title: Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients with significant pericardial effusion requiring pericardiocentesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical and echocardiographic features of significant pericardial effusion (PE) have been reported from the west. Currently there is lack of published data from this part of the world, we reviewed all consecutive cases of significant PE requiring echocardiographic assisted pericardiocentesis to analyze the clinical and echocardiographic features of these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty four consecutive patients who underwent echocardiography assisted pericardiocentesis at the Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) between January 1988 and May 2001" re included in this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most common presenting symptoms were dyspnea (89%) and fever (36%). Elevated JVP and pulsus paradoxus were documented in 59% and 41% of patients respectively. Sinus tachycardia (75%) and low voltage (34%) were the most common ECG findings. Malignancy (45-51%) and tuberculosis (27%) were among the most frequent causes of PE. One patient died during echocardiography-assisted pericardiocentesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The symptoms and physical findings of haemodynamically significant PE are frequently nonspecific. Transthoracic echocardiography is the gold standard for rapid and confirmatory diagnosis of PE and cardiac tamponade. The most common cause of PE was malignancy followed by tuberculosis. Pericardiocentesis under echocardiographic guidance is a safe and effective treatment for significant PE.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi.
authors.forename: Ata ur Rehman
authors.initials: Au
authors.lastname: Quraishi
authors.forename: Arif Anis
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Khawar Abbas
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kazmi
authors.forename: Syed Muhammad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Najaf
authors.forename: M Najib
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Basir
authors.forename: Azam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shafquat
authors.forename: Fahim
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jafary
authors.forename: Sajid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhakan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D010490:Pericardial Effusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D020519:Pericardiocentesis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications