title: Digoxin inhibits neuroblastoma tumor growth in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological data suggest a more favorable outcome of breast carcinoma in women taking cardiac glycosides. This study investigated whether digoxin could inhibit tumor growth in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor growth experiments were done in mice grafted with the neuroblastoma cell lines SH-SY5Y, Neuro-2a, colonic cancer cells (LS174T) or Lewis lung cancer cells (LLC). Angiogenesis inhibition was investigated in vitro on fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2)-stimulated bovine endothelial cell (BCE) growth and in vivo in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SH-SY5Y and Neuro-2a grafts were inhibited by 44% (p=0.008) and 19% (p=0.007), respectively, whereas the colonic cancer xenografts and LLC syngrafts were less responsive. The neuroblastoma specificity was confirmed in vitro. Digoxin also inhibited angiogenesis in the CAM assay and the BCE cell survival in vitro was 50% at 53 ng/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that digoxin may be a specific neuroblastoma growth inhibitor and an unspecific inhibitor of angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Cell Biology, Children's Hospital, Uppsala University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Asa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Faranak
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azarbayjani
authors.forename: Ulrika
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bäckman
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Christofferson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018827:Carcinoma, Lewis Lung / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D002417:Cattle; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D002642:Chick Embryo; D049033:Chorioallantoic Membrane / Q000098:blood supply; D004077:Digoxin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008819:Mice, Nude; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D011897:Random Allocation; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D004077:Digoxin