title: Black raspberry extract and fractions contain angiogenesis inhibitors.
abstract: Targeted therapies, such as agents that inhibit angiogenesis, offer hope as complementary agents in cancer therapy. Angiogenesis-inhibiting agents have the potential for inhibiting tumor growth and limiting the dissemination of metastasis, thus keeping cancers in a static growth state for prolonged periods. Black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) extract was discovered to be antiangiogenic (0.1% w/v) in a novel human tissue-based in vitro fibrin clot angiogenesis assay. Assay-guided fractionation of a crude black raspberry extract resulted in a highly potent antiangiogenic fraction that accounted for only 1% of the fresh weight of whole black raspberries. At 0.075% (w/v), the active fraction completely inhibited angiogenic initiation and angiogenic vessel growth. Further subfractionation of this active fraction revealed the coexistence of multiple antiangiogenic compounds, one of which has been identified as gallic acid. However, the individual subfractions did not outperform the active whole fraction. These findings suggest that an active black raspberry fraction may be a promising complementary cancer therapy. It is natural and potent enough for manageable dosing regimens. These extracts contain multiple active ingredients that may be additive or synergistic in their antiangiogenic effects. These observations warrant further investigations in animals and human trials.
authors.affiliation: Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 227 Renewable Natural Resources Building, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwimer
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Frank L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Greenway
authors.forename: Catherine T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Anthony
authors.forename: Eugene A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Woltering
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis*; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D027824:Rosaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D005707:Gallic Acid