title: Short and prolonged periods of maternal separation and voluntary ethanol intake in male and female ethanol-preferring AA and ethanol-avoiding ANA rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic as well as environmental factors can affect the propensity for psychopathology and/or drug dependence. Maternal separation represents an animal experimental model that is useful in studies of effects of early life experiences. The authors have established a protocol for short and prolonged periods of maternal separation to study adult neurochemistry, behavior, and ethanol intake and have previously reported alterations in ethanol intake in Wistar rats and ethanol-preferring rats. The aim of the current study was to more thoroughly study how early life experiences affect an inherited propensity for high and low ethanol intake, respectively, in male and female ethanol-preferring AA (Alko alcohol) and ethanol-avoiding ANA (Alko, Non-Alcohol) rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  AA and ANA pups were assigned to one of three different rearing conditions: 15 min (MS15) or 360 min (MS360) of daily maternal separation in litters or normal animal facility rearing (AFR) during postnatal days 1 to 21. In adulthood, voluntary ethanol intake was investigated using the two-bottle free choice paradigm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In male ethanol-preferring AA rats, MS15 resulted in a lower intake and fewer high-preferring animals at 8% and 10% ethanol compared with MS360 rats. The male MS360 rats had a higher ethanol intake at 8% and 10% ethanol in comparison with AFR rats. In contrast, the female AA MS15 and MS360 rats had a lower ethanol intake and a lower preference for the 10% ethanol solution compared with the female AA AFR rats. In male and female ANA rats, no major separation-induced effects were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current results show that genetic inheritance can be affected by environmental manipulations in AA rats with an inherent high ethanol intake. The findings in female ethanol-preferring AA rats give further evidence of a differential outcome of maternal separation in male and female rats, as previously shown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. erika.roman@farmbio.uu.se
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Petri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hyytiä
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nylander
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D004326:Drinking / Q000502:physiology; D030762:Estrous Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008426:Maternal Deprivation; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D012727:Sex Characteristics