title: The influence of calcium fluoride (CaF2) on biaxial flexural strength of apatite-mullite glass-ceramic materials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying the molar percentage of calcium fluoride (CaF2) on the biaxial flexural strength (BFS) of apatite-mullite glass-ceramics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three apatite-mullite glass-ceramic materials were produced based on a formula of 4.5SiO(2)-3Al2O(3)-1.5P2O(5)-3CaO-XCaF2, where X=0.5, 1 and 3 and called HG 1-3, respectively. These materials were used to produce discs of 2 mm thickness and 12 mm diameter using the lost-wax casting process. 30 discs per material were produced, 10 discs per material were cast and then left to bench cool (glass state), 10 discs per material were given a heat treatment at 765, 679 and 629 degrees C for 1h and then heat treated at 890, 860 and 824 degrees C for the HG 1-3, respectively, for another hour to form apatite. Ten discs per material were heat treated as previously described (765, 679 and 629 degrees C) then heat treated for 1h at 1022, 987 and 892 degrees C for the HG 1-3, respectively, to form apatite-mullite. The heat treatment temperatures were obtained from differential thermal analysis data. A lithium disilicate glass-ceramic was used as a control. Biaxial flexural strength (BFS) was determined using a LIoyd 2000R tester.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data showed that the BFS increased as the fluoride content increased, and the apatite-mullite samples had significantly higher BFS values than the as cast glass or apatite samples (p<0.05), with the control having significantly higher BFS values than all the HG glass-ceramic materials for every condition (p<0.05). The fictive glass transition temperature (Tg) was observed to drop with increasing fluoride content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing the CaF2 content increased the BFS and decreased the Tg of the glass-ceramic materials tested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult Dental Care, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK.
authors.forename: Hawa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fathi
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Noort
authors.forename: Jennie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D001031:Apatites / Q000737:chemistry*; D002124:Calcium Fluoride / Q000737:chemistry*; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D004055:Differential Thermal Analysis; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D044367:Phase Transition; D018583:Pliability; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D044366:Transition Temperature
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D001031:Apatites; D003764:Dental Materials; D018020:Lithium Compounds; D017640:Silicates; C049037:aluminosilicate; D002124:Calcium Fluoride