title: Phosphate removal from the returned liquor of municipal wastewater treatment plant using iron-reducing bacteria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The application of iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) to phosphate removal from returned liquor (liquid fraction after activated sludge digestion and anaerobic sludge dewatering) of municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An enrichment culture and two pure cultures of IRB, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia BK and Brachymonas denitrificans MK identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, were produced using returned liquor from a municipal WWTP as carbon and energy source, and iron hydroxide as oxidant. The final concentration of phosphate increased from 70 to 90 mg l(-1) in the control and decreased from 70 to 1 mg l(-1) in the experiment. The mass ratio of removed P to produced Fe(II) was 0.17 g P g(-1) Fe(II). The strain S. maltophilia BK showed the ability to reduce Fe(III) using such xenobiotics as diphenylamine, m-cresol, 2,4-dichlorphenol and p-phenylphenol as sole sources of carbon under anaerobic conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacterial reduction of ferric hydroxide enhanced the phosphate removal from the returned liquor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability of the facultative anaerobes S. maltophilia BK and B. denitrificans MK to reduce Fe(III) was shown. These micro-organisms can be used for anaerobic removal of phosphate and xenobiotics by bacterial reduction of ferric ions.
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. cvivanov@ntu.edu.sg
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stabnikov
authors.forename: W Q
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: S T L
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Tay
mesh_terms: D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000378:metabolism*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004063:Digestion; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012722:Sewage; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007501:Iron