title: Fabrication and characterization of micromachined high-frequency tonpilz transducers derived by PZT thick films.
abstract: Miniaturized tonpilz transducers are potentially useful for ultrasonic imaging in the 10 to 100 MHz frequency range due to their higher efficiency and output capabilities. In this work, 4 to 10-microm thick piezoelectric thin films were used as the active element in the construction of miniaturized tonpilz structures. The tonpilz stack consisted of silver/lead zirconate titanate (PZT)/lanthanum nickelate (LaNiO3)/silicon on insulator (SOI) substrates. First, conductive LaNiO3 thin films, approximately 300 nm in thickness, were grown on SOI substrates by a metalorganic decomposition (MOD) method. The room temperature resistivity of the LaNiO3 was 6.5 x 10(-6) omega x m. Randomly oriented PZT (52/48) films up to 7-microm thick were then deposited using a sol-gel process on the LaNiO3-coated SOI substrates. The PZT films with LaNiO3 bottom electrodes showed good dielectric and ferroelectric properties. The relative dielectric permittivity (at 1 kHz) was about 1030. The remanent polarization of PZT films was larger than 26 microC/cm2. The effective transverse piezoelectric e31,f coefficient of PZT thick films was about -6.5 C/m2 when poled at -75 kV/cm for 15 minutes at room temperature. Enhanced piezoelectric properties were obtained on poling the PZT films at higher temperatures. A silver layer about 40-microm thick was prepared by silver powder dispersed in epoxy and deposited onto the PZT film to form the tail mass of the tonpilz structure. The top layers of this wafer were subsequently diced with a saw, and the structure was bonded to a second wafer. The original silicon carrier wafer was polished and etched using a Xenon difluoride (XeF2) etching system. The resulting structures showed good piezoelectric activity. This process flow should enable integration of the piezoelectric elements with drive/receive electronics.
authors.affiliation: The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. qifazhou@usc.edu
authors.forename: Qifa
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cannata
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: van Tol
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tadigadapa
authors.forename: W Jack
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: K Kirk
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Shung
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trolier-McKinstry