title: Do not hospitalize orders in nursing homes: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine (1) the point prevalence of do not hospitalize (DNH) policies in nursing facilities directed by members of the American Medical Directors Association (AMDA) Foundation Long-term Care Research Network, (2) the frequency with which physicians are writing DNH orders, and (3) respondent perceptions about the appropriateness of the number of DNH orders as too few or too many and reasons for such perceptions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Online survey of members of the AMDA Foundation Long-term Care Research Network.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nursing facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  All members of the AMDA Foundation Long-term Research Network on July 1, 2003 were eligible for participation (N = 293).
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic information regarding census, region, setting, governance, presence of teaching and/or hospice affiliation, prevalence of DNH orders, and qualitative information regarding the use of DNH orders in each facility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 32% (n = 95). DNH policies were in place for 62% of facilities and the prevalence of DNH orders ranged from 12% to 23% when facilities were stratified by size. Percentage of residents with documented DNH orders ranged from 0% to 99% at individual facilities. No significant differences were found although trends were noted as follows: chain facilities had fewer DNH policies (RR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.6-1.1) whereas rural facilities (RR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.8-1.5) and those associated with a teaching institution (RR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.8-1.5) were more likely to have a DNH policy. Of respondents, 80% indicated that physicians in their facilities were writing DNH orders but 77% believed that the number of DNH orders was too few. Respondents cited overly optimistic prognosis and lack of knowledge about DNH orders as barriers to writing more DNH orders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of DNH orders in this investigation is higher than previous estimates from national data samples. Most facilities had a DNH policy and although respondents indicated that physicians do write DNH orders, they believed that DNH orders were not utilized frequently enough. There is a large variation in prevalence of DNH orders across the facilities included in this survey. Barriers to use, as perceived by medical directors, included unrealistic expectations by family, fear of litigation, and staff discomfort with managing residents who experience clinical decline. Nevertheless, DNH orders are used extensively in some facilities associated with members of the AMDA Foundation Long-term Care Research Network.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center, Michael E. DeBakey VAMC, Houston, TX 77030, USA. John.Culberson@med.va.gov
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Culberson
authors.forename: Cari
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lawhorne
mesh_terms: D016223:Advance Directives / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016134:Organizational Policy; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D014481:United States; D028761:Withholding Treatment