title: Prospective clinical trial comparing the effects of conventional Twin-block and mini-block appliances: Part 1. Hard tissue changes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this prospective clinical trial was to compare the dentoskeletal effects of a conventional and a modified Twin-block (TB) appliance. The conventional TB appliance was constructed with a large, single-step advancement. The modified appliance, termed the mini-block (MB), was incrementally advanced, incorporated a maxillary incisor torquing spring, and had a reduced bite-block height.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy patients were placed into age- and sex-matched pairs. Patients in each pair were allocated to opposing appliance groups. Active treatment lasted 9 months, irrespective of the final overjet attained, and final cephalometric records were taken at 12 months (+/-1 month). Both groups showed pretreatment equivalence for age, sex, overjet, and cephalometric variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TB group experienced a significantly greater reduction in overjet (median, -8 mm; P = .02) compared with the MB group (median, -4 mm). This improved overjet reduction was associated with significantly greater forward movement of pogonion (median change, TB: 3.3 mm; MB: 2.1 mm; P = .02) and greater retroclination of the maxillary incisors (median change, TB: -5 degrees ; MB: -1.9 degrees ; P = .04). No significant intergroup difference was found for changes in total anterior facial height (median change, TB: 4.4 mm; MB: 4.3 mm) and mandibular incisor proclination (median change, TB: 1.3 degrees ; MB, 2.4 degrees ).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progressive mandibular advancement was not associated with greater mandibular growth compared with single-step advancement. The maxillary incisor torquing spring seems to be effective at reducing maxillary incisor retroclination. Reduced bite activation in the MB group did not result in less mandibular incisor proclination. There was considerable individual variation in appliance effects within both groups.
authors.affiliation: The Royal London Hospital. daljit_s_gill@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Daljit S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000628:therapy*; D019186:Mandibular Advancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D063173:Retrognathia / Q000628:therapy*; D019415:Torque; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014716:Vertical Dimension