title: Inhibitory control of saccadic eye movements and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examined the relationship of inhibitory control and measures of neuropsychological impairment in patients with early Alzheimer's disease (AD). Four specific questions were addressed: 1) Which error parameters of saccadic inhibition are sensitive to AD? 2) Which inhibitory deficits are related to cognitive measures of impairment? 3) Is the inhibitory impairment in AD dependent on the initiation of a volitional eye movement? 4) How do the effects of saccadic inhibitory control in AD relate to the normal effects of aging?
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients with probable AD and two control groups (seventeen young, and eighteen old participants) completed a battery of neuropsychological tests and four saccadic eye movement paradigms: pro-saccade, NO-GO, GO/NO-GO and anti-saccade.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Old controls generated increased inhibition errors in comparison to young controls in the GO/NO-GO paradigm. In comparison to old controls, AD generated normal saccades in the pro-saccade paradigm, but showed a higher proportion of inhibition errors in the NO-GO, GO/NO-GO and anti-paradigms. The frequency of uncorrected errors in the anti-saccade paradigm was positively correlated with cognitive measures of dementia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AD patients have an impairment of inhibitory control and error-correction that exceeds the effects of normal aging and is related to the severity of dementia. However, the inhibitory impairment is not contingent on the interaction with a volitional saccade.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health and Neural Systems Research Unit, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom. t.crawford@lancaster.ac.uk
authors.forename: Trevor J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higham
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Renvoize
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: Anur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suriya
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tetley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic