title: The phospholipid scramblase PLSCR1 increases UV induced apoptosis primarily through the augmentation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and independent of direct phosphorylation by protein kinase C delta.
abstract: Cell death by apoptosis can be caused by the DNA mutagen UV light whose exposure causes the direct activation of both the caspase 9 regulated cell damage intrinsic pathway and the caspase 8 regulated plasma membrane extrinsic pathway. We determined that increased activity of the plasma membrane phospholipid scramblase, PLSCR1, amplified UV mediated apoptosis primarily through the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The caspase 8 inhibitor z-IETD-fmk was not as effective an inhibitor of PLSCR1 augmented UV induced apoptosis compared to treatment with caspase 3, caspase 9, or pan-caspase inhibitors. The inability of the caspase 8 inhibitor to decrease UV induced apoptosis was dependent on PLSCR1, as UV induced apoptosis was decreased by a similar amount in the control cells in the presence of inhibitors of caspase 8, caspase 9, caspase 3, or the pan-caspase inhibitor. PKC-delta directly phosphorylates human PLSCR1 resulting in increased PLSCR1 scramblase activity. PKC-delta can also be activated by caspase mediated cleavage resulting in the release of a constitutively active kinase domain. We observed that replacing the PKC-delta phosphorylation site of PLSCR1 with an alanine did not affect the ability of PLSCR1 to enhance UV induced apoptosis implying that PKC-delta does not directly phosphorylate PLSCR1 to increase plasma membrane scramblase activity during apoptosis. Cells transfected with a PLSCR1 mutant that contained an alanine substitution at its known PKC-delta phosphorylation site underwent UV induced apoptosis at a level similar to those transfected with wild type PLSCR1. The combined results indicate that UV exposure in cells possessing PLSCR1 increases apoptosis primarily by enhancement of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, and also imply that the increased apoptosis observed upon exposure to UV light is not through direct phosphorylation of PLSCR1 by PKC-delta.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Kendra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Harold W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: McMaster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D016466:CHO Cells; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D006224:Cricetinae; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D049294:Phospholipid Transfer Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009842:Oligopeptides; D049294:Phospholipid Transfer Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C110772:benzoylcarbonyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartyl-fluoromethyl ketone; C403754:benzyloxycarbonyl-leucyl-glutamyl-histidyl-aspartic acid fluoromethyl ketone; C408123:phosphatidylserine receptor; C089212:protein kinase D; D011493:Protein Kinase C; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C506433:CASP9 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9