title: Sequential application of cold and sodium lauryl sulphate decreases irritation and barrier disruption in vivo in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is one of the most frequent types of occupational dermatitis. Different factors are involved in the development of contact dermatitis. In the food-processing industry, the combined exposure to different irritants may be involved in the development of ICD. Few data have been published regarding the irritant potential of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) in combination with cold.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was intended to analyse whether cold exposure and low skin temperature influence the development of ICD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty (part I) and 12 (part II) healthy volunteers were exposed twice daily for 4 days to SLS alone, different low temperatures alone (4 degrees C six times for 90 s with an interval of 20 s or 15 degrees C for 10 min) or a combination of cold and SLS (19.6 microL SLS 1% cm(-2), part I; or 52.6 microL SLS 0.5% cm(-2), part II) using the tandem repetitive irritation test. Irritant cutaneous reactions were measured by noninvasive biophysical methods with transepidermal water loss as a parameter for permeability barrier function and skin colour reflectance together with visual scoring as parameters for inflammatory reactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cold alone caused no significant skin reaction compared with untreated control. Exposure to SLS alone and SLS together with cold (independent of the applied temperature of 4 or 15 degrees C) twice daily induced a clear irritant reaction and barrier disturbance. Reactions did not differ whether SLS was applied before or after cold. Furthermore, 'tandem application' of cold and SLS diminished the barrier disruption and irritant reaction compared with SLS alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the application of cold may have a protective effect on the development of ICD, at least in our short-term model.
authors.affiliation: Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Fluhr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bornkessel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akengin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Norgauer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kleesz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grieshaber
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elsner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017453:Dermatitis, Irritant / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D012882:Skin Tests / Q000379:methods; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000633:toxicity*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate