title: Further studies on the effect of degassing on the dispersion and stability of surfactant-free emulsions.
abstract: Recently reported results indicate that the formation of surfactant-free, oil-in-water emulsions can be significantly enhanced by the almost complete removal of dissolved gases and that the reintroduction of dissolved gases does not immediately destabilize the already-formed emulsions. These initial experiments have been repeated and extended to include a wider range of organic liquids and the application of light scattering to determine droplet size and distribution. The earlier observations have been confirmed. In addition, a systematic trend was found between the solubility of the oil in water and the stability (lifetime) of the degassed oil droplets in water. The lower the solubility, the more stable the emulsion, and for oils that are sparingly soluble in water such as squalane, the small droplets remain stable for several weeks, with buoyancy separation being the main cause of instability of the large droplets with time. The addition of electrolytes, up to molar concentrations, substantially reduces the enhancement of the dispersions on degassing but appears to have little effect on the stability of the already-formed emulsions. The reduction of pH to about 2 significantly reduces both the enhancement of the dispersions on degassing and the stability of the already-formed emulsions. In contrast, the increase of pH to about 11 hardly affects the enhancement of the dispersions on degassing or the stability of the already-formed emulsions. We have confirmed the importance of dissolved gas and its association with the electrostatic effects, but we still cannot provide a complete explanation for the effect of degassing on the hydrophobic dispersions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA. nobuo@engineering.ucsb.edu
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Jacob N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Israelachvili
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pashley