title: Effect of nitric oxide on the development of nitrofen-induced fetal hypoplastic lung explants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nitric oxide (NO) is an important cell-signaling molecule, and its generators, nitric oxide synthases, are expressed temporospatially in fetal rat lung. Recently, NO has been reported to modulate branching of the fetal rat lung lobe in vitro. We designed this study to evaluate the effect of NO on the morphogenesis of hypoplastic lung using nitrofen-induced rat lung explant model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hypoplastic fetal lung model and a normal control lung model were induced by feeding a pregnant rat with nitrofen (100 mg) or olive oil on day 9.5 of gestation, respectively. Fetal lungs were harvested on day 13.5 and placed in organ culture containing serum-free medium Dulbecco modified Eagle medium. An NO donor, DETA NONOate (DETA/NO), was added daily in the culture medium. The lung cultures were divided into 4 groups: group 1 (n = 8), normal controls without DETA/NO; group 2 (n = 22), normal controls with DETA/NO; group 3 (n = 13), hypoplastic lungs without DETA/NO; group 4 (n = 22), hypoplastic lungs with DETA/NO. The fetal lungs were incubated for 48 hours at 37 degrees C with 5% CO2. Lung bud count and area of the specimens were measured under computer-assisted digital tracings. The rate of increase in bud count and lung area was calculated as the ratio of each value at 48 hours minus each value at 0 hour, divided by the value at 0 hour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lung bud count was significantly increased in group 2 compared with group 1 at a concentration of 50 micromol/L DETA/NO (P < .05). In the nitrofen group, the lung bud count was significantly increased in group 4 compared with group 3 at 100 micromol/L DETA/NO added (P < .05). There was no significant difference in the rate of increase in whole lung area among the 4 groups. The peak increase rates of lung area and bud count were significantly lower in group 4 compared with group 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that the NO donor, DETA/NO, promotes branching of the nitrofen-induced hypoplastic fetal lung explant. These data suggest that NO may modulate the development of the nitrofen-induced hypoplastic lung.
authors.affiliation: Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children and University College, Dublin 12, Ireland.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinkai
authors.forename: Toko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shinkai
authors.forename: Martina E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pirker
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Montedonico
authors.forename: Prem
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005325:Fetal Organ Maturity / Q000187:drug effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000196:embryology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009603:Nitroso Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010575:Pesticides / Q000009:adverse effects; D010647:Phenyl Ethers / Q000009:adverse effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013723:Teratogens
chemical_list: D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009603:Nitroso Compounds; D010575:Pesticides; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D013723:Teratogens; C094210:2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C007350:nitrofen