title: The open anterior paramedian retroperitoneal approach for spine procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With the advent of anterior lumbar interbody fusion and artificial disk replacement as common procedures for the treatment of many spinal problems, anterior exposure has become an increasingly popular procedure for general, thoracic, urologic, and vascular surgeons. Despite this, the body of literature describing this procedure, especially the general and vascular surgery literature, is lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of medical records was performed for patients operated on from April 2002 to March 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 64 open retroperitoneal exposures for anterior spinal approaches were performed. Thirty-five (55%) were performed on men and 29 (45%) on women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients (78%) required lumbosacral approaches, and 14 (22%) required access to purely lumbar disk spaces. Forty-three patients underwent single-disk approaches, and 21 required access to either 2 or 3 levels. Forty patients (63%) underwent anterior lumbar interbody fusion, and 22 (34%) had a Prodisc disk replacement.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed intraoperative and early postoperative complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age was 43 years (range, 25-89 years), 42 and 44 years for men and women, respectively. Ninety-seven percent of all attempted retroperitoneal exposures were successful. Intraoperative complications occurred in 5 patients (8%) and included inability to mobilize the iliac veins, injury to the iliac vein, and ureteral tear. The postoperative course was complicated in 8 patients (14%) and included fever, urinary retention, spinal headache, Clostridium difficile colitis, and ileus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Open retroperitoneal exposure to the lumbar and lumbosacral vertebral bodies can be performed safely with a multidisciplinary approach that maximizes the various surgical skills of the orthopedic and vascular or general surgeon, reducing complication rates in anterior spinal surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn 06504, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gumbs
authors.forename: Rahul V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Bauer
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sumpio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000601:surgery; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome