title: Clinical risk factors associated with incidence and progression of periodontal conditions in pregnant women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few large studies have investigated the progression of periodontal conditions during pregnancy in a comprehensive manner. This study aimed to identify clinical factors that were predictive of incidence/progression of periodontal measures in pregnant women adjusting for relevant predictors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Periodontal examinations were conducted on 891 pregnant women prior to 26 weeks gestational age and within 48 h after delivery. Gingivitis/periodontitis incidence/progression (GPIP) was defined as four plus sites with 2+ mm increase in probing depth (PD) that resulted in PD of at least 4 mm at delivery. Multivariable models including relevant clinical variables and significant covariates were developed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While several clinical measures were significantly associated with the outcome, having >/=10% of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP) and four plus sites with PD >/=4 mm (PD4) were the best two predictors of GPIP (odds ratio (OR)=2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.8-4.2; OR=2.0, 95% CI=1.4-2.9, respectively), adjusting for maternal race, age, enrollment weight, smoking during pregnancy, marital status, food stamp eligibility, and private health insurance. Multivariable models assessed the impact of BOP on the PD4-GPIP relationship. PD4 was significant in the presence of BOP (low BOP OR=1.3, 95% CI=0.5-3.3; high BOP OR=3.0, 95% CI=2.2-4.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enrollment BOP and PD4 were significant predictors of PD in pregnant women, however; PD4 is only a predictor with BOP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Offenbacher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003710:Demography; D018450:Disease Progression; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology