title: Treatment decision aids: conceptual issues and future directions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the last 10 years, there has been a major growth in the development of treatment decision aids. Multiple goals have been identified for these tools. However, the rationale for and meaning of these goals at the conceptual level, the mechanisms through which decision aids are intended to achieve these goals, and value assumptions underlying the design of aids and associated values clarification exercises have often not been made explicit.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this paper, we present ideas to help inform the future development and evaluation of decision aids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We suggest, (i) that the appropriateness of using any decision aid be assessed within the context of the wider decision-making encounter within which it is embedded; (ii) that goal setting activities drive measurement activities and not the other way round; (iii) that the rationale for and meaning of goals at the conceptual level, and mechanisms through which they are intended to have an impact be clearly thought through and made explicit; (iv) that value assumptions underlying both decision aids and associated values clarification exercises be communicated to patients; (v) that taxonomies developed and used to classify various types of decision aids include a section on value assumptions underlying each tool; (vi) that further debate and discussion take place on the role of explicit values clarification exercises as a component of or adjunct to treatment decision aids and the feasibility of implementing valid measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further debate and discussion is needed on the above issues.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. charlesc@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.forename: Amiram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gafni
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Whelan
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D017050:Episode of Care; D006801:Humans; D009313:National Health Programs; D010358:Patient Participation; D016896:Treatment Outcome