title: Historical perspective on image-guided sinus surgery.
abstract: Image-guided surgery has undergone rapid evolution, to the point where it is now a technology that is surgeon-friendly, relatively easy to set up, and reliable, making it a realistic and worthwhile option for endoscopic sinus surgery. Technologies will continue to advance as the market forces push companies to produce systems that are more accurate, faster, and more convenient. Head-tracking methodologies will likely progress away from headsets toward more reliable and safer modalities. Further integrations of surgical instrumentation, the ability to update images intraoperatively, and advancements in real-time imaging and robotics are likely to continue ata rapid rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. james.palmer@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kennedy
mesh_terms: D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000639:trends; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000601:surgery; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000639:trends