title: Increasing ceftriaxone resistance in Salmonella isolates from a university hospital in Taiwan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Salmonella infection is a distressing health problem worldwide. This study reports the changing epidemiology of Salmonella infections in Taiwan during 1999-2003, with emphasis on increasing ceftriaxone resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of Salmonella clinical isolates in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital during 1999-2003 were reviewed. All isolates were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility determined by standard methods. A total of 22 ceftriaxone-resistant isolates were investigated by PCR sequencing of the bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(CTX-M) and ampC genes. Southern-blot hybridization was used to localize the ampC gene. Infrequent-restriction-site PCR was used to genotype these isolates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3635 Salmonella isolates, including 3592 (98.8%) non-typhoid Salmonella, were identified. Serogroup B (55.6%) remained the most predominant, but the prevalence has been decreasing. In contrast, serogroup D infections have increased significantly from 13.6 to 22.8%. Overall resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol remained high, with the highest rate (91% to both drugs) observed in Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis in 2003. A sudden upsurge of ciprofloxacin resistance from zero to 69% was found in S. Choleraesuis. Ceftriaxone resistance increased in several serogroups (0.8-2.1%; average, 1.5%). The resistance was associated with plasmid-mediated bla(CMY-2) in 14 cases and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), including CTX-M-3 (n=6), SHV-2a (n=1) and SHV-12 (n=1), in others. Diverse serotypes and genotypes were found among the ceftriaxone-resistant isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing ceftriaxone resistance in non-typhoid Salmonella appears to link to the spread of plasmid-mediated ampC or ESBL genes. Effective measures should be taken to prevent the problem worsening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, Lin-Kou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsin Street, Kweishan 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Lin-Hui
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Tsu-Lan
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ju-Hsin
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.forename: Chishih
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: An-Jing
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Cheng-Hsun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chiu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002443:Ceftriaxone; C048795:AmpC beta-lactamases; D001618:beta-Lactamases