title: Renal cell carcinoma 2005: new frontiers in staging, prognostication and targeted molecular therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has traditionally been staged using a purely anatomical staging system. Although current staging systems provide good prognostic information, data published in the last few years has led to significant controversies as to whether further revisions are needed and whether improvements can be made with the introduction of new, more accurate and predictive prognostic factors not currently included in traditional staging systems. This review highlights such controversies and provides an update on current staging modalities, prognostic factors and targeted molecular therapy for RCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive review of the peer reviewed literature was performed on the topic of current staging modalities, validated prognostic factors, predictive nomograms, molecular markers and targeted molecular therapy for RCC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A staging system for malignant disease such as RCC uses various characteristics of tumors to stratify patients into clinically meaningful categories, which can be used to provide patients with counseling regarding prognosis, select treatment modalities and determine eligibility for clinical trials. The TNM staging system is currently the most extensively used one. However, it has undergone recent systematic revision due to rapidly emerging data from longer patient followup. The identification of various histological and symptomatic factors has led groups at many centers to develop more comprehensive staging systems that integrate these factors and include patients with metastatic and local disease. While integrated staging systems have improved RCC staging, the recent discovery of molecular tumor markers is expected to revolutionize RCC staging in the future and lead to the development of new therapies based on molecular targeting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Staging systems for RCC serve as a valuable prognostic tool. Several new patient and tumor characteristics have been reported to be important prognostic factors and they have been integrated into current staging systems. In addition, the field of RCC is rapidly undergoing a revolution led by molecular markers and targeted therapies. With this information urologists will be updated with the most current and comprehensive staging strategies, and be provided with a glimpse of the molecular and patient specific staging and treatment paradigms that will in our opinion transform the future management of this malignancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Shvarts
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Leppert
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Figlin
authors.forename: Arie S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Belldegrun
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019496:Cancer Vaccines