title: Patterns of health care resource utilization after macrolide treatment failure: results from a large, population-based cohort with acute sinusitis, acute bronchitis, and community-acquired pneumonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macrolide antibiotics are used as first-line therapy for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. The recent emergence of macrolide-resistant pathogens is a major concern.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study quantifies the frequency of macrolide treatment failure in respiratory infections and examines its impact on health care use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with respiratory infections treated with macrolides in outpatient clinics from January to December 2002 were identified from a health insurance claims database. Macrolide treatment failure was defined as the receipt of a second antibiotic, different from the first, within 4 weeks after the initial macrolide. The end points were numbers of hospitalizations and emergency department and office visits within 1 month after the initial macrolide. We examined diagnostic codes on claim forms for posttreatment hospitalizations and visits to identify those most likely to be related to treatment failure as opposed to other causes. Utilization data were analyzed by Poisson regression to control for confounding variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were divided into acute sinusitis (n = 111,135), acute bronchitis (n = 157,360), and community-acquired pneumonia (n = 36,212). Of these respective groups, 11,285 (10.2%), 15,498 (9.9%), and 4144 (11.4%) received a second antibiotic within 4 weeks. This subgroup with macrolide treatment failure was older, included more women, and had used more medical care before the index visit compared with patients with treatment success. After adjustment for age, sex, and previous health care use, patients experiencing treatment failure were more likely to be admitted to the hospital or to use emergency department or outpatient care after the index visit. This association was strongest for admissions and visits pertaining to the care of respiratory infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By our definition, about 10% of patients with respiratory infections who were treated with macrolide antibiotics experienced treatment failure within 4 weeks. Macrolide treatment failure was associated with increased health care utilization.
authors.affiliation: Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, Aventis Pharmaceuticals, 200 Crossing Boulevard, Mailcode BWX 400-406E, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA. jasmanda.wu@aventis.com
authors.forename: Jasmanda H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McGowan
authors.forename: Lourdes M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Frau
authors.forename: Wanju S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006268:Health Facilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents