title: Impaired TGF-beta responses in peripheral T cells of G alpha i2-/- mice.
abstract: Null mutation of heterotrimeric G protein alpha2 inhibitory subunit (Galphai2) induces Th1-skewed hyperimmune responses in the colon, leading to chronic colitis and the development of colonic adenocarcinoma. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and cellular basis, in particular, for the role of Galphai2 in regulating immune responses, are poorly understood. We show here that peripheral T cells from Galphai2-deficient mice do not respond normally to the inhibitory effects of TGF-beta on proliferation and cytokine production, revealing a previously unappreciated cross-talk between these two signaling pathways. Lack of Galphai2 resulted in decreased phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 in T cells at the basal levels as well as at the late but not early phase of TGF-beta stimulation, which appears to be ascribed to differential expression of neither cell surface TGF-beta receptors nor Smad7. The altered phosphorylation of Smad proteins involves phospholipase C-mediated signaling, a downstream signaling molecule of Galphai2, because phospholipase C inhibitors could restore Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation in Galphai2(-/-) T cells at levels comparable to that in wild-type T cells. Moreover, adoptive transfer of Galphai2-deficient T cells into immunocompromised mice rendered an otherwise resistant mouse strain susceptible to trinitrobenzesulfonic acid-induced colitis, suggesting that an impaired response of Galphai2-deficient T cells to TGF-beta may be one of the primary defects accounting for the observed colonic Th1-skewed hyperimmune responses. These findings shed new lights on the molecular and cellular basis of how Galphai2 down-regulates immune responses, contributing to the maintenance of mucosal tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Jim Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: YongZhu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Yujin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Milton J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Finegold
authors.forename: Mei X
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000818:Animals; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D051960:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunit, Gi2; D019206:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000235:genetics; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497783:Smad2 protein, mouse; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C497791:Smad3 protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; D051960:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunit, Gi2; D019206:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go; C498016:Gnai2 protein, mouse