title: Risk factors for allograft failure in United kingdom renal transplant recipients treated with cyclosporine A.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After the introduction of cyclosporine A (CsA), 2-year graft survival of transplanted kidneys improved from less than 60% to more than 80%, but long-term graft survival and graft half-life have shown less change. This study investigates the impact of a range of demographic and treatment factors on long-term graft survival in renal recipients treated with CsA from all renal transplant centers in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from the Long-Term Efficacy and Safety Surveillance study of renal transplant recipients receiving CsA (Neoral; Novartis, Basel, Switzerland). A total of 1,757 de novo patients with a functioning graft at 1 year were evaluated. The endpoints considered were the need for regular dialysis or death. A stepwise stratified Cox model was used to identify the factors associated with outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven independent risk factors for allograft failure were identified: older recipient (hazard ratio [HR] 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-2.6), male recipient (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.7), younger donor (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.5), above average creatinine (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3-2.8), chronic allograft nephropathy (HR 7.0, 95% CI 4.7-10.4), diabetic recipient (HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-4.1), and neoplasm after transplant (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seven independent risk factors were found to influence graft survival. Only two of these can be modified by clinical intervention, elevated serum creatinine at 1 year and the occurrence of chronic allograft nephropathy. To influence these two factors, the optimization of immunosuppressive therapy is essential.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK. s.he@qmul.ac.uk
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Atholl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D017211:Treatment Failure; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D003404:Creatinine