title: Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin E supplementation may help reduce the risk of pregnancy complications involving oxidative stress, such as pre-eclampsia. There is a need to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of vitamin E supplementation, alone or in combination with other separate supplements, on pregnancy outcomes, adverse events, side-effects and use of health services.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group Trials Register (23 June 2004), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2004), MEDLINE (1966 to May 2004), Current Contents (1998 to May 2004) and EMBASE (1980 to May 2004).
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials evaluating vitamin E supplementation in pregnant women. We excluded interventions using a multivitamin supplement that contained vitamin E.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data and assessed trial quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four trials, involving 566 women either at high risk of pre-eclampsia or with established pre-eclampsia, were eligible for this review. All trials assessed vitamin E in combination with other supplements and two trials were published in abstract form only. No difference was found between women supplemented with vitamin E in combination with other supplements during pregnancy compared with placebo for the risk of stillbirth (relative risk (RR) was 0.77, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.35 to 1.71, two trials, 339 women), neonatal death (RR 5.00, 95% CI 0.64 to 39.06, one trial, 40 women), perinatal death (RR 1.29, 95% CI 0.67 to 2.48, one trial, 56 women), preterm birth (RR 1.29, 95% CI 0.78 to 2.15, two trials, 383 women), intrauterine growth restriction (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.04, two trials, 383 women) or birthweight (weighted mean difference -139.00 g, 95% CI -517.68 to 239.68, one trial, 100 women), using fixed-effect models. Substantial heterogeneity was found for pre-eclampsia. Women supplemented with vitamin E in combination with other supplements compared with placebo were at decreased risk of developing clinical pre-eclampsia (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.71, three trials, 510 women) using fixed-effect models; however, this difference could not be demonstrated when using random-effects models (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.22, three trials, 510 women). There were no differences between women supplemented with vitamin E compared with placebo for any of the secondary outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data are too few to say if vitamin E supplementation either alone or in combination with other supplements is beneficial during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5006. alice.rumbold@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rumbold
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Crowther
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014810:Vitamin E