title: Role of laparoscopy in management of renal stones: single-center experience and review of literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laparoscopy can be an alternative modality in the management of renal stones. We present our experience with laparoscopic renal stone surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients (4 males, 14 females) with mean age of 51 years (range 18-86 years) underwent 19 laparoscopic procedures. The mean stone number and size, excluding five patients who had nephrectomy/heminephrectomy, were 1.9 (range 1-5) and 1.3 cm (range 0.5-4.5 cm), respectively. Three patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction underwent pyeloplasty and concomitant pyelolithotomy. Three patients with upper-pole caliceal-diverticular stones had nephrolithotomy and fulguration of the diverticular mucosa. Three patients with stones and hydrocalix with scarred cortex had partial nephrectomy, two under cold and one under warm ischemia. Five patients, including one with a horseshoe kidney (who had one procedure on each kidney), had pyelolithotomy as an alternative to percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Patients with stones in a nonfunctioning kidney underwent nephrectomy (three patients) or heminephrectomy (one patient).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All procedures were completed laparoscopically. The operative time was variable depending on the complexity of the procedures, from 115 minutes for Fengerplasty to 315 minutes for partial nephrectomy under cold ischemia (mean 178 minutes). The estimated blood loss was 53.2 mL (range 20-120 ml), and none of the patients received a blood transfusion. Complete stone clearance was achieved in 93% of the procedures. The mean hospital stay was 10.5 days (range 5-35 days). Three patients needed temporary pigtail-catheter drainage for obstruction after pyelolithotomy. One patient with a solitary kidney and infected staghorn calculus had prolonged urinary leak, which stopped with conservative management. One nephrectomy for nephrocutaneous fistula was complicated by a late colonic perforation necessitating colostomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic surgery is effective for complex renal stones and allows for adjunctive procedures. It can also be an alternative to percutaneous nephrolithotomy. It complements other minimally invasive procedures, and a need for open stone surgery should be rare in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Elisabethinen Hospital, Linz, Austria.
authors.forename: Thiagarajan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nambirajan
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jeschke
authors.forename: Nasser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Albqami
authors.forename: Firas
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abukora
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Leeb
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Janetschek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome