title: Three-year recovery outcomes for long-term patients with co-occurring schizophrenic and substance use disorders.
abstract: Little is known about the expected treatment outcomes of patients with co-occurring schizophrenic and substance use disorders. This paper reports 3-year outcomes for 152 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and substance use disorders, all of whom received integrated dual disorders treatments in the New Hampshire Dual Diagnosis Study. Outcomes are defined as positive coping behaviors identified by consumers as indicators of recovery. Participants improved steadily in terms of controlling symptoms of schizophrenia, actively attaining remissions from substance abuse, increasing competitive employment, increasing social contacts with non-substance abusers, and improving life satisfaction. Though successful in reducing hospitalization and homelessness, they did not increase time in independent living situations. Outcomes were only weakly interrelated, suggesting that recovery is a multidimensional concept. Neither psychotic diagnosis (schizophrenia vs. schizoaffective disorder) nor substance abuse diagnosis (alcohol vs. other drug disorder vs. both) was related to outcomes. However, these patients with co-occurring schizophrenic and substance use disorders did significantly less well than patients with co-occurring bipolar and substance use disorders in terms of hospitalization, independent living, and quality of life. Overall, the findings provide a hopeful long-term perspective for dual diagnosis patients.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA. Haiyi.Xie@Dartmouth.Edu
authors.forename: Haiyi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: McHugo
authors.forename: Barbara S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Helmstetter
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Drake
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012074:Remission Induction; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012919:Social Behavior; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*