title: Inhaled insulin: Exubera.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of Exubera, a novel, dry-powder formulation of insulin for inhalation, and describe patient satisfaction and quality-of-life data.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search (1966-November 2004) was conducted using the key words inhaled insulin and Exubera for clinical trials limited to human research published in English. BIOSIS Previews and the American Diabetes Association Scientific Abstracts were used for published abstract information.
  
  
  METHODS
  All available human studies of Exubera were selected for review. References of identified articles were used for additional citations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exubera is a rapid-acting insulin administered by oral inhalation before meals with long-acting insulin administered subcutaneously once or twice daily for type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus. Exubera provides similar efficacy and improved patient satisfaction compared with standard subcutaneous insulin therapy (ie, NPH twice daily with regular insulin before meals). Efficacy has also been demonstrated for Exubera when used as adjunctive therapy with oral medications for type 2 diabetes. The onset of Exubera is more rapid and its duration of action is similar to that of regular insulin. To date, Exubera administered before meals with a once-daily long-acting subcutaneous insulin (usually Ultralente) has been compared with standard subcutaneous NPH/regular insulin regimens. Comparison of premeal Exubera plus a basal long-acting insulin analog (eg, glargine) with a regimen of premeal subcutaneous rapid-acting insulin analog (eg, lispro or aspart) plus a basal long-acting insulin analog (eg, glargine) is needed to fully evaluate Exubera. Pulmonary safety appears to be maintained for up to 4 years, although there are no data, as of this writing, on the use of this agent in patients with pulmonary conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exubera is an effective inhaled insulin for preprandial use in type 1 or 2 diabetes. Improved patient satisfaction over injected insulin increases its potential for use earlier in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7630, USA. podegard@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Peggy Soule
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Odegard
authors.forename: Kam L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Capoccia
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced; D007328:Insulin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011208:Powders; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: C473734:Exubera; D007328:Insulin; D011208:Powders