title: Early learning failure impairs adult learning in rats.
abstract: Early life experiences may affect adult learning ability. In two experiments we tested the effect of early learning failure on adult performance in Wistar rats. In the first experiment 17-day-old rats (PN17), but not 25-day-old rats (PN25), trained in a hidden platform water maze task showed deficits in tone-shock avoidance learning when they were 3-months-old. The second experiment, which included random-platform and non-platform control groups, confirmed the effect of early (PN18) spatial learning failure on adult avoidance learning. However, post-weaning training (PN25) without platform also tended to induce adult learning deficits as long as the adult task difficulty was increased. The older non-platform group did not differ from the impaired group which received early training in a fixed hidden platform task. The results are discussed in terms of the relevance of early learning outcome and developmental stage on adult general learning deficits which may be related to the learned helplessness phenomenon and developmental neural plasticity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology and Physiology of Behavior, University of Granada, Campus Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain. tmanriqz@ugr.es
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Manrique
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molero
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cándido
authors.forename: Milagros
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallo
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D005260:Female; D006380:Helplessness, Learned; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar