title: Tourette's Syndrome.
abstract: Tourette's syndrome is a childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics, frequently accompanied by symptoms of obsessiveness and/or compulsiveness, anxiety, and behavioral impulsivity. Treatment of Tourette's syndrome symptoms should be considered when symptoms cause significant functional or social impairment or pain, as occurs with self-injurious tics. Because comorbid psychiatric disorders, particularly attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder often are present, clinicians must work with affected persons and families and prioritize treatment targets based on the specific disorder-related impairment. Treatment with alpha-2 adrenergic agonists may reduce tics and improve ADHD symptoms. Effective treatment of ADHD, even with stimulant medications, in most cases does not exacerbate tics. Treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may reduce obsessive-compulsive and anxiety symptoms, secondarily reducing tics. Neuroleptics and atypical antipsychotics may be used for severe tics, but the risk of neurologic side effects and weight gain is significantly higher. Habit reversal treatment shows promise as a nonpharmacologic intervention. Use of deep brain stimulation has produced benefit in three severely affected adults but should still be considered experimental.
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Neurology, ML #2015, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. d.gilbert@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Tara D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Lipps