title: Self-reported pain intensity and associated distress in children aged 4-18 years on admission, discharge, and one-week follow up to emergency department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pain is the most common complaint among children presenting to the Emergency Department (ED), yet it is poorly managed. Although the poor management of pain has been documented, no studies have simultaneously determined the distress caused by the presenting pain nor have children been followed after the ED visit to determine whether the pain and distress have resolved. The purpose of this study was to describe pain intensity, distress from pain, and treatment of pain in children presenting to the ED and to follow them 1 week later to describe resolution of their pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey design with follow up of patients identified with pain in 2 urban university-affiliated pediatric EDs with children between ages 4 and 18 (N = 533). Measures used included the Coloured Analogue Scale (CAS) for both pain and distress related to pain, mobility problems related to pain, and interference with activities of daily living due to pain. Chart reviews were conducted for documentation of pain assessment and analgesic administration and prescription at discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Half of the children presenting were experiencing pain due to musculoskeletal injury and two-thirds of the pain problems had an onset within 48 hours of presentation to the ED. Mean pain intensity on admission was 5.2 (SD 2.3) and at discharge was 4.1 (SD 2.7), however, 22% had worsening of pain and for 26%, the pain remained the same. On admission, 12.8% reported pain intensity 8/10 or more but 23% reported distress levels 8/10 or more. Only 39% received analgesics during the visit and 11% were given a prescription for analgesics at discharge. Children (n = 104) were reached 1 week following discharge from ED and only 5% were reporting pain of 4/10 or more but, of those reporting any pain at all, 34% reported distress from their pain of 4/10 or more.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A greater proportion of children report high intensity of distress from pain than of pain intensity itself when in the ED. Only a small proportion of children received analgesics during the visit to the ED and only slightly more on discharge. Although pain seems to resolve by 1 week, distress is less likely to have resolved. More attention needs to be paid both to pain children are experiencing in the ED and equally to the accompanying distress.
authors.affiliation: McGill University School of Nursing, Montreal, QC, Canada. celeste.johnston@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: C Celeste
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bournaki
authors.forename: Anita J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: Carolyn J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pepler
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bourgault
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010343:Patient Admission; D010351:Patient Discharge; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors