title: Impaired cerebellar learning in children with prenatal alcohol exposure: a comparative study of eyeblink conditioning in children with ADHD and dyslexia.
abstract: Neuroanatomical and behavioral evidence indicate that the cerebellum is particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. Recent research has shown impairments in eyeblink conditioning in rats following binge-like neonatal ethanol exposure. The neural substrates of eyeblink conditioning have been localized to the cerebellum and related brainstem mechanisms. The present study considered whether heavy prenatal alcohol exposure would result in similar impairments in eyeblink conditioning in children. A related purpose was to determine if eyeblink conditioning could discriminate between children with prenatal alcohol exposure and children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactive disorder or developmental dyslexia. Fifty-three age-matched children [10 prenatal alcohol exposure (FAE), 16 attention deficit hyperactive disordered (ADHD), 14 children with dyslexia (DYS), 13 normal controls] were assessed on eyeblink conditioning in the delay paradigm. Children in the FAE and DYS groups failed to learn the conditioned response, producing longer latencies and poorly timed responses to the conditioning stimulus. Children with ADHD were impaired on measures of adaptively timed responses, although conditioned responses matched normal controls. The results suggest that children prenatally exposed to alcohol have deficits in cerebellar processing similar to those with dyslexia, and that these functional deficits are related to disabilities in learning.
authors.affiliation: Program in Neuroscience, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18711, USA. jmcoffin@kings.edu
authors.forename: Joan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Coffin
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baroody
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Neill
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001245:Association Learning / Q000502:physiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects