title: Widow(er) poverty and out-of-pocket medical expenditures near the end of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elderly widows are three times as likely to live in poverty as older married people. This study investigates the gap in poverty, income, and wealth between these groups. Focus is placed on the role played by out-of-pocket medical expenditures spent on dying spouses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national panel survey of people age 70 and older in 1993 was used. Income, poverty, wealth, and out-of-pocket expenditures were examined before and after widowhood, with comparisons made with couples not experiencing a death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four percent of the difference in economic status between widow(er)s and married elderly persons was due to disparities in economic status that existed prior to widowhood. The remaining 56% was due to factors more directly related to the death of a spouse, including the loss of income and expenses associated with dying. On average, out-of-pocket medical expenditures in the final 2 years of life were equal to 30% of the couple's annual income. For couples in the bottom quarter of the income distribution, these expenditures were 70% of their income.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As policy makers continue to debate expansions and reforms of Medicare, the potential effects of these reforms on economic well-being, particularly among widows, should be considered.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McGarry
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Schoeni
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D017805:Widowhood / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data