title: The course of functional decline in older people with persistently elevated depressive symptoms: longitudinal findings from the Cardiovascular Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between persistently high depressive symptoms and long-term changes in functional disability in elderly persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community-based, prospective, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participant data from the Cardiovascular Health Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the overall sample of 5,888 subjects, three types of participants were identified for this study: (1) persistently depressed individuals, who experienced an onset of depressive symptoms that persisted over 4 years (n=119); (2) temporarily depressed individuals, who experienced an onset of depressive symptoms that resolved over time (n=259); and (3) nondepressed individuals, with persistently low depressive symptoms throughout the follow-up period who were matched on baseline activity of daily living (ADL) scores, sex, and age to the previous two groups combined (n=378).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four consecutive years of data were assessed: validated measures of depression (10-item CES-D), functional disability (10-item ADL/instrumental ADL measure), physical performance, medical illness, and cognition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The persistently depressed group showed a greater linear increase in functional disability ratings than the temporarily depressed and nondepressed groups. This association between persistent depression and functional disability was robust even when controlling for baseline demographic and clinical/performance measures, including cognition. The persistently depressed group had an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 5.27 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.03-9.16) for increased functional disability compared with the nondepressed group over 3 years of follow-up, whereas the temporarily depressed group had an adjusted OR of 2.39 (95% CI=1.55-3.69) compared with the nondepressed group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persistently elevated depressive symptoms in elderly persons are associated with a steep trajectory of worsening functional disability, generating the hypothesis that treatments for late-life depression need to be assessed on their efficacy in maintaining long-term functional status as well as remission of depressive symptoms. These results also demonstrate the need for studies to differentiate between persistent and temporary depressive symptoms when examining their relationship to disability.
authors.affiliation: Intervention Research Center in Late-Life Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. lenzeej@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lenze
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Lynn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Martire
authors.forename: Bozena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zdaniuk
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Willem J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kop
authors.forename: Sharon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012306:Risk; D014481:United States