title: Enhanced insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis in response to insulin, metformin or rosiglitazone is associated with increased mRNA expression of GLUT4 and peroxisomal proliferator activator receptor gamma co-activator 1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the effect of several antidiabetic agents on insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis, as well as on mRNA expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured primary human skeletal myotubes obtained from six healthy subjects were treated for 4 or 8 days without or with glucose (25 mmol/l), insulin (400 pmol/l), rosiglitazone (10 micromol/l), metformin (20 micromol/l) or the AMP-activated kinase activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) (200 micromol/l). After this, insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis was determined. mRNA levels of the glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4, the peroxisomal proliferator activator receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) co-activator 1 (PGC1) and the myocyte-specific enhancer factors (MEF2), MEF2A, MEF2C and MEF2D were determined using real-time PCR analysis after 8 days exposure to the various antidiabetic agents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis was significantly increased in cultured human myotubes treated with insulin, rosiglitazone or metformin for 8 days, compared with non-treated cells. Furthermore, an 8-day exposure of myotubes to 25 mmol/l glucose impaired insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis. In contrast, treatment with AICAR was without effect on insulin-mediated glycogen synthesis. Exposure to insulin, rosiglitazone or metformin increased mRNA expression of PGC1 and GLUT4, while AICAR or 25 mmol/l glucose treatment increased GLUT1 mRNA expression. Metformin also increased mRNA expression of the MEF2 isoforms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhanced insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis in human skeletal muscle cell culture coincides with increased GLUT4 and PGC1 mRNA expression following treatment with various antidiabetic agents. These data show that chronic treatment of human myotubes with insulin, metformin or rosiglitazone has a direct positive effect on insulin action and mRNA expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Science, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Al-Khalili
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Forsgren
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannisto
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Zierath
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lönnqvist
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krook
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001706:Biopsy; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D006003:Glycogen / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D012016:Reference Values; D012265:Ribonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D007328:Insulin; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012265:Ribonucleotides; C495692:SLC2A4 protein, human; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; C111264:peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; D006003:Glycogen; D008687:Metformin; C031143:AICA ribonucleotide; D005947:Glucose