title: Female breast cancer incidence and survival in Utah according to religious preference, 1985-1999.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Female breast cancer incidence rates in Utah are among the lowest in the U.S. The influence of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saint (LDS or Mormon) religion on these rates, as well as on disease-specific survival, will be explored for individuals diagnosed with breast cancer in Utah from 1985 through 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based records for incident female breast cancer patients were linked with membership records from the LDS Church to determine religious affiliation and, for LDS Church members, level of religiosity. Incidence rates were age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using the direct method. Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare survival among religiously active LDS, less religiously active LDS, and non-LDS with simultaneous adjustment for prognostic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age-adjusted breast cancer incidence rates were consistently lower for LDS than non-LDS in Utah from 1985 through 1999. Rates were lower among LDS compared with non-LDS across the age span. In 1995-99, the age-adjusted incidence rates were 107.6 (95% CI: 103.9 - 111.3) for LDS women and 130.5 (123.2 - 137.9) for non-LDS women. If non-LDS women in Utah had the same breast cancer risk profile as LDS women, an estimated 214 (4.8%) fewer malignant breast cancer cases would have occurred during 1995-99. With religiously active LDS serving as the reference group, the adjusted death hazard ratio for religiously less active LDS was 1.09 (0.94 - 1.27) and for non-LDS was 0.86 (0.75 - 0.98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Utah, LDS lifestyle is associated with lower incidence rates of female breast cancer. However, LDS experience poorer survivability from breast cancer than their non-LDS counterparts. Parity and breastfeeding, while protective factors against breast cancer, may contribute to poorer prognosis of female breast cancer in LDS women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, College of Health and Human Performance, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA. Ray_Merrill@byu.edu
authors.forename: Ray M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Merrill
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Folsom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D034682:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D012067:Religion; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014589:Utah