title: Bioaccumulation of elements in bryophytes from Serra da Estrela, Portugal, and Veluwezoom, the Netherlands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pollution by heavy metals over large areas and long periods of time may cause chronic damage to living organisms and must be carefully controlled. One way to determine the extent of environmental contamination is by measuring the levels of contaminants in plants. The use of mosses as biomonitors is a convenient method to determine levels of (atmospheric) deposition, as terrestrial mosses obtain most of their supply of mineral elements from precipitation and dry deposition of airborne particles. Mosses have therefore received increasing attention as a suitable tool for monitoring regional patterns of elemental deposition from the atmosphere in large-scale studies in various countries, in areas close to industrial installations as well as in areas not expected to be contaminated. Although this technique is widely known, ecological studies of this type have rarely been done in Portugal. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and compare the spatial distribution of heavy metals in Hypnum cupressiforme, Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum scoparium and Polytrichum piliferum collected from the Serra da Estrela natural park in Portugal and in the Veluwezoom natural park in the Netherlands. The selected species are the most widely used bryophytes for biomonitoring in the boreal region. The popularity of these species for this purpose is due to their wide ecological amplitude and distribution.
  
  
  METHODS
  At 54 sampling sites in both nature parks, samples of Hypnum cupressiforme, Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum scoparium and Polytrichum piliferum were collected. Plant digests were analysed for Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Sr, V, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, N and P. Differentiations between sampling sites in terms of concentrations of elements in mosses were evaluated by ANOVA and the least significant difference was calculated. The normality of the analysed features was checked with the chi square test. After standardization, the matrix of 54 samples and 10 heavy metals was subjected to numerical classification to detect groups of samples with similar patterns of metal concentrations. The clustering algorithm was prepared with Ward's method, and the City Block Manhattan method was used for the similarity measure. Metals and samples were also subjected to ordination to reveal possible gradients of heavy metal levels, using PCA. Correlations were calculated between concentrations of metals and factors 1 and 2, allowing the dependence between the concentration of metals and factors (factor loading) to be estimated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All species examined in both areas contained elevated levels of Mn and Pb. For each particular species, concentrations of N, P and Pb were significantly higher at Serra da Estrela, while concentrations of Cu were significantly higher at the Veluwezoom. Mosses from Portugal and the Netherlands differed significantly mainly in the concentrations of Al, Ba, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and V. This differentiation did not exceed that within the mosses from Portugal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mosses from Portugal and the Netherlands differ significantly mainly in the concentrations of Al, Ba, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and V. This differentiation does not exceed the differentiation within the mosses from Portugal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research is required into the origin and deposition of the polluting elements in other environmental compartments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Nature Protection, Wroclaw University, ul. Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland. sameckaa@biol.uni.wroc.pl
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samecka-Cymerman
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kolon
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kempers
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Bas
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boonen
mesh_terms: D044002:Bryophyta / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D009426:Netherlands
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy