title: Evaluation of two methods for measuring nonspecific immunity in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum).
abstract: Study of amphibian immunotoxicology is a growing area of research, but very little information is available on how environmental contaminants affect disease resistance in urodele amphibians. Urodele amphibians lack the more highly evolved aspects of the specific immune system that are present in anurans, birds, and mammals. Instead, these animals rely more heavily on innate defense mechanisms than do anurans to provide rapid, nonspecific protection from pathogens. Thus, it is prudent that immunotoxicologic research with urodele amphibians includes an evaluation of effects of contaminant exposure on nonspecific immunity. The objectives of this study were to measure the phagocytic and oxidative-burst activity of peritoneal neutrophils collected from a urodele, the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum), and to evaluate the use of these assays in immunotoxicologic research using urodele amphibians. Using tiger salamanders collected in August 2000, phagocytosis and oxidative-burst assays modified from mammalian protocols were conducted through October 2001. Results indicated that large numbers of peritoneal neutrophils for use in immunotoxicologic tests can be collected from salamanders injected with thioglycollate. Moreover, these neutrophils readily engulfed foreign material (phagocytic activity) and produced measurable amounts of hydrogen peroxide (oxidative-burst activity). Phagocytosis was effectively inhibited by incubating cells with sodium azide (P<0.001), and quantification of phagocytosis using flow cytometry was well correlated with manual counts (r=0.84, P<0.001). Dexamethasone treatment reduced phagocytic activity as measured by manual counts (P<0.02), suggesting that this test is useful for detecting alteration by immunosuppressive agents. In contrast, oxidative function was unaffected by dexamethasone treatment, and results from the oxidative-burst assay were generally less consistent than those from the phagocytosis assay. Based on these results, phagocytic activity of peritoneal neutrophils may be a useful endpoint in immunotoxicologic studies to evaluate the impact of environmental contaminants on innate defense mechanisms in urodele amphibians.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5B3.
authors.forename: Jennifer M W
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Froese
authors.forename: Judit E G
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wickstrom
mesh_terms: D000557:Ambystoma / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000662:veterinary; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D010587:Phagocytosis; D016897:Respiratory Burst; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D003907:Dexamethasone; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide