title: Comparative anatomical study of the kidney position in amniotes using the origin of the renal artery as a landmark.
abstract: The anatomical relationship between the kidney position and its arterial supply was investigated in 21 mammals, 1 bird, and 3 reptiles (n = 1 for each species) and in 43 human cadavers. The following observations were made. (1) Although the right kidney was located caudal to the left kidney in 29 out of 43 human cadavers (67.4%), the origin of the right renal artery from the aorta was located cranial to the origin of the left renal artery in 36 human cadavers (83.7%). Therefore, the relative positions of the kidneys do not correspond with the relative origins of the renal arteries in humans. (2) Among the mammals that were examined, the position of the kidney and the branching level of the renal artery on the right side were usually cranial to those on the left side. (3) In the bird and most reptiles that were examined, kidneys were typically located in the pelvic region and were supplied by segmental arterial branches. These results suggest that the right kidney and its arterial supply are generally located cranial to the left kidney in phylogeny of mammals. While the presence of a human accessory renal artery in 9 out of 86 sides (10.5%) and a cranial origin of the left renal artery relative to the right renal artery in 7 out of 43 cadavers (16.3%), shows some variation in the arterial supply to the kidneys, the origin of the renal arteries can generally be used as phylogenetic landmarks indicating the relative positions of the kidneys. Hence, from an ontological perspective, the human right kidney may be initially situated cranial to the left kidney during the early stages of development. Thereafter, the human right kidney may shift downwards secondary.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.forename: Tomokazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.forename: Fumie
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001717:Birds / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D008322:Mammals / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D010388:Pelvis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D012104:Reptiles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D013045:Species Specificity