title: Adherence, stereotyping and unequal HIV treatment for active users of illegal drugs.
abstract: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy promotes viral suppression and extends the lives of individuals with HIV, yet illegal drug users are underrepresented among eligible persons receiving HIV treatment. One explanation for this is the assumption that drug users are less capable than others of adhering to complicated medication regimens. This paper investigates this assumption by making explicit a number of its underlying propositions and examining them in light of data collected from 52 active drug users living in and around Boston, USA, who were taking highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV (HAART). The propositions are: (1) drug users lead "chaotic" lives; (2) active drug users are always using drugs; (3) being under the influence of drugs precludes taking medications as prescribed; and (4) drug users are intrinsically different from non-users in the lives they lead and the problems they face. Data collection consisted of a series of qualitative interviews with each participant. An analytic approach informed by grounded theory was used to construct thematic content categories from the data. Results revealed stability and control as well as "chaos" in the lives of study participants. Frequency of drug use varied considerably. Using did interfere with adherence, but not in every circumstance or all cases. Not "carrying" medications, competing priorities, and re-defining regimens were the most salient of a number of non-drug-use-related obstacles observed. Documentation of patterns of variation in corresponding data highlights the stereotypical quality of the propositions. Stereotyping risks overemphasis on drug use as a barrier to adherence for active users, and underemphasis on non-drug-use-related obstacles. Adherence capabilities of users, in contrast to inadequacies, are also obscured through stereotyping. As a medium for stigmatization, stereotyping may contribute to unequal treatment for drug users and other populations living with HIV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, USA. norma_ware@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Norma C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Ware
authors.forename: Monique A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wyatt
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tugenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001900:Boston; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013240:Stereotyping; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders