title: Akt activation in renal cell carcinoma: contribution of a decreased PTEN expression and the induction of apoptosis by an Akt inhibitor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Akt has been implicated in the oncogenesis of human malignant tumors, because Akt regulates many key effector molecules involved in cell survival. PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) negatively regulates Akt activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), total Akt and PTEN was analyzed by Western blotting in 45 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. The Bad and phosphorylated Bad (p-Bad) statuses were analyzed in 20 RCC patients. A phosphatidylinositol ether analog was used as an Akt inhibitor to treat four RCC cell lines, namely Caki-1, KU19-20, SW839 and Caki-2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PTEN expression in RCC was observed to decrease and p-Akt expression to increase significantly in comparison with that in the corresponding normal kidney tissue. The PTEN expression inversely correlated with the p-Akt expression. These alterations were specific for clear cell type RCC, but not for papillary or chromophobe type RCC. Alterations in Bad phosphorylation were also specifically observed in clear cell type. The Akt inhibitor induced apoptosis in KU19-20 and Caki-2 cells with a high Akt activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A decreased expression of PTEN may be an underlying mechanism for Akt activation. An Akt inhibitor may be a therapeutic option for a subset of RCC with an elevated Akt activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oya
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horiguchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marumo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murai
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000032:analysis*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D015398:Signal Transduction; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein
chemical_list: C494819:BAD protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C494929:PTEN protein, human