title: The impact of nicotine on bone healing and osseointegration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the short-term effect of nicotine on bone healing and osseointegration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen female rabbits were divided into two groups. The test group was exposed to nicotine tartrate for 8 weeks and the control group was exposed to placebo. Nicotine or placebo was administered via a miniosmotic pump and plasma cotinine levels were measured weekly. The pump delivered 15 mg of nicotine/day for the animals in the test group. All rabbits had three tibial bone preparations. In the proximal and distal bone bed, implants were placed after 4 weeks (right tibia) and after 6 weeks (left tibia). Thus, 2- and 4-week healing groups were created. Removal torque test (RMT) was performed at the distal implants. Ground sections were made from the proximal and the central bone beds. The fraction of mineralized bone in contact to the implant (BIC) and the bone density within the implant threads (BD-i) were determined for the bone-implant specimens. For the central bone beds without implants the bone density (BD-c) in the bone defects was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference in RMT values was found between the test and the control group. Histomorphometric measurements of the BIC and the peri-implant BD-i showed no significant differences between the test and the control group after 2 or 4 weeks. Significant differences were, however, found between the 2- and 4-week samples. In the central bone beds, there was no significant difference in BD-c between the test and the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nicotine exposure in a short period of time did not have a significant impact on bone healing or implant osseointegration in rabbits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Health Science Faculty, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 20, 1200 N Copenhagen, Denmark. DBA@odont.ku.dk
authors.forename: Dimitra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Balatsouka
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gotfredsen
authors.forename: Christian H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lindh
authors.forename: Tord
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berglundh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000187:drug effects*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011817:Rabbits; D014025:Titanium; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine; D014025:Titanium