title: Increased fetal RhD gene in the maternal circulation in early pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of pre-eclampsia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the fetal RhD gene is present in the maternal circulation in early pregnancy prior to the clinical manifestation of pre-eclampsia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a nested case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were obtained from patients attending for a first antenatal visit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases were asymptomatic RhD negative women (n= 23) who subsequently developed pre-eclampsia matched to RhD negative controls (n= 23) for parity and gestational age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real time PCR using TaqMan primers and probes directed against the RhD gene quantified fetal DNA in the maternal circulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantity of RhD gene detected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As the copy number of RhD gene per millilitre of whole blood at 15 weeks of gestation increased, there was a significantly increased risk of developing pre-eclampsia. There was a graded association between copy number of RhD gene in early pregnancy and severity of disease with controls having 6942, mild pre-eclamptics 83,273 and severe pre-eclamptics 285,793 copies/mL (logscale 3.6, 4.0 and 4.5, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased fetal RhD gene is present in the maternal circulation in early pregnancy in women who subsequently develop pre-eclampsia and there appears to be a graded response between the quantity of fetal DNA and severity of pre-eclampsia.
authors.affiliation: Coombe Women's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cotter
authors.forename: Cara M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: Sean F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Daly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010298:Parity; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods; D018029:Rho(D) Immune Globulin / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018029:Rho(D) Immune Globulin; D004247:DNA