title: Etiology, outcome and prognostic indicators of childhood fulminant hepatic failure in the United kingdom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the etiology, outcome and prognostic indicators in children with fulminant hepatic failure in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of all patients <17 years with fulminant hepatic failure from 1991 to 2000. Fulminant hepatic failure was defined as presence of coagulopathy (prothrombin time >24 seconds or International Normalized Ratio >2.0) with or without hepatic encephalopathy within 8 weeks of the onset of symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Liver Unit, Birmingham Children's Hospital, United Kingdom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-seven children (48 male, 49 female; median age, 27 months; range, 1 day-192.0 months) were identified with fulminant hepatic failure. The etiologies were: 22 metabolic, 53 infectious, 19 drug-induced, and 3 autoimmune hepatitis. The overall survival rate was 61%. 33% (32/97) recovered spontaneously with supportive management. Fifty-five children were assessed for liver transplantation. Four were unstable and were not listed for liver transplantation; 11 died while awaiting liver transplantation. Liver transplantation was contraindicated in 10 children. Of the 40 children who underwent liver transplantation, 27 survived. Children with autoimmune hepatitis, paracetamol overdose or hepatitis A were more likely to survive without liver transplantation. Children who had a delay between the first symptom of liver disease and the onset of hepatic encephalopathy (median, 10.5 days versus 3.5 days), higher plasma bilirubin (299 micromol/L versus 80 micromol/L), higher prothrombin time (62 seconds versus 40 seconds) or lower alanine aminotransferase (1288 IU/L versus 2929 IU/L) levels on admission were more likely to die of fulminant hepatic failure or require liver transplantation (P < 0.05). On multivariate analysis, the significant independent predictors for the eventual failure of conservative therapy were time to onset of hepatic encephalopathy >7 days, prothrombin time >55 seconds and alanine aminotransferase </=2384 IU/L on admission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with fulminant hepatic failure with severe coagulopathy, lower alanine aminotransferase on admission and prolonged duration of illness before the onset of hepatic encephalopathy are more likely to require liver transplantation. Early referral to a specialized center for consideration of liver transplantation is vital.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. leews@um.edu.my
authors.forename: Way Seah
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McKiernan
authors.forename: Deirdre Anne
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000150:complications; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000150:complications; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology