title: Chemokine receptor 5 and its ligands in the immune response to murine tuberculosis.
abstract: METHODS
  The ability of chemokines such as macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and regulated-upon-activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), to attract and activate T cells and monocytes, the building blocks of the granuloma, suggests that these chemokines may have a role in modulating immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that the chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) ligands, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES, are virulence correlates in M. tuberculosis infection and are indispensable to granuloma formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ability of virulent (H37Rv) and avirulent (H37Ra) strains of M. tuberculosis to induce chemokine production in vivo and in vitro was determined at protein and mRNA levels. We also compared bacterial burden, and granuloma numbers and size in H37Rv-infected CCR5-/- or wild-type C57BL/6 mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo, lung mRNA and protein measurements of MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES indicate significantly higher (p<0.05) values (days 14-28) in the H37Rv-infected than the H37Ra-infected mice. This is consistent with a higher infection burden of the virulent strain. However, in vitro alveolar macrophage stimulation by H37Rv or H37Ra yielded no significant differences in production of the three chemokines at all time points. Histological analysis of granulomas did not show any significant differences in granuloma numbers, size and M. tuberculosis growth in CCR5-/- compared to wild-type mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The production of the CCR5 ligands, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES, does not clearly correlate with virulence of M. tuberculosis. These ligands and their receptors may not be indispensable to the development of granulomas in murine tuberculosis.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Badewa
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Quinton
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Shellito
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mason
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006099:Granuloma / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D008024:Ligands; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000276:immunology*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D008024:Ligands; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019713:Receptors, CCR5