title: An Italian survey of severe head trauma management during extracranial surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anaesthetic drugs and procedures interfere with secondary brain injury following severe head trauma, yet studies regarding the anaesthetic management of these patients are lacking. We investigated the behaviour of Italian anaesthetists regarding this topic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire investigating the approach to a patient with severe head trauma requiring an urgent splenectomy for ruptured spleen was sent to 250 Italian anaesthetists. Questions regarded the pre-, intra- and postoperative phases, and concerned the rationale use and availability of specific monitoring systems, and indications for invasive procedures and use of drugs, fluids and blood products.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 162 (64.8%) responders. Seventy-five percent believed that early tracheal intubation within the emergency room was necessary, while 25% postponed it to the operating room. Basic monitoring was defined as essential by all responders, 147 (90.7%) considered invasive arterial pressure monitoring to be essential. Fifty-seven (84%) anaesthetists working in hospitals without neurosurgical facilities would have transferred the patient after splenectomy. Prophylactic hyperventilation was frequently used (36%). Sixty-eight percent of responders would have preferred in intracranial pressure monitoring inserted before laparotomy, but only 35% actually had this possibility. In case of acute intraoperative arterial hypotension after splenectomy, 54% of the responders advocated the use of blood or blood products to optimize peripheral oxygen transport.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More widespread knowledge of certain areas of severe head trauma management such as early tracheal intubation, avoidance of prophylactic hyperventilation, adequate invasive monitoring, appropriate use of blood products, and timing of transfer to hospitals with neurosurgical facilities is needed.
authors.affiliation: Università degli Studi di Brescia, Istituto di Anestesia e Rianimazione, Spedali Civili, Italy. latronic@med.unibs.it
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Latronico
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chieregato
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rasulo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piva
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zei
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Procaccio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gemma
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beretta
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Targa
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D000776:Anesthesiology; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001802:Blood Substitutes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000628:therapy; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D007558:Italy; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009493:Neurosurgery; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D010360:Patient Transfer; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D013156:Splenectomy; D013161:Splenic Rupture / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D001802:Blood Substitutes