title: Vitamin K1 intake and coronary calcification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The activity of matrix Gla-protein (MGP), a potent inhibitor of vascular calcification, is dependent on carboxylation using vitamin K as a co-factor. In animals, low intake of total vitamin K has been shown to accelerate vascular calcification via the MGP mechanism. This has led to the hypothesis that low levels of dietary vitamin K intake may be a risk factor for accelerated vascular calcification in humans due to decreased MGP activity. Additionally, some authors have suggested that current recommended daily intake values for vitamin K might be insufficient to fully inhibit vascular calcification via the MGP mechanism. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between dietary vitamin K1 (the most prevalent dietary form of vitamin K) intake and premature coronary artery calcification (CAC) in an asymptomatic screening population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective study of 807 consecutive active-duty US Army personnel, 39-45 years of age, without known coronary heart disease. Vitamin K1 intake was measured with the Block Dietary Questionnaire and CAC was identified using electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no significant correlation between CAC score and vitamin K1 intake (r = 0.132, P = 0.106). Multivariate analysis with adjustment for cardiac risk factors showed no association between dietary vitamin K1 intake and CAC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) intake appears to be unrelated to premature coronary calcification in a screening population. Further investigation into the relationship of vascular calcification and other forms of vitamin K1 (menaquinones) is indicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Todd C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Villines
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hatzigeorgiou
authors.forename: Irwin M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Feuerstein
authors.forename: Patrick G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: Allen J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D010837:Vitamin K 1