title: Reading aloud and arithmetic calculation improve frontal function of people with dementia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent findings of neuroimaging studies indicate that reading aloud and arithmetic calculation activate bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of humans. The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of reading aloud and arithmetic calculation, by elderly people who were clinically diagnosed with dementia Alzheimer type, on their brain functions and activities of daily living.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen experimental and 16 age- and Mini-Mental State Examination score-matched control subjects participated. The participants in the experimental group were asked to perform a training program using learning tasks in reading and arithmetic for 2-6 days a week. The function of the frontal cortex of the subjects was assessed by FAB at bedside (Frontal Assessment Battery).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 6 months of training, the FAB score of the experimental group showed a statistically significant improvement. The FAB score of the control group decreased slightly over the 6-month period, and the difference between the scores of the experimental and control groups was statistically significant. We also observed the restoration of communication and independence in the experimental group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that learning tasks of reading aloud and arithmetic calculation can be used for cognitive rehabilitation of dementia patients.
authors.affiliation: NICHe, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aobaku Sendai 980-8579, Japan. ryuta@idac.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Ryuta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.forename: Katsuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okita
authors.forename: Ritsumi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Nobumoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tajima
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taira
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Katsujiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maeyama
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011336:Probability; D011932:Reading; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome