title: Memory and learning in pediatric bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that patients with pediatric bipolar disorder (PBPD) would demonstrate impairment relative to diagnosis-free controls of comparable age, gender, and IQ on measures of memory functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors administered a battery of verbal and visuospatial memory tests to 35 outpatients with PBPD and 20 healthy controls who participated as volunteers in this study. Groups did not differ on age, gender, or IQ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with findings in adults with BPD, patients with PBPD performed more poorly than controls on measures of verbal learning/memory and delayed facial recognition memory. Impaired memory was particularly evident in patients with comorbid PBPD/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or acute mood symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that deficits in verbal learning and memory, as well as some aspects of visuospatial memory, characterize patients with narrow phenotype PBPD. Further research is needed, however, to clarify the roles of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and acute mood state in the emergence of these deficits. Given the apparent continuity in memory dysfunction between adult BPD and narrow phenotype PBPD, research aimed at elucidating underlying neural mechanisms for this set of deficits is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2670, USA. erin.mcclure@nih.gov
authors.forename: Erin B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: Julia E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Treland
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Snow
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Dickstein
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Towbin
authors.forename: Dennis S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Charney
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pine
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leibenluft
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology