title: A systematic review of in vitro retrograde obturation materials.
abstract: The purpose of this review was two-fold: (a) to determine which retrograde obturation material(s) best prevents dye/ink penetration in vitro; and (b) to determine whether in vitro results agree with in vivo results. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify in vitro studies published between January 1966 and October, week 4, 2003, conducted on human teeth, and published in English, German, or French language, testing the resistance to retrograde penetration of retrograde filling materials. The MEDLINE search identified 278 published articles. Of those, 115 studies examined the resistance to penetration of various retrograde filling materials, in vitro. Thirty-four studies met all the inclusion and validity criteria. The results indicate that, beyond 10 days in vitro, the most effective retrofilling materials, when measured by dye/ink penetration are: composites>glass ionomer cement>amalgam>orthograde gutta-percha>EBA. The results of these in vitro studies are not congruent with in vivo study results, suggesting a need to re-evaluate the clinical validity and importance of in vitro studies.
authors.affiliation: dsm-Forsyth, Center for Evidence-Based Dentistry, The Forsyth Institute, 140 The Fenway, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Joanna N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Theodosopoulou
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niederman
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003188:Composite Resins; D003723:Dental Amalgam; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008768:Methylmethacrylates; D010087:Oxides; D012184:Retrograde Obturation / Q000379:methods*; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; D015035:Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003188:Composite Resins; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D008768:Methylmethacrylates; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; D015035:Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; C031667:IRM cement; D003723:Dental Amalgam; C084074:Super EBA; D006171:Gutta-Percha