title: Liver transplantation for children: Red Cross Children's Hospital experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The liver transplant program for infants and children at the Red Cross Children's Memorial Hospital is the only established pediatric service in sub-Saharan Africa. Since 1985, 250 infants and children have been assessed and 155 accepted for transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1987, 76 children (range 6 months to 14 years) have had 79 liver transplants, with biliary atresia being the most frequent diagnosis. The indications for transplantation include biliary atresia (n = 44), metabolic (n = 7), fulminant hepatic failure (n = 10), redo transplants (n = 3), and other (n = 15). Three combined liver/kidney transplants have been performed. Forty-nine were reduced-size transplants with donor: recipient weight ratios ranging from 2:1 to 11:1, and 29 children weighed < 10 kg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-six (74%) patients survived 3 months to 12 years posttransplant. Cumulative 1- and 5-year patient survival data are 79% and 70%, respectively. However, with the introduction of prophylactic intravenous gancyclovir and the exclusion of hepatitis B virus (HBV) IgG core Ab-positive donors, the projected 5-year pediatric survival has been >80%. Early (<1 month) post-liver-transplant mortality was low, but included: primary malfunction (n = 1); inferior vena cava thrombosis (n = 1); bleeding esophageal ulcer (n = 1); and sepsis (n = 1). Late morbidity and mortality was mainly due to infections: de novo hepatitis B (5 patients, 2 deaths); Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease (12 patients, 7 deaths); and cytomegalovirus disease (10 patients, 5 deaths). Tuberculosis (TB) treatment in three patients was complicated by chronic rejection (n = 1) and TB drug-induced subfulminant liver failure (n = 1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite limited resources, a successful pediatric program has been established with good patient and graft survival figures and excellent quality of life. Shortage of donors due to HBV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to significant waiting list mortality and infrequent transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Red Cross Children's Hospital and School of Child and Adolescent Health and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa. wendy@uctgsh1.uct.ac.za
authors.forename: C W N
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Spearman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCulloch
authors.forename: A J W
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Millar
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Numanoglu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goddard
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cywes
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rode
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kahn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000379:methods; D007223:Infant; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000601:surgery; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012011:Red Cross; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013019:South Africa; D016019:Survival Analysis