title: Lifestyle modification improves risk factors in type 2 diabetes relatives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the short-term (16 weeks) effect of lifestyle intervention on insulin sensitivity, anthropometric and metabolic variables in non-diabetic first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients (FDR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-seven (49 male, 28 female) FDR were allocated to one of three groups, diet (D-group; n = 25), diet and exercise (DE-group; n = 30) or control group (C-group; n = 22). Lifestyle counselling was based on current nutrition recommendations, including increased intake of fatty fish and low glycaemic index foods. Group counselling was given on two occasions with follow-up through telephone interviews every 10 days. Assessments included insulin sensitivity index (Si), anthropometry, lipid parameters, circulating leptin and adiponectin levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The D-group reduced total cholesterol (-0.31 mmol/l, P = 0.024), LDL cholesterol (-0.22 mmol/l, P = 0.021) and apolipoprotein B (-9.5 mg/dl, P = 0.009) levels, whereas the DE-group decreased body weight (-2.1%, P = 0.030) and waist circumference (-3.0 cm, P < 0.001) versus controls. A 13% reduction in fasting insulin was observed in the DE-group, but no significant improvement in Si in D-group or DE-group was observed. A subgroup, adherent to diet and who increased exercise, significantly improved Si and lipid profile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The improved metabolic risk profile in FDR suggests that lifestyle changes can be effective in individuals at high risk to develop type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Box 459, Göteborg 40530, Sweden. hilde.brekke@nutrition.gu.se
authors.forename: Hilde K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Brekke
authors.forename: Ragnhild A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lenner
authors.forename: Marja-Riitta
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Taskinen
authors.forename: Jan-Eric
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Månsson
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Funahashi
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuzawa
authors.forename: Per-Anders
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jansson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003376:Counseling; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D015444:Exercise; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats