title: A phase I study of hydralazine to demethylate and reactivate the expression of tumor suppressor genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The antihypertensive compound hydralazine is a known demethylating agent. This phase I study evaluated the tolerability and its effects upon DNA methylation and gene reactivation in patients with untreated cervical cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hydralazine was administered to cohorts of 4 patients at the following dose levels: I) 50 mg/day, II) 75 mg/day, III) 100 mg/day and IV) 150 mg/day. Tumor biopsies and peripheral blood samples were taken the day before and after treatment. The genes APC, MGMT; ER, GSTP1, DAPK, RARbeta, FHIT and p16 were evaluated pre and post-treatment for DNA promoter methylation and gene expression by MSP (Methylation-Specific PCR) and RT-PCR respectively in each of the tumor samples. Methylation of the imprinted H19 gene and the "normally methylated" sequence clone 1.2 was also analyzed. Global DNA methylation was analyzed by capillary electrophoresis and cytosine extension assay. Toxicity was evaluated using the NCI Common Toxicity Criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hydralazine was well tolerated. Toxicities were mild being the most common nausea, dizziness, fatigue, headache and palpitations. Overall, 70% of the pretreatment samples and all the patients had at least one methylated gene. Rates of demethylation at the different dose levels were as follows: 50 mg/day, 40%; 75 mg/day, 52%, 100 mg/day, 43%, and 150 mg/day, 32%. Gene expression analysis showed only 12 informative cases, of these 9 (75%) re-expressed the gene. There was neither change in the methylation status of H19 and clone 1.2 nor changes in global DNA methylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydralazine at doses between 50 and 150 mg/day is well tolerated and effective to demethylate and reactivate the expression of tumor suppressor genes without affecting global DNA methylation.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico. pila_55@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zambrano
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Segura-Pacheco
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perez-Cardenas
authors.forename: Lucely
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cetina
authors.forename: Alma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Revilla-Vazquez
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taja-Chayeb
authors.forename: Alma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chavez-Blanco
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Angeles
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.forename: Catalina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trejo-Becerril
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chanona-Vilchis
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duenas-González
mesh_terms: D044503:5-Methylcytosine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001665:Binding Sites; D001706:Biopsy; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003596:Cytosine / Q000737:chemistry; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects*; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D006830:Hydralazine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C094335:H19 long non-coding RNA; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D006830:Hydralazine; D044503:5-Methylcytosine; D003596:Cytosine; D004247:DNA