title: Melatonin vs. midazolam premedication in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Unlike midazolam, melatonin premedication is not associated with cognitive impairment in adults despite its anxiolytic properties. The use of melatonin as a premedicant in children has not been reported. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study compared the perioperative effects of different doses of melatonin and midazolam in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven groups of children (n = 15 in each) were randomly assigned to receive one of the following premedicants. Midazolam 0.1, 0.25 or 0.5 mg kg(-1) orally, melatonin 0.1, 0.25 or 0.5 mg kg(-1) orally each mixed in 15 mg kg(-1) acetaminophen, or placebo only (15 mg kg(-1) acetaminophen). Anxiety and temperament were evaluated before and after administration of the study drug, on separation from parents and on the introduction of the anaesthesia mask. At week 2 postoperatively, the behaviour of the children was measured by the Post Hospitalization Behaviour Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Melatonin or midazolam each in doses of 0.25 or 0.5 mg kg(-1) were equally effective as premedicants in alleviating separation anxiety and anxiety associated with the introduction of the anaesthesia mask. A trend was noted for midazolam to prolong recovery times as the dosage increased. The use of melatonin was associated with a lower incidence (P = 0.049) of excitement at 10 min postoperatively, and a lower incidence (P = 0.046) of sleep disturbance at week 2 postoperatively than that observed with midazolam and control groups. No postoperative excitement was noted in the melatonin groups at 20, 30 and 45 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Melatonin was not only as effective as midazolam in alleviating preoperative anxiety in children, but it was also associated with a tendency towards faster recovery, lower incidence of excitement postoperatively and a lower incidence of sleep disturbance at week 2 postoperatively.
authors.affiliation: King Saud University, Department of Anesthesia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samarkandi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naguib
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Riad
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thalaj
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Alotibi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aldammas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albassam
mesh_terms: D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000523:psychology; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control; D001010:Anxiety, Separation / Q000517:prevention & control; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008397:Masks; D008550:Melatonin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010919:Placebos; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000517:prevention & control; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D013694:Temperament / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010919:Placebos; D008550:Melatonin; D008874:Midazolam