title: Extending the demand-control model to informal caregiving.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Karasek's demand-control model of job strain was used in an attempt to extend previous work examining the psychological impact of informal caregiving in stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were gathered from 138 informal caregivers/patient dyads at two time points. The dependent variables were the caregiver's anxiety and depression [Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)]. The predictor variables were caregiver demand (stroke survivor's assessment of their physical and psychosocial functional limitations) and control (caregiver's perceived control over stroke survivor's recovery).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a cross-sectional analysis of Times 1 and 2 data, main effects for demand and/or control were detected for anxiety and depression. Contrary to prediction, in longitudinal analysis of change, it was found that decreasing control, along with increasing demand, was associated with reduced distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model was moderately successful in predicting emotional distress. The relative importance of caregiver demand and control in predicting outcomes changed over time in these data. Attempts to replicate these findings are recommended.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2UB, Scotland. g.molloy@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gerard J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Molloy
authors.forename: Derek W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Val
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bonetti
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joice
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: MacWalter
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000523:psychology; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function; D020521:Stroke / Q000523:psychology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D013534:Survival / Q000523:psychology; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology*; D014956:Writing