title: Inhibition of trophoblast cell invasion by TGFB1, 2, and 3 is associated with a decrease in active proteases.
abstract: Invasion of extravillous trophoblast cells into the uterus in human pregnancy is tightly regulated. The transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) family has been suggested to play a role in controlling this process. We hypothesized that TGFB1, 2, and 3 would inhibit the invasive capacity of extravillous trophoblast cells. We also studied trophoblast apoptosis and proliferation and secreted protease levels as potential mechanisms by which these cytokines may act. Inhibition of endogenous TGFB1, 2, and 3 with neutralizing antibodies increased the invasive capacity of extravillous trophoblast cells derived from placental explants. Similarly, addition of exogenous TGFB1, 2, and 3 inhibited the invasive capacity of these cells in a dose-dependent manner. Proliferation of trophoblast in the placental explants did not alter in response to any of the cytokines tested. Apoptosis of villous and extravillous trophoblast did not alter in response to TGFB1, 2, and 3. There was a reduction in secreted levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 and urokinase plasminogen activator in response to all three cytokines. MMP2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and 3 levels were not altered. These results suggest that TGFB1, 2, and 3 inhibit trophoblast invasion by a mechanism dependent on reduced protease activity.
authors.affiliation: Schools of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom. g.e.lash@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gendie E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Lash
authors.forename: Harry A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Otun
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Innes
authors.forename: Judith N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Bulmer
authors.forename: Roger F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Searle
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Robson
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000502:physiology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D010920:Placenta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019717:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019717:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9