title: Gamma irradiation and ethylene oxide in the sterilization of native reindeer bone morphogenetic protein extract.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For human use, it is necessary to sterilize bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), in order to reduce the risk of infections and associated complications. We compared the effects of ethylene oxide and gamma irradiation in the sterilization of native reindeer BMP extract with regard to bone induction in the Balb/C mouse thigh muscle pouch model.
  
  
  METHODS
  BMP extract, sterilized with ethylene oxide gas (Steri-Vac 4XL, temperature 29 degrees C, exposure time 4 h, ethylene oxide concentration 860 mg/l), or gamma irradiation at doses of 3.15 MRad was administered in implants containing 5 or 10 mg of BMP extract with collagen carrier. Non-sterilized collagen implants served as controls. New bone formation was evaluated based on the incorporation of Ca45 and radiographically three weeks after implantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The collagen was not able to induce new bone visible in radiographs. The mean Ca45 incorporation in the gamma sterilized group containing 5 mg of BMP extract was 30% (p = 0.04) and that containing 10 mg of BMP extract was 60% (p = 0.02) higher than seen in the corresponding ethylene oxide sterilized groups. The mean new bone areas were 45% higher in the gamma sterilized groups than in the corresponding ethylene oxide sterilized groups, but the differences were not significant. The mean optical density of new bone in the gamma sterilized group containing 5 mg of BMP extract was 75% (p = 0.00) and in that containing 10 mg of BMP extract was 70% (p = 0.00) higher than seen in the corresponding ethylene oxide sterilized groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Native reindeer BMP extract is more sensitive to the effects of ethylene oxide gas sterilization than gamma irradiation. These results suggest that gamma irradiation is recommendable for the sterilization of BMP extracts.
authors.affiliation: Bone Transplantation Research Group, Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN - 90014 Oulu, Finland. Tarmo.Pekkarinen@uta.fi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pekkarinen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hietalal
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jämsä
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jalovaara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D003094:Collagen / Q000494:pharmacology; D005027:Ethylene Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D012053:Reindeer; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D003094:Collagen; D005027:Ethylene Oxide