title: MR-guided percutaneous intramyocardial injection with an MR-compatible catheter: feasibility and changes in T1 values after injection of extracellular contrast medium in pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility of percutaneous magnetic resonance (MR)-guided intramyocardial injection of gadodiamide by using real-time imaging and to quantify T1 values and the size of the enhanced region for different concentrations of contrast agent for 30 minutes after injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal care committee approval was obtained. A catheter with a needle tip was advanced into the left ventricle in seven pigs by using real-time imaging with radial steady-state free precession. After intramyocardial injection of 2 mL of solution at concentrations of 0.05 or 0.10 mmol/mL gadodiamide, local changes in T1 values and size of the contrast material-enhanced region were sequentially measured at 3, 15, and 30 minutes after injection by using the Look-Locker sequence. Two-tailed paired Student t tests were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Catheter guidance and visualization of contrast agent distribution were feasible in all animals. Regional changes in T1 values were significantly different for different contrast agent concentrations (for 0.05 mmol/mL, 456 msec +/- 5 [+/- standard error of the mean]; for 0.10 mmol/mL, 228 msec +/- 4; P < .001) measured 3 minutes after injection. T1 values increased significantly (P < .05) to 720 msec +/- 7 for 0.05 mmol/mL gadodiamide and 445 msec +/- 6 for 0.10 mmol/mL gadodiamide 30 minutes after injection but remained significantly lower than those of remote myocardium (879 msec +/- 8). The size of the contrast-enhanced region increased from 13 mm(2) +/- 2 at 3 minutes to 30 mm(2) +/- 3 at 30 minutes (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Catheter MR-guided percutaneous intramyocardial injection is feasible; after intramyocardial injection of gadodiamide at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.10 mmol/mL, T1 values decreased over the observation time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital of the University of Technology, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany. krombach@rad.rwth-aachen.de
authors.forename: Gabriele A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Krombach
authors.forename: Joachim G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Pfeffer
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinzel
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katoh
authors.forename: Rolf W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Günther
authors.forename: Arno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buecker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D003199:Computer Systems; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate / Q000502:physiology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; C064925:gadodiamide; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA