title: [Effect of glucocorticoid on glucocorticoid-resistant children with primary nephrotic syndrome].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glucocorticoid (GC) is the first therapeutic choice of primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS). The response to GC treatment is an important indicator for the outcome of PNS children. Children with GC-resistant PNS present with incomplete or no response to GC, and may herald the progression to end-stage renal failure. However, the detailed mechanism of GC-resistance or GC-sensitive effect in these PNS children has not been clearly elucidated. The previous study by the authors indicated that there was increased expression of GR beta in PBMCs in GC-resistant children with PNS, and the over expression of GR beta resulted in GC resistance via influencing the ability of GR alpha nuclear translocation. To elucidate the relationship between GR beta expression in renal and in PBMCs and the effect of glucocorticoid on glucocorticoid-resistance children with PNS, the expression of GR alpha and GR beta in renal tissue and in PBMCs were detected by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty children with PNS were divided into two groups, GC-resistant group(20) and GC-sensitive group(20), the expression of GR alpha and GR beta in renal intrinsic cells and in PBMCs were measured with the immunohistochemistry technique. A semiquantitative score was used to evaluate the injury degree of the glomeruli and tubulointerstitium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with GC-sensitive group, the glomerular pathologic scores (6.91 +/- 1.98) and renal tubular pathologic scores (7.12 +/- 1.62) in GC- resistant group were significantly different (P < 0.01, respectively). GR alpha expressions of renal tissue and PBMCs were higher in the control group (58.3 +/- 2.6, 59.1 +/- 7.2) than those in the GC-sensitive group (40.2 +/- 7.2 and 36.6 +/- 5.1, P < 0.01, respectively) and GC-resistant group (35.0 +/- 8.2 and 36.4 +/- 6.6, P < 0.01, respectively). GR beta expressions of renal tissue and PBMCs were higher in the GC-resistant group (13.8 +/- 3.0 and 12.1 +/- 4.1) and in the GC-sensitive group (6.5 +/- 1.9 and 5.9 +/- 1.0) than that in control group (2.3 +/- 0.4 and 3.2 +/- 1.1, P < 0.01, respectively). GR beta expressions in renal tissue and PBMCs were higher in the GC-resistant group than that in the GC-sensitive group (P < 0.01). Compared with control group, GR beta expressions in PBMCs and in renal tissue were lower than those in mild renal lesion group (5.4 +/- 2.8, 6.46 +/- 2.50), midmedium renal lesion group (8.7 +/- 2.4 and 11.4 +/- 3.7) and (17.1 +/- 0.4 and 18.7 +/- 0.7) in severe renal lesion group (F = 5.8, 15.6, P < 0.01, respectively). GR beta expression of PBMCs had a positive correlation with GR beta expression of renal intrinsic cells (r = 0.651, P < 0.01). GR beta expressions by PBMCs and renal intrinsic cells were positively correlated with renal pathologic scores (r = 0.579 and 0.623, P < 0.01, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GC-resistant children with PNS were related to the increased GR beta expression in PBMCs and renal intrinsic cells. There was no correlation between the GR alpha expressions in PBMCs and in renal intrinsic cells. Increased GR beta expression might decrease the effect of GC via inhibiting the activity of GR alpha.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pediatric Nephrology, The Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province Clinical Center of Pediatric Nephrology, Changsha 410011, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-jie
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Zhu-wen
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Xi-qiang
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: Hui-qiong
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qing-nan
authors.initials: QN
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Shuang-hong
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.forename: Hai-tao
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Wen-mao
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: Hua-bin
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000473:pathology; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; C411470:glucocorticoid receptor alpha; C121943:glucocorticoid receptor beta