title: Single units in the pigeon brain integrate reward amount and time-to-reward in an impulsive choice task.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Animals prefer small over large rewards when the delays preceding large rewards exceed an individual tolerance limit. Such impulsive choice behavior occurs even in situations in which alternative strategies would yield more optimal outcomes. Behavioral research has shown that an animal's choice is guided by the alternative rewards' subjective values, which are a function of reward amount and time-to-reward. Despite increasing knowledge about the pharmacology and anatomy underlying impulsivity, it is still unknown how the brain combines reward amount and time-to-reward information to represent subjective reward value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We trained pigeons to choose between small, immediate rewards and large rewards delivered after gradually increasing delays. Single-cell recordings in the avian Nidopallium caudolaterale, the presumed functional analog of the mammalian prefrontal cortex, revealed that neural delay activation decreased with increasing delay length but also covaried with the expected reward amount. This integrated neural response was modulated by reward amount and delay, as predicted by a hyperbolical equation, of subjective reward value derived from behavioral studies. Furthermore, the neural activation pattern reflected the current reward preference and the time point of the shift from large to small rewards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported activity was modulated by the temporal devaluation of the anticipated reward in addition to reward amount. Our findings contribute to the understanding of neuropathologies such as drug addiction, pathological gambling, frontal lobe syndrome, and attention-deficit disorders, which are characterized by inappropriate temporal discounting and increased impulsiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, GAFO 05-618, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany. tobias.kalenscher@ruhr-uni-bochum.de
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kalenscher
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Windmann
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Diekamp
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Güntürkün
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colombo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D010856:Columbidae / Q000502:physiology*; D004594:Electrophysiology; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D012201:Reward; D013997:Time Factors