title: Renal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors.
abstract: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) are one of the most commonly used medications worldwide to inhibiting COX activity for the treatment of pain and inflammation. Their nephrotoxicity has been well documented. With the development and clinical implementation of new COX-2 inhibitors, the safety, including the effects on renal function and blood pressure, is attracting increasing attention. In the kidney, COX-2 is constitutively expressed and is highly regulated in response to alterations in intravascular volume. COX-2 metabolites have been implicated in mediation of renin release, regulation of sodium excretion and maintenance of renal blood flow. Similar to conventional NSAIDs, inhibition of COX-2 may cause edema and modest elevations in blood pressure in a minority of subjects. COX-2 inhibitors may also exacerbate preexisting hypertension or interfere with other antihypertensive drugs. Occasional acute renal failure has also been reported. Caution should be taken when COX-2 inhibitors are prescribed, especially in high-risk patients (including elderly and patients with volume depletion). Recently, agents with combined lipooxygenase/COX inhibition and agents that combine NSAIDs with a nitric oxide (NO) donor have been reported to reduce adverse renal effects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012964:Sodium; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases