title: Effective anxiety treatment prior to diagnostic cardiac catheterization.
abstract: Music therapy, massage, guided imagery, therapeutic touch, and stress management instruction have been used successfully to decrease patient anxiety prior to diagnostic cardiac catheterization, providing better patient outcomes. The anxiety experienced among patients may have various causes, including not feeling cared about as an individual, too much waiting time before the procedure begins, and physical discomfort. This review determines nursing interventions that may effectively reduce anxiety prior to diagnostic cardiac catheterization.
authors.affiliation: Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. rmccaffr@fau.edu
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McCaffrey
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology; D018939:Holistic Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods; D008405:Massage / Q000451:nursing; D009147:Music Therapy / Q000379:methods; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D019124:Therapeutic Touch / Q000451:nursing