title: Attenuated adrenocorticotropic responses to psychological stress are associated with early smoking relapse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research has demonstrated that psychosocial stressors increase smoking and risk for smoking relapse. Alterations in biological systems involved in the stress response caused by chronic smoking may contribute to early relapse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the extent to which pituitary-adrenocortical and cardiovascular responses to stress following the first 24 h of a quit attempt predict early relapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two smokers interested in cessation attended a laboratory stress session 24 h after the beginning of their cessation attempt. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), plasma and salivary cortisol concentrations, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) responses to acute psychological stressors (public speaking and cognitive challenges) were used to predict relapse over a 4-week follow-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Those who relapsed within 4 weeks showed attenuated hormonal and cardiovascular responses to stress and exaggerated withdrawal symptoms. Cox proportional hazards survival analysis showed that attenuated ACTH, plasma cortisol, systolic and diastolic BP, positive affect, and exaggerated withdrawal symptoms and smoking urges during acute stress predicted early relapse. Stepwise model showed that ACTH, diastolic BP, and exaggerated withdrawal symptoms remain as significant predictors. When baseline smoking and psychological measures were included in the model, changes in ACTH, diastolic BP, and both factors of smoking urges remained significant predictors of relapse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that altered stress response predicts increased vulnerability for smoking relapse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-2487, USA. malabsi@umn.edu
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: al'Absi
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hatsukami
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012737:Sex Factors; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone