title: Gender Differences among Hispanics and Caucasians in symptomatic presentation of kidney and ureteral stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined gender differences in the symptomatic presentation of kidney and ureteral stones among the Hispanic population and compared it with presentation in the Caucasian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was performed on 443 patients seen in our Emergency Department or Urgent Care Center for symptomatic kidney or ureteral stones over a 5-year period. Demographic information was obtained, including sex, race, age, location of stone, stone size, and type of urologic intervention. Of the 443 patients, 263 (59%) were Hispanic, and 180 (41%) were Caucasian.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The male-to-female ratio of the symptomatic patients with kidney stones was 1.48 for both Hispanic and Caucasian patients. The male-to-female ratio for ureteral stones was 1.06 and 2.48 for the Hispanic and Caucasian patients, respectively (P < 0.05). The rate of urologic intervention was similar among Caucasian males and females and Hispanic females (approximately 33%) but significantly lower among Hispanic males (18%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relative symptomatic presentation of ureteral stones of men and women among the Hispanic population is nearly 1:1, whereas the ratio in Caucasian men and women approaches the previously reported 2.5:1. No significant racial or sex differences were noted in the symptomatic presentation of kidney stones. In comparison with Hispanic men, Hispanic women undergo significantly more urologic interventions for symptomatic urolithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. 9th Avenue, Box C-319, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dall'era
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Paramjit S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Chandhoke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000601:surgery*; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000601:surgery*; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*