title: VEGF protects brain against focal ischemia without increasing blood--brain permeability when administered intracerebroventricularly.
abstract: Delayed administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes functional recovery after focal cerebral ischemia. However, early intravenous injection of VEGF increases blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, hemorrhagic transformation and infarct volume whereas its application to cortical surface is neuroprotective. We have investigated whether or not early intracerebroventricular administration of VEGF could replicate the neuroprotective effect observed with topical application and the mechanism of action of this protection. Mice were subjected to 90 mins middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and 24 h of reperfusion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (8 ng, intracerebroventricular) was administered 1 or 3 h after reperfusion. Compared with the vehicle-treated (intracerebroventricular) group, VEGF decreased the infarct volume along with BBB leakage in both treatment groups. Neurologic disability scores improved in parallel to the changes in infarct volume. Independently of the decrease in infarct size, VEGF also reduced the number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic neurons. Phospo-Akt levels were significantly higher in ischemic hemispheres of the VEGF-treated mice. Contrary to intracerebroventricular route, intravenous administration of VEGF (15 microg/kg) enhanced the infarct volume as previously reported for the rat. In conclusion, single intracerebroventricular injection of VEGF protects brain against ischemia without adversely affecting BBB permeability, and has a relatively long therapeutic time window. This early neuroprotective action, observed well before recovery-promoting actions such as angiogenesis, possibly involves activation of the PI-3-Akt pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Dilaver
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.forename: Yasemin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gürsoy-Ozdemir
authors.forename: Muge
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yemisci
authors.forename: Neşe
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tuncer
authors.forename: Sevinç
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aktan
authors.forename: Turgay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dalkara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000473:pathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D051379:Mice; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000502:physiology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015682:Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D015682:Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt