title: Outcome of regional and local ablative therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma: a collective review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcatheter arterial (chemo) embolization (TACE), cryoablation (CA) and percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) were the first regional and local ablative techniques that came into use for irresectable HCC. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and interstitial laser coagulation (ILC) followed and have now evolved rapidly. It would not be ethical to compare resection with ablation in patients well enough to undergo major surgery. Therefore, hepatic resection and hepatic transplantation remain the only curative treatment options for HCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  On the basis of a Medline literature search and the authors' experiences, the principles, current status and prospects of TACE and local ablative techniques in HCC are reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete tumour necrosis can be achieved in 60-100% of patients treated with PEI (70-100%), cryoablation (60-85%), RFA (80-90%) or ILC (70-97%). After TACE significant tumour response is achieved in 17-61.9% but complete tumour response is rare (0-4.8%) as viable tumour cells remain after TACE. Five-year survival rates are available for TACE (1-8%), PEI (0-70%) and cryoablation (40%). Only PEI and RFA were compared in one RCT. RFA was associated with fewer treatment sessions and a higher complete necrosis rate. Furthermore, all techniques are associated with low morbidity and mortality, but cryoablation seems to be associated with a higher morbidity rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TACE has shown to be a valuable therapy with survival benefits in strictly selected patients with unresectable HCC. RFA and PEI are now considered as the local ablative techniques of choice for the treatment of, preferably small, HCC. When tumours are located close to bile ducts or large vessels, PEI remains a valuable therapy. Completeness of ablation can be more easily monitored during cryoablation and another advantage of cryoablation is the possibility of edge freezing. The results of ILC are comparable to RFA with only few side effects and high tumour response rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, P.O. Box 22660, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Hillegersberg
authors.forename: R A F M
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Chamuleau
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: van Delden
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gouma
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: van Gulik
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000628:therapy*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003452:Cryosurgery; D000431:Ethanol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol