title: Staff training and ambulatory tuberculosis treatment outcomes: a cluster randomized controlled trial in South Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether adding a training intervention for clinic staff to the usual DOTS strategy (the internationally recommended control strategy for tuberculosis (TB)) would affect the outcomes of TB treatment in primary care clinics with treatment success rates below 70%.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted from July 1996 to July 2000 in nurse-managed ambulatory primary care clinics in Cape Town, South Africa. Clinics with successful TB treatment completion rates of less than 70% and annual adult pulmonary TB loads of more than 40 patients per year were randomly assigned to either the intervention (n = 12) or control (n = 12) groups. All clinics completed follow-up. Treatment outcomes were measured in cohorts of adult, pulmonary TB patients before the intervention (n = 1200) and 9 months following the training (n = 1177). The intervention comprised an 18-hour experiential, participatory in-service training programme for clinic staff delivered by nurse facilitators and focusing on patient centredness, critical reflection on practice, and quality improvement. The main outcome measure was successful treatment, defined as patients who were cured and those who had completed tuberculosis treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated effect of the intervention was an increase in successful treatment rates of 4.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): -5.5% to 15.2%) and in bacteriological cure rates of 10.4% (CI: -1.2% to 22%). A treatment effect of 10% was envisaged, based on the views of policy-makers on the minimum effect size for large-scale implementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first evidence from a randomized controlled trial on the effects of experiential, participatory training on TB outcomes in primary care facilities in a developing country. Such training did not appear to improve TB outcomes. However, the results were inconclusive and further studies are required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, England. simon.lewin@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: Merrick
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zwarenstein
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lombard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000458:organization & administration*; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023801:Directly Observed Therapy; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000193:education*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D011321:Primary Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D013019:South Africa; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents