title: Prefrontal and executive attention network lesions and the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptomatology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between focal stroke lesions of Posner's executive attention network and a specific region of interest in the frontal lobes (orbital frontal and mesial frontal) and either attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or traits of the disorder (ADHD symptomatology).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine children with focal stroke lesions were studied with standardized psychiatric assessments and anatomical brain magnetic resonance imaging. The pattern of lesion overlap in subjects with ADHD symptomatology was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen of 28 subjects with no prestroke ADHD were diagnosed with ADHD symptomatology at the time of assessment. The extent of lesions within the executive attention network was marginally related to ADHD symptomatology (p = .088; effect size = 0.66), whereas the extent of lesions in the specific frontal region of interest was significantly related to ADHD symptomatology (p = .040; effect size = 0.82).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lesions within Posner's executive attention network and its orbital frontal connections may be linked to important mechanisms in the expression of ADHD symptomatology after childhood stroke. These findings are consistent with functional and structural imaging findings in studies of idiopathic ADHD.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Children's Hospital and Health Center, San Diego, CA 92123, USA. jmax@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Max
authors.forename: Facundo F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Manes
authors.forename: Brigitte A M
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lancaster
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*