Cytotoxic effect of formaldehyde with free radicals via increment of cellular reactive oxygen species.
It is well known that formaldehyde (HCHO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as free radicals, are cytotoxic as well as potentially carcinogenic. Although the individual effects of these reactants on cells have been investigated, the cytotoxicity exerted by the coexistence of HCHO and reactive radicals is poorly understood. The present study using Jurkat cells demonstrated that the coexistence of HCHO with water-soluble radical initiator, 2,2'-azobis-[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane] dihydrochloride (AIPH) dramatically decreased cell viability, and that under such conditions scant cell death was observable induced by either of the reactants alone. Based on the results of phosphatidylserine exposure and caspase activation, this observed cell death, in fact, was apparently necrotic rather than apoptotic. To understand the mechanisms of the cell toxicity of HCHO and AIPH, we assessed two kinds of oxidative stress markers such as cellular glutathione (GSH) content and cellular ROS, and the DNA-protein cross-links, which formed as the result of HCHO treatment. A marked decrease in total cellular GSH was observed not only in the case of the coexistence conditions but also with AIPH alone. Dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF) assay revealed that cellular ROS were synergistically increased before cell death. The formation of DNA-protein cross-links was observed in the presence of HCHO and AIPH, and the extent was similar to HCHO alone. Co-incubation with semicarbazide, which inactivates HCHO, prevented this cell death induced by a combination of HCHO and AIPH. Semicarbazide also exhibited an inhibitory effect on the synergistic increment of cellular ROS and the formation of DNA-protein cross-links. These results suggest that the free radicals from AIPH induced GSH reduction, while HCHO resulted in the formation of DNA-protein cross-links, eventuating in a synergistic, incremental increase of cellular ROS and cell death brought about by this combination.
Saito
Yoshiro
Y
Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSSRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan. yoshiro-saito@aist.go.jp
Nishio
Keiko
K
Yoshida
Yasukazu
Y
Niki
Etsuo
E
D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000633:toxicity*; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012663:Semicarbazides / Q000494:pharmacology
D001391:Azo Compounds; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D005609:Free Radicals; D007093:Imidazoles; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012663:Semicarbazides; C430118:VA 061; D005557:Formaldehyde; C010059:carbamylhydrazine; D004247:DNA; D005978:Glutathione