title: Incomitance in monkeys with strabismus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rhesus monkeys reared with restricted visual environment during their first few months of life develop large ocular misalignment (strabismus). The purpose of this study was to describe 'A and V' patterns and DVD in these animals during fixation and eye movements and suggest that this form of rearing produces animals that are suitable model to study the mechanisms that might cause 'A/V' pattern incomitant strabismus and dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eye movements were recorded during fixation, smooth-pursuit and saccades using binocular search coils in one monkey with esotropia, three monkeys with exotropia and one normal monkey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1) Monkeys reared with Alternating Monocular Occlusion or Binocular deprivation (tarsal plates intact) showed both horizontal and vertical misalignment during monocular and binocular viewing. 2) Large 'A' patterns were evident in 2 out of 3 exotropes while a 'V' pattern was observed in the esotrope. 3) Similar 'A/V' patterns were observed with either eye viewing and during fixation or eye movements. 4) The vertical misalignment, which consisted of the non-viewing eye being higher than the fixating eye, appeared to constitute a DVD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual sensory deprivation methods that induce large strabismus also induce 'A/V' patterns and DVD similar to certain types of human strabismus. The source of pattern strabismus could be central, i.e., altered innervation to extraocular muscles from motor nuclei, or peripheral, i.e., altered location of extraocular muscle pulleys.
authors.affiliation: Division of Visual Science, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. vdas@rmy.emory.edu
authors.forename: Vallabh E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Lai Ngor
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mustari
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Tusa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D013285:Strabismus / Q000503:physiopathology*