title: Root surface removal and resultant surface texture with diamond-coated ultrasonic inserts: an in vitro and SEM study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A new diamond-coated ultrasonic insert has been developed for scaling and root planing, and it was evaluated in vitro for the amount of root surface removed and the roughness of the residual root surface as a result of instrumentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  48 extracted single-rooted human teeth were ground flat on one root surface and mounted (flat side up) in PVC rings of standard height and diameter with improved dental stone. Each tooth surface was treated with either a plain ultrasonic insert (PI), an ultrasonic insert with a fine grit diamond coating (DI) or sharp Gracey curettes (HI). The mounted teeth were attached to a stepper motor which drove the teeth in a horizontal, reciprocal motion at a constant rate. The thickness from the flattened bottom of the ring to the flattened tooth surface was measured before and after 10, 20, and 30 instrumentation strokes for each root surface with each of the experimental instruments. A number of treated teeth were randomly selected for examination with SEM and a profilometer. Statistical analysis (analysis of co-variance) was performed to compare the amounts of tooth structure removed among the 3 instruments and t-test was used to compare the roughness of the treated root surfaces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean depth of root structure removed was PI 10.7 microm, HI 15.0 microm, and DI 46.2 microm after 10 strokes; and PI 21.6 microm, HI 33.2 and DI 142.0 microm after 30 strokes, respectively. On average, 0.9 microm, 1.3 microm, and 4.7 microm of root surface was removed with each stroke of PI, HI and DI, respectively. PI and HI were not different from each other for all the stroke cycles, while DI was significantly different from PI and HI for all the stroke cycles (p<0.0001). Analysis with the profilometer showed that the smoothest surface was produced by the PI followed by the HI. The DI produced a surface that was significantly rougher than the surface produced by the PI or HI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that diamond-coated ultrasonic instruments will effectively plane roots, and that caution should be used during periodontal root planing procedures. Additionally, the diamond-coated instruments will produce a rougher surface than the plain inserts or the hand curettes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Louisiana State University School of Dentistry, New Orleands, LA, USA. svasta@lsuhsc.edu
authors.forename: Sotirios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vastardis
authors.forename: Raymond A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yukna
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mercante
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003762:Dental Instruments; D018130:Diamond; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016745:Root Planing / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D018130:Diamond