title: Acute respiratory diseases and carboxyhemoglobin status in school children of Quito, Ecuador.
abstract: Outdoor carbon monoxide comes mainly from vehicular emissions, and high concentrations occur in areas with heavy traffic congestion. CO binds to hemoglobin, forming carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), and reduces oxygen delivery. We investigated the link between the adverse effects of CO on the respiratory system using COHb as a marker for chronic CO exposure. We examined the relationship between acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and COHb concentrations in school-age children living in urban and suburban areas of Quito, Ecuador. We selected three schools located in areas with different traffic intensities and enrolled 960 children. To adjust for potential confounders we conducted a detailed survey. In a random subsample of 295 children, we determined that average COHb concentrations were significantly higher in children attending schools in areas with high and moderate traffic, compared with the low-traffic area. The percentage of children with COHb concentrations above the safe level of 2.5% were 1, 43, and 92% in low-, moderate-, and high-traffic areas, respectively. Children with COHb above the safe level are 3.25 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.65-6.38] times more likely to have ARI than children with COHb < 2.5%. Furthermore, with each percent increase in COHb above the safety level, children are 1.15 (95% CI, 1.03-1.28) times more likely to have an additional case of ARI. Our findings provide strong evidence of the relation between CO exposure and susceptibility to respiratory infections.
authors.affiliation: Corporación Ecuatoriana de Biotecnología, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Bertha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Estrella
authors.forename: Ramiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Estrella
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oviedo
authors.forename: Ximena
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Narváez
authors.forename: María T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Elena N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Naumova
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D004484:Ecuador; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D014505:Urban Population; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin