title: Manifestations and outcome of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: impact of human immunodeficiency virus co-infection.
abstract: METHODS
  Metropolitan New Orleans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection on the manifestations and outcome of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of 136 patients diagnosed with EPTB between 1 January 1993 to 31 December 2001. Characteristics of EPTB were compared by HIV serostatus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of those tested for HIV (n = 87), 42.5% were seropositive. Except for a higher frequency of disseminated TB among co-infected persons, the manifestations, laboratory diagnostic yield and outcome of EPTB were similar between HIV-infected and non-infected persons. The overall fatality rate was 20%; HIV-infected patients had a three-fold higher mortality compared to non-infected persons. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, factors associated with death were: HIV-seropositive (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 5.2, 95% CI 1.1-24.65) compared to HIV-seronegative, disseminated and meningeal compared to lymphatic disease (aOR 16.87, 95% CI 12.31-123.34), and lack of TB treatment compared to receipt of TB treatment (aOR 29.23, 95% CI 14.47-191.23).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Manifestations of EPTB were non-specific and did not differ between HIV-infected and non-infected persons. Severe disease, lack of TB treatment and HIV co-infection were associated withdeath. Approaches are needed to reduce EPTB morbidity and mortality, especially among HIV-infected persons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Awewura_Kwara@brown.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kwara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roahen-Harrison
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Prystowsky
authors.forename: m R
authors.initials: mR
authors.lastname: Kissinger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mathison
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Hyslop
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008145:Louisiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality