title: Application of cation-coated filter method to detection of noroviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and torque teno viruses in the Tamagawa River in Japan.
abstract: The occurrence of human enteric viruses in surface water in the Tamagawa River, Japan, was surveyed for 1 year, from April 2003 to March 2004. Sixty-four samples were collected from six sites along the river, and 500 ml of the sample was concentrated using the cation-coated filter method, which was developed in our previous study. This method showed recovery yields of 56% +/- 32% (n = 37) for surface water samples inoculated with polioviruses. More than one kind of tested virus was detected in 43 (67%) of 64 samples by TaqMan PCR. Noroviruses and adenoviruses were detected in a high positive ratio; 34 (53%), 28 (44%), and 29 (45%) of 64 samples were positive for norovirus genotype 1 and genotype 2 and adenoviruses, respectively. The mean concentrations of norovirus genotype 1 or genotype 2 determined by real-time PCR were 0.087 and 0.61 genome/ml, respectively, showing much higher values in winter (0.21 genome/ml for genotype 1 and 2.3 genomes/ml for genotype 2). Enteroviruses were detected by both direct PCR (6 of 64 samples; 9%) and cell culture PCR (2 of 64 samples; 3%). Torque teno viruses, emerging hepatitis viruses, were also isolated in three samples (5%). The concentration of total coliforms and the presence of F-specific phages showed a high correlation with the presence of viruses, which suggested that the simultaneous use of total coliforms and F-specific phages as indicators of surface water may work to monitor viral contamination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan. haramoto@env.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haramoto
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oguma
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohgaki
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002412:Cations; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005374:Filtration; D029322:Norovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D045483:Rivers / Q000382:microbiology*; D022783:Torque teno virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D002412:Cations