title: Co-injection of air and steam for the prevention of the downward migration of DNAPLs during steam enhanced extraction: an experimental evaluation of optimum injection ratio predictions.
abstract: When steam is injected into soil containing a dense volatile non-aqueous phase liquid contaminant, the DNAPL vaporized within the heated soil region condenses and accumulates ahead of the steam condensation front. If enough DNAPL accumulates, gravitational forces can overcome trapping forces allowing the liquid contaminant to flow downward. By injecting air with steam, a portion of the DNAPL vapor remains suspended in equilibrium with the air, decreasing liquid contaminant accumulation ahead of the steam condensation front, and thus reducing the possibility of downward migration. In a previous work, a theoretical model was developed to predict the optimum injection ratio of air to steam that would eliminate accumulation of DNAPL ahead of the temperature front and thus minimize the potential for downward migration. In this work, the theoretical model is summarized, and an experiment is presented in order to evaluate the optimum injection ratio prediction. In the experiment, a two-dimensional water saturated sand pack is contaminated with a known mass of TCE (DNAPL). The system is then remediated by co-injecting air and steam at the predicted optimum injection ratio, calculated based on the average contaminant soil concentration in the sand pack. Results for the co-injection of air and steam are compared to results for the injection of pure steam or pure air. Injection at the predicted optimum injection ratio for a volumetric average NAPL saturation, reduced accumulation of the contaminant ahead of the condensation front by over 90%, as compared to steam injection alone. This indicates that the optimum injection ratio prediction is a valuable tool for limiting the spreading of DNAPL during steam-enhanced extraction. Injection at the optimum injection ratio resulted in earlier recovery of contaminant than for steam injection alone. Co-injection of steam and air is also shown to result in much higher recovery rates than air injection alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. kaslussf@utrc.utc.com
authors.forename: Scott F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Kaslusky
authors.forename: Kent S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Udell
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D005544:Forecasting; D010539:Permeability; D016062:Porosity; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012995:Solubility; D013227:Steam; D013997:Time Factors; D014872:Water Movements; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013227:Steam; D014873:Water Pollutants