title: Inexpensive system for real-time 3-dimensional video-oculography using a fluorescent marker array.
abstract: We describe a novel, inexpensive method for real-time measurement of binocular three-dimensional eye position. The method employs consumer-grade digital video cameras ("webcams") to track an array of three fluorescent non-collinear markers affixed to each eye. The instantaneous position of the marker array relative to a reference position is used to construct a rotation matrix describing the eye rotation. The mathematical computation used to determine the rotation matrix is conceptually simpler and computationally more efficient than methods previously described, allowing generation of binocular three-dimensional eye position in real-time during image acquisition. The fluorescent marker is illuminated using a UV-A light source. The light source and reflective artifacts are filtered out to improve the signal to noise ratio. In addition, we present a method to align the camera with the center of eye rotation. When tested in vitro, the video-oculography (VOG) method had a <2.9% positional error (in each component of 3-D eye position) for eye positions within 20 degrees of center. We directly compared this method of VOG to the search coil technique by measuring three-dimensional eye position simultaneously using search coils and VOG in a chinchilla (C. laniger). The in vivo positional difference between the two methods was <3.1% for each component of 3-D eye position.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Laboratory of Vestibular Neurophysiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Americo A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Migliaccio
authors.forename: Hamish G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Macdougall
authors.forename: Lloyd B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Minor
authors.forename: Charles C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Della Santina
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002682:Chinchilla; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019721:Ophthalmoscopes; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods