title: Reduction of sulfamethoxazole and dapsone hydroxylamines by a microsomal enzyme system purified from pig liver and pig and human liver microsomes.
abstract: Biotransformation involving nitrogen are of pharmacological and toxicological relevance. In principle, nitrogen containing functional groups can undergo all the known biotransformation processes such as oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis and formation of conjugates. For the N-reduction of benzamidoxime an oxygen-insensitive liver microsomal enzyme system that required cytochrome b5, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and a cytochrome P450 isoenzyme of the subfamily 2D has been described. In previous studies it was demonstrated that N-hydroxylated derivates of strongly basic functional groups are easily reduced by this enzyme system. The N-hydroxylation of sulfonamides such sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and dapsone (DDS) to sulfamethoxazole-hydroxylamine (SMX-HA) and dapsone-hydroxylamine (DDS-N-OH), respectively is the first step in the formation of reactive metabolites. Therefore it seemed reasonable to study the potential of cytochrome b5, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and CYP2D to detoxify these N-hydroxylated metabolites by N-reduction. Metabolites were analysed by HPLC analysis. SMX-HA and DDS-N-OH are reduced by cytochrome b5, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and CYP2D but also only by cytochrome b5 and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase without addition of CYP2D. The reduction rate for SMX-HA by cytochrome b5, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and CYP2D was 0,65 +/- 0,1 nmol SMX/min/mg protein. The reduction rate by b5 and b5 reductase was 0,37 +/- 0,15 nmol SMX/min/mg protein. For DDS-N-OH the reduction rate by cytochrome b5, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and CYP2D was 1.79 +/- 0.85 nmol DDS/min/mg protein and by cytochrome b5 and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 1.25 +/- 0.15 nmol DDS/min/mg protein. Cytochrome b5, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase are therefore involved in the detoxification of these reactive hydroxylamines and CYP2D increased the N-reduction.
authors.affiliation: Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Gutenbergstr. 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. bclement@pahrmazie.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.forename: Detlef
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Behrens
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amschler
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matschke
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Havemeyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000502:physiology*; D042966:Cytochrome-B(5) Reductase / Q000502:physiology*; D015786:Cytochromes b5 / Q000502:physiology*; D003622:Dapsone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: C059873:sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine; D003622:Dapsone; D015786:Cytochromes b5; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D042966:Cytochrome-B(5) Reductase; C018209:4-amino-4'-hydroxylaminodiphenylsulfone; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole