title: Mechanism and modification of gastrointestinal soft tissue response to radiation: role of growth factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The negative effects of radiation on the bowel critically limit the treatment doses possible for tumors in the abdomen. The purpose of the present study was to measure mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines in abdominally irradiated mouse bowel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight- to 12-week-old DBA mice were irradiated to the whole bowel in single fractions of 0 (mock irradiation), 12.5, or 13.5 Gy, and sacrificed 18-25 weeks thereafter. Gross bowel reactions were scored for bowel retraction, bowel wall thickening, mesenteric telangiectasia, and petechia. Tissues were snap frozen and processed for RNase protection assay or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay, or both. Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1), TGFbeta2, TGFbeta3, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and interferon gamma mRNA were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiation at 12.5 Gy and at 13.5 Gy produced significant bowel damage. Levels of all cytokines in irradiated mice were significantly increased (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Late radiation-related bowel fibrovascular toxicity includes cytokine signal pathways that parallel those of many other normal tissues. These cytokine responses include elevations of tumor necrosis factor alpha, TGFbeta1, and interleukin-6. There exist approaches for lowering these cytokine levels that do not also protect tumor, and thus a therapeutic gain is expected. Opportunities to use these cytokine measurements both to predict clinical toxicity and to develop interventions are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Paul.Okunieff@URMC.Rochester.edu
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Okunieff
authors.forename: Terri
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cornelison
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mester
authors.forename: Weimin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Yuchyau
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jacqueline P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000528:radiation effects*; D051379:Mice; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; C509045:Tgfb3 protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma