title: Effects of hyperbaric treatment in cerebral air embolism on intracranial pressure, brain oxygenation, and brain glucose metabolism in the pig.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment after cerebral air embolism on intracranial pressure, brain oxygenation, brain glucose/lactate metabolism, and electroencephalograph.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hyperbaric chamber.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven Landrace/Yorkshire pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 11 anesthetized pigs, intracranial pressure and brain oxygenation were measured with microsensor technology, brain glucose/lactate by microdialysis, and electroencephalograph by conventional methods. After injection of air into the internal carotid artery, animals were treated immediately (at 3 mins; t = 3) or at 60 mins (t = 60) with U.S. Navy Treatment Table 6 for 4.48 hrs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the end of hyperbaric oxygen treatment, intracranial pressure in the t = 60 group (39 +/- 8 mm Hg) was significantly higher than in the t = 3 group (27 +/- 6 mm Hg), brain oxygenation values for group t = 3 and t = 60 were 66 +/- 14 and 52 +/- 15 mm Hg, respectively (no significant difference from baseline), and there were no pathologic scores in the visually assessed electroencephalograph. However, there was a significant decrease in brain glucose and a significant increase in brain lactate in both groups at the end of the 5-hr study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperbaric oxygen treatment initiated at both 3 and 60 mins after embolization decreased the deleterious effects of cerebral air embolism on intracranial pressure and brain metabolism. Therefore, this model appears suitable to test the application of hyperbaric oxygen treatment with a delay >60 mins after embolization, as is often the case in the clinical situation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: van Hulst
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drenthen
authors.forename: Jack J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Haitsma
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Lameris
authors.forename: Gerhard H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lachmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000628:therapy*; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D034421:Sus scrofa; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid; D005947:Glucose; D010100:Oxygen