title: Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy boost for gynecologic tumors: an alternative to brachytherapy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A brachytherapy (BT) boost to the vaginal vault is considered standard treatment for many endometrial or cervical cancers. We aimed to challenge this treatment standard by using stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) with a linac-based micromultileaf collimator technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since January 2002, 16 patients with either endometrial (9) or cervical (7) cancer have been treated with a final boost to the areas at higher risk for relapse. In 14 patients, the target volume included the vaginal vault, the upper vagina, the parametria, or (if not operated) the uterus (clinical target volume [CTV]). In 2 patients with local relapse, the CTV was the tumor in the vaginal stump. Margins of 6-10 mm were added to the CTV to define the planning target volume (PTV). Hypofractionated dynamic-arc or intensity-modulated radiotherapy techniques were used. Postoperative treatment was delivered in 12 patients (2 x 7 Gy to the PTV with a 4-7-day interval between fractions). In the 4 nonoperated patients, a dose of 4 Gy/fraction in 5 fractions with 2 to 3 days' interval was delivered. Patients were immobilized in a customized vacuum body cast and optimally repositioned with an infrared-guided system developed for extracranial SRT. To further optimize daily repositioning and target immobilization, an inflated rectal balloon was used during each treatment fraction. In 10 patients, CT resimulation was performed before the last boost fraction to assess for repositioning reproducibility via CT-to-CT registration and to estimate PTV safety margins around the CTV. Finally, a comparative treatment planning study between BT and SRT was performed in 2 patients with an operated endometrial Stage I cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No patient developed severe acute urinary or low-intestinal toxicity. No patient developed urinary late effects (>6 months). One patient with a vaginal relapse previously irradiated to the pelvic region presented with Grade 3 rectal bleeding 18 months after retreatment. A second patient known to suffer from irritable bowel syndrome presented with Grade 1 abdominal pain after treatment. The estimated PTV margins around the CTV were 9-10 mm with infrared marker registration. External SRT succeeded in improving dose homogeneity to the PTV and in reducing the maximum dose to the rectum, when compared to BT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the use of external SRT to deliver a final boost to the areas at higher risk for relapse in endometrial or cervical cancer is feasible, well tolerated, and may well be considered an acceptable alternative to BT.
authors.affiliation: Servei de Radio-oncologia, Instituto Oncológico Teknon, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Meritxell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mollà
authors.forename: Lluís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Escude
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nouet
authors.forename: Youri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Popowski
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rouzaud
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Linero
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miralbell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D014621:Vagina / Q000528:radiation effects