title: Accidental dural tears occurring during supratentorial craniotomy -- a prospective analysis of predisposing factors in 100 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accidental dural tears during craniotomy constitute a possible source of CSF leakage and wound infection. This can turn an elective procedure into a complicated and cost-intensive problem. Only a few studies have addressed the incidence of dural tears, but there have been many studies dealing with various techniques that can be employed to repair dural tears. The present study was carried out to analyze predisposing factors for dural tears during trepanation in order to optimize the design of a robot-assisted trepanation system.
  
  
  METHODS
  100 patients were analyzed prospectively. An evaluation sheet was designed to document size and location of the lesion and the craniotomy, the geometry and number of burr holes, and the auxiliary tools used during bone flap removal. Furthermore, the suspected histology was noted and anatomical facts, including cranial vault thickness and the presence of hyperostosis frontalis interna, were documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 100 craniotomies performed, in the majority of cases (64 %), in order to gain access to intracerebral lesions, 30 dural tears were seen, involving both dural layers in 26 cases. There were 26 tears located under the margins of the craniotomy; the length was 0-3 cm in 18 patients (69 %). Significant predisposing factors were the thickness of the cranial vault and the presence of a hyperostosis frontalis. Furthermore, the location (frontal) and the diagnosis of an extracerebral pathology, including meningiomas, were significant factors for dural tears. Elderly patients and the use of the drill to complete the trepanation were also significant predisposing factors. Dural repair was done using suturing, in most of the cases combined with a free periostal flap. Central dural tears were integrated into the planned dural opening. A vascularized flap or muscle was used in the minority of cases. Postoperative cerebral fluid leakage was seen in two patients, wound infections in three.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dural tears occurring during craniotomy cannot be prevented, when predisposing factors are taken into account. The absence of brain damage may due to two factors: 1) in elderly patients with hyperostosis, an additional atrophy of the brain is present; 2) extracerebral tumors, with their space-occupying growth, shift the underlying brain away from the calvaria. Considering the design of a robot-assisted trepanation system, the following conclusions seem possible: dural tears cannot be avoided because predisposing factors are overriding. For improved safety, additional, specialized instrumentation is required.
authors.affiliation: Neurochirurgische Klinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engelhardt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uhlenbruch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Christmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miede
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eufinger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harders
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmieder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015984:Causality; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012371:Robotics; D013537:Sutures; D016896:Treatment Outcome