title: Commentary: Sleep in German infants--the "cult" of independence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Significant cultural variations exist in sleep practices for young children, including bedtime rituals and routines, soothing techniques, and cosleeping. This study examined parenting styles at bedtime and sleep behavior in a group of German infants. The results are compared with sleep practices of other western European countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  German parents of 50 boys and 50 girls 6 to 30 months old.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents were asked to fill out a questionnaire about the sleep behavior of their child. Personal interviews with the parents were conducted to augment the survey results; in selected cases, bedtime routines were filmed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The infants in this sample largely slept in their own bed in a separate room. Bedtime rituals were common and in general characterized by parents maintaining behavioral distance from the infants during the bedtime routine. However, parenting style was likely to become more "proximal" (close) in response to bedtime refusal and nocturnal infant crying. A majority of parents (79%) used lullabies as part of the bedtime ritual, and the use of a sleep aid was very common (80%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As is the case with most cultures, German bedtime parenting practices tend to reflect parenting values and beliefs associated with their specific culture. The parenting style at bedtime in this group of infants in general seemed less rigid and less distancing than bedtime rituals typically described in other northern European countries and may represent more of a synthesis of parenting styles across various Western cultures.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Psychologie, University René Descartes, Paris, France. schlaf@wanadoo.fr
authors.forename: Stephan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Valentin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003469:Culture; D003625:Data Collection; D005060:Europe; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016487:Parenting; D012890:Sleep; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000208:ethnology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires