title: Retrograde or antegrade double-pigtail stent placement for malignant ureteric obstruction?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the optimum approach for double-pigtail stent placement in malignant ureteric obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrograde stent placement was attempted in a consecutive series of patients presenting with malignant ureteric obstruction. If retrograde stent placement was unsuccessful, percutaneous nephrostomy was performed immediately followed by elective antegrade stent placement. Identical digital C-arm fluoroscopy for image-guidance and conditions for anaesthesia and analgesia were employed for both retrograde and antegrade procedures. Identical 8 Fr (20-26 cm) double-pigtail hydrophilic coated stents were used for each approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retrograde placement was attempted in 50 ureters in 30 patients {19 male, 11 female, average age 61.4 yr (range 29-90 yr)} over a 24-month period. The success rate for retrograde ureteric stent placement was 50% (n = 25/50). Technical failures were due to failure to identify the ureteric orifice (n = 22), failure to cross the stricture (n = 1), failure to pass the stent (n = 1) and failure to pass a 4 Fr catheter (n = 1). Antegrade placement was attempted in 25 ureters with a success rate of 96% (n = 24/25). Failure in the one case was due to inability to cross an upper third stricture secondary to pyeloureteritis cystica.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is suggested that retrograde route should be the initial approach if imaging shows no involvement of ureteric orifice (UO), when nephrostomy is technically very difficult or in cases of solitary kidney. The antegrade route is preferred if imaging shows tumour occlusion of the UO or if there is a tight stricture very close to the uretero-vesical junction (UVJ) making purchase within the ureter difficult for crossing the stricture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK. uthappas@hotmail.com
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Uthappa
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Cowan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*