title: Optimisation of pyrogen testing in parenterals according to different pharmacopoeias by probabilistic modelling.
abstract: The rabbit test to detect pyrogenic contamination in parenterals is crucial to ensure patient safety. The pharmacopoeial tests in Europe, the US and Japan are based on the fever reaction of rabbits, but differ in their experimental design and in their algorithms to assess contamination. Employing an international reference endotoxin, fever can be induced in rabbits. Data from 171 rabbits built the base for probabilistic modelling of the fever reaction and for the comparison of the pharmacopoeial tests. The rabbit fever reaction could be modelled as a function of the amount of injected endotoxin (per kg body weight) by linear regression. Combining the pharmacopoeial algorithms of the rabbit pyrogen test with the developed model allowed analysis of differences regarding test results and animal consumption. This showed that the assessment of pyrogenic contamination strongly depends on the respective pyrogen test stipulated by regulations. Additionally, the approach was used to develop a new experimental design. Two specific versions of this design resulted in a reduction of the number of animals used by about 30% while the safety of the test was maintained. A need for harmonisation is evident, allowing optimisation of the experimental design, which promotes animal welfare.
authors.affiliation: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), Ispra, Italy.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Luderitz-Puchel
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Montag
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hartung
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D005060:Europe; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced; D007564:Japan; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010602:Pharmacopoeias as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D011749:Pyrogens / Q000032:analysis*; D011817:Rabbits; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D011749:Pyrogens