title: Relation of parity with common carotid intima-media thickness among women of the Study of Health in Pomerania.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metabolic and hormonal changes associated with pregnancy and childbirth are assumed to contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease among women. We analyzed the association of parity with common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), which has a predictive value of subsequent myocardial infarction and stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), an epidemiological study of the general population in the northeast of Germany, included 1195 women aged 45 to 79 years. Mean and maximum far-wall IMT of the common carotid arteries were assessed by high-resolution ultrasound. All women were comprehensively characterized as to their reproductive history as well as to socioeconomic, behavioral, and biological risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a U-shaped association between the number of children (from 0 to > or =4) and mean and maximum IMT. Nulliparous women had the highest age-adjusted mean (0.81 mm [95% CI, 0.78 to 0.84]) and maximum IMT (1.04 mm [95% CI, 1.00 to 1.09]), and women with single parity the lowest (mean IMT, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.72 to 0.74]; maximum IMT, 0.91 mm [95% CI, 0.89 to 0.93]; P<0.001 versus nulliparity for both parameters). Stepwise multivariate adjustment for socioeconomic factors, lifestyle variables, and biological variables attenuated the magnitude of this association yet significance remained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nulliparity and higher number of children are associated with increased carotid IMT. These findings add support to the hypothesis of a link between the reproductive history of women and cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. birger.wolff@uni-greifswald.de
authors.forename: Birger
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Völzke
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schwahn
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lüdemann
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Stephan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Felix
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010298:Parity; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography