title: Rhythmic expression of clock-controlled genes in retinal photoreceptors is sensitive to 18-beta-glycyrrhetnic acid and 18-alpha-glycyrrhetnic acid-3-hemisuccinate.
abstract: Chicken retina contains circadian oscillators that drive rhythmic transcription of several genes expressed in photoreceptor cells. To determine if gap junctions assist in coordinating these transcript rhythms, we examined the effects of two compounds, 18alpha-glycyrrhetnic acid-3-hemisuccinate (ACO) and 18beta-glycyrrhetnic acid (18beta-GA), on photoreceptor iodopsin and arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) transcript rhythms in embryonic chicken retinal explant cultures that were maintained under different lighting conditions. Both compounds, whose actions include reversibly block gap junction permeability, produced rapid and sustained reductions in iodopsin and AANAT mRNA levels, but did not alter the levels of guanylate cyclase activating protein-1 (GCAP1) mRNA, a noncircadian-regulated, photoreceptor-specific gene. The iodopsin and AANAT mRNA rhythms re-emerged in the cultured retinas within 24 h of removal of the compounds. These results show that the effects of ACO and 18beta-GA on iodopsin and AANAT mRNA levels were not due to generalized suppression of gene transcription. The dramatic reduction in the levels of iodopsin and AANAT mRNA induced by these compounds suggests a mechanism of action that directly affects the synthesis and/or degradation of these transcripts rather than the synchronization or function of the retinal oscillators that drive transcription of these genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida McKnight Brain Institute, 100 Newell Drive, Building 59, Room L1-100, Box 100244 JHMHC, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Semple-Rowland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D047068:Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002229:Carbenoxolone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006034:Glycyrrhetinic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D017440:Photoperiod; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D017299:Rod Opsins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017299:Rod Opsins; C034941:iodopsin; D047068:Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase; D002229:Carbenoxolone; D006034:Glycyrrhetinic Acid