title: Release of arginine, glutamate and glutamine in the hippocampus of freely moving rats: Involvement of nitric oxide.
abstract: Using in vivo microdialysis, we have monitored the release of three amino acids (arginine, glutamate and glutamine) in the hippocampus of freely moving rats in response to various drugs. In response to N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) infusion, extracellular glutamate was increased, glutamine was decreased and arginine remained unchanged. By contrast, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA) elicited an increase in arginine release but had no effect on either glutamate or glutamine. When S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, was infused into the hippocampus, an increase in glutamate, a decrease in glutamine and no change in arginine were recorded. The effect of SNAP on extracellular glutamine levels was reversed by prior infusion of the guanylate cyclase inhibitor oxadiazolo[4,3-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), however its effect on glutamate release was unchanged. Interestingly, SNAP was found to promote the release of arginine in the presence of ODQ. We also assessed the effect of two nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, N-nitro-l-arginine methylester (l-NAME) and 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), on the release of these amino acids. l-NAME was found to increase arginine and glutamate levels but decrease those of glutamine. In contrast, 7-NI reduced the release of all three amino acids. The results presented here confirm some but not all of the findings previously obtained using in vitro preparations. In addition, they suggest that complex relationships exist between the release of these amino acids, and that endogenous NO plays an important role in regulating their release.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, The School of Pharmacy, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Whitton
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pearce
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000378:metabolism*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000494:pharmacology; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D010069:Oxadiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014851:Wakefulness; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C095284:1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D007191:Indazoles; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D010069:Oxadiazoles; D011810:Quinoxalines; C110881:S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine; D005973:Glutamine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid; D001120:Arginine; D010396:Penicillamine; C080122:7-nitroindazole; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester