title: Treatment alternatives for chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a cost-effectiveness analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment options for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have disparate risks and benefits. Interferon has clinically significant side effects, and lamivudine is associated with viral resistance. In contrast, adefovir is safe and has lower viral resistance but is more expensive. The most cost-effective approach is uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether and under what circumstances the improved efficacy of adefovir offsets its increased cost compared with lamivudine or interferon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-utility analysis stratified by hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of MEDLINE from 1970 to 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with chronic HBV infection, elevated aminotransferase levels, and no cirrhosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lifetime.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Third-party payer.
  
  
  METHODS
  1) No HBV treatment ("do nothing" strategy), 2) interferon monotherapy, 3) lamivudine monotherapy, 4) adefovir monotherapy, or 5) lamivudine with crossover to adefovir upon resistance ("adefovir salvage" strategy).
  
  
  METHODS
  Incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The "do nothing" strategy was least effective yet least expensive. Compared with the "do nothing" strategy, using interferon cost an incremental 6337 dollars to gain 1 additional QALY. Compared with interferon, the adefovir salvage strategy cost an incremental 8446 dollars per QALY gained. Both the lamivudine and adefovir monotherapy strategies were more expensive yet less effective than the alternative strategies and were therefore dominated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In sensitivity analysis, interferon was most cost-effective in health care systems with tight budgetary constraints and a high prevalence of HBeAg-negative patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results apply only to patients with chronic HBV infection, elevated aminotransferase levels, and no clinical or histologic evidence of cirrhosis. They do not apply to alternative populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither lamivudine nor adefovir monotherapy is cost-effective in chronic HBV infection. However, a hybrid salvage strategy reserving adefovir only for lamivudine-associated viral resistance may be highly cost-effective across most health care settings. Interferon therapy may still be preferred in health care systems with limited resources, especially in those serving populations with a high prevalence of HBeAg-negative HBV.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, and Center for the Study of Digestive Healthcare Quality and Outcomes, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
authors.forename: Fasiha
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kanwal
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Gralnek
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Gareth S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Dulai
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farid
authors.forename: Brennan M R
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Spiegel
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008390:Markov Chains; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000637:Transaminases / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D063065:Organophosphonates; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019259:Lamivudine; C053001:adefovir; D000637:Transaminases; D000225:Adenine