title: Lower dose of rhBMP-2 achieves spine fusion when combined with an osteoconductive bulking agent in non-human primates.
abstract: METHODS
  A non-human primate lumbar intertransverse process arthrodesis model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of different formulations of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) to induce consistent bone formation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the combination of rhBMP-2/absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) wrapped around a bulking agent, consisting of a biphasic calcium phosphate/collagen composite, could achieve posterolateral spine fusion with a dose of rhBMP-2 (3.0 mg/side) that previously failed to induce posterolateral fusion in rhesus monkeys with other carriers.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Successful bone induction in both human and non-human primates has required higher concentrations of BMP than were required in lower order models. The Food and Drug Administration approved concentration of rhBMP-2 for interbody fusion (1.5 mg/mL) when delivered on the ACS alone without a bulking agent (doses 3-9 mg/side) has failed to induce clinically relevant amounts of bone formation in a posterolateral spine fusion model in rhesus monkeys. Previously, a higher concentration of 2.0 mg/mL of rhBMP-2 delivered on stacked sheets of a biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic/collagen compression resistant matrix (CRM) was required to achieve fusion in the rhesus monkey and was the basis for this study (doses of 6-12 mg/side).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine skeletally mature, rhesus macaque monkeys underwent single level posterolateral arthrodesis at L4-L5. Two different rhBMP-2 doses were evaluated in 3 delivery configurations. The first 3 monkeys received 10 mg/side (2.5 mL at 4.0 mg/mL) of rhBMP-2 loadeddirectly onto a CRM carrier (15% hydroxyapatite/85%beta-tricalcium phosphate ceramic/collagen matrix), resulting in a final concentration of 2.0 mg/mL. The second 3 monkeys received 3 mg/side (2.0 mL at 1.5 mg/mL) of rhBMP-2 loaded directly on the CRM carrier, resulting in a 0.6 mg/mL final concentration. Three additional monkeys also received the 3 mg/side (2.0 mL at 1.5 mg/mL) of rhBMP-2 delivered on an ACS, which was then wrapped around the dry CRM matrix used as a bulking agent, yielding a 1.5 mg/mL final concentration of rhBMP-2 on the sponge wrapped around the bulking agent. The monkeys were euthanized at 24 weeks after surgery. Manual palpation, plain radiographs, computerized tomography, and nondecalcified histology were used to evaluate fusion in a blinded fashion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3 monkeys with 10 mg rhBMP-2 placed directly on the CRM carrier (2.0 mg/mL final concentration) achieved solid fusion. The 3 monkeys that underwent fusion with 3 mg of rhBMP-2 placed directly on the CRM carrier (0.6 mg/mL final concentration) failed to achieve fusion. In contrast, the 3 monkeys that underwent fusion with the same 3 mg dose of rhBMP-2 dispensed only on an ACS that was wrapped around the CRM achieved solid bilateral fusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows the importance of carrier optimization and final implant protein concentration for the successful delivery of rhBMP-2. By combining the properties of the ACS with the CRM, the required dosage of rhBMP-2 was diminished by more than 3-fold in the non-human primate model. This finding suggests that the currently available concentration of rhBMP-2 (1.5 mg/mL) could be successful for achieving posterolateral spine fusion when combined with an osteoconductive bulking agent that can support the induced new bone formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Boden
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Louis-Ugbo
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Tomak
authors.forename: Jin-Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Moon-Soo
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Akihito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minamide
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002516:Ceramics; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004337:Drug Carriers; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D023421:Models, Animal; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010173:Palpation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D015503:Surgical Sponges; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D024042:Collagen Type I; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C499469:recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2