title: Tacrolimus ointment: a review of its use in atopic dermatitis and its clinical potential in other inflammatory skin conditions.
abstract: Tacrolimus ointment (Protopic) is a topically applied macrolide lactone immunomodulator effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Its mechanism of action primarily involves calcineurin inhibition, which interrupts cytokine gene expression and leads to the downregulation of T-cell activity. Tacrolimus ointment (0.03% and 0.1% for adults and 0.03% for children) is an effective treatment for atopic dermatitis of the trunk and limbs, as well as sensitive skin areas such as the face. Its efficacy is similar to or greater than that of hydrocortisone acetate 1%, hydrocortisone butyrate 0.1% and betamethsone valerate 0.12% ointments and pimecrolimus 1% cream. Systemic absorption of tacrolimus from the ointment is minimal, and adverse events, which are mostly associated with the application site and include skin burning and pruritus, tend to resolve early in treatment. Unlike topical corticosteroids, tacrolimus ointment is not associated with skin atrophy, and it is a well tolerated treatment for adults or children with atopic dermatitis, particularly when long-term treatment is indicated or the face or skin-fold regions are involved.
authors.affiliation: Adis International Limited, Auckland, New Zealand. demail@adis.com
authors.forename: Dene
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noble
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009824:Ointments; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009824:Ointments; D016559:Tacrolimus