title: Renal outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients treated with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or a calcium channel blocker vs a diuretic: a report from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was performed to determine whether, in high-risk hypertensive patients with a reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), treatment with a calcium channel blocker or an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lowers the incidence of renal disease outcomes compared with treatment with a diuretic.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted post hoc analyses of the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Hypertensive participants 55 years or older with at least 1 other coronary heart disease risk factor were randomized to receive chlorthalidone, amlodipine, or lisinopril for a mean of 4.9 years. Renal outcomes were incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and/or a decrement in GFR of 50% or more from baseline. Baseline GFR, estimated by the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation, was stratified into normal or increased (> or =90 mL /min per 1.73 m(2), n = 8126), mild reduction (60-89 mL /min per 1.73 m(2), n = 18 109), or moderate-severe reduction (<60 mL /min per 1.73 m(2), n = 5662) in GFR. Each stratum was analyzed for effects of the treatments on outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 448 participants, ESRD developed. Compared with patients taking chlorthalidone, no significant differences occurred in the incidence of ESRD in patients taking amlodipine in the mild (relative risk [RR], 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97-2.23) or moderate-severe (RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.68-1.24) reduction in GFR groups. Compared with patients taking chlorthalidone, no significant differences occurred in the incidence of ESRD in patients taking lisinopril in the mild (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 0.87-2.06) or moderate-severe (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.73-1.31) reduction in GFR groups. In patients with mild and moderate-severe reduction in GFR, the incidence of ESRD or 50% or greater decrement in GFR was not significantly different in patients treated with chlorthalidone compared with those treated with amlodipine (odds ratios, 0.96 [P = .74] and 0.85 [P = .23], respectively) and lisinopril (odds ratios, 1.13 [P = .31] and 1.00 [P = .98], respectively). No difference in treatment effects occurred for either end point for patients taking amlodipine or lisinopril compared with those taking chlorthalidone across the 3 GFR subgroups, either for the total group or for participants with diabetes at baseline. At 4 years of follow-up, estimated GFR was 3 to 6 mL /min per 1.73 m(2) higher in patients assigned to receive amlodipine compared with chlorthalidone, depending on baseline GFR stratum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In hypertensive patients with reduced GFR, neither amlodipine nor lisinopril was superior to chlorthalidone in reducing the rate of development of ESRD or a 50% or greater decrement in GFR. Participants assigned to receive amlodipine had a higher GFR than those assigned to receive chlorthalidone, but rates of development of ESRD were not different between the groups.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Mahboob
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pressel
authors.forename: Barry R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Chuke
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nwachuku
authors.forename: Jackson T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Whelton
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barzilay
authors.forename: Vecihi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Batuman
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Eckfeldt
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farber
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henriquez
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kopyt
authors.forename: Gail T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saklayen
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stanford
authors.forename: Candace
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Walworth
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wiegmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002752:Chlorthalidone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004232:Diuretics / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D017706:Lisinopril / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004232:Diuretics; D017311:Amlodipine; D017706:Lisinopril; D002752:Chlorthalidone