title: Impact of voluntary folate fortification on plasma homocysteine and serum folate in Australia from 1995 to 2001: a population based cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of the voluntary folate fortification policy in Australia on serum folate and total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population based cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perth, Western Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men and women aged 27 to 77 years (n = 468), who were originally randomly selected from the Perth electoral roll. The cohort was surveyed in 1995/96 before widespread introduction of folate fortification of a variety of foods, and followed up on two occasions, firstly in 1998/99 and again in 2001, when a moderate number of folate fortified foods were available. Subjects with abnormal serum creatinine concentrations at baseline were excluded from this analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine changes in serum folate and tHcy over the three surveys and to assess whether time trends were related to age, sex, MTHFR C677T genotype, or consumption of folate fortified foods. An increase (38%) in mean serum folate (p < 0.0005) and a decrease (21%) in mean tHcy (p < 0.0005) were seen after introduction of the voluntary folate fortification policy in Australia. Serum folate was consistently higher (p = 0.032) and tHcy was consistently lower (p = 0.001) in subjects who consumed at least one folate fortified food compared with subjects who did not consume any folate fortified foods in the previous week. The time related changes in serum folate and tHcy were affected only by intake of folate fortified foods (p < 0.0005) and not by any other measured variables including age, sex, or MTHFR genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Voluntary fortification of foods with folate in Australia has been followed by a substantial increase in serum folate and decrease in tHcy in the general population.
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Australia. siobhan@cyllene.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Siobhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hickling
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knuiman
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jamrozik
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McQuillan
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beilby
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D005527:Food, Fortified; D005838:Genotype; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D010949:Plasma; D044967:Serum; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014904:Western Australia
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)