title: Focal adhesion kinase in neutrophil-induced microvascular hyperpermeability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent experimental evidence indicates an essential role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in mediating endothelial adhesion, contraction, and migration under physical stress and chemical stimulation. However, the functional impact of FAK on microvascular barrier property during inflammation has not been revealed. The aim of this study was to explore the potential contribution of FAK to neutrophil-dependent microvascular hyperpermeability.
  
  
  METHODS
  The apparent permeability coefficient of albumin was measured in intact, isolated porcine coronary venules during stimulation by C5a-activated neutrophils. In parallel, the transendothelial flux of albumin was quantified in cultured venular endothelial cell monolayers exposed to C5a-activated neutrophils. Western blotting and immunocytochemistry were performed to assess FAK tyrosine phosphorylation and distribution in endothelial cells, respectively. To specify the signaling effect of FAK on neutrophil-elicited endothelial hyperpermeability, FAK-related nonkinase (FRNK) was expressed, purified, and directly transfected into the endothelium of venules, and the permeability response to neutrophils was measured during inhibition of FAK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C5a-activated neutrophils induced a time- and concentration-dependent increase in venular permeability. Transfection of venules with FRNK did not alter the basal barrier function but greatly attenuated neutrophil-induced hyperpermeability in a dose-related manner. A similar permeability response to neutrophils was observed in venular endothelial cell monolayers, which was diminished after FRNK transfection. In addition, Western blot analysis showed that activated neutrophils caused a concentration-dependent increase in FAK tyrosine phosphorylation with a time course correlating with that of venular hyperpermeability. Transfection of FRNK blocked neutrophil-evoked FAK tyrosine phosphorylation. Furthermore, immunofluorescence microscopy revealed a significant morphological change of FAK from a punctuated, dot-like pattern under normal conditions to an elongated, dash-like staining that aligned with the longitudinal axis of cells upon neutrophil stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that focal adhesion kinase significantly contributes to the endothelial hyperpermeability response to neutrophil activation. Phosphorylation of FAK may play an important signaling role in the regulation of microvascular barrier function during inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Texas A & M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA. mguo@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Mingzhang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Mack H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Harris J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.forename: Sarah Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D015936:Complement C5a / Q000494:pharmacology; D003331:Coronary Vessels; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D018375:Neutrophil Activation; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013552:Swine; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D015936:Complement C5a; C113183:FAK-related nonkinase; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases