title: Accumulation of metals and minerals from phosphate binders.
abstract: Metals and minerals that depend on renal clearance may accumulate to toxic levels in patients with marginal kidney function. Toxicities of aluminum-based phosphate binders became apparent approximately 25 years ago. Nephrologists now recognize cardiovascular calcification may follow use of calcium-based phosphate binders. Five lessons can be learned: (1)safety must not be assumed in absence of data; (2) all evidence for causal linkage of toxicities from therapeutics must be considered, including animal data; (3) clinical trials are unlikely to reveal the spectrum of problems from long-term drug exposure; (4) complications can remain unrecognized until late in post-introduction surveillance; (5) minerals important for normal function can be toxic with excess accumulation. Introduction of new agents necessitates caution - it is difficult to change practice once a therapeutic is commonplace. Lessons learned about hazards of past phosphate binders must be applied judiciously when evaluating long-term risks/safety of novel metal-based binders such as lanthanum carbonate.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine, Division of Renal Disease and Hypertension, University of Texas HSC-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Donald.A.Molony@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Molony
authors.forename: Bhamidipati
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Murthy
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D002118:Calcium / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007811:Lanthanum / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D008670:Metals / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D008903:Minerals / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D008903:Minerals; D010710:Phosphates; D007811:Lanthanum; D000535:Aluminum; D002118:Calcium