title: Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome: fourteen new patients and a clinical analysis.
abstract: The Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome (SGS) is a disorder of unknown cause comprising craniosynostosis, a marfanoid habitus and skeletal, neurological, cardiovascular, and connective-tissue anomalies. There are no pathognomonic signs of SGS and diagnosis depends on recognition of a characteristic combination of anomalies. Here, we describe 14 persons with SGS and compare their clinical findings with those of 23 previously reported individuals, including two families with more than one affected individual. Our analysis suggests that there is a characteristic facial appearance, with more than two thirds of all individuals having hypertelorism, down-slanting palpebral fissures, a high-arched palate, micrognathia, and apparently low-set and posteriorly rotated ears. Other commonly reported manifestations include hypotonia in at least the neonatal period, developmental delay, and inguinal or umbilical hernia. The degree of reported intellectual impairment ranges from mild to severe. The most common skeletal manifestations in SGS were arachnodactyly, pectus deformity, camptodactyly, scoliosis, and joint hypermobility. None of the skeletal signs alone is specific for SGS. Our study includes 14 mainly German individuals with SGS evaluated over a period of 10 years. Given that only 23 other persons with SGS have been reported to date worldwide, we suggest that SGS may be more common than previously assumed.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Universitätsklinikum Charité, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Luitgard M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demuth
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Enders
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: König
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mitulla
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muschke
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Prager
authors.forename: Mirja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Somer
authors.forename: Sigrid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tinschert
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000473:pathology*; D004423:Ear / Q000002:abnormalities; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D008297:Male; D008382:Marfan Syndrome / Q000473:pathology*; D010159:Palate / Q000002:abnormalities; D013577:Syndrome