title: Craniofacial resection for malignant paranasal sinus tumors: Report of an International Collaborative Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malignant tumors of the superior sinonasal vault are rare, and, because of this and the varied histologic findings, most outcomes data reflect the experience of small patient cohorts. This International Collaborative study examines a large cohort of patients accumulated from multiple institutions experienced in craniofacial surgery, with the aim of reporting benchmark figures for outcomes and identifying patient-related and tumor-related predictors of prognosis after craniofacial resection (CFR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred thirty-four patients from 17 institutions were analyzed for outcome. Patients with esthesioneuroblastoma were excluded and are being reported separately. The median age was 57 years (range, 3-98 years). One hundred eighty-eight patients (56.3%) had had prior single-modality or combined treatment, which included surgery in 120 (36%), radiation in 79 (23.7%), and chemotherapy in 56 (16.8%). The most common histologic findings were adenocarcinoma in 107 (32%) and squamous cell carcinoma in 101 (30.2%). The margins of resection were close or microscopically positive in 95 (30%). Adjuvant radiotherapy was given in 161 (48.2%) and chemotherapy in 16 (4.8%). Statistical analyses for outcomes were performed in relation to patient characteristics, tumor characteristics, including histologic findings and extent of disease, surgical resection margins, prior radiation, and prior chemotherapy to determine predictive factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative mortality occurred in 15 patients (4.5%). Postoperative complications occurred in 110 patients (32.9%). The 5-year overall, disease-specific, and recurrence-free survival rates were 48.3%, 53.3%, and 45.8%, respectively. The status of surgical margins, histologic findings of the primary tumor, and intracranial extent were independent predictors of overall, disease-specific, and recurrence-free survival on multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CFR for malignant paranasal sinus tumors is a safe surgical treatment with an overall mortality of 4.5% and complication rate of 33%. The status of surgical margins, histologic findings of the primary tumor, and intracranial extent are independent predictors of outcome.
authors.affiliation: Head and Neck Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ganly
authors.forename: Snehal G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Bhuvanesh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Dennis H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: Patrick G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Bridger
authors.forename: Giulo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cantu
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cheesman
authors.forename: Geraldo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Sa
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Donald
authors.forename: Dan M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fliss
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gullane
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Janecka
authors.forename: Shin-Etsu
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kamata
authors.forename: Luiz P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Luiz R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Medina Dos Santos
authors.forename: Sultan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schramm
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Snyderman
authors.forename: William I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Jatin P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012886:Skull / Q000601:surgery*; D019291:Skull Base / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome