title: Ventilatory responses of healthy subjects to intravenous combinations of morphine and oxycodone under imposed hypercapnic and hypoxaemic conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous isobolographic analysis revealed that coadministration of morphine and oxycodone produces synergistic antinociception in laboratory rodents. As both opioids can produce ventilatory depression, this study was designed to determine whether their ventilatory effects were synergistic when coadministered to healthy human subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study was performed in 12 male volunteers. Ventilatory responses to hypoxaemia and hypercapnia were determined from 1-h intravenous infusions of saline ('placebo'), 15 mg morphine sulphate (M), 15 mg oxycodone hydrochloride (O), and their combination in the dose ratios of 1:2, 1:1, 2:1. Drug and metabolite concentrations in serial peripheral venous blood samples were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  'Placebo' treatment was without significant ventilatory effects. There were no systematic differences between active drug treatments on either the slopes or intercepts of the hypoxaemic and hypercapnia ventilation responses. During drug treatment, the mean minute ventilation at PetCO(2) = 55 mmHg (V(E55)) decreased to 74% of the subjects' before treatment values (95% confidence interval 62, 87), 68% (57, 80), 69% (59, 79), 68% (63, 73), and 61% (52, 69) for M15, M10/O5, M7.5/O7.5, M5/O10 and O15, respectively. Recovery was more prolonged with increasing oxycodone doses, corresponding to its greater potency and lower clearance compared with morphine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although adverse ventilatory effects of these drugs were found as expected, no unexpected or disproportionate effects of any of the morphine and oxycodone treatments were found that might impede their use in combination for pain management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ladd
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Kam
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: A W E
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Mather
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010098:Oxycodone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009020:Morphine; D010098:Oxycodone; D010100:Oxygen