title: Diagnostic value of epinephrine test for genotyping LQT1, LQT2, and LQT3 forms of congenital long QT syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that epinephrine test may have diagnostic value for genotyping LQT1, LQT2, and LQT3 forms of congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A differential response of dynamic QT interval to epinephrine infusion between LQT1, LQT2, and LQT3 syndromes has been reported, indicating the potential diagnostic value of the epinephrine test for genotyping the three forms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The responses of 12-lead ECG parameters to epinephrine were retrospectively examined in 15 LQT1, 10 LQT2, 8 LQT3, and 10 healthy volunteers to select the best ECG criteria for separating the four groups. The epinephrine test then was prospectively conducted in 42 probands clinically affected with LQTS, their 67 family members, and 10 new volunteers. The best criteria were applied in a blinded fashion to prospectively separate a different group of 31 LQT1, 23 LQT2, 6 LQT3, and 30 Control patients (10 genotype-negative LQT1, 10 genotype-negative LQT2 family members, and 10 volunteers).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity (penetrance) by ECG diagnostic criteria was lower in LQT1 (68%) than in LQT2 (83%) or LQT3 (83%) before epinephrine and was improved with steady-state epinephrine in LQT1 (87%) and LQT2 (91%) but not in LQT3 (83%), without the expense of specificity (100%). The sensitivity and specificity to differentiate LQT1 from LQT2 were 97% and 96%, those from LQT3 were 97% and 100%, and those from Control were 97% and 100%, respectively, when Delta mean corrected Q-Tend >/=35 ms at steady state was used. The sensitivity and specificity to differentiate LQT2 from LQT3 or Control were 100% and 100%, respectively, when Delta mean corrected Q-Tend >/=80 ms at peak was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epinephrine infusion is a powerful test to predict the genotype of LQT1, LQT2, and LQT3 syndromes as well as to improve the clinical diagnosis of genotype-positive patients, especially those with LQT1 syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan. wshimizu@hsp.ncvc.go.jp
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takaki
authors.forename: Noritoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagaya
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Satomi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurita
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suyama
authors.forename: Naohiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aihara
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sunagawa
authors.forename: Shigeyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Echigo
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Yasunao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshimasa
authors.forename: Kazufumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohe
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Towbin
authors.forename: Silvia G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Priori
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamakura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects*; D004837:Epinephrine; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013566:Sympathomimetics
chemical_list: D013566:Sympathomimetics; D004837:Epinephrine