title: Spoligotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Mumbai, India.
abstract: Tuberculosis remains a major health problem in India, with 2 million new cases and 421,000 deaths each year. In this paper, we describe the spoligotyping results of 216 Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture isolates from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Mumbai, India. As spoligotyping data from India have rarely been described until now, and as there is limited information on the major circulating clades of M. tuberculosis, the data obtained were also compared to an international spoligotype database (SpolDB4) that contained patterns from 22,546 isolates from more than 100 countries. Eighty-four (39%) of the isolates were definitively marked as orphan strains, indicating the paucity of such data from India. The remaining 132 isolates clustered among 59 shared types; among these, 42 shared types were already present in the database, 17 were newly created, and 5 of them were specifically reported from Mumbai. A total of 9 major types in this study clustered 32% of the isolates. At the phylogenetic level, 30% of the isolates belonged to the Central Asian families CAS1 and CAS2, of the major genetic group (MGG) 1, 29% to MGG 2 and 3 families (spacers 33-36 missing) and 17% to the ancestral East African Indian (EAI) family. Finally, nearly 10% of the isolates belonged to the W-Beijing family in a broad sense, also in the MGG 1 group. In conclusion, historic clones of the MGG 1 group of M. tuberculosis are responsible for roughly 60% of all tuberculosis cases in Mumbai. Together with the fact that organisms presumably of European descent (such as the Haarlem family) were only rarely found, our observations suggest that tuberculosis in Mumbai, India is essentially caused by historical clones of tubercle bacilli undergoing active circulation due to uncontrolled demography, high prevalence of the disease, and a paucity of resources.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Nuclear Medicine Section, Isotope Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre C/o T.M.H. Annexe, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
authors.forename: Savita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sola
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Filliol
authors.forename: Nalin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rastogi
authors.forename: Gururaj
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kadival
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D007538:Isoniazid; D012293:Rifampin