title: Topically applied anaesthetics for treating perineal pain after childbirth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perineal trauma is a major problem affecting millions of women around the world each year. The degree of perineal pain and discomfort associated with perineal trauma is often underestimated. Pain often interferes with basic daily activities for the woman such as walking, sitting and passing urine and also negatively impacts on motherhood experiences.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of topically applied anaesthetics for relief of perineal pain following childbirth whilst in hospital and following discharge.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group Trials Register (February 2004), CINAHL (1982 to December 2002) and MIDIRS (last searched February 2003). We checked reference lists of trials and review articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials comparing topically applied anaesthetic with no treatment, placebo or alternative treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently assessed trial eligibility and quality and double-entered the data. We contacted study authors for additional information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight trials made up of 976 women were included in the review. Five of these trials measured pain experienced up to 24 hours after birth but different methods to assess pain were used in each of the studies. All five trials showed no difference in pain relief when the topical anaesthetic was compared with placebo. One of these studies looked at topical anaesthetics compared with indomethacin vaginal suppositories but there was no significant difference in mean pain scores. All trials reported only short-term follow up (up to four days). Two trials looked at additional analgesia taken for perineal pain, with one trial finding that less additional analgesia was required with epifoam use in comparison with placebo (relative risk (RR) 0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40 to 0.84, one trial, 97 women). However, lignocaine/lidocaine showed no difference with regard to additional analgesia use. Adverse effects were not formally measured in the studies; however, some studies commented that there were no side-effects severe enough to discontinue treatment. One study found that the women in the treatment group were more satisfied than the placebo group (RR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.65, one trial, 103 women).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence for the effectiveness of topically applied local anaesthetics for treating perineal pain is not compelling. There has been no evaluation for the long-term effects of topically applied local anaesthetics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Level 6 Bice Building, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia, 5005. hedyeh.hedayati@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hedayati
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Crowther
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004841:Episiotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D036801:Parturition; D010502:Perineum / Q000293:injuries; D011247:Pregnancy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local