title: Detection of West Nile virus RNA and antibody in frozen plasma components from a voluntary market withdrawal during the 2002 peak epidemic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The US West Nile virus (WNV) epidemic in the summer and fall of 2002 included the first documented cases of transfusion-transmitted WNV infection. In December 2002, the FDA supported a voluntary market withdrawal by the blood banking community of frozen blood components collected in WNV high-activity areas. At the time, the prevalence of viremia and serologic markers for WNV in the blood supply was undefined.
  
  
  METHODS
  In collaboration with America's Blood Centers, 1468 frozen plasma components (of approx. 60,000 frozen units voluntarily withdrawn from the market) were selectively retrieved from the peak epidemic regions and season (June 23, 2002-September 28, 2002). These units were unlinked, subaliquoted, and tested by WNV enzyme immunoassays (EIAs; Focus Technologies and Abbott Laboratories) and nucleic acid amplification tests (NATs; Gen-Probe Inc. and Roche Molecular Systems).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1468 EIA results from Abbott and Focus, 7 were anti-immunoglobulin M (IgM)- and anti-immunoglobulin G (IgG)-reactive by both assays, 8 and 1 were IgM-only-reactive, and 8 and 23 were IgG-only-reactive, respectively. NAT by Gen-Probe and Roche Molecular Systems yielded one RNA-positive, antibody-negative unit containing approximately 440 RNA copies per mL. An additional 10-fold replicate NAT testing by Gen-Probe on 14 of 15 IgM-reactive specimens yielded 2 additional IgM- and IgG-reactive units with low-level viremia (i.e., 7/10 and 2/10 replicates tested reactive).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of acute (RNA-positive) and recent (IgM-seroreactive) WNV infections indicates that transfusion risk in high-risk areas could have been considerable and that voluntary market withdrawal of frozen components likely averted some WNV transfusion transmissions. The existence of very-low-level viremic units raises concerns, because WNV minipool NAT screening will miss such units and individual NAT may not completely correct this situation.
authors.affiliation: Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA. ltobler@bloodsystems.org
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Tobler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Glynn
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Dille
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lanciotti
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Linnen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gallarda
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shyamala
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Busch
mesh_terms: D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001771:Blood Banks; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D010949:Plasma / Q000821:virology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral