title: HinT proteins and their putative interaction partners in Mollicutes and Chlamydiaceae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HinT proteins are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and belong to the superfamily of HIT proteins, which are characterized by an histidine-triad sequence motif. While the eukaryotic variants hydrolyze AMP derivates and modulate transcription, the function of prokaryotic HinT proteins is less clearly defined. In Mycoplasma hominis, HinT is concomitantly expressed with the proteins P60 and P80, two domains of a surface exposed membrane complex, and in addition interacts with the P80 moiety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An cluster of hitABL genes, similar to that of M. hominis was found in M. pulmonis, M. mycoides subspecies mycoides SC, M. mobile and Mesoplasma florum. RT-PCR analyses provided evidence that the P80, P60 and HinT homologues of M. pulmonis were polycistronically organized, suggesting a genetic and physical interaction between the proteins encoded by these genes in these species. While the hit loci of M. pneumoniae and M. genitalium encoded, in addition to HinT, a protein with several transmembrane segments, the hit locus of Ureaplasma parvum encoded a pore-forming protein, UU270, a P60 homologue, UU271, HinT, UU272, and a membrane protein of unknown function, UU273. Although a full-length mRNA spanning the four genes was not detected, amplification of all intergenic regions from the center of UU270 to the end of UU273 by RT-PCR may be indicative of a common, but unstable mRNA. In Chlamydiaceae the hit gene is flanked upstream by a gene predicted to encode a metal dependent hydrolase and downstream by a gene putatively encoding a protein with ARM-repeats, which are known to be involved in protein-protein interactions. In RT-PCR analyses of C. pneumoniae, regions comprising only two genes, Cp265/Cp266 and Cp266/Cp267 were able to be amplified. In contrast to this in vivo interaction analysis using the yeast two-hybrid system and in vitro immune co-precipitation revealed an interaction between Cp267, which contains the ARM repeats, Cp265, the predicted hydrolase, and Cp266, the HinT protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the Mollicutes HinT proteins were shown to be linked with membrane proteins while in the Chlamydiaceae they were genetically and physically associated with cytoplasmic proteins, one of which is predicted to be a metal-dependent phosphoesterase. Future work will elucidate whether these differing associations indicate that HinT proteins have evolved independently or are indeed two hotspots of a common sphere of action of bacterial HinT proteins.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Microbiology, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany. Miriam.Hopfe@t-online.de
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hopfe
authors.forename: Johannes H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hegemann
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Henrich
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002693:Chlamydiaceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002876:Chromosomes, Bacterial; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D011485:Protein Binding; D008973:Tenericutes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins