title: In vivo and mechanical properties of peritoneum/fascia as a novel arterial substitute.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluates the efficacy of bovine peritoneum/fascia as an arterial substitute.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve dogs underwent bilateral femoral artery patch angioplasty with a glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine peritoneal/fascial patch (PFA patch) on one side and polyester patch on the contralateral side. Arteriograms were performed just before vessel harvest at 1 and 6 months, and vessels were evaluated for aneurysms and inflammation. Histologic analysis included intima area, media thickness, and lumen area. Immunofluorescence for CD 34 and Factor VIII was done to evaluate endothelialization and alpha-actin for smooth muscle cell growth. Mechanical strength testing was evaluated in separate PFA patches and compared independently to a commercially available bovine pericardial patch and polyester patch.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All vessels examined at both 1 and 6 months were patent with no arteriographic evidence of stenosis. There was no evidence of aneurysm formation in any vessel and no difference between groups in inflammatory reaction. One polyester patch at 1 month developed an infection. Microscopic evaluation of experimental vessels revealed no difference between groups in intima area at 1 month (2.1 +/- 1.2 vs 2.2 +/- 1.2 mm 2 ; P = .5) and at 6 months (1.81 +/- 1.2 vs 1.9 +/- 1.2 mm 2 ; P = .5). There was no difference in media thickness, but the PFA patch group had a greater lumen area at 1 month (8.8 +/- 2.9 vs 9.8 +/- 3.0 mm 2 ; P = .02) and 6 months (10.5 +/- 4.2 vs 11.7 +/- 5.6 mm 2 ; P = .02). Immunofluorescence for CD34 and Factor VIII demonstrated complete re-endothelialization of all patches. The polyester patch had a chronic inflammatory response, but not the PFA patch. Mechanical strength testing demonstrated that compared to pericardium, the PFA patch had superior ( P < .05) failure tension, stiffness, and suture pull-out strength, whereas extensibility, fatigue tension, relax slope, and creep tests were not different. Polyester demonstrated superior suture pull-out, stiffness, relax slope, and failure strain ( P < .05), but it was not different in failure tension and extensibility than the PFA patch. However, the PFA patch had significantly less creep (0.25 +/- 0.25 vs 4.92 +/- 0.84; P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PFA patch has similar clot-resistant properties to polyester and is superior to the pericardial patch in mechanical strength. It is a promising endothelial alternative for not only arterial patches but other vascular products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The search for an artificial, thromboresistant, and intimal hyperplasia resistant interface between blood and native blood vessels still continues. This study demonstrates the feasibility and proof of concept of the peritoneum's clot-resistant properties. When adding the underlying fascia, it serves as an ideal arterial patch. Other studies are underway evaluating its feasibility as a bypass graft and a "drug coated"-like stent lining.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, 9500 Euclid Avenue Desk S40, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. SaracT@ccf.org
authors.forename: Timur P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Sarac
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Carnevale
authors.forename: Nickolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Smedira
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tanquilut
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Augustinos
authors.forename: Ankita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naska
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Clair
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ouriel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D002417:Cattle; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D008422:Materials Testing; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000637:transplantation*; D013718:Tensile Strength