title: A school-based harm minimization smoking intervention trial: outcome results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of a school-based harm minimization smoking intervention compared to traditional abstinence-based approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  A school-based cluster randomized trial was conducted in Perth, Western Australia in 30 government high schools from 1999 to 2000. Over 4000 students were recruited to participate and schools were assigned randomly to either the harm minimization intervention or a standard abstinence-based programme.
  
  
  METHODS
  The harm minimization intervention comprised eight 1-hour lessons over 2 years, quitting support from school nurses and enactment of policies to support programme components. Comparison schools implemented standard abstinence-based programmes and policies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cigarette smoking was categorized at two levels: regular smoking, defined as smoking on 4 or more days in the previous week; and 30-day smoking as any smoking within the previous month.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At immediate post-test (20 months post-baseline), after accounting for baseline differences, school-level clustering effects, socio-economic status, gender and family smoking, intervention students were less likely to smoke regularly [OR = 0.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.36, 0.71] or to have smoked within the previous 30 days (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.53, 0.91).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The school-based adolescent harm minimization intervention appears to have been more effective than the abstinence-based social influences programme at reducing regular smoking.
authors.affiliation: Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand. greg.hamilton@cdhb.govt.nz
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Resnicow
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D040261:Harm Reduction; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012572:School Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014904:Western Australia