title: Incidence and spectrum of chromosome abnormalities in spontaneous abortions: new insights from a 12-year study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite advances in harvesting and culturing techniques, analysis of the impact of these improvements on the observed frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in spontaneous abortions (SAB) has not been determined. We sought to evaluate the effect of these refinements on the success rate of our cultures and on the resulting frequency of detected chromosomal abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1990 and 2002, 2301 specimens obtained from the products of conception (POC) of SABs were submitted to our laboratory for cytogenetic analysis. Due to refinements in specimen processing and culture techniques introduced at the end of 1997, our data were analyzed for two periods: Period A from 1990 through 1997 with 907 eligible specimens and Period B from 1998 through 2002 with 1273 eligible specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Modifications in physician communication and sample processing contributed to significant improvements in the culture success rate and in the ratio of male-to-female cases with normal karyotypes. Additionally, increased detection of trisomic, triploid, and multiple aneuploid cases in Period B resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of cases with abnormal karyotypes (42.8% in Period A vs. 65.8% in Period B). Monosomy X accounted for < 10% of all abnormalities in Period B. Eighty five multiple aneuploid karyotypes, including 57 double trisomies, comprised 7.7% of our 1099 abnormal cases. These karyotypes were detected predominantly in POCs from the older women in our study. This collection of multiple aneuploidies is the largest published to date and includes abnormalities not reported in prior studies. We also present a table empirically derived from the data in Period B that indicates the likelihood of a specific abnormal karyotype based on maternal age. The table can be utilized by health care providers, who counsel patients after a spontaneous miscarriage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improvements in laboratory technique have led to reduced contamination and growth failure of POCs, irrespective of maternal age. This in turn has led to a more balanced male-to-female ratio and to the detection of an increased number of abnormal cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Menasha
authors.forename: Brynn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirschhorn
authors.forename: Nataline B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Kardon
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000235:genetics*; D000367:Age Factors; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020732:Cytogenetic Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009518:New York; D011247:Pregnancy; D011336:Probability; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*