title: A 3-year prospective study of neurological soft signs in first-episode schizophrenia.
abstract: Neurological soft signs are biological traits that underlie schizophrenia and are found to occur at higher levels in at-risk individuals. The expression of neurological soft signs may be modifiable during the onset of the first psychotic episode and the subsequent evolution of the illness and its treatment. This study investigates neurological soft signs in 138 patients with first-episode schizophrenia and tracks the expression of motor soft signs in the following 3 years. For the 93 patients who have completed the 3-year follow-up, we find that neurological soft signs are stable in the 3 years that follow the first psychotic episode, and that neurological soft signs are already elevated at the presentation of first-episode psychosis in medication-naive subjects. The level of neurological soft signs at clinical stabilization is lower for patients with a shorter duration of untreated psychosis. Although the quantity of neurological soft signs does not significantly change in the 3 years that follow the first episode, the relationship between neurological soft signs and negative symptoms does not become apparent until 1 year after the initial episode. A higher level of neurological soft signs is related to a lower educational level and an older age at onset, but the level of neurological soft signs does not predict the outcome in terms of relapse or occupational functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong. Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong. eyhchen@hku.hk
authors.forename: Eric Yu-Hai
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Christy Lai-Ming
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: Raymond Chor-Kiu
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Eva Lai-Wah
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: May Yin-King
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: Wai-Song
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: Chi-Keung
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Wah-Fat
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Wai-Nang
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome