title: Recent developments in tuberculosis vaccines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim is to review findings related to the use of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, focusing on its limitations and benefits in controlling tuberculosis (TB). Some new TB vaccines, which have entered or are expected to enter clinical trials, are highlighted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BCG is currently the only available vaccine against TB, and is widely administered within the World Health Organization Expanded Programme for Immunization. Several trials have shown that the protective efficacy of BCG varies between different populations. Recently, a 60-year follow-up study of American Indians reported the long-term efficacy of BCG to be 52%. The reasons for the low efficacy of the BCG vaccine may be generic differences in the BCG strains, differences in immunological properties of study populations or exposure to environmental factors such as mycobacteria. The low efficacy of the BCG vaccine has encouraged the search for a new vaccine. Among new vaccine candidates are live attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccines, recombinant BCG, DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines and fusion proteins with novel adjuvants and delivery systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Today, most of the world's population is vaccinated with BCG. It is generally accepted that BCG protects against childhood TB but this immunity wanes with age, resulting in no or insufficient protection against TB. Using modern techniques, several research groups have developed more than 200 new vaccine candidates. Some of these vaccines are now in clinical trials. The clinical evaluation of these new vaccines should be designed to cover a heterogeneous population with great variation in immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden. melles.haile@smi.ki.se
authors.forename: Melles
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haile
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Källenius
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015195:Drug Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology; D032581:Tuberculosis Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine; D032581:Tuberculosis Vaccines