title: In vitro sequence-dependent interaction between nedaplatin and paclitaxel in human cancer cell lines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the most effective combination schedule of paclitaxel and nedaplatin, a new platinum derivative, we investigated the in vitro interaction between these drugs in AZ-521 and NUGC-4 gastric adenocarcinoma and KSE-1 esophageal squamous carcinoma cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytotoxic activity was determined by the WST-1 assay. Different treatment schedules of the two drugs were compared and evaluated for synergism, additivity, or antagonism using a quantitative method based on the median-effect principle of Chou and Talalay. Cell-cycle perturbation and apoptosis were evaluated by means of flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Upon 24-h sequential exposure, the sequence paclitaxel followed by nedaplatin induced greater than additive effects in all of the cell lines, with synergistic interactions in NUGC-4 and KSE-1 cells. By contrast, antagonistic effects were observed with the reverse sequence. Simultaneous treatment resulted in either a synergistic or antagonistic effect, depending on the cell line. Therefore, the sequence paclitaxel followed by nedaplatin appears most active, at least in these three cell lines. Flow cytometric analyses at IC50 indicated that paclitaxel induced G2/M arrest with subsequent induction of apoptosis (56%) in the sub-G1 phase. When paclitaxel preceded nedaplatin, apoptosis was most prominent (70%) with pronounced G2/M arrest. By contrast, the reverse sequence yielded only 28% induction of apoptotic cells, with almost identical cell-cycle distribution patterns to those observed with nedaplatin alone, indicating that the activity of paclitaxel is abolished by pretreatment with nedaplatin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the interaction of nedaplatin and paclitaxel is highly schedule dependent and that the sequential administration of paclitaxel followed by nedaplatin should be thus incorporated into the design of a clinical trial.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Biosystemic Science of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Risa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takii
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ariyama
authors.forename: Baoli
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Eishi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kusaba
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mitsugi
authors.forename: Mine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakano
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000187:drug effects; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D004338:Drug Combinations; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds; C053989:nedaplatin; D017239:Paclitaxel