title: Primary care nurses using guidelines in Thailand: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nurses run primary health centres in Thailand. We examined whether clinical guidelines improved the quality of the care they provide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen nurse-led health centres randomized to (a) guidelines, receiving a training workshop plus educational outreach visit, with guidelines for children (acute respiratory tract infection and diarrhoea) and adults (diazepam prescribing and diabetes management) or (b) usual care. Outcomes were changes at 6 months in antibiotic use, diazepam prescribing, drug costs per patient, and a composite process index for diabetes care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline prescribing was high for antibiotics (37% of all attendees), and no difference between intervention and control sites was detected at follow-up for this variable. In children (0-5 years old), antibiotics were widely used for acute respiratory tract infection (34%), and fell with guidelines (intervention: 42% at baseline to 27% at follow-up; control: 27-30%, P=0.022), with an associated fall in drug costs per patient. Antibiotics were widely prescribed for diarrhoea in children (91%), but no change was detected with guidelines. In adults, diazepam prescribing at baseline was high (17%), and fell in the guidelines group (intervention: 17-10%; control 21-18%; P=0.029). Diabetes care was generally good, and changed little with guidelines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Staff at primary health centres over-prescribe antibiotics in children and tranquilizer in adults. Clinical guidelines implemented with workshops and educational outreach visits improved some but not all aspects of prescribing in the short-term.
authors.affiliation: Sirindhorn College of Public Health, Khon Kaen, Thailand. cnonglak@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Nonglak
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pagaiya
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garner
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing; D003975:Diazepam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005249:Fees and Charges; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009726:Nurses; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D003975:Diazepam