title: The inherent complexities of gene-environment interactions.
abstract: The article outlines the complexities of gene-environment interactions in the determination of human disease, especially as they relate to aging, and stresses the importance of continuing such studies, in spite of their inherent difficulties. First, a capsule review of the literature pertaining to studies of gene-environment interactions is presented, and designs and methodologies used to detect these interactions are briefly discussed. Second, research questions and problems that can be addressed as outcomes of gene-environment interaction studies are exemplified. Third, a number of illustrative examples of gene-environment interactions are presented. Fourth, various types of gene-environment interactions are briefly discussed. Fifth, concluding remarks are offered, and possibilities of studying gene-environment interaction within social and biological research on aging are outlined.
authors.affiliation: Yale University, PACE Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8358, USA. elena.grigorenko@yale.edu
authors.forename: Elena L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Grigorenko
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D012106:Research; D012107:Research Design; D012931:Social Environment; D009626:Terminology as Topic