title: Sleep-wake cycles, social rhythms, and sleeping arrangement during Japanese childbearing family transition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine how sleep-wake cycles and social rhythms of Japanese parents are related to their sleeping arrangements before and after the birth of their first child.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective longitudinal, time-series methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants' homes in four geographical areas of Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Convenience sample of 101 Japanese first-time parent couples who completed antepartum and postpartum questionnaires.
  
  
  METHODS
  24-hr sleep-wake rhythm from 7-day logs at 32 to 36 weeks gestation and 4 to 5 weeks postpartum and daily social rhythm from Monk's Social Rhythm Metric.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mothers' total sleep time and activity level decreased after birth. Social rhythms became less regular for mothers and more consistent and regular for fathers. Although sleeping arrangement had no effect on parents' daily social rhythms, it had a significant effect on the 24-hr sleep-wake rhythm. Regularity of sleep-wake rhythms was more prominent for fathers sleeping with mother and baby than for fathers sleeping alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Couples having their first child face great changes in their sleep-wake cycles and social rhythms. Nurses can counsel expectant parents to think about their sleeping habits and social activities and assist them in making informed decisions about the best sleeping arrangement during transition to parenthood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Nursing, Division of Health Sciences & Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Japan. akemiya-mazaki-tky@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akemi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Holly Powell
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Sandra J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007224:Infant Care / Q000379:methods*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007564:Japan; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016389:Maternal-Child Nursing / Q000592:standards*; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012892:Sleep Deprivation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors