title: Bioelectrographic testing of mineral samples: a comparison of techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was initiated to determine the suitability of differing techniques to record optical properties of gemstones under electromagnetic stimulation. Such properties are of interest due to the historical use of gemstones in folkloric remedies, specifically as agents for concentrating, focusing, or otherwise conducting energy flows in the human body.
  
  
  METHODS
  The techniques researched produce a localized corona discharge around the tested material. The simplest technique, Tesla coil Kirlian photography (TCKP), uses a Tesla coil to introduce a strong electric current, and the circuit is completed by a glass electrode. The corona discharge is then photographed. The other technique used in the study is gas discharge visualization (GDV), which uses a pulsed current and a digital camera integral to the coil to produce digital images of the corona discharge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gemstones were tested both whole and in powdered form. The sample gemstones were amethyst, aquamarine, garnet, golden citrine, pink tourmaline, and yellow topaz. Powdered gemstones were ground to a particle size of 2-5 microns; whole gemstones were roundcut to a diameter of 5 mm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our tests, TCKP showed divergent effects for differing types of gemstone. The most extreme effects were exhibited by tourmaline, both in powdered and whole form. In addition, TCKP appeared to indicate differing effects for gemstones of the identical type but mined from differing locations. The GDV technique showed differing data among the gemstones for the measured parameters, indicating that a high relative intensity did not correspond to the size of the corona discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While both techniques showed promise in distinguishing differences in corona discharge behavior in gemstone samples, further work is necessary to determine the significance of differences in geographical sources or between gemstones of similar crystalline structure. The techniques explored show promise in characterizing the properties of gem materials under electromagnetic stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Aveda Corporation, Minneapolis, MN 55449, USA. avainshe@aveda.com
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vainshelboim
authors.forename: Kenneth S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Momoh
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D008903:Minerals; D010781:Photography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013817:Thermography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals