title: Farnesyltransferase inhibitors in myelodysplastic syndrome.
abstract: The farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) are in active clinical development in a variety of human malignancies. The most promising activity to date has been demonstrated in patients with hematological malignancies, in particular acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In patients with MDS, two non-peptidomimetic agents, tipifarnib (Zarnestra, Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ) and lonafarnib (Sarasar, Schering-Plough, Kenilworth, NJ) have been the most extensively studied. In both phase I and phase II trials, tipifarnib has demonstrated significant efficacy with overall response rates of 30%, with complete remissions in about 15%. Dose-limiting side effects have been primarily myelosuppression, although fatigue, neurotoxicity, and occasional renal dysfunction have required dose reductions. Lonafarnib in patients with MDS has also resulted in clinical responses in approximately 30%, including significant improvements in platelet counts. Lonafarnib has been associated with primarily diarrhea and other gastrointestinal toxicity, anorexia, and nausea, which has limited its efficacy. Clinical response correlation with documentation of inhibition of farnesyltransferase and/or evidence of decreased farnesylation of downstream protein targets has not been demonstrated with either agent. In addition, the presence of an activating Ras mutation has not predicted response to therapy with FTIs in MDS and AML. Despite this, significant clinical efficacy of the FTIs in MDS, on par with that of currently available chemotherapeutic agents, has been observed, leading to further development of this new class of drugs in MDS and AML.
authors.affiliation: Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D017321:Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D018450:Disease Progression; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051231:Farnesyltranstransferase; D011905:Genes, ras; D019337:Hematologic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009190:Myelodysplastic Syndromes / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017368:Protein Prenylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012074:Remission Induction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D003986:Dibenzocycloheptenes
chemical_list: D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D051231:Farnesyltranstransferase; D010880:Piperidines; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D011725:Pyridines; D015363:Quinolones; C501009:HRAS protein, human; C115354:lonafarnib; D003986:Dibenzocycloheptenes; C402769:tipifarnib