title: Differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children and young adults: evaluation of response to treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate response to treatment of children and young adults with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one children and young adults (27 female, 4 male, <25 years) with DTC were treated with radioiodine between 1987 and 2003. All patients had previously undergone total (or near-total) thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection (if enlarged lymph nodes were present). Initial radioiodine therapy was given 4 to 6 weeks after surgery. Repeated doses were given 4 to 6 weeks after l-thyroxine withdrawal. Effect of therapy was evaluated by radioiodine whole-body scans and serum thyroglobulin levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age range at diagnosis was 12 to 25 years (median, 21 years). Follow-up duration range was 16 to 150 months (mean, 60 months). Histologic classification was papillary in 28 (90%) patients (follicular variant in 7) and follicular in 3 (10%). Multifocal carcinoma was found in 9 (29%) patients and neck lymph node metastases in 19 (61%) patients. Fifteen (48%) patients had pulmonary or mediastinal metastases at the time of diagnosis, and 1 developed bone metastases. Lung metastases demonstrated a pattern of diffuse radioiodine uptake in 7 patients and focal uptake in 8. Total radioiodine dose range was 80 to 1086 mCi given in 1 to 7 treatments. Fourteen (45%) patients were disease-free, including 1 patient with pulmonary metastases who achieved complete remission. Three (10%) patients had persistent metastases in neck lymph nodes. Nine (29%) patients with pulmonary metastases showed good response, 4 (13%) had stable persistent disease, and 1 had progression of the disease and died after 11.5 years of follow up. All surviving patients (97%) are asymptomatic and leading normal lives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children and young adults with DTC had a high incidence of multifocal disease, lymph node involvement, and pulmonary metastases. Although complete remission of pulmonary metastases after radioiodine therapy was difficult to achieve, a partial response with reduction of metastatic disease was possible. In general, the patients had a good quality of life with no further disease progression and a low mortality rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
authors.forename: Nir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hod
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hagag
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baumer
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sandbank
authors.forename: Tifha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000556:secondary*; D002648:Child; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000556:secondary*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D013965:Thyroidectomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome