title: Interventions for preventing and treating stress fractures and stress reactions of bone of the lower limbs in young adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stress reaction in bone, which may proceed to a fracture, is a significant problem in military recruits and in athletes, particularly long distance runners.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the evidence from randomised controlled trials of interventions for prevention or management of lower-limb stress fractures and stress reactions of bone in active young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group Specialised Register (April 2004), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2004), MEDLINE (1966 to September week 1, 2004), EMBASE, CINAHL, Index to UK Theses, reference lists of relevant articles and contacted trialists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Any randomised or quasi-randomised trials evaluating interventions for preventing or treating lower limb stress reactions of bone or stress fractures in active young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We independently selected trials for inclusion, assessed trial quality and extracted data. Only limited data pooling was undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 16 trials. All 13 prevention trials involved military recruits undergoing training. Participants of two of the three treatment trials were military personnel. Ten prevention trials tested the effects of various foot inserts and other footwear modifications. While pooling of data was not possible, the four trials evaluating the use of "shock-absorbing" boot inserts versus control found fewer stress injuries of the bone in their intervention groups. However, the only trial showing a significant benefit lacked important information about trial design. A key issue in several trials was the acceptability, in terms of practicality and comfort, of the boot inserts. Two cluster-randomised prevention trials found no significant effect of leg muscle stretching during warm up before exercise. Pooled data from three small but very different trials testing the use of pneumatic braces in the rehabilitation of tibial stress fractures showed a significant reduction in the time to recommencing full activity (weighted mean difference -33.39 days, 95% confidence interval -44.18 to -22.59 days). These results were highly heterogeneous (I squared = 90%), which is likely to reflect the underlying differences of the trials, including differences in the control group interventions and definitions of outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of shock absorbing inserts in footwear probably reduces the incidence of stress fractures in military personnel. There is insufficient evidence to determine the best design of such inserts but comfort and tolerability should be considered. Rehabilitation after tibial stress fracture may be aided by the use of pneumatic bracing but more evidence is required to confirm this.
authors.affiliation: Teesside Centre for Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Teesside, James Cook University Hospital, Marton Road, Middlesbrough, Tees Valley, UK, TS4 3BW. K.Rome@tees.ac.uk
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rome
authors.forename: H H G
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Handoll
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ashford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D008889:Military Personnel; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012775:Shoes