title: In vitro and in vivo: the story of nonoxynol 9.
abstract: There is an urgent need to expand the range of interventions to prevent HIV transmission and acquisition, especially those that can be controlled by women. Microbicides, defined as antimicrobial products that can be applied topically for the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, may offer one of the most promising preventive interventions, because they could be inexpensive, readily available, and widely acceptable. The first microbial product to be clinically evaluated contained Nonoxynol-9 (nonylpenoxypolyethoxyethanol [N-9]), a nonionic surfactant, as the active agent. This article presents a review of the in vitro, ex vivo, and animal model data on the safety of N-9 and a critical analysis of their predictive power based on the results of multiple safety and efficacy trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hillier
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moench
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shattock
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reichelderfer
authors.forename: Fulvia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Veronese
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D017137:Nonoxynol / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D017137:Nonoxynol