title: Exercise and aspirin increase levels of circulating gliadin peptides in patients with wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) is an allergic reaction characteristically induced by intense exercise combined with the ingestion of causative food. Recent reports have shown that aspirin intake is a contributing factor in some patients with FDEIA. Wheat is known to be the most frequent causative food, and the IgE-binding epitopes of a major wheat allergen (omega-5 gliadin) in wheat-dependent exercise induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA) have already been clarified. However, the mechanism of eliciting the symptom in WDEIA remains not fully understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of serum gliadin levels and allergic symptoms induced by exercise or aspirin in patients with WDEIA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients with a history of recurrent anaphylaxis associated with wheat ingestion were diagnosed as having WDEIA by the provocation test, which included wheat ingestion, exercise, aspirin intake and a combination of these challenges. During the tests, serum levels of gliadins were monitored by gliadin-specific sandwich ELISA. The effects of exercise and aspirin on serum gliadin levels were also investigated in four healthy subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunoreactive gliadins appeared in the sera of patients during the provocation test with both wheat-exercise and wheat-aspirin challenges in parallel with allergic symptoms. Serum gliadin levels also increased under the two same challenge conditions in the healthy subjects, although they exhibited no allergic symptoms. However, low levels of gliadin were detected in the sera of both patients and healthy subjects when challenged with wheat alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated for the first time that blood gliadin levels correlate with clinical symptoms induced by exercise and aspirin in patients with WDEIA. These findings suggest that exercise and aspirin facilitate allergen absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan. hmatsuo@med.shimane-u.ac.up
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kusatake
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niihara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hide
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morita
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000276:immunology*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D005903:Gliadin / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007159:Immunologic Tests / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D014908:Triticum / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005903:Gliadin; D001241:Aspirin