title: +Psychometric evaluation of the MacDQoL individualised measure of the impact of macular degeneration on quality of life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The MacDQoL is an individualised measure of the impact of macular degeneration (MD) on quality of life (QoL). There is preliminary evidence of its psychometric properties and sensitivity to severity of MD. The aim of this study was to carry out further psychometric evaluation with a larger sample and investigate the measure's sensitivity to MD severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with MD (n = 156: 99 women, 57 men, mean age 79 +/- 13 years), recruited from eye clinics (one NHS, one private) completed the MacDQoL by telephone interview and later underwent a clinic vision assessment including near and distance visual acuity (VA), comfortable near VA, contrast sensitivity, colour recognition, recovery from glare and presence or absence of distortion or scotoma in the central 10 degrees of the visual field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The completion rate for the MacDQoL items was 99.8%. Of the 26 items, three were dropped from the measure due to redundancy. A fourth was retained in the questionnaire but excluded when computing the scale score. Principal components analysis and Cronbach's alpha (0.944) supported combining the remaining 22 items in a single scale. Lower MacDQoL scores, indicating more negative impact of MD on QoL, were associated with poorer distance VA (better eye r = -0.431 p < 0.001; worse eye r = -0.350 p < 0.001; binocular vision r = -0.419 p < 0.001) and near VA (better eye r = -0.326 p < 0.001; worse eye r = -0.226 p < 0.001; binocular vision r = -0.326 p < 0.001). Poorer MacDQoL scores were associated with poorer contrast sensitivity (better eye r = 0.392 p < 0.001; binocular vision r = 0.423 p < 0.001), poorer colour recognition (r = 0.417 p < 0.001) and poorer comfortable near VA (r = -0.283, p < 0.001). The MacDQoL differentiated between those with and without binocular scotoma (U = 1244 p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MacDQoL 22-item scale has excellent internal consistency reliability and a single-factor structure. The measure is acceptable to respondents and the generic QoL item, MD-specific QoL item and average weighted impact score are related to several measures of vision. The MacDQoL demonstrates that MD has considerable negative impact on many aspects of QoL, particularly independence, leisure activities, dealing with personal affairs and mobility. The measure may be valuable for use in clinical trials and routine clinical care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK. j.mitchell@rhul.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wolffsohn
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Woodcock
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Carolyn V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: McMillan
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ffytche
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubinstein
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Amoaku
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bradley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011788:Quality of Life; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom