title: Intensity modulated radiation therapy with multileaf collimators of different leaf widths: a comparison of achievable dose distributions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A planning study to analyze the impact of different leaf widths on the achievable dose distributions with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Five patients (3 intra- and 2 extra-cranial) with projected planning target volume (PTV) sizes smaller than 10 cm by 10 cm were re-planned with four different multileaf collimators (MLC). Two internal collimators with an isocentric leaf width of 4 and 10 mm and two add-on collimators with an isocentric leaf width of 2.75 and were evaluated. The inverse treatment planning system KonRad (Siemens Medical Solutions) was used to create IMRT 'step & shoot' plans. For each patient the same arrangement of beams and the same parameters for the optimization were used for all MLCs. The beamlet size for all treatment plans was chosen to coincide with the leaf width of the respective MLC. To evaluate the treatment plans 3D dose distributions and dose volume histograms were analyzed. As indicators for the quality of the PTV dose distribution the minimum dose, maximum dose and the standard deviation were used. For the organs at risk (OAR) the equivalent uniform dose (EUD) was calculated. To measure the dose coverage of the PTV the volume (V(90)) that received doses higher than 90% of the prescribed dose was calculated where for the conformity the dose conformity index given by Baltas et al. was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MLC with the smallest leaf width yields the best mean value of all five patients for the PTV coverage and for the conformity. For the MLCs with the same leaf width, the add-on MLC leads to superior treatment plans than the internal MLC. This is due to the sharper penumbra of the add-on MLC. The number of IMRT field segments to deliver increased by approximately a factor of two if 2. MLC leafs are used instead of the standard 10 mm leafs. In case of the para-spinal patients the EUD value for the spinal cord is only reduced slightly by using MLCs with leaf widths smaller than 5 mm. For the intra-cranial the EUD value for some organs improved with reduced leaf widths while for some organs the 10 mm MLC leafs give comparable values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As expected the MLC with the smallest leaf width always yields the best PTV coverage. Reducing the leaf width from 4 to 2.75 mm results in a slight enhancement of the PTV coverage. With the selected organ parameters no significant improvement for most OAR was found. The disadvantage of the reduction of the leaf width is the increasing number of segments due to the more complex fluence patterns and therefore an increased delivery time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Simeon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nill
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tücking
authors.forename: Marc W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Münter
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Oelfke
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011874:Radiometry; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*