title: The case against minimally invasive cardiac surgery.
abstract: Stellar outcomes have been achieved for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), atrial septal defect (ASD), and ventricular septal defect (VSD) repairs by using the traditional surgical methods. Over the last decade, minimally invasive procedures have been introduced that promise excellent results with an improved cosmetic appearance, shorter rehabilitation period, less pain, and decreased hospital cost. We reviewed various minimally invasive procedures that are used in PDA, ASD, and VSD to assess their safety and efficacy. These techniques use limited approaches to the heart (partial sternotomies, transxiphoid, anterolateral thoracotomy, and mini-thoracotomy) that reduce the surgeons access and control of the cardiac structures. Cannulation sites for the establishment of cardiopulmonary bypass have been altered. Minimally invasive therapies for congenital heart surgery cannot be adopted until evidence-based data has proven them to be equal or better than the traditional procedure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgery, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
authors.forename: Constantine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mavroudis
authors.forename: Carl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Backer
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heraty
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012371:Robotics; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome