title: Coffee consumption reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma independently of its aetiology: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of coffee in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is debated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of coffee in HCC, taking the main risk factors into account.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in an area of northern Italy. We recruited 250 HCC cases and 500 controls hospitalized for any reasons other than neoplasms, and liver and alcohol-related diseases. Subjects were interviewed on their lifetime history of coffee consumption using a standardized questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coffee consumption in the decade before the interview was associated with a decreasing risk of HCC with a clear dose-effect relation. With respect to non-drinking subjects, the odds ratios (ORs) were: 0.8, (95% CI 0.4-1.3) for 1-2 cups/day, 0.4 (95% CI 0.2-0.8) for 3-4 cups/day and 0.3 (95% CI 0.1-0.7) for 5 or more cups/day. The ORs for HCC decreased for drinking >2, compared to 0-2 cups/day of coffee, for an alcohol intake >80 g/day (OR from 5.7 to 3.3), for presence of hepatitis B virus infection (OR from 16.4 to 7.3) or hepatitis C virus infection (OR from 38.2 to 9.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coffee drinking was inversely associated with HCC regardless of its aetiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, Chair of Hygiene, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy. gelatti@med.unibs.it
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gelatti
authors.forename: Loredana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Covolo
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franceschini
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pirali
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tagger
authors.forename: Maria Lisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ribero
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Trevisi
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martelli
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nardi
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Donato
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003069:Coffee; D005260:Female; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee