title: Adding casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate to sports drinks to eliminate in vitro erosion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Enamel erosion can occur with frequent consumption of sports drinks. The purpose of this study was to determine a minimal concentration of casein phosphopeptide-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) which when added to a sports drink would eliminate such erosion in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human enamel specimens were immersed in: (1) the sports drink Powerade; (2) Poweradeplus 4 concentrations of CPP-ACP (0.063%, 0.09%, 0.125%, 0.25%); or (3) double deionized water. Windows of test and control enamel were profiled, and the enamel surface characteristics were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pH of test solutions increased and the titratable acidity decreased with increasing CPP-ACP concentrations. Erosive step lesions occurred in specimens immersed in Powerade (mean depth=38.70kA +/- 5.60), which were eliminated by the addition of CPP-ACP to Powerade at all test concentrations except 0.063% CPP-ACP. Microscopic surface irregularities on test enamel were observed, apparent as adherent granules or globules. These may represent redeposited mineral phases following mobilization of calcium and phosphate from CPP-ACP. Tasters in a taste panel could not distinguish Powerade from Powerade plus 0.125% CPP-ACP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adding casein phosphopeptide-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate to the sports drink Powerade significantly reduced the beverage's erosivity without affecting the product's taste.
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Science, and honorary dental officer, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ramalingam
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Messer
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D002364:Caseins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013177:Sports; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; C447032:casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex