title: Specific interactions between HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein and the TAR element.
abstract: During retroviral reverse transcription, the minus-strand strong-stop DNA (ss-cDNA) is transferred to the 3' end of the genomic RNA and this requires the repeat (R) sequences present at both ends of the genome. In vitro, the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) R sequence can promote DNA strand transfer when present in ectopic internal positions. Using HIV-1 model systems, the R sequences and nucleocapsid protein (NC) were found to be key determinants of ss-cDNA transfer. To gain insights into specific interactions between HIV-1 NC and RNA and the influence of NC on R folding, we investigated the secondary structures of R in two natural contexts, namely at the 5' or 3' end of RNAs representing the terminal regions of the genome, and in two ectopic internal positions that also support efficient minus-strand transfer. To investigate the roles of NC zinc fingers and flanking basic domains in the NC/RNA interactions, we used NC mutants. Analyses of the viral RNA/NC complexes by chemical and enzymatic probings, and gel retardation assays were performed under conditions allowing ss-cDNA transfer by reverse transcriptase. We report that NC binds the TAR apical loop specifically in the four genetic contexts without changing the folding of the TAR hairpin and R region significantly, and this requires the NC zinc fingers. In addition, we show that efficient annealing of cTAR DNA to the 3' R relies on sequence complementarities between TAR and cTAR terminal loops. These findings suggest that the TAR apical loop in the acceptor RNA is the initiation site for the annealing reaction that is chaperoned by NC during the minus-strand transfer.
authors.affiliation: CNRS UMR8113, LBPA-Alembert, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 94235 Cachan cedex, France.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kanevsky
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chaminade
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ficheux
authors.forename: Abdeladim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moumen
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gorelick
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Negroni
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Darlix
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fossé
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded / Q000378:metabolism; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016325:HIV Long Terminal Repeat; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048348:Reverse Transcription / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication; D016335:Zinc Fingers / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded; D004279:DNA, Viral; D015683:Gene Products, gag; C071884:NCP7 protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D010455:Peptides; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus