title: Coping with body-image threats and challenges: validation of the Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite extensive research on both body image and coping, little attention has been given to their interface. This investigation examined the reliability and validity of the newly developed Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory (BICSI), which measures how individuals characteristically manage threats or challenges to body-image experiences.
  
  
  METHODS
  The BICSI and other relevant body-image and psychosocial functioning inventories were completed by 603 male and female college students.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results revealed a 29-item measure consisting of three internally consistent body-image coping factors: avoidance, appearance fixing, and positive rational acceptance. The BICSI significantly converged with other pertinent measures of body-image evaluation, affect, and investment, and with psychosocial functioning (i.e., self-esteem, social support, and eating disturbance). Regression analyses indicated that multiple coping strategies predicted individuals' body-image quality of life and their eating attitudes. Compared with men, women used all coping strategies more, especially appearance-fixing strategies. Ethnic differences were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The empirical findings support the reliability and validity of the BICSI. Limitations, implications, and research directions are considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0267, USA. tcash@odu.edu
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Cash
authors.forename: Melanie T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Emily Fleming
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001828:Body Image; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D014768:Virginia