title: Staphylococcus epidermidis polysaccharide intercellular adhesin production significantly increases during tricarboxylic acid cycle stress.
abstract: Staphylococcal polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) is important for the development of a mature biofilm. PIA production is increased during growth in a nutrient-replete or iron-limited medium and under conditions of low oxygen availability. Additionally, stress-inducing stimuli such as heat, ethanol, and high concentrations of salt increase the production of PIA. These same environmental conditions are known to repress tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity, leading us to hypothesize that altering TCA cycle activity would affect PIA production. Culturing Staphylococcus epidermidis with a low concentration of the TCA cycle inhibitor fluorocitrate dramatically increased PIA production without impairing glucose catabolism, the growth rate, or the growth yields. These data lead us to speculate that one mechanism by which staphylococci perceive external environmental change is through alterations in TCA cycle activity leading to changes in the intracellular levels of biosynthetic intermediates, ATP, or the redox status of the cell. These changes in the metabolic status of the bacteria result in the attenuation or augmentation of PIA production.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Labortories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA.
authors.forename: Cuong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vuong
authors.forename: Joshua B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kidder
authors.forename: Erik R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Proctor
authors.forename: Greg A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Somerville
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000154:Aconitate Hydratase / Q000032:analysis; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D018533:Biomass; D002951:Citrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis; D009243:NAD / Q000032:analysis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002951:Citrates; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; C113579:polysaccharide intercellular adhesin; D009243:NAD; C007744:fluorocitrate; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; D000154:Aconitate Hydratase; D005947:Glucose; D019342:Acetic Acid