title: Role of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 in the modulation of neuromuscular functions in the distal colon of humans and mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclooxygenase isoforms (COX-1, COX-2) may exert differential regulatory actions on enteric motor functions under normal or pathological conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the occurrence and functions of COX-1 and COX-2 in the neuromuscular compartment of normal distal colon using human and murine tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene expression (human, mouse), protein expression (human), gene deletion (mouse), and the effects of dual and isoform specific COX inhibitors on in vitro motility (human, mouse) were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed mRNA expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in human and wild-type mouse colonic muscle whereas only COX-2 or COX-1 was detected in COX-1 or COX-2 knockout animals. Immunohistochemistry localised both isoforms in neurones of myenteric ganglia, COX-1 in circular layer myocytes, and COX-2 in longitudinal muscle. Indomethacin (COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor), SC-560 (COX-1 inhibitor), or DFU (COX-2 inhibitor) enhanced atropine sensitive electrically induced contractions of human longitudinal muscle. The most prominent actions were recorded with indomethacin or SC-560 plus DFU. These results were confirmed under pharmacological blockade of non-cholinergic nerves. Atropine sensitive contractions evoked by carbachol in the presence of tetrodotoxin were enhanced by indomethacin or DFU but not by SC-560. In wild-type mice, contractile responses to electrical stimulation were enhanced by indomethacin, SC-560, or DFU. SC-560 potentiated electrically induced contractions in COX-2, but not COX-1, knockout mice. In contrast, DFU enhanced the contractions elicited by electrical stimuli in COX-1, but not in COX-2, knockout mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that COX-1 and COX-2 are expressed in the neuromuscular compartment of normal human colon where they modulate cholinergic excitatory control of colonic motility at prejunctional and postjunctional sites, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Oncology, Transplants and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fornai
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blandizzi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Colucci
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Antonioli
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bernardini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Segnani
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baragatti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barogi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spisni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Tacca
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496512:Ptgs1 protein, mouse