title: Surgical imaging systems.
abstract: Imaging i.n.surgery. is used for diagnosis, planning, intraoperative navigation and post-operative evaluation,
  DIgItal medical imaging modalities mclude computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance Imaging
  (MRI), MR therapy (MRT), fluoroscopy and ultrasound.t These modalities are applied singly or jointly
  (multimodality) Surgical requirements differ according to the nature of intervention, and real-time guidance?
  is sometimes needed such that a sequence of images is generated and displayed as acquired, Soft copy
  display on CRTscreens is satisfactory for intraoperative use, while hardcopy film images or physical replica
  modeling may be needed in other cases. Computed tomography/ developed more than 20 years ago, remains
  important in craniofacial'v" and orthopedic surgery." Newer imaging systems, especially ultrasound, magnetic
  resonance imaging,'6 and digital fluoroscopy are used for neurosurgery, oncology, cardiothoracic
  and abdominal surgery. Each modality offers specific qualities that subserve specific needs in diagnosis, planning,
  intraoperative navigation and evaluation (Table 1).
authors.affiliation: Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Vannier
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kane