title: A mass vaccination campaign targeting adults and children to prevent typhoid fever in Hechi; expanding the use of Vi polysaccharide vaccine in southeast China: a cluster-randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the goals of this study was to learn the coverage, safety and logistics of a mass vaccination campaign against typhoid fever in children and adults using locally produced typhoid Vi polysaccharide (PS) and group A meningococcal PS vaccines in southern China.
  
  
  METHODS
  The vaccination campaign targeted 118,588 persons in Hechi, Guangxi Province, aged between 5 to 60 years, in 2003. The study area was divided into 107 geographic clusters, which were randomly allocated to receive one of the single-dose parenteral vaccines. All aspects regarding vaccination logistics, feasibility and safety were documented and systematically recorded. Results of the logistics, feasibility and safety are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The campaign lasted 5 weeks and the overall vaccination coverage was 78%. On average, the 30 vaccine teams gave immunizations on 23 days. Vaccine rates were higher in those aged < or = 15 years (90%) than in adolescents and young adults (70%). Planned mop-up activities increased the coverage by 17%. The overall vaccine wastage was 11%. The cold chain was maintained and documented. 66 individuals reported of adverse events out of all vaccinees, where fever (21%), malaise (19%) and local redness (19%) were the major symptoms; no life-threatening event occurred. Three needle-sharp events were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mass immunization proved feasible and safe, and vaccine coverage was high. Emphasis should be placed on: injection safety measures, community involvement and incorporation of mop-up strategies into any vaccination campaign. School-based and all-age Vi mass immunizations programs are potentially important public health strategies for prevention of typhoid fever in high-risk populations in southern China.
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacterial Diseases, Guangxi Center for Disease Control, 80 Taoyuan Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China. yyyjin@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Camilo J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Acosta
authors.forename: Guo-ai
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Si
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Cui-yun
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Da-bin
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: R Leon
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ochiai
authors.forename: Anne-Laure
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Page
authors.forename: M Carolina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Danovaro-Holliday
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Bao-de
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: He-zhuang
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Ming-liu
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Dong-mei
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Zhen-zhu
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Jin-kyung
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ivanoff
authors.forename: Gui-chen
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Hong-hui
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Tikki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Zhi-yi
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Donner
authors.forename: Claudia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Galindo
authors.forename: Bai-qing
authors.initials: BQ
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Clemens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D032541:Mass Vaccination / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008585:Meningitis, Meningococcal / Q000517:prevention & control; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011635:Public Health Administration; D012449:Safety; D040241:Social Marketing; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines