title: Norfloxacin and cisapride combination decreases the incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic ascites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a serious complication of cirrhosis with ascites, having high recurrence despite antibiotic prophylaxis. Small bowel dysmotility and bacterial overgrowth have been documented to be related to SBP. The purpose of the present paper was (i) to study whether addition of a prokinetic agent to norfloxacin ameliorates the development of SBP in high-risk patients; and (ii) to identify risk factors for SBP development.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, single blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted in high-risk cirrhotic patients with ascites who had either recovered from an episode of SBP or who had low ascitic fluid protein. Norfloxacin 400 mg once daily (group I) or norfloxacin 400 mg once daily with cisapride 20 mg twice a day (group II) was given and occurrence of side-effects of therapy and mortality were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 94 patients, 48 (51%) were in group I, and 46 (49%) in group II. The actuarial probability of developing SBP at 12 month in group I was 56.8% and in group II, 21.7% (P = 0.026). Treatment failure was observed in five patients (10%) in group I and none in group II (P = 0.003). The actuarial probability of death at 18 months was 20.6% in group I and 6.2% in group II (P = 0.1). Low serum albumin, low ascitic fluid protein and alcoholic cirrhosis were related to development of SBP (P < 0.05). Additionally, low serum albumin (2.8 g/dL), gastrointestinal bleeding, alcoholic cirrhosis and low ascitic fluid protein were significantly associated with multiple occurrences of SBP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylaxis with norfloxacin and cisapride significantly reduces the incidence of SBP in high-risk cirrhosis patients; low serum albumin, low ascitic fluid protein and alcoholic cirrhosis predispose to the development of SBP in high-risk cirrhosis patients; and low ascitic fluid protein should also be considered as a risk factor for the development of SBP requiring prophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Bimaljit S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Sandhu
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Jayant
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Jagdeep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Nandagudi S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.forename: Shiv K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sarin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001201:Ascites / Q000150:complications*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D020117:Cisapride / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009643:Norfloxacin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D009643:Norfloxacin; D020117:Cisapride