title: Dissipation and effects of chlortetracycline and tylosin in two agricultural soils: a field-scale study in southern Denmark.
abstract: Presently, there is a basic lack of information concerning the accumulation of antibacterial agent residues in agricultural soils. In this field study, performed in southern Denmark, we assess the dissipation of chlortetracycline (CTC), and tylosin A (TYL A) as a function of time. Field soils were classified as a sandy loam soil (field A) and a sandy soil (field B) and each field was sampled on six occasions during the 155-d experimental period from May to October 2000 for chemical analysis and counts of colony-forming units (CFU) detecting the level of aerobic bacteria surviving antibiotic exposure. Colony-forming units and TYL A were detected throughout the entire sampling period, with respective starting soil concentrations of 30 and 50 microg kg(-1) soil declining to 1 and 5 microg kg(-1) soil, on day 155. Compound half-lives (95% confidence limits in parentheses) were estimated for both fields and T1/2 for CTC was 25 d (20-34) and 34 d (28-42) in fields A and B, respectively, and T1/2 for TYL A was 67 d (54-86) and 49 d (40-64) in fields A and B, respectively. No significant difference was determined between compound half-lives on the two fields. The level of aerobic antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the soil over time and soil fauna community was assessed in relation to application of manure containing antibacterial agents to the agricultural fields. The level of both CTC- and TYL-resistant bacteria was affected in the soil by amendment of manure, but declined during the study to the same level as observed at the beginning.
authors.affiliation: Section of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical University of Denmark, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. bhs@dfuni.dk
authors.forename: Bent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Halling-Sørensen
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Gitte
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sengeløv
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vaclavik
authors.forename: Flemming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ingerslev
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D002751:Chlortetracycline / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D003718:Denmark; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006207:Half-Life; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D013997:Time Factors; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D015645:Tylosin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002751:Chlortetracycline; D015645:Tylosin