title: A rapid, direct assay to measure degranulation of primary granules in neutrophils from kidney of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, 1820).
abstract: A direct, rapid, quantitative colorimetric assay to determine neutrophil primary granule degranulation was adapted for use with fathead minnow kidney neutrophils. The assay measures the exocytosis of myeloperoxidase (MPO) using 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine as a substrate. The assay was validated by comparing the total myeloperoxidase content of neutrophil populations obtained from adult cattle, as a known positive, and fish; evaluating the effects of calcium ionophore (CaI), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), aqueous solution of beta-glucan (MGAQ) and zymosan (Z) with and without cytochalasin B (cyto B) as stimulants of degranulation; determining the kinetics of primary granule exocytosis and detecting changes in degranulation when fish were exposed to stress and anaesthesia with MS-222. The MPO assay detected MPO activity in fathead minnow neutrophils that correlated to neutrophil numbers, confirmed that degranulation was increased when CaI was used compared to other stimulants, determined degranulation peak at 60 min and confirmed decreased degranulation after exposure to handling and crowding stress, with and without MS-222. Therefore, the MPO assay is capable of detecting important differences that may occur in degranulation of fathead minnow kidney neutrophil primary granules and in total neutrophil myeloperoxidase content.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, College of Agriculture, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA. dulep@iastate.edu
authors.forename: Dusan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palić
authors.forename: Claire B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Andreasen
authors.forename: Bruce W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Menzel
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D062365:Aminobenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001560:Benzidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods*; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000276:immunology*; D003571:Cytochalasin B / Q000494:pharmacology; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D015054:Zymosan / Q000494:pharmacology; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D062365:Aminobenzoates; D001560:Benzidines; D007476:Ionophores; D047071:beta-Glucans; C003636:tricaine; C021758:3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine; D003571:Cytochalasin B; D015054:Zymosan; D009195:Peroxidase; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate