title: Laryngotracheal consequences of pediatric cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence and character of clinically significant laryngotracheal anomalies in pediatric patients undergoing surgical repair of congenital cardiac defects at a tertiary care center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-center retrospective review.
  
  
  METHODS
  The charts of pediatric patients who required surgical treatment for congenital heart disease over a 4-year period were reviewed. Forty-eight of 1957 patients were seen in inpatient consultation by the otolaryngology service. The parameters studied included cardiac diagnosis, reason for consultation, findings on examination, and follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 16 (33%) cases of subglottic stenosis, which were graded according to the Cotton-Myer classification system as follows: grade 1 (n=8); grade 2 (n=3); and grade 3 (n=5). Three of the 16 patients with subglottic stenosis required tracheotomy and 4 required laryngotracheal reconstruction. Nine (19%) of the 48 patients were diagnosed as having unilateral true vocal cord paralysis and 3 (6%) as having bilateral paralysis. With the exception of 1 patient, all patients with true vocal cord paralysis on the left side had undergone repair of the aortic arch.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric patients with congenital cardiac disease are predisposed to laryngeal anomalies owing to (1) frequent intubation, (2) prolonged ventilatory support, and (3) recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. In our patients, subglottic stenosis was the most common laryngeal abnormality. When recognized early, in the eschar phase, most of these cases can be managed with sequential endoscopic debridement, which is conceptually similar to debridement that is performed after functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Established stenosis requires more vigorous intervention, the invasive degree of which depends on the length and circumference of the narrowing. Unilateral vocal paralysis tends to be a self-limited problem, while an elegant solution to bilateral paralysis remains elusive.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Samir S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Khariwala
authors.forename: Walter T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Koltai
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007440:Intubation / Q000009:adverse effects; D007829:Laryngostenosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D061226:Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical / Q000009:adverse effects; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy