title: Short term ambulatory oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ambulatory oxygen is defined as the use of supplemental oxygen during exercise and activities of daily living. Ambulatory oxygen therapy is often used for patients on long term oxygen therapy during exercise, or for non long term oxygen therapy users who achieve some subjective and/or objective benefit from oxygen during exercise. The evidence for the use of ambulatory oxygen therapy is extrapolated from two sources: longer term studies and single assessment studies. Longer term studies assess the impact of ambulatory oxygen therapy used at home during activities of daily living. Single assessment studies compare performance during an exercise test using oxygen with performance during an exercise test using placebo air.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of ambulatory oxygen in patients with COPD using single assessment studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane Airways Group COPD register was searched with predefined search terms. Searches were current as of March 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Only randomised controlled trials were included. Studies did not have to be blinded. Studies had to compare oxygen and placebo when administered to people with COPD who were undergoing an exercise test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers (JB, B'ON) extracted and entered data in to RevMan 4.2.7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven studies (contributing 29 data sets), randomising 469 participants met the inclusion criteria of the review. Oxygen improved all pooled outcomes relating to endurance exercise capacity (distance, time, number of steps) and maximal exercise capacity (exercise time and work rate). Data relating to VO2max could not be pooled and results from the original studies were not consistent. For the secondary outcomes of breathlessness, SaO2 and VE, comparisons were made at isotime. In all studies except two the isotime is defined as the time at which the placebo test ended. Oxygen improved breathlessness, SaO2/PaO2 and VE at isotime with endurance exercise testing. There was no data on breathlessness at isotime with maximal exercise testing. Oxygen improved SaO2/PaO2 at isotime; the reduction in VE did not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review provides some evidence from small, single assessment studies that ambulatory oxygen improves exercise performance in people with moderate to severe COPD. The results of the review may be affected by publication bias, and the small sample sizes in the studies. Although positive, the findings of the review require replication in larger trials with more distinct subgroups of participants. Maximal or endurance tests can be used in ambulatory oxygen assessment, but endurance tests may be more appropriate as they are more related to activities of daily living. Consideration should be given to the measurement of SaO2 and breathlessness at isotime as these provide important additional information. We recommend that these outcomes are included in the assessment for ambulatory oxygen. Future research needs to establish the level of benefit of ambulatory oxygen in specific subgroups of people with COPD.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Medicine, Belfast City Hospital and Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Ireland, BT37 OQB. jm.bradley@ulster.ac.uk
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: O'Neill
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D006801:Humans; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013997:Time Factors