title: How much glutamate is toxic in paediatric parenteral nutrition?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss a hypothesis regarding the impact and possible side effects of glutamate in paediatric parenteral nutrition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Published evidence suggests that the arcuate nucleus, which is a potent site of leptin action, is severely damaged by elevated glutamate levels. Early administration of glutamate (GLU) to the neonatal rat disrupts the hypothalamic signalling cascade of leptin action.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We are concerned that GLU-containing parenteral nutrition may not only increase the risk of hypothalamic damage in neurosurgical patients with an impaired blood-brain barrier, and in patients with periventricular leukomalacia, but may also permanently damage the arcuate nucleus neurones in the very immature infant. This may result in later impairment of feeding regulation, obesity, hyperleptinaemia, and other symptoms that characterize the "thrifty phenotype" and the dysmetabolic syndrome. We strongly suggest reconsidering the recommended daily allowances of amino acids, particularly the use of GLU, in current paediatric parenteral nutrition.
authors.affiliation: Aschauhof, Altenhof, Germany. hermanussen.aschauhof@t-online.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hermanussen
authors.forename: J A F
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tresguerres
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001111:Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition
chemical_list: D018698:Glutamic Acid