title: Effect of environmental temperature on shock absorption properties of running shoes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of temperature changes on the shock attenuation of 4 running shoe shock absorption systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Motion analysis laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  The shock attenuation of 4 different running shoes representing common shock absorption systems (Nike Air Triax, Asics Gel Nimbus IV, Adidas a3 cushioning, Adidas Supernova cushion) was measured at ambient temperatures of -20 degrees C, -10 degrees C, 0 degrees C, +10 degrees C, +20 degrees C, +30 degrees C, +40 degrees C, and +50 degrees C. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine differences between shoes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Shock attenuation as indicated by peak deceleration (g) measured by a mechanical impactor following ASTM Standard F1614-99.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Shock attenuation decreased significantly with reduced temperature for each shoe tested. The Adidas a3 shoe exhibited significantly higher peak decelerations (lower shock attenuation) at cold temperatures compared with the other shoes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cold ambient temperatures significantly reduce the shock attenuation of commonly used running shoes. These findings have important clinical implications for individuals training in extreme weather environments, particularly those with a history of lower limb overuse injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, the Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Mansour Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Dib
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Kathie A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.forename: Kenton R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Miles
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012420:Running; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012775:Shoes; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013696:Temperature