title: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: an audit of our training programme.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a commonly performed procedure in general surgical practice but it also has an inherently steep learning curve. The training of surgeons in this procedure presents a challenge to teaching hospitals, which essentially have to strike a balance between effective training and safety of the patient. The present study aims first to assess the safety of the structured training programme for this procedure at the Department of Surgery, Changi General Hospital, Singapore. Secondly, it seeks to audit the conversion and bile duct injury rates among the laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed by the department, and the factors which influence these.
  
  
  METHODS
  Notes of all patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the department over an 18-month period were reviewed retrospectively and the relevant data prospectively collected. Demographics, as well as details of cases of conversion to open operation and of bile duct injury were identified and the reasons for each recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 443 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the 18-month period. The most common indication for surgery was biliary colic/dyspepsia (61.4%), followed by cholecystitis, cholangitis, pancreatitis and common bile duct stone. The overall conversion rate was 11.5%. Three hundred and fifty-five patients were operated on by consultant surgeons, while 88 were by registrars who had been through the structured training programme. There was no statistically significant difference found in the conversion rates between these two groups (P = 0.284). Twenty-two of the 268 female (8.2%) patients had conversion to open operation, while 29 of the 175 male patients (16.6%) underwent conversion (P = 0.007). Amongst cases of cholecystitis and cholangitis, the conversion rate for patients operated on within 7 days of onset of symptoms was 35%, while those operated on 8 or more days later had a conversion rate of 29.7% (P = 0.639). There was a solitary case of bile duct injury among the 443 cases, equating to a bile duct injury rate of 0.23%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A structured training programme involving stepwise progression of training, with close supervision by consultant surgeons and a built-in system of audit can effectively train junior surgeons in laparoscopic cholecystectomy without exposing patients to undue risks.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Changi General Hospital, Singapore. sweeho@singnet.com.sg
authors.forename: Swee Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salleh
authors.forename: Beow Kiong
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Poh
authors.forename: Khoon Hean
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Tay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000293:injuries*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000193:education*; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012846:Singapore