title: Use of an electronic nose to diagnose Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers and cattle.
abstract: It is estimated that more than 50 million cattle are infected with Mycobacterium bovis worldwide, resulting in severe economic losses. Current diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in cattle relies on tuberculin skin testing, and when combined with the slaughter of test-positive animals, it has significantly reduced the incidence of bovine TB. The failure to eradicate bovine TB in Great Britain has been attributed in part to a reservoir of the infection in badgers (Meles meles). Accurate and reliable diagnosis of infection is the cornerstone of TB control. Bacteriological diagnosis has these characteristics, but only with samples collected postmortem. Unlike significant wild animal reservoirs of M. bovis that are considered pests in other countries, such as the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand, the badger and its sett are protected under United Kingdom legislation (The Protection of Badgers Act 1992). Therefore, an accurate in vitro test for badgers is needed urgently to determine the extent of the reservoir of infection cheaply and without destroying badgers. For cattle, a rapid on-farm test to complement the existing tests (the skin test and gamma interferon assay) would be highly desirable. To this end, we have investigated the potential of an electronic nose (EN) to diagnose infection of cattle or badgers with M. bovis, using a serum sample. Samples were obtained from both experimentally infected badgers and cattle, as well as naturally infected badgers. Without exception, the EN was able to discriminate infected animals from controls as early as 3 weeks after infection with M. bovis, the earliest time point examined postchallenge. The EN approach described here is a straightforward alternative to conventional methods of TB diagnosis, and it offers considerable potential as a sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective means of diagnosing M. bovis infection in cattle and badgers.
authors.affiliation: Cranfield BioMedical Centre, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fend
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Geddes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lesellier
authors.forename: H-M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Vordermeier
authors.forename: L A L
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Corner
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gormley
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hewinson
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Marlin
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Woodman
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chambers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D004581:Electronics; D045969:Mustelidae / Q000382:microbiology*; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D044967:Serum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D012984:Software; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D014380:Tuberculosis, Bovine / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology