title: Subtyping of Clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotype 001 by repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR genomic fingerprinting.
abstract: Fifty isolates of the most common UK strain of Clostridium difficile [polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotype 001] were analysed by three PCR-based typing methods in order to determine genomic diversity within this strain that may form the basis of a subtyping method. The three methods used were repetitive extragenic palindromic elements (REP), conserved repetitive DNA elements (BOX), and enterobacterial repetitive PCR intergenic consensus sequences (ERIC). The performance of each typing method was assessed by comparing powers of discrimination, typeability and reproducibility. All methods had satisfactory levels of typeability and reproducibility as determined by blind-coded repeats, but REP-PCR typing proved to be the most discriminatory method, yielding seven distinct amplicon profiles consisting of up to eight major bands. BOX-PCR generated between two and five major amplicons with four distinct BOX profiles. ERIC-PCR primers, however, could not discriminate between isolates. These results suggest that PCR ribotype 001 is not clonal in nature at present, and that REP-PCR subtyping methods offer promise to further our understanding of the epidemiology of C. difficile PCR ribotype 001 disease in UK hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Anaerobe Reference Laboratory, NPHS Microbiology Cardiff, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 2XW, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahmati
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gal
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Northey
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brazier
mesh_terms: D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D016384:Consensus Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D009660:Northern Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D021521:Ribotyping / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013045:Species Specificity; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D021901:DNA, Intergenic