title: Effects of high thoracic epidural analgesia on myocardial blood flow in patients with ischemic heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with ischemic heart disease, high thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) has been proposed to improve abnormalities of coronary function by inhibiting cardiac sympathetic tone. We evaluated the effect of TEA on myocardial blood flow in patients with ischemic heart disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty male patients with multivessel ischemic heart disease were studied. An epidural catheter was inserted between the second and third thoracic vertebral interspace (Th2 to Th3). Analgesia was induced by epidural injection of bupivacaine 0.5%, and a sensory block from the sixth cervical (C6 to C7) to Th10 (Th8 to Th11) vertebral interspace was achieved. Myocardial blood flow was measured with dynamic 13N-ammonia PET with and without TEA at rest, during pharmacological vasodilation with dipyridamole, and during sympathetic stimulation with the cold pressor test. Myocardial blood flow during dipyridamole increased similarly, regardless of TEA, in all regions except in myocardium subtended by collateral arteries in which blood flow increased more with than without TEA (P<0.05). Without TEA, myocardial blood flow during the cold pressor test remained unchanged compared with myocardial blood flow at rest. In contrast, with TEA, myocardial blood flow increased in all vascular territories. Coronary vascular resistance increased during the cold pressor test without TEA, whereas with TEA, coronary resistance decreased in myocardium subtended by nonstenotic and stenotic coronary vessels and remained unchanged in myocardium subtended by occluded vessels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with multivessel ischemic heart disease, TEA partly normalizes the myocardial blood flow response to sympathetic stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-thoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Eigil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nygård
authors.forename: Klaus F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Kofoed
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Freiberg
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aldershvile
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eliasen
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kelbaek
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000628:therapy*; D009407:Nerve Block; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects; D013909:Thorax; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002045:Bupivacaine