title: Adverse cerebrovascular effects of intraarterial CO2 injections: development of an in vitro/in vivo model for assessment of gas-based toxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether and how CO(2) can cause ischemic injury in the central nervous system after internal carotid artery injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 14 adult pigs, both internal carotid arteries were catheterized via a transfemoral approach. One carotid artery served as control and the other was injected via a prototype gas injector with defined volumes and pressures of gas. Effects were assessed by clinical observation, repeated magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, histopathology, and vital staining. An in vitro flow circuit was used to model injection parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single injections of CO(2) did not produce persistent clinical symptomatology. In vitro conditions were created in which bubbles adhered to the tubing of the circuit, creating functional stenoses, or coalesced into larger bubbles that became trapped, thereby reducing flow and augmenting potential embologenic effects of subsequent injections. With in vitro-derived dual injection parameters, seven pigs underwent two sequential injections of CO(2). All did well after the first injections, but all had adverse effects after the second injections, including involuntary tonic-clonic muscular movements, cardiopulmonary arrest, recurrent intractable seizure activity during recovery, hemorrhagic venous infarcts on gross and histopathologic examination, and blood-brain barrier breakdown on vital staining. MR imaging was not sensitive even after symptomatic intraarterial air injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Absence of adverse effects after single bolus injections in pigs does not prove the safety of intracranial CO(2) injections in human patients. Considering the possible deleterious effects of repeat intravascular injections in the highly sensitive system of the brain, it may be prudent for clinical application at other approved sites to let time pass between boluses sufficient to permit absorption of wall-adherent and coalescent bubbles that could cause gas embolic events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kozlov
authors.forename: Elvira V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Barnhart
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gossler
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: De Girolami
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity*; D002339:Carotid Arteries; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D002245:Carbon Dioxide