title: Advances in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intergroup 0099 established the role of concurrent chemotherapy with radiation therapy in the treatment of locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma, but its reproducibility was unclear and chemotherapy compliance was poor. Multiple concurrent chemoradiation phase III trials were initiated in response to the Intergroup trial, and technologic advances in radiotherapy were explored to improve the therapeutic ratio. This review highlights recent advances in the management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma as a result of these endeavors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five randomized phase III trials confirmed the benefit of concurrent chemoradiation over radiation therapy alone, firmly establishing concurrent chemoradiation as the standard of care in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Each of these studies used conventional radiation therapy and noted an increase in toxicity over radiation therapy alone. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy is an advanced form of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy which allows delivery of high doses of radiation to the tumor while sparing adjacent normal tissues, leading to improved local control and decreased radiation therapy-induced toxicities. Distant metastasis remains a significant problem despite intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Taxane-based induction chemotherapy seems promising in phase II studies. Targeted therapies remain a major area of interest and require further investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cisplatin-based concurrent chemoradiation followed by adjuvant chemotherapy is the standard of care for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy has undergone a rapid evolution and is replacing conventional radiation therapy in many institutions. A multidisciplinary effort is under way to explore more effective systemic therapy to improve the distant metastasis free rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: O'Meara
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000639:trends; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D018787:Radiation Oncology / Q000639:trends; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal