title: Cost-effectiveness of iodixanol in patients at high risk of contrast-induced nephropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute renal failure after contrast-induced nephropathy is a clinically important and costly complication after the use of iodine-based contrast media. We investigated the cost and cost-effectiveness of 2 contrast media in patients at high risk of contrast-induced nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analyses were based on a randomized, prospective, multinational clinical study comparing the nephrotoxic effects of an isosmolar nonionic contrast medium, iodixanol, with those of a low-osmolar nonionic contrast medium, iohexol. Resource utilization data were obtained from the study and from a retrospective review of patients' hospital records. Swedish, German, and French unit prices were applied to resources used. Between-group differences in average costs were analyzed using a nonparametric bootstrap method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resource utilization data for 125 patients were analyzed. Seven contrast media-related serious adverse reactions, of which 6 were acute renal failures, were noted in 6 patients receiving iohexol. Two patients in the iodixanol group had 1 nonserious reaction each. The mean hospitalization cost per patient was Euros 489, Euros 573, and Euros 393 lower after iodixanol than after iohexol using Swedish, German, and French unit prices, respectively. The mean per-patient costs of treating adverse drug reactions were Euros 371, Euros 399, and Euros 445 lower after iodixanol than after iohexol, using the respective unit prices (P < or = 0.01). Iodixanol was cost-effective compared with iohexol, with both lower costs and better effects related to fewer adverse drug reactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The isosmolar contrast medium iodixanol appears to be cost-effective when compared with a low-osmolar contrast medium, iohexol, in diabetic patients with renal impairment undergoing angiography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden. peter.aspelin@cfss.ki.se
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aspelin
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aubry
authors.forename: Sven-Göran
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Fransson
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Strasser
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Willenbrock
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lundkvist
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced; D000792:Angiography / Q000191:economics*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007472:Iohexol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; D007472:Iohexol; C044834:iodixanol