title: Prediction of mortality after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction: the CADILLAC risk score.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to develop a simple risk score for predicting mortality after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Accurate risk stratification after primary PCI is important. Previous risk scores after reperfusion therapy have incorporated clinical +/- angiographic variables but have not considered baseline left ventricular function. Moreover, prior studies have not been validated against independent databases or studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The databases from the two largest multicenter, randomized AMI trials of primary PCI were utilized for score derivation (the Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications [CADILLAC] trial, n = 2,082) and subsequent validation (the Stent-Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction [Stent-PAMI] trial, n = 900). Logistic regression and the jackknife procedure were used to select correlates of one-year mortality that were subsequently weighted and integrated into an integer scoring system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven variables selected from the initial multivariate model were weighted proportionally to their respective odds ratio for one-year mortality (age >65 years [2 points], Killip class 2/3 [3 points], baseline left ventricular ejection fraction <40% [4 points], anemia [2 points], renal insufficiency [3 points], triple-vessel disease [2 points], and post-procedural Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade [2 points]). Three strata of risk were defined (low risk, score 0 to 2; intermediate risk, score 3 to 5; and high risk, score >/=6) with excellent prognostic accuracy for survival in the derivation and validation sets (c statistics = 0.83 and 0.81 for 30-day mortality and 0.79 and 0.78 for 1-year mortality, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In AMI patients treated with primary PCI, seven risk factors readily available at the time of intervention accurately predict short- and long-term mortality. Of note, measurement of baseline left ventricular function is the single most powerful predictor of survival and should be incorporated into risk score models.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University Medical Center and the Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York 10022, USA.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Halkin
authors.forename: Mandeep
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nikolsky
authors.forename: Cindy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Grines
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tcheng
authors.forename: Eulogio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turco
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Stuckey
authors.forename: Yingo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Na
authors.forename: Alexandra J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lansky
authors.forename: Bernard J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Gersh
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: Roxana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mehran
authors.forename: Gregg W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000503:physiopathology