title: The effects of immediate enteral feeding with a formula containing high levels of omega-3 fatty acids in patients after surgery for esophageal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated whether supplementation of enteral nutrition (EN) with omega-3 polyunsaturated acids (PUFAs) affected platelet aggregation, coagulation activity, and inflammatory response in the early stages after esophageal cancer surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight patients with esophageal cancer who underwent the same surgical procedure were selected for this study. All patients received EN, which was started immediately after the operation and was increased to a maximum volume of 1500 ml/day by the third postoperative day (POD). Eleven patients received a conventional EN formula (Ensure Liquid), while the remaining 17 patients received a different formula rich in omega-3 PUFAs (Racol [RAC]). Several markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis were determined in POD 2, while the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, 6-keto-PGF1alpha and thromboxane B2 were determined on PODs 1, 3, and 5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 27 patients completed the study, 11 in the Ensure Liquid group and 16 in the RAC group. Administration of RAC significantly inhibited the postoperative decrease in platelet count. The level of D-dimer was attenuated significantly in the RAC group. Plasma IL-8 levels were decreased significantly in the RAC group on PODs 1 and 3. The anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 PUFAs were confirmed by the clinical findings of lower body temperature. The plasma concentration of 6-keto-PFG1alpha also tended to decrease in the RAC group with a significant difference on POD 5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early EN with a large amount of omega-3 PUFAs in reduced platelet aggregation, coagulation activity, and cytokine production. All these effects would be expected to be beneficial in patients following esophageal cancer surgery. The clinical significance of the changes in eicosanoid production remains to be established.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan. saikomax@me.ndmc.ac.jp
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aiko
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshizumi
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsuwano
authors.forename: Masaoki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimanouchi
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.forename: Tadaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maehara
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D016629:Esophagectomy; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010976:Platelet Count; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3