title: Psychostimulant withdrawal as an inducing condition in animal models of depression.
abstract: A large body of evidence indicates that the withdrawal from high doses of psychostimulant drugs in humans induces a transient syndrome, with symptoms that appear isomorphic to those of major depressive disorder. Pharmacological treatment strategies for psychostimulant withdrawal in humans have focused mainly on compounds with antidepressant properties. Animal models of psychostimulant withdrawal have been shown to demonstrate a wide range of deficits, including changes in homeostatic, affective and cognitive behaviors, as well as numerous physiological changes. Many of these behavioral and physiological sequelae parallel specific symptoms of major depressive disorder, and have been reversed by treatment with antidepressant drugs. These combined findings provide strong support for the use of psychostimulant withdrawal as an inducing condition in animal models of depression. In the current review we propound that the psychostimulant withdrawal model displays high levels of predictive and construct validity. Recent progress and limitations in the development of this model, as well as future directions for research, are evaluated and discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-7, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
authors.forename: Alasdair M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Athina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Markou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants