title: The effect of roof strength on reducing occupant injury in rollovers.
abstract: Roof crush occurs and potentially contributes to serious or fatal occupant injury in 26% of rollovers. It is likely that glazing retention is related to the degree of roof crush experienced in rollover accidents. Occupant ejection (including partial ejection) is the leading cause of death and injury in rollover accidents. In fatal passenger car accidents involving ejection, 34% were ejected through the side windows. Side window glass retention during a rollover is likely to significantly reduce occupant ejections. The inverted drop test methodology is a test procedure to evaluate the structural integrity of roofs under loadings similar to those seen in real world rollovers. Recent testing on many different vehicle types indicates that damage consistent with field rollover accidents can be achieved through inverted drop testing at very small drop heights. Drop test comparisons were performed on 16 pairs of vehicles representing a large spectrum of vehicle types. Each vehicle pair includes a production vehicle and a vehicle with a reinforced roof structure dropped under the same test conditions. This paper offers several examples of post-production reinforcements to roof structures that significantly increase the crush resistance of the roof as measured by inverted drop tests. These modifications were implemented with minimal impact on vehicle styling, interior space and visual clearances. The results of these modifications indicate that roof crush can be mitigated by nearly an order of magnitude, as roof crush was reduced by 44-91% with only a 1-2.3% increase in vehicle weight. Additionally, this paper analyzes the glazing breakage patterns in the moveable tempered side windows on the side adjacent to the vehicle impact point in the inverted drop tests. A comparison is made between the production vehicles and the reinforced vehicles in order to determine if the amount roof crush is related to glazing integrity in the side windows. Lastly, two drop test pairs, performed with Hybrid III test dummies, indicates that the reduction of roof crush resulted in a direct reduction in neck loading and therefore an increase in occupant protection.
authors.affiliation: Safety Analysis and Forensic Engineering (SAFE), L.L.C., Santa Barbara, California, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herbst
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.forename: Tia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Orton
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sances
authors.forename: Srirangam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumaresan
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001336:Automobiles; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D011482:Protective Devices; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*