title: A multicenter evaluation of absorbent products for children with incontinence and disabilities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate all disposable pull-up-style pads (pull-ups) designed for children with learning and or physical disabilities and compare these with a representative sample of disposable diapers (diapers).
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicenter randomized crossover trial where all children evaluated each product. SETTING AND CHILDREN: A total of 61 community dwelling children with disabilities were recruited from 5 areas throughout the United Kingdom. Families were invited by letter to participate through their local clinical nurse specialist for continence care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Instruments used included a range of questionnaires (product performance, design performance, and design preference questionnaires) and pad weight and leakage diaries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The children tested 10 products (5 pull-ups and 5 diapers) for up to 1 week per product both at home and at school. Caregivers (parents and guardians) completed the questionnaires after evaluation of individual products and design groups had been completed. They recorded wet product weights and scored pad leakage at each pad change. School staff completed an abbreviated product performance questionnaire for each product.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was little difference in the overall performance of the pull-ups compared with the diapers. In the pull-up group, one product performed significantly worse than the others for some performance aspects. Pull-ups worked particularly well for children able to assist with toileting and pad changes. Diapers were liked for ease of changing if the child used calipers, adapted footwear, or trousers. Diapers were more popular than pull-ups for night use, when greater absorbency was required. Neither design performed differently for school or home use. Most caregivers expressed a preference for diapers or pull-ups based on a range of individual needs, for example, level of independence in toileting, discreteness in pad change, fit, and product appearance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diapers and pull-ups have different strengths and limitations, and both meet the specific needs of individual children. Although pull-ups are more expensive than diapers, their use is justified if based on a thorough assessment of individual need.
authors.affiliation: University College London, Continence Products Evaluation Network, Continence Technology Group, Department of Medicine/Medical Phsyics, Archway Campus, Highgate Hill, London, UK. m.macaulay@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macaulay
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.forename: Mandy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fader
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cottenden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D041381:Diapers, Infant; D019988:Children with Disabilities; D004209:Disposable Equipment; D005242:Fecal Incontinence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014549:Urinary Incontinence