title: The effect of bleaching on enamel susceptibility to acid erosion and demineralisation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine if enamel that had been bleached by carbamide (urea) peroxide gel (CPG) was at increased risk of either acid erosion or demineralisation (early caries) than un-bleached enamel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human incisors were employed. The samples were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups; a) 10% CPG, b) 16% CPG, c) 22% CPG and d) 10% CPG with xylitol, fluoride and potassium. Each specimen was moistened with saliva and the appropriate formulation placed for 2 hours for a total of 40 hours of exposure. In order to ensure that bleaching had taken place, tooth shades were monitored using the Shade-Eye device. Following the bleaching process, one half of the specimen was subjected to an erosive challenge, the other to a demineralisation system with one half of each sub-sample retained as a non-bleached control. Samples were assessed longitudinally with quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) and at the conclusion of the study with transverse micro-radiography (TMR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Erosion was detected in all samples (DeltaQ 126+/-23.4), in both bleached and non-bleached areas. There was no statistical difference between the bleached and non-bleached areas either within the treatment groups or between them. Caries-like lesions were detected on all samples; TMR revealed sub-surface lesions on all teeth and QLF data supported this (DeltaQ 89+/-18.9). Following statistical analysis there were no differences detected between the bleached and non-bleached areas, nor between the different concentrations of the bleaching solution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that tooth bleaching with carbamide (urea) peroxide (using commercially available concentrations) does not increase the susceptibility of enamel to acid erosion or caries.
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester. iain.pretty@man.ac.uk
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Pretty
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Edgar
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Higham
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects; D003747:Dental Enamel Solubility / Q000187:drug effects*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006244:Hardness / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor; D016877:Oxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D010545:Peroxides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D011897:Random Allocation; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000209:etiology*; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000209:etiology*; D014508:Urea / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D016877:Oxidants; D010545:Peroxides; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D014508:Urea