title: Tobacco smoke-induced lung tumorigenesis in mutant A/J mice with alterations in K-ras, p53, or Ink4a/Arf.
abstract: A/J mice with genetic alterations in K-ras, p53, or Ink4a/Arf were employed to investigate whether mice carrying these germline mutations would be susceptible to tobacco smoke-induced lung tumorigenesis. Transgenic mice of both genders and their wild-type littermates were exposed to environmental cigarette smoke for 6 months, followed by recovery in air for 5 months. A significant increase of lung tumor multiplicity was observed in K-ras, p53, or Ink4a/Arf mutant mice when compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, an additive effect was observed between the mice with a mutant p53 transgene and an Ink4A/Arf deletion during tobacco smoke-induced lung tumorigenesis. Sequence analysis of the K-ras gene indicated that the mutations had occurred at either codon 12/13 or 61 in both spontaneously occurring (air control) and tobacco smoke-induced lung tumors. K-ras mutations were found in 62% of the tumors from air-control animals and 83% in those exposed to tobacco smoke. The mutation spectrum found in tumors from mice exposed to tobacco smoke is somewhat similar to that in tumors from air-control mice. In addition, we identified three novel mutations at codon 12: GGT (Gly) --> TTT (Phe), ATT (Ile), and CTT (Leu). These findings provide evidence that K-ras, p53, and Ink4a/Arf mutations play a role in tobacco smoke-related lung carcinogenesis. The similarity of the mutation spectra in the K-ras oncogene observed in tobacco smoke-induced tumors, as compared to spontaneous tumors, suggests that tobacco smoke enhances lung tumorigenesis primarily through promoting spontaneously occurring K-ras mutations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, The Washington University in St Louis, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Yian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhongqiu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lubet
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: You
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011905:Genes, ras; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53