title: Treatment regimens for Helicobacter pylori infection in children: is in vitro susceptibility testing helpful?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment regimens for Helicobacter pylori have variable success rates, and data comparing effectiveness with respect to strain sensitivity are relatively scarce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of two treatment regimens for eradication of H. pylori and the impact of bacterial susceptibility testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  265 children endoscopically diagnosed with H. pylori infection were randomly assigned to receive omeprazole + amoxicillin with clarithromycin or omeprazole + amoxicillin with metronidazole. Bacterial culture and susceptibility was performed in a subgroup. Eradication was assessed by C-urea breath test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eradication was achieved in 73.4% by omeprazole + amoxicillin with metronidazole and in 62.6% by omeprazole + amoxicillin with clarithromycin (P = 0.078). H. pylori was cultured successfully in 105 patients. Resistance to metronidazole was detected in 31.4% of the isolates and resistance to clarithromycin in 15%. Eradication rate by omeprazole + amoxicillin with metronidazole for metronidazole-susceptible bacteria (N = 38) was 90%, and for resistant bacteria (N = 19) it was 42%. Only 75% of clarithromycin-sensitive strains were successfully treated by omeprazole + amoxicillin with clarithromycin, and none of the cases with clarithromycin-resistant strains responded to omeprazole + amoxicillin with clarithromycin treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a trend of greater efficacy of eradication with omeprazole + amoxicillin with metronidazole versus omeprazole + amoxicillin with clarithromycin therapy. Although resistance negatively influences eradication, first-line sensitivity-based treatment would be expected to improve this rate only slightly. Susceptibility testing should probably be reserved only for treatment failures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. faber@szmc.org.il
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.forename: Maskit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bar-Meir
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rudensky
authors.forename: Yechiel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Schlesinger
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rachman
authors.forename: Shmuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benenson
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sirota
authors.forename: Halina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stankiewic
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Halle
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilschanski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001944:Breath Tests; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D008795:Metronidazole; D000658:Amoxicillin; D017291:Clarithromycin; D009853:Omeprazole