title: Factors associated with 12 months continuous heroin abstinence: findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the role of treatment and client characteristics associated with the achievement of continuous heroin abstinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sydney and Adelaide, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  570 heroin users re-interviewed at 12 month follow-up for the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Continuous heroin abstinence was reported by 14% of participants. Continuous abstinence was associated with no previous treatment history, having entered treatment at baseline, and cumulative treatment exposure over the follow-up period. Longer retention times in index maintenance and residential rehabilitation treatments, but not detoxifications, were most associated with abstinence. At baseline, abstinent participants were more likely to have been classified as treatment ready, or to have used heroin less frequently; and less likely to have been daily injectors, using cocaine or criminally involved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately 14% of ATOS participants achieved continuous heroin abstinence over 12 months. Such an achievement was strongly associated with a longer "dose" of treatment, and with more treatment stability over the follow-up period.
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia. s.darke@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Darke
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Maree
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teesson
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lynskey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003415:Crime; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales; D012114:Residential Treatment; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; D016896:Treatment Outcome