title: Endothelial function, carotid artery intima-media thickness, epicardial adipose tissue, and left ventricular mass and function in growth hormone-deficient adolescents: apparent effects of growth hormone treatment on these parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether GH-deficient (GHD) adolescents have abnormalities of cardiac and vascular function detectable during the teenage years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten GHD children on GH treatment with a chronological age (CA) of 14.6 +/- 1.7 yr and 12 untreated GHD adolescents with a CA of 15.0 +/- 3.0 yr were studied. Cardiac mass and function, carotid artery intima-media thickness, flow-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation (percent change from baseline diameter during hyperemia), and hyperemia-induced blood flow increase of the brachial artery (percent change from baseline) and epicardial adipose tissue were evaluated by echocardiography. Fourteen healthy adolescents served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Untreated GHD adolescents present with a reduced left ventricular mass when compared with controls (P < 0.05) and a lower flow-mediated endothelium-dependent increase in the diameter of the brachial artery during hyperemia than both controls and treated GHD subjects (P < 0.02), whereas their epicardial adipose tissue is significantly higher than that of healthy controls (P < 0.02). Interventricular septum thickness, posterior wall thickness, left ventricular ejection fraction, and carotid artery intima-media thickness were similar in all three groups. Hyperemia-induced blood flow increase was greater in treated GHD adolescents than both untreated subjects and controls (P < 0.001). Body mass index correlated positively with epicardial adipose tissue in all three groups and with carotid intima-media thickness in treated and untreated GHD adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GHD adolescents have a reduced left ventricular mass and vascular abnormalities manifested by lower flow-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation. These findings together with an increase in epicardial adipose tissue, a good indicator of abdominal/visceral fat, may contribute to an increased cardiovascular risk in the long term. An improvement in endothelial function and a reduction in arterial stiffness appear to occur after GH replacement.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Endocrine Unit and División of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital de Clinicas Caracas, Venezuela. lanes@telcel.net.ve
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lanes
authors.forename: Arlette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soros
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gunczler
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carrillo
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bandel
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000502:physiology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D010496:Pericardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000473:pathology*; D014664:Vasodilation; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D019382:Human Growth Hormone