title: NMDA receptors mediate olfactory learning and memory in Drosophila.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Molecular and electrophysiological properties of NMDARs suggest that they may be the Hebbian "coincidence detectors" hypothesized to underlie associative learning. Because of the nonspecificity of drugs that modulate NMDAR function or the relatively chronic genetic manipulations of various NMDAR subunits from mammalian studies, conclusive evidence for such an acute role for NMDARs in adult behavioral plasticity, however, is lacking. Moreover, a role for NMDARs in memory consolidation remains controversial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Drosophila genome encodes two NMDAR homologs, dNR1 and dNR2. When coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes or Drosophila S2 cells, dNR1 and dNR2 form functional NMDARs with several of the distinguishing molecular properties observed for vertebrate NMDARs, including voltage/Mg(2+)-dependent activation by glutamate. Both proteins are weakly expressed throughout the entire brain but show preferential expression in several neurons surrounding the dendritic region of the mushroom bodies. Hypomorphic mutations of the essential dNR1 gene disrupt olfactory learning, and this learning defect is rescued with wild-type transgenes. Importantly, we show that Pavlovian learning is disrupted in adults within 15 hr after transient induction of a dNR1 antisense RNA transgene. Extended training is sufficient to overcome this initial learning defect, but long-term memory (LTM) specifically is abolished under these training conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study uses a combination of molecular-genetic tools to (1) generate genomic mutations of the dNR1 gene, (2) rescue the accompanying learning deficit with a dNR1+ transgene, and (3) rapidly and transiently knockdown dNR1+ expression in adults, thereby demonstrating an evolutionarily conserved role for the acute involvement of NMDARs in associative learning and memory.
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.
authors.forename: Shouzhen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyashita
authors.forename: Tsai-Feng
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Wei-Yong
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chia-Lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pyzocha
authors.forename: Inn-Ray
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saitoe
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tully
authors.forename: Ann-Shyn
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Chiang
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001245:Association Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D024521:Mushroom Bodies / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012903:Smell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D019076:Transgenes / Q000235:genetics; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: C409466:NR1 NMDA receptor; C120997:NR2A NMDA receptor; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate