title: Androgen receptor modifications in prostate cancer cells upon long-termandrogen ablation and antiandrogen treatment.
abstract: To study the mechanisms whereby androgen-dependent tumors relapse in patients undergoing androgen blockade, we developed a novel progression model for prostate cancer. The PC346C cell line, established from a transurethral resection of a primary tumor, expresses wild-type (wt) androgen receptor (AR) and secretes prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Optimal proliferation of PC346C requires androgens and is inhibited by the antiandrogen hydroxyflutamide. Orthotopic injection in the dorsal-lateral prostate of castrated athymic nude mice did not produce tumors, whereas fast tumor growth occurred in sham-operated males. Three androgen-independent sublines were derived from PC346C upon long-term in vitro androgen deprivation: PC346DCC, PC346Flu1 and PC346Flu2. PC346DCC exhibited androgen-insensitive growth, which was not inhibited by flutamide. AR and PSA were detected at very low levels, coinciding with background AR activity in a reporter assay, which suggests that these cells have bypassed the AR pathway. PC346Flu1 and PC346Flu2 were derived by culture in steroid-stripped medium supplemented with hydroxyflutamide. PC346Flu1 strongly upregulated AR expression and showed 10-fold higher AR activation than the parental PC346C. PC346Flu1 proliferation was inhibited in vitro by R1881 at 0.1 nM concentration, consistent with a slower tumor growth rate in intact males than in castrated mice. PC346Flu2 carries the well-known T877A AR mutation, causing the receptor to become activated by diverse nonandrogenic ligands including hydroxyflutamide. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization revealed little change between the various PC346 lines. The common alterations include gain of chromosomes 1, 7 and 8q and loss of 13q, which are frequently found in prostate cancer. In conclusion, by in vitro hormone manipulations of a unique androgen-dependent cell line expressing wtAR, we successfully reproduced common AR modifications observed in hormone-refractory prostate cancer: downregulation, overexpression and mutation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rute B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Sigrun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erkens-Schulze
authors.forename: Corrina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: de Ridder
authors.forename: Karin G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Hermans
authors.forename: Kati
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Waltering
authors.forename: Tapio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Visakorpi
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trapman
authors.forename: Johannes C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Romijn
authors.forename: Wytske M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: van Weerden
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jenster
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005485:Flutamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009154:Mutation; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D005485:Flutamide