title: The gravity-assisted Paedi-Gav valve in the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A single-center, prospective, nonrandomized pilot study was performed to assess the Paedi-Gav gravity-assisted valve for the treatment of pediatric patients with hydrocephalus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were pediatric patients (age <16 years) who were candidates for a hydrocephalus shunt system that required a valve insertion at the time of enrollment. The primary outcome event was shunt malfunction; subclassified into shunt obstruction, shunt overdrainage, loculated ventricles, or infection. The shunt obstructions were further subclassified according to site. A total of 32 patients were enrolled onto the study, with 2 undergoing first shunt insertion after failed ventriculostomy and 30 undergoing shunt revisions. On average, the patients had had 3.3 shunt procedures prior to insertion of a Paedi-Gav valve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a follow-up interval of minimum 52 weeks and a median of 24 months after the first implantation on-study, shunt revisions were required in 17 (53.1%) of the 32 patients. The 12-month shunt-survival rate without revision of any component was 53%, with a median shunt-survival time of 388 days. The most common reasons for shunt revision were shunt obstructions (12/17) and overdrainage (3/17). Shunt obstructions were caused by valve-related failures (9/12) and distal obstructions (3/12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the small number of patients enrolled in this study warrants cautious conclusions, the overall results are comparable to those reported for primary shunt insertions with conventional valves in pediatric patients with hydrocephalus. Although this study provides a rationale for examining the Paedi-Gav gravity-assisted shunt valve in a larger prospective randomized controlled trial, the shunt failure pattern, with a rather high frequency of valve-related failures, may indicate potential for further improvements in the valve design and/or manufacturing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. torsteinrmeling@mailcity.com
authors.forename: Torstein R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Meling
authors.forename: Arild
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Egge
authors.forename: Bernt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Due-Tønnessen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006112:Gravitation; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012086:Reoperation; D016896:Treatment Outcome