title: Critical roles of Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling and inactivation of p38 MAP kinase in the differentiation and survival of monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to investigate the signaling pathways and their roles in the differentiation of immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  MoDCs were generated from peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) using the standard protocols. Various kinase inhibitors, including SB203580, PD98059, and LY294002 and Wortmannin, or p38 activator were added at the beginning of the cultures. After 7 days of culture, immature MoDCs were harvested and analyzed for their surface expression of relevant molecules and the fraction of apoptotic cells by flow cytometry. Western blots were used to analyze mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), NF-kappaB, Raf, mitogen-induced extracellular kinase (MEK), and AKT expression by cultured cells. NF-kappaB was also analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Allogeneic MLR was used to examine the capacity of MoDCs to activate allogeneic T cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The present study shows that the differentiation of immature MoDCs was accompanied by phosphorylation of AKT, Raf, MEK, extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), and NF-kappaB activity. Inhibiting PI3K or MEK retarded the differentiation of immature MoDCs and induced apoptosis in 10 to 30% of the cultured cells, while inhibiting both PI3K and MEK resulted in apoptosis in 70% of the cells. Surprisingly, inhibiting p38 enhanced the phosphorylation of ERK and NF-kappaB activity and led to an enhanced upregulation, compared with control cells, of expression of dendritic cell (DC)-related adhesion and costimulatory molecules and antigen presentation capacity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways play critical roles in the differentiation and survival of immature MoDCs. Moreover, this study also demonstrates that activated p38 is detrimental to the differentiation of immature MoDCs.
authors.affiliation: Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Ark., USA.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Jianfei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Siqing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Muta E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yi
mesh_terms: D000841:Anisomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D015398:Signal Transduction; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000841:Anisomycin; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C494918:AKT1 protein, human