title: Implementation of ALARA radiation protection on the ISS through polyethylene shielding augmentation of the Service Module Crew Quarters.
abstract: With 5-7 month long duration missions at 51.6 degrees inclination in Low Earth Orbit, the ionizing radiation levels to which International Space Station (ISS) crewmembers are exposed will be the highest planned occupational exposures in the world. Even with the expectation that regulatory dose limits will not be exceeded during a single tour of duty aboard the ISS, the "as low as reasonably achievable" (ALARA) precept requires that radiological risks be minimized when possible through a dose optimization process. Judicious placement of efficient shielding materials in locations where crewmembers sleep, rest, or work is an important means for implementing ALARA for spaceflight. Polyethylene (CnHn) is a relatively inexpensive, stable, and, with a low atomic number, an effective shielding material that has been certified for use aboard the ISS. Several designs for placement of slabs or walls of polyethylene have been evaluated for radiation exposure reduction in the Crew Quarters (CQ) of the Zvezda (Star) Service Module. Optimization of shield designs relies on accurate characterization of the expected primary and secondary particle environment and modeling of the predicted radiobiological responses of critical organs and tissues. Results of the studies shown herein indicate that 20% or more reduction in equivalent dose to the CQ occupant is achievable. These results suggest that shielding design and risk analysis are necessary measures for reducing long-term radiological risks to ISS inhabitants and for meeting legal ALARA requirements. Verification of shield concepts requires results from specific designs to be compared with onboard dosimetry.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Biophysics Group, Wyle Laboratories, Houston, TX 77058, USA. mshavers@ems.jsc.nasa.gov
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Shavers
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zapp
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Qualls
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toupes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramsey
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vinci
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Cucinotta
mesh_terms: D018480:Astronauts; D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D005160:Facility Design and Construction / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D020959:Polyethylene; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D012306:Risk; D013026:Space Flight / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D018531:Spacecraft / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States; D018557:United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D020959:Polyethylene