title: Optical detection of tumors in vivo by visible light tissue oximetry.
abstract: Endoscopy is a standard procedure for identifying tumors in patients suspected of having gastrointestinal (G.I.) cancer. The early detection of G.I. neoplasms during endoscopy is currently made by a subjective visual inspection that relies to a high degree on the experience of the examiner. This process can be difficult and unreliable, as tumor lesions may be visually indistinguishable from benign inflammatory conditions and the surrounding mucosa. In this study, we evaluated the ability of local ischemia detection using visible light spectroscopy (VLS) to differentiate neoplastic from normal tissue based on capillary tissue oxygenation during endoscopy. Real-time data were collected (i) from human subjects (N = 34) monitored at various sites during endoscopy (enteric mucosa, malignant, and abnormal tissue such as polyps) and (ii) murine animal subjects with human tumor xenografts. Tissue oximetry in human subjects during endoscopy revealed a tissue oxygenation (StO2%, mean +/- SD) of 46 +/- 22% in tumors, which was significantly lower than for normal mucosal oxygenation (72 +/- 4%; P < or = 0.0001). No difference in tissue oxygenation was observed between normal and non-tumor abnormal tissues (P = N.S.). Similarly, VLS tissue oximetry for murine tumors revealed a mean local tumor oxygenation of 45% in LNCaP, 50% in M21, and 24% in SCCVII tumors, all significantly lower than normal muscle tissue (74%, P < 0.001). These results were further substantiated by positive controls, where a rapid real-time drop in tumor oxygenation was measured during local ischemia induced by clamping or epinephrine. We conclude that VLS tissue oximetry can distinguish neoplastic tissue from normal tissue with a high specificity (though a low sensitivity), potentially aiding the endoscopic detection of gastrointestinal tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford Cancer Center, 875 Blake Wilbur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Maxim
authors.forename: Jeffrey J L
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Benaron
authors.forename: Billy W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Loo
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Arthur L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: Shai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Friedland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008875:Middle Aged; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010092:Oximetry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen