title: A multidisciplinary community hospital program for early and rapid resuscitation of shock in nontrauma patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of a community hospital-wide program enabling nurses and prehospital personnel to mobilize institutional resources for the treatment of patients with nontraumatic shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historically controlled single-center study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 180-bed community hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients in shock who were candidates for aggressive therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1998 to May 31, 2000, patients in shock received standard therapy (control group). During the month of June 2000, intensive education of all health-care providers (ie, prehospital personnel, nurses, and physicians) took place. From July 1, 2000, through June 30, 2001, patients in shock (protocol group) were managed with a hospital-wide shock program. The program included early recognition of shock and the initiation of therapy by nonphysicians. Frontline personnel mobilized a shock team, which used goal-directed resuscitation protocols, early intensivist involvement, and rapid transfer to the ICU where protocols specific to shock etiology were implemented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-six and 103 patients, respectively, were enrolled in the control and protocol groups. Baseline characteristics were similar. The protocol group had significant reductions in the median times to interventions, as follows: intensivist arrival, 2:00 h to 50 min (p < 0.002); ICU/operating room admission, 2 h 47 min to 1 h 30 min (p < 0.002); 2 L fluid infused, 3 h 52 min to 1 h 45 min (p < 0.0001); and pulmonary artery catheter placement, 3 h 50 min to 2 h 10 min (p 0.02). Good outcomes (ie, discharged to home or to a rehabilitation center) were more likely in the protocol group than in the control group (p = 0.02). The hospital mortality rate was 40.7% in the control group and 28.2% in the protocol group (p = 0.035).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar to current practice in patients who have experienced trauma or cardiac arrest, the empowerment of nonphysician providers to mobilize hospital resources for the care of patients with shock is effective. A community hospital program incorporating the education of providers, the activation of a coordinated team response, and early goal-directed therapy expedited appropriate treatment and was temporally associated with improved outcomes. Randomized multicenter trials are needed to further assess the impact of the shock program on outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Kritikus Foundation, Redding, CA 96099-1844, USA. fsebat@aol.com
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sebat
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Amjad A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Musthafa
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watnik
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saari
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D002140:California; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006764:Hospitals, Community / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010348:Patient Care Team; D016730:Program Development; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012769:Shock / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors