title: Honokiol overcomes conventional drug resistance in human multiple myeloma by induction of caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis.
abstract: Honokiol (HNK) is an active component purified from magnolia, a plant used in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine. Here we show that HNK significantly induces cytotoxicity in human multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines and tumor cells from patients with relapsed refractory MM. Neither coculture with bone marrow stromal cells nor cytokines (interleukin-6 and insulin-like growth factor-1) protect against HNK-induced cytotoxicity. Although activation of caspases 3, 7, 8, and 9 is triggered by HNK, the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk does not abrogate HNK-induced apoptosis. Importantly, release of an executioner of caspase-independent apoptosis, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), from mitochondria is induced by HNK treatment. HNK induces apoptosis in the SU-DHL4 cell line, which has low levels of caspase 3 and 8 associated with resistance to both conventional and novel drugs. These results suggest that HNK induces apoptosis via both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. Furthermore, HNK enhances MM cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by bortezomib. In addition to its direct cytotoxicity to MM cells, HNK also represses tube formation by endothelial cells, suggesting that HNK inhibits neovascurization in the bone marrow microenvironment. Taken together, our results provide the preclinical rationale for clinical protocols of HNK to improve patient outcome in MM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishitsuka
authors.forename: Teru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hideshima
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamasaki
authors.forename: Noopur
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raje
authors.forename: Shaji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Hiromasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hideshima
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yasui
authors.forename: Aldo M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Roccaro
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Podar
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Le Gouill
authors.forename: Dharminder
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chauhan
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arbiser
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D020169:Caspases / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000494:pharmacology; D017705:Lignans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000139:chemically induced; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D000498:Allyl Compounds; D010636:Phenols
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D020169:Caspases; D004247:DNA; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D015850:Interleukin-6; D017705:Lignans; C005499:honokiol; D000498:Allyl Compounds; D010636:Phenols