title: Assessment of real-time 3D visualization for cardiothoracic diagnostic evaluation and surgery planning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Three-dimensional (3D) real-time volume rendering has demonstrated improvements in clinical care for several areas of radiological imaging. We test whether advanced real-time rendering techniques combined with an effective user interface will allow radiologists and surgeons to improve their performance for cardiothoracic surgery planning and diagnostic evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  An interactive combination 3D and 2D visualization system developed at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill was compared against standard tiled 2D slice presentation on a viewbox. The system was evaluated for 23 complex cardiothoracic computed tomographic (CT) cases including heart-lung and lung transplantation, tumor resection, airway stent placement, repair of congenital heart defects, aortic aneurysm repair, and resection of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. Radiologists and surgeons recorded their impressions with and without the use of the interactive visualization system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cardiothoracic surgeons reported positive benefits to using the 3D visualizations. The addition of the 3D visualization changed the surgical plan (65% of cases), increased the surgeon's confidence (on average 40% per case), and correlated well with the anatomy found at surgery (95% of cases). The radiologists reported fewer and less major changes than the surgeons in their understanding of the case due to the 3D visualization. They found new findings or additional information about existing findings in 66% of the cases; however, they changed their radiology report in only 14% of the cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the appropriate choice of 3D real-time volume rendering and a well-designed user interface, both surgeons and radiologists benefit from viewing an interactive 3D visualization in addition to 2D images for surgery planning and diagnostic evaluation of complex cardiothoracic cases. This study finds that 3D visualization is especially helpful to the surgeon in understanding the case, and in communicating and planning the surgery. These results suggest that including real-time 3D visualization would be of clinical benefit for complex cardiothoracic CT cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3360, USA. bmh@ils.unc.edu
authors.forename: Bradley M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hemminger
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Detterbeck
authors.forename: Keith E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.forename: Joseph K T
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D016001:Confidence Intervals; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D011873:Radiology Information Systems; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013896:Thoracic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014584:User-Computer Interface