title: Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage and serious cardiopulmonary dysfunction--a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  : The association between the degree of neurological deficit and cardiopulmonary dysfunction in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search (MEDLINE, bibliographies, to 9.2004) was performed for prospective studies (any architecture; > or = 10 patients with SAH), reporting on neurological deficit and cardiopulmonary dysfunction. Neurological deficit was graded according to the Hunt-Hess or Botterell scores as minimal (1 or 2 points), moderate (3), or severe (4 or 5), and tested for an association with cardiopulmonary dysfunction (Chi-square test).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relevant data came from two randomized trials, four case control studies, and 31 uncontrolled series. In eight studies (386 patients), ECG abnormalities were found in 32% of patients with minimal, 55% with moderate, and 58% with severe neurological deficit (P < 0.0001). In six studies (135), echocardiographic abnormalities were found in 4% of patients with minimal, 30% with moderate, and 52% with severe neurological deficit (P = 0.0001). In two trials (63), creatinine phosphoskinase was increased in 18% of patients with minimal, 71% with moderate, and 100% with severe neurological deficit (P < 0.0001). In three trials (309), troponin-I was increased in 10% of patients with minimal, 20% of patients with moderate, and 46% with severe neurological deficit (P < 0.0001). In five trials (163), pulmonary edema was found in 4% of patients with minimal, 12% with moderate, and 35% with severe neurological deficit (P < 0.0001). Seventeen studies reported on mortality; 26% of the patients died, 80% of deaths were directly related to SAH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with spontaneous SAH, cardiopulmonary dysfunction is more likely to occur with increasing neurological deficit.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anesthesiology, Department APSIC (Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Surgical Intensive Care), Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Micheli Du Crest 24, CH-1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland. Lucian.Macrea@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: Lucian M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Macrea
authors.forename: Martin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Tramèr
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Walder
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000209:etiology; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D019210:Troponin I / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D019210:Troponin I; D003404:Creatinine