title: Arthritis in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Black African children: causal or coincidental?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and HIV-uninfected children with arthritis of unknown origin to determine whether the association between HIV infection and arthritis is causal or coincidental.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of 132 children with arthritis who were tested for HIV infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five (27%) of the children were HIV infected and the male to female ratio was 2.5:1 (P = 0.02). Arthritis was the presenting feature of HIV infection in 78% of these children. The remaining 97 (73%) were diagnosed as having juvenile idiopathic arthritis. 'Spondyloarthropathy-like' features were found in 34% of HIV-infected children compared with 5% of uninfected children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high prevalence of HIV infection in 27% of children, the predominance of males and the increased prevalence of 'spondyloarthropathy-like' features, supports a causal relationship between HIV infection and arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella, 4013, South Africa. chinniahk2@ukzn.ac.za
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chinniah
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Mody
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhimma
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adhikari
mesh_terms: D001168:Arthritis / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D001170:Arthritis, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000175:diagnosis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003906:Developing Countries; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013019:South Africa; D025242:Spondylarthropathies / Q000821:virology