title: An in vitro model of chlorhexidine-induced tooth staining.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tooth staining is a common feature of chlorhexidine treatment for periodontal disease and there is a large variation between patients as to the degree of their tooth staining. Although the mechanism of tooth staining is uncertain, diet, smoking and oral hygiene appear probable factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the role of saliva in chlorhexidine-induced tooth staining and used tea as the staining agent in an in vitro model with hydroxyapatite mimicking teeth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Saliva has been used to create an acquired pellicle and in solution to mimic its effects in vivo. Using different combinations of tea, chlorhexidine and parotid saliva, substances binding to hydroxyapatite were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Using this system, tea, chlorhexidine and salivary proteins were clearly identifiable following staining by Coomassie Brilliant Blue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that tea interacted with many salivary proteins, in particular proline-rich proteins and histatins. Chlorhexidine did not appear to complex with or precipitate salivary proteins nor prevent the formation of an acquired pellicle on the hydroxyapatite. In isolation, tea and chlorhexidine bound in small amounts to hydroxyapatite, but when added in combination, binding of both to hydroxyapatite was greatly increased. The acquired pellicle reduced chlorhexidine and tea binding, but conversely increased the binding of either tea or chlorhexidine alone to hydroxyapatite.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, salivary proteins play an important role in the staining process and the combination of tea and chlorhexidine appears to be a very potent staining factor.
authors.affiliation: Salivary Research Unit, GKT Dental School, Guys Hospital, London, UK. guy.carpenter@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pramanik
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Proctor
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D044622:Dental Pellicle / Q000378:metabolism; D017886:Durapatite; D006801:Humans; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D013662:Tea / Q000009:adverse effects; D014075:Tooth Discoloration / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; D013662:Tea; D017886:Durapatite; D002710:Chlorhexidine