title: Lessons learned from Mir--a payload perspective.
abstract: Among the principal objectives of the Phase 1 NASA/Mir program were for the United States to gain experience working with an international partner, to gain working experience in long-duration space flight, and to gain working experience in planning for and executing research on a long-duration space platform. The Phase 1 program was to provide the US early experience prior to the construction and operation of the International Space Station (Phase 2 and 3). While it can be argued that Mir and ISS are different platforms and that programmatically Phase 1 and ISS are organized differently, it is also clear that many aspects of operating a long-duration research program are platform independent. This can be demonstrated by a review of lessons learned from Skylab, a US space station program of the mid-1970s, many of which were again "learned" on Mir and are being "learned" on ISS. Among these are optimum crew training strategies, on-orbit crew operations, ground support, medical operations and crew psychological support, and safety certification processes.
authors.affiliation: ISS Payloads Office, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Uri
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Nygren
authors.forename: Jeffery A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cardenas
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D018480:Astronauts / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D001690:Biological Science Disciplines; D004867:Equipment Design; D007391:International Cooperation; D012106:Research; D012426:Russia; D017751:Safety Management; D013026:Space Flight / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000639:trends; D018531:Spacecraft; D014481:United States; D018557:United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014893:Weightlessness