title: Quantifying IOHDR brachytherapy underdosage resulting from an incomplete scatter environment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most brachytherapy planning systems are based on a dose calculation algorithm that assumes an infinite scatter environment surrounding the target volume and applicator. Dosimetric errors from this assumption are negligible. However, in intraoperative high-dose-rate brachytherapy (IOHDR) where treatment catheters are typically laid either directly on a tumor bed or within applicators that may have little or no scatter material above them, the lack of scatter from one side of the applicator can result in underdosage during treatment. This study was carried out to investigate the magnitude of this underdosage.
  
  
  METHODS
  IOHDR treatment geometries were simulated using a solid water phantom beneath an applicator with varying amounts of bolus material on the top and sides of the applicator to account for missing tissue. Treatment plans were developed for 3 different treatment surface areas (4 x 4, 7 x 7, 12 x 12 cm(2)), each with prescription points located at 3 distances (0.5 cm, 1.0 cm, and 1.5 cm) from the source dwell positions. Ionization measurements were made with a liquid-filled ionization chamber linear array with a dedicated electrometer and data acquisition system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurements showed that the magnitude of the underdosage varies from about 8% to 13% of the prescription dose as the prescription depth is increased from 0.5 cm to 1.5 cm. This treatment error was found to be independent of the irradiated area and strongly dependent on the prescription distance. Furthermore, for a given prescription depth, measurements in planes parallel to an applicator at distances up to 4.0 cm from the applicator plane showed that the dose delivery error is equal in magnitude throughout the target volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the magnitude of underdosage in IOHDR treatments delivered in a geometry that may not result in a full scatter environment around the applicator. This implies that the target volume and, specifically, the prescription depth (tumor bed) may get a dose significantly less than prescribed. It might be clinically relevant to correct for this inaccuracy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raina
authors.forename: Jaiteerth S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Avadhani
authors.forename: Moonseong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Harish K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: Wainwright
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jaggernauth
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kuettel
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Podgorsak
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D012542:Scattering, Radiation