title: Acute and late morbidity in the treatment of advanced bladder carcinoma with accelerated radiotherapy, carbogen, and nicotinamide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accelerated radiotherapy combined with carbogen and nicotinamide (ARCON) to overcome tumor hypoxia and cell proliferation achieved high tumor control and survival in Phase II studies of patients with advanced head and neck and bladder carcinomas. Thus, morbidity and treatment outcomes from the latter study were analyzed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of ARCON.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acute and late morbidity was assessed in 105 patients with high-grade superficial or muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma who were given accelerated radiotherapy (50-55 grays in 4 weeks) with carbogen alone or with ARCON. Urinary dysfunction was scored based on daytime frequency, nocturia, incontinence, dysuria, hematuria, and urgency. Bowel morbidity was based on stool frequency and consistency, rectal discharge, blood loss, and medication. Endpoints for treatment outcome were overall survival, disease-free survival, and locoregional control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly all patients experienced reduced ability to retain urine beyond 2 hours, although 20-30% had almost normal function at night. Incidence of acute moderate or worse dysuria was 41% with ARCON and 56% with carbogen; 96% and 76% of patients, respectively, had bowel frequencies > or = 3 times per day. By 10-12 weeks from the start of radiotherapy, acute reactions returned to baseline levels. At 3 years, the daytime frequency < or = 2 times per hour was approximately 75% in both arms. Incidence of severe hematuria (< or = 25%) and urinary urgency (< or = 16%) was much lower. No more than 6% of patients had severe bowel morbidity. With most assays, the differences between schedules were not significant either for acute or late morbidity. Local tumor control and survival rates at 3 years were 53% and 43%, respectively, for ARCON, similar to the rates for carbogen alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Historical comparisons suggested no overt increase in normal tissue radiosensitivity when adding carbogen and nicotinamide. Although, for some endpoints, the incidence of late sequelae was higher than expected, overall morbidity was no worse than reported by others. The data indicated that ARCON could achieve a therapeutic gain in patients with advanced bladder carcinoma. A Phase III, randomized, multicenter trial is underway currently in the United Kingdom to evaluate these findings.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research-UK Tumor Biology and Radiation Research Group, Marie Curie Research Wing, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hoskin
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rojas
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Michele I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Saunders
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy; D015996:Survival Rate; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009536:Niacinamide; C011700:carbogen; D010100:Oxygen