title: Hand-held monitor of sympathetic nervous system using salivary amylase activity and its validation by driver fatigue assessment.
abstract: In order to realize a hand-held monitor of the sympathetic nervous system, we fabricated a completely automated analytical system for salivary amylase activity using a dry-chemistry system. This was made possible by the fabrication of a disposable test-strip equipped with built-in collecting and reagent papers and an automatic saliva transfer device. In order to cancel out the effects of variations in environmental temperature and pH of saliva, temperature- and pH-adjusted equations were experimentally determined, and each theoretical value was input into the memory of the hand-held monitor. Within a range of salivary amylase activity between 10 and 140 kU/l, the calibration curve for the hand-held monitor showed a coefficient with R(2)=0.97. Accordingly, it was demonstrated that the hand-held monitor enabled a user to automatically measure the salivary amylase activity with high accuracy with only 30 microl sample of saliva within a minute from collection to completion of the measurement. In order to make individual variations of salivary amylase activity negligible during driver fatigue assessment, a normalized equation was proposed. The normalized salivary amylase activity correlated with the mental and physical fatigue states. Thus, this study demonstrated that an excellent hand-held monitor with an algorithm for normalization of individuals' differences in salivary amylase activity, which could be easily and quickly used for evaluating the activity of the sympathetic nervous system at any time. Furthermore, it is suggested that the salivary amylase activity might be used as a better index for psychological research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Material Systems Engineering and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama University, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan. yamag@eng.toyama-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Mitsuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deguchi
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wakasugi
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Noriyasu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takai
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higashi
authors.forename: Yasufumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mizuno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000681:Amylases / Q000032:analysis*; D001334:Automobile Driving; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005221:Fatigue / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008904:Miniaturization; D010783:Photometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D000681:Amylases