title: Necrotizing enterocolitis: assessment of bowel viability with color doppler US.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether absence of bowel wall perfusion at color Doppler ultrasonography (US) is indicative of bowel necrosis in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was approved by the research ethics board, and informed consent was obtained. Sixty-two neonates enrolled in the prospective study underwent US of the bowel wall. Neonates were divided into two groups. Group A included 30 control subjects with gestational ages (GAs) ranging from 24 to 41 weeks. Group B included 32 neonates with GAs ranging from 24 to 40 weeks who were clinically proved to have or suspected of having NEC. All neonates in group B underwent abdominal radiography. Normative values were calculated in group A. In group B, the sensitivities and specificities of color Doppler US and abdominal radiography for detection of bowel necrosis were computed by using the modified Bell staging criteria for NEC as the reference standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two neonates were excluded from group B; thus, a total of 60 neonates were included in the study. In group A, bowel wall thickness ranged from 1.1 to 2.6 mm. Bowel wall perfusion was detected with color Doppler US in all 30 neonates. Color Doppler signals ranged from one to nine dots per square centimeter. Twenty-two of 30 neonates in group B received a diagnosis of NEC. Mild to moderate NEC was diagnosed in 12 neonates. Color Doppler US depicted an isolated segment of bowel-absent blood flow in two neonates; this finding was confirmed with laparotomy. In 10 neonates with severe NEC, color Doppler US depicted isolated or multiple segments of bowel with absent perfusion. Pneumoperitoneum was present in only four neonates. The remaining eight neonates at risk for NEC had no evidence of loops without perfusion at color Doppler US. The sensitivity of free air at abdominal radiography as a positive sign for severe NEC with necrotic bowel was 40% compared with the 100% sensitivity of absence of flow at color Doppler US (P = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Color Doppler US is more accurate than abdominal radiography in depicting bowel necrosis in NEC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Division of Neonatology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ricardo.faingold@muhc.mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Faingold
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daneman
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Babyn
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohanta
authors.forename: Aideen M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hellmann
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gerstle
authors.forename: Jae Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D007511:Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011027:Pneumoperitoneum / Q000175:diagnosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014022:Tissue Survival / Q000502:physiology*; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color