title: The external anal sphincter and the role of surface electromyography.
abstract: Assessment of the neuronal control of the external anal sphincter (EAS) has long been restricted to investigating patients with defecation disorders by invasive tools such as needle electromyography (EMG), while less invasive techniques have been regarded as non-suitable for diagnostic purposes. Multichannel surface EMG by means of electrode arrays applied to anal sphincter muscle records and identifies individual motor unit action potentials, their place of origin along the circumference, their repetitive firing frequency, and their progression along the muscle fibres at different levels within the anal canal. These data shed doubts on conventional knowledge about the anatomy of the EAS muscle, and confirms new concepts of anatomical differences between gender. This may eventually be transferred to a new understanding of the role of symmetry and asymmetry of pelvic floor innervation and its role in the pathogenesis of fecal incontinence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine VI, University Hospitals Tübingen, Germany. paul.enck@uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Enck
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hinninghofen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Merletti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azpiroz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology