title: Rice morphogenesis and plant architecture: measurement, specification and the reconstruction of structural development by 3D architectural modelling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The morphogenesis and architecture of a rice plant, Oryza sativa, are critical factors in the yield equation, but they are not well studied because of the lack of appropriate tools for 3D measurement. The architecture of rice plants is characterized by a large number of tillers and leaves. The aims of this study were to specify rice plant architecture and to find appropriate functions to represent the 3D growth across all growth stages.
  
  
  METHODS
  A japonica type rice, 'Namaga', was grown in pots under outdoor conditions. A 3D digitizer was used to measure the rice plant structure at intervals from the young seedling stage to maturity. The L-system formalism was applied to create '3D virtual rice' plants, incorporating models of phenological development and leaf emergence period as a function of temperature and photoperiod, which were used to determine the timing of tiller emergence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relationships between the nodal positions and leaf lengths, leaf angles and tiller angles were analysed and used to determine growth functions for the models. The '3D virtual rice' reproduces the structural development of isolated plants and provides a good estimation of the tillering process, and of the accumulation of leaves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated that the '3D virtual rice' has a possibility to demonstrate the differences in the structure and development between cultivars and under different environmental conditions. Future work, necessary to reflect both cultivar and environmental effects on the model performance, and to link with physiological models, is proposed in the discussion.
authors.affiliation: National Agricultural Research Center, 3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan. tomonari.watanabe@affrc.go.jp
authors.forename: Tomonari
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Jim S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hanan
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Room
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D008954:Models, Biological; D012275:Oryza / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000254:growth & development