title: Axillary cavernous lymphangioma in pregnancy and puerperium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cavernous lymphangioma is a form of benign congenital abnormality grouped under lymphatic malformations, which can clinically manifest as a cystic tumor. Common areas are the neck and axillary region. Most cases are diagnosed in children under the age of 2, and occasionally the diagnosis is made in utero.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present the case of a 29-year-old primigravid woman with an axillary cavernous lymphangioma which rapidly increased in size during pregnancy, and describe the treatment plan in this unusual situation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment of a large lymphangioma during pregnancy has to be well planned, considering the welfare of the mother and baby. Most of the current therapies have never been tested in pregnant or lactating women. We discuss the possible pathomechanisms for the growth of lymphangioma during pregnancy with the overproduction of cytokines such as vascular endothelial growth factor.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Obstetrics, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. kquack@bluewin.ch
authors.forename: Katharina C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Quack Loetscher
authors.forename: Abdul-Raham
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Jandali
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garzoli
authors.forename: Judit
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pok
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beinder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001365:Axilla; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008202:Lymphangioma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D014463:Ultrasonography