title: Mediating links between maternal depression and offspring psychopathology: the importance of independent data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research examining intergenerational transmission of psychopathology is often limited by reliance on the same individuals for information on multiple constructs of interest. To counteract this limitation, data from a prospective, longitudinal study of at-risk youth were analyzed to test the hypothesis that parenting and family environmental factors mediate the association between maternal depressive symptoms and offspring psychopathology in late adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were taken from 184 families of the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Measures included the CES-D and Beck depression inventories, home environment ratings and a family conflict scale, and CBCL behavior problem checklist and K-SADS psychiatric symptom scores. Regression analyses were conducted to test for mediation of maternal depression effects by family environmental factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses using a single informant and time point showed evidence for substantial mediation; however, in analyses spanning independent informants and multiple time points mediating effects were markedly reduced. Sex differences were found, in that parenting and family environmental factors related to psychopathology for males, whereas maternal depression was more directly related to psychopathology for females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results emphasize the importance of independent data for testing mediational claims, and support claims that the processes involved in the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology are different for male and female youth.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Institute of Child Development, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Keith B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Burt
authors.forename: Manfred H M
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Van Dulmen
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlivati
authors.forename: Byron
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Egeland
authors.forename: L Alan
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sroufe
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Appleyard
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Carlson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011581:Psychological Tests; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012931:Social Environment