title: The unexpected importance of mosquito oviposition behaviour for malaria: non-productive larval habitats can be sources for malaria transmission.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mosquitoes commute between blood-meal hosts and water. Thus, heterogeneity in human biting reflects underlying spatial heterogeneity in the distribution and suitability of larval habitat as well as inherent differences in the attractiveness, suitability and distribution of blood-meal hosts. One of the possible strategies of malaria control is to identify local vector species and then attack water bodies that contain their larvae.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biting and host seeking, not oviposition, have been the focus of most previous studies of mosquitoes and malaria transmission. This study presents a mathematical model that incorporates mosquito oviposition behaviour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model demonstrates that oviposition is one potential factor explaining heterogeneous biting and vector distribution in a landscape with a heterogeneous distribution of larval habitat. Adult female mosquitoes tend to aggregate around places where they oviposit, thereby increasing the risk of malaria, regardless of the suitability of the habitat for larval development. Thus, a water body may be unsuitable for adult mosquito emergence, but simultaneously, be a source for human malaria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Larval density may be a misleading indicator of a habitat's importance for malaria control. Even if mosquitoes could be lured to oviposit in sprayed larval habitats, this would not necessarily mitigate -- and might aggravate -- the risk of malaria transmission. Forcing mosquitoes to fly away from humans in search of larval habitat may be a more efficient way to reduce the risk of malaria than killing larvae. Thus, draining, fouling, or filling standing water where mosquitoes oviposit can be more effective than applying larvicide.
authors.affiliation: Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. lemenach@u707.jussieu.fr
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Le Menach
authors.forename: F Ellis
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flahault
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D009033:Culicidae / Q000502:physiology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D005618:Fresh Water; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000502:physiology*; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010058:Oviposition / Q000502:physiology*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000502:physiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology