Intestinal epithelial TOLLerance versus inTOLLerance of commensals.
This brief review summarizes the current understanding of Toll-like receptor (TLRs) mediated intestinal epithelial mechanisms of commensal tolerance versus intolerance and provides an update on the downstream negative control of signaling responses through decreased surface expression, interregulation with NOD2, overexpression of Tollip, various inhibitors of NF-kappaB as well as soluble tolerizing mediators present in lumen and serum which all may maintain or--when dysregulated--impair mucosal homeostasis in health or disease, respectively.
Cario
Elke
E
Divison of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Hospital of Essen, Institutsgruppe I, Virchowstr. 171, D-45147 Essen, Germany. elke.cario@uni-essen.de
Podolsky
Daniel K
DK
D000818:Animals; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal / Q000276:immunology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D000072598:Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha-Induced Protein 3
D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; C429018:NOD2 protein, human; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D047495:PPAR gamma; D011506:Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C410602:TOLLIP protein, human; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; C076529:TNFAIP3 protein, human; D000072598:Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha-Induced Protein 3