title: Images of smokers and willingness to smoke among African American pre-adolescents: an application of the prototype/willingness model of adolescent health risk behavior to smoking initiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study used the prototype/willingness model of adolescent health risk behavior to examine factors related to onset of smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two waves of data were collected from a panel of 742 African American children (mean age=10.5 at Wave 1) and their primary caregivers. Measures included cognitions outlined by the prototype model as well as self-reports of smoking by the parent and child.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Structural equation modeling revealed a pattern consistent with expectations generated by the prototype model. The relation between contextual, familial, and dispositional factors-including neighborhood risk, parental smoking, and children's academic orientation-and the initiation of smoking at Wave 2, two years later, was mediated by the children's cognitions. Primary among these cognitions were the children's images of smokers and children's willingness to smoke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking cognitions mediate the impact of important distal factors (such as context, family environment, and disposition) on the onset of smoking in children. Perhaps more important, it is possible to predict onset of smoking in African American children as young as age 10 by assessing the cognitive factors suggested by the prototype model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, W112 Lagomarcino Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-3180, USA. mgerrard@iastate.edu
authors.forename: Meg
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerrard
authors.forename: Frederick X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stock
authors.forename: Linda S Vande
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Lune
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cleveland
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D005195:Family Relations / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D016487:Parenting / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D010379:Peer Group; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012649:Self Concept; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D012938:Social Perception