title: Childhood femur fractures, associated injuries, and sociodemographic risk factors: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence of femur fractures in Colorado children, to assess underlying causes, to determine the prevalence and predictors of associated injuries, and to identify potentially modifiable risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included all Colorado residents who were aged 0 to 17 years at the time of injury between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2001. Cases of femur fracture were ascertained using the population-based Colorado Trauma Registry and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes 820.0 to 821.39. Associated injuries with an Abbreviated Injury Scale of 2 or higher were classified into 5 categories. Poisson regression, small area analysis, and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify predictors of femur fractures and associated injuries, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 1139 Colorado children (795 boys, 344 girls) sustained femur fractures, resulting in the incidence of 26.0 per 100000 person-years. Rates were higher in boys than in girls in all age groups (overall risk ratio: 2.19; 95% confidence interval: 1.92-2.47) but did not differ by race/ethnicity. Femur fractures that were caused by nonaccidental trauma showed more distal and combined shaft + distal pattern; their incidence did not differ by gender or race but was higher in census tracts with more single mothers and less crowded households. Associated injuries were present in 28.6% of the cases, more often in older children. Fatalities occurred only among children with associated injuries. Children who were involved in nonaccidental trauma, motor vehicle crashes, or auto-pedestrian accidents were 16 to 20 times more likely to have associated injuries than those with femur fractures as a result of a fall. In small-area analysis, the incidence of femur fractures in infants and toddlers was higher in census tracts characterized by higher proportion of Hispanics, single mothers, and more crowded households. Among children 4 to 12 years of age, the incidence was higher in census tracts with fewer single-family houses and more crowded households. Finally, the incidence of femur fractures among teenagers was higher in rural tracts and those with a higher proportion of Hispanics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Femur fractures and associated injuries remain a major cause of morbidity in children. Predictors of femur fractures change with age; however, the risk is generally higher among children who live in the areas with lower socioeconomic indicators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1056 E 19th Ave, B251, Denver, CO 80218, USA. rewers.arleta@tchden.org
authors.forename: Arleta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rewers
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hedegaard
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lezotte
authors.forename: Katy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: F Keith
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Battan
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hamman
mesh_terms: D015998:Abbreviated Injury Scale; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003120:Colorado / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors