title: Analysis of fetal breathing movements at 30-38 weeks of gestation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study reports the changes in patterns of fetal breathing movements recorded with a photogrammetric method in three successive periods of gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Respiratory movements were studied in fetuses of 28 healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies of 30-38 weeks of gestation. Women were divided into three groups according to gestational age of the fetus: 30-32 weeks, 7 fetuses; 33-36 weeks, 9 fetuses; and 37-38 weeks, 12 fetuses. Sonographic images of the fetuses were recorded on videotape, digitized (1 image per 0.12 s) and analyzed with specially developed software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of fetuses in each age group for which movements were detectable was similar in all three groups, as was the frequency of movements. Duration of a complete respiratory cycle, the inspiratory phase and the expiratory phase tended to be shorter at 33-36 weeks of gestation than in younger and older fetuses. Fetuses in the 30-32-week group had slower breathing rates than fetuses in the two older groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The photogrammetric technique revealed differences in some patterns of fetal breathing movements between weeks 30-32, 33-36 and 37-38 of gestation. The data provide a sound basis for relating changes in fetal breathing movements with physiological and anatomical changes that occur as the respiratory system matures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Escuela Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud and Facultad de Medicina, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. jflorido@ugr.es
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Florido
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cortés
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Victor Manuel
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Soto
authors.forename: María Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Navarrete
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005323:Fetal Monitoring; D005324:Fetal Movement; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D012016:Reference Values; D012119:Respiration; D013909:Thorax / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal