title: Outcomes of routine episiotomy: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Episiotomy at the time of vaginal birth is common. Practice patterns vary widely, as do professional opinions about maternal risks and benefits associated with routine use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the best evidence available about maternal outcomes of routine vs restrictive use of episiotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane Collaboration resources and performed a hand search for English-language articles from 1950 to 2004. We included randomized controlled trials of routine episiotomy or type of episiotomy that assessed outcomes in the first 3 postpartum months, along with trials and prospective studies that assessed longer-term outcomes. Twenty-six of 986 screened articles provided relevant data. We entered data into abstraction forms and conducted a second review for accuracy. Each article was also scored for research quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fair to good evidence from clinical trials suggests that immediate maternal outcomes of routine episiotomy, including severity of perineal laceration, pain, and pain medication use, are not better than those with restrictive use. Evidence is insufficient to provide guidance on choice of midline vs mediolateral episiotomy. Evidence regarding long-term sequelae is fair to poor. Incontinence and pelvic floor outcomes have not been followed up into the age range in which women are most likely to have sequelae. With this caveat, relevant studies are consistent in demonstrating no benefit from episiotomy for prevention of fecal and urinary incontinence or pelvic floor relaxation. Likewise, no evidence suggests that episiotomy reduces impaired sexual function--pain with intercourse was more common among women with episiotomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence does not support maternal benefits traditionally ascribed to routine episiotomy. In fact, outcomes with episiotomy can be considered worse since some proportion of women who would have had lesser injury instead had a surgical incision.
authors.affiliation: Center for Women's Health Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7521, USA. khartman@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: Meera
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gartlehner
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thorp
authors.forename: Kathleen N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Lohr
mesh_terms: D004841:Episiotomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D018570:Risk Assessment