title: Estimation of radiation-induced cancer from three-dimensional dose distributions: Concept of organ equivalent dose.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Estimates of secondary cancer risk after radiotherapy are becoming more important for comparative treatment planning. Modern treatment planning systems provide accurate three-dimensional dose distributions for each individual patient. These data open up new possibilities for more precise estimates of secondary cancer incidence rates in the irradiated organs. We report a new method to estimate organ-specific radiation-induced cancer incidence rates. The concept of an organ equivalent dose (OED) for radiation-induced cancer assumes that any two dose distributions in an organ are equivalent if they cause the same radiation-induced cancer incidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The two operational parameters of the OED concept are the organ-specific cancer incidence rate at low doses, which is taken from the data of the atomic bomb survivors, and cell sterilization at higher doses. The effect of cell sterilization in various organs was estimated by analyzing the secondary cancer incidence data of patients with Hodgkin's disease who were treated with radiotherapy in between 1962 and 1993. The radiotherapy plans used at the time the patients had been treated were reconstructed on a fully segmented whole body CT scan. The dose distributions were calculated in individual organs for which cancer incidence data were available. The model parameter that described cell sterilization was obtained by analyzing the dose and cancer incidence rates for the individual organs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found organ-specific cell radiosensitivities that varied from 0.017 for the mouth and pharynx up to 1.592 for the bladder. Using the two model parameters (organ-specific cancer incidence rate and the parameter characterizing cell sterilization), the OED concept can be applied to any three-dimensional dose distribution to analyze cancer incidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that the concept of OED presented in this investigation represents a first step in assessing the potential risk of secondary cancer induction after the clinical application of radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, City Hospital Triemli, Zürich, Switzerland. uwe.schneider@psi.ch
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zwahlen
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kaser-Hotz
mesh_terms: D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000528:radiation effects; D011836:Radiation Tolerance