title: Outcomes in hypertensive black and nonblack patients treated with chlorthalidone, amlodipine, and lisinopril.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few cardiovascular outcome data are available for blacks with hypertension treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or calcium channel blockers (CCBs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether an ACE inhibitor or CCB is superior to a thiazide-type diuretic in reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence in racial subgroups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prespecified subgroup analysis of ALLHAT, a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, clinical outcome trial conducted between February 1994 and March 2002 in 33,357 hypertensive US and Canadian patients aged 55 years or older (35% black) with at least 1 other cardiovascular risk factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antihypertensive regimens initiated with a CCB (amlodipine) or an ACE inhibitor (lisinopril) vs a thiazide-type diuretic (chlorthalidone). Other medications were added to achieve goal blood pressures (BPs) less than 140/90 mm Hg.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was combined fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) or nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), analyzed by intention-to-treat. Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality, stroke, combined CVD (CHD death, nonfatal MI, stroke, angina, coronary revascularization, heart failure [HF], or peripheral vascular disease), and end-stage renal disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference was found between treatment groups for the primary CHD outcome in either racial subgroup. For amlodipine vs chlorthalidone only, HF was the only prespecified clinical outcome that differed significantly (overall: relative risk [RR], 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-1.51; blacks: RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.24-1.73; nonblacks: RR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.17-1.49; P<.001 for each comparison) with no difference in treatment effects by race (P = .38 for interaction). For lisinopril vs chlorthalidone, results differed by race for systolic BP (greater decrease in blacks with chlorthalidone), stroke, and combined CVD outcomes (P<.001, P = .01, and P = .04, respectively, for interactions). In blacks and nonblacks, respectively, the RRs for stroke were 1.40 (95% CI, 1.17-1.68) and 1.00 (95% CI, 0.85-1.17) and for combined CVD were 1.19 (95% CI, 1.09-1.30) and 1.06 (95% CI, 1.00-1.13). For HF, the RRs were 1.30 (95% CI, 1.10-1.54) and 1.13 (95% CI, 1.00-1.28), with no significant interaction by race. Time-dependent BP adjustment did not significantly alter differences in outcome for lisinopril vs chlorthalidone in blacks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In blacks and nonblack subgroups, rates were not lower in the amlodipine or lisinopril groups than in the chlorthalidone group for either the primary CHD or any other prespecified clinical outcome, and diuretic-based treatment resulted in the lowest risk of heart failure. While the improved outcomes with chlorthalidone were more pronounced for some outcomes in blacks than in nonblacks, thiazide-type diuretics remain the drugs of choice for initial therapy of hypertension in both black and nonblack hypertensive patients.
authors.affiliation: General Clinical Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA. jackson.wright@case.edu
authors.forename: Jackson T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: J Kay
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cutler
authors.forename: Barry R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Cushman
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: L Julian
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Haywood
authors.forename: Frans H H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Leenen
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Margolis
authors.forename: Vasilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Papademetriou
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Probstfield
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Whelton
authors.forename: Gabriel B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Habib
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002752:Chlorthalidone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology*; D017706:Lisinopril / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004232:Diuretics; D017311:Amlodipine; D017706:Lisinopril; D002752:Chlorthalidone