title: Barriers to translating emerging genetic research on smoking into clinical practice. Perspectives of primary care physicians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death nationally. Emerging research may lead to improved smoking cessation treatment options, including tailoring treatment by genotype. Our objective was to assess primary care physicians' attitudes toward new genetic-based approaches to smoking treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2002 national survey of primary care physicians. Respondents were randomly assigned a survey including 1 of 2 scenarios: a scenario in which a new test to tailor smoking treatment was described as a "genetic" test or one in which the new test was described as a "serum protein" test.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample was randomly drawn from all U.S. primary care physicians in the American Medical Association Masterfile (e.g., those with a primary specialty of internal medicine, family practice, or general practice). Of 2,000 sampled physicians, 1,120 responded, yielding a response rate of 62.3%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling for physician and practice characteristics, describing a new test as "genetic" resulted in a regression-adjusted mean adoption score of 73.5, compared to a score of 82.5 for a nongenetic test, reflecting an 11% reduction in physicians' likelihood of offering such a test to their patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Merely describing a new test to tailor smoking treatment as "genetic" poses a significant barrier to physician adoption. Considering national estimates of those who smoke on a daily basis, this 11% reduction in adoption scores would translate into 3.9 million smokers who would not be offered a new genetic-based treatment for smoking. While emerging genetic research may lead to improved smoking treatment, the potential of novel interventions will likely go unrealized unless barriers to clinical integration are addressed.
authors.affiliation: Health Policy Institute, Georgetown Public Policy Institute, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA. shieldsa@georgetown.edu
authors.forename: Alexandra E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
authors.forename: Kevin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Catherine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Comstock
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Currivan
authors.forename: Caryn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lerman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D036281:Genetic Research; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine; D008297:Male; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*