title: Measuring the quality of care for group A streptococcal pharyngitis in 5 US health plans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a high degree of professional consensus that children diagnosed with pharyngitis should only receive antibiotics if they have a positive test for group A streptococcus (GAS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop and test the validity of a quality of care performance measure that examines GAS testing rates in children diagnosed with pharyngitis and prescribed an antibiotic.
  
  
  METHODS
  The measure developed examines the annual rate of GAS testing in children aged 2 to 18 years with an episode of pharyngitis who were prescribed antibiotics. The measure was tested for feasibility of implementation and validity in 5 health plans in the United States. Health plan administrative data were used to identify episodes of pharyngitis using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes 462, 463, and 034.0. Pharmacy data (National Drug Codes) were used to determine if antibiotics were prescribed for the pharyngitis episode. Laboratory claims data (Current Procedural Terminology codes) were used to determine whether a GAS test was performed. Rates of GAS testing in children with pharyngitis who received antibiotics were calculated for each health plan. Medical record abstractions were performed on a random sample (n = 465) of cases to assess percent agreement with laboratory claims data for GAS testing. Sensitivity of the administrative data for accurately identifying when GAS tests were performed was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 120 158 children aged 2 to 18 years who had at least 1 episode of pharyngitis during the measurement year, 51 172 (43%) received antibiotics. Group A streptococcal testing rates for patients who were prescribed antibiotics varied widely among the participating health plans (59%-83% of cases; P<.05). Percent agreement between administrative and medical records data for GAS tests was 86%. The sensitivity of the administrative data for accurately identifying when GAS tests were performed was 85%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This quality measure is feasible to implement at the health plan level and validly assesses GAS testing rates using administrative data. The participating health plans are not performing GAS tests as indicated by current expert practice guidelines in a substantial proportion of cases. Improvements in adhering to these guidelines are warranted given the current levels of antibiotic overuse and antibiotic resistance nationally.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Los Angeles, 10833 LeConte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. ritams@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mangione-Smith
authors.forename: Marc N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Lok
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008499:Medical Records; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D017061:Prepaid Health Plans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents