Do physicians know when their diagnoses are correct? Implications for decision support and error reduction.
OBJECTIVE
This study explores the alignment between physicians' confidence in their diagnoses and the "correctness" of these diagnoses, as a function of clinical experience, and whether subjects were prone to over-or underconfidence.


METHODS
Prospective, counterbalanced experimental design.


METHODS
Laboratory study conducted under controlled conditions at three academic medical centers.


METHODS
Seventy-two senior medical students, 72 senior medical residents, and 72 faculty internists.


METHODS
We created highly detailed, 2-to 4-page synopses of 36 diagnostically challenging medical cases, each with a definitive correct diagnosis. Subjects generated a differential diagnosis for each of 9 assigned cases, and indicated their level of confidence in each diagnosis.


RESULTS
A differential was considered "correct" if the clinically true diagnosis was listed in that subject's hypothesis list. To assess confidence, subjects rated the likelihood that they would, at the time they generated the differential, seek assistance in reaching a diagnosis. Subjects' confidence and correctness were "mildly" aligned (kappa=.314 for all subjects, .285 for faculty, .227 for residents, and .349 for students). Residents were overconfident in 41% of cases where their confidence and correctness were not aligned, whereas faculty were overconfident in 36% of such cases and students in 25%.


CONCLUSIONS
Even experienced clinicians may be unaware of the correctness of their diagnoses at the time they make them. Medical decision support systems, and other interventions designed to reduce medical errors, cannot rely exclusively on clinicians' perceptions of their needs for such support.
Friedman
Charles P
CP
Center for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. cpf@cbmi.pitt.edu
Gatti
Guido G
GG
Franz
Timothy M
TM
Murphy
Gwendolyn C
GC
Wolf
Fredric M
FM
Heckerling
Paul S
PS
Fine
Paul L
PL
Miller
Thomas M
TM
Elstein
Arthur S
AS
D002983:Clinical Competence; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000592:standards*; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007600:Judgment; D016014:Linear Models; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013337:Students, Medical