title: EULAR report on the use of ultrasonography in painful knee osteoarthritis. Part 2: exploring decision rules for clinical utility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Synovial inflammation (as defined by hypertrophy and effusion) is common in osteoarthritis (OA) and may be important in both pain and structural progression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if decision rules can be devised from clinical findings and ultrasonography (US) to allow recognition of synovial inflammation in patients with painful knee OA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A EULAR-ESCISIT cross sectional, multicentre study enrolled subjects with painful OA knee who had clinical, radiographic, and US evaluations. A classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was performed to find combinations of predictor variables that would provide high sensitivity and specificity for clinically detecting synovitis and effusion in individual subjects. A range of definitions for the two key US variables, synovitis and effusion (using different combinations of synovial thickness, depth, and appearance), were also included in exploratory analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  600 patients with knee OA were included in the analysis. For both knee synovitis and joint effusion, the sensitivity and specificity were poor, yielding unsatisfactory likelihood ratios (75% sensitivity, 45% specificity, and positive LR of 1.36 for knee synovitis; 71.6% sensitivity, 43.2% specificity, and positive LR of 1.26 for joint effusion). The exploratory analyses did not improve the sensitivity and specificity (demonstrating positive LRs of between 1.26 and 1.57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although it is possible to determine clinical and radiological predictors of OA inflammation in populations, CART analysis could not be used to devise useful clinical decision rules for an individual subject. Thus sensitive imaging techniques such as US remain the most useful tool for demonstrating synovial inflammation of the knee at the individual level.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, Cochin Hospital, 27, rue du Faubourg St Jacques, 75014 Paris, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Conaghan
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ravaud
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Le Bars
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grassi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin-Mola
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wakefield
authors.forename: J-L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Brasseur
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Backhaus
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malaise
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burmester
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schmidely
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dougados
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013585:Synovitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography