title: An exceptional Albanian family with seven children presenting with dysmorphic features and mental retardation: maternal phenylketonuria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phenylketonuria is an inborn error of amino acid metabolism which can cause severe damage to the patient or, in the case of maternal phenylketonuria, to the foetus. The maternal phenylketonuria syndrome is caused by high blood phenylalanine concentrations during pregnancy and presents with serious foetal anomalies, especially congenital heart disease, microcephaly and mental retardation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report on an affected Albanian woman and her seven children. The mother is affected by phenylketonuria and is a compound heterozygote for two pathogenetic mutations, L48S and P281L. The diagnosis was only made in the context of her children, all of whom have at least one severe organic malformation. The first child, 17 years old, has a double-chambered right ventricle, vertebral malformations and epilepsy. She is also mentally retarded, microcephalic, exhibits facial dysmorphies and small stature. The second child, a girl 15 years of age, has severe mental retardation with microcephaly, small stature and various dysmorphic features. The next sibling, a boy, died of tetralogy of Fallot at the age of three months. He also had multiple vertebral and rib malformations. The subsequent girl, now eleven years old, has mental retardation, microcephaly and epilepsy along with facial dysmorphy, partial deafness and short stature. The eight-year-old child is slightly mentally retarded and microcephalic. A five-year-old boy was a premature, dystrophic baby and exhibits mental retardation, dysmorphic facial features, brachydactyly and clinodactyly of the fifth finger on both hands. Following a miscarriage, our index case, the youngest child at two years of age, is microcephalic and mentally retarded and shows minor facial anomalies. All children exhibit features of phenylalanine embryopathy caused by maternal phenylketonuria because the mother had not been diagnosed earlier and, therefore, never received any diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the largest family suffering from maternal phenylketonuria reported in the literature. Maternal phenylketonuria remains a challenge, especially in woman from countries without a neonatal screening program. Therefore, it is mandatory to be alert for the possibility of maternal phenylketonuria syndrome in case of a child with the clinical features described here to prevent foetal damage in subsequent siblings.
authors.affiliation: Children and Youth Hospital, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Loschge Street 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany. ina.knerr@kinder.imed.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Knerr
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zschocke
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schellmoser
authors.forename: Hans G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Topf
authors.forename: Corina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weigel
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dötsch
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rascher
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000209:etiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008831:Microcephaly / Q000209:etiology*; D017042:Phenylketonuria, Maternal / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D011247:Pregnancy