title: Early increase in vegetative symptoms predicts IFN-alpha-induced cognitive-depressive changes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The vegetative symptoms of depression resemble the symptoms of malaise associated with activation of the inflammatory response system (IRS), and can be regarded as an expression of a central motivational state that resets the organism's priorities to promote recovery from infection. Early vegetative symptoms, however, may also contribute to the high rates of depression seen later in the course of immune activation. We hypothesized that the onset of vegetative-depressive symptoms early in the treatment with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-alpha in chronic hepatitis C patients would increase the risk for subsequent depressive cognitions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients eligible for IFN-alpha treatment and free of psychiatric disorders were recruited. The DSM-IV, the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) were administered at baseline and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks after treatment was initiated. Cognitive-depressive and vegetative-depressive symptom clusters were constructed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fatigue and depression scores increased significantly during IFN-alpha treatment. Depression scores were highest at week 8 of treatment. First week increase in vegetative-depressive symptom score predicted cognitive-depressive symptom score at week 8 and at week 24.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During IFN-alpha treatment, vegetative symptoms of depression appear earlier than, and are predictive of, their cognitive counterparts. This finding suggests that low mood state may in part be driven by the increase in early vegetative-depressive symptoms in the course of IFN-alpha-induced immune activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. m.wichers@sp.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wichers
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Koek
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Robaeys
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Praamstra
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology; D005221:Fatigue; D005260:Female; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D016898:Interferon-alpha