title: Hydration status in college football players during consecutive days of twice-a-day preseason practices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Football players lose 3.5 to 5 kg of body weight during preseason practices because of heavy sweating. This fluid may be difficult to replace when practices occur 2 times per day on consecutive days.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Football players are hypohydrated during twice-a-day preseason training in a hot, humid environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 10 college football players, body weight was measured, and blood and urine samples were obtained before and after practices on days 2 through 8 of preseason training. Baseline samples were obtained when subjects were euhydrated. Blood samples were used to calculate plasma volume changes. Urine samples were analyzed for specific gravity, sodium, and potassium. Sweat rate was calculated. Core temperature was monitored during half- and full-padded practices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean wet bulb temperatures were 23.3 degrees C during morning practices and 23.7 degrees C during afternoon practices. Plasma volume was below baseline on day 2 and expanded by day 6. Urine specific gravity was higher than baseline for 12 of 20 measurements over the 8 days. It was 1.0175 +/- 0.006 at baseline but subsequently ranged from 1.0214 +/- 0.007 to 1.0321 +/- 0.004. Mean daily urine sodium dropped from baseline to day 2 (194 +/- 43 vs 43 +/- 38 mmol x L-1), remaining lower on days 3, 4, and 6 (40 +/- 39, 39 +/- 39, and 68 +/- 40 mmol x L-1, respectively). Urine potassium was lower on days 6 and 8 compared with baseline and day 3. Body weight was below baseline before and after both daily practices. Core temperature was higher in full pads; sweat rate and body weight loss were not different between half and full pads.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Body weight, plasma volume, urine specific gravity, and urine sodium indicate that football players become dehydrated by day 2 of preseason training. Urine sodium increased to near baseline by day 8; urine specific gravity was elevated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Football players struggle to maintain euhydration during preseason twice-a-day sessions.
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Department, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, USA. sfowkesgod@wcupa.edu
authors.forename: Sandra Fowkes
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Godek
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Godek
authors.forename: Arthur R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bartolozzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature; D001835:Body Weight; D003681:Dehydration / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D005538:Football; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D005082:Physical Exertion; D010953:Plasma Volume; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D013542:Sweat; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium