title: Knockout of the neural and heart expressed gene HF-1b results in apical deficits of ventricular structure and activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Knockout of the neural and cardiac expressed transcription factor HF-1b causes electrophysiological abnormalities including fatal ventricular arrhythmias that occur with increasing frequency around the 4th week of postnatal life. This study addresses factors that may contribute to conduction disturbance in the ventricle of the HF-1b knockout mouse. Disruptions to gap junctional connexin40 (Cx40) have been reported in distal (i.e., apically located), but not proximal His-Purkinje conduction tissues of the HF-1b knockout mouse. This abnormality in myocardial Cx40 led us to address whether 4-week-old HF-1b knockout postnates display other disruptions to ventricular structure and function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Western blotting and immunoconfocal quantification of Cx43 and coronary arteriole density and function were undertaken in the ventricle. Electrical activation was described by optical mapping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Western blotting and immunoconfocal microscopy indicated that overall levels of Cx43 (p<0.001) and percent of Cx43 localized in intercalated disks (p<0.001) were significantly decreased in the ventricular myocardium of knockouts relative to wildtype littermate controls. Analysis of the reduction in Cx43 level by basal and apical territories revealed that the decrease was most pronounced in the lower, apical half of the ventricle of knockouts relative to controls (p<0.001). Myocyte size also showed a significant decrease in the knockout, that was more marked within the apical half of the ventricle (p<0.05). Optical recordings of ventricular activation indicated apically localized sectors of slowed conduction in knockout ventricles not occurring in controls that could be correlated directly to tissues showing reduced Cx43. These discrete sectors of abnormal conduction in the knockout heart were resolved following point stimulation of the ventricular epicardium and thus were not explained by dysfunction of the His-Purkinje system. To further probe base-to-apex abnormalities in the HF-1b knockout ventricle, we analyzed coronary arterial structure and function. These analyses indicated that relative to controls, the apical ventricular territory of the HF-1b knockout had reductions in the density of small resistance vessels (p<0.01) and deficits in arterial function as assayed by bead perfusion (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HF-1b knockout ventricle displays abnormalities in Cx43 level, myocyte size, activation spread and coronary arterial structure and function. These abnormalities tend to be more pronounced in the apical territory of the ventricle and seem likely to be factors contributing to the pathological disturbance of cardiac conduction that characterizes the heart of the HF-1b knockout mouse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
authors.forename: Kenneth W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Hewett
authors.forename: Lisa W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sedmera
authors.forename: Ralph J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Justus
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Steven W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kubalak
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Gourdie
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D048429:Cell Size; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000032:analysis; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006329:Heart Conduction System; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051706:Sp4 Transcription Factor / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D015415:Biomarkers; D018031:Connexin 43; D051706:Sp4 Transcription Factor