title: Breast cancer cells induce stromal fibroblasts to express MMP-9 via secretion of TNF-alpha and TGF-beta.
abstract: We used 2D-cocultures employing fibroblasts of different genetic backgrounds and MCF10A-derived human breast epithelial cells of increasingly malignant potential to investigate tumor-stroma interactions in breast cancer and to identify possible signaling pathways involved. Tumor cells induced expression of matrix-metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in fibroblasts in a pattern dependent on the degree of their malignancy. In-situ zymography localized the main gelatinolytic activity around stromal cells in cocultures and xenografted tumors. Use of Smad3 knockout fibroblasts, small molecule inhibitors, and neutralizing antibodies showed that MMP-9 expression was induced by tumor cell-derived TNF-alpha and TGF-beta, dependent on Smad-, Ras-, and PI3-kinase-signaling, and likewise modulated by subsequent HGF- and EGF-signaling. Together, our results indicate that MMP-9 levels in tumor fibroblasts are regulated by a complex tumor-stroma cross-talk, involving multiple ligands and cellular signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, CCR, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Christina H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Stuelten
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: DaCosta Byfield
authors.forename: Praveen R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Arany
authors.forename: Tatiana S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Karpova
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Stetler-Stevenson
authors.forename: Anita B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000502:physiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000235:genetics; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051900:Smad3 Protein; C497791:Smad3 protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D011494:Protein Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9