title: The negative birth experience of prolonged labour: a case-referent study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to analyse and describe women's different perceptions and experiences of childbirth following prolonged or normal labour.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In clinical practice prolonged labour, or dystocia, is a common delivery complication often causing a negative birth experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women giving singleton live birth to their first child with spontaneous labour after more than 37 completed weeks' pregnancy at three hospitals in northern Sweden were recruited to a case-referent study. Cases (n = 84) were women following a prolonged labour with assisted vaginal or abdominal delivery, and referents (n = 171) delivered following a normal labour. Participants completed a questionnaire that investigated childbirth experiences, previous family relationships and childhood experiences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with prolonged labour had a negative childbirth experience more often (34%) than did women who had a normal labour (4%) (P < 0.05). Cases agreed significantly more than the referents with the statement, 'Pain relief during the delivery saved me' (OR 4.5, 95% CI: 1.9-11.1) and 'My difficulties during the delivery will mark me for life' (OR 12.4, 95% CI: 4.4-35.9). There were no differences between the cases and referents regarding perceived experience of professional or social support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To improve care, midwives and doctors can alleviate pain and relieve the negativity and difficulty associated with the experience of prolonged labour from the perspective of the woman giving birth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. astrid.nystedt@nurs.umu.se
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nystedt
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Högberg
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lundman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000523:psychology; D004420:Dystocia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D005113:Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009341:Negativism; D009721:Nurse Midwives / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology; D024802:Nurse's Role; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D036801:Parturition / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden; D013997:Time Factors