title: Manual versus powered toothbrushing for oral health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Removing dental plaque may play a key role maintaining oral health. There is conflicting evidence for the relative merits of manual and powered toothbrushing in achieving this.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare manual and powered toothbrushes in relation to the removal of plaque, the health of the gingivae, staining and calculus, dependability, adverse effects and cost.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register (to 17/06/2004) and Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2004); MEDLINE (January 1966 to week 2 June 2004); EMBASE (January 1980 to week 2 2004) and CINAHL (January 1982 to week 2 June 2004). Manufacturers were contacted for additional data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trials were selected for the following criteria: design-random allocation of participants; participants - general public with uncompromised manual dexterity; intervention - unsupervised manual and powered toothbrushing for at least 4 weeks. Primary outcomes were the change in plaque and gingivitis over that period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six authors independently extracted information. The effect measure for each meta-analysis was the standardised mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random-effects models. Potential sources of heterogeneity were examined, along with sensitivity analyses for quality and publication bias. For discussion purposes SMD was translated into percentage change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two trials, involving 3855 participants, provided data. Brushes with a rotation oscillation action removed plaque and reduced gingivitis more effectively than manual brushes in the short term and reduced gingivitis scores in studies over 3 months. For plaque at 1 to 3 months the SMD was -0.43 (95% CI: -0.72 to -0.14), for gingivitis SMD -0.62 (95% CI: -0.90 to -0.34) representing an 11% difference on the Quigley Hein plaque index and a 6% reduction on the Loe and Silness gingival index. At over 3 months the SMD for plaque was -1.29 (95% CI: -2.67 to 0.08) and for gingivitis was -0.51 (-0.76 to -0.25) representing a 17% reduction on the Ainamo Bay bleeding on probing index. There was heterogeneity between the trials for the short-term follow up. Sensitivity analyses revealed the results to be robust when selecting trials of high quality. There was no evidence of any publication bias. No other powered designs were as consistently superior to manual toothbrushes.Cost, reliability and side effects were inconsistently reported. Any reported side effects were localised and temporary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Powered toothbrushes with a rotation oscillation action reduce plaque and gingivitis more than manual toothbrushing. Observation of methodological guidelines and greater standardisation of design would benefit both future trials and meta-analyses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Public Health, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, UK. peter.g.robinson@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Deacon
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deery
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heanue
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Walmsley
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Worthington
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Glenny
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D003742:Dental Devices, Home Care / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005882:Gingival Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D009909:Oral Health; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods