title: [Facial developmental irregularities of the face- in children with Binder's syndrome with regard to indirect angular measurements].
abstract: Binder's syndrome is a disorder characterised by the underdevelopment of maxilla and nose.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The paper presents an attempt to analyse the developmental irregularities, described by angular features in patients with the syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research was performed on 4 children aged 5-12 with maxillonasal dysplasia. Before orthodontic and surgical treatment standardised photographs of the head -- anterior and lateral (right and left) were taken. Seven angular measurements were taken on the standardised lateral photographs. The same measurements were made in the group of 30 girls and 60 boys aged 5-12 years. THE RESULTS of measurements were normalized into means and standard deviation of analogous features for normal persons in groups of sex and age, then every angle of the face was counted. From all angular features, three (fronto-nasal angle, inclination of upper lip angle and inclination of chin angle) were characterised by higher means in children with maxillonasal dysplasia. The most favourable mean of normalised value referred to the fronto-nasal angle and was 2.9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of this analysis it was affirmed that people with Binder's syndrome are characterised by a flat nose and strong inclination of upper lip and chin, resulting in characteristic concave facial profile. The most visible malformations of the face concern the inclination of the nose. The smallest deviation is localised in the area of the nose and lips.
authors.affiliation: Katedra Antropologii, Uniwersytet Łódzki, Kopcińskiego 22, 90-153 Łódź, Poland. asitek@biol.uni.lodz.pl
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sitek
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kruk-Jeromin
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000601:surgery; D019767:Maxillofacial Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000601:surgery; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000379:methods; D013577:Syndrome; D016896:Treatment Outcome