title: Rac1 regulation of surface expression of protease-activated receptor-1 and responsiveness to thrombin in vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) mediates the thrombin-induced proliferation and hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells. A role of Rac1 in the regulation of PAR1 expression was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with simvastatin, a hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, for 24 hours attenuated the transient [Ca2+]i elevation induced by thrombin. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that simvastatin decreased the surface expression of PAR1 in a manner dependent on protein geranylgeranylation. Introduction of a Rac1/Cdc42 inhibitory fragment but not a RhoA inhibitory fragment using a cell-penetrating peptide also attenuated the response to thrombin and decreased the surface expression of PAR1. Finally, downregulation of Rac1, but not RhoA, using an RNA interference technique attenuated the thrombin-induced [Ca2+]i elevation. However, the level of PAR1 mRNA and the total amount of PAR1 protein remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Here, we provide for the first time 3 lines of evidence that Rac1 plays a critical role in maintaining the surface expression of PAR1 and the responsiveness to thrombin in vascular smooth muscle cells. Rac1 is suggested to regulate the constitutive trafficking of PAR1 and thereby regulate the surface expression of PAR1.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Cardiology, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yufu
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Yukihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanaide
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000166:cytology; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D017368:Protein Prenylation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1; D019821:Simvastatin; D013917:Thrombin; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein; D002118:Calcium