title: Health insurance, neighborhood income, and emergency department usage by Utah children 1996-1998.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is estimated that approximately half of emergency department (ED) usage in the U.S. and other developed countries is for non-urgent conditions and that this usage is related to availability, social, and economic factors. We examined pediatric ED usage in a U.S. state with respect to income, health insurance status, types of medical conditions, and whether introduction of managed care affected utilization by Medicaid children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Emergency department usage rates were calculated from 1996 through 1998 using Utah ED data for children with commercial health insurance, Medicaid, for uninsured children, and by income group estimating neighborhood household income from Zip code of residence. We analyzed usage following the July 1996 transition of Utah Medicaid to managed care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with Medicaid had approximately 50% greater ED utilization rates than children with commercial health insurance or uninsured children. The majority of usage for Medicaid and uninsured children was for non-traumatic conditions. Only 35% of total ED usage was for non-emergent or non-urgent conditions and this was related to both Medicaid and low household income. Children lacking health insurance were more likely to be discharged against medical advice (OR = 2.36, 95% C.I. 1.88-2.96). There was no reduction in Medicaid ED usage following the transition to managed care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Usage of ED services is related to both health insurance status and income. Children lacking health insurance and Medicaid children have excessive usage for conditions which could be treated in a primary care setting. That managed care does not reduce Medicaid ED usage is consistent with findings of other studies.
authors.affiliation: Intermountain Injury Control Research Center, University of Utah, 615 Arapeen Drive #202, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA. tonysuruda@aol.com
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suruda
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dean
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006300:Health Services Misuse / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000145:classification; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009017:Morbidity; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014589:Utah