title: Brain oxygen monitoring: in-vitro accuracy, long-term drift and response-time of Licox- and Neurotrend sensors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxygen tension sensors have been used to monitor tissue oxygenation in human brain for several years. The working principals of the most frequently used sensors, the Licox (LX) and Neurotrend (NT), are different, and they have never been validated independently for correct measurement in vitro. Therefore, we tried to clarify if the two currently available sensors provide sufficient accuracy and stability.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 LX oxygen tension sensors and NT sensors were placed into a liquid-filled tonometer chamber. The solution was kept at 37 +/- 0.2 degrees C and equilibrated with five calibration gases containing different O(2)- and CO(2)-concentrations. After equilibration, readings were taken for each gas concentration (accuracy test). Afterwards, the sensors were left in 3% O(2) and 9% CO(2) and readings were taken after 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours (drift test). Thereafter, a 90% response time test was performed transferring sensors from 1% to 5% oxygen concentration and back, using pre-equilibrated tonometers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All Licox oxygen probes [12] were used for this study. Two of 14 Neurotrend sensors did not calibrate, revealing a failure rate of 14% for NT. Oxygen tension during the accuracy test was measured as follows: 1% O(2) (7.1 mmHg): LX 6.5 +/- 0.4, NT 5.3 +/- 2.3 mmHg, 2% O(2) (14.2 mmHg): LX 12.9 +/- 0.6, NT 12.1 +/- 2.2 mmHg, 3% O(2) (21.4 mmHg): LX 19.8 +/- 0.7, NT 19.4 +/- 2.4 mmHg, 5% O(2) (35.8 mmHg): LX 33.4 +/- 1.0 mmHg, NT 33.5 +/- 2.9 mmHg, 8% O(2) (57.0 mmHg): 53.8 +/- 1.5, NT 53.6 +/- 3.3 mmHg. After 120 hours in 3% O(2) (21 mmHg), LX measured 19.8 +/- 1.9 mmHg, NT 17.9 +/- 4.7 mmHg. 90% response time from 1% to 5%/5% to 1% oxygen concentration was 129 +/- 27/174 +/- 26 sec for LX, 55 +/- 19/98 +/- 39 sec for NT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both systems are measuring oxygen tension sufficiently, but more accurately with LX probes. NT sensors read significantly lower pO(2) in 1% O(2) and show an increasing deviation with higher oxygen concentrations which was due to two of twelve probes. A slight drift towards lower oxygen tension readings for both sensors but more pronounced for the NT does not impair long-term use. NT measures pCO(2) and pH very accurately.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Fulda, Academic Hospital of the Philips University Marburg, Fulda, Germany. hoelper@online.de
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hoelper
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alessandri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heimann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Behr
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kempski
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002138:Calibration; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen