title: Use of Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans to suppress the effects of ochratoxicosis on the immune system of broiler chicks.
abstract: (1) The objective of this study was to determine whether the dietary inclusion of Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans (TRM) could suppress the detrimental effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) on the immune system of broiler chicks. (2) Six experimental treatments were tested in 300 1-d-old broiler chicks. Treatments included addition to a standard broiler ration of neither OTA nor TRM (Diet 1), OTA alone (500 microg/kg), OTA plus TRM at three inclusion rates (10(4) CFU/g of feed, 10(5) CFU/g, 10(6) CFU/g) and TRM alone at 10(5) CFU/g of feed. The ration was fed to chicks for 42 d. (3) Blood samples were collected at d 10, 20, 30 and 40 and macrophages and heterophils were isolated. The following variables were determined in macrophages and heterophils activated by phorbol myristate acetate (65 microM): cell viability, total cell-associated urokinase-plasminogen activator (u-PA), membrane-bound u-PA, free u-PA binding sites and superoxide production. (4) There was a decrease in the viability of macrophages and heterophils from chicks receiving OTA-contaminated feed compared to the viability of cells from control birds at d 40. Dietary TRM completely blocked the effect of OTA on cell viability; all three inclusion rates were equally effective. There was a decrease in total cell-associated and membrane-bound u-PA in macrophages and heterophils of chicks receiving OTA-contaminated feed compared to the corresponding values in control birds for heterophils at d 30 and 40 and for the macrophages at d 40. (5) Similarly, dietary TRM abolished the effect of OTA on total cell-associated and membrane-bound u-PA activity. All three inclusion rates of yeast were equally effective. Heterophils, but not macrophages, isolated from chicks receiving OTA-contaminated diet produced less superoxide anion compared to all other diet groups at d 30 and 40. (6) The immune system is a primary target of OTA toxicity in broilers: several functional properties of macrophages and heterophils were depressed in chicks fed OTA-contaminated feed. There was a delay of 30d before the immunosuppressive effect became apparent. The dietary inclusion of TRM completely blocked the detrimental effects of OTA on several immune properties in broilers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece. i.politis@aua.gr
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Politis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fegeros
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nitsch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schatzmayr
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kantas
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015651:Mycotoxicosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000633:toxicity*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013481:Superoxides; D014250:Trichosporon / Q000502:physiology*; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009793:Ochratoxins; D013481:Superoxides; C025589:ochratoxin A; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator