title: Bile acid signaling through FXR induces intracellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in mouse liver and human hepatocytes.
abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated a dramatic induction of inflammatory gene expression in livers from mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet containing cholate after 3-5 wk. To determine the contribution of cholate in mediating these inductions, C57BL/6 mice were fed a chow diet supplemented with increasing concentrations of cholic acid (CA) for 5 days. A dose-dependent induction in the hepatic levels of TNF-alpha, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and SAA-2 mRNA were observed. As positive controls, a dose-dependent repression of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and a dose-dependent induction of small heterodimer partner (SHP) expression were also observed, suggesting that farnesoid X receptor (FXR) was activated. In addition, ICAM-1 and SHP mRNA levels were also induced in primary human hepatocytes when treated with chenodeoxycholic acid or GW4064, a FXR-selective agonist. The involvement of FXR in CA-induced inflammatory gene expression was further investigated in the human hepatic cell line HepG2. Both ICAM-1 and SHP expression were induced in a dose- and time-dependent manner by treatment with the FXR-selective agonist GW4064. Moreover, the induction of ICAM-1 by GW4064 was inhibited by the FXR antagonist guggulsterone or with transfection of FXR siRNA. Finally, the activity of FXR was mapped to a retinoic acid response element (RARE) site containing an imbedded farnesoid X response element (FXRE) on the human ICAM-1 promoter and FXR and retinoid X receptor were demonstrated to bind to this site. Finally, FXR-mediated activation of ICAM-1 could be further enhanced by TNF-alpha cotreatment in hepatocytes, suggesting a potential cooperation between cytokine and bile acid-signaling pathways during hepatic inflammatory events.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Research, N2236, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
authors.forename: Pu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Borges-Marcucci
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Harnish
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002793:Cholic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D020218:Response Elements / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated
chemical_list: D002793:Cholic Acids; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D007555:Isoxazoles; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated; C412815:GW 4064