title: Impact of community pharmacy automation on workflow, workload, and patient interaction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare workload productivity, workflow efficiency, and pharmacist-patient interaction in automated and nonautomated community pharmacies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four community pharmacy sites within a regional pharmacy chain.
  
  
  METHODS
  173 patients and 11 pharmacists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient surveys, pharmacist surveys, and direct observation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient satisfaction, frequency of pharmacist-patient interactions, and prescription dispensing productivity and efficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results from the three nonautomated pharmacies were averaged and compared with results from the automated pharmacy. Patient satisfaction was generally favorable for both automated and nonautomated pharmacies, but scores for the automated site were significantly better on items measuring one domain, technical competence of pharmacy staff. No association was found between patient counseling and prescription workload in automated or nonautomated sites. Personnel at the automated site made significantly more offers to counsel patients, but the number of patients who received counseling did not differ significantly. Automation was associated with a higher number of prescriptions dispensed per full-time equivalent pharmacist and fewer technical dispensing tasks performed by pharmacists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient satisfaction was not related to the presence of an automated dispensing system. Automation was associated with higher prescription productivity, but actual counseling rates were no different from those observed in nonautomated pharmacies. The likelihood that a patient would receive counseling was not related to staffing levels, automation, or workload. Whether counseling occurred appeared to depend on factors other than automation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46208-3485, USA. langelo@butler.edu
authors.forename: Lauren B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Angelo
authors.forename: Dale B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Stefanie P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Ferreri
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation / Q000379:methods*; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010596:Pharmacy Technicians / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D016526:Workload / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*