title: Achieving regular slow rhythm during atrial fibrillation without atrioventricular nodal ablation: selective vagal stimulation plus ventricular pacing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to achieve regular slow ventricular rhythm during atrial fibrillation (AF) without destroying the AV node (AVN).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Recent experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that selective AVN vagal stimulation (AVN-VS) can be used to slow ventricular rate during AF; however, an irregular rhythm remains. Alternatively, ventricular on-demand (VVI) pacing achieves rate regularization but at rates faster than the already fast intrinsic rate during AF. We hypothesized that AVN-VS combined with VVI pacing would achieve slow, regular rhythm during AF without requiring AVN ablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  AF was induced in eight dogs. AVN-VS was applied to the epicardial fat pad that projects vagal nerve fibers to the AVN. A computer-controlled algorithm adjusted AVN-VS intensity to achieve three levels of mean ventricular RR interval: 75%, 100%, or 125% of the spontaneous sinus cycle length. At each of the three levels, concomitant VVI pacing was delivered at a constant cycle length equal to the corresponding target. Hemodynamic measurements were performed during the study to elucidate the advantages of the proposed method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AF resulted in rapid, irregular ventricular rates (RR = 287 +/- 36 ms, or 56% of sinus cycle length). AVN-VS achieved average ventricular rate slowing to the three target levels in all dogs (RR increased to 381 +/- 41, 508 +/- 54, and 632 +/- 68 ms, respectively). At each of the three target rate levels, AVN-VS combined with VVI pacing fully eliminated rate irregularities. The regular slow ventricular rhythms during AF were associated with significant hemodynamic improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A novel approach combining AVN-VS with VVI pacing results in a regular, slow ventricular rhythm during AF that does not necessitate AVN ablation. Rate regularization achieved by this approach was associated with pronounced hemodynamic benefits during AF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Youhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Todor N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Mazgalev
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D004285:Dogs; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation; D006339:Heart Rate; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000294:innervation*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology*