title: CcbP, a calcium-binding protein from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, provides evidence that calcium ions regulate heterocyst differentiation.
abstract: Although it is known that calcium is a very important messenger involved in many eukaryotic cellular processes, much less is known about calcium's role in bacteria. CcbP, a Ca(2+)-binding protein, was isolated from the heterocystous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, and the ccbP gene was cloned and inactivated. In the absence of combined nitrogen, inactivation of ccbP resulted in multiple contiguous heterocysts, whereas overexpression of ccbP suppressed heterocyst formation. Calmodulin, which is not present in Anabaena species, could also suppress heterocyst formation in both Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and Anabaena variabilis. HetR induction upon nitrogen step-down was slow in the strain overexpressing ccbP. The Ca(2+) reporter protein obelin was used to show that mature heterocysts had a high intracellular free Ca(2+)concentration {[Ca(2+)](i)}, and immunoblotting showed that CcbP was absent from heterocysts. A regular pattern of cells with higher [Ca(2+)](i) was established during heterocyst differentiation before the appearance of proheterocysts. A rapid increase of [Ca(2+)](i) could be detected 4 h after the removal of combined nitrogen, and this increase was suppressed by excessive CcbP. These results suggest that Ca(2+) ions play very important roles in hetR induction and heterocyst differentiation.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Yinhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yunming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Weixing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Donghui
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Jindong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D017033:Anabaena / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D020868:Gene Silencing; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D002147:Calmodulin; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; C010497:obelin; C067403:HetR protein, Bacteria; D009584:Nitrogen; D002118:Calcium