title: Indirect effects of Bax and Bak initiate the mitochondrial alterations that lead to cytochrome c release during arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis.
abstract: Arsenic trioxide is a potent chemotherapeutic agent by virtue of its ability to selectively trigger apoptosis in tumor cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that arsenicals cause direct damage to mitochondria, but it is not clear that these effects initiate apoptosis. Here we used Bak-/- mouse liver mitochondria and virally immortalized Bax-/- Bak-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to investigate whether or not multidomain proapoptotic BCL-2 family proteins were required for arsenic-induced mitochondrial damage and cell death. At clinically achievable concentrations, arsenic stimulated cytochrome c release and apoptosis via a Bax/Bak-dependent mechanism. At higher concentrations (125 microM-1 mM), cells died via a Bax/Bak-independent mechanism mediated by oxidative stress that resulted in necrosis. Consistent with previous reports, arsenic directly inhibited complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which resulted in mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), accompanying generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and thiol oxidation. However, these effects only occurred at concentrations of arsenic trioxide of 50 microM and higher, and the oxidative stress associated with these effects blocked caspase activation. Our data demonstrate for the first time that the cytochrome c release which initiates apoptosis in cells exposed to this classic mitochondrial poison occurs indirectly via the activation of Bax/Bak rather than via direct mitochondrial damage. Furthermore, the results implicate reactive oxygen species in a concentration-dependent mechanistic switch between apoptosis and necrosis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Leta K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Nutt
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gogvadze
authors.forename: Wanlaya
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Uthaisang
authors.forename: Banafsheh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mirnikjoo
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McConkey
authors.forename: Sten
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Orrenius
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009336:Necrosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D010087:Oxides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D013481:Superoxides; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide