title: Structural-tridimensional study of yolk sac in pregnancies complicated by diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess by two- and three-dimensional ultrasound the diameter and volume of the yolk sac in pregnant women affected by type 1 diabetes during the first trimester of pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 women affected by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and 52 normoglycemic pregnant women (controls) were enrolled in this study. The women were evaluated once a week (5-12 weeks of pregnancy). Ultrasound examination in all pregnant women was initially performed in a bidimensional fashion with a transvaginal 6.5-MHz probe and subsequently using a three-dimensional technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the pregnant diabetic women the diameter of the yolk sac was significantly higher than that of controls in the first weeks of pregnancy, reaching a maximum diameter at 9 weeks, and decreasing thereafter, earlier than controls. The volume of the yolk sac increased in both groups from 5 weeks of pregnancy and reached maximum values at 10 weeks in both groups. The volumetric increase and decrease after reaching highest values were greater in IDDM patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical and diagnostic implications of the results of this study are still to be defined. Such a diagnostic technique may prove to be an additional element in monitoring diabetic women during early pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. ecosmi@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Erich
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cosmi
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Piazze
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruozi
authors.forename: Maurizio M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Anceschi
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: La Torre
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andrisani
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Litta
authors.forename: Giovanni Battista
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Nardelli
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ambrosini
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D015017:Yolk Sac / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*