title: Investigating hookworm genomes by comparative analysis of two Ancylostoma species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hookworms, infecting over one billion people, are the mostly closely related major human parasites to the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Applying genomics techniques to these species, we analyzed 3,840 and 3,149 genes from Ancylostoma caninum and A. ceylanicum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transcripts originated from libraries representing infective L3 larva, stimulated L3, arrested L3, and adults. Most genes are represented in single stages including abundant transcripts like hsp-20 in infective L3 and vit-3 in adults. Over 80% of the genes have homologs in C. elegans, and nearly 30% of these were with observable RNA interference phenotypes. Homologies were identified to nematode-specific and clade V specific gene families. To study the evolution of hookworm genes, 574 A. caninum/A. ceylanicum orthologs were identified, all of which were found to be under purifying selection with distribution ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous amino acid substitutions similar to that reported for C. elegans/C. briggsae orthologs. The phylogenetic distance between A. caninum and A. ceylanicum is almost identical to that for C. elegans/C. briggsae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The genes discovered should substantially accelerate research toward better understanding of the parasites' basic biology as well as new therapies including vaccines and novel anthelmintics.
authors.affiliation: Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA. mmitreva@watson.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Makedonka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mitreva
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: McCarter
authors.forename: Prema
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arasu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hawdon
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dante
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wylie
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Jason E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Stajich
authors.forename: Wadim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kapulkin
authors.forename: Sandra W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Clifton
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Waterston
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000722:Ancylostoma / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019295:Computational Biology; D020451:Contig Mapping; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D015723:Gene Library; D016678:Genome; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D006725:Hookworm Infections / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D005810:Multigene Family; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012313:RNA