title: A noninvasive ultrasonographic method to evaluate bladder function recovery in spinal cord injured rats.
abstract: Suprasacral spinal cord injury induces changes in the mechanical and neuronal properties of the bladder resulting in bladder areflexia followed by bladder-sphincter dyssynergia and detrusor muscle hypertrophy, which lead to urinary retention and increased bladder size. These changes are most often quantified using highly skilled urodynamic techniques that involve catheterization. We investigated whether a hand-held digital ultrasound imaging system could monitor urinary retention in the bladder following spinal cord injury in adult rats. Our findings indicate that contusive spinal cord injury resulted in high residual bladder volumes that decreased and stabilized by 2 weeks post-injury but remained significantly higher than control bladder volumes up to 46 days post-injury (the longest time point examined). Post hoc analysis indicated that the degree of bladder function recovery recorded at the end of the study correlated with the degree of bladder function recovery recorded at 6 days post-injury, indicating that bladder function recovery can be predicted by analyzing bladder volume as early as 6 days post-injury. Bladder function recovery correlated with locomotor recovery as assessed using the BBB locomotor rating scale. While providing a noninvasive assessment of bladder function with no detrimental impact on locomotor function or assessment, this protocol provides researchers with a clinically relevant outcome measure for quantifying bladder function recovery after spinal cord injury or after experimental treatments for spinal cord injury.
authors.affiliation: Reeve-Irvine Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 2111 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, College of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4292, USA. hansk@uci.edu
authors.forename: Hans S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Keirstead
authors.forename: Vadim
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fedulov
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cloutier
authors.forename: Oswald
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Steward
authors.forename: Barry P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Duel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D010243:Paralysis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology