title: Chitosan-reinforced alginate microspheres obtained through the emulsification/internal gelation technique.
abstract: Alginate microspheres prepared by emulsification/internal gelation were chosen as carriers for a model protein, hemoglobin (Hb). Reinforced chitosan-coated microspheres were obtained by an uninterrupted method, in order to simplify the coating process, minimize protein losses during production and to avoid Hb escape under acidic conditions. Microspheres recovery was evaluated as well as its morphology by determination of Hb encapsulation efficiency and microscopic observation, respectively. The formation of chitosan membrane made of it interaction with alginate was assessed by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) and FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry) studies. Spherical uncoated microspheres with a mean diameter of 20 microm and encapsulation efficiency above 89% were obtained. Coated microspheres provided similar encapsulation efficiency but a higher mean diameter was obtained due to microspheres clumping during the coating step. Protein loss occurred mainly during emulsification rather than recovery. FT-IR and DSC together indicated electrostatic interactions between alginate carboxylate and chitosan ammonium groups as the main forces for complex formation. Hb release from microspheres showed a pH-dependent profile and was affected by chitosan coating. Under simulated gastric conditions, a total Hb burst release from uncoated microspheres was decreased with one-stage and two-stage chitosan coatings (68% and 28%, respectively). At pH 6.8, the Hb release from coated microspheres was fast but incomplete. These results suggest an optimization of the coating method to protect Hb under acidic conditions and to permit a complete but sustained release of Hb.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde-Norte, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal. a_j_ribeiro@sapo.pt
authors.forename: António J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Domingos
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Veiga
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D048271:Chitosan / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D004655:Emulsions; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008863:Microspheres; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D004655:Emulsions; D006454:Hemoglobins; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D048271:Chitosan