title: Unrecognized or potential risk factors for childhood cancer.
abstract: Epidemiologic methods only seldom identify causes of childhood cancer associated with relative risks below a factor of 1 1/2-2. Children are at risk of exposure to over 15,000 high-production-volume chemicals and are certainly exposed to many carcinogens. The individual impacts of most of these agents are too small to be detected, but collectively these unrecognized factors are potentially important. Infants and children are exposed to higher levels of some environmental toxicants and may also be more sensitive. During intrauterine development and childhood, cells divide frequently, and the mutant frequency rises rapidly. Endocrine-related cancers or susceptibility to cancer may result from developmental exposures rather than from exposures existing at or near the time of diagnosis. That environmental exposures may be important causes of childhood cancers is indicated by associations of enzyme polymorphisms with risk.
authors.affiliation: Study Center for Carcinogenesis and Primary Prevention of Cancer, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. nicolas.vanlarebeke@ugent.be
authors.forename: Nicolas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Van Larebeke
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Boogaerts
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bracke
authors.forename: Devra Lee
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Demarini
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huff
authors.forename: Jos C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kleinjans
authors.forename: Marvin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Legator
authors.forename: Greet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schoeters
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vähäkangas
mesh_terms: D002273:Carcinogens; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D004785:Environmental Pollutants