title: Factor solution of the BPRS-expanded version in schizophrenic outpatients living in five European countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The expanded version of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-E) has improved the instrument's coverage and interrater reliability, but there is little knowledge on its subsyndromes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess: (1) whether there are common underlying BPRS-E subscales in patients living in different countries and (2) if this is the case, whether these subscales behave the same in all populations and, if not, what are the differences over these populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are part of the EPSILON study, a collaborative project carried out in Denmark, England, Holland, Italy and Spain. A random representative sample of 404 adult patients with a ICD-10 diagnosis of schizophrenia who have been in contact with mental health services of a defined catchment area in each site were assessed. Simultaneous component analysis (SCA) was used to find component weights that optimally explain the variance of the variables in different populations simultaneously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptom severity differed significantly among the five EPSILON sites in 12 out of 24 BPRS-E items, but a common component solution could be found. It explained 48.8% of the variance and gave four well-interpretable components: manic excitement/disorganization, depression/anxiety, negative and positive symptoms. Each component's internal consistency and intercomponent correlation matrix differed significantly among sites. The four components mean score differed significantly among sites for negative symptoms and depression/anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In spite of the heterogeneity of symptom's severity in the various countries, the way symptoms cluster in schizophrenia is rather stable cross-culturally. Data demonstrate that to explore schizophrenia a third component, including mania/disorganization items, is necessary beside the positive-negative symptom dimensions. The subscales derived from these analyses can be readily used in clinical trials and epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Psichiatria, e Psicologie Clinice, Università di Verona, Ospedale Policlinico, Piazzale Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy. mirella.ruggeri@univr.it
authors.forename: Mirella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruggeri
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koeter
authors.forename: Aart
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schene
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bonetto
authors.forename: Josè Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vàzquez-Barquero
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: Helle Charlotte
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tansella
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thornicroft
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005060:Europe; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology