title: Health and growth of veal calves fed milk replacers with or without probiotics.
abstract: Four experiments with 1-wk-old veal calves were conducted to assess the influence of probiotics on growth and health indicators. In experiments 1 and 2, the liquid probiotic supplements were administered daily from experimental d 1 to 15. The treatment period in experiments 3 and 4 was extended to 56 d. The probiotics used were a multispecies probiotic (MSPB) containing different probiotic species of human origin, or a calf-specific probiotic (CSPB) containing 6 Lactobacillus species isolated from calf feces and selected on the basis of a combination of characteristics. When the data for the 4 experiments were pooled, the probiotics enhanced growth rate during the first 2 wk. During the 8-wk experimental period, average daily gain and feed efficiency were significantly improved in the probiotic-treated groups. The MSPB-induced increase in weight gain was greater when the control calves were considered less healthy based on a health score (an index of diarrhea and therapeutic treatments). Probiotic treatment tended to diminish mortality. The CSPB treatment reduced the incidence of diarrhea and the fecal counts of coliforms. When therapeutic treatment was intensive in the control calves, the ingestion of probiotics reduced the percentage of calves that required therapy and the amount of treatments needed against digestive or respiratory diseases. There was no clear difference in the efficiency of the MSPB and CSPB preparations. Further research is necessary to identify underlying mechanisms and to evaluate the potential of probiotics to improve respiratory health in veal calf production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands. h.timmerman@vet.uu.nl
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Timmerman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Everts
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: van Espen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van der Wal
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Klaassen
authors.forename: S M G
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rouwers
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hartemink
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Rombouts
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Beynen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000254:growth & development*; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D004032:Diet; D004066:Digestive System Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005285:Fermentation; D006304:Health Status; D007778:Lactobacillus; D008892:Milk; D019936:Probiotics; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D015430:Weight Gain