title: Hormonal modulation of B cell development and repertoire selection.
abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of pathogenic autoantibodies, primarily to nuclear antigens. The etiology of SLE is not entirely understood, but it is well-appreciated that multiple factors such as genetics and environment contribute to disease progression and pathogenesis. There is also convincing evidence that gender plays an import role in SLE since the incidence of disease occurs with a female to male ratio of 9:1. While it is plausible that some sex-linked genes may contribute to the genetic predisposition for the disease, other likely culprits for this gender bias are the sex hormones estrogen and prolactin. The data implicating estrogen and prolactin in SLE, until recently, were largely circumstantial. However, within the last few years, data collected from both human and mouse studies have provided compelling evidence that alterations in sex hormone levels can alter tolerance of autoreactive B cells and exacerbate disease. In this review, we will discuss recent data demonstrating a role for estrogen and prolactin in SLE and the effect of these hormones on B cell maturation, selection and activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, PH 8E New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Grimaldi
authors.forename: Latia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Xiaonan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peeva
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Diamond
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D004967:Estrogens / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D011388:Prolactin / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011388:Prolactin