title: Mortality in patients with hypertension on angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitor treatment is influenced by the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The response to angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitor therapy is highly variable. Residual ACE activity during treatment, potentially modified by the ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism, may explain part of this variability. We studied the possible interaction between ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with hypertension and the ACE I/D polymorphism in incident heart failure and death.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 3365 hypertensive participants of the population-based Rotterdam Study, without heart failure at baseline for whom ACE-genotyping was successful. Incident heart failure was defined according to established criteria. In addition, total and cardiovascular mortality were studied as endpoints. A Cox regression model with use of ACE-inhibitors defined as time-dependent covariates was used for data-analysis. Interaction was tested in this model assuming an allele-effect relationship.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although we could not demonstrate a beneficial effect of ACE-inhibitors, there was significant interaction between the ACE I/D polymorphism (II-ID-DD) and ACE-inhibitor use in the prediction of total and cardiovascular mortality. Mortality risk associated with treatment increased with the number of D alleles present; e.g. for total mortality in the II genotype group: RR=0.95 (95% CI 0.63-1.45), in the ID genotype group: RR=1.08 (95% CI 0.84-1.38) and in the DD genotype group: RR=1.61 (95% CI 1.18-2.18). No statistically significant interaction was found for incident heart failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study suggest a relative resistance to ACE-inhibitor therapy in subjects with hypertension and the DD genotype compared to the II genotype, with the ID genotype in an intermediate position.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gysèle S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Bleumink
authors.forename: Anna F C
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Schut
authors.forename: Miriam C J M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Sturkenboom
authors.forename: Cornelia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van Duijn
authors.forename: Jaap W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Deckers
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: J Herre
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kingma
authors.forename: Jacqueline C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Witteman
authors.forename: Bruno H Ch
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Stricker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A