title: Gangliosides for acute spinal cord injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in loss of feeling and movement. The consequences can be devastating for the patient and his or her carers. Global estimates of the number of new cases annually range from 15 to 40 per million. Leading causes of acute SCI are road traffic injury, violence, and injuries sustained in sports and other recreational activities. Care for people with SCI has improved, leading to an increase in survival rates. Attempts to improve patients' feeling and movement have involved the use of a wide range of treatments. Gangliosides are compounds that occur naturally in cell membranes. Laboratory studies have suggested they may have protective effects on nerves and even help them to re-grow. Clinical trials have taken place using gangliosides (usually GM1 ganglioside) for a number of neurological conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the evidence for the effectiveness and safety of gangliosides when used to treat acute SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the following databases to identify trials for inclusion: CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the National Research Register. We also searched web-based trials registers, such as Current Controlled Trials. We approached the manufacturers of the most widely used ganglioside and researchers in this field to try to locate any unpublished data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials of any ganglioside versus controls, in patients with SCI. Outcome measures specified were: mortality, recovery of motor function, improvement in sensory measures, measures of functional activity, infections and any other adverse events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted from published studies and authors were contacted for further information. All data found was dichotomous and odds ratios (with 95% CIs) were calculated. A fixed-effects model was assumed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two studies met the inclusion criteria. There were no deaths in one (n=37). In the other (n=760), there were slightly more deaths in the treatment group than in the control group; odds ratio 1.07 (0.57, 2.00 95%CI) - a result that can be explained by the play of chance. Methodological weaknesses regarding the collection and presentation of data from the two studies made it impossible to reach any conclusions regarding the effect of gangliosides on the other specified outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence available does not support the use of ganglioside treatment to reduce the death rate in SCI patients. No evidence has yet emerged that ganglioside treatment improves recovery or quality of life in survivors.
authors.affiliation: Cochrane Injuries Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Room 280, North Courtyard, Keppel Street, London, UK, WC1E 7HT. paul.chinnock@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chinnock
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D005677:G(M1) Ganglioside / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005732:Gangliosides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D005732:Gangliosides; D005677:G(M1) Ganglioside