title: The prediction of hallucinatory predisposition in non-clinical individuals: examining the contribution of emotion and reasoning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emotion, especially anxiety, has been implicated in triggering hallucinations. Reasoning processes are also likely to influence the judgments that lead to hallucinatory experiences. We report an investigation of the prediction of hallucinatory predisposition by emotion and associated processes (anxiety, depression, stress, self-focused attention) and reasoning (need for closure, extreme responding).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analysed from a questionnaire survey in a student population (N = 327).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher levels of anxiety, self-focus, and extreme responding were associated with hallucinatory predisposition. Interactions between these three variables did not strengthen the predictive effect of each. Depression, stress, and need for closure were not found to be predictors of hallucinatory experience in the regression analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emotional and reasoning processes may both need to be considered in the understanding of hallucinatory experience.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK. p.allen@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: Philippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garety
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bebbington
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ray
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001288:Attention; D015984:Causality; D003657:Decision Making; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012649:Self Concept; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires