title: Defining pneumonia in critically ill infants and children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define pneumonia in critically ill children in the intensive care unit setting for surveillance of infection and for the design, conduct, and evaluation of clinical trials in the prevention and therapy of lower respiratory tract infections in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Summary of the literature with review and consensus by experts in the field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A variety of diagnostic criteria from the medical literature, professional societies, and governmental health agencies and regulators were identified. Very few of these diagnostic criteria have been validated for use in children. We propose definitions for definite, possible, and probable pneumonia that build on identified definitions in the literature and use combinations of symptoms, signs, and laboratory criteria. Gaps in knowledge were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although pneumonia is one of the most common diagnoses in critically ill children, there have been few studies validating diagnostic criteria. Definitions for definite, probable, and possible community-acquired pneumonia and nosocomial pneumonia were achieved by consensus of experts based on guidelines from governmental agencies, professional organizations, and published literature. Future research should determine the utility of these definitions in the critically ill child and adapt them accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Trials Research Centre, IWK Health Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Langley
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bradley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D016638:Critical Illness; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D011024:Pneumonia, Viral / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects