title: The gender-specific impact of diabetes and myocardial infarction at baseline and during follow-up on mortality from all causes and coronary heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study is to compare the magnitude of diabetes and myocardial infarction (MI) at baseline and during follow-up on cause-specific and all-cause mortality.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  History of both MI and diabetes are strong predictors of coronary heart disease (CHD) death. However, gender-specific data on the joint effect of diabetes and MI, and particularly on the effect of incident diabetes and MI developed during the follow-up, on CHD mortality are scarce.
  
  
  METHODS
  The baseline cohort study included 2,416 patients with prior diabetes or MI at baseline; the follow-up cohort study included 4,315 patients with incident diabetes or MI diagnosed during the follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the baseline cohort study, men with prior MI had a 20% to 80% increased risk of CHD or total mortality, but women with prior MI had a 43% to 45% decreased risk of CHD or total mortality in comparison with men and women with prior diabetes. In the follow-up cohort study, men and women with incident MI had a higher risk of CHD mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 2.15 in men and 1.65 in women), and an almost similar risk of total mortality (HR 0.95 in men and 1.02 in women) in comparison with men and women with incident diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In men, MI at baseline or during follow-up confers a greater risk on CHD mortality than diabetes does. In women, prior MI at baseline confers a lower risk on CHD mortality than prior diabetes does, but incident MI during follow-up confers a greater risk than incident diabetes does. In both men and women, total mortality is similar for incident MI and diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. hu.gang@ktl.fi
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jousilahti
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peltonen
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katoh
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomilehto
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016019:Survival Analysis