title: The 8-year course of alcohol abuse: gender differences in social context and coping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to compare women (n=230) and men (n=236) who had alcohol use disorders in terms of social context and coping methods and in terms of changes in these indices associated with participation in professional treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Initially untreated problem drinkers were followed up for 8 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women and men did not differ in regard to the type of help received, but women had longer professional treatment. At baseline, women had more stressors and fewer resources from family and relied more on avoidance coping and drinking to cope. During the next 8 years, women, more so than men, increased on approach coping and reduced their use of avoidance coping and drinking to cope. When baseline status was controlled, women had better social resource, coping, and drinking outcomes than men did at 1 year and 8 years. A longer duration of professional treatment during year 1 was associated with improved approach coping among men but not women. A longer duration of AA attendance during year 1 and the full 8 years was associated with more resources from friends, more use of approach coping, and less drinking to cope. In turn, more friends resources and approach coping and less drinking to cope were associated with better drinking outcomes. Decreases in avoidance coping and drinking to cope were more strongly associated with better drinking outcomes among men than among women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It may be important to target men for formal services or self-help to increase their use of approach coping in efforts to maintain abstinence. Women's strategies for improving their social context need further explication to be adapted for transfer to male problem drinkers.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Care Evaluation, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, and Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California 94025, USA. ctimko@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Timko
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Finney
authors.forename: Rudolf H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Moos
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D000436:Alcoholics Anonymous; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome