title: A multicenter study of the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus ointment after first and repeated application to children with atopic dermatitis.
abstract: The pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after first and repeated application of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment were evaluated in 39 children, aged 6-12 y, with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. The patients were grouped according to the size of the affected body surface area to be treated: Group 1< or =1500 cm(2); Group 2 >1500 cm(2) < or =3000 cm(2); Group 3 >3000 cm(2) < or =5000 cm(2). Serial blood samples to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters taken on Day 1 (first ointment application) and Day 14 (last application) showed minimal systemic exposure to tacrolimus. Overall, 92% of the blood samples assayed contained tacrolimus concentrations below 1 ng per mL and 17% of samples were below 0.025 ng per mL, the lower limit of quantification. Systemic exposure to tacrolimus varied between patients and tended to increase proportionally as the size of the treated body surface area increased. Absorption decreased with time as the skin lesions healed and there was no evidence of systemic accumulation. The mean apparent half-life of tacrolimus (t(1/2, z)) was 66+/-27 h (range 19-125 h). Most patients experienced substantial clinical improvement in their atopic dermatitis. There were no clinically relevant changes in laboratory values, and the most frequently reported adverse event was skin burning, which resolved quickly as the skin condition improved.
authors.affiliation: Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Andris
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rubins
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Sanita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zigure
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bourke
authors.forename: Augustín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alomar
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Nasrullah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Undre
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D002648:Child; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D009824:Ointments; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009824:Ointments; D016559:Tacrolimus