title: Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A range of treatments have been proposed to improve pregnancy outcome in recurrent pregnancy loss associated with antiphospholipid antibody (APL). Small studies have not resolved uncertainty about benefits and risks.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine outcomes of all treatments given to maintain pregnancy in women with prior miscarriage and APL.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 May 2004), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2003), MEDLINE (1966 to June 2003), EMBASE (1988 to June 2003), Lupus (volume one to eight, 1991 to 1999) and conference proceedings from the International Symposium on APL up to 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised or quasi-randomised, controlled trials of interventions in pregnant women with a history of pregnancy loss and APL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently assessed quality and extracted data for studies up to December 1999. One review author performed this for studies after 1999.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen studies were found (849 participants). The quality was not high; 50% had clear evidence of allocation concealment. Participant characteristics varied between trials. Unfractionated heparin combined with aspirin (two trials; n = 140) significantly reduced pregnancy loss compared to aspirin alone (relative risk (RR) 0.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29 to 0.71). Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) combined with aspirin compared to aspirin (one trial; n = 98) did not significantly reduce pregnancy loss (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.57). There was no advantage in high-dose, over low-dose, unfractionated heparin (one trial; n = 50). Three trials of aspirin alone (n = 135) showed no significant reduction in pregnancy loss (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.68). Prednisone and aspirin (three trials; n = 286) resulted in a significant increase in prematurity when compared to placebo, aspirin, and heparin combined with aspirin, and an increase in gestational diabetes, but no significant benefit. Intravenous immunoglobulin +/- unfractionated heparin and aspirin (two trials; n = 58) was associated with an increased risk of pregnancy loss or premature birth when compared to unfractionated heparin or LMWH combined with aspirin (RR 2.51, 95% CI 1.27 to 4.95). When compared to prednisone and aspirin, intravenous immunoglobulin (one trial; n = 82) was not significantly different in outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined unfractionated heparin and aspirin may reduce pregnancy loss by 54%. Large, randomised controlled trials with adequate allocation concealment are needed to explore potential differences between unfractionated heparin and LMWH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Level 14, Support Building, Private Bag 92024, Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand. mariannee@adhb.govt.nz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Empson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lassere
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor; D006493:Heparin; D001241:Aspirin; D011241:Prednisone