title: The impact of cardiac ischemia and reperfusion on markers of activated haemostasis and fibrinolysis during cardiopulmonary bypass: comparison of plasma levels in arterial and coronary venous blood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis is common among patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery. Little is known, however, about the impact of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion on coagulation activation and fibrinolysis in this clinical setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the levels of coagulation activation and fibrinolysis markers (CAFM) in 19 patients with severe coronary heart disease (CHD) during CPB surgery. FXIIa, tissue factor (TF), FVIIa, tissue plasminogen activator/plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 complexes (tPA/PAI-1), prothrombin fragments 1+2 (F1+2), D-dimers (DD) and plasmin-plasmin inhibitor complexes (PPI) were measured at baseline, prior to and after cardioplegic myocardial ischemia. Simultaneous blood samples were drawn from the aorta and the coronary sinus to evaluate arteriovenous CAFM plasma level gradients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocardial ischemia induced significant increases in gradients of FXIIa and F1+2 levels across the coronary circulation without influencing systemic levels of these markers significantly. Systemic levels of FXIIa, tPA/PAI-1, F1+2, DD and PPI increased significantly during CPB operation. There was a significant linear correlation between FXIIa, FVIIa, F1+2, DD and PPI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Myocardial ischemia induces contact activation and thrombin generation rather than release of tPA and might thus contribute to postoperative thromboembolic complications. Surgery itself and CPB cause activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis as already described. A significant association between FXIIa, FVIIa, F1+2, DD and PPI suggests a relationship between contact activation, thrombin generation, fibrin formation and fibrinolysis.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Voelklingen Heart Centre, Voelklingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kalweit
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bach
authors.forename: Hanno
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huwer
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winning
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hellstern
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001158:Arteries; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors / Q000032:analysis; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D003331:Coronary Vessels; D005260:Female; D005337:Fibrin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D006487:Hemostasis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000097:blood*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D013917:Thrombin / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; D005337:Fibrin; D013917:Thrombin