title: Elevation of endothelial microparticles, platelets, and leukocyte activation in patients with venous thromboembolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this research was to determine the levels of platelet, leukocyte, and endothelial activation and markers of cellular interactions in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The details of interactions between endothelium, platelets, and leukocytes in VTE are not well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 25 patients with VTE and compared 25 healthy controls. We used flow cytometry to measure: 1) endothelial microparticles (EMP) identified by CD31+/CD42b- (EMP(31)) or E-selectin (EMP(62E)); 2) platelet microparticles (CD31+/CD42b+); 3) surface expression of P-selectin in platelets and CD11b in leukocytes; 4) EMP-monocyte conjugates (percentage of monocytes positive for E-selectin); and 5) platelet-leukocyte conjugates (PLC) expressed as percentage of leukocytes positive for CD41.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with VTE had marked elevations of EMP(31) (2,193 vs. 383 counts/microl; p = 0.003), EMP(62E) (368 vs. 223 counts/microl; p = 0.001), and EMP-monocyte conjugates (3.3% vs. 2.5%; p = 0.002), as well as increased activation of platelets (35.2 vs. 5.0 fluorescence intensity units for P-selectin; p < 0.0001) and leukocytes (13.9 vs. 7.7 U for CD11b; p = 0.004). Also elevated in VTE were PLC (61.7% vs. 39.6%; p = 0.01). Expression of CD11b in leukocytes strongly correlated with PLC (r = 0.74; p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Marked activation of endothelium, platelets, and leukocytes occurs in VTE, and VTE, or the accompanying inflammatory process, involves the release of EMP and formation of EMP-monocyte conjugates and PLC. These findings support prior studies suggesting that release of EMP and their binding to monocytes are key events in thrombogenesis. Our findings also support the concept that the formation of PLC regulates leukocyte activation and participates in linking thrombosis with inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA. jchirinos@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Julio A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Chirinos
authors.forename: Gustavo A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Heresi
authors.forename: Hermes
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Velasquez
authors.forename: Wenche
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jy
authors.forename: Joaquin J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Lawrence L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Horstman
authors.forename: Andres O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Soriano
authors.forename: Juan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Zambrano
authors.forename: Yeon S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ahn
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000032:analysis; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000032:analysis; D015539:Platelet Activation; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000097:blood*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019040:E-Selectin; D019007:P-Selectin; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1