title: Serum potassium and acid-base parameters in severe dialysis-associated hyperglycemia treated with insulin therapy.
abstract: We analyzed the changes in serum potassium concentration ([K]) and acid-base parameters in 43 episodes of dialysis-associated hyperglycemia (serum glucose level > 33.3 mmol/L), 22 of which were characterized as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and the remaining 21 as nonketotic hyperglycemia (NKH). All episodes were treated with insulin therapy only. Age, gender, initial and final serum values of glucose, sodium, chloride, tonicity and osmolality did not differ between DKA and NKH. At presentation, serum values of [K] (DKA 6.2 +/- 1.3 mmol/L; NKH 5.2 +/- 1.5 mmol/L) and anion gap [AG] (DKA 27.2 +/- 6.4 mEq/L; NKH 15.4 +/- 3.5 mEq/L) were higher in DKA, whereas serum total carbon dioxide content [TCO2 ] (DKA 12.0 +/- 4.6 mmol/L; NKH 22.5 +/- 3.1 mmol/L), arterial blood pH (DKA 7.15 +/- 0.09; NKH 7.43 +/- 0.07) and arterial blood PaCO2 (DKA 26.2 +/- 12.3 mm Hg; NKH 34.5 +/- 6.7 mm Hg) were higher in NKH. At the end of insulin treatment, serum values of [K] (DKA 4.0 +/- 0.7 mmol/L, NKH 4.0 +/- 0.5 mmol/L), [AG] (DKA 16.3 +/- 5.4 mEq/L, NKH 14.9 +/- 3.0 mEq/L), [TCO2 ] (DKA 23.5 +/- 5.0 mmol/L, NKH 24.1 +/- 4.2 mmol/L), arterial blood pH (DKA 7.42 +/- 0.09, NKH 7.51 +/- 0.14) and arterial blood PaCO2 (DKA 31.8 +/- 6.7 mm Hg, NKH 34.2 +/- 8.3 mm Hg) did not differ between the two groups. Linear regression of the decrease in serum [K] value during treatment, (Delta[K]), on the presenting serum [K] concentration,([K]2 ), was: DKA, Delta[K] = 2.78 - 0.81 x [K]2 , r = -0.85, p < 0.001; NKH, Delta[K] = 2.44 - 0.71 x [K]2 , r = -0.90, p < 0.001. The slopes of the regressions were not significantly different. Stepwise logistic regression including both DKA and NKH cases identified the presenting serum [K] level and the change in serum [TCO2 ] value during treatment as the predictors of Delta[K] (R2 = 0.81). Hyperkalemia is a feature of severe hyperglycemia (DKA or NKH) occurring in patients on dialysis. Insulin administration brings about correction of DKA and return of serum [K] concentration to the normal range in the majority of the hyperglycemic episodes without the need for other measures. The initial serum [K] value and the change in serum [TCO2 ] level during treatment influence the decrease in serum [K] value during treatment of dialysis-associated hyperglycemia with insulin.
authors.affiliation: New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA. Antonios.Tzamalouka@med.va.gov
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Tzamaloukas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rohrscheib
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ing
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Siamopoulos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qualls
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Elisaf
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Vanderjagt
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Spalding
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood*; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D011188:Potassium