title: Early cardiac morphologic and functional changes in neurofibromatosis type 1 hypertensives: an echocardiographic and tissue Doppler study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertension is frequently associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a common inherited disease that limits life expectancy. No data are available on cardiac damage in NF1 patients with hypertension. We evaluated cardiac function in NF1 patients with hypertension diagnosed by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), compared with normal children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 73 NF1 patients (41 boys; mean age 12 years) and 30 normal children comparable for age and sex, using standard 2D echocardiography, standard Doppler and Doppler tissue imaging (DTI). Twelve patients (16%) showed 24-h systolic blood pressure (SBP) or 24-h diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >95th percentile for age and sex. We divided the NF1 group into two subgroups: group A, patients with 24-h SBP and DBP </=95th percentile for age and sex, and group B, patients with 24-h SBP or DBP >95th percentile for age and sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group B presented a thicker end-diastolic interventricular septum (p<0.0001), posterior wall (p=0.02), LVMI (p<0.001) and relative wall thickness (p<0.03) than group A and controls. Left atrial dimension in group B was also significantly larger. Examination by standard Doppler showed a deceleration and isovolumic relaxation time significantly prolonged in group B. DTI parameters were significantly higher in NF1 patients than controls. In group B, myocardial early diastolic (E(m)) and systolic (S(m)) velocities were significantly lower than group A. Myocardial early/late diastolic ratio (E(m)/A(m)) in NF1 patients was lower than controls and 19% of group A and 20% of group B showed an E(m)/A(m) ratio <1. No healthy subjects presented an E(m)/A(m) ratio <1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated early cardiac morphologic and functional changes in young NF1 patients with hypertension. Because DTI directly studies cardiac muscle, it can detect changes induced by hypertension as well as those independent of blood pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy. tedesco@pandoranapoli.it
authors.forename: Michele Adolfo
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tedesco
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Salvo
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Natale
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Graziano
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grassia
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calabrò
authors.forename: Giuliana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lama
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D009456:Neurofibromatosis 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*