title: Type IV-A choledochal cysts: a challenge.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Type IV-A choledochal cysts are characterized by congenital cystic dilatation of the biliary tree extending to involve the intrahepatic biliary channels also. A single-center experience of the management of type IV-A choledochal cysts is presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five out of 105 (33%) patients with choledochal cysts, who underwent surgery at a tertiary care center in northern India from January 1989 to December 2002, were found to have a type IV-A (Todani's classification) cyst. The mean age of the patients was 24 years (range, 3 months to 60 years); 17 patients in the group were adults and 22 were females. Presenting features were abdominal pain, jaundice, cholangitis, and abdominal lump, in various combinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excision of the extrahepatic part of the cyst and a wide bilio-enteric anastomosis was achieved in 32 (91%) patients, while internal drainage of the cyst was necessitated in 3 patients, for technical reasons: collaterals due to portal hypertension (1 patient) and dense adhesions (2 patients). Six (17%) patients developed postoperative complications: 3 had bilio-enteric anastomosis leaks, with 2 requiring a percutaneous proximal biliary diversion; 2 had intraabdominal bleeds requiring re-exploration, and 1 had external pancreatic fistula that closed spontaneously. Follow-up information was available for 28 (80%) patients. Mean duration of follow up was 25 months (median, 12 months; range, 6 months to 9 years). Three patients required re-operation, for anastomotic stricture (n = 2) and hepatolithiasis and recurrent cholangitis (n = 1) during follow up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excision of the extrahepatic part of the cyst and drainage of the intrahepatic part by a wide hilar or subhilar anastomosis gave satisfactory results in the majority of patients with type IV-A choledochal cysts. Close long-term follow up of these patients is essential, because they are likely to present with complications related to the residual intrahepatic part of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, 226014, India.
authors.forename: Richa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.forename: Shaleen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shivhare
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Sadiq S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sikora
authors.forename: Rajan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: Vinay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Kapoor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015529:Choledochal Cyst / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012086:Reoperation