title: Permeability of pig urinary bladder wall: the effect of chitosan and the role of calcium.
abstract: Chitosan is a cationic polysaccharide widely employed as an absorption enhancer. The aim of this work was to examine the effect of chitosan on the permeability of isolated pig urinary bladder wall as well as to determine the role of calcium ions in this process. Besides permeability studies, scanning electron microscopy and fluorescent microscopy were applied to get an insight into the mechanism by which chitosan increases the permeability of urinary bladder wall. Additionally, the obtained findings were compared to the mechanism proposed for Caco-2 cells. The results show that 0.5% (w/v) chitosan increases the permeability of urinary bladder wall by causing the desquamation of the urothelium. Calcium ions, when applied to the luminal surface of the urinary bladder at the same time as chitosan, decreases the effect of chitosan on permeation of the model drug moxifloxacin into the bladder wall in concentration dependent way. The desquamation of urothelium cells caused by chitosan was reduced in the presence of calcium, but not to such extent as it would be expected from the permeability studies. When present, calcium obviously interferes directly in the interactions between chitosan and the surface of urothelium.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Mojca
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kerec
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bogataj
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Veranic
authors.forename: Ales
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mrhar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001372:Aza Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D010539:Permeability; D011804:Quinolines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013552:Swine; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D001372:Aza Compounds; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D011804:Quinolines; D048271:Chitosan; D002118:Calcium; D000077266:Moxifloxacin