title: Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in China: surgical techniques, indications, and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgery remains the most effective treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While resection and liver transplantation achieve the best outcomes in patients with small HCC, controversy surrounds treatment of large HCC, HCC with portal vein tumor thrombus, and HCC with hypersplenism.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1988 to December 2002, 2,102 patients with large HCC underwent hepatectomy in our hospital. The traditional resection method was used on 959 patients, after which the improved new method was used on 1,143 patients. Meanwhile, from January 1990 until December 2003, hepatic resection +/- thrombectomy has been performed in 438 patients with HCC and portal vein tumor thrombus. Among them, 286 patients showed portal vein tumor thrombus located in the primary and secondary branch of the main portal vein (group A), and 152 patients showed portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) involved in the main portal vein (group B). Additionally, out of 204 HCC patients with cirrhotic hypersplenism, 94 patients had hepatectomy and splenectomy, and 100 patients had only hepatectomy without hospital death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3- and 5-year survival after resection of large HCCs (over 5 cm) with improved new method in China was between 50.7 and 58.8% and 27.9 and 38.7%, respectively. Tumor recurrence in the liver within 1 year after hepatic resection + thrombectomie was detected in 45% of group A and in 78.8% in group B. The cumulative 5-year overall survival rates were 18.1% for group A and 0% for group B. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival in HCC plus portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) was 58.7, 22.7, and 18.1%. The hepatectomy/splenectomy group had a 5-year tumor-free survival rate of 37.2% and the hepatectomy group alone had 27.2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new resection methods, hepatic resection + thrombectomy and hepatectomy + splenectomy, are very effective treatments for large HCC, HCC with portal vein tumor thrombus, and HCC with hypersplenism, respectively. Local treatment modalities, e.g. percutaneous ethanol injection, cryosurgery, and radiofrequency ablation as well as microwave coagulation are used in patients with poor liver function in small and large HCCs.
authors.affiliation: Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. Chenxp@medmail.com.cn
authors.forename: Xiao-Ping
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhi-Yong
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D002681:China; D003452:Cryosurgery; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D006971:Hypersplenism / Q000453:epidemiology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000628:therapy; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating; D011169:Portal Vein; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013156:Splenectomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome