title: Investigation of solubility and dissolution of a free base and two different salt forms as a function of pH.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of pH on solubility and dissolution rates of a model weak base, haloperidol, and two different salt forms, hydrochloride and mesylate.
  
  
  METHODS
  pH-solubility profiles were determined by using haloperidol base, haloperidol hydrochloride, and haloperidol mesylate as starting materials; concentrated or diluted HCl or NaOH solutions were added to aqueous suspensions of solids to adjust pH to desired values. Intrinsic dissolution rates were determined using intrinsic dissolution apparatus under various pH-stat conditions. Further, approximation of diffusion layer pH was estimated from that of 10% w/w slurries of drug substances in dissolution media, which were used to correlate with intrinsic dissolution rates of haloperidol and its salt forms under different pHs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  pH-solubility profiles of haloperidol base and its HCl salt were similar, while when the mesylate salt was used as starting material, it exhibited a higher solubility between pH 2 and 5. The higher solubility of the mesylate salt at pH 2-5 is attributed to its higher solubility product (K(sp)) than that of the hydrochloride salt. The pH-solubility profiles indicated a pH(max) (pH of maximum solubility) of approximately 5, indicating that the free base would exist as the solid phase above this pH and a salt would be formed below this pH. Below pH 1.5, all solubilities were comparable due to a conversion of haloperidol base or the mesylate salt to the HCl salt form when HCl was used as the acidifying agent. These were confirmed by monitoring the solid phase by differential scanning calorimeter. When their dissolution rates are tested, dissolution rates of the mesylate salt were much higher than those of the free base or the HCl salt, except at very low pH (<2). Dissolution rates of free base and HCl salt also differed from each other, where that of HCl salt exhibits higher dissolution rates at higher pHs. A direct correlation of dissolution rate with solubility at diffusion layer pH at the surface of dissolving solid was established for haloperidol, its hydrochloride, and mesylate salts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using pH-solubility and pH-dissolution rate interrelationships, it has been established that diffusion layer pH could be used to explain the observed rank order in dissolution rates for different salt forms. A non-hydrochloride salt, such as a mesylate salt, may provide advantages over a hydrochloride salt due to its high solubility and lack of common ion effect unless at very low pH.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, USA. shoufeng.li@novartis.com
authors.forename: Shoufeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: SuiMing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Sundeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sethia
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Almoazen
authors.forename: Yatindra M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Abu T M
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Serajuddin
mesh_terms: D006220:Haloperidol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008698:Mesylates / Q000737:chemistry; D012492:Salts; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D008698:Mesylates; D012492:Salts; D006220:Haloperidol