title: Maternal smoking and birth weight: interaction with parity and mother's own in utero exposure to smoking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have reported interactions between maternal smoking and other maternal characteristics and exposures. We examined maternal smoking in a cohort study for which data from 3 generations were available to examine maternal characteristics and exposures from a life-course perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  We had data from 3 generations: women enrolled in the U.S. Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP) between 1959 and 1965 at the Baltimore site (G1); daughters (G2) of those G1 mothers who were followed to ages 27-33 years in the Pathways to Adulthood study; and children (G3) born to the G2 women who provided pregnancy and birth information during the Pathways study. These data allowed examination of exposures that occurred to the mother during her childhood and in utero.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found evidence of a 3-way interaction effect on birth weight for maternal smoking in pregnancy, maternal exposure to smoking in utero (grandmaternal smoking), and maternal parity. Maternal smoking reduced birth weight in 3 of the subgroups, with the size of the effect on birth weight moderated by parity and the mother's own in utero exposure to smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A mother's prenatal exposure to smoke may affect the birth weight of her offspring. This effect would be consistent with both the accumulation-of-risk and the fetal-programming hypotheses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1420 Washington Heights M5015, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. dmisra@umich.edu
authors.forename: Dawn P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Astone
authors.forename: Courtney D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Lynch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D001724:Birth Weight; D015988:Cohort Effect; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D010298:Parity; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology