title: Expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 in breast cancer cells inhibits hypoxic cell death.
abstract: BMP-2 is involved in the fetal and postnatal development of the mammary gland but has also been detected in breast cancer cells. To clarify the biological role of BMP-2 in breast cancer, we used the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Incubation with BMP-2 under serum-free conditions induced activation of the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK1/2 and the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors Id-1, proteins that can protect from apoptosis. Stably transfected MCF-7 cells overexpressing BMP-2 revealed significantly increased resistance to hypoxia-induced apoptosis compared to empty vector controls. Cytoplasmic BMP-2/4 protein expression was detected in carcinoma cells of 81 samples of invasive breast cancer in contrast to adjacent normal mammary epithelial cells. BMP-2/4 expression did not correlate with common prognostic parameters and was not associated with relapse-free or overall survival. We conclude that BMP-2/4 expression is reactivated in invasive breast cancer and part of an autocrine/paracrine mechanism rescuing malignant cells from hypoxic cell death via activation of the MAPK and Id-1 pathway.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Leipzig, Department of Hematology and Oncology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. martin.raida@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raida
authors.forename: Joachim H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.forename: Kurosh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ameri
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Russell D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Leek
authors.forename: Adrian L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D016923:Cell Death; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; C525809:BMP4 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3