title: Tearing down the Berlin wall: social workers' perspectives on joint working with general practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The arrangements for delivering social work and primary health care to older people in England and Wales are currently subject to rapid re-configuration, with the development of integrated primary care and social services trusts.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate perceptions of joint working in social services and general practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study setting was two London boroughs covered by one health authority, one NHS Community Health Services Trust, four Primary Care Groups and two social services departments. All social work team managers in both areas were interviewed together with a purposive sample of social workers with a high number of older clients on their caseloads. A sample of GPs was sought using a sampling frame of practice size in each borough. Structured interviews with open and closed questions were used. Tape-recorded interviews were transcribed and subject to thematic analysis. Analysis of emergent themes was aided by the use of Atlas-ti.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Social workers and GPs agree on the need for joint working, but have different understandings of it, each profession wanting the other to change its organizational culture. Co-location of social and health care is seen as desirable, but threatening to social work. Concerns about differences in power and hierarchical authority are evident and explicit in social work perspectives. Conflict resolution strategies include risk minimization, adopting pragmatic, case-specific solutions rather than remaining consistent with policy, using nurses as mediators, and resorting to authority.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although this is a study from urban areas in England, its findings may have wider significance since we have found that resources and professional skills may be more important than organizational arrangements in collaborative working between disciplines. Primary Care Trusts in England and Wales should promote awareness of these different perspectives, perceived risks and conflict minimization strategies in their work on clinical governance and professional development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Royan Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF, UK. k.kharicha@pcps.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Kalpa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kharicha
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iliffe
authors.forename: Enid
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: Cass
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fleming
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004739:England; D005194:Family Practice / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D012947:Social Work; D013222:State Medicine; D014852:Wales