title: Multi-species microarrays reveal the effect of sequence divergence on gene expression profiles.
abstract: Interspecies comparisons of gene expression levels will increase our understanding of the evolution of transcriptional mechanisms and help to identify targets of natural selection. This approach holds particular promise for apes, as many human-specific adaptations are thought to result from differences in gene expression rather than in coding sequence. To date, however, all studies directly comparing interspecies gene expression have been performed on single-species arrays, so that it has been impossible to distinguish differential hybridization due to sequence mismatches from underlying expression differences. To evaluate the severity of this potential problem, we constructed a new multiprimate cDNA array using probes from human, chimpanzee, orangutan, and rhesus. We find a large effect of sequence divergence on hybridization signal, even in the closest pair of species, human and chimpanzee. By comparing single-species array analyses with results from multispecies arrays, we examine how estimates of differential gene expression are affected by sequence divergence. Our results indicate that naive use of single-species arrays in direct interspecies comparisons can yield spurious results.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Yoav.Gilad@yale.edu
authors.forename: Yoav
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gilad
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rifkin
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bertone
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerstein
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019295:Computational Biology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011323:Primates / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity