title: Use of hemoglobin raffimer for postoperative life-threatening anemia in a Jehovah's Witness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the successful treatment of acute, life-threatening anemia with the oxygen therapeutic agent, hemoglobin (Hb) raffimer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 53-yr-old female Jehovah's Witness developed severe anemia following total hip replacement. Due to prior patient directive, red blood cells were not transfused. Tachycardia, hypotension, electrocardiographic abnormalities and mental status changes developed with a nadir Hb concentration of 3.2 g x dL(-1). Hb raffimer is a purified, cross-linked, human Hb solution developed as a substitute for red blood cell Hb. After obtaining informed consent as well as Food and Drug Administration and Institutional Review Board approval for compassionate use, 2 L of Hb raffimer (Hemolink, Hemosol, Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada) were administered along with ferrous sulfate and epoetin alfa therapy. The patient's Hb level rose to 5.5 g x dL(-1) with resolution of symptoms. To allow recovery of red blood cell mass while maintaining Hb level > 4.5 g x dL(-1), additional 1000 mL doses of Hb raffimer were administered on postoperative days three, five and seven (total dose = 500 g Hb). The patient developed no serious adverse events related to treatment with Hb raffimer. By postoperative day 14, the patient's Hb level increased to 6.5 g x dL(-1) with a hematocrit of 23%. The patient was discharged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of Hb raffimer as a bridge to recovery of this patient's red blood cell mass may have prevented adverse clinical outcome. Because this product is a purified Hb solution devoid of other cellular components, it may be accepted as therapy by patients who, due to religious conviction, refuse allogeneic red blood cell transfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Box 3094, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Marcella J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lanzinger
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Niklason
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shannon
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D033221:Jehovah's Witnesses; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011887:Raffinose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; C097124:O-raffinose cross-linked human hemoglobin; D011887:Raffinose