title: Diabetes and the menopause.
abstract: As life expectancy increases, women are spending more time in the postmenopausal phase of life. Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world and its prevalence is increasing. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is more common than type 1 (it accounts for 90% of all cases) and is most frequent in obese individuals over the age of 40 years. In this review, the main problems faced by postmenopausal diabetic women are examined, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in this group of women is discussed. HRT appears to decrease the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and to improve glycaemic control; the results vary according to the type of HRT and the route of administration. HRT also improves lipid profiles and transdermal delivery seems to decrease triglyceride levels in particular. There are conflicting data on the effect of HRT on coronary heart disease (CHD); however, it may be beneficial in younger postmenopausal diabetic women. Cardioprotective treatment adjuncts (such as statins or low-dose aspirin) may be advised in diabetic women with CHD risk factors who require HRT. However, their prescription is currently not recommended solely for the possible prevention of cardiovascular disease. HRT may also protect women from osteoporosis in diabetes, especially in type 1 diabetes mellitus. It is recommended that the lowest possible effective dose is used. In postmenopausal diabetic women in whom HRT is not suitable, alternatives such as bisphosphonates may be employed. In these women, vasomotor symptoms can also be improved using drugs such as venlafaxine or gabapentin. Based on current data, we have proposed a regimen that could be used for women with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Cheen Leen
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.forename: Mahesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perera
mesh_terms: D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000517:prevention & control; D003663:Decision Trees; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000517:prevention & control; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017698:Postmenopause; D016387:Women's Health