title: Azospirillum brasilense produces the auxin-like phenylacetic acid by using the key enzyme for indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis.
abstract: An antimicrobial compound was isolated from Azospirillum brasilense culture extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography and further identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as the auxin-like molecule, phenylacetic acid (PAA). PAA synthesis was found to be mediated by the indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylase, previously identified as a key enzyme in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production in A. brasilense. In minimal growth medium, PAA biosynthesis by A. brasilense was only observed in the presence of phenylalanine (or precursors thereof). This observation suggests deamination of phenylalanine, decarboxylation of phenylpyruvate, and subsequent oxidation of phenylacetaldehyde as the most likely pathway for PAA synthesis. Expression analysis revealed that transcription of the ipdC gene is upregulated by PAA, as was previously described for IAA and synthetic auxins, indicating a positive feedback regulation. The synthesis of PAA by A. brasilense is discussed in relation to previously reported biocontrol properties of A. brasilense.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Somers
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ptacek
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gysegom
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vanderleyden
mesh_terms: D015806:Azospirillum brasilense / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D002262:Carboxy-Lyases / Q000378:metabolism*; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000737:chemistry; D004885:Erwinia / Q000254:growth & development; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010648:Phenylacetates / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D044224:Pseudomonas syringae / Q000254:growth & development; D012231:Rhizobium / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D010648:Phenylacetates; D010649:Phenylalanine; C030737:indoleacetic acid; C068832:indolepyruvate decarboxylase; D002262:Carboxy-Lyases; C025136:phenylacetic acid