title: Efferent connections of the "olfactostriatum": a specialized vomeronasal structure within the basal ganglia of snakes.
abstract: The olfactostriatum is a portion of the basal ganglia of snakes that receives substantial vomeronasal afferents through projections from the nucleus sphericus. In a preceding article, the olfactostriatum of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) was characterized on the basis of chemoarchitecture (distribution of serotonin, neuropeptide Y and tyrosine hydroxylase) and pattern of afferent connections [Martinez-Marcos, A., Ubeda-Banon, I., Lanuza, E., Halpern, M., 2005. Chemoarchitecture and afferent connections of the "olfactostriatum": a specialized vomeronasal structure within the basal ganglia of snakes. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 29, 49-69]. In the present study, its efferent connections have been investigated. The olfactostriatum projects to the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, lateral cortex, septal complex, ventral pallidum, external, ventral anterior and dorsolateral amygdalae, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, preoptic area, lateral posterior hypothalamic nucleus, ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and raphe nuclei. Tracer injections in the nucleus accumbens proper, a structure closely associated with the olfactostriatum, result in a similar pattern of efferent connections with the exception of those reaching the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, lateral cortex, external, ventral anterior and dorsolateral amygdalae and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. These data, therefore, help to characterize the olfactostriatum, an apparently specialized area of the nucleus accumbens. Double labeling experiments after tracer injections in the nucleus sphericus and the lateral posterior hypothalamic nucleus demonstrate a pathway between these two structures through the olfactostriatum. Injections in the olfactostriatum and in the medial amygdala show parallel projections to the lateral posterior hypothalamic nucleus. Since this hypothalamic nucleus has been previously described as projecting to the hypoglossal nucleus, both, the medial amygdala and the olfactostriatum may mediate vomeronasal influence on tongue-flick behavior.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Centro Regional de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain. alino.martinez@uclm.es
authors.forename: Alino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martinez-Marcos
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ubeda-Bañon
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lanuza
authors.forename: Mimi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halpern
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D001710:Biotin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D017812:Colubridae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D003911:Dextrans; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D019793:Fluorescein; D007034:Hypothalamus, Posterior / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D009833:Olfactory Pathways / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D012235:Rhodamines; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology; D019147:Vomeronasal Organ / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; C067661:Fluoro-Ruby; D012235:Rhodamines; C076397:biotinylated dextran amine; D001710:Biotin; D019793:Fluorescein