title: Laparoscopic renal surgery in infants 10 kg or less.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Major laparoscopic urologic procedures have been successful in children, but few reports of laparoscopic surgery in infants weighing <10 kg exist. We present our series of laparoscopic renal procedures in such patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hospital records of 17 consecutive patients (9 boys, 8 girls) with a median age of 7 months (range 1-25 months) weighing a mean of 8.5 kg (range 4.2-10 kg) who had undergone laparoscopic renal surgery (nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy, nephroureterectomy) between March 1999 and January 2004 were reviewed. Twelve patients underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy, three laparoscopic nephroureterectomy, and two laparoscopic heminephrectomy. Additional procedures were performed concomitantly in three patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All operations had minimal estimated blood loss. Excluding those patients who underwent additional procedures, the mean operative time was 138 minutes (range 77-229 minutes). The postoperative hospitalization was 23 hours or less in all except two patients, both of whom had undergone additional procedures. The only complication was an intraoperative diaphragmatic injury that was repaired laparoscopically without sequelae. There were no delayed complications, and by 2 weeks postoperatively, all patients were recovered fully.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major laparoscopic urologic procedures can be performed in infants weighing <10 kg with low morbidity and rapid recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Mulholland
authors.forename: Bradley P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Kropp
authors.forename: Carson
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome