title: Novel nanoparticulate carrier system based on carnauba wax and decyl oleate for the dispersion of inorganic sunscreens in aqueous media.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to characterize carrier systems for inorganic sunscreens based on a matrix composed of carnauba wax and decyl oleate. Ultraviolet radiation attenuators like barium sulfate, strontium carbonate and titanium dioxide were tested. The lipid matrices were used either as capsules or as accompanying vehicles for the pigments in aqueous dispersions. Manufacturing was performed using high pressure homogenization at 300bar and a temperature of 75 degrees C. To evaluate the effect of the pigments on the crystalline structure of the wax-oil mixture, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry were used. Further parameters determined were particle size, polydispersity index, z-potential, viscosity and sun protection factor (SPF). Transmission electron microscopy was also applied for visualization of nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction patterns and the melting points of the lipid mixtures remained unchanged after the pigments were added. The particle sizes of the encapsulated species ranged from 239 to 749.9nm showing polydispersity values between 0.100 and 0.425. Surface charge measurements comprising values up to -40.8mV denoted the presence of stable dispersions. The formulations could be described as ideal viscous presenting viscosities in a range of 1.40-20.5mPas. Significant increases in SPF up to about 50 were reported after the encapsulation of titanium dioxide. Freeze fracture micrographs confirmed the presence of encapsulated inorganic crystals.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Villalobos-Hernández
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Müller-Goymann
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004655:Emulsions; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D014783:Viscosity; D014885:Waxes / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D004655:Emulsions; D009829:Oleic Acids; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D014885:Waxes; C009495:titanium dioxide; C079166:dodecyl oleate; D014025:Titanium; C026344:carnauba wax