title: Spaghetti wrist trauma: functional recovery, return to work, and psychological effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies on spaghetti wrist trauma have been published. The study populations have all consisted of small numbers of patients, and most studies have focused on functional recovery. In addition, different definitions of this injury have been used. The objective of this study was to assess outcome for a larger group of patients in terms of functional recovery, return to work potential, and psychological distress, and to compare outcomes between the two most commonly used definitions for spaghetti wrist injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The initial study-population consisted of 67 patients. Fifty patients completed a questionnaire package consisting of the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire, including the Functional Symptom Score (range, 0 to 100), a questionnaire to evaluate return to work and time off work (range, 0 to 52), and the Impact of Event Scale (range, 0 to 75). Motor recovery and sensory recovery were assessed in an outpatient setting, on average, 10 years (range, 2 to 18) after the operation (n = 43).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean Functional Symptom Score was 15.1 (SD, 16.1; range, 0 to 74) after a mean follow-up of 10.0 years (SD, 4.4; range, 2 to 18). Mean time off work was 34.7 weeks (SD, 17.9; range, 4 to 52), and 45.2 percent of the patients could not return to work within 1 year after the injury. Mean score on the Impact of Event Scale was 26.2 (SD, 19.7; range, 2 to 69). Compared with the unaffected hand, grip and tip pinch strength were decreased with means of 23.5 percent (SD, 22.4; range, 0 to 93) and 33.9 percent (SD, 23.7; range 0 to 83), respectively. Regarding sensory recovery, 12 patients (27.9 percent) had no protective sensation. No statistical differences were found between the two different definitions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that spaghetti wrist injury can be placed among the severe disabling injuries. Comparison of the two definitions did not reveal any differences in outcome. To complete the evaluation of long-term outcome, a patient-derived assessment of function can be added to the clinical examination, and attention should be paid to psychological distress following the injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdamn, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. j.jaquet@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Jean-Bart
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jaquet
authors.forename: Ingeborg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: van der Jagt
authors.forename: Paul D L
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Kuypers
authors.forename: Ton A R
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Schreuders
authors.forename: A R Sandra
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kalmijn
authors.forename: Steven E R
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hovius
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001158:Arteries / Q000293:injuries; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D022125:Lacerations / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008475:Median Nerve / Q000293:injuries*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013708:Tendon Injuries; D014110:Touch; D014459:Ulnar Nerve / Q000293:injuries*; D014954:Wrist Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*