title: Comparison of interfacial characteristics of adhesive bonding to superficial versus deep dentine using SEM and staining techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A primary reason for premature failure of Class II composite restorations is recurrent decay at the gingival margin. The integrity of the gingival margin depends on the bond formed with dentine. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histomorphologic technique, the purpose of this study was to characterise the adhesive/dentine (a/d) bond in dentine sections from the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) and the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) with commercial adhesives of varying hydrophobic/hydrophilic composition.
  
  
  METHODS
  The occlusal 1/3 of the crown was removed from 20 human third molars, this exposed the surface used for the DEJ sections. The teeth were sectioned occluso-gingivally into equal halves: one-half representing the DEJ; the remaining half was sectioned 4mm deep to the exposed surface (CEJ). Each half was treated with the same adhesive. The teeth were randomly selected for treatment with Single Bond (SB, 3M) or Dentastic UNO (UNO, Pulpdent) using wet bonding technique as per manufacturers' instructions. Thin (3-5mum) sections of native a/d interfaces were cut and stained with Goldner's trichrome for light microscopic (LM) examination. Companion slabs were polished and acid-bleach treated, then analysed with SEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DEJ sections: SB/dentine specimens had approximately 4mum exposed protein at the interface, UNO infiltrated the depth of the demineralised dentine and encapsulated exposed protein. CEJ sections: SB/dentine specimens had highly variable interface structure with localized exposed protein, UNO/dentine exhibited 3-5mum exposed protein at the interface. The quality of the interface was exaggerated and the above differences were not revealed based on SEM characterisation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a result of adhesive phase separation, SB does not form structurally integrated a/d bonds at the DEJ or CEJ. The increased hydrophilic composition of UNO contributes to the formation of an integrated a/d bond at the DEJ, but structural differences and increased moisture leads to unprotected protein at the a/d interface in the CEJ sections. The inability of the SEM technique to reveal the complexity of the interface could be related to the modifications of the a/d interface caused by polishing and acid-bleach treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City 650 E. 25th St., Kansas City, MO 64108, USA. wangyo@umkc.edu
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Paulette
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Christy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hager
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bohaty
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives / Q000737:chemistry; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019237:Tooth Cervix / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; C103501:Dentastic; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D008689:Methacrylates; C115612:single bond; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate