title: Safe entry techniques during laparoscopy: left upper quadrant entry using the ninth intercostal space--a review of 918 procedures.
abstract: Surgeons performing sophisticated endoscopic operations must be well versed in alternate laparoscopic access methods to address evolving patient expectations and safety requirements. The safety of left upper quadrant laparoscopic entry in patients with prior surgeries and abdominal adhesions was evaluated. Laparoscopic surgery was performed for various indications on patients with prior surgical scars and anticipated risk of adhesions at the primary umbilical port site. All laparoscopies performed from July 1998 through June 2004 were analyzed. Of the 918 laparoscopies, 504 patients (54.9%) were found to have involvement of their umbilicus with adhesions that could have affected the traditional umbilical primary port entry. Left ninth intercostal space was used for Veres needle entry, and the primary trocar was placed in the left upper quadrant space. Of the 504 potentially risky entries, there were two (0.39%) Veres-needle related and zero trocar-related injuries. All surgical procedures were accomplished laparoscopically, and all entries were accomplished by the left upper quadrant entry technique. Therefore left upper quadrant entry technique is a safe and easily learned alternate access technique.
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3255, USA.
authors.forename: Neena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Agarwala
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D034861:Abdominal Wall; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009339:Needles; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000150:complications; D014472:Umbilicus