title: Comparison of questionnaire and quantitative ultrasound techniques as screening tools for DXA.
abstract: The aim of the study is to assess the sensitivity and specificity of different techniques and their ability to act as screening tools in relation to dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a group of 208 postmenopausal women. In this study we examined eight screening systems for the diagnosis of osteoporosis, the osteoporosis self-assessment tool (OST), the osteoporosis risk assessment instrument (ORAI), the osteoporosis index of risk (OSIRIS), a risk index derived using data from the study of osteoporotic fractures (SOFSURF), the simple calculated osteoporosis risk estimation (SCORE), patient body weight (pBW), along with two ultrasound based systems, the Sunlight Omnisense (Sunlight Medical, Rehovot, Israel) and the CUBA Clinical (McCue plc, Winchester, UK). The sensitivity and specificity of the different techniques in relation to DXA were plotted as receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves at three different levels (DXA T-score -2.5 osteoporosis, -2 and -1 osteopenia). The areas under the curves (AUC) were calculated and showed broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) at the calcaneus to provide consistently the highest AUC (0.77-0.81). The velocity of sound (VOS) of the calcaneus (AUC=0.72-0.76) was equally good, but was out-performed by some of the questionnaire systems (AUC=0.66-0.79). Both the questionnaire systems and the CUBA Clinical out-perform the Sunlight Omnisense (AUC=0.58-0.7), which showed comparable performance with body weight (AUC=0.66-0.69). The results show that QUS is capable of selecting patients with low bone density as measured by DXA. A patient displaying a low QUS value should be followed up with a DXA scan to confirm the diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials and Medical Sciences, Cranfield University Postgraduate Medical School, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zioupos
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D006615:Hip; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography