title: Anxiety, depression and psychotropic medication use in patients with persistent upper and lower gastrointestinal symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited information is available about anxiety, depression and psychotropic medication use in patients referred for gastrointestinal endoscopy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine anxiety and depression and its association with endoscopic findings in a representative sample of patients with persistent gastrointestinal symptoms prior to endoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients referred to the hospital for endoscopy between February 2002 and February 2004 were asked to score anxiety and depression on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale 2 weeks prior to endoscopy. Information about endoscopic diagnoses was obtained from medical files.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1298 subjects was studied (600 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies and 698 lower gastrointestinal endoscopies). Patients referred for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy used most psychotropic agents (24%; odds ratio = 3.1; 95% confidence interval = 2.3-4.2), especially patients with an organic abnormality when compared with patients without an organic abnormality (42% versus 8%; odds ratio = 8.6; 95% confidence interval = 5.4-14.0). Patients with colonic polyps were more anxious (odds ratio = 1.7; 95% confidence interval = 1.0-2.9) and depressed (odds ratio = 1.8; 95% confidence interval = 1.1-3.1) than other patients referred for lower gastrointestinal endoscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no difference in anxiety nor depression between patients with and without organic abnormalities at endoscopy. Patients with colonic polyps are more anxious and depressed than other patients referred for lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. Psychotropic medication use is highest among patients with an organic abnormality in the proximal gastrointestinal tract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center St. Radboud, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. L.vanKerkhoven@MDL.umcn.nl
authors.forename: L A S
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: van Kerkhoven
authors.forename: L G M
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: van Rossum
authors.forename: M G H
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: van Oijen
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Witteman
authors.forename: J B M J
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: R J F
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Laheij
authors.forename: A C I T L
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs