title: [Three-dimensional ultrasonic movement analysis of gait and hand-movements in schizophrenic patients].
abstract: Neurological signs and disturbed psychomotor performance are consistently confirmed by clinical studies on schizophrenic patients. They could either be caused by the illness itself or could occur as side-effects of antipsychotic medication. Based on the clinical observation, differential diagnosis between catatonic symptoms of schizophrenia and extrapyramidal side-effects often remains unclear. Apart from their diagnostic value, motor disturbances can also be predictive parameters for prognosis of the disease and clinical response to antipsychotic treatment. Motor disturbances are mainly assessed by use of clinical ratings. In the last years, new approaches like infrared or ultrasonic movement analysis systems have been introduced to objectively determine motor disturbances in schizophrenic patients. Ultrasonic movement analysis systems calculate the three-dimensional positions of tiny markers, which are attached to moving body parts, with high spatial and temporal resolution. Thus, key parameters of gait and hand-movements can be determined exactly. Results of several studies using these new methods indicate that schizophrenia causes a primary disturbance of motor performance. Treatment with conventional antipsychotics intensifies many of the disabling motor deficiencies, whereas the influence of atypical antipsychotics on motor performance is either not detectable or much smaller. All in all, most results of studies using objective methods for the assessment of motor performance underline the advantages of treatment with atypical antipsychotics compared to conventional antipsychotics, particularly with regard to the patient's motor performance.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Universität am Bezirksklinikum Regensburg. albert.putzhammer@medbo.de
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Putzhammer
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perfahl
authors.forename: Liane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pfeiff
authors.forename: Jürgen L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D020235:Gait Apraxia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents