title: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4.
abstract: Human chromosome 2 is unique to the human lineage in being the product of a head-to-head fusion of two intermediate-sized ancestral chromosomes. Chromosome 4 has received attention primarily related to the search for the Huntington's disease gene, but also for genes associated with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, polycystic kidney disease and a form of muscular dystrophy. Here we present approximately 237 million base pairs of sequence for chromosome 2, and 186 million base pairs for chromosome 4, representing more than 99.6% of their euchromatic sequences. Our initial analyses have identified 1,346 protein-coding genes and 1,239 pseudogenes on chromosome 2, and 796 protein-coding genes and 778 pseudogenes on chromosome 4. Extensive analyses confirm the underlying construction of the sequence, and expand our understanding of the structure and evolution of mammalian chromosomes, including gene deserts, segmental duplications and highly variant regions.
authors.affiliation: Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8501, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
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mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001482:Base Composition; D001483:Base Sequence; D002503:Centromere / Q000235:genetics; D002889:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 / Q000235:genetics*; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D022041:Euchromatin / Q000235:genetics; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D020440:Gene Duplication; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020161:Physical Chromosome Mapping; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011323:Primates / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011544:Pseudogenes / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D011995:Recombination, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D022041:Euchromatin; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D022661:RNA, Untranslated