title: [Intrapleural urokinase in the treatment of parapneumonic effusions].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrapleural fibrinolytic instillation has been used in the treatment of loculated pleural effusions and empyemas and has reduced the need for surgical intervention. Currently, the most commonly used fibrinolytic is urokinase, although the doses have not yet been standardized in children. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the utility of urokinase in the treatment of infectious pleural effusions in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was performed of children with infectious pleural effusions admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) between January 2000 and December 2003. Age, sex, clinical features, laboratory tests, response to urokinase treatment and clinical course during hospital stay were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one children were treated. The mean age was 38.1 months (SD: 22). There were 18 boys and 13 girls. The most frequent month of diagnosis was November and the number of admission significantly increased from 2002 onwards. The most frequent antibiotic therapy used before admission to the PICU was cefotaxime associated with vancomycin (41 %), followed by cefotaxime alone (16 %). Positive cultures for Streptococcus pneumoniae were found in 11 patients (35 %). Pleural loculation was found in 14 patients (45 %). Treatment with intrapleural urokinase was used in 23 patients (74 %). The mean chest tube drainage was 140 ml (SD: 175) in the 24 hours before urokinase instillation and was 406 ml (SD: 289) in the 48 hours after fibrinolytic therapy (p < 0.05). Twenty-one patients (91 %) who received urokinase treatment had a good response. There were no complications during the treatment. The mean length of stay in the PICU was 5.8 days (SD: 2.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of complicated pleural effusions due to S. pneumoniae has increased in the last few years, despite antibiotic therapy. Intrapleural urokinase is an effective treatment, including in empyemas without loculation. None of our patients required thoracotomy and there were few adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, España. santiagomencia@yahoo.es
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mencía Bartolomé
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Escudero Rodríguez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Téllez González
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moralo García
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bastida Sánchez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Torres Tortosa
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010994:Pleura / Q000378:metabolism*; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013396:Suction / Q000379:methods; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator