title: Finite volume analysis of temperature effects induced by active MRI implants with cylindrical symmetry: 1. Properly working devices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Active Magnetic Resonance Imaging implants are constructed as resonators tuned to the Larmor frequency of a magnetic resonance system with a specific field strength. The resonating circuit may be embedded into or added to the normal metallic implant structure. The resonators build inductively coupled wireless transmit and receive coils and can amplify the signal, normally decreased by eddy currents, inside metallic structures without affecting the rest of the spin ensemble. During magnetic resonance imaging the resonators generate heat, which is additional to the usual one described by the specific absorption rate. This induces temperature increases of the tissue around the circuit paths and inside the lumen of an active implant and may negatively influence patient safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  This investigation provides an overview of the supplementary power absorbed by active implants with a cylindrical geometry, corresponding to vessel implants such as stents, stent grafts or vena cava filters. The knowledge of the overall absorbed power is used in a finite volume analysis to estimate temperature maps around different implant structures inside homogeneous tissue under worst-case assumptions. The "worst-case scenario" assumes thermal heat conduction without blood perfusion inside the tissue around the implant and mostly without any cooling due to blood flow inside vessels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The additional power loss of a resonator is proportional to the volume and the quality factor, as well as the field strength of the MRI system and the specific absorption rate of the applied sequence. For properly working devices the finite volume analysis showed only tolerable heating during MRI investigations in most cases. Only resonators transforming a few hundred mW into heat may reach temperature increases over 5 K. This requires resonators with volumes of several ten cubic centimeters, short inductor circuit paths with only a few 10 cm and a quality factor above ten. Using MR sequences, for which the MRI system manufacturer declares the highest specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg, vascular implants with a realistic construction, size and quality factor do not show temperature increases over a critical value of 5 K.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show dangerous heating for the assumed "worst-case scenario" only for constructions not acceptable for vascular implants. Realistic devices are safe with respect to temperature increases. However, this investigation discusses only properly working devices. Ruptures or partial ruptures of the wires carrying the electric current of the resonance circuits or other defects can set up a power source inside an extremely small volume. The temperature maps around such possible "hot spots" should be analyzed in an additional investigation.
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Center for Microtherapy (EFMT), D-44799 Bochum, Germany. busch@microtherapy.de
authors.forename: Martin H J
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vollmann
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schnorr
authors.forename: Dietrich H W
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Grönemeyer
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature; D002056:Burns / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004735:Energy Transfer; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005334:Fever; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors