title: Novel approaches in the therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most lethal of the common urologic malignancies, with approximately 40% of patients eventually dying of cancer progression. Approximately one third of patients present with metastatic disease, and up to 40% treated for localized disease have a recurrence. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis, behavior, and molecular biology of RCC have paved the way for developments that may enhance early diagnosis, better predict tumor prognosis, and improve survival for RCC patients. The recent discovery of molecular tumor markers is expected to revolutionize the staging of RCC in the future and lead to the development of new therapies based on molecular targeting. Cytokine-based immunotherapy can be considered standard therapy in the treatment of metastatic RCC today. However, new therapies such as tumor vaccines, anti-angiogenesis agents, and small molecule inhibitors are being developed to improve efficacy and treat those patients who are unable to tolerate or are resistant to systemic immunotherapy. The aim of this review is to provide an update on current therapeutic approaches and targeted molecular therapy for metastatic RCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 66-118 CHS, Los Angeles, California 90095-1738, Box 951738, USA.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Leppert
authors.forename: Arie S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Belldegrun
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Figlin
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*