title: Redirection of gaze and switching of attention during rapid stepping reactions evoked by unpredictable postural perturbation.
abstract: In many situations successful execution of a balance-recovery reaction requires visual information about the environment. In particular, reactions that involve rapid limb movements, such as stepping, must be controlled to avoid obstacles and accommodate other constraints on limb trajectory. However, it is unknown whether the central nervous system can acquire the necessary visuospatial information prior to perturbation onset or must, instead, redirect gaze at the floor during the execution of the stepping reaction. To study this we examined gaze behaviour, during rapid forward-directed stepping reactions triggered by unpredictable platform perturbation, in 12 healthy young adults. We also monitored switching of attention, as inferred from onset of significant error in performing a concurrent visuomotor tracking task. Obstacles and/or step targets were used as constraints, to increase demands for accurate foot movement. Downward gaze shifts towards the floor almost never occurred during stepping reactions when foot motion was unconstrained but did occur more frequently as the demands for accurate foot movement increased. Nonetheless, even in the most challenging condition (target plus obstacle), downward redirection of gaze occurred in less than 40% of the trials, and subjects were commonly well able to clear the obstacle and land the foot on the target without redirecting their gaze towards the floor. An apparent switching of attention, subsequent to perturbation onset, occurred frequently (>80% of trials) in all task conditions, independent of the gaze shifts. The findings indicate that visual fixation of the foot or floor was not essential for accurate control of the foot movement, nor was the apparent switching of attention that followed perturbation onset linked, in any consistent way, to overt changes in visual fixation. Spatial features of the support surface were apparently "remembered" prior to perturbation onset, thereby allowing both vision and attention to be directed to other demands during the execution of the balance reaction.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Studies in Aging , Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada.
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Zettel
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holbeche
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: McIlroy
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Maki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology