title: Comparison of developmental toxicity of selective and non-selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in CRL:(WI)WUBR Wistar rats--DFU and piroxicam study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors are one of the most often ingested drugs during pregnancy. Unlike general toxicity data, their prenatal toxic effects were not extensively studied before. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the developmental toxicity of the non-selective (piroxicam) and selective (DFU; 5,5-dimethyl-3-(3-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-methylsulphonyl) phenyl-2(5H)-furanon) COX-2 inhibitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drugs were separately, orally once daily dosed to pregnant rats from day 8 to 21 (GD1=plug day). Doses were set at 0.3, 3.0 and 30.0mg/kg for piroxicam and 0.2, 2.0 and 20.0mg/kg for DFU. Fetuses were delivered on GD 21 and routinely examined. Comprehensive clinical and developmental measurements were done. The pooled statistical analysis for ventricular septal (VSD) and midline (MD) defects was performed for rat fetuses exposed to piroxicam, selective and non-selective COX-2 inhibitor based on present and historic data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal toxicity, intrauterine growth retardation, and increase of external and skeletal variations were found in rats treated with the highest dose of piroxicam. Decrease of fetal length was the only signs of the DFU developmental toxicity observed in pups exposed to the highest compound dose. Lack of teratogenicity was found in piroxicam and DFU-exposed groups. Prenatal exposure to non-selective COX inhibitors increases the risk of VSD and MD when compared to historic control but not with selective COX-2 inhibitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both selective and non-selective COX-2 inhibitors were toxic for rats fetuses when administered in the highest dose. Unlike DFU, piroxicam was also highly toxic to the dams. Prenatal exposure to selective COX-2 inhibitors does not increase the risk of ventricular septal and midline defects in rat when compared to non-selective drugs and historic control.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Teratology Unit of the Human Anatomy Department, 1 Raclawickie Ave., Medical University of Lublin, PL-20950 Lublin, Poland. fb3@wp.pl
authors.forename: Franciszek
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Burdan
mesh_terms: D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology; D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000473:pathology; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001241:Aspirin / Q000633:toxicity; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects; D005663:Furans / Q000633:toxicity; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000633:toxicity; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013723:Teratogens; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C106876:5,5-dimethyl-3-(3-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl-2(5H)-furanone; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D005663:Furans; D013723:Teratogens; D010894:Piroxicam; D014508:Urea; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D001241:Aspirin; D007052:Ibuprofen