title: Adverse effects associated with the use of South African traditional folk remedies.
abstract: Although the toxicity of traditional folk remedies is well known in Africa, it is a subject which is surrounded by secrecy and has not been comprehensively studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study are to describe the clinical features of patients admitted to hospital with a confirmed history of using folk remedies, and to gather data on their toxicity in a systematic fashion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paediatric and adult wards of academic hospitals in Johannesburg, South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included 103 patients ranging from one day to 75 years of age, all of whom had recent folk remedy use.
  
  
  METHODS
  All available clinical data were analysed. Primary outcomes were the presence of renal and liver dysfunction, death or discharge from hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common clinical features on presentation were dehydration (51%), vomiting (46%), jaundice (40%), diarrhoea (39%), altered mental status (37%) and oligoanuria (30%). Renal dysfunction was present in 76% of patients and liver dysfunction in 48%. The overall mortality was 34%. The odds ratio of death was 5.1 (95% CI 1.41 to 18.5) in patients with renal dysfunction (p = 0.0077) and 5.35 (95% CI 1.99 to 14.4) in patients with liver dysfunction (p = 0.0006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal and liver dysfunction are frequently associated with use of folk remedies, and mortality in these patients is high. In view of the large numbers of African individuals living in the United States and Europe, it is important for physicians elsewhere to be aware of the potential toxicity of African folk remedies, and to inquire about their use.
authors.affiliation: Renal Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital. vluyckx@partners.org
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Luyckx
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Steenkamp
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rubel
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D004733:Enema / Q000009:adverse effects; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D016488:Medicine, African Traditional; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D008875:Middle Aged; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology