Ultrasonic biophysical measurements in the normal human fetus for optimal design of the monolithic fetal pacemaker.
Ultrasound measurements, including xiphoid-to-pericardial distance and deployment angle, were made on human fetuses as a function of gestational age for the purpose of assessing the likelihood of 3 failure modes of a monolithic fetal pacemaker, including primary positioning failure due to device length and secondary dislodgement failure due to somatic growth. The small variation of the measurements over the gestational age range relevant to device implantation for the major indications of the device (for complete heart block complicated by hydrops and for bradycardia risk after fetal surgery or intrauterine intervention) predicts a small likelihood of these failure modes.
Fayn
Evgueni
E
Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, USA.
Chou
Howard A
HA
Park
DaeGyun
D
Zavitz
Daniel H
DH
Cuneo
Bettina F
BF
Mahan
Vicki L
VL
Guleçyuz
Mehmet
M
Curran
Letitia
L
Lipson
David
D
Quillen
Edmond W
EW
Petrikovsky
Boris M
BM
Ovadia
Marc
M
D004452:Echocardiography / Q000592:standards*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000592:standards*