title: Preoperative radiotherapy for rectal adenocarcinoma: Which are strong prognostic factors?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This retrospective 12-year study evaluated the prognostic value of initial and postoperative staging of rectal tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1985 and 1996, 297 patients were treated with preoperative radiotherapy (39 Gy in 13 fractions) and surgery for Stage T2-T4N0-N1M0 rectal adenocarcinoma. Pretreatment staging included a clinical examination and endorectal ultrasonography (EUS) since 1988. Clinical staging was performed by digital rectal examination and rigid proctoscopy. EUS was performed in 236 patients. Postoperative staging was performed by examination of the pathologic specimen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up was 49 months. The overall 5-year survival rate was 67%, with a local failure rate of 9%. The rate of sphincter preservation was 65%. The clinical examination findings were strong prognostic factor for both cT stage (p < 0.001) and cN stage (p < 0.006) but had poor specificity for cN stage (only 25 lymph nodes detected). In both univariate and multivariate analyses, EUS had a statistically significant prognostic value for uT (p < 0.014) but not for uN (p < 0.47) stage. In contrast, pT and pN stages were strong prognostic factors (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pretreatment staging, including clinical examination and EUS, seemed accurate enough to present a high prognostic value for the T stage. EUS was insufficient to stage lymph node involvement. Owing to its lack of specificity, uN stage was not a reliable prognostic factor. An improvement in N staging is necessary and essential. Despite downstaging, postoperative staging remained a very strong prognostic factor for both T and N stages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France. ochapet@med.umich.edu
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Chapet
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Romestaing
authors.forename: Francoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mornex
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Souquet
authors.forename: Veronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Favrel
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ardiet
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: d'Hombres
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gerard
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011379:Prognosis; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate