title: Increased activation of the anterior cingulate cortex during processing of disgust faces in individuals with social phobia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Researchers have examined the role of differential activation of various brain regions involved in processing emotional information in subjects with social phobia. These studies have focused mostly on the activation of the amygdala. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) also has been implicated in processing emotional information, but its role in social phobia has not been examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited subjects with social phobia and matched them with non-anxious control subjects. Participants viewed facial expressions of disgust ("disgust faces") and neutral facial expressions ("neutral faces"). We measured brain activation, focusing on the ACC, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We also recorded participants' ratings of emotional valence of faces, as well as response latencies to make these valence judgments. We repeated this procedure using three different sets of facial expressions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with social phobia exhibited a significant increase in ACC activity compared with non-anxious control subjects when processing disgust versus neutral faces. Additionally, compared with control subjects, subjects with social phobia were faster in their ratings of disgust faces and rated the neutral faces more negatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate that the ACC might be involved in affective processing of negative information in socially phobic subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-3013, USA. amir@egon.psy.uga.edu
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Amir
authors.forename: Heide
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klumpp
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bedwell
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yanasak
authors.forename: L Stephen
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen