title: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the neuropsychologic efficacy of cranberry juice in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: pilot study findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this research was to conduct the first known clinical trial of the short-term (i.e., 6 weeks) efficacy of cranberry juice on the neuropsychologic functioning of cognitively intact older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty (50) community-dwelling, cognitively intact volunteers, > or = 60 years old, who reported no history of dementia or significant neurocognitive impairments, participated in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel-group, clinical trial was utilized. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 32 ounces/day of a beverage containing 27% cranberry juice per volume (n = 25) or placebo (n = 25) for 6 weeks, and administered a series of neuropsychologic tests at both pretreatment baseline and again after 6 weeks of either cranberry juice or placebo treatment to assess treatment-related changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Efficacy measures consisted of participants' raw scores on the following standardized neuropsychologic tests: Selective Reminding Test, Wechsler Memory Scale-III Faces I and Faces II subtests, Trail Making Test (Parts A and B), Stroop Color and Word Test, and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- III Digit Symbol-Coding subtest. A subjective Follow-up Self-report Questionnaire was also administered to participants at the conclusion of the end-of-treatment phase assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-factor, mixed analyses of variance (ANOVA) revealed no significant group (cranberry juice and placebo) by trial (pretreatment baseline and end-of-treatment assessments) interactions across all of the neuropsychologic tests and measures utilized in this study when a Bonferroni corrected alpha level was used to correct for multiple comparisons (i.e., .05/17 group by trial comparisons = .003). Pearson Chi-Square analyses of the groups' self-reported changes over the 6-week treatment phase in their abilities to remember, thinking processes, moods, energy levels, and overall health on the Follow-up Self-report Questionnaire revealed no significant relationships. However, a nonsignificant trend (X2(1) = 2.373, p = 0.123) was noted for participants' self-reported overall abilities to remember from pretreatment baseline to the end-of-treatment assessment. Specifically, more than twice as many participants in the cranberry group (n = 9, 37.5%) rated their overall abilities to remember by treatment end as "improved" as compared to placebo controls (n = 4, 17.4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, no significant interactions were found between the cranberry and placebo groups and their pretreatment baseline and end-of-treatment phase (after 6 weeks) standardized neuropsychologic assessments. A nonsignificant trend was noted, however, on a subjective, self-report questionnaire where twice as many participants in the cranberry group rated their overall abilities to remember by treatment end as "improved" compared to placebo controls.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. wdcrewsjr@aol.com
authors.forename: W David
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Crews
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Melanie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Addison
authors.forename: Alyssa M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Yount
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Giovenco
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hazell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001628:Beverages; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D029799:Vaccinium macrocarpon
chemical_list: D002491:Central Nervous System Agents; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts