title: Cognitive functions in relation to MRI findings 30 years after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to relate cognitive effects of a remote traumatic brain injury (TBI) to MRI findings and severity of injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one patients were assessed on average 30 years after a TBI of variable severity. A comprehensive cognitive test battery was used to evaluate memory, executive functions and cognitive overall impairment. Multiple regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between cognitive variables and MRI volumetric findings (the volumes of the hippocampus and the lateral ventricles) and local contusions on MRI. Also, the effect of injury severity on cognitive outcome was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reductions in hippocampal volumes and lateral ventricular enlargement were significantly associated with impaired memory functions, memory complaints and executive functions. Of the MRI parameters used, the best predictor for cognitive outcome was the volume of the lateral ventricle. There was only a modest relationship between severity of injury and cognitive performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that long-term memory impairments after TBI are associated with MRI volumetric measures. This suggests that the degree of diffuse injury leading to atrophic changes is prognostically more important than the initial severity of TBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland. ls.himanen@kolumbus.fi
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Himanen
authors.forename: Raija
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Portin
authors.forename: Heli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Isoniemi
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Helenius
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurki
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tenovuo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index