title: National survey regarding the management of an intraoperatively diagnosed patent foramen ovale during coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With the increased use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), patent foramen ovale (PFO) has become a common finding during routine coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. This survey was designed to study potential differences in the management of intraoperatively diagnosed PFO.
  
  
  METHODS
  A written survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  US university and community hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors randomly selected 50% of US cardiac surgeons listed in the Cardiothoracic Surgery Network Database (n = 734).
  
  
  METHODS
  A written survey was mailed to the participants. The survey questions included respondents' use of TEE during CABG surgery, examination for a PFO with TEE, and management of intraoperatively diagnosed PFO in the CABG surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 64% of individuals (468/734) responded to the survey request. TEE is available in the primary institution of 98.6% of respondents and used to search for a PFO in approximately one third of all CABG surgeries. During planned on-pump CABG surgery, 27.9% of respondents always close an intraoperatively diagnosed PFO, whereas 10.2% of respondents never close an intraoperatively diagnosed PFO. During planned off-pump CABG surgery, 27.6% of surgeons never change their plan, and 11% of respondents always convert the procedure to on-pump CABG to close the PFO. The majority of respondents decide whether to close a PFO based on the size of the PFO, the right atrial pressure, and a history of possible paradoxical embolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the United States, TEE is used extensively during CABG surgery. There is significant variability in how intraoperatively diagnosed PFO is managed during CABG surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. msukernik@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Mikhail R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sukernik
authors.forename: Sumeet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goswami
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Frumento
authors.forename: Mehmet C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Oz
authors.forename: Elliott
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bennett-Guerrero
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D047549:Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump; D003625:Data Collection; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States