title: Cost-effectiveness of irbesartan in diabetic nephropathy: a systematic review of published studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To review published studies on the cost-effectiveness of the use of irbesartan for treatment of advance overt nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were identified based on a search of the PubMed databases using the keywords 'irbesartan', 'ESRD', 'cost-effectiveness', 'nephropathy' and 'costs', and by personal communication with the authors. Only studies published in the last 10 years were included. All costs data from the cost-effectiveness studies were inflated to 2003 Euros using published governmental conversion tables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven published studies were identified, spanning the following country settings: the US, Belgium and France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, and the UK. In each, the same pharmacoeconomic model was adapted using country-specific data to project and evaluate the clinical and cost outcomes of the treatment arms of the Irbesartan in Diabetic Nephropathy Trial (IDNT) (irbesartan, amlodipine or standard blood pressure control). Mean time to onset of ESRD was 8.23 years for irbesartan, 6.82 years for amlodipine and 6.88 years for the control (values were the same for Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy and Spain as transition probabilities for progression to ESRD were all derived from the IDNT). Mean cumulative incidence of ESRD was 36% with irbesartan, 49% with amlodipine and 45% with control treatment. Treatment with irbesartan was projected to improve life expectancy compared to both amlodipine and control in all seven published studies. Analysis of total lifetime costs showed that irbesartan treatment was cost saving compared to the other two treatment regimens, due to the associated reduction in ESRD cases. Cost savings with irbesartan became evident very early; after 2-3 years of treatment in most settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modelling studies based on the IDNT published to date suggest that irbesartan treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension and advanced nephropathy is both life- and cost-saving compared to amlodipine or control.
authors.affiliation: CORE - Center for Outcomes Research, Bündtenmattstrasse 40, 4102 Binningen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Daniel M D
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roze
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cordonnier
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D017850:Economics, Pharmaceutical; D006801:Humans; D000077405:Irbesartan; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008390:Markov Chains; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D013777:Tetrazoles; D000077405:Irbesartan