title: Prospective histopathological analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma treated with percutaneous ethanol injection in patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Liver transplantation (LT) improves survival in selected patients suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, the long time lapse between indication and LT may cause tumor progression. Thus, percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) has been proposed as adjuvant therapy of HCC in patients awaiting LT. The efficacy of PEI assessed using histopathological analysis of hepatectomy specimens has not been adequately evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine nodules of HCC in 27 patients (21 men; mean age, 58.1 +/- 7.3 years) listed for LT were treated with PEI. Pretreatment mean serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was 11 +/- 13.4 ng/mL. Mean tumor diameter was 30.8 +/- 12.9 mm. Data from the explanted livers after transplantation included percentage tumor necrosis, presence of satellite and distant nodules, vascular invasion, tumor capsule, and grade of differentiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen patients with 20 treated lesions underwent transplantation. The median interval PEI-LT was 3 months. Complete necrosis was observed in 13 nodules (65%). Satellite nodules were present in 10% of lesions. Previously unrecognized distant lesions were seen in 15.8% of patients. Only 1 nodule presented microscopic vascular invasion. Most HCC were well differentiated (90%), and completely encapsulated (80%). No tumor-related deaths occurred. Seventeen patients are alive and recurrence-free after a median follow-up of 15 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PEI may achieve significant necrosis in cases of HCC awaiting LT. Nevertheless, previously unrecognized satellite and distant lesions may be observed. Further studies are needed to evaluate the influence of tumor necrosis on overall survival of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Liver Transplantation Unit, University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. javier.fernandez.castroagudin@sergas.es
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Castroagudin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Abdulkader
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Potel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tome
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Otero
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Varo
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017741:Survivors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014850:Waiting Lists
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol