title: Anatomical considerations of the pediatric ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block is safe, effective and easy to perform in order to provide analgesia for a variety of inguinal surgical procedures in pediatric patients. A relatively high failure rate of 10-25% has been reported, even in experienced hands. The aim of this study was to determine the exact anatomical position of the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves in relation to an easily identifiable constant bony landmark, the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) in neonates and infants. The current ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block techniques were also evaluated from an anatomical perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dissections were performed on a sample of 25 infant and neonatal cadavers (mean weight = 2.2 kg; mean height = 45.6 cm). The distance from the ASIS to both the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves, on a line connecting the ASIS to the umbilicus was carefully measured using a digital caliper. Three techniques, commonly used in clinical practice, were simulated on the anatomical specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The left and right ilioinguinal nerves were closer to the ASIS than previously described, i.e. 1.9 +/- 0.9 mm (mean +/- sd) and 2.0 +/- 0.7 mm, respectively. The mean distance from the left and right iliohypogastric nerves to the ASIS are 3.3 +/- 0.8 mm and 3.9 +/- 1.0 mm, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that the high failure rate of the ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block in this age group could be due to lack of specific spatial knowledge of the anatomy of these nerves in infants and neonates. This cadaver-based study suggests an insertion point closer to the ASIS, approximately 2.5 mm (range: 1.0-4.9) from the ASIS on a line drawn between the ipsilateral ASIS and the umbilicus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy: Section of Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. albert.vanschoor@med.up.ac.za
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: van Schoor
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Boon
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Bosenberg
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Abrahams
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Meiring
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D007001:Hypogastric Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007085:Ilium / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation