title: The costs of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Italy: a CODE-2 sub-study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the direct, indirect, and intangible costs associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Italy in 1998. To evaluate the economic impact of diabetic complications, and to investigate drug treatment patterns and associated costs in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Italian arm of an international study (COsts of Diabetes in Europe--Type 2 [CODE-2], a descriptive, cross-sectional survey) was set up to collect information retrospectively by means of questionnaires from a sample of 1263 patients. Resource use was measured in monetary terms using a set of costs and tariffs. Intangible costs were estimated using the EuroQol questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average yearly cost for medical resources for a patient with type 2 diabetes was 2991 Euro, whereas the estimated cost for the whole population with type 2 diabetes was about 5170 million Euro. This corresponds to 6.65% of the total healthcare expenditure (public and private) in Italy. Of direct costs, 29% was spent for the treatment of diabetes and 39% for the treatment of diabetic complications; while the remaining 32% was spent for healthcare not related to diabetes. Quality of life score in patients with type 2 diabetes (EuroQoL overall average score) was 0.68.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type 2 diabetes has a high cost to society. The major cost component is due to the care of diabetic complications, not to the treatment of the illness itself; in particular, drug costs represent a relatively small proportion of such treatment cost.
authors.affiliation: ADIS International/Health Economics, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lucioni
authors.forename: Maria Paola
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Garancini
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Massi-Benedetti
authors.forename: Silvo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazzi
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Serra
mesh_terms: D017281:Cost of Illness; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000191:economics; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D016527:Drug Costs; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007558:Italy; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin