title: Quantifying drug-induced dyskinesias in the arms using digitised spiral-drawing tasks.
abstract: In this study, we quantify the severity of drug-induced dyskinesias in the arms of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients using digitised spiral-drawing tasks. Two spiral drawings, namely a circular and a square spiral, are designed to, respectively, represent the continuous and discrete arm motions, and the size of the spiral is decided so that both the distal and proximal arm joints are involved. Fifteen PD patients, average disease duration 14.4+/-7.4 years, were assessed 30 min after a levodopa challenge whilst performing circular and square spiral-drawing tasks. The velocity of drawing movements was computed and the amplitude of the involuntary dyskinetic movements was measured as the standard deviation of the drawing velocity (SD-DV). The mean amplitude of dyskinetic movements was compared between arms and tasks and was correlated with clinical measures including the Bain dyskinesia scale and the total unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) score. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the amplitude of dyskinesias either between the arms or between the continuous (circular) and discrete (square) spiral drawings in this group of PD patients, but interestingly the interaction between arm and drawing pattern was significant. Significant correlations were found between the magnitude of dyskinesia measured from the spiral-drawing tasks and both the 'on' or 'off' UPDRS and also the Bain dyskinesia scale. We conclude that the drawing tasks may be used to provide an objective method of quantifying the severity of drug-induced dyskinesias in the arm in PD patients.
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation Group, Charing Cross Hospital, Division of Neurosciences and Psychological Medicine, Imperial College, London W6 8RF, UK. x.liu@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: Xuguang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Camille B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Shou-Yan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zajicek
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Bain
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013057:Spectrum Analysis
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D007980:Levodopa