title: The CIDI as an instrument for diagnosing depression in older Turkish and Moroccan labour migrants: an exploratory study into equivalence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The number of elderly migrants from Turkey and Morocco in Western Europe will increase sharply in the coming decades. Many of these migrants seem to have mental health problems. As mental health care programs are based on DSM criteria, there is a need for diagnostic instruments with good psychometric properties. This exploratory study examines the presence of construct bias, method bias and item bias in the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) Basis Life time version 2.1 in elderly Turkish and Moroccan men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  From a community based health survey four groups of migrants aged 55-74 were selected for semi-structured interviews including the CIDI depression section. Data included interview transcriptions and observations of 11 respondents in each group (Turkish men, Turkish women, Moroccan men, and Moroccan women). The data were analysed using qualitative techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Construct bias, method bias and item bias of the CIDI was found in all groups. The poor match between the CIDI on the one hand and the taboo on mental health problems and the poor level of education of the respondents can partly explain this bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of the CIDI in elderly migrants of Moroccan and Turkish descent is problematic, due to the presence of construct, method and item bias.
authors.affiliation: Trimbos-instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht. csmits@trimbos.nl
authors.forename: Carolien H M
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: Wilma M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Aartjan T F
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Beekman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015982:Bias; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009018:Morocco / Q000208:ethnology; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000523:psychology*; D014421:Turkey / Q000208:ethnology