title: Epilepsy in shunted posthemorrhagic infantile hydrocephalus owing to pre- or perinatal intra- or periventricular hemorrhage.
abstract: Epilepsy is relatively common in infants with hydrocephalus. Its mechanism is controversial; in fact, studies on etiologically heterogeneous series are not able to clarify the mechanism generating epilepsy or to suggest effective prevention and treatment strategies. Our study is aimed at assessing the onset and evolution of epilepsy, as well as concurrent cognitive development of a homogeneous series of shunted posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus owing to pre- or perinatal intra- or periventricular hemorrhage. Forty patients were enrolled in the study. Twenty-six were patients with grade II-III intraventricular hemorrhage, 16 of whom had associated ischemic lesions. In the remaining 14 patients, a grade IV intra-ventricular hemorrhage was found. Epilepsy was observed in 27 patients. Aside from 10 cases with nonsyndromic forms of epilepsy, it was possible to define at least three different age-dependent epileptic syndromes: symptomatic neonatal location-related epilepsy with transient West's syndrome in infancy in 5 patients; West's syndrome in 8 patients; and continuous spike-waves during sleep in 4 patients. Epilepsy was significantly correlated with ischemic lesions only. Early thalamic injuries frequently evolved toward continuous spike-waves during sleep, indicating that patients with thalamic injury must be monitored to detect continuous spike-waves during sleep early. Cerebellar atrophy, in addition to epilepsy and other brain injuries, accounted for disorders of cognitive development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenica
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pasca
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cesarini
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tartaglione
authors.forename: Celeste
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Acquafondata
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Randò
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Veredice
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guzzetta
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male