title: Hypothalamic release of nitric oxide and interaction with amino acid neurotransmitters in chronically uraemic rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The activity of the hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator is diminished in uraemia. Since GnRH release is influenced by nitric oxide (NO) neurotransmission, we examined the integrity of hypothalamic NO neurotransmission in the chronically uraemic rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male castrated rats were rendered uraemic by two-stage 5/6 nephrectomy. Basal, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-stimulated and DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP-5)-inhibited NO outflow was measured in uraemic and sham-nephrectomized control animals via a microdialysis probe in the medial preoptic area (MPOA). The influence of the noradrenergic system was evaluated by blocking noradrenergic neurons with N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl 2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4). The activity of different NO synthase (NOS) isoforms was investigated by administration of the isoform-specific NOS inhibitors S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline (SMLT) and L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (L-NIL). Moreover, hypothalamic mRNA expression of the individual NOS isoforms was quantitated by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Effects of NO on amino acid outflow were assessed by addition of the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of different NOS species and basal NO outflow did not differ between uraemic and control animals. Administration of the NO donor SNAP increased local NO production and amino acid outflow similarly in both groups. SMLT but not L-NIL, an inhibitor of the inducible NOS isoform, reduced NO outflow in both groups. AP-5 equally decreased, and noradrenergic blockade increased NMDA-stimulated NO outflow in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NO is produced locally and may interfere with amino acid neurotransmission in the rat MPOA. Uraemia did not interfere with NO neurotransmission in our study.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany. johannes.woitzik@nch.ma.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woitzik
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abromeit
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daschner
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hömme
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schaefer
mesh_terms: D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002369:Castration; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000494:pharmacology; D009392:Nephrectomy; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014511:Uremia / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase