title: Early exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of postnatal HIV-1 transmission and increases HIV-free survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The promotion of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) to reduce the postnatal transmission (PNT) of HIV is based on limited data. In the context of a trial of postpartum vitamin A supplementation, we provided education and counseling about infant feeding and HIV, prospectively collected information on infant feeding practices, and measured associated infant infections and deaths.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 14 110 mother-newborn pairs were enrolled, randomly assigned to vitamin A treatment group after delivery, and followed for 2 years. At baseline, 6 weeks and 3 months, mothers were asked whether they were still breastfeeding, and whether any of 22 liquids or foods had been given to the infant. Breastfed infants were classified as exclusive, predominant, or mixed breastfed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 4495 mothers tested HIV positive at baseline; 2060 of their babies were alive, polymerase chain reaction negative at 6 weeks, and provided complete feeding information. All infants initiated breastfeeding. Overall PNT (defined by a positive HIV test after the 6-week negative test) was 12.1%, 68.2% of which occurred after 6 months. Compared with EBF, early mixed breastfeeding was associated with a 4.03 (95% CI 0.98, 16.61), 3.79 (95% CI 1.40-10.29), and 2.60 (95% CI 1.21-5.55) greater risk of PNT at 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively. Predominant breastfeeding was associated with a 2.63 (95% CI 0.59-11.67), 2.69 (95% CI 0.95-7.63) and 1.61 (95% CI 0.72-3.64) trend towards greater PNT risk at 6, 12, and 18 months, compared with EBF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EBF may substantially reduce breastfeeding-associated HIV transmission.
authors.affiliation: ZVITAMBO Project, Borrowdale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Iliff
authors.forename: Ellen G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Piwoz
authors.forename: Naume V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Tavengwa
authors.forename: Clare D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Zunguza
authors.forename: Edmore T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Marinda
authors.forename: Kusum J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Nathoo
authors.forename: Lawrence H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Moulton
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Jean H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Humphrey
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D003906:Developing Countries; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control; D008895:Milk, Human; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014886:Weaning; D015030:Zimbabwe
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A