title: Photoreaction, phototoxicity, and photocarcinogenicity of retinoids.
abstract: Sunlight is a human carcinogen. Many retinoid-containing cosmetics are used to protect damages caused by sunlight irradiation. Since retinol is thermally unstable and retinyl palmitate (RP) s relatively more stable, RP is also widely used as an ingredient in cosmetic formulations. In general, little is known about the photodecomposition of retinoids and the toxicity of retinoids and their photodecomposition products on the skin's responses to sunlight. This review focuses on the update information on photoreactions, phototoxicity, and photocarcinogenicity of the natural retinoids including retinol, retinal, retinoid acid (RA), retinyl acetate, and RP.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA. pfu@nctr.fda.gov
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: S-H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Coop
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Culp
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Tolleson
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Wamer
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D017484:Dermatitis, Phototoxic / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D010777:Photochemistry; D012176:Retinoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D012176:Retinoids