title: Facility-level variation in antibiotic prescriptions for veterans with upper respiratory infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Programs have targeted individual patient and physician behaviors to reduce the use of antibiotics for upper respiratory infections (URIs), but such efforts have had limited success to date.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to measure the extent of variation in antibiotic prescribing patterns at the hospital-facility level to determine whether organizational factors may be associated with patterns of antibiotic prescribing.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study using linked pharmacy and encounter data to measure hospital-level variation in patterns of antibiotic prescribing at US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers between October 1, 2000, and September 30, 2001. The main outcome measure was the proportion of visits for URIs or acute bronchitis with an antibiotic dispensed within 1 day before to 3 days after the encounter, restricted to primary-care and emergency/urgent care clinics at VA medical centers with > or =100 annual visits for URIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A median of 523 visits for URIs occurred across 108 medical centers. The median proportion of visits with an antibiotic dispensed was 52% (range, 14%-88%). Hospitals in the South had increased odds of prescribing antibiotics for veterans with URIs compared with hospitals in the Northeast (odds ratio, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.2-2.5]). Among facilities with <200,000 visits per year, an increase in the percentage of unscheduled outpatient visits increased the odds of prescribing antibiotics for veterans with URIs (odds ratio per 10% increase, 1.3 [95% CI, 1.1-1.5]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest variation in antibiotic prescribing for URIs at the hospital-facility level within the VA health care system. Organizational factors, such as time pressure, may be important targets for future interventions designed to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use in ambulatory care settings.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, USA.
authors.forename: Sherrie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Aspinall
authors.forename: Jesse A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Berlin
authors.forename: Yawei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Joshua P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Metlay
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000188:drug therapy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016134:Organizational Policy; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000458:organization & administration; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents