title: Analysis of chemokine and cytokine expression in patients with HIV and GB virus type C coinfection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plasma levels of several chemokines and cytokines were evaluated in a cohort of 161 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)positive patients to shed light on a clinically relevant mechanism that would explain the putative beneficial effect of GB virus type C (GBV-C) coinfection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Markers for GBV-C infection were assessed in plasma samples. The syncitium-inducing (SI) capacity of isolated virus from each patient was determined in MT-2 cells. Plasma cytokine and chemokine levels were quantified with use of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GBV-C viremia was found in 44 (27%) of 161 patients, and anti-E2 antibodies were found in 18 (21%) of 87. In contrast to the findings of ex vivo analysis, no statistically significant differences were observed in levels of CCL5, stromal cell-derived factor 1, interleukin-7, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in plasma of patients with or without GBV-C viremia. Seventy-two (45%) and 89 (55%) of our patients harbored SI and non-SI (NSI) strains, respectively. GBV-C viremia was less prevalent among patients with SI strains (13 [18%] of 72) than among patients with NSI strains (30 [34%] of 89; P = .6). Of interest, coinfected patients with SI strains had significantly higher CD4+ T cell values than did patients who were not coinfected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that GBV-C infection does not appear to influence the expression of the cytokines and chemokines analyzed herein in a clinically relevant context. Alternative explanations for the elevated levels of HIV-inhibitory chemokines are needed to explain the putative beneficial effect of GBV-C.
authors.affiliation: Fundació IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain. mireiagimenez@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mireia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giménez-Barcons
authors.forename: Meritxell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ribera
authors.forename: Anuska
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Llano
authors.forename: Bonaventura
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clotet
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Esté
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martínez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D018178:Flaviviridae Infections / Q000821:virology*; D029407:GB virus C / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000378:metabolism*; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014766:Viremia
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines