title: Inpatient versus other settings for detoxification for opioid dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are a complex range of variables that can influence the course and subjective severity of opioid withdrawal. There is a growing evidence for the effectiveness of a range of medically-supported detoxification strategies, but little attention has been paid to the influence of the setting in which the process takes place.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of any inpatient opioid detoxification programme when compared with all other time-limited detoxification programmes on the level of completion of detoxification, the intensity and duration of withdrawal symptoms, the nature and incidence of adverse effects, the level of engagement in further treatment post-detoxification, and the rates of relapse post-detoxification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL - The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2004); MEDLINE (January 1966-March 2004); EMBASE (January 1988-March 2004); PsycInfo (January 1967-March 2004); CINAHL (January 1982-March 2004). In addition the Current Contents, Biological Abstracts, Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Index were searched.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled clinical trials comparing inpatient opioid detoxification (any drug or psychosocial therapy) with other time-limited detoxification programmes (including residential units that are not staffed 24 hours per day, day-care facilities where the patient is not resident for 24 hours per day, and outpatient or ambulatory programmes, and using any drug or psychosocial therapy).
  
  
  METHODS
  All abstracts were independently inspected by two reviewers (ED & JI) and relevant papers were retrieved and assessed for methodological quality using Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only one study met the inclusion criteria. This did not explicitly report the number of participants in each group that successfully completed the detoxification process, but the published data allowed us to deduce that 7 out of 10 (70%) in the inpatient detoxification group were opioid-free on discharge, compared with 11 out of 30 (37%) in the outpatient group. There was very limited data about the other outcomes of interest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review demonstrates that there is no good available research to guide the clinician about the outcomes or cost-effectiveness of inpatient or outpatient approaches to opioid detoxification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham- Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, UK, B15 2QZ. e.j.day@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ison
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strang
mesh_terms: D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone