title: Activity limitations and participation restrictions in women with hand osteoarthritis: patients' descriptions and associations between dimensions of functioning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the functional consequences of hand osteoarthritis, and analyse associations between personal factors, hand impairment, activity limitations, and participation restrictions within the framework of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF).
  
  
  METHODS
  87 women with hand osteoarthritis completed a clinical examination including recording of sociodemographic data, measures of hand impairment, and completion of self reported health status measures. The function subscale of the AUSCAN Osteoarthritis Hand Index was used as a measure of hand related activity limitations, while the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) was used to describe and measure activity limitations and participation restrictions as perceived by the individual. The study variables were categorised using the dimensions in the ICF framework and analysed using bivariate and multivariate statistical approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients described problems in many domains of activity and participation. The most frequently described hand related problems were activities requiring considerable grip strength combined with twisting of the hands. On the impairment level, the patients had reduced grip force and joint mobility in the hands, and resisted motion was painful. Regression analyses showed that hand related activity limitations were associated with measures of hand impairment, while activity and participation (as measured by the COPM) were more strongly associated with personal factors than with hand impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hand osteoarthritis has important functional consequences in terms of pain, reduced hand mobility and grip force, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. Rehabilitation programmes should therefore be multidisciplinary and multidimensional, focusing on hand function, occupational performance, and coping strategies.
authors.affiliation: Diakonhjemmet Sykehus, Boks 23 Vinderen, 0319 Oslo, Norway. ingvild.kjeken@nrrk.no
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kjeken
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dagfinrud
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Slatkowsky-Christensen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mowinckel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uhlig
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kvien
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finset
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D050823:Hand Joints / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index