title: Rethinking race/ethnicity, income, and childhood asthma: racial/ethnic disparities concentrated among the very poor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Past studies of the prevalence of childhood asthma have yielded conflicting findings as to whether racial/ethnic disparities remain after other factors, such as income, are taken into account. The objective of this study was to examine the association of race/ethnicity and family income with the prevalence of childhood asthma and to assess whether racial/ethnic disparities vary by income strata.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data on 14,244 children aged <18 years old in the 1997 National Health Interview Survey were examined. The authors used logistic regression to analyze the independent and joint effects of race/ethnicity and income-to-federal poverty level (FPL) ratio, adjusting for demographic covariates. The main outcome measure was parental report of the child having ever been diagnosed with asthma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bivariate analyses, based on weighted percentages, revealed that asthma was more prevalent among non-Hispanic black children (13.6%) than among non-Hispanic white children (11.2%; p<0.01), but the prevalence of asthma did not differ significantly between Hispanic children (10.1%) and non-Hispanic white children (11.2%; p=0.13). Overall, non-Hispanic black children were at higher risk for asthma than non-Hispanic white children (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03, 1.40), after adjustment for sociodemographic variables, including the ratio of annual family income to the FPL. Asthma prevalence did not differ between Hispanic children and non-Hispanic white children in adjusted analyses (adjusted OR=0.85; 95% CI 0.71, 1.02). Analyses stratified by income revealed that only among children from families with incomes less than half the FPL did non-Hispanic black children have a higher risk of asthma than non-Hispanic white children (adjusted OR=1.99; 95% CI 1.09, 3.64). No black vs. white differences existed at other income levels. Subsequent analyses of these very poor children that took into account additional potentially explanatory variables did not attenuate the higher asthma risk for very poor non-Hispanic black children relative to very poor non-Hispanic white children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-Hispanic black children were at substantially higher risk of asthma than non-Hispanic white children only among the very poor. The concentration of racial/ethnic differences only among the very poor suggests that patterns of social and environmental exposures must overshadow any hypothetical genetic risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA. lauren.smith@bmc.org
authors.forename: Lauren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Juliet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hatcher-Ross
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wertheimer
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kahn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011203:Poverty / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*