title: Organization and microscopic anatomy of the adult human facial nerve: anatomical and histological basis for surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the progress in microsurgical repair of the facial nerve, the results remain unpredictable and the structural anatomy of the facial nerve poorly understood. The aim of this study was to show how the connective tissue and the nerve fibers are distributed in a serial cross-section of the facial nerve from its origin to its termination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty facial nerves from 30 embalmed adult human cadavers were dissected for micro-anatomic study. The facial nerves were serially sectioned every 2 mm from the apparent origin and were prepared for light microscopy study. The endoneural fascicular arrangement was observed, the number of myelinated fibers was counted, and connective tissue was explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an absence of real fascicular organization of the facial nerve in the pontocerebellar cistern and in the internal acoustic meatus. The real fascicular organization with perineurium and epineurium appeared from the geniculate ganglion. The number of fascicles increased in a proximo-distal way, and their diameter diminished. In the extratemporal part, some nerves had a low number of fascicles (two to six), and others had a high number of fascicles (seven to 15). The number of fascicles changed along the course of the facial nerve, especially in the extratemporal part.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The truly fascicular structure appeared after the geniculate ganglion, and the rate of connective tissue progressed in a proximo-distal way. The high numbers of fascicles and the great structural variability of each facial nerve segment constitute a difficulty in nerve repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France. gcaptier@free.fr
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Captier
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Canovas
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bonnel
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Seignarbieux
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D009412:Nerve Fibers