title: A systematic review of the applicability and efficacy of eye exercises.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the current scientific evidence base regarding the efficacy of eye exercises as used in optometric vision therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search was performed of the following databases: Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, and MEDLINE. Relevant articles were reviewed and analyzed for strengths and weaknesses. Pertinent sections of classic texts were studied to provide a historical basis and to serve as a source for additional early references.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-three refereed studies were obtained. Of these, 14 were clinical trials (10 controlled studies), 18 review articles, 2 historical articles, 1 case report, 6 editorials or letters, and 2 position statements from professional colleges. Many of the references listed by the larger reviews were unpublished or published in obscure or nonrefereed sources and therefore were not accessible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eye exercises have been purported to improve a wide range of conditions including vergence problems, ocular motility disorders, accommodative dysfunction, amblyopia, learning disabilities, dyslexia, asthenopia, myopia, motion sickness, sports performance, stereopsis, visual field defects, visual acuity, and general well-being. Small controlled trials and a large number of cases support the treatment of convergence insufficiency. Less robust, but believable, evidence indicates visual training may be useful in developing fine stereoscopic skills and improving visual field remnants after brain damage. As yet there is no clear scientific evidence published in the mainstream literature supporting the use of eye exercises in the remainder of the areas reviewed, and their use therefore remains controversial.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: John Albert
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rawstron
authors.forename: Celeste D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Burley
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Elder
mesh_terms: D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome