title: Surgical management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the surgical management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma over a time period when liver resection was considered standard management.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Hilar cholangiocarcinoma remains a difficult challenge for surgeons. An advance in surgical treatment is the addition of liver resection to the procedure. However, liver resection in the setting of liver dysfunction caused by biliary obstruction can be associated with increased mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1997 and 2004, 80 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma having surgery were reviewed. Fifty-three patients had attempted curative resections, 14 patients had palliative bypasses, while 13 patients had findings that precluded any further intervention. Twenty-three patients required portal vein resection and reconstruction to achieve negative margins, 3 of which also required reconstruction of the hepatic artery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients undergoing resection had a 9% operative mortality, with morbidity of 40%. Patients who demonstrated lobar hypertrophy preoperatively due to tumor involvement of the contralateral liver or induced with portal vein embolization (PVE) had a significantly lower operative mortality than those patients without hypertrophy. Median overall survival in patients resected was 40 months, with 5-year survival of 35%. Negative margins were achieved in 80% of cases and were associated with improved survival. Five-year survival in patients undergoing resection with negative margins was 45%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined liver and bile-duct resection can be performed for hilar cholangiocarcinoma with acceptable mortality, though higher than that for liver resections performed for other indications. The use of PVE in cases where hypertrophy of the remnant liver has not occurred preoperatively may reduce the risk of operative mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0286, USA. hemmings@surgery.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Alan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Hemming
authors.forename: Alan I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004322:Drainage; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000601:surgery; D016019:Survival Analysis