title: Influence of different breathing maneuvers on internal and external organ motion: use of fiducial markers in dynamic MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate, with dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) and a fiducial marker, the influence of different breathing maneuvers on internal organ and external chest wall motion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lung and chest wall motion of 16 healthy subjects (13 male, 3 female) were examined with real-time trueFISP (true fast imaging with steady-state precession) dMRI and a small inductively coupled marker coil on either the abdomen or thorax. Three different breathing maneuvers were performed (predominantly "abdominal breathing," "thoracic breathing," and unspecific "normal breathing"). The craniocaudal (CC), anteroposterior (AP), and mediolateral (ML) lung distances were correlated (linear regression coefficient) with marker coil position during forced and quiet breathing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences of the CC distance between maximum forced inspiration and expiration were significant between abdominal and thoracic breathing (p < 0.05). The correlation between CC distance and coil position was best for forced abdominal breathing and a marker coil in the abdominal position (r = 0.89 +/- 0.04); for AP and ML distance, forced thoracic breathing and a coil in the thoracic position was best (r = 0.84 +/- 0.03 and 0.82 +/- 0.03, respectively). In quiet breathing, a lower correlation was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A fiducial marker coil external to the thorax in combination with dMRI is a new technique to yield quantitative information on the correlation of internal organ and external chest wall motion. Correlations are highly dependent on the breathing maneuver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany. c.plathow@dkfz.de
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Plathow
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Umathum
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schöbinger
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zuna
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Debus
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schlegel
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Meinzer
authors.forename: Wolfhard
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Semmler
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Kauczor
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bock
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008168:Lung; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D012119:Respiration; D035441:Thoracic Wall