title: Expression of HOXB2, a retinoic acid signaling target in pancreatic cancer and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite significant progress in understanding the molecular pathology of pancreatic cancer and its precursor lesion: pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), there remain no molecules with proven clinical utility as prognostic or therapeutic markers. Here, we used oligonucleotide microarrays to interrogate mRNA expression of pancreatic cancer tissue and normal pancreas to identify novel molecular pathways dysregulated in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  RNA was hybridized to Affymetrix Genechip HG-U133 oligonucleotide microarrays. A relational database integrating data from publicly available resources was created to identify candidate genes potentially relevant to pancreatic cancer. The protein expression of one candidate, homeobox B2 (HOXB2), in PanIN and pancreatic cancer was assessed using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified aberrant expression of several components of the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway (RARalpha, MUC4, Id-1, MMP9, uPAR, HB-EGF, HOXB6, and HOXB2), many of which are known to be aberrantly expressed in pancreatic cancer and PanIN. HOXB2, a downstream target of RA, was up-regulated 6.7-fold in pancreatic cancer compared with normal pancreas. Immunohistochemistry revealed ectopic expression of HOXB2 in 15% of early PanIN lesions and 48 of 128 (38%) pancreatic cancer specimens. Expression of HOXB2 was associated with nonresectable tumors and was an independent predictor of poor survival in resected tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified aberrant expression of RA signaling components in pancreatic cancer, including HOXB2, which was expressed in a proportion of PanIN lesions. Ectopic expression of HOXB2 was associated with a poor prognosis for all patients with pancreatic cancer and was an independent predictor of survival in patients who underwent resection.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Davendra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Segara
authors.forename: Andrew V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Biankin
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kench
authors.forename: Catherine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Langusch
authors.forename: Amanda C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Skalicky
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Gotley
authors.forename: Maxwell J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Henshall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C086061:HOXB2 protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014212:Tretinoin