title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation in persons younger than the age of 18.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (single-pulse TMS, paired TMS, and repetitive TMS [rTMS]) in persons younger than the age of 18 years. I discuss the technical differences, as well as the diagnostic, therapeutic, and psychiatric uses of TMS/rTMS in this age group.
  
  
  METHODS
  I evaluated English-language studies from 1993 to August 2004 on nonconvulsive single-pulse, paired, and rTMS that supported a possible role for the use of TMS in persons younger than 18. Articles reviewed were retrieved from the MEDLINE database and Clinical Scientific index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 48 studies reviewed involved a total of 1034 children ages 2 weeks to 18 years; 35 of the studies used single-pulse TMS (980 children), 3 studies used paired TMS (20 children), and 7 studies used rTMS (34 children). Three studies used both single and rTMS. However, the number of subjects involved was not reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single-pulse TMS, paired TMS, and rTMS in persons younger than 18 has been used to examine the maturation/activity of the neurons of various central nervous system tracts, plasticity of neurons in epilepsy, other aspects of epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, myoclonus, transcallosal inhibition, and motor cortex functioning with no reported seizure risk. rTMS has been applied to psychiatric disorders such as ADHD, ADHD with Tourette's, and depression. Adult studies support an antidepressant effect from repetitive TMS, but there is only one study that has been reported on 7 patients that used rTMS to the left dorsal prefrontal cortex on children/adolescents with depression (5 of the 7 subjects treated responded). Although there are limited studies using rTMS (in 34 children), these studies did not report significant adverse effects or seizures. Repetitive TMS safety, ethical, and neurotoxicity concerns also are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112-2822, USA. Hquint@lsuhsc.edu
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Quintana
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation