title: Cigarette smoking and acute coronary syndromes: a multinational observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of cigarette smoking on the presentation, treatment, and in-hospital outcomes of patients admitted with the full spectrum of acute coronary syndromes.
  
  
  METHODS
  GRACE is a multinational observational registry involving 94 hospitals in 14 countries. This analysis is based on 19,325 patients aged at least 18 years admitted for acute coronary syndromes as a presumptive diagnosis with at least one of the following: electrocardiographic changes consistent with acute coronary syndromes, serial increases in serum biochemical markers of cardiac necrosis, and/or documentation of coronary artery disease. The main outcomes measured were mode of presentation, treatment and in-hospital death in the ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and unstable angina groups to assess the impact of smoking status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smokers were more frequently diagnosed with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (46.0%) than former smokers (27.4%) and non-smokers (30.2%) (P<0.001). Smokers were mostly men, were younger and more aggressively treated than former smokers and non-smokers across the three acute coronary syndrome groups. Unadjusted in-hospital mortality rates were lower in smokers compared with former smokers and non-smokers in the study population (3.3%, 4.5%, and 6.9%, respectively, P<0.001), and in the ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction groups. However, by multivariate logistic analysis, the adjusted in-hospital mortality rate was similar regardless of smoking status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no survival advantage related to current or prior cigarette smoking in patients admitted with acute coronary syndromes, regardless of presentation. In this large multinational registry, the smokers' paradox does not exist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, AP-HP, 46, rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France. dominique.himbert@bch.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Himbert
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klutman
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Steg
authors.forename: Kami
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Dietrich C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Gulba
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013577:Syndrome; D016896:Treatment Outcome