Functional MRI in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: evidence for hypofrontality.
Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the Stroop effect on both behavioral and brain activation of ADHD children off or on methylphenidate (MPH). Nine ADHD boys (aged 9.8-14.5 years) and 9 age-matched normal controls were included. A Stroop-like paradigm was used. AFNI (Analysis of Functional NeuroImaging) and its Deconvolution Analysis were used in a descriptive comparison between ADHD and control groups. (1) Both behavioral reaction time and brain activation showed Stroop effect in controls but neither was found in ADHD children off MPH. When MPH was administered, the Stroop effect tended to appear. (2) The activation volume (AV) of prefrontal cortex (PFC) in both the neutral (NC) and interference conditions (IC) in ADHD children off MPH was smaller than in controls. AV of anterior cingulate cortex in the IC in ADHD children off MPH was smaller than that in controls, but was similar in the NC to that in controls. AV of the basal ganglia, insula and cerebellum was also smaller in the IC, but was larger in the NC for ADHD children off MPH compared with controls. These findings are consistent with prior findings of hypofrontality in ADHD children and implicate a compensatory network including basal ganglia, insula and cerebellum for relative lower cognitive load tasks.
Zang
Yu-Feng
YF
Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Huayuanbeilu 51, Haidian Districk, Beijing 100083, China.
Jin
Zhen
Z
Weng
Xu-Chu
XC
Zhang
Lei
L
Zeng
Ya-Wei
YW
Yang
Li
L
Wang
Yu-Feng
YF
Seidman
Larry J
LJ
Faraone
Stephen V
SV
D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology
D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate