title: Transcriptional profiling of keratinocytes reveals a vitamin D-regulated epidermal differentiation network.
abstract: 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] regulates mineral homeostasis and exhibits potent anti-proliferative, prodifferentiative, and immunomodulatory activities. It mediates these effects by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which belongs to the superfamily of steroid/thyroid hormone nuclear receptors. As a result of keratinocyte differentiation and anti-proliferation activities, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and its synthetic analogs are therapeutically effective in psoriasis and show promise for the treatment of actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma. To elucidate the VDR signaling pathway in keratinocytes, we examined the gene expression profile with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) treatment using oligonucleotide microarrays. Out of the 12,600 genes investigated, 82 were upregulated and 16 were downregulated and many of these were involved in differentiation, proliferation, and immune response. We have identified three vitamin D-responsive chromosomal loci (1p36, 19q13, and 6p25) and show the induction of various class II tumor suppressor/growth-regulatory genes in response to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Finally, quantitative differences in gene expression revealed a vitamin D-regulated differentiation network and identified peptidylarginine deiminases, kallikreins, serine proteinase inhibitor family members, Kruppel-like factor 4, and c-fos as vitamin D-responsive genes, whose protein products may play an important role in epidermal differentiation in normal and diseased state.
authors.affiliation: Bone and Inflammation Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA. NAGPAL_SUNIL@LILLY.COM
authors.forename: Jianfen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Peining
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shuguang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Lawrence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gelbert
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagpal
mesh_terms: D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002120:Calcium Channel Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000235:genetics; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics; D015843:Serpins / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002120:Calcium Channel Agonists; D007155:Immunologic Factors; C000715467:KLF4 protein, human; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D015843:Serpins; D002117:Calcitriol