title: Myc down-regulation sensitizes melanoma cells to radiotherapy by inhibiting MLH1 and MSH2 mismatch repair proteins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Melanoma patients have a very poor prognosis with a response rate of <1% due to advanced diagnosis. This type of tumor is particularly resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and the surgery remains the principal treatment for patients with localized melanoma. For this reason, there is particular interest in the melanoma biological therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using two p53 mutant melanoma models stably expressing an inducible c-myc antisense RNA, we have investigated whether Myc protein down-regulation could render melanoma cells more susceptible to radiotherapy, reestablishing apoptotic p53-independent pathway. In addition to address the role of p53 in the activation of apoptosis, we studied the effect of Myc down-regulation on radiotherapy sensitivity also in a p53 wild-type melanoma cell line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myc down-regulation is able per se to induce apoptosis in a fraction of the cell population (approximately 40% at 72 hours) and in combination with gamma radiation efficiently enhances the death process. In fact, approximately 80% of apoptotic cells are evident in Myc down-regulated cells exposed to gamma radiation for 72 hours compared with approximately 13% observed after only gamma radiation treatment. Consistent with the enhanced apoptosis is the inhibition of the MLH1 and MSH2 mismatch repair proteins, which, preventing the correction of ionizing radiation mismatches occurring during DNA replication, renders the cells more prone to radiation-induced apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data herein reported show that Myc down-regulation lowers the apoptotic threshold in melanoma cells by inhibiting MLH1 and MSH2 proteins, thus increasing cell sensitivity to gamma radiation in a p53-independent fashion. Our results indicate the basis for developing new antitumoral therapeutic strategy, improving the management of melanoma patients.
authors.affiliation: Associazione Fatebenefratelli per la Ricerca-Centro Ricerca S. Pietro and Unita di Radioterapia Oncologica S. Pietro, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy. bucci.barbara@fbfrm.it
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bucci
authors.forename: Igea
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: D'Agnano
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amendola
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Citti
authors.forename: Giorgio H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miceli
authors.forename: Ugo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: De Paula
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marchese
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Albini
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Felsani
authors.forename: Ercole
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brunetti
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vecchione
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects; D020137:Base Pair Mismatch; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000528:radiation effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004260:DNA Repair; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005720:Gamma Rays; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016372:RNA, Antisense / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; C489427:MYC protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D016372:RNA, Antisense; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein