title: Achieving good glycemic control: initiation of new antihyperglycemic therapies in patients with type 2 diabetes from the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Diabetes Registry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effectiveness of antihyperglycemic therapies in type 2 diabetic patients with poor glycemic control (baseline glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1C] > 8%).
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal (cohort) study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study patients were 4775 type 2 diabetic patients who initiated new antihyperglycemic therapies and maintained them for up to 1 year. The study setting was Kaiser Permanente Northern California Medical Group, an integrated, prepaid, healthcare delivery organization. Treatment regimens were 1 or more of the following: insulin, thiazolidinediones, sulfonylureas, biguanides (metformin), or other less frequently used options (including meglitinides or alpha-glucosidase inhibitors).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this cohort, the mean HbA1C was 9.9% when therapy was initiated. Within 1 year, there was a drop of 1.3 percentage points in the mean HbA1C (to 8.6%), and 18% of new initiators achieved HbA1C values of < or = 7%. After adjusting for baseline clinical differences, the proportion of patients treated to goal was greatest among those receiving thiazolidinediones in combination (24.6%-25.7%) or a regimen of metformin and insulin (24.9%), while the least success was experienced by those receiving sulfonylureas alone (12.5%) or insulin-sulfonylureas regimens (10.9%). The probability of achieving the target goal was most strongly predicted by the level of glycemic control before initiation, but patient behaviors (eg, frequent self-monitoring, lower rates of missed appointments) also were strongly associated with greater levels of control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, therapy initiation resulted in an impressive population-level benefit. However, since most new initiators still had not achieved good control within 12 months, careful monitoring and prompt therapy intensification remain important.
authors.affiliation: The Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA 94612, USA. andy.j.karter@kp.org
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Karter
authors.forename: Howard H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Moffet
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Melissa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Ameena T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Assiamira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: Joe V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Selby
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002140:California; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012042:Registries; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin