title: A scalable, extrusion-free method for efficient liposomal encapsulation of plasmid DNA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A fully scalable and extrusion-free method was developed to prepare rapidly and reproducibly stabilized plasmid lipid particles (SPLP) for nonviral, systemic gene therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Liposomes encapsulating plasmid DNA were formed instantaneously by mixing lipids dissolved in ethanol with an aqueous solution of DNA in a controlled, stepwise manner. Combining DNA-buffer and lipid-ethanol flow streams in a T-shaped mixing chamber resulted in instantaneous dilution of ethanol below the concentration required to support lipid solubility. The resulting DNA-containing liposomes were further stabilized by a second stepwise dilution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using this method, monodisperse vesicles were prepared with particle sizes less than 200 nm and DNA encapsulation efficiencies greater than 80%. In mice possessing Neuro 2a tumors, SPLP demonstrated a 13 h circulation half-life in vivo, good tumor accumulation and gene expression profiles similar to SPLP previously prepared by detergent dialysis. Cryo transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that SPLP prepared by stepwise ethanol dilution were a mixed population of unilamellar, bilamellar, and oligolamellar vesicles. Vesicles of similar lipid composition, prepared without DNA, were also <200 nm but were predominantly bilamellar with unusual elongated morphologies, suggesting that the plasmid particle affects the morphology of the encapsulating liposome. A similar approach was used to prepare neutral egg phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol (EPC:Chol) liposomes possessing a pH gradient, which was confirmed by the uptake of the lipophilic cation safranin O.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new method will enable the scale-up and manufacture of SPLP required for preclinical and clinical studies. Additionally, this method now allows for the acceleration of SPLP formulation development, enabling the rapid development and evaluation of novel carrier systems.
authors.affiliation: Protiva Biotherapeutics Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5G 4Y1.
authors.forename: Lloyd B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Jeffs
authors.forename: Lorne R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Ellen G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Ambegia
authors.forename: Cory
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giesbrecht
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ewanick
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: MacLachlan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D008081:Liposomes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D051379:Mice; D010957:Plasmids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes; D004247:DNA