title: One conversion of ventricular fibrillation is adequate for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implant: an analysis from the Low Energy Safety Study (LESS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to analyze defibrillation conversion data from the Low Energy Safety Study (LESS) to determine how implant criteria that use fewer inductions of ventricular fibrillation (VF) correlate with outcome and, in particular, to assess the reliability of using a single VF induction and test shock at 14 J.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A safety margin of 10 J has become standard for implantation of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), but the specifics and rigor of the implant test sequence are not standardized.
  
  
  METHODS
  In LESS, 611 ICD recipients completed a rigorous VF induction test scheme that began at 14 J and continued until the energy that succeeded three times without a failure was determined (DFT++). The data were analyzed to determine how well the outcome of the first 14-J shock and various other combinations of first and/or second shocks predicted a rigorous gold standard of DFT++ < or =21 J (i.e., three successes at < or =21 J).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The positive predictive accuracy for the 91% of patients in whom the first 14-J shock succeeded was virtually identical to the positive predictive accuracy for the commonly used criteria of two successes at < or =17 J (99.1% vs 99.0%, P = .69), and slightly higher than the positive predictive accuracy for two successes at < or =21 J (98.8%, P = .51). A single success at 17 J or 21 J had a somewhat lower positive predictive accuracy of 98.2% (P = .17). Eliminating VF induction testing would have resulted in a significantly lower positive predictive accuracy of 97.1% (P = .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single conversion success at 14 J on the first VF induction provides similar positive predictive accuracy as two successes at 17 J or 21 J. Using this criterion, 91% of patients meet implant criteria with a single induction of ventricular fibrillation.
authors.affiliation: Scripps Memorial Hospital, La Jolla, California. 92037, USA. epochiggins@msn.com
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Calkins
authors.forename: N A Mark
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Estes
authors.forename: S Adam
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Strickberger
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Breiter
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy*