title: Effect of environmental tobacco smoke on levels of urinary hormone markers.
abstract: Our recent study showed a dose-response relationship between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and the risk of early pregnancy loss. Smoking is known to affect female reproductive hormones. We explored whether ETS affects reproductive hormone profiles as characterized by urinary pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG) and estrone conjugate (E1C) levels. We prospectively studied 371 healthy newly married nonsmoking women in China who intended to conceive and had stopped contraception. Daily records of vaginal bleeding, active and passive cigarette smoking, and daily first-morning urine specimens were collected for up to 1 year or until a clinical pregnancy was achieved. We determined the day of ovulation for each menstrual cycle. The effects of ETS exposure on daily urinary PdG and E1C levels in a +/-10 day window around the day of ovulation were analyzed for conception and nonconception cycles, respectively. Our analysis included 344 nonconception cycles and 329 conception cycles. In nonconception cycles, cycles with ETS exposure had significantly lower urinary E1C levels (beta = -0.43, SE = 0.08, p < 0.001 in log scale) compared with the cycles without ETS exposure. There was no significant difference in urinary PdG levels in cycles having ETS exposure (beta = -0.07, SE = 0.15, p = 0.637 in log scale) compared with no ETS exposure. Among conception cycles, there were no significant differences in E1C and PdG levels between ETS exposure and nonexposure. In conclusion, ETS exposure was associated with significantly lower urinary E1C levels among nonconception cycles, suggesting that the adverse reproductive effect of ETS may act partly through its antiestrogen effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Changzhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xiaobin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Genfu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Houxun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lasley
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Overstreet
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Stanford
authors.forename: Xiping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004970:Estrone / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011276:Pregnanediol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; C022270:pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide; D004970:Estrone; D011276:Pregnanediol