title: Antioxidant supplementation for the prevention of kwashiorkor in Malawian children: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of antioxidant supplementation in preventing kwashiorkor in a population of Malawian children at high risk of developing kwashiorkor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, double blind, placebo controlled trial randomised by household.
  
  
  METHODS
  8 villages in rural southern Malawi.
  
  
  METHODS
  2372 children in 2156 households aged 1-4 years were enrolled; 2332 completed the trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily supplementation with an antioxidant powder containing riboflavin, vitamin E, selenium, and N-acetylcysteine in a dose that provided about three times the recommended dietary allowance of each nutrient or placebo for 20 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was the incidence of oedema. Secondary outcomes were the rates of change for weight and length and the number of days of infectious symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  62 children developed kwashiorkor (defined by the presence of oedema); 39/1184 (3.3%) were in the antioxidant group and 23/1188 (1.9%) were in the placebo group (relative risk 1.70, 95% confidence interval 0.98 to 2.42). The two groups did not differ in rates of weight or height gain. Children who received antioxidant supplementation did not experience less fever, cough, or diarrhoea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antioxidant supplementation at the dose provided did not prevent the onset of kwashiorkor. This finding does not support the hypothesis that depletion of vitamin E, selenium, cysteine, or riboflavin has a role in the development of kwashiorkor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis Children's Hospital, One Children's Place, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ciliberto
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciliberto
authors.forename: Andreé
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briend
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ashorn
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bier
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manary
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004487:Edema / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007732:Kwashiorkor / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008295:Malawi; D008297:Male; D011208:Powders; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012643:Selenium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D011208:Powders; D014810:Vitamin E; D012643:Selenium; D012256:Riboflavin; D000111:Acetylcysteine