title: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis and inhibition of cytosolic/tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isozymes I, II, and IX with sulfonamides incorporating thioureido-sulfanilyl scaffolds.
abstract: The tumor-associated transmembrane carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isozyme IX (CA IX) is overexpressed in hypoxic tumors and appears to be involved in acidification of the tumor microenvironment, a process correlated with cancer progression and bad prognosis. The acidification may be reduced by inhibiting the enzyme with potent sulfonamide/sulfamate CA inhibitors. A series of such aromatic sulfonamides incorporating thioureido-sulfanilyl moieties has been prepared and investigated for its interaction with the catalytic domain of the human isozyme hCA IX. The key intermediates in the synthesis were obtained by reacting sulfanilamide, homosulfanilamide, or 4-aminoethylbenzenesulfonamide with 4-acetamido-benzenesulfonyl chloride followed by deacetylation and reaction with thiophosgene. The obtained isothiocyanato sulfonamides were reacted with aliphatic or aromatic primary amines or hydrazines, leading to the corresponding thioureas. Some of these compounds showed excellent inhibitory properties against isozymes I, II, and IX, with several inhibitors also presenting selectivity for the inhibition of CA IX over that of the ubiquitous isozyme CA II. Such sulfonamides may constitute interesting candidates for the development of novel antitumor therapies based on the inhibition of the CA isozymes overexpressed in hypoxic tumors. Due to the highest expression of CA IX in clear renal cell carcinoma and its chemo/radioresistance, our efforts are first of all directed to generate effective therapeutic strategies for the cure of this malignancy.
authors.affiliation: Ospedale San Lazzaro, Divisione di Urologia, Via Pierino Belli 26, 12051 Alba, Cuneo, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Puccetti
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fasolis
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cecchi
authors.forename: Jean-Yves
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Winum
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gamberi
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Montero
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scozzafava
authors.forename: Claudiu T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Supuran
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D024401:Carbonic Anhydrase I / Q000378:metabolism*; D024402:Carbonic Anhydrase II / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000378:metabolism*; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014508:Urea; D024401:Carbonic Anhydrase I; D024402:Carbonic Anhydrase II; C089226:CA9 protein, human; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases