title: Quantitative assessment of promoter methylation profiles in thyroid neoplasms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancer-specific molecular markers are needed to supplement the cytopathological assessment of thyroid tumors, because a majority of patients with cytologically indeterminate nodules currently undergo thyroidectomy without a definitive diagnosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was the quantitative assessment of promoter hypermethylation and its relation to the BRAF mutation in thyroid tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative hypermethylation of Rassf1A, TSHR, RAR-beta2, DAPK, S100, p16, CDH1, CALCA, TIMP3, TGF-beta, and GSTpi was tested on a cohort of 82 benign and malignant thyroid tumors and five thyroid cancer cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at a tertiary research hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients underwent surgical resection for a thyroid tumor from 2000 to 2003 at our institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were no interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Final surgical pathology diagnosis was the main outcome measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thyroid tumors showed hypermethylation for the following markers: Rassf1A, TSHR, RAR-beta2, DAPK, CDH1, TIMP3, and TGF-beta. A trend toward multiple hypermethylation was evident in cancer tissues, with hypermethylation of two or more markers detectable in 25% of hyperplasias, 38% of adenomas, 48% of thyroid cancers, and 100% of cell lines. A rank correlation analysis of marker hypermethylation suggests that a subset of these markers is epigenetically modified in concert, which may reflect an organ-specific regulation process. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the BRAF mutation and RAR-beta2, and a negative correlation was found between the BRAF mutation and Rassf1A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methylation-induced gene silencing appears to affect multiple genes in thyroid tissue and increases with cancer progression. Additional markers with better discriminatory power between benign and malignant samples are needed for the diagnostic assessment of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 743, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Hoque
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Westra
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ladenson
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zeiger
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sidransky
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Umbricht
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf