title: Interactions between maternal characteristics and neonatal behavior in the prediction of parenting stress and perception of infant temperament.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prenatal cocaine exposure is a marker of developmental risk. Social environmental risk factors may include maternal stress and maternal perceptions of difficult infant temperament.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine factors that may predict or moderate maternal ratings of parenting stress and difficult temperament in cocaine-exposed (CE) infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonatal behavior, infant temperament, parenting stress, and maternal psychopathology were measured in a large sample of infant-mother dyads with prenatal CE and a nonexposed comparison sample. Participants were drawn from an existing longitudinal data set (Maternal Lifestyle Study).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relations between neonatal behavior and infant temperament ratings were moderated by mothers' ratings of parenting stress. Relations between neonatal cry and parenting stress were moderated by maternal psychopathology ratings. Results were unrelated to drug exposure history.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For mothers of at risk infants (with or without prenatal CE), psychological distress affects the degree to which infant behavioral characteristics are experienced as stressful or difficult. Implications for treatment and outcome are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Brown Medical School, Bradley Hospital, 1011 Veterans Memorial Parkway, East Providence, Rhode Island 02915, USA. stephen_sheinkopf@brown.edu
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Sheinkopf
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: LaGasse
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seifer
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Seetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shankaran
authors.forename: Henrietta S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Bada
authors.forename: W Kenneth
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D001290:Attitude; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016487:Parenting; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012938:Social Perception; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D013694:Temperament