title: Impact of an adherence clinic on behavioral outcomes and virologic response in treatment of HIV infection: a prospective, randomized, controlled pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this randomized, controlled pilot study was to examine the impact of a pharmacist operated adherence clinic on adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and viral suppression in patients with HIV over 28 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive eligible patients initiating HAART at an indigent-care clinic were randomized to an adherence clinic or to standard care (information provided by physician or nurse practitioner) for education and monitoring. Group assignment was stratified before randomization according to regimen complexity and potential tolerability. Adherence (electronic monitoring and patient self-report) and viral load (reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction) were assessed at weeks 4, 16, and 28.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three randomized patients (adherence clinic, n = 16; standard care, n = 17) comprised the intent-to-treat population. The groups were well-matched for demographics and antiretroviral regimen. The median age was 38.0 years in both groups. Most patients were male (85%), had previously used HAART (78%), and had an AIDS diagnosis (79%). Mean (SD) adherence at weeks 4, 16, and 28 was 86% (27%), 77% (28%), and 74% (31%) in the adherence clinic group versus 73% (32%), 56% (39%), and 51% (41%) in the standard care group (week-16 difference, 21% [90% CI, 1%-42%]; week-28 difference, 23% [90% CI, 1%-44%]). Sixty-nine percent of patients in the adherence clinic group took their medication on schedule versus 42% in the standard care group (P = 0.025); mean decline in adherence from weeks 4 to 28 was 12% in the adherence clinic group (P = 0.15) versus 22% in the standard care group (P = 0.002). HIV-1 RNA levels were <400 copies/mL at weeks 4, 16, and 28 in 63%, 100%, and 94% of the adherence clinic group and 29% (P = NS), 71% (P = 0.04), and 65% (P = NS) of the standard care group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this preliminary trial, an adherence clinic model improved adherence to HAART and virologic response over 28 weeks in the patients studied.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73117, USA. Chris-Rathbun@ouhsc.edu
authors.forename: R Chris
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rathbun
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: Johnny R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Staci M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lockhart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019562:Viral Load