title: First-episode schizophrenia: a focus on pharmacological treatment and safety considerations.
abstract: Schizophrenia is a debilitating disorder, which is usually chronic, and is one of the most devastating medical illnesses. Early and appropriate treatment with antipsychotics is an important strategy for patients with first-episode schizophrenia. However, there are many possible safety issues for patients with schizophrenia that should be considered and properly addressed. Depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviour commonly occur in first-episode schizophrenic patients, and every effort should be made to treat and minimise these symptoms. There are also important issues and considerations in young and first-episode patients that should also be considered in the emergency treatment setting and for minimising medication nonadherence in this population. Most importantly, adverse effects should be considered, minimised and addressed. While first- and second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) both appear to offer similar efficacy for amelioration of positive symptoms in first-episode patients, SGAs may offer better tolerability, specifically regarding extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and tardive dyskinesia risk, and some prolactin-sparing benefits. However, these medications do cause a host of adverse effects, including weight gain, metabolic disturbances, corrected QT interval prolongation and prolactin-related adverse effects, which are important considerations relating to both the short- and long-term safety of patients with schizophrenia being treated with SGAs. Clozapine and olanzapine are most likely to cause weight gain and metabolic effects, while risperidone is more likely to cause EPS and prolactin elevations. Most antipsychotics should be used in low doses to minimise adverse effects and each medication should be optimised in a highly individualised way to maximise adherence and treatment outcomes and minimise tolerability and safety concerns. At some point in their lives, these patients will most probably experience periods of depression, suicidal behaviours, adverse effects and nonadherence, and every effort should be made to minimise or prevent these from occurring. Thus, safety concerns in this group of young patients, in the beginning of their first psychotic episode, are a major issue as they are starting a journey of antipsychotic treatment that is likely to last for the remainder of their lives.
authors.affiliation: Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21228, USA. dkelly@mprc.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Deanna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Conley
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Carpenter
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents