title: Inadequate anaesthesia in lethal injection for execution.
abstract: Anaesthesia during lethal injection is essential to minimise suffering and to maintain public acceptance of the practice. Lethal injection is usually done by sequential administration of thiopental, pancuronium, and potassium chloride. Protocol information from Texas and Virginia showed that executioners had no anaesthesia training, drugs were administered remotely with no monitoring for anaesthesia, data were not recorded and no peer-review was done. Toxicology reports from Arizona, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina showed that post-mortem concentrations of thiopental in the blood were lower than that required for surgery in 43 of 49 executed inmates (88%); 21 (43%) inmates had concentrations consistent with awareness. Methods of lethal injection anaesthesia are flawed and some inmates might experience awareness and suffering during execution.
authors.affiliation: Dewitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, School of Business, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA. LKoniaris@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Leonidas G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Koniaris
authors.forename: Teresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Zimmers
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lubarsky
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sheldon
mesh_terms: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002203:Capital Punishment; D032781:Codes of Ethics; D003243:Consciousness; D006801:Humans; D010197:Pancuronium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010820:Physicians; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013874:Thiopental / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D010197:Pancuronium; D013874:Thiopental