title: Antibiotic prophylaxis with azithromycin or penicillin for childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The acronym PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections) describes a subgroup of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder and/or tic disorder that experience symptom exacerbations following streptococcal infections. We hypothesized that the prevention of streptococcal infections among children in the PANDAS subgroup would decrease neuropsychiatric symptom exacerbations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three subjects with PANDAS were enrolled in a double blind, randomized controlled trial. Antibiotic prophylaxis with penicillin or azithromycin was administered for 12 months. Rates of streptococcal infections and neuropsychiatric symptom exacerbations were compared between the study year and the baseline year prior to entry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant decreases in streptococcal infections during the study year were found with a mean of .1 (.3 SD) per subject, compared to the baseline year with 1.9 (1.2 SD) in the penicillin group and 2.4 (1.1 SD) in the azithromycin group [p<.01]. Significant decreases in neuropsychiatric exacerbations during the study year were also found with a mean of .5 (.5 SD) per subject in the penicillin group and .8 (.6 SD) in the azithromycin group, compared to the baseline year with 2.0 (.9 SD) in the penicillin group and 1.8 (.6 SD) in the azithromycin group [p<.01].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Penicillin and azithromycin prophylaxis were found to be effective in decreasing streptococcal infections and neuropsychiatric symptom exacerbations among children in the PANDAS subgroup.
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics and Developmental Neuropsychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. sniderl@intra.nimh.nih.gov
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Snider
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lougee
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slattery
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Swedo
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D010406:Penicillins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010406:Penicillins; D017963:Azithromycin