title: The association between narcolepsy and REM behavior disorder (RBD).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a movement disorder associated with loss of REM-related muscle atonia and is characterized by complex, vigorous and frequently violent dream-enacting behavior during REM sleep. RBD is usually idiopathic or secondary to neurological problems such as Parkinson's disease. This study looked at the association of RBD with another sleep disorder, narcolepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-eight questionnaires were sent to known narcoleptics chosen at random from those with contact details available at the center. The questionnaire addressed current narcolepsy symptoms, medication use and symptoms of RBD. Positive questionnaire results were followed up with a telephone interview. Limited polysomnography (PSG) data was also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-five patients responded (response rate 71%). Of these, 20 (36%) had symptoms suggestive of RBD. The typical RBD patient is an older male (mean age of onset 60.9 years, 87% male); however, in this study, females were as likely to have RBD as males, and the mean age was 41 years. Sixty-eight percent of patients who regularly experienced cataplexy and the associated symptoms of narcolepsy (sleep paralysis, hypnogogic hallucinations and automatic behavior) had RBD, compared to 14% of those who never or rarely experienced these symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study implies a stronger relationship between these disorders than a previously published figure of 7-12% This is clinically significant as RBD is a potentially distressing but readily treatable disorder. It follows that narcoleptics, especially those with cataplexy and other associated symptoms, should be questioned about symptoms of RBD and treated accordingly. Similarly, anyone presenting with RBD should be assessed for symptoms of narcolepsy, particularly if female or of a younger age group than would otherwise be expected.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Centre, St. Thomas Hospital, London, UK. sam_nightingale@hotmail.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nightingale
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Orgill
authors.forename: I O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Ebrahim
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: de Lacy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009290:Narcolepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017286:Polysomnography; D020187:REM Sleep Behavior Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires