title: Electromagnetic fields for bone healing.
abstract: Electrical stimulation has been applied in a number of different ways to influence tissue healing. Most of the early work was carried out by orthopedic surgeons looking for new ways of enhancing fracture healing, particularly those fractures that had developed into nonunions. Electrical energy can be supplied to a fracture by direct application of electrodes or inducing current by use of pulsed electromagnetic field or capacitive coupling. Many of these techniques have not been standardized, so interpretation of the literature can be difficult and misleading. Despite this, there have been a few good laboratory and clinical studies to investigate the effect of electrical stimulation on fracture healing, which are reviewed. These do not permit recommendation or rejection of the technique per se; however, there is some room for optimism. The authors present some of the guidelines for using this treatment modality but suggest that all treatment should be carried out as part of a clinical trial in order to generate reliable data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Accident Surgery, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK. simonpickering@tiscali.co.uk
authors.forename: S A W
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Pickering
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Scammell