title: Doppler ultrasonography for the assessment of tumor necrosis after percutaneous ethanol injection prior to liver transplantation as adjuvant therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) is considered to be a curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The imaging technique of choice for the assessment of local response after PEI has not been well defined, but helical computerized tomography (hCT) has been recommended. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography (US) for evaluation of tumor necrosis after PEI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one patients with single HCC listed for liver transplantation underwent multisession US-guided PEI. Liver Doppler US was done at the 4th week after PEI. Complete response was defined as the absence of any intratumoral Doppler signal. The liver was analyzed in transplant recipients during the follow-up. Complete pathological response was defined as necrosis > or = 90% of total tumor volume. Histological and sonographic findings were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve patients underwent transplantation (9 men, mean age 60 +/- 5.2 years). Nine of these (75%) showed a complete ultrasonographic response. In the explanted liver, complete necrosis was present in 6 nodules, and incomplete necrosis was seen in the remaining 6 cases. In comparison with histology, Doppler US showed values of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values of 50%, 100%, 100%, and 60%, respectively. Overall accuracy was 75%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our series, Doppler US showed low sensitivity but high specificity in the assessment of HCC necrosis after PEI. The ultrasonographic finding of complete response requires hCT for confirmation, but the presence in Doppler US of neoplastic viable tissue is enough to indicate a further cycle of PEI.
authors.affiliation: Liver Transplantation Unit, University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. javier.fernandez.castroagudin@sergas.es
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Castroagudin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Abdulkader
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bustamante
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Segade
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Conde
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Varo
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol