title: Use of mailed urine specimens in diagnosing urothelial carcinoma by cytology and DNA image analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the usefulness of urine specimens collected via a mailer system and analyzed by cytology and DNA ploidy for the detection of urothelial carcinoma (UC).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the diagnoses of 91 mailed urine specimens received from 72 patients, 67% of whom had a history of UC. The specimens were fixed in an equal volume of 50% ethanol solution before being mailed. The cytologic findings were interpreted in conjunction with DNA ploidy image analysis. We compared these initial diagnoses with those of follow-up examinations, including biopsies, cystoscopic findings and urinary cytology/DNA ploidy analyses. In addition, to examine the quality of the mailed samples, 3 cytopathologists performed a blinded assessment of cytologic slides of 20 mailed and 17 fresh urinary samples for bacterial overgrowth, urothelial degeneration, and presence of proteinaceous material and crystals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up was available for 68 of the 91 mailed specimens. The sensitivity for detecting UC using mailed urine specimens that were analyzed by both cytology and DNA ploidy was 61%, while specificity was 92%. The levels of bacterial overgrowth and urothelial degeneration in the mailed specimens were not significantly greater than in the fresh specimens (p>0.05). The levels of proteinaceous material and crystals were significantly higher in the mailed specimens (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of combined cytology and DNA ploidy image analysis by using mailed urine samples were comparable to those of fresh urine specimens for the detection of UC reported in previous publications. The increase in crystals and proteinaceous material did not impede diagnostic interpretation. The mailing system is a reliable and convenient method of monitoring and triaging patients with UC or related symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Hyung Ju C
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Dennis A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Hua-Zhong
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Nancy P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Caraway
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine*; D003585:Cell Biology / Q000592:standards; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019044:Image Cytometry / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011003:Ploidies; D011177:Postal Service; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016707:Tissue Fixation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine*; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D004247:DNA