title: AKT is highly phosphorylated in pheochromocytomas but not in benign adrenocortical tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activation of AKT plays a major role in a variety of human neoplasias. In mice, a heterozygous deletion of the Pten gene is associated with increased activation of AKT and with development of pheochromocytomas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was the investigation of the role of AKT in the pathogenesis of pheochromocytomas and adrenocortical tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total AKT and phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) in 15 pheochromocytomas, nine aldosterone-producing adenomas, nine cortisol-producing adenomas, eight adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC), and 15 normal adrenals were investigated by Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry for total AKT and pAKT was performed in pheochromocytomas (n = 8), ACC (n = 4), and normal adrenal glands (n = 2). In addition, in pheochromocytomas PTEN protein expression and PTEN loss of heterozygosity were analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Determination of pAKT/total AKT ratio in adrenal tissues was the main outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison to normal adrenals, total AKT expression was elevated in both pheochromocytomas (193 +/- 22%) and ACC (176 +/- 36%). The pAKT/AKT ratio was significantly increased in pheochromocytomas (338 +/- 49% vs. 100 +/- 11%) but not in ACC, aldosterone-producing adenomas, and cortisol-producing adenomas. No loss of heterozygosity of PTEN and no decrease in PTEN protein was detected in pheochromocytomas. Immunohistochemistry showed strong and homogeneous AKT and pAKT staining in pheochromocytomas and focal staining in ACC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings provide evidence for increased activation of AKT in pheochromocytomas but not in adrenocortical adenomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany. Fassnacht_m@medizin.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fassnacht
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weismann
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebert
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zink
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beuschlein
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hahner
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Allolio
mesh_terms: D000306:Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; D010673:Pheochromocytoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000032:analysis; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; C494929:PTEN protein, human