title: Effects of ultraviolet B irradiation, proinflammatory cytokines and raised extracellular calcium concentration on the expression of ATP2A2 and ATP2C1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Darier disease (DD) and Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD) are autosomal dominantly inherited skin disorders that histologically share the characteristics of suprabasal separation and acantholysis of epidermal keratinocytes. Various mutations in the DD gene (ATP2A2) and the HHD gene (ATP2C1) (respectively encoding the calcium pumps of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus) have recently been described in multiple families with DD and HHD. Mutations in ATP2A2 or ATP2C1 have been suggested as causing the conditions via the mechanism of haploinsufficiency. Ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation is thought to be an aggravating factor in both diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of various stimuli on ATP2A2 and ATP2C1 mRNA expression, and to examine the role of calcium pumps during keratinocyte differentiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of UVB irradiation, of UVB-inducible inflammatory cytokines produced by keratinocytes and of high-calcium medium (1.8 mmol L(-1) as opposed to 0.08 mmol L(-1) Ca2+) on ATP2A2 and ATP2C1 mRNA expression were quantified in cultured normal human keratinocytes using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of ATP2A2 and ATP2C1 mRNA was suppressed immediately after exposure to UVB irradiation, and modulation of mRNA expression was achieved in keratinocytes cultured with proinflammatory cytokines. The mRNA expression of both genes was increased significantly after the shift to high extracellular Ca2+ concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that modulation of ATP2A2 and ATP2C1 mRNA expression by UV or cytokines might contribute to the clinical presentations unique to DD and HHD, and that the controlled expression of these genes plays an important role in keratinocyte homeostasis, function and differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mayuzumi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawada
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D000252:Calcium-Transporting ATPases / Q000235:genetics*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007644:Darier Disease / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000494:pharmacology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D016506:Pemphigus, Benign Familial / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases; C506946:ATP2A2 protein, human; C403624:ATP2C1 protein, human; D000252:Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D002118:Calcium