title: Mononuclear titanium(IV)-citrate complexes from aqueous solutions: pH-specific synthesis and structural and spectroscopic studies in relevance to aqueous titanium(IV)-citrate speciation.
abstract: Titanium is a metal frequently employed in a plethora of materials supporting medical applications. In an effort to comprehend the involvement of titanium in requisite biological interactions with physiological ligands, synthetic efforts were launched targeting aqueous soluble species of Ti(IV). To this end, aqueous reactions of TiCl(4) with citric acid afforded expediently, under pH-specific conditions, the colorless crystalline materials Na(6)[Ti(C(6)H(4.5)O(7))(2)(C(6)H(5)O(7))].16H(2)O (1) and Na(3)(NH(4))(3)[Ti(C(6)H(4.5)O(7))(2)(C(6)H(5)O(7))].9H(2)O (2). Complexes 1 and 2 were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, (13)C-MAS solid state and solution NMR, cyclic voltammetry, and X-ray crystallography. 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P, with a = 15.511(9) A, b = 15.58(1) A, c = 9.848(5) A, alpha = 85.35(2) degrees, beta = 76.53(2) degrees, gamma = 61.97(2) degrees, V = 2042(2) A(3), and Z = 2. 2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P, with a = 12.437(5) A, b = 12.440(5) A, c = 12.041(5) A, alpha = 83.08(2) degrees, beta = 81.43(2) degrees, gamma = 67.45(2) degrees, V = 1697(2) A(3), and Z = 2. The X-ray structures of 1 and 2 reveal the presence of a mononuclear complex, with Ti(IV) coordinated to three citrate ligands in a distorted octahedral geometry around Ti(IV). The citrates employ their central alkoxide and carboxylate groups to bind Ti(V), while the terminal carboxylates stay away from the Ti(IV)O(6) core. Worth noting in 1 and 2 is the similar mode of coordination but variable degree of protonation of the bound citrates, with the locus of (de)protonation being the noncoordinating terminal carboxylates. As a result, this work suggests the presence of a number of different Ti(IV)-citrate species of the same nuclearity and coordination geometry as a function of pH. This is consistent with the so far existing pool of mononuclear Ti(IV)-citrate species and provides a logical account of the aqueous speciation in the requisite binary system. Such information is vital in trying to delineate the interactions of soluble and bioavailable Ti(IV) forms promoting biological interactions in humans. To this end, chemical properties, structural attributes, and speciation links to potential ensuing biological effects are dwelled on.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Greece.
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Kefalas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Panagiotidis
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Raptopoulou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Terzis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mavromoustakos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salifoglou
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D002412:Cations; D002951:Citrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008024:Ligands; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D011522:Protons; D012995:Solubility; D012996:Solutions; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D002412:Cations; D002951:Citrates; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D008024:Ligands; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011522:Protons; D012996:Solutions; D014025:Titanium