title: Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation regulation of life and death in the nervous system.
abstract: Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is required by multicellular eukaryotes to ensure genomic integrity under conditions of mild to moderate genotoxic stress. However, severe stress following acute neuronal injury causes overactivation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, which results in unregulated poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) synthesis and widespread neuronal cell death. Once thought to be a necrotic cell death resulting from energy failure, PARP-1 activation is now known to induce the nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor, which results in caspase-independent cell death. Conversely, poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase, once thought to contribute to neuronal injury, now appears to have a protective role as demonstrated by recent studies utilizing gene disruption technology. Thus, the emerging mechanism dictating the fate of neurons appears to involve the regulation of PAR levels in neurons. Therefore, therapies targeting poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions such as stroke and Parkinson's disease are required to inhibit PAR synthesis and/or facilitate its degradation.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway St., Suite 711, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Dawson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor; D016923:Cell Death; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000502:physiology*; D005420:Flavoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009420:Nervous System / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000378:metabolism*; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C494829:AIFM1 protein, human; D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor; D005420:Flavoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases