title: Lactate dehydrogenase activity in human gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic treatment: a controlled, short-term longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During orthodontic tooth movement, the early response of periodontal tissues to mechanical stress is an acute inflammatory one. This study uses a longitudinal design to examine lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to determine if GCF LDH can be used as a diagnostic aid in monitoring tooth movement and tissue response during orthodontic treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen patients (mean age: 16.1 years) participated in the study. Each patient was undergoing treatment for distal movement, and an upper first molar served as the test tooth (TT), while the contralateral (CT) and antagonist (AT) teeth were used as controls. The CT was included in the orthodontic appliance, but was not subjected to the distal movement; the AT was free from any orthodontic appliance. The GCF around the experimental teeth was harvested from both mesial and distal tooth sites immediately before appliance activation, and on days 7, 14, and 21. Clinical gingival conditions were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gingival crevicular fluid LDH activity was significantly elevated in all sites of the TT and CT, as compared to the AT, where LDH activity remained at the baseline level throughout the study. Enzyme activity levels were also greater in the TT than in the CT, and in the compression sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that GCF LDH levels reflect the biological activity that takes place in the periodontium during orthodontic movement, and therefore they can be used as a diagnostic tool for monitoring for correct orthodontic tooth movement in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy. perinetti@negrisud.it
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perinetti
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paolantonio
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bruè
authors.forename: Silvio Di
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Meo
authors.forename: Maria Rita
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Filippi
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Festa
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spoto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000145:classification; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000201:enzymology*; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008963:Molar / Q000502:physiology; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D010519:Periodontium / Q000201:enzymology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase