title: Homocysteine, renal disease and cardiovascular disease in a remote Australian Aboriginal community.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rates of renal and cardiovascular disease are high among Aboriginal Australians living in remote communities. Nutritional problems, in particular low folate levels, are also common. This suggests that increased homocysteine concentrations might be widespread, and a possible contributor to the high rates of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine homocysteine concentrations, and their relationships to folate levels, and to markers of renal disease and cardiovascular disease in a remote Aboriginal Australian community
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a cross-sectional survey among adults in one community, homocysteine concentrations, concentrations of the crucial determinants (red blood cell (RBC) folate, vitamin B(12) and the C677T methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism) and cardiovascular risk factors were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 221 people, geometric mean homocysteine concentration was 11.8 micromol/L (range: 11.1-12.5 micromol/L), with 57/221 (26%) values > or =15.0 micromol/L. Higher concentrations were associated with older age, male gender, lower RBC folate and lower vitamin B(12) concentrations and homozygosity for C677T. Homocysteine concentrations were not related to the presence of albuminuria, other than over the overt albuminuria range. Homocysteine concentrations were inversely correlated with calculated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Carotid intima-media thickness, however, was not related to homocysteine concentration. In multivariate analyses, age, male gender, lower RBC folate concentrations, lower vitamin B(12) concentrations, lower calculated GFR and the C677T polymorphism were all associated with homocysteine concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Homocysteine concentrations were consistent with previous limited reports in Aboriginal communities. Although superficially they are similar to reports from non-Aboriginal settings, the younger age of this cohort and the association of homocysteine concentrations with age suggest that age-specific concentrations are higher among Aboriginal Australians. In addition to dietary determinants, the high prevalence of apparently reduced renal function renal disease appears to be an important determinant of homocysteine concentrations in remote Aboriginal communities. The role of homocysteine concentrations as a potential mediator of the high rates of cardiovascular disease remains to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northen Territory, Australia. stephenm@anzdata.org.au
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: X L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hoy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000208:ethnology; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D014805:Vitamin B 12