title: Risperidone and haloperidol in first-episode psychosis: a long-term randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The first episode of psychotic illness is a key intervention point. The initial experience with medication can affect willingness to accept treatment. Further, relapse prevention is a treatment cornerstone during the first years of illness because active psychotic illness may affect lifetime outcomes. Thus, initial treatment of active symptoms and subsequent relapse prevention are central goals of pharmacotherapy. This study compared long-term effectiveness of risperidone versus haloperidol in first-episode psychosis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  First-episode psychosis patients (N=555, mean age=25.4 years) participated in a double-blind, randomized, controlled flexible-dose trial that compared risperidone (mean modal dose=3.3 mg) and haloperidol (mean modal dose=2.9 mg). The median treatment length was 206 days (maximum=1,514).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores and Clinical Global Impression ratings improved significantly relative to baseline, with no significant differences between groups. Three-quarters of the patients achieved initial clinical improvement, defined as >20% reduction in total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale score. However, among those who achieved clinical improvement, 42% of the risperidone group experienced a relapse compared with 55% of the haloperidol group. The median time to relapse was 466 days for risperidone-treated subjects and 205 days for those given haloperidol. These differences were statistically significant based on Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Adverse effects distinguished the treatments: there were significantly more extrapyramidal signs and symptoms and adjunctive medication use in the haloperidol group and greater prolactin elevation in the risperidone group. There was less weight gain with haloperidol initially but no significant differences between groups at endpoint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relatively low doses of antipsychotic drugs lead to significant symptom amelioration in the majority of first-episode psychosis patients. In the long term, risperidone prevents relapse in more patients and for a longer time and also induces less abnormal movements than haloperidol.
authors.affiliation: Hurwich Professor, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schooler
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rabinowitz
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Emsley
authors.forename: Philip D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kopala
authors.forename: Patrick D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: McGorry
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Van Hove
authors.forename: Marielle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eerdekens
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Swyzen
authors.forename: Goedele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Smedt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006966:Hyperprolactinemia / Q000139:chemically induced; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000139:chemically induced; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D018967:Risperidone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D006220:Haloperidol; D018967:Risperidone