title: Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform a comprehensive review of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search was performed for the years 1975 to 2003 using the keywords Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis to identify relevant articles published in English in peer-reviewed journals.
  
  
  METHODS
  All clinical studies that reported on 4 or more patients, review articles, and experimental studies that concerned disease mechanisms were selected and further analyzed. Clinical reports that included fewer than 4 patients were selected only if they were believed to carry a significant message about disease mechanism or therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis seem to be variants of the same disease with differing severities. A widely accepted consensus regarding diagnostic criteria and therapy does not exist at present. Despite the recent experimental studies, the pathogenic mechanisms of these diseases remain unknown. Although progress in survival through early hospitalization in specialized burn units has been made, the prevalence of life-long disability from the ocular morbidity of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis has remained unchanged for the past 35 years. Further progress depends on modification of the acute phase of the disease rather than continuation of supportive care. The available published evidence indicates that a principal problem in the pathogenesis is immunologic and that immunomodulatory intervention with short-term, high-dose intravenous steroids or intravenous immunoglobulin holds the most promise for effective change in survival and long-term morbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this review call for a widely accepted consensus on diagnostic criteria for Stevens-Johnson and toxic epidermal necrolysis and multicenter collaboration in experimental studies and clinical trials that investigate disease mechanisms and novel therapeutic interventions, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Uveitis and Immunology Service, The Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Letko
authors.forename: Dean N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Papaliodis
authors.forename: George N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Papaliodis
authors.forename: Yassine J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Daoud
authors.forename: A Razzaque
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: C Stephen
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013262:Stevens-Johnson Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous