title: Lectin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein as a marker for testicular tumor activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lens culinaris agglutin (LCA)-affinity electrophoresis resolves serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) into three isoforms, AFP-L1, -L2 and -L3. The ratio of AFP-L3 to total AFP (AFP-L3%) is frequently high in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, and thus, it is widely used for early diagnosis of HCC. In the present study, we used the subfraction profile of LCA-binding AFP to diagnose and monitor testicular tumor activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples were collected from 21 testicular tumor patients, and the LCA-reactive fractions were determined by LCA-affinity electrophoresis coupled with antibody-affinity blotting. The histological diagnosis was non-seminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT) in 15 patients and pure seminoma in six patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum AFP levels were abnormally elevated (>20 ng/mL) in 10 of 15 NSGCT patients. One NSGCT patient and two seminoma patients showed borderline AFP levels between 10 and 20 ng/mL. LCA-reactive AFP was detected in all 11 NSGCT patients with serum AFP levels above 10 ng/mL, but not in the two seminoma patients with serum AFP levels above 10 ng/mL. In testicular tumor patients, the broad band of AFP-L2 could not be completely separated from AFP-L3. The mean ratio of AFP-L3 plus AFP-L2 (AFP-L2 + 3%) was as high as 94% (range 80-99%) in these patients. Serial determinations of LCA-reactive fractions were performed in eight of the 11 LCA-reactive AFP-positive patients. They included five patients who received chemotherapy, and three patients who underwent orchiectomy for stage I NSGCT. In three of eight patients, LCA-reactive AFP was detected even after normalization of total AFP levels. All three patients relapsed, with elevation of serum AFP within several months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Determination of LCA-reactive AFP might be a useful marker for testicular tumor activity in patients with lower AFP levels.
authors.affiliation: University of Tsukuba, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Urology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. rkawa@md.tsukuba.ac.jp
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyanaga
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hinotsu
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimazui
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akaza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D018237:Germinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D037102:Lectins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009919:Orchiectomy; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D018239:Seminoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000145:classification
chemical_list: D037102:Lectins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins