title: A flexible array format for large-scale, rapid blood group DNA typing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Typing for blood group antigens is currently performed by hemagglutination. The necessary reagents are becoming costly and limited in availability, and the methods are labor-intensive. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of the use of large-scale DNA analysis in a microarray as a substitute for blood group typing.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA, extracted from blood samples that had been phenotyped for some of the red blood cell antigens, was analyzed for selected blood group alleles by bead array (BeadChip, (BioArray Solutions Ltd., Warren, NJ) Illumina) [corrected] and by manual polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays. Selected alleles were identified by enzyme-mediated elongation of probes, which were on color-encoded beads assembled into arrays on silicon chips. The performance of a prototype BeadChip (BioArray Solutions Ltd., Warren, NJ) [corrected] (BLOOD-1) containing single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for FYA/B, FY-GATA, DOA/B, COA/B, LWA/B, DIA/B, and SC1/SC2 was verified with DNA from serologically characterized donors. It was then used to analyze more than 400 samples of partially defined phenotype. Samples from Chinese, Ashkenazi, and Thai donors (total n = 227) were tested with BLOOD-1. An expanded BeadChip (BioArray Solutions Ltd., Warren, NJ) [corrected] with a total of 18 SNPs (36 alleles; SNPs in BLOOD-1 and M/N, S/s, Lu(a)/Lu(b), K/k, FY265[for the Fy(X) polymorphism], Jk(a)/Jk(b), DO323[for Hy], DO350[for Jo(a)], and HgbS) was then evaluated with a subset of previously tested samples from Chinese, Ashkenazi, and New York blood donors (127) and an additional set of samples from Israeli donors (total n = 188).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results obtained by BeadChip (BioArray Solutions Ltd., Warren, NJ) [corrected] analysis were concordant with those obtained with the manual PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism, allele-specific PCR, and hemagglutination assays. The frequencies of the alleles in the samples from different ethnic panels were within the expected ranges; however, two new DO alleles were discovered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It has been shown that microarray technology can be used to type DNA and detect new alleles in donor cohorts.
authors.affiliation: BioArray Solutions Ltd, Warren, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Ghazala
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hashmi
authors.forename: Tasmia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shariff
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seul
authors.forename: Prabhakar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vissavajjhala
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hue-Roye
authors.forename: Dalisay
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Charles-Pierre
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lomas-Francis
authors.forename: Asok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaudhuri
authors.forename: Marion E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000094902:Blood Banking / Q000379:methods; D001789:Blood Group Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching / Q000379:methods*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D015723:Gene Library; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes
chemical_list: D001789:Blood Group Antigens; D005819:Genetic Markers; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes