title: Acupuncture and dry-needling for low back pain: an updated systematic review within the framework of the cochrane collaboration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of acupuncture and dry-needling for the treatment of nonspecific low back pain.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Low back pain is usually a self-limiting condition that tends to improve spontaneously over time. However, for many people, back pain becomes a chronic or recurrent problem for which a large variety of therapeutic interventions are employed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We updated the searches from 1996 to February 2003 in CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE. We also searched the Chinese Cochrane Centre database of clinical trials and Japanese databases to February 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials of acupuncture (that involved needling) or dry-needling for adults with nonspecific acute/subacute or chronic low back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently assessed methodologic quality (using the criteria recommended by the Cochrane Back Review Group) and extracted data. The trials were combined using meta-analysis methods or levels of evidence when the data reported did not allow statistical pooling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five randomized clinical trials were included: 20 were published in English, 7 in Japanese, 5 in Chinese, and 1 each in Norwegian, Polish, and German. There were only 3 trials of acupuncture for acute low back pain. These studies did not justify firm conclusions because of their small sample sizes and low methodologic quality. For chronic low back pain, there is evidence of pain relief and functional improvement for acupuncture compared to no treatment or sham therapy. These effects were only observed immediately after the end of the sessions and in short-term follow-up. There is also evidence that acupuncture, added to other conventional therapies, relieves pain and improves function better than the conventional therapies alone. However, the effects are only small. Dry-needling appears to be a useful adjunct to other therapies for chronic low back pain. No clear recommendations could be made about the most effective acupuncture technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data do not allow firm conclusions regarding the effectiveness of acupuncture for acute low back pain. For chronic low back pain, acupuncture is more effective for pain relief and functional improvement than no treatment or sham treatment immediately after treatment and in the short-term only. Acupuncture is not more effective than other conventional and "alternative" treatments. The data suggest that acupuncture and dry-needling may be useful adjuncts to other therapies for chronic low back pain. Because most of the studies were of lower methodologic quality, there is a clear need for higher quality trials in this area.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Work & Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. afurlan@iwh.on.ca
authors.forename: Andrea D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Furlan
authors.forename: Maurits
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Tulder
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cherkin
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsukayama
authors.forename: Lixing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lao
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koes
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berman
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome