title: Adjusting data to body size: a comparison of methods as applied to quantitative trait loci analysis of musculoskeletal phenotypes.
abstract: The aim of this study was to compare three methods of adjusting skeletal data for body size and examine their use in QTL analyses. It was found that dividing skeletal phenotypes by body mass index induced erroneous QTL results. The preferred method of body size adjustment was multiple regression.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Many skeletal studies have reported strong correlations between phenotypes for muscle, bone, and body size, and these correlations add to the difficulty in identifying genetic influence on skeletal traits that are not mediated through overall body size. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) identified for skeletal phenotypes often map to the same chromosome regions as QTLs for body size. The actions of a QTL identified as influencing BMD could therefore be mediated through the generalized actions of growth on body size or muscle mass.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three methods of adjusting skeletal phenotypes to body size were performed on morphologic, structural, and compositional measurements of the femur and tibia in 200-day-old C57BL/6J x DBA/2 (BXD) second generation (F(2)) mice (n = 400). A common method of removing the size effect has been through the use of ratios. This technique and two alternative techniques using simple and multiple regression were performed on muscle and skeletal data before QTL analyses, and the differences in QTL results were examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of ratios to remove the size effect was shown to increase the size effect by inducing spurious correlations, thereby leading to inaccurate QTL results. Adjustments for body size using multiple regression eliminated these problems. Multiple regression should be used to remove the variance of co-factors related to skeletal phenotypes to allow for the study of genetic influence independent of correlated phenotypes. However, to better understand the genetic influence, adjusted and unadjusted skeletal QTL results should be compared. Additional insight can be gained by observing the difference in LOD score between the adjusted and nonadjusted phenotypes. Identifying QTLs that exert their effects on skeletal phenotypes through body size-related pathways as well as those having a more direct and independent influence on bone are equally important in deciphering the complex physiologic pathways responsible for the maintenance of bone health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA. tcl133@psu.edu
authors.forename: Dean H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sharkey
authors.forename: Arimantas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lionikas
authors.forename: Holly A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Vogler
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Vandenbergh
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Blizard
authors.forename: Joseph T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Stitt
authors.forename: Gerald E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: McClearn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015992:Body Mass Index; D049628:Body Size; D001835:Body Weight; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000473:pathology; D005838:Genotype; D008126:Lod Score; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology; D009132:Muscles / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D013977:Tibia / Q000473:pathology