title: Evaluation of sympathetic blockade after intrathecal and epidural lidocaine in rats by laser Doppler perfusion imaging.
abstract: The widespread use of neuraxial anaesthesia increases the need for animal models to evaluate therapeutic prospects, mechanisms and risks of this technique. As a methodological prerequisite, we characterised the sympathetic blockade after different modes of neuraxial anaesthesia with regard to segments supplying the splanchnic region. Under haemodynamic monitoring, lidocaine 2% or saline were infused via intrathecal (10 microl), lumbar epidural (10 and 30 microl) or thoracic epidural (10 and 30 microl) catheters. Segmental spread of neuraxially infused local anaesthetic was assessed using methylene blue. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased more severely after neuraxial lidocaine in thoracic epidural (10 and 30 microl) compared to high-volume (30 microl anaesthesia animals. Determination of the sympathetic blockade by means of laser Doppler perfusion imaging was restricted to the paws due to a higher density of subcutaneous blood vessels as compared to the abdominal wall (mean +/- SD: 3.93 +/- 0.06 vs. 1.35 +/- 0.05/384 mm(2), p < 0.05). Only high-volume (30 microl) lumbar and thoracic epidural anaesthesia (10 and 30 microl) increased skin perfusion in both hind and front paws. This extensive sympathetic blockade was demonstrated to include splanchnic segments using thermography. Segmental spread of methylene blue did not closely correspond to laser Doppler findings and should be interpreted as minimum rather than exact epidural spread of local anaesthetic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany. joern.adolphs@charite.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adolphs
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mousa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Welte
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Habazettl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schafer
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005121:Extremities; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013817:Thermography
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004396:Coloring Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D008751:Methylene Blue