title: Feed physical form and formic acid addition to the feed affect the gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance of growing pigs.
abstract: The effect of feeding a coarsely ground meal (COARSE) and a finely ground pelleted diet with 1.8% (as-fed basis) added formic acid (ACID) was compared with feeding a standard finely ground pelleted diet (STD) on the gastrointestinal ecology of growing pigs at different intervals after feeding. One hundred five castrated male growing-finishing pigs (initial BW 27 kg) were used. At a BW of 63 kg, 60 pigs were killed 0.5, 2.5, 4.5, 6.5, and 8.5 h after feeding, and samples from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were obtained. The remaining 45 pigs were kept on the experimental diets to a BW of 99 kg. Feeding the three diets resulted in a similar pattern of gastric pH with time, (i.e., highest pH values 0.5 h after feeding and decreasing values at the following sampling times, to reach a value of 2.12 at 8.5 h after feeding). The pH of the gastric digesta of pigs fed the ACID diet was below 4 at all sampling times, whereas the digesta from the other two dietary groups had values above pH 4 at the first sampling times. Feeding the ACID diet decreased the counts of total anaerobes in the proximal GIT (P < or = 0.007), and of lactic acid bacteria (P < or = 0.001), enterobacteria (P < or = 0.02), and yeasts (P < or = 0.01) along the GIT compared with feeding the other two diets. Feeding the COARSE diet stimulated the growth of total anaerobes and lactic acid bacteria in the stomach and distal small intestine increased the microbial diversity mainly in the stomach (P = 0.001), compared with feeding the other two diets (P < or = 0.09), and decreased the number of enterobacteria in the cecum compared with the STD diet (P = 0.03), with the same tendency in the mid-colon (P = 0.07). The concentration of lactic acid in the stomach was highest in the pigs fed the COARSE diet compared with the other two groups (P < 0.05). The concentration of formic acid was highest in the stomach and all segments of the small intestine of the pigs fed the ACID diet compared with those fed the STD and COARSE diets (P < 0.05). The results from this study suggest that feeding a coarsely ground diet and a finely ground diet with added formic acid affect the gastrointestinal ecology of pigs mainly by changing the environment in the proximal GIT. The presence of organic acids in the proximal GIT is a crucial factor contributing to the decrease in the number of enterobacteria along the GIT. The time after feeding at which samples are taken to measure characteristics describing the gastrointestinal ecology affects the results from the stomach and small intestine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health, Welfare, and Nutrition, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Center Foulum, Tjele, Denmark. nuria.canibe@agrsci.dk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Canibe
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Højberg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Højsgaard
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017753:Ecosystem; D005561:Formates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D006128:Growth / Q000187:drug effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D015003:Yeasts / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D005561:Formates; C030544:formic acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate