title: Subjective experiences on antipsychotic medications: synthesis and conclusions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This report synthesizes the literature describing the phenomenology, clinical importance and biology of subjective responses to antipsychotic medications in schizophrenia. A patient's experience of an antipsychotic is important because unpleasant or dysphoric responses can impair therapeutic relationships, lead to medication non-adherence, and have direct negative effects on a patient's quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  The author selectively reviewed early studies of subjective responses to antipsychotics and integrated this literature with the work of the other investigators in this special section.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is substantial evidence that second-generation antipsychotics have advantages in causing fewer dysphoric responses when compared with first-generation agents. Clinical and neuroimaging studies suggest that dopamine blockade is an important determinant of many of these dysphorias. At this point in time it is unclear whether dysphoria results from extrapyramidal symptoms--particularly akathisia and akinesia--or whether they are a direct result of decreased dopamine activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians and researchers should continue to monitor dysphorias in schizophrenia. Contributions by the authors in this supplement provide new and more refined methods for measuring subjective responses in future studies.
authors.affiliation: VISN 22 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA. marder@ucla.edu
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Marder
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents