title: Association of adiponectin level and variants in the adiponectin gene with glucose metabolism, energy expenditure, and cytokines in offspring of type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adiponectin is an adipose-specific secretory protein abundantly present in the circulation. The role of adiponectin in the control of energy expenditure and substrate utilization has not yet been established.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed detailed metabolic studies in a large cohort (n = 158) of offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) to determine the association of adiponectin level with glucose and lipid oxidation, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, and visceral obesity by applying the euglycemic clamp technique and indirect calorimetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adiponectin level was lower in offspring of T2DM patients than in control subjects. When the data were analyzed by adiponectin tertiles, an elevated adiponectin level was associated with high total, oxidative, and nonoxidative glucose disposal and high energy expenditure during hyperinsulinemia; low levels of free fatty acids and low rates of lipid oxidation during hyperinsulinemia; as well as low levels of inflammatory cytokines; and a low amount of intraabdominal fat evaluated by computed tomography. No association of single nucleotide polymorphism 45 or single nucleotide polymorphism 276 with adiponectin level was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that adiponectin has multiple effects on glucose, lipid and free fatty acid metabolism, and cytokines in offspring of T2DM subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Kuopio, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Urpu
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Salmenniemi
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zacharova
authors.forename: Eija
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruotsalainen
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vauhkonen
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pihlajamäki
authors.forename: Sakari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kainulainen
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Punnonen
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laakso
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D016207:Cytokines; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D005947:Glucose