title: The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of suspected extrinsic tracheobronchial compression due to vascular anomalies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the assessment of children with suspected extrinsic tracheobronchial compression due to vascular anomalies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case note review in a tertiary referral centre. Twenty nine children who underwent dynamic laryngotracheobronchoscopy (DLTB) and were found to have a clinical suspicion of extrinsic tracheobronchial compression were evaluated. All subsequently underwent thoracic MRI within 10 days. The findings on endoscopy were compared to those of MRI, and where performed, echocardiography, aortography, and surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 17 males and 12 females (mean age 5 months, range 28 weeks gestation to 60 months). The most common presenting features were stridor and cyanotic episodes. MRI showed abnormalities in 21 patients. There were five vascular rings (three double aortic arches and two right aortic arches) and 11 cases of innominate artery compression. Other vascular anomalies noted included aberrant right subclavian artery and aneurysmal left pulmonary artery. Echocardiography was generally found to be unhelpful in the diagnosis of extra-cardiac vascular abnormalities. Angiography was subsequently conducted in eight children; findings agreed with those shown on MRI. Surgery was performed on all five vascular rings, one innominate artery compression, and one aneurysmal left pulmonary artery. Surgical findings were also compatible with the preoperative MRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows the successful use of MRI as the initial imaging modality in endoscopically suspected extrinsic vascular compression of the upper airway. It enables accurate delineation of vascular anomalies and, unlike aortography, is non-invasive and does not require the use of contrast media.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Central Manchester and Manchester Children's University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Pendlebury, Salford M27 1HA, UK. Tasshm@aol.com
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kaushik
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Willatt
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Rothera
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology*; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000002:abnormalities*; D016122:Brachiocephalic Trunk / Q000002:abnormalities; D001982:Bronchial Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis / Q000209:etiology*