title: Effect of plantar micromechanical stimulation on cardiovascular responses to immobility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the cardiovascular responses of adult women to the influence of extended quiet sitting and the extent to which these responses may be reversed by micromechanical stimulation of the plantar surface.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cardiovascular responses of 20 healthy adult women (mean age, 55.9 +/- 4.45 yrs) were observed during quiet sitting with and without exposure to a plantar-based micromechanical stimulation. Beat-to-beat heart rate via electrocardiogram was acquired along with preexposure and postexposure blood pressures, from which heart rate variability and mean arterial pressure were determined. Seven stimulus frequencies (0, 15, 22, 44, 60, 90, and 120 Hz, all at 0.2 x g, peak to peak) were tested on each subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over one-half of the women tested (11/20) exhibited a significant resting tachycardia (mean, 8.3 +/- 0.5 beats/min) with a corresponding decline in their systolic blood pressure (9.45 +/- 1.8 mm Hg) after 20 mins of quiet sitting. Plantar stimulation at 44 Hz (25 mum, peak to peak) was able to completely reverse the effect of immobility in this group, resulting in a heart rate decline of 2.5 beats/min (P < 0.0001) and a decrease of only 1 mm Hg in systolic pressure (P = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We interpret these results to suggest that the immobility of quiet sitting has a profound effect on the cardiovascular systems in a large fraction of otherwise healthy women, perhaps due to inadequate muscle tone leading to venous insufficiency. Simple external stimulation of the plantar surface seems to be capable of preventing these cardiovascular stress-based responses.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Sciences Research Center, Department of Bioengineering, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Guruprasad
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Madhavan
authors.forename: Julian M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: McLeod
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000517:prevention & control*