title: Trends in fluctuating asymmetry in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from 1892 to 2002 in relation to organohalogen pollution.
abstract: Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) was studied in skulls of 283 polar bears (Ursus maritimus) sampled in East Greenland from 1892 to 2002. Fourteen metric bilateral traits in skull and lower jaw were measured and compared between polar bears born until 1960 (n = 94) and from 1961 (n = 189). The period 1892-1960 was chosen to represent a period prior to appearance of organohalogens (polychlorinatedbiphenyls [PCBs], dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes [DDTs], hexacyclohexanes [HCHs], chlordanes [CHLs], hexachlorobenzene [HCB], polybrominateddiphenylethers [PBDEs] and dieldrin) originating from long-range transport to East Greenland from southern latitudes. The period 1961-2002 represents the period when polar bears have been exposed to organohalogens. During this latter period, the level of organochlorines is believed to have increased from 1960 to the late 1980s followed by a likely decrease from 1990 to 2002. Within this later period, other compounds such as, e.g., polybrominated flame retardants are believed to have increased throughout the period. Two different analysis showed, that the degree of fluctuating asymmetry did not differ statistically between the two periods in ten of thirteen traits (one trait excluded due to high measurement error). In fact, when significant differences were found in four of the traits, the fluctuating asymmetry was lower in skulls sampled after 1960. The degree of fluctuating asymmetry was higher in adults than in subadults for 6 of the 14 traits, whereas a higher degree of fluctuating asymmetry was found for only one trait in one of the analyses for subadults relative to adults. Females had a higher degree of fluctuating asymmetry than males in one trait. A time trend analysis did find fluctuations over time for five traits but the relationship was weak as the trend appeared to occur by chance due to the high number of regressions analysed (n = 42). A correlation analysis of FA versus the sum concentrations of various classes of organohalogens in adipose tissue from a subsample of 94 recently collected polar bears (1999-2002) did not show a trend either. Hence, the present study could not document a relationship between skull asymmetry in polar bears and periods with different exposure to organohalogens. These findings are possibly influenced by nutritional status, genetic factors, a subeffect exposure of organohalogens or confounded by other environmental factors (e.g. temperature) within the two investigated periods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Arctic Environment, National Environmental Research Institute, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. csh@dmu.dk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sonne
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Riget
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirkegaard
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Born
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Letcher
authors.forename: D C G
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Muir
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000266:history* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006116:Greenland; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects*; D001503:Ursidae
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated