title: Metabolic characteristics of cortical malformations causing epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cortical malformations (CMs) are increasingly recognized as the epileptogenic substrate in patients with medically refractory neocortical epilepsy (NE). The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses that: 1. CMs are metabolically heterogeneous. 2. The structurally normal appearing perilesional zone is characterized by similar metabolic abnormalities as the CM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) in combination with tissue segmentation was performed on eight patients with NE and CMs and 19 age matched controls. In controls, NAA, Cr, Cho,NAA/Cr and NAA/Cho of all voxels of a given lobe were expressed as a function of white matter content and thresholds for pathological values determined by calculating the 95% prediction intervals. These thresholds were used to identify metabolically abnormal voxels within the CM and in the perilesional zone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  30% of all voxels in the CMs were abnormal, most frequently because of decreases of NAA or increases of Cho. Abnormal voxels tended to form metabolically heterogeneous clusters interspersed in metabolically normal regions. Furthermore, 15% of all voxels in the perilesional zone were abnormal, the most frequent being decreases of NAA and Cr.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In CMs metabolically normal regions are interspersed with metabolically heterogeneous abnormal regions. Metabolic abnormalities in the perilesional zone share several characteristics of CMs and might therefore represent areas with microscopic malformations and/or intrinsic epileptogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Veterans Affairs (DVA), Medical Center, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Unit, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Laxer
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Barakos
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cashdollar
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Flenniken
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vermathen
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Matson
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Weiner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010725:Phosphocreatine; D001224:Aspartic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline