title: GABAergic dysfunction in schizophrenia: new treatment strategies on the horizon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons contribute to the orchestration of pyramidal neuron population firing as follows: (1) by releasing GABA on GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors, (2) by releasing reelin in the proximity of integrin receptors located on cortical pyramidal neuron dendritic spines, and (3) through reelin contributing to the regulation of dendritic spine plasticity by modulating dendritic resident mRNA translation. In schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar (BP) postmortem brains, the downregulation of mRNAs encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD(67)) and reelin decreases the cognate proteins coexpressed in prefrontal cortex (PFC) GABAergic neurons. This finding has been replicated in several laboratories. Such downregulation suggests that the neuropil hypoplasticity found in the PFC of SZ and BP disorder patients may depend on a downregulation of GABAergic function, which is associated with a decrease in reelin secretion from GABAergic neuron axon terminals on dendrites, somata, or axon initial segments of pyramidal neurons. Indirectly, this GABAergic neuron downregulation may play a key role in the expression of positive and negative symptoms of SZ and BP disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The above described GABAergic dysfunction may be addressed by pharmacological interventions to treat SZ and BP disorders using specific benzodiazepines (BZs), which are devoid of intrinsic activity at GABA(A) receptors including alpha(1) subunits but that act as full positive allosteric modulators of GABA action at GABA(A) receptors containing alpha(2), alpha(3), or alpha(5) subunits. These drugs are expected to enhance GABAergic signal transduction without eliciting sedation, amnesia, and tolerance or dependence liabilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BZs, such as diazepam, although they are efficient in equilibrating GABA(A) receptor signal transduction in a manner beneficial in the treatment of positive and negative symptoms of SZ, may not be ideal drugs, because by mediating a full positive allosteric modulation of GABA(A) receptors containing the alpha(1) subunit, they contribute to sedation and to the development of tolerance after even a brief period of treatment. In contrast, other BZ-binding site ligands, such as 6-(2bromophenyl)-8-fluoro-4H-imidazo [1,5-a][1,4] benzodiazepine-3-carboxamide (imidazenil), which fail to allosterically and positively modulate the action of GABA at GABA(A) receptors with alpha(1) subunits but that selectively allosterically modulate cortical GABA(A) receptors containing alpha(5) subunits, contribute to the anxiolytic, antipanic, and anticonvulsant actions of these ligands without producing sedation, amnesia, or tolerance. Strong support for the use of imidazenil in psychosis emerges from experiments with reeler mice or with methionine-treated mice, which express a pronounced reelin and GAD(67) downregulation that is also operative in SZ and BP disorders. In mice that model SZ symptoms, imidazenil increases signal transduction at GABA(A) receptors containing alpha(5) subunits and contributes to the reduction of behavioral deficits without producing sedation or tolerance liability. Hence, we suggest that imidazenil may be considered a prototype for a new generation of positive allosteric modulators of GABA(A) receptors, which, either alone or in combination with neuroleptics, should be evaluated in GABAergic dysfunction operative in the treatment of SZ and BP disorders with psychosis.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guidotti
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Auta
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Erbo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Dennis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Grayson
authors.forename: Marin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Veldic
authors.forename: Xianquan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Erminio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D015816:Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D018118:Chloride Channels / Q000502:physiology; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000091042:Reelin Protein; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015816:Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; D018118:Chloride Channels; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D000091042:Reelin Protein; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; C000717127:RELN protein, human; C000717128:Reln protein, mouse; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase