title: Right atrial pacing impairs cardiac function during resynchronization therapy: acute effects of DDD pacing compared to VDD pacing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to compare the hemodynamic effects of right-atrial-paced (DDD) and right-atrial-sensed (VDD) biventricular paced rhythm on cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cardiac resynchronization therapy improves hemodynamics in patients with severe heart failure and left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony. However, the impact of active right atrial pacing on resynchronization therapy is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen CRT patients were studied 10 months (range: 1 to 46 months) after implantation. At baseline, the programmed atrioventricular delay was optimized by timing LV contraction properly at the end of atrial contraction. In both modes the acute hemodynamic effects were assessed by multiple Doppler echocardiographic parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to DDD pacing, VDD pacing resulted in much better improvement of intraventricular dyssynchrony assessed by the septal-to-posterior wall motion delay (VDD 106 +/- 83 ms vs. DDD 145 +/- 95 ms; p = 0.001), whereas the interventricular mechanical delay (difference between onset of pulmonary and aortic outflow) did not differ (VDD 20 +/- 21 ms vs. DDD 18 +/- 17 ms; p = NS). Furthermore, VDD pacing significantly prolonged the rate-corrected LV filling period (VDD 458 +/- 123 ms vs. DDD 371 +/- 94 ms; p = 0.0001) and improved the myocardial performance index (VDD 0.60 +/- 0.18 vs. DDD 0.71 +/- 0.23; p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that avoidance of right atrial pacing results in a higher degree of LV resynchronization, in a substantial prolongation of the LV filling period, and in an improved myocardial performance. Thus, the VDD mode seems to be superior to the DDD mode in CRT patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernheim
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ammann
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sticherling
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schaer
authors.forename: Hans Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Brunner-La Rocca
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eckstein
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiencke
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linka
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Buser
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfisterer
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Osswald
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D016896:Treatment Outcome