title: Outcome from a prospective, longitudinal study of prenatal cocaine use: preschool development at 3 years of age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on child development.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective, longitudinal study recruited 154 pregnant cocaine users who were matched on race, parity, socioeconomic status, and perinatal risk to 154 noncocaine users. Drug use status was determined by maternal history and urine screening. At 3 years of age, the child subjects were assessed by an evaluator blinded to maternal drug use history. During a home visit at age 3, caregiver, family, and home assessments were administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Structural equation modeling showed a direct effect of the amount of prenatal cocaine exposure on the adjusted birth head circumference which in turn directly affected preschool development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We could not demonstrate a direct effect of prenatal cocaine exposure on preschool development, a result that is consistent with that of earlier work and now extending findings to age 3. However, cocaine continued to exert an indirect effect on development through its direct effect on the head circumference at birth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA. behnkem@peds.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Marylou
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behnke
authors.forename: Fonda Davis
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Eyler
authors.forename: Tamara Duckworth
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: Cynthia Wilson
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Garvan
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wobie
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies