title: [Persistence of a magic-religious ritual to treat indigestion among patients attending a gastroenterology outpatient clinic].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge of popular medicine is essential to the practice of integrated medicine. Empacho (stomach upset) is a known folk illness that has been the object of several studies, especially in Iberoamerica and among the Hispanic population in the United States. In the Autonomous Community of Valencia (Spain) a magic-religious ritual known as "trencar lenfit" (TE) is still performed. This ritual has no apparent equivalent among the numerous remedies described for this illness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the frequency and characteristics of the practice of TE among patients attending the gastroenterology outpatient clinic of a district hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  The geographical area was the region of La Safor (Valencian Community) with three main nuclei (Gandia, where the hospital is situated, Oliva and Tavernes de Valldigna) and 28 smaller municipalities. Random interviews were performed in patients attending a second consultation over a period of 5 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 539 patients interviewed, 320 (59.4%) had undergone TE at some time in their lives and 25.0% had undergone this ritual in the previous 10 years. In 95.9% of cases, the person performing the ritual was a woman. Of the patients who had undergone TE, 40 (12.5%) knew how to perform the ritual, 35 of which were women (p < 0.0001). No significant differences were found between sexes but users were younger (51.8 +/- 15.9 versus. 55.5 +/- 17.7 years +/- SD, p < 0.05). Small municipalities and Oliva showed a frequency of 65.6% versus. 54.0% in Gandia and Tavernes (p < 0.005). Use was greater among natives of the Valencian Community (66.0%) compared with those from other parts of Spain (25.0%) (p < 0.0001). Patients who completed primary or secondary school showed greater use of TE (60.5% and 72.1%, respectively) than the illiterate (42.1%), those who had completed a 3-year higher education course (48.4%) and university graduates (36.0%) (p < 0.001). TE was more frequent among consumers of medicinal herbs than among non-consumers (69.0% versus. 54.3%) (p < 0.001). No relationship was found among TE and the use of alcohol, medication in general and smoking. However, an association was found between the use of psychotropic drugs (69.8% versus. 55.4%) (p < 0.005). No clear association was found with broad diagnostic group or with the functional/organic nature of the digestive disorder studied. Variables found to be significant on univariate analysis remained significant in multivariate analysis (logistic regression).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study confirms the high use of TE among patients attending the gastroenterology outpatient clinic of La Safor and their belief in this ritual. "Experts" in performing TE were widely available, and were almost exclusively women. The profile of maximal use of TE corresponds to a man or woman, aged less than 60 years, a native of the Valencian Community, with primary or secondary school education, residing in particular municipalities (usually small) and consumer of psychotropic drugs and medicinal herbs.
authors.affiliation: Unitat de Digestiu, Hospital Francesc de Borja, Gandía, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Devesa Jordà
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pellicer Bataller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferrando Ginestar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borghol Hariri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bustamante Balén
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ortuño Cortés
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ferrando Marrades
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lull Sala
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sintes Marco
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nolasco Bonmatí
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fresquet Febrer
mesh_terms: D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D002562:Ceremonial Behavior; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008273:Magic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013030:Spain; D026443:Spiritual Therapies / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires