title: Literacy difficulties and psychiatric disorders: evidence for comorbidity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Literacy difficulties show high levels of comorbidity with both disruptive and emotional disorders, but questions remain over the nature and specificity of these links.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relationships between specific literacy difficulties and psychiatric disorder were investigated in a large-scale national sample of children aged 9 to 15 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specific literacy difficulties were more common in children from lower socio-economic backgrounds, and were significantly associated with increased risks of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (especially inattentive symptomatology), Conduct Disorder and anxiety disorders in both girls and boys, and with self-reports of depressed mood in boys. Associations between literacy difficulties and diagnoses of both Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) were mediated by inattentiveness, as were links with low mood. Links between specific literacy difficulties and anxiety were of a different nature, suggestive of a direct impact of literacy problems on risk for anxiety disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Literacy difficulties are significantly associated with externalizing disorders via inattention, but may constitute a more immediate risk factor for naturally anxious children to develop clinically significant levels of anxiety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of York, UK. J.M.Carroll@warwick.ac.uk
authors.forename: Julia M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maughan
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meltzer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004522:Educational Status; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*