title: A phase I and pharmacologic trial of two schedules of the proteasome inhibitor, PS-341 (bortezomib, velcade), in patients with advanced cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the toxicities, pharmacodynamics, and clinical activity of the proteasome inhibitor, PS-341 (bortezomib), in patients with advanced malignancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight patients (14 male and 14 female) received PS-341 twice weekly for 4 of 6 weeks (schedule I). Because toxicity necessitated dose omissions on this schedule, 16 additional patients (12 male and 4 female) received PS-341 twice weekly for 2 of every 3 weeks (schedule II). A total of 73 courses of treatment was given (median, 2; range, 1-4). Inhibition of 20S proteasome activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and accumulation of proteasome-targeted polypeptides in tumor tissue were evaluated as pharmacodynamic markers of PS-341 activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common toxicity was thrombocytopenia, which was dose limiting at 1.7 mg/m2 (schedule I) and 1.6 mg/m2 (schedule II), respectively. Sensory neuropathy was dose-limiting in a patient in schedule I. Grade > or =3 toxicities for schedule I were constipation, fatigue, myalgia, and sensory neuropathy. Grade > or =3 toxicities for schedule II were dehydration resulting from diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, hypoglycemia, and hypotension. The maximum tolerated dose was 1.5 mg/m2 for both schedules. Reversible dose-dependent decreases in 20S proteasome activity in PBMCs were observed, with 36% inhibition at 0.5 mg/m2, 52% at 0.9 mg/m2, and 75% at 1.25 mg/m2. Accumulation of proteasome-targeted polypeptides was detected in tumor samples after treatment with PS-341. A patient with multiple myeloma had a partial response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PS-341 given 1.5 mg/m2 twice weekly for 2 of every 3 weeks is well tolerated and should be further studied.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Grace K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Dy
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wilding
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bruzek
authors.forename: Sumithra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mandrekar
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Erlichman
authors.forename: Dona
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alberti
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Binger
authors.forename: Henry C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Pitot
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Alberts
authors.forename: Lorelei J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marnocha
authors.forename: Kendra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tutsch
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.forename: Alex A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Adjei
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000740:Anemia / Q000139:chemically induced; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069286:Bortezomib; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019927:Cyclin E / Q000378:metabolism; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005221:Fatigue / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001897:Boronic Acids; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019927:Cyclin E; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011719:Pyrazines; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D000069286:Bortezomib; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex