title: G-induced visual and cognitive disturbances in a survey of 65 operational fighter pilots.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Only one previous study has assessed almost loss of consciousness (A-LOC) in operational fighter pilots, reporting an incidence rate of 14%. Research also indicates that 8-13% of pilots have experienced G-induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC). A-LOC can be as insidious as G-LOC due to the associated altered state of awareness and relative incapacitation time, making it a significant risk factor in the high +Gz environment. Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) pilots currently fly the F/A-18 and Hawk 127, producing +Gz accelerations up to +7.5 Gz, which places these pilots at risk of both A-LOC and G-LOC.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was administered to 100 active RAAF fighter pilots requesting information on G-induced visual and cognitive disturbances, A-LOC symptoms, and G-LOC. Details regarding type of aircraft, flying maneuvers performed and mission outcome were also sought.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 65 RAAF fighter pilots who completed the survey (age 20-53 yr, height 168-193 cm, weight 64-110 kg, jet hours 30-5700 h). Of these pilots, 98% indicated they had experienced at least one visual or cognitive disturbance in the high G environment: gray-out 98%; black-out 29%; and A-LOC symptoms 52%, including abnormal sensation in limbs, disorientation, and confusion. There were 9% who indicated they had experienced G-LOC (50% were the pilot flying the aircraft).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that RAAF fighter pilots are experiencing a similar rate of visual disturbances and G-LOC when compared with other air forces. However, RAAF pilots reported a much higher incidence of A-LOC compared with the only other study of operational fighter pilots.
authors.affiliation: Aerospace Physiology Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Science, Engineering and Technology Portfolio, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia. caroline.rickards@rmit.edu.au
authors.forename: Caroline A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rickards
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Newman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000401:Aircraft / Q000145:classification; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D049628:Body Size; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003221:Confusion / Q000453:epidemiology; D005676:Gravity Suits; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D018471:Hypergravity / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010292:Paresthesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*