title: Calibration of EMG to force for knee muscles is applicable with submaximal voluntary contractions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the influence of using submaximal isokinetic contractions about the knee compared to maximal voluntary contractions as input to obtain the calibration of an EMG-force model for knee muscles is investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isokinetic knee flexion and extension contractions were performed by healthy subjects at five different velocities and at three contraction levels (100%, 75% and 50% of MVC). Joint angle, angular velocity, joint moment and surface EMG of five knee muscles were recorded. Individual calibration values were calculated according to [C.A.M. Doorenbosch, J. Harlaar, A clinically applicable EMG-force model to quantify active stabilization of the knee after a lesion of the anterior cruciate ligament, Clinical Biomechanics 18 (2003) 142-149] for each contraction level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First, the output of the model, calibrated with the 100% MVC was compared to the actually exerted net knee moment at the dynamometer. Normalized root mean square errors were calculated [A.L. Hof, C.A.N. Pronk, J.A. van Best, Comparison between EMG to force processing and kinetic analysis for the calf muscle moment in walking and stepping, Journal of Biomechanics 20 (1987) 167-187] to compare the estimated moments with the actually exerted moments. Mean RMSD errors ranged from 0.06 to 0.21 for extension and from 0.12 to 0.29 for flexion at the 100% trials. Subsequently, the calibration results of the 50% and 75% MVC calibration procedures were used. A standard signal, representing a random EMG level was used as input in the EMG force model, to compare the three models. Paired samples t-tests between the 100% MVC and the 75% MVC and 50% MVC, respectively, showed no significant differences (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of submaximal contractions of larger than 50% MVC is suitable to calibrate a simple EMG to force model for knee extension and flexion. This means that in clinical practice, the EMG to force model can be applied by patients who cannot exert maximal force.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. cam.doorenbosch@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Caroline A M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Doorenbosch
authors.forename: Annemiek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joosten
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harlaar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D002138:Calibration; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D019415:Torque