title: Interventions for improving adherence to treatment recommendations in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research suggests adherence to treatment recommendations is low. In type 2 diabetes, which is a chronic condition slowly leading to serious vascular, nephrologic, neurologic and ophthalmological complications, it can be assumed that enhancing adherence to treatment recommendations may lead to a reduction of complications. Treatment regimens in type 2 diabetes are complicated, encompassing life-style adaptations and medication intake.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of interventions for improving adherence to treatment recommendations in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were obtained from searches of multiple electronic bibliographic databases supplemented with hand searches of references. Date of last search: November 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled and controlled clinical trials, before-after studies and epidemiological studies, assessing changes in adherence to treatment recommendations, as defined in the objectives section, were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two teams of reviewers independently assessed the trials identified for inclusion. Three teams of two reviewers assessed trial quality and extracted data. The analysis for the narrative part was performed by one reviewer (EV), the meta-analysis by two reviewers (EV, JW).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twentyone studies assessing interventions aiming at improving adherence to treatment recommendations, not to diet or exercise recommendations, in people living with type 2 diabetes in primary care, outpatient settings, community and hospital settings, were included. Outcomes evaluated in these studies were heterogeneous, there was a variety of adherence measurement instruments. Nurse led interventions, home aids, diabetes education, pharmacy led interventions, adaptation of dosing and frequency of medication taking showed a small effect on a variety of outcomes including HbA1c. No data on mortality and morbidity, nor on quality of life could be found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current efforts to improve or to facilitate adherence of people with type 2 diabetes to treatment recommendations do not show significant effects nor harms. The question whether any intervention enhances adherence to treatment recommendations in type 2 diabetes effectively, thus still remains unanswered.
authors.affiliation: Centre for General Practice, University of Antwerp, Belgium, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerpen, Belgium, 2610. etienne.vermeire@ua.ac.be
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vermeire
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wens
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Royen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Biot
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hearnshaw
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindenmeyer
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic