title: Changes in mortalities and hospital admissions associated with holidays and respiratory illness: implications for medical services.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To see whether net mortalities increase during and after reductions in medical services, either at average weekends, or at Christmas when pressure from illness is unusually high.
  
  
  METHODS
  (1) Paired t-tests to compare mean daily deaths and hospital admissions during and after weekends (Saturday-Tuesday) with means for the week, in south-east England; (2) Linear regressions to see whether trends of daily deaths change when admissions are reduced at Christmas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither mean daily all-cause, respiratory or ischaemic heart deaths exceeded weekly averages during weekends, or during Saturday-Monday or Saturday-Tuesday, despite falls in daily elective and daily emergency hospital admissions at weekends that averaged 61-72% and 14-22%, respectively. During 19-24 December, daily deaths were above annual means, respiratory deaths by 49% (29, 1-58), but elective admissions fell and although emergency admissions tended to rise, total admissions rose only for respiratory disease, and only by 33% (376, -47 to 799). On Christmas Day (25 December), even emergency admissions fell sharply below previous trends, respiratory emergency admissions by 18% (P<0.01). Respiratory deaths alone then immediately increased (P<0.01) above trend, by 5.9% (5.8 deaths/day) on 26 December and by 12.9% (12.9) on 27 December.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No adverse effect on mortality was apparent within 2 days from reduction in medical services at weekends. However, respiratory deaths accelerated sharply after reduction in elective and emergency admissions at Christmas, when rates of infection and mortality from respiratory disease were high. Implications for medical services during respiratory epidemics are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Queen Mary College, London, UK. w.r.keatinge@qmul.ac.uk
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Keatinge
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Donaldson
mesh_terms: D002423:Cause of Death; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006693:Holidays; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000401:mortality*; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000639:trends*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000401:mortality*; D000078329:Workforce