title: Monetary incentives in support of academic achievement: results of a randomized field trial involving high-achieving, low-resource, ethnically diverse urban adolescents.
abstract: Significant resources have been directed at understanding and alleviating the achievement gap in education. Most programs focused on this aim rely on a top-down approach, including funding for infrastructure improvement, curriculum development, class size, and teacher salaries. This article presents findings from a randomized field trial that evaluates a bottom-up approach in which high-achieving students of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds from poor families are given monetary incentives to maintain their academic standing. The evaluation was designed to explore the role of monetary incentives as a mechanism for promoting resiliency in the face of poverty-related challenge. Discussion of what motivates students to learn is framed as a function of normal cognitive and socioemotional development in challenging environments. Evaluation findings indicate that monetary incentives are effective in promoting academic success to different degrees and for different reasons depending on students' perception of the meaning of the incentive in relation to their emergent identity.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Development in the Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Margaret Beale
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Noll
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cassidy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D004522:Educational Status; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D011203:Poverty; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population