title: An ancestral oomycete locus contains late blight avirulence gene Avr3a, encoding a protein that is recognized in the host cytoplasm.
abstract: The oomycete Phytophthora infestans causes late blight, the potato disease that precipitated the Irish famines in 1846 and 1847. It represents a reemerging threat to potato production and is one of >70 species that are arguably the most devastating pathogens of dicotyledonous plants. Nevertheless, little is known about the molecular bases of pathogenicity in these algae-like organisms or of avirulence molecules that are perceived by host defenses. Disease resistance alleles, products of which recognize corresponding avirulence molecules in the pathogen, have been introgressed into the cultivated potato from a wild species, Solanum demissum, and R1 and R3a have been identified. We used association genetics to identify Avr3a and show that it encodes a protein that is recognized in the host cytoplasm, where it triggers R3a-dependent cell death. Avr3a resides in a region of the P. infestans genome that is colinear with the locus containing avirulence gene ATR1(NdWsB) in Hyaloperonospora parasitica, an oomycete pathogen of Arabidopsis. Remarkably, distances between conserved genes in these avirulence loci were often similar, despite intervening genomic variation. We suggest that Avr3a has undergone gene duplication and that an allele evading recognition by R3a arose under positive selection.
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathogen Interactions Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Miles R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Whisson
authors.forename: Leighton
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pritchard
authors.forename: Jorunn I B
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Venter
authors.forename: Anna O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Avrova
authors.forename: Anne P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Rehmany
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Böhme
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Inna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cherevach
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamlin
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quail
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Churcher
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berriman
authors.forename: Sanwen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Sophien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamoun
authors.forename: Jim L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Beynon
authors.forename: Paul R J
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Birch
mesh_terms: D016960:Agrobacterium tumefaciens; D020418:Algal Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D019470:Biolistics; D022202:Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers; D020440:Gene Duplication; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010838:Phytophthora / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D017863:Potexvirus; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D026801:Synteny / Q000235:genetics; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D020418:Algal Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins