title: Chronic fatigue in developing countries: population based survey of women in India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence of and risk factors for chronic fatigue in a developing country; in particular, to determine the association of anaemia, mental health, and gender disadvantage factors with chronic fatigue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary health centre catchment area in Goa, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  3000 randomly sampled women aged 18 to 50 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on the primary outcome (reporting of fatigue for at least six months) and psychosocial exposures elicited by structured interview; presence of anaemia determined from a blood sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2494 (83%) women consented to participate; 12.1% (95% confidence interval 10.8 to 13.4%) complained of chronic fatigue. In multivariate analyses, older women (P = 0.03) and those experiencing socioeconomic deprivation-less education (P < 0.001), families in debt (P = 0.09), or hunger in the past three months (P = 0.03)-were more likely to report chronic fatigue. After adjustment for these factors, factors indicating gender disadvantage (notably sexual violence by the husband; P < 0.001) and poor mental health (P < 0.001) were strongly associated with chronic fatigue. Although women with a high body mass index had a reduced risk, suggesting an influence of poor nutrition, no association was found between chronic fatigue and haemoglobin concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic fatigue was commonly reported by women in this community study from India. The strongest associations with chronic fatigue were for psychosocial factors indicative of poor mental health and gender disadvantage.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT. Vikram.patel@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Betty R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Kirkwood
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Sulochana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pednekar
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Medha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Upadhye
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mabey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003906:Developing Countries; D005195:Family Relations; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data