title: An evaluation of the Motion Picture Association of America's treatment of violence in PG-, PG-13-, and R-rated films.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Motion Picture Association of America's ratings system distinguishes among the 3 primary rating categories (PG, PG-13, and R) with respect to violence based on a study of the 100 top-grossing films of 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Motion Picture Association of America assigns age-based ratings for every film that is released in the United States accompanied by the reasons for the rating. A data abstraction instrument was designed to code each act of violence within the sample of 100 films. A series of Poisson regression models were used to examine the association among rating, seriousness of violence, and primary reason for the rating assignment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total average number of violent acts within each film by rating category increased from PG (14) to PG-13 (20) to R (32). However, using results from the Poisson models, it is clear that the rating does not predict the frequency of violence in films. For all 3 rating categories, the predicted number of violent acts is almost identical for films with violence as a primary descriptor and films with the highest level of seriousness (R = 62.4 acts, PG-13 = 55.2 acts, and PG = 56.1 acts). The regression analysis shows that the rating does not predict the frequency of violence that occurs in films.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequency of violence alone is not the most important criterion for the assignment of rating. The content descriptors and average seriousness of films are better measures of the violence than rating assignment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Southern California Injury Prevention Research Center, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA. lucicub@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Lucille
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Browne
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Afifi
authors.forename: Jess
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kraus
mesh_terms: D007802:Language; D009040:Motion Pictures / Q000145:classification* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*