title: Polymorphisms in XPD exons 10 and 23 and bladder cancer risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nucleotide excision repair gene, xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D (XPD), has been hypothesized to have a role in cancer risk, but results from prior molecular epidemiologic studies and genotype-phenotype analyses are conflicting.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the frequency of the XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism in exon 10 and the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism in exon 23 in 505 incident bladder cancer cases and 486 healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the XPD exon 10 and 23 genotypes were not associated with bladder cancer risk, after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, and smoking status. A gender-specific role was evident that showed an increased risk for women, but not for men, associated with the variant genotypes for both exons. For example, when the exon 23 variant allele genotypes were combined (Lys/Gln + Gln/Gln), there was an increased bladder cancer risk in women [odds ratio (OR), 1.69; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.12-2.58] but not in men (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.79-1.24; P(interaction) = 0.041; OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.02-2.58). There was also a gene-smoking interaction that showed the variant alleles for either exon or the combination of both increase the risk of bladder cancer for light and heavy smokers. For exon 23 (P(interaction) = 0.057; OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.99-1.47), heavy smokers (> or = 20 pack-years) who carried the exon 23 variant allele genotypes had an OR of 4.13 (95% CI, 2.53-6.73), whereas heavy smokers with the wild-type genotypes were at lower risk (OR, 3.55; 95% CI, 2.19-5.75). Moderate smokers (1-19 pack-years) with the variant allele genotypes had an OR of 1.54 (95% CI, 0.94-2.53), whereas moderate smokers with the wild-type genotypes had an OR of 1.12 (95% CI, 0.63-1.98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although we did not observe main effects associated with the XPD genotypes, these results do suggest the variant allele genotypes were associated with increased bladder cancer risk in women and smokers with statistically significant interactions in the exon 23 polymorphism. Although there is biological plausibility, these novel findings for gender and smoking should be interpreted with caution upon confirmation in larger studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 189, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Schabath
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Delclos
authors.forename: H Barton
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Yunfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Seth P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
authors.forename: Margaret R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Spitz
authors.forename: Xifeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004265:DNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D051759:Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004265:DNA Helicases; D051759:Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein; C497292:ERCC2 protein, human