title: Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the platelet GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: implications for adjustment of tirofiban and clopidogrel dosage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite extensive data supporting the use of platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) inhibitors in the therapy of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), there is considerable debate as to the optimal choice of antiplatelet regimen. The objective of this study was to conduct a detailed time-resolved analysis of the effects of the GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban with concomitant clopidogrel in ACS patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to improve the dosing regimen of these two commonly used antiplatelet drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed in 14 patients with non-ST-segment elevation (NSTE) ACS who underwent PCI while being treated with the current typically utilized regimen of tirofiban (10 microg/kg bolus, 0.15 microg/kg/min infusion) and clopidogrel (300 mg). Platelet function was assessed before, during, and after tirofiban infusion using a panel of agonists for ADP receptors, PAR1 and PAR4 thrombin receptors, and collagen receptors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurements of circulating tirofiban levels demonstrated a trough, which paralleled a reduction in platelet inhibition for all platelet agonists during the time when PCI was being performed. Interestingly, younger ACS patients (<55 years) exhibited less inhibition of platelet function both during the PCI procedure and after termination of the tirofiban infusion. These apparent age differences were primarily attributed to a decreased responsiveness of the younger patients to clopidogrel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that the currently utilized tirofiban dosage is suboptimal and suggests that patients may benefit from a higher dose regimen.
authors.affiliation: Tufts-New England Medical Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Carey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kimmelstiel
authors.forename: Jehangir
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Badar
authors.forename: Lidija
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Covic
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waxman
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weintraub
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.forename: Athan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuliopulos
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010979:Platelet Function Tests; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000077466:Tirofiban; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D014443:Tyrosine; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D000077466:Tirofiban; D013988:Ticlopidine