title: Clinical applications for targeted therapy in bladder cancer.
abstract: The tremendous amount of data accumulated through genomics, proteomics, and metabolomic technologies has not led to a definitive understanding of the mechanisms underlying cancer. The challenge remains as to how to integrate all of the relevant knowledge and data in a systematic manner so that researchers can gain the knowledge needed to devise the best therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. Human transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is genetically heterogeneous, and it is surrounded by a complex tissue microenvironment involving vasculature, stromal cells, and connective tissue. One of the most challenging problems facing cancer researchers is the lack of correlation between in vitro cell lines and animal tumor models and human in vivo tumors. A few promising approaches are being devised that will help address this issue in the coming years. One such approach is the measurements of molecular levels of receptors, ligands, pathways components, and so on, directly in human tumors through in vivo imaging, or through proteomic profiling, as it has been proposed as standard protocol for cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Urology, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1373, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Liana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: Wassim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kassouf
authors.forename: Colin P N
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Dinney
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D066246:ErbB Receptors