title: Intravenous immunoglobulin induction treatment in flow cytometry cross-match-positive kidney transplant recipients.
abstract: Many recent studies have demonstrated increased acute humoral, cellular, subclinical, or chronic rejection, and decreased allograft survival in flow cytometry cross-match-positive kidney transplant recipients. The use of newer techniques and more sensitive of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or Flow Beads (microparticle based methods), donor-specific anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies have been detected in these immunologically high-risk patients. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has immunomodulatory effects and has been demonstrated to downregulate anti-HLA antibodies in highly sensitized dialysis patients awaiting transplantation. Our initial studies demonstrate that IVIG induction treatment is promising in flow cytometry cross-match-positive kidney transplant recipients, and thus, those patients should not be excluded from receiving transplantation despite a positive flow cytometry cross match. Further studies with long-term follow-up are required to determine the effective dose and duration of IVIG treatment, and additional studies are needed to determine the most accurate tests for risk stratification.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.; Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA. enver.akalin@msnyuhealth.org
authors.forename: Enver
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Akalin
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bromberg
mesh_terms: D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D006801:Humans; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens; D007518:Isoantibodies