Side effects and cancer-related stress determine quality of life in long-term survivors of testicular cancer.
OBJECTIVE
The prevalence of long-term survivors after treatment for testicular cancer (TC) is increasing, and most studies display normal or only slightly reduced quality of life (QOL) in TC survivors (TCSs). Impaired QOL is claimed to be associated with treatment modality and its side effects, although most studies in this field can be criticized for various methodologic shortcomings. We wanted to examine variation in long-term QOL in TCSs in relation to TC treatment modality, side effects, and TC-related stress in a large population.


METHODS
QOL, side effects, and TC-related stress were self-rated by a questionnaire at a mean of 11 years of follow-up in 1,409 TCSs treated from 1980 to 1994. Norm data was obtained from 2,678 males who were representative of the general population. QOL was measured with the Short Form-36 (SF-36), and TC-related stress was measured with the Impact of Event Scale.


RESULTS
There were no clinically relevant differences in QOL between TCSs and age-adjusted norm data, although there was a slightly lowered SF-36 Physical Component Summary Score in TCSs. Variation of QOL in TCSs was related to self-reported side effects and TC-related stress but not to TC treatment modality. A significant association was found between side effects and TC-related stress.


CONCLUSIONS
TCSs do not suffer long term from reduced QOL, and only minor differences in QOL were found between different treatment modalities. TCSs who report more side effects or TC-related stress have increased risk for reduced QOL, but these associations are not explained by TC treatment modalities. Further QOL research in this area should explore vulnerability factors for side effects and TC-related stress.
Mykletun
Arnstein
A
The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
Dahl
Alv A
AA
Haaland
Carl Fredrik
CF
Bremnes
Roy
R
Dahl
Olav
O
Klepp
Olbjørn
O
Wist
Erik
E
Fosså
Sophie D
SD
D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*