title: The use of high-dose epinephrine for patients with out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest refractory to prehospital interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if high-dose epinephrine (HDE) used during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest refractory to prehospital interventions improves return of spontaneous circulation, 24-hour survival, discharge survival, and neurological outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicenter randomized controlled trial was conducted between May 1991 and October 1996 to compare the effectiveness of HDE versus standard-dose epinephrine (SDE) in patients having out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest refractory to prehospital resuscitation efforts. Cardiopulmonary arrest was classified as "medical" or "traumatic." Two hundred thirty patients were enrolled in 7 pediatric emergency departments. Ages ranged from newborn to 22 years. Seventeen patients met exclusion criteria. Patients were assigned to receive HDE (0.1 mg/kg for the initial dose and 0.2 mg/kg for subsequent doses) or SDE (0.01 mg/kg). The main end points evaluated were return of spontaneous circulation, 24-hour survival, discharge survival, and neurological outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred twenty-seven patients received HDE (32 trauma patients), and 86 patients received SDE (27 trauma patients). Among medical patients, 24 (25%) of 95 experienced return of spontaneous circulation in the HDE group as compared with 9 (15%) of 59 in the SDE group (P = 0.14, chi2 = 2.17, relative risk = 1.66 [0.83-3.31]). Sixteen (17%) of 95 HDE patients and 5 (8%) of 59 SDE patients survived at least 24 hours (P = 0.14, chi2 = 2.16, relative risk = 1.99 [0.77-5.14]). Nine survivors to discharge received HDE, and 2 received SDE (P = 0.21, Fisher exact test, relative risk = 2.75 [0.61-12.28]). There were no long-term survivors among the trauma patients. Eight of 11 long-term survivors had severe neurological outcomes defined by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (2/2 SDE, 6/9 HDE; P = 0.51, Fisher exact test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HDE does not improve or diminish return of spontaneous circulation, 24-hour survival, long-term survival, or neurological outcome compared with SDE in out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Medical Center ML 2008, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. mary.patterson@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Mary D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Boenning
authors.forename: Bruce L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hegenbarth
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Krug
authors.forename: Elliott M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004837:Epinephrine