title: Joint sealants: an overlooked diffuse source of polychlorinated biphenyls in buildings.
abstract: In October 2000, joint sealants containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were discovered in various public buildings in Switzerland. Triggered by this event, a nationwide comprehensive study was initiated by the Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests, and Landscape, and 1348 samples of joint sealants as well as 160 indoor air samples from concrete buildings erected between 1950 and 1980 were analyzed. Out of 1348 samples, 646 (48%) contained PCB. In 279 (21%) samples, PCB concentrations of 10 g/kg and more were detected, and concentrations of 100 g/kg of PCB or more were found in 129 (9.6%) samples. These data indicate that PCB were widely used as plasticizers in joint sealants in Switzerland. In buildings constructed between 1966 and 1971, one-third of all joint sealants investigated contained more than 10 g/kg of PCB. PCB concentrations exceeding the limit of 0.050 g/kg above which material is required to be treated as PCB bulk product waste were reached by 568 samples (42%). PCB with a chlorine content between 45 and 55%, corresponding to mixtures such as Clophen A50, Aroclor 1248, and Aroclor 1254, were encountered in 316 samples (70%). In 42 cases (26%) where joint sealants containing PCB were present, clearly elevated PCB indoor air concentrations above 1 microg/m3 were encountered. In eight cases (5%), levels were higher than 3 microg/m3. The Swiss tentative guideline value of 6 microg/m3 (based on a daily exposure of 8 h) for PCB in indoor air was exceeded in one case (0.6%). On the basis of this work, representing the first large-scale nationwide analysis of the issue of PCB-contaminated joint sealants, we estimate that there are still 50-150 t of PCB present in these materials, acting as diffuse sources. They are distributed over many hundreds of buildings all over the country and represent a significant but frequently overlooked inventory of PCB. In light of the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants that entered into force last year, reduction of the release of PCB from these widely used materials is an important issue to be addressed.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Uberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland. martin.kohler@empa.ch
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tremp
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zennegg
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seiler
authors.forename: Salome
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minder-Kohler
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lienemann
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wegmann
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmid
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D008420:Manufactured Materials / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013557:Switzerland
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D010968:Plasticizers; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls