title: Toward a biotic ligand model for freshwater green algae: surface-bound and internal copper are better predictors of toxicity than free Cu2+-ion activity when pH is varied.
abstract: The freshwater green microalgae Chlorella sp. and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (P. subcapitata) were chronically (48 and 72 h, respectively) exposed to copper at various pH levels, i.e., pH 6-7.5 and pH 5.9-8.5, respectively. Concentrations resulting in 50% inhibition of exponential growth rate (EC50) were determined as dissolved Cu, estimated chemical activity of the free Cu2+ ion (as pCu = - log{Cu2+ activity as molarity}), and as external (surface-bound) Cu and internal Cu in the algal cells. With increasing pH, EC50dissolved decreased from 30 to 1.1 microg of Cu L(-1) for Chlorella sp. and from 46 to 18 microg of Cu L(-1) for P. subcapitata. The pH effect on copper toxicity was even more obvious when expressed as Cu2+ activity. The EC50pCu increased on average 1.4 pCu unit per pH unit for Chlorella sp. and 1.1 pCu unit per pH unit for P. subcapitata, thus indicating a marked increase of Cu2+ toxicity at higher pH (more than 1 order of magnitude per pH unit). In contrast, it was found that EC50 values expressed as surface bound or external copper (EC50external) and as internal copper (EC50internal) did not vary substantially when pH was increased. External Cu was operationally defined as the Cu fraction removable from the algal cell by short-term contact with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; internal copper was defined as the nonremovable fraction. For Chlorella sp. the EC50external varied between 5 and 10 fg of Cu/ cell (factor of 2 difference) and the EC50internal between 25 and 40 fg of Cu/cell (factor of 1.6 difference). For P. subcapitata the EC50external varied between 10 and 28 fg of Cu/cell (factor of 2.8 difference) and the EC50internal between 42 and 71 fg of Cu/cell (factor of 1.7 difference). Because the observed variation in EC50external and EC50internal is much less than the variation in EC50Cu2+, it is concluded that both external and internal copper are better predictors of copper toxicity than Cu2+ when pH is varied. From the perspective of toxicity modeling, this observation is the first step toward considering the use of the cell surface as the algal biotic ligand for Cu in a similar way as fish gills fulfill this role in the biotic ligand model for predicting metal toxicity to fish species.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, J Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Gent, Belgium. Karel.Deschamphelaere@Ugent.be
authors.forename: Karel A C
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: De Schamphelaere
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Stauber
authors.forename: Karyn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wilde
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Markich
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Natasha M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Nicola M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Creighton
authors.forename: Colin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Janssen
mesh_terms: D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D004492:Edetic Acid; D005618:Fresh Water; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008024:Ligands; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010219:Papua New Guinea
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D003300:Copper; D004492:Edetic Acid