Occurrence of several acidic drugs in sewage treatment plants in Switzerland and risk assessment.
The occurrence and fate of five acidic drugs (Mefenamic acid, Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, Diclofenac and Clofibric acid) were analysed in three sewage treatment plants (STP) over 4-7 consecutive days. The results point out that the five substances were persistent in wastewater effluents after municipal wastewater treatment. At the most, half of Mefenamic acid was eliminated. Ibuprofen was well removed (80%) by one sewage treatment plant. The removal of Ibuprofen is dependent on the residence time of wastewater in the STPs. A long raining period induce an important decrease of removal of Ibuprofen and Ketoprofen. Removal rates showed a great variability according to sewage treatment plants and types of treatments (e.g. biological, physico-chemical). The concentrations of Ibuprofen, Mefenamic acid and Diclofenac were relatively high in the effluents (150-2000 ng/l), showing a potential contamination of surface water. An environmental risk assessment is presented. Mefenamic acid seems to present a risk for the aquatic environment, with a ratio PEC/PNEC higher than one.
Tauxe-Wuersch
A
A
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. annick.tauxe@epfl.ch
De Alencastro
L F
LF
Grandjean
D
D
Tarradellas
J
J
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000032:analysis*; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002995:Clofibric Acid / Q000032:analysis; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000032:analysis; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000032:analysis; D008528:Mefenamic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis*; D013557:Switzerland; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac; D008528:Mefenamic Acid; D002995:Clofibric Acid; D007660:Ketoprofen; D007052:Ibuprofen