title: Interaction between inorganic nutrients and organic matter in controlling coral reef communities in Glovers Reef Belize.
abstract: We studied the responses of algae, corals, and small fish to elevated inorganic fertilizer, organic matter, and their combination over a 49-day summer period in cages that simulated the coral reef in the remote Glovers reef atoll, Belize. The addition of organic matter reduced while fertilization had no effect on the numbers of herbivorous damsel and parrotfishes. All measures of algal biomass were influenced by fertilization. The combined inorganic and organic enrichment produced the highest algal biomass, which is most likely due to the combined effect of higher nutrients and lower herbivory. The cover of turf and total algae were influenced by all treatments and their interactions and most strongly and positively influenced by fertilization followed by organic matter and the combination of organic matter and inorganic fertilizer. The inorganic and combined treatments were both dominated by two turf algae, Enteromorpha prolifera and Digenia simplex, while the nonfertilized treatments were dominated by brown frondose algae Lobophora variegata, Padina sanctae, and Dictyota cervicornis. The organic matter treatment had greater cover of P. sanctae and D. cervicornis than the untreated control, which was dominated by Lobophora variegata, also the dominant algae on the nearby patch reefs. Crustose corallines grew slowly ( approximately 2.5 mm/49 days) and were not influenced by the treatments when grown on vertical surfaces but decreased on horizontal coral plates in the combined organic matter and fertilization treatment. No mortality occurred for the two coral species that were added to the cages. Porites furcata darkened in the fertilized cages while there was a mix of paling and darkening for a small amount of the coral tissue of Diploria labyrinthiformes. Inorganic fertilization stimulates small filamentous turf algae and Symbiodinium living in coral but inhibits brown frondose algae. Organic matter inhibits small herbivorous fish, L. variegata, and encrusting coralline algae when growing on horizontal surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Programs, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10460-1099, USA. tmcclanahan@wcs.org
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: McClanahan
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Steneck
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pietri
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cokos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000254:growth & development*; D001531:Belize; D017753:Ecosystem; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000254:growth & development*; D005308:Fertilizers; D010473:Perciformes / Q000254:growth & development*; D011157:Population Dynamics
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers