title: Histology of selected immunological organs in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) from East Greenland in relation to concentrations of organohalogen contaminants.
abstract: Samples of lymph nodes (axillary, n = 54 and inguinal, n = 45), spleen (n = 60), thymus (n = 11) and thyroid tissue (n = 5) from a total of 82 polar bears (Ursus maritimus) collected in East Greenland 1999-2002 were examined histologically. The purpose was to relate histology to concentrations of organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) [i.e., sum (Sigma)PCBs, SigmaDDTs, SigmaHCHs, SigmaCHLs, HCB, Dieldrin and SigmaPBDEs] determined in adipose tissue, as studies on polar bears have indicated that some OHCs act as immunosuppressive agents. Secondary follicle counts were evaluated in spleen and lymph nodes, and semiquantitively divided into four groups (0: few/absent to 3: high). In the spleen, a high secondary follicle count was found in 21% of the cases (12/60), and this was significantly higher in subadults (p < 0.01) compared to adults of both sexes. Also in the lymph nodes a high secondary follicle count was found in 20% of the cases (20/99), and in the axillary lymph nodes changes were significantly higher in subadults (p < 0.05) compared to adults of both sexes. Significantly weak correlations between concentrations of OHCs and the amount of secondary follicles in lymph nodes was found, but probably occurred as a consequence of other multiple stress factor(s) (all: p < 0.05) and also one significant, but modest positive correlation was found between SigmaPBDE concentrations and secondary follicle counts (p < 0.01; r = 0.41). In spleen, a significant relation between low concentrations of OHCs in adipose tissue and few/absent secondary follicles was found with respect to SigmaCHLs, SigmaHCHs, HCB and Dieldrin. No histopathological observations (e.g., neoplasia) were found in spleen or lymph nodes, nor in thymus or thyroid. In conclusion, the present data suggest that the exposure concentrations of OHCs to polar bears are unlikely to have resulted in adverse effects on the tissues in question, although SigmaCHLs, SigmaHCHs, HCB and Dieldrin were related to increased secondary follicle counts in the spleen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Arctic Environment, National Environmental Research Institute, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Denmark. mki@dmu.dk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirkegaard
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sonne
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Leifsson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Born
authors.forename: D C G
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Letcher
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006116:Greenland; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D013154:Spleen / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects*; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects*; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects*; D001503:Ursidae / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated