title: Serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 are decreased in women receiving oral contraceptives compared with normally menstruating women: implications in atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective was to assess whether short-term changes in estradiol (E2), such as those observed in the menstrual cycle, alter serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), and whether VCAM-1 expression is suppressed in long-term users of exogenous estrogens. The secondary objective was to assess the association, if any, between inflammatory cytokines and expression of sVCAM-1.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective collection of serum samples in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one normally menstruating women and 37 oral contraceptive (OC) users. Interventions included serum collection in the early follicular, late follicular, and midluteal phases of the menstrual cycle and once in oral contraceptive users.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples were assayed for sVCAM-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin (IL)-6 by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). Estradiol (E2) was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral contraceptive users had significantly lower serum levels of sVCAM-1 compared with normally menstruating women. No significant change was noted in the mean values of sVCAM-1 throughout the menstrual cycle, despite the significant change in 17beta-estradiol levels. Throughout the menstrual cycle, a significant correlation was noted between the serum levels of TNF-alpha and sVCAM-1. The serum levels of IL-6 correlated with those of sVCAM-1 in the late follicular and midluteal phase of the cycle. Similar correlations were observed in OC users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term exposure to exogenous estrogens suppresses serum levels of sVCAM-1. Short-term changes in endogenous estrogens, as observed during the menstrual cycle, may not alter VCAM-1 expression; TNF-alpha and IL-6 may play a role in the regulation of VCAM-1 expression in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Souter
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Janzen
authors.forename: Otoniel
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Martinez-Maza
authors.forename: Elizabeth Crabb
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Breen
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stanczyk
authors.forename: Gautam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chaudhuri
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nathan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000139:chemically induced; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000097:blood* / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1