title: Structure and innervation of the tusk pulp in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana).
abstract: African elephants (Loxodonta africana) use their tusks for digging, carrying and behavioural display. Their healing ability following traumatic injury is enormous. Pain experience caused by dentin or pulp damage of tusks seems to be negligible in elephants. In this study we examined the pulp tissue and the nerve distribution using histology, electron microscopy and immunhistochemistry. The results demonstrate that the pulp comprises two differently structured regions. Randomly orientated collagen fibres characterize a cone-like part lying rostral to the foramen apicis dentis. Numerous nerve fibres and Ruffini endings are found within this cone. Rostral to the cone, delicate collagen fibres and large vessels are orientated longitudinally. The rostral two-thirds of the pulp are highly vascularized, whereas nerve fibres are sparse. Vessel and nerve fibre distribution and the structure of connective tissue possibly play important roles in healing and in the obviously limited pain experience after tusk injuries and pulp alteration. The presence of Ruffini endings is most likely related to the use of tusks as tools.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. gerald.weissengruber@vu-wien.ac.at
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Weissengruber
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egerbacher
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forstenpointner
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation; D004606:Elephants / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D014070:Tooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers