title: Current asthma and respiratory symptoms among pupils in relation to dietary factors and allergens in the school environment.
abstract: The aim was to study asthma and allergy in relation to diet and the school environment. Pupils (5-14 years) in eight schools received a questionnaire, 1014 participated (68%). Settled dust was collected on ALK-filters and analyzed for allergens from cat (Fel d 1), dog (Can f 1), horse (Equ cx), house dust mites (Der p 1, Der f 1), and cockroach (Bla g 1) by ELISA. In total, 6.8% reported cat allergy, 4.8% dog allergy, 7.7% doctor's diagnosed asthma and 5.9% current asthma, and 7.8% reported wheeze. Current asthma was less common among those consuming more fresh milk (P < 0.05) and fish (P < 0.01). Poly-unsaturated fatty acids was associated with more wheeze (P < 0.05), olive oil was associated with less doctors' diagnosed asthma (P < 0.05). Totally, 74% of the classrooms had mean CO(2) <1000 ppm. The median concentration per gram dust was 860 ng/g Fel d 1, 750 ng/g Can f 1 and 954 U/g Equ cx. Horse allergen was associated with more wheeze (P < 0.05), daytime breathlessness (P < 0.05), current asthma (P < 0.05) and atopic sensitization (P < 0.05). Dog allergen was associated with wheeze (P < 0.05) and daytime breathlessness (P < 0.05). The associations between allergens and respiratory symptoms were more pronounced among those consuming margarine, not consuming butter, and with a low intake of milk. In conclusion, cat, dog and horse allergens in schools could be a risk factor for asthma and atopic sensitization, and dietary factors may interact with the allergen exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous school studies performed by us in mid-Sweden, showed that most classrooms did not fulfill the ventilation standards. In this study, most of the classrooms fulfilled the ventilation standard, but despite that had widespread allergen contamination. Most previous studies have focused on cat allergen, but our study has shown that also dog and horse allergens can be risk factors for asthma and allergy in schools. As allergens are transported from other environments, mainly the home environment, the main prevention should be to minimize transfer of allergens. This could be achieved by reducing contacts with furry pets and horses, or using different clothes at home and at school (e.g. school uniforms). Increased cleaning in the schools may reduce allergen levels, but the efficiency of this measure must be evaluated in further intervention studies. Finally, our study supports the view that dietary habits among pupils should not be neglected and interaction between dietary factors and indoor allergen exposure needs to be further investigated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University and University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. jeong-lim.kim@medsci.uu.se
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Elfman
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smedje
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Norbäck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D000485:Allergens / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D003058:Cockroaches; D004032:Diet; D004391:Dust; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008925:Mites; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D004391:Dust