title: Ergonomic testing of two different types of handles via virtual reality simulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ergonomics in laparoscopic surgery is an unsolved problem. Deficiencies of the instrument handles are well-known and described in several reports and studies. Today, virtual training modules for laparoscopic surgery are available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of a virtual reality (VR) simulator to determine the ergonomic properties of two different laparoscopic instrument handles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two different types of handles, a ring and an axial handle from Richard Wolf, were used to perform the short clip and cut task of the Xitact 500 LS simulator. The task was repeated every 2 days for a period of 5 weeks. After every trial the volunteers were asked structured questions about their preferences while using the two handles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The axial handle was superior or equal to the ring handle in all criteria. Learning curves over the entire time and day by day were similar. No differences were found for travel distances and error rates, but task times were different for both handles. The subjects preferred the axial handle at the end of the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to determine differences in ergonomics of handle design with a VR trainer. In this study, the Richard Wolf axial handle was superior to the ring handle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ergonomics, University of Tuebingen, Waldhoernlestrasse 22, D-72072 Tuebingen, Germany. ulrich.matern@uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Matern
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koneczny
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tedeus
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buess
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics; D020706:Laparoscopes; D010535:Laparoscopy; D012984:Software