Regulation of ghrelin in physiologic and pathophysiologic states.
Ghrelin, a ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, is an orexigenic hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract. In humans and other animals, circulating ghrelin levels fluctuate over the course of the day in relation to food intake. If circulating ghrelin plays a role in determining food intake from meal to meal, it will be important to understand the factors that regulate plasma ghrelin levels in relation to feeding. Circulating ghrelin levels also appear to reflect body weight changes over the longer term, raising the possibility that ghrelin functions as an adiposity signal. This review discusses some of the factors known to affect ghrelin levels, including nutrient stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract, diet composition, and weight loss. We also consider potential hormonal and neural mediators of the effects of nutrients and weight change on ghrelin levels.
Williams
Diana L
DL
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington School of Medicine and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. dianalw@u.washington.edu
Cummings
David E
DE
D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D054439:Ghrelin; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values
D054439:Ghrelin; D036361:Peptide Hormones