title: Induction of KLF2 by fluid shear stress requires a novel promoter element activated by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent chromatin-remodeling pathway.
abstract: Fluid shear stress maintains vascular homeostasis by influencing endothelial gene expression. One mechanism by which shear stress achieves this is through the induction of transcription factors including Krüppel-like factor 2(KLF2). We have previously reported that a 62-bp region of the KLF2 promoter is responsible for its shear stress-induced expression via the binding of nuclear factors. In this study, we find that the 62-bp shear stress response region contains a 30-bp tripartite palindrome motif. Electrophoretic mobility supershift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that PCAF (P-300/cAMP-response element-binding protein-binding protein-associated factor)) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D bind this region as components of the shear stress regulatory complex. We have also characterized a PI3K-dependent/Akt-independent pathway responsible for shear stress-induced KLF2 nuclear binding, promoter activation, and mRNA expression. Furthermore, the shear stress response region of the KLF2 promoter was specifically immunoprecipitated by antibodies against acetylated histones H3 and H4 in shear-stressed but not static hemangioendothelioma cells. The acetylation of these histones was blocked by PI3K inhibition. Finally, we have found that KLF2 increases endothelial nitric-oxide synthase expression in murine endothelial cultures, an effect that is also blocked by PI3K inhibition. These results define the DNA regulatory element, signal transduction pathway, and molecular mechanism activating the flow-dependent expression of a vital endothelial transcription factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267, USA.
authors.forename: Justin P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Huddleson
authors.forename: Nisar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Seetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: Jerry B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lingrel
mesh_terms: D000123:Acetyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002843:Chromatin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D034502:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein D / Q000737:chemistry; D034441:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D051379:Mice; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014162:Transfection; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology; D050880:p300-CBP Transcription Factors; D000099224:p300-CBP-Associated Factor
chemical_list: D000123:Acetyltransferases; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002843:Chromatin; D004247:DNA; D034502:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein D; D034441:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; D006657:Histones; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D050880:p300-CBP Transcription Factors; D000099224:p300-CBP-Associated Factor; C096161:KLF2 protein, human; C498314:Klf2 protein, mouse; C496314:NOS3 protein, human; C496315:Nos3 protein, mouse