title: Prodrug-oriented molecular design of neonicotinoids: preparation of imidacloprid-related 5,5-dimethoxy-1,3-diazacyclohexane derivatives and their insecticidal activity.
abstract: Prodrug-oriented molecular design was attempted for the potent acyclic neonicotinoid insecticide, clothianidin (1-(2-chloro-5-thiazolylmethyl)-3-methyl-2-nitroguanidine). Molecules bearing a CH2COCH2 bridge linking the 1,3-NH ends of clothianidin or their acetals would possibly be hydrolyzed, regenerating the mother compounds. This strategy was used to prepare seven acetals of clothianidin-based molecules that combined 2-chloro-5-thiazolylmethyl, 6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl or 3-tetrahydrofurfuryl with a nitroimine, cyanoimine or nitromethylene group. The key intermediate, 1,3-diamino-2,2-dimethoxypropane, was prepared from the dihydroxyacetone dimer in four steps. A selected acetal showed a characteristic nerve-impulse pattern for neonicotinoids on an excised American cockroach ganglion, although the neuroblocking activity was fairly low. Some acetals were highly insecticidal against the pea aphid at 0.8-20 ppm 7 days after a spray treatment, this being in a contrast to their far weaker activity by injection into American cockroaches. The biological results suggest that the intrinsic insecticidal activities of the acetals are weak, but would exhibit enhanced activity if hydrolyzed in an external environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan. kagabus@cc.gifu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shinzo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kagabu
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hibi
authors.forename: Keiichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishimura
mesh_terms: D000080:Acetals / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000187:drug effects; D001372:Aza Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003510:Cyclohexanes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015195:Drug Design; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009538:Nicotine / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: C503520:5,5-dimethoxy-1,3-diazacyclohexane; D000080:Acetals; D001372:Aza Compounds; D003510:Cyclohexanes; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D011355:Prodrugs; C082359:imidacloprid; D009538:Nicotine