title: Physical functioning in elderly Europeans: 10 year changes in the north and south: the HALE project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine age related changes in physical functioning in elderly men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, population based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population of 15 rural and urban centres in 10 European countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Altogether 3496 men and women born between 1900 and 1920 who participated in the baseline survey of the HALE project in 1988-1991. The study population was examined again about five (in 1993-1995) and 10 (in 1999-2001) years after the baseline examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physical functioning was measured by means of a self administered questionnaire of activities of daily living (ADL). Dichotomised prevalence of disability and need for help in self care and mobility ADL were used as dependent variables in the analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of disability and need for help tended to be higher in women than in men and in mobility abilities than in self care activities. Disability and need for help increased with advancing age but ameliorated over time from one birth cohort to another. In longitudinal analyses this beneficial time trend was independent of the effect of age, study, and region in self care disability in men and women (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.97 and OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.97, respectively) and self care need for help in men (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.96). Mobility disability among men and self care disability among women decreased more in the south than in the north.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While European populations are aging, the proportions of elderly people with disability are decreasing. These results suggest that dynamics of functioning may differ across cultures. Future studies are needed to clarify which potentially modifiable and culturally determined factors protect against functional decline.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki, Finland. sinikka.aijanseppa@ktl.fi
authors.forename: Sinikka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aijänseppä
authors.forename: Irma-Leena
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Notkola
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tijhuis
authors.forename: Wija
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Staveren
authors.forename: Daan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kromhout
authors.forename: Aulikki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nissinen
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires