title: Ab initio identification of putative human transcription factor binding sites by comparative genomics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding transcriptional regulation of gene expression is one of the greatest challenges of modern molecular biology. A central role in this mechanism is played by transcription factors, which typically bind to specific, short DNA sequence motifs usually located in the upstream region of the regulated genes. We discuss here a simple and powerful approach for the ab initio identification of these cis-regulatory motifs. The method we present integrates several elements: human-mouse comparison, statistical analysis of genomic sequences and the concept of coregulation. We apply it to a complete scan of the human genome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By using the catalogue of conserved upstream sequences collected in the CORG database we construct sets of genes sharing the same overrepresented motif (short DNA sequence) in their upstream regions both in human and in mouse. We perform this construction for all possible motifs from 5 to 8 nucleotides in length and then filter the resulting sets looking for two types of evidence of coregulation: first, we analyze the Gene Ontology annotation of the genes in the set, searching for statistically significant common annotations; second, we analyze the expression profiles of the genes in the set as measured by microarray experiments, searching for evidence of coexpression. The sets which pass one or both filters are conjectured to contain a significant fraction of coregulated genes, and the upstream motifs characterizing the sets are thus good candidates to be the binding sites of the TF's involved in such regulation. In this way we find various known motifs and also some new candidate binding sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have discussed a new integrated algorithm for the "ab initio" identification of transcription factor binding sites in the human genome. The method is based on three ingredients: comparative genomics, overrepresentation, different types of coregulation. The method is applied to a full-scan of the human genome, giving satisfactory results.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Fisica Teorica, Università degli Studi di Torino and INFN, Via P. Giuria 1 - I 10125 Turin, Italy. cora@to.infn.it
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corà
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dieterich
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Cunto
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Provero
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caselle
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D001665:Binding Sites; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D003196:Computer Graphics; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016678:Genome; D015894:Genome, Human; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000737:chemistry; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein; D012984:Software; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D009711:Nucleotides; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA