title: Urinary incontinence in prostate cancer patients treated with external beam radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the incidence of urinary incontinence among prostate cancer patients treated with external beam radiotherapy (RT) and to investigate associated risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand and hundred ninety-two patients with >or=24 months follow-up were the subjects of this series. All patients received between 50 and 72 Gy in 20-37 fractions (median 66 Gy/33#). Post-RT urinary incontinence was scored by direct patient interviewing according to the modified RTOG/SOMA scale: Grade 1--occasional use of incontinence pads, Grade 2--intermittent use of incontinence pads, Grade 3--persistent use of incontinence pads, and Grade 4--permanent catheter. Risk-factors investigated were: age, diabetes, TURP prior to RT, elapsed time from TURP to RT, clinical stage, RT dose and presence of Grade >or=2 acute GU and GI toxicity. Non-parametric, actuarial univariated (Kaplan-Meier) and multivariated tests (MVA, Cox regression) were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median follow-up for the group is 52 months (24-109). Thirty-four patients (2.9%) had incontinence prior to RT, which was more common in TURP patients (7.8% vs 1.6% P<0.001). These are excluded from further analysis. Fifty-seven patients (4.9%) developed Grade 1 incontinence, 7 (0.6%) Grade 2, and 7 (0.6%) Grade 3. There was no Grade 4 incontinence. Actuarial rates for Grade >or=1 and >or=2 incontinence at 5 years are 7 and 1.7%, respectively. Risk factors on MVA associated with the development of Grade 1 or worse incontinence are pre-RT TURP (5-year rates 10% vs 6%, P=0.026), presence of Grade >or=2 acute GU toxicity (5-year rates 11% vs 5%, P=0.002). Age, diabetes, clinical stage, elapsed time from TURP to RT, RT dose or fraction size, acute GI toxicity were not significant. Patients who underwent post-RT TURP or dilatation for obstructive symptoms (4.3%), were more likely to develop Grade 2-3 incontinence (5-year rate 8 vs 1.5%, P=0.0015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Grade 2 or greater urinary incontinence is rare among patients who have been treated with external beam radiotherapy. Associated risk factors are pre-RT TURP and the presence of increased acute GU toxicity. Post-radiaton TURP increases the risk of incontinence five-fold.
authors.affiliation: Fraser Valley Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 13750 96th Avenue, Surrey, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pickles
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berthelet
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agranovich
authors.forename: Winkle
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tyldesley
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keyes
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pai
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020728:Transurethral Resection of Prostate; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*