title: Tobacco dependence in the general population in Italy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measures of tobacco dependence are mainly used in the clinical setting, but limited information is available on tobacco dependence on a population level.
  
  
  METHODS
  To obtain estimates of tobacco dependence on a population level, a six-item Fagerstrom questionnaire was used in two surveys, conducted in 2002-2003 on a sample of 6773 individuals aged 15 years or over, representative of the Italian adult population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 27.1% of Italian adults described themselves as current cigarette smokers (32.2% of men, 22.4% of women). Of all smokers, 42.8% were classified as very low dependent, 28.6% as low dependent, 11.0% as intermediate, 13.8% as high and only 3.8% as very high dependent. The proportions of very low/low dependent were 67.4% in men and 76.8% in women. Those of high/very high dependent smokers were 21.4% in men and 12.5% in women, but only 2.8% at age 15-17 years and 8.4% at age 18-24 years. Only 23% of smokers, moreover, found it difficult to avoid smoking in places where smoking was forbidden.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observation that over two-thirds of smokers on a population level in Italy report low or very low dependence has useful implication for intervention on stopping smoking, particularly in the young, who appear to be low dependent. However, in this age group cessation rates were comparatively low.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan. gallus@marionegri.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallus
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pacifici
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garattini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Apolone
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zuccaro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015996:Survival Rate; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine