title: Developing a long-term surviving piglet model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to develop a piglet model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, which would allow for serial assessments of long-term neurodevelopmental impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 12 newborn piglets, we produced hypoxia by 8% oxygen breathing for 5-91 minutes. We combined ischemia by reversible bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for varying times. Outcome measures were clinical neurological evaluation, magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies and brain histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Those animals which received intravenous sedation and no mechanical ventilation showed poor tolerance to hypoxia-ischemia and died early in the course of the experiments. The use of inhalation anesthesia during surgical procedures and mechanical ventilation during hypoxia-ischemia was associated with long-term survival. Seven of eight animals that survived > or = 48 hr showed clinical neurological abnormalities, that later resolved. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements did not change significantly following hypoxia-ischemia. None of the animals had histopathological brain lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When subjected to acute hypoxia-ischemia, piglets were likely to survive only if they were given such supportive measures as anesthesia and mechanical ventilation. Even with hypoxic-ischemic injury sufficient to produce acute signs of neurological dysfunctions, longterm, stable survival with no evident brain histopathological abnormalities was possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA. jsm734@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Kristine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: McCulloch
authors.forename: Tonse N K
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.forename: Shankararao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Navale
authors.forename: C Tyler
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Burt
authors.forename: Tabasam
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roohey
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moustogiannis
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Zachary
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000379:methods; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes / Q000378:metabolism; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes