title: Effect of recall rate on earlier screen detection of breast cancers based on the Dutch performance indicators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recall rate (i.e., the rate at which mammographically screened women are recalled for additional assessment) in the Dutch breast screening program (0.89% in 2000 for subsequent examinations) is the lowest worldwide, with possible consequences including higher rates of late-detected (i.e., "missed") interval and screen-detected cancers. To estimate the effect of changes in recall rate on earlier detection of cancers, we carried out a blinded review of interval and screen-detected cancers in the Dutch screening program.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 495 sets of screen-negative mammograms (prediagnostic mammogram and the immediate previous mammogram) were collected from women participating in the biennial Dutch screening program. Of these, 250 were from control subjects, and 245 were from women who were subsequently diagnosed with breast cancer (123 interval and 122 screen-detected cancers). These mammograms were read by 15 radiologists who specialize in screening mammography and were blinded to outcome. Mean detection sensitivities for different false-positive rates were calculated using a linear mixed model. These results were used to calculate the effect of recall rate adjustment on earlier detection of cancers and numbers of false-positives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing the recall rate to 2.0% would increase the detection rate from 4.20 per thousand to 4.52 per thousand due to the earlier detection of interval cancers. Moreover, 0.54 per thousand of the screen-detected cancers would be detected 2 years earlier (late screen-detected cancers). At recall rates of 3.0% and 4.0% the detection rate would increase to 4.58 per thousand and 4.63 per thousand, respectively, and 0.64 per thousand and 0.72 per thousand, respectively, of the screen-detected cancers would be detected 2 years earlier. For each 1.0% incremental increase in recall rate above 5.0%, the detection rate would increase by approximately 0.03 per thousand, with positive predictive values decreasing to below 10%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breast cancer can be detected earlier by lowering the threshold for recall, especially for recall rates of 1%-4%. With further recall rate increases, cancer detection levels off with a disproportionate increase of false-positive rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. j.otten@epib.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Johannes D M
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Otten
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karssemeijer
authors.forename: Jan H C L
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.forename: Johanna H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Groenewoud
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fracheboud
authors.forename: André L M
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Verbeek
authors.forename: Harry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: de Koning
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D033162:Incidental Findings; D016014:Linear Models; D008327:Mammography / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015588:Observer Variation; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity