title: Changes over time in the allelochemical content of ten cultivars of rye (Secale cereale L.).
abstract: Published studies focused on characterizing the allelopathy-based weed suppression by rye cover crop mulch have provided varying and inconsistent estimates of weed suppression. Studies were initiated to examine several factors that could influence the weed suppressiveness of rye: kill date, cultivar, and soil fertility. Ten cultivars of rye were planted with four rates of nitrogen fertilization, and tissue from each of these treatment combinations was harvested three times during the growing season. Concentrations of a known rye allelochemical DIBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-(2H)benzoxazine-3-one) were quantified from the harvested rye tissue using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phytotoxicity observed from aqueous extracts of the harvested rye tissue correlated with the levels of DIBOA recovered in harvested tissue. The amount of DIBOA in rye tissue varied depending on harvest date and rye cultivar, but was generally lower with all cultivars when rye was harvested later in the season. However, the late maturing variety 'Wheeler' retained greater concentrations of DIBOA in comparison to other rye cultivars when harvested later in the season. The decline in DIBOA concentrations as rye matures, and the fact that many rye cultivars mature at different rates may help explain why estimates of weed suppression from allelopathic agents in rye have varied so widely in the literature.
authors.affiliation: Horticulture Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7609, USA.
authors.forename: S Chris
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Reberg-Horton
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Danehower
authors.forename: Guoying
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Monks
authors.forename: J Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Noah N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Ranells
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Nancy G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Creamer
mesh_terms: D027721:Amaranthus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D048588:Benzoxazines; D031748:Eleusine / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006540:Herbicides / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity; D010078:Oxazines / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity; D010675:Pheromones / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D012621:Seasons; D012434:Secale / Q000737:chemistry*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D048588:Benzoxazines; D006540:Herbicides; D010078:Oxazines; D010675:Pheromones; C104846:2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one