title: Circulating endothelial progenitor cells are reduced in peripheral vascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to establish whether a reduction in endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) has a putative role in peripheral vascular disease (PVD) of type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Peripheral vascular disease is a common and severe complication of diabetes mellitus. Impaired collateralization of diabetic vasculopathy has been extensively shown, but causes leading to its pathogenesis are not fully understood. Recently, EPCs have been found to contribute to vascular repair and angiogenesis. Diabetes has been associated with low levels of circulating EPCs, but no data are available in the literature on the relationship between EPCs and PVD in diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flow cytometric analysis was used to quantify circulating progenitor cells (CPCs, CD34+) and EPCs (CD34+KDR+) in 51 patients and 17 control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CPCs and EPCs from diabetic patients were reduced by 33% and 40%, respectively, compared with healthy subjects (p < 0.001). An inverse correlation was found between the number of EPCs and the values of fasting glucose (r = -0.49, p = 0.006). Peripheral vascular disease was associated with a 47% reduction in EPCs (p < 0.0001) and EPC levels directly correlated with the ankle-brachial index (r = 0.70, p = 0.01). The subgroup of diabetic patients with PVD also had reduced CPCs by 32% (p = 0.037), whereas patients with ischemic foot lesions had the lowest levels of both EPCs and CPCs (p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate decreased EPC levels in diabetic patients and, for the first time, show that PVD is associated with an extensively low number of EPCs. Depletion of circulating EPCs in diabetic patients may be involved in the pathogenesis of peripheral vascular complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Metabolic Diseases, University of Padova, School of Medicine, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Gian Paolo
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Fadini
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miorin
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Facco
authors.forename: Sondra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonamico
authors.forename: Ilenia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baesso
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grego
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menegolo
authors.forename: Saula Vigili
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: de Kreutzenberg
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tiengo
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agostini
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avogaro
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin