title: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following Plasmodium falciparum malaria caused by varicella zoster virus reactivation.
abstract: Neurologic complications in the course of Plasmodium falciparum infections are commonly diagnosed as cerebral malaria, but bacterial or viral meningitis may exhibit similar symptoms. One to three weeks after P. falciparum malaria, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) can also mimick the symptoms of cerebral malaria. We describe a 31-year-old woman with life-threatening ADEM five days after successful treatment of P. falciparum malaria. The detection of IgG and IgM antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) against multiple viruses and bacteria reflected a non-specific polyclonal B cell activation and was more confusing than helpful for diagnostic decisions. Varicella zoster virus was identified with a reverse transcriptase multiplex polymerase chain reaction in the initially obtained and frozen CSF. This case and findings from the literature indicate that P. falciparum-associated ADEM might not be immune mediated, but of infectious origin. With unclear cerebral complications during or after P. falciparum malaria, prompt initiation of empirical antiviral and antibacterial treatment in addition to antimalarials may reduce mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lademann
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gabelin
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lafrenz
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wernitz
authors.forename: Heidrun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ehmke
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Emil C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Reisinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004679:Encephalomyelitis / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D014645:Herpesvirus 3, Human / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000821:virology*; D014775:Virus Activation