title: The inverse association of salmonellosis in infancy with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma at school-age: a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Respiratory allergies are inversely related to early acquisition of food-borne and fecal-oral infections, consumption of unpasteurized milk, early exposure to stables and high endotoxin concentrations in a farming environment. We tested therefore if infection by Salmonella in early life can protect from development of respiratory allergies later in life.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 2003, we studied two groups of Sardinian children (age 6-18 years) who had been hospitalized before 4 years of age (during 1989-2001) with non-typhoid salmonellosis (n = 148) or acute enteritis of nonbacterial etiology (NB-enteritis) (n = 167). Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (AR) and asthma were evaluated by telephonic interview with a ISAAC questionnaire; participants reporting AR and/or asthma were further examined through a complete diagnostic work-up to objectively confirm or exclude current disease. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze the role of different types of enteritis on the risk of developing allergic rhinoconjunctivitis or asthma over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children who had been hospitalized with salmonellosis had a lower prevalence of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (eight of 148, 5.4%vs 23 of 167, 13.8%; P = 0.019) or asthma (five of 148, 3.4% vs 21 of 167, 12.6%; P = 0.006) than those who had been hospitalized with NB-enteritis. The proportional hazard of salmonellosis for asthma was 0.23 (95% CI: 0.08-0.67; P < 0.01) and for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis was 0.40 (95% CI: 0.17-0.95; P = 0.04), after adjusting for confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strength of the observed associations suggests that Salmonella may contribute to shape the natural history of respiratory allergies. However, further studies are needed to test in other settings the association observed in Sardinian children. We speculate that clinical or subclinical infection by Salmonella may contribute to the atopy protective influence of a traditional farming environment or of areas endemic for food-borne and fecal-oral infections. Food hygiene and prevention of salmonellosis must remain however a public health priority.
authors.affiliation: Unità di Pneumologia e Malattie Allergiche, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pelosi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Porcedda
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tiddia
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tripodi
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Tozzi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Panetta
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pintor
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Matricardi
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003231:Conjunctivitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004751:Enteritis / Q000628:therapy; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000628:therapy*