title: Interferon-alpha-induced modulation of glucocorticoid and serotonin receptors as a mechanism of depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanism of interferon (IFN)-alpha-induced depression remains poorly understood. Recently, modulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and serotonin receptor 1A (5-HTR1A) were implicated in mechanism(s) leading to depression. To gain insight into this mechanism, we assessed the effect of IFN-alpha on the modulation of GR and 5-HTR1A expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hepatoblastoma, myelocyte-derived and T cell leukemia-derived cell lines were treated with titrated doses of IFN-alpha for different incubation times and analyzed by Western blot, RT-PCR, and microarrays. Dose- and time-dependent decreases of proteins and mRNA levels of GR and 5-HTR1A were observed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of GR and 5-HTR1A in cells treated for 6 days decreased by 74 and 72%, respectively. Recovery was observed following IFN-alpha withdrawal. Co-incubation with tricyclic antidepressants (desipramine) or serotonin reuptake inhibitors (fluoxetine) attenuated the effect of IFN-alpha on GR or 5-HTR1A. GR and 5-HTR1A were unaffected by treatment with either IFN-gamma or tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). However, the effect of IFN-alpha on GR was abolished when used in combination with TUDCA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, IFN-alpha downregulated GR and 5-HTR1A levels in cell lines. These levels of GR and 5-HTR1A, following IFN-alpha-induced downregulation, recovered after withdrawal of IFN-alpha or addition of desipramine or fluoxetine. These data provide insights regarding pathogenesis of IFN-alpha-induced depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center (151B), 2002 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Vladimir I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Khaoustov
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Tianhong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yoffe
mesh_terms: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000494:pharmacology; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003891:Desipramine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D018197:Hepatoblastoma; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008113:Liver Neoplasms; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D044282:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A / Q000235:genetics*; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000235:genetics*; D013655:Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D005473:Fluoxetine; D044282:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A; D013655:Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid; C031655:ursodoxicoltaurine; D003891:Desipramine