title: Cell type-specific gene expression of midbrain dopaminergic neurons reveals molecules involved in their vulnerability and protection.
abstract: Molecular differences between dopamine (DA) neurons may explain why the mesostriatal DA neurons in the A9 region preferentially degenerate in Parkinson's disease (PD) and toxic models, whereas the adjacent A10 region mesolimbic and mesocortical DA neurons are relatively spared. To characterize innate physiological differences between A9 and A10 DA neurons, we determined gene expression profiles in these neurons in the adult mouse by laser capture microdissection, microarray analysis and real-time PCR. We found 42 genes relatively elevated in A9 DA neurons, whereas 61 genes were elevated in A10 DA neurons [> 2-fold; false discovery rate (FDR) < 1%]. Genes of interest for further functional analysis were selected by criteria of (i) fold differences in gene expression, (ii) real-time PCR validation and (iii) potential roles in neurotoxic or protective biochemical pathways. Three A9-elevated molecules [G-protein coupled inwardly rectifying K channel 2 (GIRK2), adenine nucleotide translocator 2 (ANT-2) and the growth factor IGF-1] and three A10-elevated peptides (GRP, CGRP and PACAP) were further examined in both alpha-synuclein overexpressing PC12 (PC12-alphaSyn) cells and rat primary ventral mesencephalic (VM) cultures exposed to MPP+ neurotoxicity. GIRK2-positive DA neurons were more vulnerable to MPP+ toxicity and overexpression of GIRK2 increased the vulnerability of PC12-alphaSyn cells to the toxin. Blocking of ANT decreased vulnerability to MPP+ in both cell culture systems. Exposing cells to IGF-1, GRP and PACAP decreased vulnerability of both cell types to MPP+, whereas CGRP protected PC12-alphaSyn cells but not primary VM DA neurons. These results indicate that certain differentially expressed molecules in A9 and A10 DA neurons may play key roles in their relative vulnerability to toxins and PD.
authors.affiliation: Neuroregeneration Laboratories, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
authors.forename: Chee Yeun
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Hyemyung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Kai Christian
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Sonntag
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Isacson
mesh_terms: D015655:1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D020267:MPTP Poisoning / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016716:PC12 Cells; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D015655:1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; D004298:Dopamine