title: Two nuclear localization signals required for transport from the cytosol to the nucleus of externally added FGF-1 translocated into cells.
abstract: Externally added FGF-1 is transported into the nucleus of cells. It was earlier shown that FGF-1 contains an N-terminal nuclear localization signal (NLS) implicated in the stimulation of DNA synthesis. We here provide evidence that FGF-1 contains a second putative NLS (NLS2), which is located near the C-terminus. It is a bipartite NLS consisting of two clusters of lysines separated by a spacer of 10 amino acids. A fusion protein of GFP and the bipartite NLS was more efficiently transported into the nucleus than GFP alone, indicating that it can act as an NLS in the living cell. FGF-1 mutated in the N-terminal NLS (NLS1) or in the first cluster of the bipartite NLS2 bound to heparin and FGF receptors and activated downstream signaling similarly to the wild-type growth factor. Mutations in the second cluster of NLS2 resulted in impaired interaction with heparin and reduced stability. When radiolabeled FGF-1 with mutated NLS1 or the first lysine cluster of NLS2 was added to NIH/3T3 cells, it was translocated into the cytosol, but not transported efficiently to the nucleus. Phosphorylation of FGF-1 occurs normally in the nucleus, and while wild-type FGF-1 was phosphorylated after addition to cells, the NLS mutants were not. It therefore appears that both NLS1 and NLS2 are important for efficient transport of FGF-1 to the nucleus. Stimulation of DNA synthesis by FGF-1 with mutations in both NLSs was reduced considerably indicating that efficient transport to the nucleus may be involved in the stimulation of DNA synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cancer Research at the Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway. jorgen.wesche@labmed.uio.no
authors.forename: Jørgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wesche
authors.forename: Jedrzej
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Małecki
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiedłocha
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ehsani
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marcinkowska
authors.forename: Trine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nilsen
authors.forename: Sjur
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olsnes
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D016220:Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D016220:Fibroblast Growth Factor 1; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins