title: Incidence of upper tract abnormalities in patients with neurovesical dysfunction secondary to multiple sclerosis: analysis of risk factors at initial urologic evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of upper tract abnormalities on renal ultrasonography in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) referred for urologic evaluation, as well as to identify any risk factors present on the basis of the historical information and urodynamic findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from all patients with MS referred to the neurourology clinic during a 4-year period. The database was specifically queried for patients found to have upper tract abnormalities on screening renal ultrasonography. Demographic parameters, as well as laboratory values (creatinine) and urodynamic results, were evaluated for risk factors associated with abnormal upper tract findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 113 patients referred and evaluated, 66 completed both urodynamic testing and renal ultrasonography. Eleven (16.7%) had abnormal ultrasound findings, with focal caliectasis the most common finding. No demographic parameter (age, sex, time since MS diagnosis, MS pattern) was associated with a greater likelihood of abnormal renal ultrasonography on univariate analysis. Neither serum creatinine nor any urodynamic finding (including the presence of dyssynergia or the threshold and amplitude of detrusor overactivity) was associated with abnormal renal ultrasound findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No patients in our series had any indication of obstructive uropathy more severe than mild hydronephrosis. Of the 16.7% of patients with any abnormal findings, most were noted to have minor caliectasis, likely to be of little clinical significance. Although no factors identifying patients at risk of renal abnormalities at presentation were found, ongoing evaluation of patients with baseline findings will serve to identify those at risk of progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9110, USA. gary.lemack@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Lemack
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hawker
authors.forename: Elliot
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frohman
mesh_terms: D003950:Diagnostic Techniques, Urological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014563:Urodynamics