authors.forename: Jerónimo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Farré
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.forename: Siew Yen
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000601:surgery*; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002102:Cadaver; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D004699:Endocardium / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008875:Middle Aged; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery / Q000648:ultrastructure