title: The pitfalls of vaginal construction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a group of young women undergoing complex vaginoplasty, which may be defined as where there has already been previous complex pelvic surgery and the patient is unsuitable for conservative treatment or minor surgical revision.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients who had undergone a complex vaginoplasty between 1997 and 2004 were reviewed retrospectively. Information was recorded on the underlying condition, previous surgery and preoperative assessment. The operative technique and complications were noted, and the outcome in terms of menstruation and sexual activity. In all, 15 patients fulfilled the criteria (mean age 22.2 years, range 17-36) and the mean follow-up was 4.75 (0.75-7) years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen patients had complex congenital anomalies of the lower genital tract and 11 of these had associated anomalies of the urinary and gastrointestinal system; four were XY females. The 15 patients had had 31 vaginal procedures, including ileal vaginoplasty, mobilization of perineal skin flaps and split-skin grafting. Three patients required osteotomies to increase pelvic outlet diameter. The commonest complications were stenosis (six patients) and fistula formation (four). Eight patients are now sexually active; the remaining seven have not attempted sexual intercourse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complications are common and can be major; most patients require many repeat operations to achieve a patent vagina. Unfortunately at present, this is the only option for this group of young women to achieve a functional vagina. Patients with complex congenital anomalies of the reproductive and genital tracts are increasingly surviving into adulthood, and the numbers of these patients is likely to increase in the future.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Melissa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Creighton
authors.forename: Christopher R J
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Woodhouse
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001187:Artificial Organs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D024162:Second-Look Surgery; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000209:etiology; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014621:Vagina / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D014623:Vaginal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*