title: Impact of axillary nodal metastases on lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node identification rate in patients with early stage breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to define the impact of the presence of axillary nodal metastases on lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node (SLN) identification rate in patients with early breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and forty-six lymphatic mapping procedures were performed with both labelled nanocolloid and blue dye, followed by SLN biopsy and/or complete axillary dissection. The following parameters were recorded: patient's age, tumour laterality and location, tumour size, tumour histology, tumour stage, tumour grade, lymphovascular invasion, radiotracer injection site (subdermal-peritumoural/peri-areolar), SLN visualisation at lymphoscintigraphy, SLN metastases (presence/absence, size) and other axillary metastases (presence/absence, number). Discriminant analysis was used to analyse the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SLNs were identified by labelled nanocolloid alone in 94.7% of tumours, by blue dye alone in 93.5% and by the combined technique in 99.2%. Discriminant analysis showed the gamma probe SLN identification rate to be significantly limited by the presence of axillary nodal metastases. In particular, the size of SLN metastases and the number of other axillary metastases were the most important variables in reducing the gamma probe SLN identification rate (p = 0.004 and p = 0.002, respectively). On the other hand, high tumour grade was the only parameter limiting the blue dye SLN identification rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The accuracy of lymphatic mapping with labelled nanocolloid is limited by the presence of axillary nodal metastases, and particularly by the degree of SLN tumoural invasion and the presence and number of other axillary nodal metastases. Neither of these elements seems to interfere with the blue dye identification rate. The combination of the two tracers maximises the SLN identification rate.
authors.affiliation: S.C.D.U. Medicina Nucleare 2, Ospedale S. Giovanni Battista, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Ettore
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pelosi
authors.forename: Ada
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ala
authors.forename: Marilena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bellò
authors.forename: Anastasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Douroukas
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Migliaretti
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berardengo
authors.forename: Teresio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Varetto
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bussone
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bisi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; C083602:technetium Tc 99m nanocolloid