title: Interactive effects of polyphenols, tocopherol and ascorbic acid on the Cu2+-mediated oxidative modification of human low density lipoproteins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Only limited knowledge is available about any interactions between phenolic compounds and other antioxidants in inhibiting LDL oxidation. Many foods and beverages contain high levels of phenolic compounds; therefore, these compounds should not be considered in isolation from each other.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the structure-antioxidant activity relationship of quercetin, caffeic acid, epicatechin, hesperetin and phloretin as well as alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid through their ability to interact with copper ions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated human LDL were incubated with single antioxidants or a combination of two and the kinetics of lipid peroxidation were assessed by measurement of conjugated diene formation (lag phase) via monitoring the absorbance at 234 nm after addition of copper ions. In addition, the degree of oxidation of the LDL protein moiety was followed by tryptophan fluorescence and carbonyl content measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid showed a lower antioxidant activity in all test systems as compared to polyphenols at equimolar concentrations. Quercetin was the most effective compound in all three systems (p < 0.001 for lag phase and carbonyl content determination). A significant (p < 0.001) prolongation of the lag phase was found when combinations of ascorbic acid/quercetin, ascorbic acid/epicatechin, epicatechin/caffeic acid, and quercetin/epicatechin were tested as compared to the sum of the individual effects. Concerning the effects on LDL protein oxidation, the results from carbonyl content and the tryptophan fluorescence measurements showed that the combination of quercetin and caffeic acid revealed the strongest inhibitory effect (p < 0.001 carbonyl content; p < or = 0.002 tryptohan fluorescence) on protein oxidation which was higher than the effect of the single compounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study indicate that a combination of different antioxidants can be superior to the action of single antioxidants in protecting LDL lipid and protein moiety against oxidation. However, the substances may act by different antioxidative mechanisms, which are not necessarily complementary.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food and Nutrition Technical, University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany. yeomans@web.de
authors.forename: Vera C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Yeomans
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Linseisen
authors.forename: Günther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wolfram
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; D003300:Copper; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D024505:Tocopherols