title: Risk factors for adverse drug events: a 10-year analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many adverse drug events (ADEs) are the result of known pharmacologic properties, and some result from medication errors. However, some are the result of patient-specific risk factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify inpatient risk factors for ADEs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze all pharmacist-verified ADEs by therapeutic class of drugs and severity during a 10-year study period. All inpatients > or = 18 years of age from a 520-bed tertiary teaching hospital were included. Each case patient was matched with up to 16 control patients. Odds ratios for patient factors associated with ADEs were calculated from different therapeutic classes of drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Odds ratios for numerous risk factors were identified for 4376 ADEs and were found to vary depending on therapeutic classification. The risk factors for the different classifications were grouped by (1) patient characteristics--female (OR 1.5-1.7), age (0.7-0.9), weight (1.2-1.4), creatinine clearance (0.8-4.7), and number of comorbidities (1.1-12.6); (2) drug administration--dosage (1.2-3.7), administration route (1.4-149.9), and number of concomitant drugs (1.2-2.4); and (3) patient type--service (1.2-4.9), nursing division (1.5-3.8), and diagnosis-related group (1.5-5.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some risk factors are consistent for all ADEs and across multiple therapeutic classes of drugs, while others are class specific. High-risk agents should be closely monitored based on patient characteristics (gender, age, weight, creatinine clearance, number of comorbidities) and drug administration (dosage, administration route, number of concomitant drugs).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics, LDS Hospital & Intermountain Health Care, Salt Lake City, UT 84143-0001, USA. ldsevans@ihc.com
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Stoddard
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Nebeker
authors.forename: Matthew H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Samore
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000368:Aged; D001835:Body Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D015981:Epidemiologic Factors; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010361:Patients; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000145:classification; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations