title: Dynamic analysis of articulatory movement using magnetic resonance imaging movies: methods and implications in cleft lip and palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To visualize articulatory movement using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) movie of a subject with cleft lip and palate (clp) and to demonstrate the usefulness of this method for studying oropharyngeal function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dynamic changes in oropharyngeal structures were assessed with an MRI movie of a man with cleft lip and palate and in a normal adult male volunteer during the articulation of /pa/, /ta/, and /ka/.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different movement patterns were observed during articulation in the subject with CLP compared with the normal volunteer. Posterosuperior movement of the tongue and the anterior movement of the posterior pharyngeal wall were clearly visualized in the subject with CLP. Thus, MRI movies appear to be a promising tool for evaluating speech function in patients with CLP because of their noninvasive and nonradiation nature.
authors.affiliation: Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shinagawa
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Ei-Ichi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: Shinobu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masaki
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Takehito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iriki
authors.forename: Kimie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001184:Articulation Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009040:Motion Pictures; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000503:physiopathology; D013062:Speech Articulation Tests; D014059:Tongue / Q000503:physiopathology