title: Human cervical lymphadenopathy: evaluation with in vivo 1H-MRS at 1.5 T.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility of performing in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) of cervical lymph nodes, and the clinical usefulness of the technique in the characterization of cervical lymphadenopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cervical lymphadenopathy was examined in 20 individuals with malignant disease, i.e. 10 with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 6 with undifferentiated carcinoma (UDC) and 4 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Cervical lymphadenopathy was also examined in 4 individuals with benign disease, i.e. 3 with tuberculosis (TB) and 1 with Castleman's disease. A point-resolved spectroscopic sequence with echo times (TE) of 136 and 272 ms and a time-domain spectral fitting procedure were used to estimate peak amplitude of choline (Cho), creatine (Cr) and unsuppressed water. Cho/Cr and Cho/water ratios were measured for each lesion. The mean ratio for each lesion group was obtained and results were compared statistically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At TE of 136 ms, spectra were interpretable in all 24 cases and a Cr peak was identified with post-processing in 15 cases. The Cho/Cr and Cho/water ratios for NHL were 9.1 +/- 5.2 and 1.7 +/- 0.2 x 10(-3), for UDC were 4.4 +/- 0.9 and 1.2 +/- 0.4 x 10(-3), and for SCC were 2.1 +/- 0.6 and 0.5 +/- 0.3 x 10(-3), respectively. Both Cho/Cr and Cho/water ratios for UDC were significantly higher than SCC (p = 0.002 and 0.026, respectively). At TE of 272 ms, spectra were interpretable in 22 of 24 cases and a Cr peak was identified with post-processing in 11 cases. Cho/Cr and Cho/water ratios for NHL were 5.4 and 4.6 +/- 1.4 x 10(-3), for UDC were 4.2 +/- 1.5 and 2.6 +/- 1.0 x 10(-3) and for SCC were 2.5 +/- 1.1 and 1.3 +/- 0.6 x 10(-3), respectively. The Cho/water ratio for UDC was significantly higher than for SCC (p = 0.04). The Cho/Cr ratio for UDC was also higher than for SCC, but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.07). Neither Cho nor Cr was detected in the 3 cases of TB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo (1)H-MRS is a feasible technique for the evaluation of cervical lymph nodes and it offers potential as a clinical tool in the investigation of cervical lymphadenopathy. However, further studies with larger patient cohorts are needed to validate the findings of this initial report.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Organ Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin. b834756@mailserv.cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Ahuja
authors.forename: E H Y
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.forename: S F M
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: G M K
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van Hasselt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000556:secondary; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000556:secondary; D005871:Castleman Disease / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000175:diagnosis; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck; D014388:Tuberculosis, Lymph Node / Q000175:diagnosis