title: Increased PGE2 levels in nonmalignant mucosa adjacent to squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cyclooxygenases (COX) 1 and 2 are the rate-limiting enzymes of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthesis, and the upregulation of COX-2 has been reported in tumors of different origins. The aim of our study was to quantify the PGE(2) expression in squamous cell carcinoma and surrounding mucosa, to analyze the potential of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) for reducing PGE(2) levels in these tissues, and to improve our understanding of potential tumor-derived stimulation of surrounding mucosa by PGE(2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Intracellular PGE(2) levels in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and the surrounding mucosa at 1 and 2 cm distance were analyzed ex vivo by ELISA. Subsequently, we treated in vitro tumor and normal mucosal cells from turbinates with recombinant PGE(2) and ASA, and quantified intracellular PGE(2) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed high PGE(2) levels in the tumor samples and in tumor-surrounding mucosa. The addition of PGE(2) and arachidonic acid to tumor cell cultures resulted in no further increase in intracellular PGE(2) levels, while ASA reduced PGE(2) levels by up to 40%. In normal epithelial cell cultures, less PGE(2) (6% of that found in the tumor cells) was expressed, but stimulation with PGE(2) resulted in levels comparable to those of the tumor samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that HNSCC and the surrounding mucosa express high levels of PGE(2). This expression is reduced efficiently by ASA. We propose a stimulation of PGE(2) expression in the epithelium surrounding HNSCC by tumor-derived PGE(2) with a potential impact on tumor growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, School of Medicine, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schuon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brieger
authors.forename: R-L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jakob
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone