title: Inhibition of persistent sodium current fraction and voltage-gated L-type calcium current by propofol in cortical neurons: implications for its antiepileptic activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although it is widely used in clinical practice, the mechanisms of action of 2,6-di-isopropylphenol (propofol) are not completely understood. We examined the electrophysiologic effects of propofol on an in vitro model of epileptic activity obtained from a slice preparation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of propofol were tested both on membrane properties and on epileptiform events consisting of long-lasting, paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDSs) induced by reducing the magnesium concentration from the solution and by adding bicuculline and 4-aminopyridine. These results were integrated with a patch-clamp analysis of Na(+) and high-voltage activated (HVA) calcium (Ca(2+)) currents from isolated cortical neurons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In bicuculline, to avoid any interference by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptors, propofol (3-100 microM) did not cause significant changes in the current-evoked, sodium (Na(+))-dependent action-potential discharge. However, propofol reduced both the duration and the number of spikes of PDSs recorded from cortical neurons. Interestingly, relatively low concentrations of propofol [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)), 3.9 microM) consistently inhibited the "persistent" fraction of Na(+) currents, whereas even high doses (< or =300 microM) had negligible effects on the "fast" component of Na(+) currents. HVA Ca(2+) currents were significantly reduced by propofol, and the pharmacologic analysis of this effect showed that propofol selectively reduced L-type HVA Ca(2+) currents, without affecting N or P/Q-type channels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that propofol modulates neuronal excitability by selectively suppressing persistent Na(+) currents and L-type HVA Ca(2+) conductances in cortical neurons. These effects might cooperate with the opening of GABA-A-gated chloride channels, to achieve depression of cortical activity during both anesthesia and status epilepticus.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martella
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Persis
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonsi
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Natoli
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cuomo
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calabresi
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pisani
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019579:Neocortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017966:Pyramidal Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012964:Sodium / Q000502:physiology; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000517:prevention & control; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D015222:Sodium Channels; D014635:Valproic Acid; D012964:Sodium; D015742:Propofol