title: BMP-2 liberated from biomimetic implant coatings induces and sustains direct ossification in an ectopic rat model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Using a rat model, we evaluated the kinetics and histomorphometry of ectopic bone formation in association with biomimetic implant coatings containing BMP-2.
  
  
  METHODS
  One experimental and three control groups were set up: titanium-alloy discs coated with a biomimetically co-precipitated layer of calcium phosphate and BMP-2 [1.7 microg per disc (incorporated-BMP group)]; uncoated discs (control); discs biomimetically coated with a layer of calcium phosphate alone (control); and discs biomimetically coated with a layer of calcium phosphate bearing superficially adsorbed BMP-2 [0.98 microg per disc (control)]. Discs (n = 6 per group) were implanted subcutaneously in rats and retrieved at 7-day intervals over a period of 5 weeks for kinetic, histomorphometrical, morphological and histochemical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the incorporated-BMP-2 group, osteogenic activity was first observed 2 weeks after implantation and thereafter continued unabated until the end of the monitoring period. The net weekly rates of bone formation per disc were 5.8 mm3 at 2 weeks and 3.64 mm3 at 5 weeks. The total volumes of bone formed per disc at these junctures were 5.8 mm3 and 10.3 mm3, respectively. Bone tissue, which was formed by a direct ossification mechanism, was deposited at distances of up to 340 microm from the implant surfaces. The biomimetic coatings were degraded gradually, initially by foreign body giant cells alone and then also by osteoclasts. Forty percent of the coating material (and thus presumably of the incorporated BMP-2) remained at the end of the monitoring period. Hence, 60% of the incorporated BMP-2 had been released. At this 5-week juncture, no bone tissue was associated with any of the control implants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BMP-2 incorporated into biomimetic calcium phosphate coatings is capable not only of inducing bone formation at an ectopic site in vivo but also of doing so with a very high potency at a low pharmacological level, and of sustaining this activity for a considerable period of time. The sustainment of osteogenic activity is of great clinical importance for the osseointegration of dental and orthopedic implants.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials Research Group, Twente University, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Hunziker
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D023421:Models, Animal; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; C525720:Bmp2 protein, rat; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase