title: [Diagnosis and treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in 4 children].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis is different from acute pulmonary aspergillosis in clinical picture, radiogram, diagnostic procedures and prognosis. Four patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis had been misdiagnosed as having pneumonia or pulmonary tuberculosis for a long time before admission to the hospital. The purpose of this report was to summarize the clinical manifestations and laboratory findings for correct diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis seen between October 2002 and October 2004 were retrospectively studied. Their clinical manifestations, chest radiographic feature, immune status, diagnostic procedure, therapy and prognosis were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The chief complaints of these patients were chronic cough and fever for 3 to 12 months. Chest wall abscess developed in the late course in case 1 and 4. Fine moist rales were heard and hepatosplenomegaly was found in case 1 and 2. No abnormal sign was found in case 3 and 4. Chest radiographic feature: lobar consolidation with adjacent pleural thickening was present in all cases. In early phase, solitary or multiple small nodules were found in 2 cases. Case 1-3 had normal IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, T Cell subsets and NBT test. Case 4 had chronic granulomatous disease. Etiologic evidences: culture was positive for Aspergillus (A.) fulmigatus in sputum and in chest wall abscess in case 1 and 4; for A. niger in sputum and spore existing in lung tissue in case 2; for A. fulmigatus in sputum and hypha existing in lung tissue in case 3. All patients were treated with combination of amphotericin B and itraconazole. Their symptoms were controlled 10-30 d after treatment. In case 1 the disease relapsed 6 months later and the patient died at last due to giving up treatment by his parents. Case 2 was free of symptom for 12 months and his chest radiographic lesion disappeared completely 6 months later. Treatment of case 4 was given up. Case 3 continued to receive treatment and observation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis should be considered in children with long period fever and cough and lobar consolidation associated with adjacent pleural thickening or with nodular infiltration. The diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis depended on identification of aspergillus from sputum or lung tissue. Combined amphotericin B and itraconazole might control the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100045, China.
authors.forename: Shun-ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Zai-fang
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Sai-ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D055732:Pulmonary Aspergillosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D017964:Itraconazole; D000666:Amphotericin B