title: The effect of calcium fluoride (CaF(2)) on the chemical solubility of an apatite-mullite glass-ceramic material.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of varying CaF(2) on the chemical solubility of apatite-mullite glass-ceramic (G-C) materials in both the glassy and crystallized states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Apatite-mullite forming glasses used in this study are ionomer cement derivatives based on the general formula (4.5SiO(2)-3Al(2)O(3)-1.5P(2)O(5)-3CaO-XCaF(2)). Six glass formulations were produced where X=0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3, and called HG1-6, respectively. Batches were melted in covered silliminite crucibles in a furnace overnight at 1050 degrees C, then at 1450 degrees C for 2h, before quenching in water. The six glass compositions were analyzed using differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Thirty discs (2mm thick and 12 mm diameter) were produced per glass using the lost wax casting technique. Ten were left as cast and 10 heat treated to either apatite or apatite-mullite. Solubility testing was carried out according to International Standard BS EN ISO 6872 1999 and the mass difference in solubility calculated as mug/cm(2). A lithium disilicate G-C system was used as a control material.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All compositions formed glasses and on heat treatment could form apatite and apatite-mullite. The as-cast glass samples were the most soluble followed by the apatite samples. The apatite-mullite G-C was significantly less soluble than the other two phases (p<0.05) for all six compositions. The control material was significantly less soluble than all the HG glass-ceramic compositions for every phase (p<0.05). Decreasing the CaF(2) content (3-0.5 mol%) led to a decrease in solubility, without affecting the ability of the material to form apatite and apatite-mullite phases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing the CaF(2) content increases the chemical solubility for the glass, apatite G-C and apatite-mullite G-C phases. The solubility values obtained show that all the compositions, as cast and heat treated would be suitable for use as core ceramics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult Dental Care, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK.
authors.forename: Hawa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fathi
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Noort
authors.forename: Jennie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Brook
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001031:Apatites / Q000737:chemistry; D002124:Calcium Fluoride / Q000737:chemistry; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D004055:Differential Thermal Analysis; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D012995:Solubility; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D001031:Apatites; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; C098710:Glass Ionomer Core Material; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C049037:aluminosilicate; C023506:Glass ceramics; D002124:Calcium Fluoride