title: Antioxidant and anti-atherogenic activities of olive oil phenolics.
abstract: The aim of the current study was to investigate the antioxidant and cellular activity of the olive oil phenolics oleuropein, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, and homovanillic alcohol (which is also a major metabolite of hydroxytyrosol). Well-characterized chemical and biochemical assays were used to assess the antioxidant potential of the compounds. Further experiments investigated their influence in cell culture on cytotoxic effects of hydrogen peroxide and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), nitric oxide production by activated macrophages, and secretion of chemoattractant and cell adhesion molecules by the endothelium. Inhibitory influences on in vitro platelet aggregation were also measured. The antioxidant assays indicated that homovanillic alcohol was a significantly more potent antioxidant than the other phenolics, both in chemical assays and in prolonging the lag phase of LDL oxidation. Cell culture experiments suggested that the olive oil phenolics induce a significant reduction in the secretion of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (and a trend towards a reduced secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), and protect against cytotoxic effects of hydrogen peroxide and oxidized LDL. However, no influence on nitric oxide production or platelet aggregation was evident. The data show that olive oil phenolics have biochemical and cellular actions, which, if also apparent in vivo, could exert cardioprotective effects.
authors.affiliation: School of Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Rufus
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Etienne
authors.forename: Maria Garcia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Pascual-Teresa
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Minihane
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rimbach
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004727:Endothelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006719:Homovanillic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D057888:Iridoid Glucosides; D039823:Iridoids; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D011714:Pyrans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D057888:Iridoid Glucosides; D039823:Iridoids; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010636:Phenols; D010938:Plant Oils; D011714:Pyrans; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; C005975:3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; C011867:4-hydroxyphenylethanol; C002769:oleuropein; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol; D006719:Homovanillic Acid