title: Prevalence and genetic diversity of Campylobacter spp. in environmental water samples from a 100-square-kilometer predominantly dairy farming area.
abstract: Water samples were taken systematically from a 100-km2 area of mainly dairy farmland in northwestern England and examined for Campylobacter spp. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PFGE-RFLP) and flaA strain typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates were done. Data on the water source and the adjacent environment were recorded and examined as explanatory variables. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 40.5% (n = 119) of the water samples tested. C. jejuni was isolated from 14.3%, C. coli was isolated from 18.5%, and Campylobacter lari was isolated from 4.2% of the samples. Campylobacter hyointestinalis was not isolated from any water source. The difference in prevalence between water types (trough, running, and standing) was significant (P = 0.001). C. jejuni was the species most commonly isolated from trough-water and running-water sources, while C. coli was the most frequently isolated from standing water (P < 0.001). No association was found between the presence of Escherichia coli and that of Campylobacter spp. The final multivariable logistic regression model for Campylobacter spp. included the following variables: water source, soil type, aspect, and amount of cattle fecal material in the environment (fecal pat count). Strain typing demonstrated a diverse population of C. jejuni and the presence of a common C. coli flaA type that was widely distributed throughout the area. Most of the isolates within the common flaA type were discriminated by PFGE-RFLP. These findings suggest a possible role for environmental water in the epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. in a farming environment.
authors.affiliation: DEFRA Epidemiology Fellowship, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Rd., Neston, S. Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom. rkemp@liv.ac.uk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: A J H
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Leatherbarrow
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Clough
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: French
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003612:Dairying; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005408:Flagellin / Q000235:genetics; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D015995:Prevalence; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D005408:Flagellin; C067138:flaA protein, bacteria