Peripheral clocks and the regulation of cardiovascular and metabolic function.
Circadian rhythms generated by cell autonomous biological clocks allow for the appropriate temporal synchronization of physiology and behavior, optimizing the efficiency of biological systems. Circadian oscillators and functions have been uncovered in both central and peripheral tissues. This article describes methodology, experimental design, and technical challenges pertaining to studies of circadian rhythms in the periphery. Experimental approaches are focused upon revealing the role of peripheral clocks in cardiovascular and metabolic function using in vitro and in vivo techniques.
Rudic
R Daniel
RD
Center for Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
Curtis
Anne M
AM
Cheng
Yan
Y
FitzGerald
Garret
G
D056930:ARNTL Transcription Factors; D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000737:chemistry; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000502:physiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test / Q000379:methods; D007328:Insulin; D051379:Mice; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D013493:Suprachiasmatic Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques
D056930:ARNTL Transcription Factors; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; C431792:Arntl2 protein, mouse; C491259:Npas2 protein, mouse