Human neurobehavioral effects of long-term exposure to styrene: a meta-analysis.
Many reports in the literature suggest that long-term exposure to styrene may exert a variety of effects on the nervous system, including increased choice reaction time and decreased performance of color discrimination and color arrangement tasks. Sufficient information exists to perform a meta-analysis of these observations quantifying the relationships between exposure (estimated from biomarkers) and effects on two measures of central nervous system function: reaction time and color vision. To perform the meta-analysis, we pooled data into a single database for each end point. End-point data were transformed to a common metric of effect magnitude (percentage of baseline). We estimated styrene concentration from biomarkers of exposure and fitted linear least-squares equations to the pooled data to produce dose-effect relationships. Statistically significant relationships were demonstrated between cumulative styrene exposure and increased choice reaction time as well as increased color confusion index. Eight work-years of exposure to 20 ppm styrene was estimated to produce a 6.5% increase in choice reaction time, which has been shown to significantly increase the probability of automobile accidents. The same exposure history was predicted to increase the color confusion index as much as 1.7 additional years of age in men.
Benignus
Vernon A
VA
Human Studies Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA. benignus.vernon@epa.gov
Geller
Andrew M
AM
Boyes
William K
WK
Bushnell
Philip J
PJ
D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003118:Color Perception / Q000187:drug effects*; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011930:Reaction Time; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020058:Styrene / Q000506:poisoning*
D015415:Biomarkers; D020058:Styrene