title: Staging laparoscopy in gastric cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As patients with gastric cancer are offered choices between surgical resection, neoadjuvant or palliative chemotherapy, or symptomatic relief alone, the need for accurate preoperative staging becomes apparent. Laparoscopy has been suggested as an appropriate staging modality in a variety of upper gastrointestinal malignancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Staging laparoscopy was performed in 45 patients with potentially resectable gastric cancer as determined by physical examination, gastroscopy, endosonography, transcutaneous ultrasonography and current generation computed tomography. Conventional clinic staging and laparoscopic staging according to the Tumor-Node-Metastases classification of the International Union against Cancer were registered separately on a database. Results were then compared to evaluate the agreement of both staging procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to conventional staging, laparoscopy resulted in up staging of 23 patients (51.1%). In 10 patients of them peritoneal seeding was first found during laparoscopy, whereas additional liver metastases were detected in 3 patients and Krukenberg's tumor in one. As a consequence, the therapy planning was changed and laparotomy was avoided in 14 of these patients as the first operative procedure. Sensitivity of clinical staging was especially poor for stage IV tumors (5.3%) and for the majority of stage IIIB tumors (42.9%). Cytologic examination of peritoneal fluid had no additional information in our series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The value of laparoscopy in staging patients with gastric carcinoma could be demonstrated in this study. It is a safe and effective staging modality, helping to avoid unnecessary laparotomies and providing new means of directing appropriate treatment strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, Germany. georgios.sotiropoulos@uni-essen.de
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Sotiropoulos
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Treckmann
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Brokalaki
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pottgen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gerken
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Broelsch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005773:Gastroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional