title: Activation of RegIIIbeta/gamma and interferon gamma expression in the intestinal tract of SCID mice: an innate response to bacterial colonisation of the gut.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanisms by which commensal bacteria provoke intestinal inflammation in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain incompletely defined, leading to increasing interest in the innate immune response of the colonic mucosa to bacterial colonisation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using gene expression profiling of colonic RNA from C.B17.SCID germ free mice and those colonised with altered Schaedler's flora, we investigated the innate immune response to bacterial colonisation in vivo. The two most consistently induced gene groups were RegIIIbeta and gamma as well as interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) response genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we showed that RegIIIbeta, RegIIIgamma, and IFN-gamma were constitutively expressed in the colon of conventionally housed SCID mice compared with either germ free SCID or conventionally housed BALB/c mice. Induction of these genes was reproduced by chronic monoassociation of germ free SCID mice with either of two separate gut commensal bacterial species-segmented filamentous bacteria and Schaedler's Escherichia coli. The cellular source for IFN-gamma on monoassociation of SCID mice with Schaedler's E coli was localised to a subset of intraepithelial natural killer (IENK) cells that express asialo-GM1. In vivo IFN-gamma immunoneutralisation studies failed to demonstrate any alteration in RegIIIbeta or gamma expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus bacterial colonisation of the colon independently activates two distinct innate immune cell types at the mucosal interface with the colonic lumen, intestinal epithelial cells, and IENK cells, a response that may be regulated by the adaptive immune system. These innate immune responses may play a role in the pathogenesis of colitis in SCID adoptive transfer models in mice and possibly in patients with IBD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Keilbaugh
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Banchereau
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: McVay
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boyko
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Artis
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cebra
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000276:immunology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D005856:Germ-Free Life; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016513:Mice, SCID; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D000073718:Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000073718:Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins; D011506:Proteins; C490253:Reg3b protein, mouse; C490255:Reg3g protein, mouse; D007371:Interferon-gamma