title: Investigation and application of methods for enumerating heterotrophs and Escherichia coli in the air within piggery sheds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate methods for the recovery of airborne bacteria within pig sheds and to then use the appropriate methods to determine the levels of heterotrophs and Escherichia coli in the air within sheds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AGI-30 impingers and a six-stage Andersen multi-stage sampler (AMS) were used for the collection of aerosols. Betaine and catalase were added to impinger collection fluid and the agar plates used in the AMS. Suitable media for enumerating E. coli with the Andersen sampler were also evaluated. The addition of betaine and catalase gave no marked increase in the recovery of heterotrophs or E. coli. No marked differences were found in the media used for enumeration of E. coli. The levels of heterotrophs and E. coli in three piggeries, during normal pig activities, were 2.2 x 10(5) and 21 CFU m(-3) respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The failure of the additives to improve the recovery of either heterotrophs or E. coli suggests that these organisms are not stressed in the piggery environment. The levels of heterotrophs in the air inside the three Queensland piggeries investigated are consistent with those previously reported in other studies. Flushing with ponded effluent had no marked or consistent effect on the heterotroph or E. coli levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our work suggests that levels of airborne heterotrophs and E. coli inside pig sheds have no strong link with effluent flushing. It would seem unlikely that any single management activity within a pig shed has a dominant influence on levels of airborne heterotrophs and E. coli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Animal Research Institute, Moorooka, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Chinivasagam
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Blackall
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D000397:Air Pollution; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D001622:Betaine; D002374:Catalase; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003470:Culture Media; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D012722:Sewage; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D012722:Sewage; D001622:Betaine; D002374:Catalase