title: Anti-nociceptive efficacy of carprofen, levomethadone and buprenorphine for pain relief in cats following major orthopaedic surgery.
abstract: A placebo-controlled, randomized blind study was conducted in cats (n = 60) after fracture repair to compare the analgesic effects as well as the side-effects of carprofen, buprenorphine and levomethadone during a 5-day treatment. Cats with severe shock symptoms or increases in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were excluded from the study. The cats were randomly assigned to four groups (n= 15). In group 1, carprofen was administered upon extubation at an initial dose of 4 mg/kg body weight, followed by one-third of that dose three times daily on days 2 to 5. In group 2, buprenorphine was administered in a single dose of 0.01 mg/kg body weight upon extubation and subsequently every 8 h. Levomethadone (group 3) was applied according to the same scheme at a dosage of 0.3 mg/kg body weight each time. The placebo (group 4) was given at the same time intervals as the opioids. Examinations were carried out prior to anaesthesia, between 30 min and 8 h after extubation, and on the following 4 days, 1 h after administration of the analgesics or the placebo as well as 1 h before the next administration. Pain and sedation evaluation was carried out with a visual analogue system (VAS) and with the aid of a numerical estimation scale (NRS). Pain was also scored by measuring mechanical nociceptive threshold of traumatized tissue. Plasma glucose and cortisol concentration, heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure and body temperature were measured. Furthermore, a complete blood count and clinical chemistry including BUN, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), arterial blood pressure (AP), total protein and electrolytes of the cats were checked on the day of admission as well as on the last day of this study (day 5). Defaecation and urination as well as wound healing were monitored. On the basis of the mechanical nociceptive threshold of the traumatized tissue, concentrations of plasma glucose and cortisol and pain assessment using NRS and VAS, carprofen was found to have better anti-nociceptive efficacy when compared with the two opioid analgesics, while the analgesic effect of levomethadone was similar to that of buprenorphine. However, the carprofen group also showed comparably high median NRS and VAS pain scores in addition to occasional broad deviations from the group mean on the first post-operative treatment day. Sedative effects were detected for buprenorphine and levomethadone; in addition, symptoms of central excitation were noted with levomethadone. There was no indication of any clinically relevant respiratory depressive or cardiovascular effects, nor of any undesired renal, gastrointestinal or hepatic effects of the analgesics applied. However, the somewhat insensitive examination methods did not permit sufficient evaluation of side-effects, particularly on the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys. It was found that carprofen and buprenorphine were well-tolerated analgesics for a 5-day administration in the cat, whereas levomethadone caused central excitation in some cases in the dosage scheme used here. However, it was apparent that none of the tested analgesics induced sufficient analgesia in the post-operative phase. For this reason, suitable methods must be found to improve analgesia, particularly in the immediate post-operative phase.
authors.affiliation: Small Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Möllenhoff
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nolte
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002415:Cats / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D008692:Methadyl Acetate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000662:veterinary; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D011897:Random Allocation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002227:Carbazoles; D002047:Buprenorphine; C007005:carprofen; D008692:Methadyl Acetate