title: Single cell glutamate analysis in Aplysia sensory neurons.
abstract: Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. However, techniques and assays available for the determination and detection of glutamate are limited. Here we have applied an effective glutamate assay toward the high-throughput analysis of single neurons. Initial physiological studies and recent immunohistochemical data strongly suggested that mechanosensory neurons could use L-glutamate as a co-transmitter (in addition to sensorin) in the sensory-motor synapse of Aplysia californica. We have evaluated the levels of glutamate in these cells and compared them to other non-sensory Aplysia neurons. Since this is the first report of this assay in single cellular analysis, a series of chemical and cellular controls were also done. Based on our results, we were able to determine the concentration levels inside single Aplysia sensory neurons to be 29 mM, with significant heterogeneity between individual cells. In comparison to the pleural mechanosensory neurons, non-sensory abdominal neurons contained approximately 3 mM glutamate. These elevated levels in the sensory neurons confirm the earlier findings [Dale N, Kandel ER. L-glutamate may be the fast excitatory transmitter of Aplysia sensory neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:7163-7.], suggesting that glutamate plays a role as neurotransmitter in these cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Box 100072, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jezzini
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lovell
authors.forename: Leonid L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Moroz
authors.forename: Weihong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001048:Aplysia / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D017952:Ganglia, Invertebrate / Q000166:cytology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D007158:Immunologic Techniques; D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular / Q000502:physiology; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000378:metabolism*; D010078:Oxazines / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D010078:Oxazines; C470430:Amplex Red; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid