title: The effect of free-electron laser pulse structure on mid-infrared soft-tissue ablation: biological effects.
abstract: Previous studies have shown that changing the pulse structure of the free electron laser (FEL) from 1 to 200 ps and thus reducing the peak irradiance of the micropulse by 200 times had little or no effect on both the ablation threshold radiant exposure and the ablated crater depth for a defined radiant exposure. This study focuses on the ablation mechanism at 6.1 and 6.45 microm with an emphasis on the role of the FEL pulse structure. Three different experiments were performed to gain insight into this mechanism. The first was an analysis of the ablation plume dynamics observed for a 1 ps micropulse compared with a 200 ps micropulse as seen through bright-field analysis. Negligible differences are seen in the size, but not the dynamics of ablation, as a result of this imaging. The second experiment was a histological analysis of corneal and dermal tissue to determine whether there is less thermal damage associated with one micropulse duration versus another. No significant difference was seen in the extent of thermal damage on either canine cornea or mouse dermis for the micropulse durations studied at either wavelength. The final set of experiments involved the use of mass spectrometry to determine whether amide bond breakage could occur in the proteins present in tissue as a result of direct absorptions of mid-infrared light into the amide I and amide II absorption bands. This analysis showed that there was no amide bond breakage due to irradiation at 6.45 microm on protein.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mackanos
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kozub
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hachey
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Joos
authors.forename: Darrel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Jansen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000601:surgery; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004583:Electrons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007259:Infrared Rays / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008027:Light; D051379:Mice; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome