title: Microarray-based detection of 90 antibiotic resistance genes of gram-positive bacteria.
abstract: A disposable microarray was developed for detection of up to 90 antibiotic resistance genes in gram-positive bacteria by hybridization. Each antibiotic resistance gene is represented by two specific oligonucleotides chosen from consensus sequences of gene families, except for nine genes for which only one specific oligonucleotide could be developed. A total of 137 oligonucleotides (26 to 33 nucleotides in length with similar physicochemical parameters) were spotted onto the microarray. The microarrays (ArrayTubes) were hybridized with 36 strains carrying specific antibiotic resistance genes that allowed testing of the sensitivity and specificity of 125 oligonucleotides. Among these were well-characterized multidrug-resistant strains of Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, and Lactococcus lactis and an avirulent strain of Bacillus anthracis harboring the broad-host-range resistance plasmid pRE25. Analysis of two multidrug-resistant field strains allowed the detection of 12 different antibiotic resistance genes in a Staphylococcus haemolyticus strain isolated from mastitis milk and 6 resistance genes in a Clostridium perfringens strain isolated from a calf. In both cases, the microarray genotyping corresponded to the phenotype of the strains. The ArrayTube platform presents the advantage of rapidly screening bacteria for the presence of antibiotic resistance genes known in gram-positive bacteria. This technology has a large potential for applications in basic research, food safety, and surveillance programs for antimicrobial resistance.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, Längass-Strasse 122, Postfach, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland. vincent.perreten@vbi.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Perreten
authors.forename: Lorianne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vorlet-Fawer
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Slickers
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ehricht
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kuhnert
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frey
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001483:Base Sequence; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000235:genetics; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D005810:Multigene Family; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial