title: Functional MRI in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: evidence for hypofrontality.
abstract: Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the Stroop effect on both behavioral and brain activation of ADHD children off or on methylphenidate (MPH). Nine ADHD boys (aged 9.8-14.5 years) and 9 age-matched normal controls were included. A Stroop-like paradigm was used. AFNI (Analysis of Functional NeuroImaging) and its Deconvolution Analysis were used in a descriptive comparison between ADHD and control groups. (1) Both behavioral reaction time and brain activation showed Stroop effect in controls but neither was found in ADHD children off MPH. When MPH was administered, the Stroop effect tended to appear. (2) The activation volume (AV) of prefrontal cortex (PFC) in both the neutral (NC) and interference conditions (IC) in ADHD children off MPH was smaller than in controls. AV of anterior cingulate cortex in the IC in ADHD children off MPH was smaller than that in controls, but was similar in the NC to that in controls. AV of the basal ganglia, insula and cerebellum was also smaller in the IC, but was larger in the NC for ADHD children off MPH compared with controls. These findings are consistent with prior findings of hypofrontality in ADHD children and implicate a compensatory network including basal ganglia, insula and cerebellum for relative lower cognitive load tasks.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Huayuanbeilu 51, Haidian Districk, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Xu-Chu
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ya-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yu-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate