title: Lorazepam reinstates punishment-suppressed remifentanil self-administration in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We recently described a reinstatement procedure that models relapse to drug abuse in cases where abstinence results from aversive consequences of drug use. The potential value of this punishment-based model of relapse depends on its sensitivity to relapse-inducing events that are ineffective in the widely used extinction-based model.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  It is known that certain drugs can have anti-punishment effects, but these drugs have not been tested in the punishment-based reinstatement procedure. Therefore, the effects of the benzodiazepine, lorazepam, were examined using punishment-based and extinction-based reinstatement procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats self-administered the opioid, remifentanil (4 microg/kg per infusion). Two punishment groups were trained with response-contingent footshock that suppressed baseline rates of responding to zero. In an extinction group, remifentanil delivery was discontinued, and baseline responding stabilized at a low rate (mean=0.06 responses/min). Lorazepam (0.08-10 mg/kg, IP) was given during test sessions with the shock contingency discontinued for both punishment groups. Remifentanil delivery was maintained during testing in one punishment group but not the other.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lorazepam reinstated self-administration responding in both punishment groups but not in the extinction group. Priming injections of heroin reinstated responding in both the punishment and extinction groups, but combining heroin and lorazepam did not enhance reinstatement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first demonstration that a trigger for relapse may have different effects depending on whether aversive conditioning contributed to the achievement of abstinence. It may be important to consider potential anti-punishment effects of both abused drugs and therapeutic agents in the treatment of individuals with a history of drug abuse.
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. lpanlili@intra.nida.nih.gov
authors.forename: Leigh V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Panlilio
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Thorndike
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Schindler
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004597:Electroshock; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D003932:Heroin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000523:psychology; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011678:Punishment; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000077208:Remifentanil; D012646:Self Administration; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D003932:Heroin; D008140:Lorazepam; D000077208:Remifentanil