title: Immunity to the ehrlichiae: new tools and recent developments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Discusses recent developments in the study of immunity and host defense against the monocytic ehrlichiae in 2003 and 2004. The review does not address anaplasmoses, as the anaplasmae were recently re-classified into the genus Anaplasma, and are distinct in cell tropism from the ehrlichiae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The features of the immune responses against these emerging Gram-negative obligate intracellular pathogens are only beginning to be understood. Important advances in our ability to study host defense include the development of new experimental mouse models. Recent studies have defined possible mechanisms of innate immune subversion in human monocytes, as well as roles for lymphocyte subsets and type I cytokines during mouse infection. Other studies in the mouse suggest that cytokine production by CD8 T cells may contribute to immunopathology. New data also support a role for humoral immunity during host defense against these intracellular pathogens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of new animal models will facilitate research of the mechanisms of innate, adaptive, and pathological immune responses, and will enhance our understanding of human immunity to the ehrlichiae as well as to other pathogenic intracellular bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208, USA. gary.winslow@wadsworth.org
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Winslow
authors.forename: Constantine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bitsaktsis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004536:Ehrlichia / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D016873:Ehrlichiosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial