title: Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis with a retrograde intramedullary nail: a biomechanical analysis of the effect of nail length.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fatigue fractures of the tibia have been observed at the level of the proximal end of the nail after successful tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis with a retrograde intramedullary device.
  
  
  METHODS
  To study the effect of nail length, five matched pairs of cadaver tibiae were instrumented with strain gauges and potted in methylmethacrylate from a level 3 cm proximal to the distal medial malleolus to simulate a successful tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis. A standard length (15 cm) ankle arthrodesis nail and an identical longer device terminating in the proximal tibial metaphysis were inserted in each paired tibia using appropriate technique. The strain of the posterior cortex of the tibia was recorded under bending moments of up to 50 Nm for each intact specimen after nail insertion and after proximal locking of the nail. The nails were then exchanged between the specimens of the same pairs and the experiment was repeated to insure uniformity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The standard length locked nail increased the principal strain of the posterior cortex of the tibia at the level of the proximal screw holes 5.3 times more than the locked long nail (353 and 67 microstrains), respectively. This stress concentration was not observed when the proximal extent of the nail terminated within the proximal tibial metaphysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A successful tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis with a standard length locked intramedullary nail creates stress concentration around the proximal screw holes that may be responsible for the fractures observed clinically. This study supports the use of a "long" retrograde locked intramedullary nail for tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis in patients with systemic or localized osteopenia.
authors.affiliation: Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noonan
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pinzur
authors.forename: Odysseas
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Paxinos
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Havey
authors.forename: Avinash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patwardhin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D001174:Arthrodesis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001858:Bone Nails / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards*; D002102:Cadaver; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology