title: Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 8. Quantitative back-scattered electron scanning electron microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy of the epiphysis of the third metacarpal bone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterise and explain the increase in density evident by computerised tomography (CT) and radiography in companion studies as a response to training, in bone in the palmar and dorsal regions of the condyles of the third metacarpal bone (Mc3) of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Compositional back-scattered electron (BSE) imaging in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) were conducted on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-embedded mediolateral slices of the right distal Mc3 from seven 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses trained on a racetrack and seven untrained horses kept at pasture. One left Mc3 from each group was studied in transverse section planes. This study focussed on regions of Mc3 found to differ in density between the trained and untrained horses in companion studies using CT and radiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The increase of bone density in the condyles of Mc3 in trained horses compared with untrained horses occurred, without prior osteoclastic resorption, via the deposition of new bone on pre-existing internal surfaces. Within prior marrow spaces of cancellous bone, there was also rapid formation of immature strands and fronds of bone which were more cellular and mineralised, and more lamellar bone tissue was deposited on these new scaffolding elements in the trained horses. Both resulted in increased bone volume fraction (BVF). The microscopic mineralisation density of the bulk of the new tissue was lower than in pre-existing bone, and CT and radiography underestimated the increase in BVF. The new tissue was thus probably less stiff at the microscopic scale than pre-existing bone, though its addition would stiffen the global structure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Mc3 of all the trained horses, there were obvious differences in microscopic structure compared with those from the untrained horses. Moderate, industry-standard levels of exercise used to prepare young horses for racing induced the formation of new bone in non-bone spaces in bone tissue, such that the bone organ should better withstand later increased levels of exercise.
authors.affiliation: Biophysics, Centre for Oral Growth and Development, St Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Whitechapel, London E11BB, England.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boyde
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Firth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D004838:Epiphyses / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008663:Metacarpus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000662:veterinary; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000662:veterinary; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000662:veterinary