title: Lovastatin-induced apoptosis in human melanoma cell lines.
abstract: The cholesterol-lowering medications, statins, inhibit cellular proliferation and induce apoptosis in an array of cancer cell lines, including melanoma. We investigated the apoptotic mechanism of lovastatin on human melanoma cell lines in vitro. The cytotoxicity of statins on multiple cell lines was examined by Cell Titer 96 Aqueous One solution cell proliferation assay (MTS assay). Apoptosis was assayed by ethidium bromide and acridine orange morphologic assays, an Annexin V apoptosis detection kit and active caspase 3 assays. Farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate add-back experiments were performed to better define the molecular mechanisms mediating lovastatin cytotoxicity. Lovastatin caused cytotoxicity in human and murine melanoma cells, but did not induce toxicity in an epidermoid carcinoma cell line A431. For human melanoma cells, lovastatin precipitated cell rounding, increased the percentage of apoptotic cells detected by ethidium bromide and acridine orange staining and by the Annexin V apoptosis detection kit, and resulted in a 50-fold increase in active caspase 3, corroborating that lovastatin induced apoptosis. Adding back geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, but not farnesyl pyrophosphate, reversed the effects of lovastatin in A375 cells. Of the five statins tested, pravastatin was least effective in killing melanoma cells. Lovastatin induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in multiple melanoma cell lines via a geranylation-specific mechanism. This study supports a possible role of lovastatin as a therapeutic, adjuvant or chemopreventive agent for melanoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Health Science Center at Fitzsimons, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. yiqun.shellman@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: Yiqun G
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Shellman
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ribble
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gendall
authors.forename: Kayleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vanbuskirk
authors.forename: Desiree
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Dellavalle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004122:Dimethylallyltranstransferase / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008148:Lovastatin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008545:Melanoma / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D011106:Polyisoprenyl Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D017035:Pravastatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D012717:Sesquiterpenes
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D011106:Polyisoprenyl Phosphates; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C004808:farnesyl pyrophosphate; D008148:Lovastatin; D004122:Dimethylallyltranstransferase; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D017035:Pravastatin; C002963:geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate