title: Bilateral cavernous sinus syndrome in dogs: 6 cases (1999-2004).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine clinical features, diagnostic imaging abnormalities, underlying disease, disease progression, and outcome in dogs with bilateral cavernous sinus syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs were included if clinical signs consistent with bilateral cavernous sinus syndrome (i.e., deficits of the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves and at least 1 of the first 2 branches of the fifth cranial nerve) were present and a lesion of the cavernous sinus was identified by means of diagnostic imaging or postmortem examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  5 dogs were evaluated because of problems referable to abnormal ocular motility or pupillomotor dysfunction, and 1 dog was evaluated because of partial motor seizures involving the face and bilateral mydriasis. Four dogs had neurologic signs referable to an extrasinusoidal lesion at the time of initial examination, and the remaining 2 dogs eventually developed extrasinusoidal signs. Besides neuroanatomic location, the only consistent neuroimaging feature was variably intense, heterogeneous enhancement of cavernous sinus lesions. Neoplasia was histologically confirmed as the underlying cause in 5 of the dogs and was suspected in the remaining dog. Median survival time for the 4 dogs that were treated was 199 days (range, 16 to 392 days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that bilateral cavernous sinus syndrome is rare in dogs but should be suspected in dogs with compatible clinical signs. Affected dogs have a poor prognosis, and dogs with clinical signs of bilateral cavernous sinus syndrome should be systematically evaluated for neoplastic disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rossmeisl
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Karen D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Inzana
authors.forename: Ian P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Herring
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000473:pathology*; D003389:Cranial Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013577:Syndrome