title: Functional disability, disability transitions, and depressive symptoms in late life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article addresses how stable functional disability statuses and disability transitions are related to change in depressive symptoms in the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors estimate longitudinal residual change models using two waves of data, 1986 and 1992, from the National Institute of Aging Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly, Duke University.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both stable disability statuses and transitions in disability statuses are significantly related to change in depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies depression scale [CES D]). Stable disability statuses in strength and mobility, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) items and activities of daily living (ADL) items have increasing effects on increment in CES-D scores by the follow-up. The onset of disability has stronger effects on change in CES-D scores than recovery. These effects also differ by types of transitions in disability statuses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors discuss alternative interpretations of the findings and methodological concerns and also suggest avenues for future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, the University of Chicago, 1126 E. 59th St., Chicago, Illinois 60637.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Linda K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: George
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged / Q000523:psychology*; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000523:psychology*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012649:Self Concept; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D014481:United States