title: Do patient or hospital demographics predict cholecystectomy outcomes? A nationwide study of 93,578 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of patient and hospital demographics on cholecystectomy outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Year 2000 data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was obtained for all patients undergoing inpatient cholecystectomy at 994 nationwide hospitals. Differences (p < 0.05) were determined using standard statistical methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 93,578 cholecystectomies performed, 73.4% were performed laparoscopically. Length of hospital stay (LOS), charges, morbidity, and mortality were significantly less for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Increasing patient age was associated with increased LOS, charges, morbidity, mortality, and a decreased LC rate. Charges, LOS, morbidity, and mortality were highest for males with a lower LC rate than for females Mortality and LOS were higher, whereas morbidity was lower for African Americans than for whites. Hispanics had the shortest LOS, as well as the lowest morbidity and mortality rates. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed more commonly for Hispanics than for whites or African Americans, with lower charges for whites. Medicare-insured patients incurred longer LOS as well as higher charges, morbidity, and mortality than Medicaid, private, and self-pay patients, and were the least likely to undergo LC. As median income decreases, LOS increases, and morbidity decreases with no mortality effect. Teaching hospitals had a longer LOS, higher charges, and mortality, and a lower LC rate, with no difference in morbidity, than nonteaching centers. As hospital size (number of beds) increased, LOS, and charges increased, with no difference in morbidity. Large hospitals had the highest mortality rates and the lowest incidence of LC. Urban hospitals had higher LOS and charges with a lower LC rate than rural hospitals. After control was used for all other covariates, increased age was a predictor of increased morbidity. Female gender, LC, and intraoperative cholangiogram all predicted decreased morbidity. Increased age, complications, and emergency surgery predicted increased mortality, with laparoscopy and intraoperative cholangiogram having protective effects. Patient income, insurance status, and race did not play a role in morbidity or mortality. Academic or teaching status of the hospital also did not influence patient outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient and hospital demographics do affect the outcomes of patients undergoing inpatient cholecystectomy. Although male gender, African American race, Medicare-insured status, and large, urban hospitals are associated with less favorable cholecystectomy outcomes, only increased age predicts increased morbidity, whereas female gender, laparoscopy, and cholangiogram are protective. Increased age, complications, and emergency surgery predict mortality, with laparoscopy and intraoperative cholangiogram having protective effects.
authors.affiliation: Carolinas Laparoscopic and Advanced Surgery Program, Department of General Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, 1000 Blythe Blvd, MEB 601, Charlotte, NC, 28203, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Carbonell
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lincourt
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kercher
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Cobb
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Sing
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Heniford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome