Crystalline polymorph selection and discovery with polymer heteronuclei.
The discovery and selective production of crystalline polymorphs, an outstanding problem in solid-state chemistry, is of great importance industrially in, for example, the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and pigments. Despite considerable efforts, no reliable method exists to produce all of the stable polymorphs of a given compound. Herein, we report methodology to control the phenomenon of crystal polymorphism through the use of diverse libraries of polymer heteronuclei including both commercially available polymers and combinatorially synthesized cross-linked polymers. This new approach for exploring polymorph space offers the advantage of high throughput crystallization to discover multiple polymorphs combined with the ability to selectively produce a given form from a single solvent and temperature condition by simply varying the nature of the polymer substrate. This technique is successfully demonstrated on the pharmaceuticals acetaminophen, sulfamethoxazole, and carbamazepine and on the pharmaceutical intermediate 5-methyl-2-[(2-nitrophenyl)amino]-3-thiophenecarbonitrile (ROY). High throughput screening, accomplished by optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, identified the selective production of the two stable polymorphs of acetaminophen and all six stable forms of ROY. Furthermore, one new form of carbamazepine and two new forms of sulfamethoxazole were discovered; in these cases, single crystals were obtained enabling the structural characterization of two new tetramorphic systems.
Price
Christopher P
CP
Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA.
Grzesiak
Adam L
AL
Matzger
Adam J
AJ
D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000737:chemistry*; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003460:Crystallization; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000737:chemistry*; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
D011108:Polymers; D013876:Thiophenes; C098260:5-methyl-2-((2-nitrophenyl)amino)-3-thiophenecarbonitrile; D002220:Carbamazepine; D000082:Acetaminophen; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole