title: Long-term outcome for men with androgen independent prostate cancer treated with ketoconazole and hydrocortisone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The combination of high dose ketoconazole and hydrocortisone (HDK) is active against androgen independent prostate cancer (AIPC). Median response times with HDK tend to be brief but a significant minority of AIPC patients benefit with extended responses. Well characterized response and survival information, especially in the cohort of patients who experience these longer, more durable, responses has not been previously reported. Characterization of this subgroup is of particular interest since men with long-term responses derive the greatest benefit from HDK therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 78 patients with AIPC treated with HDK between March 1991 and February 1999 were retrospectively reviewed. Baseline clinical and laboratory factors predictive of prolonged response and survival were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median baseline prostate specific antigen (PSA) before the initiation of HDK was 25.1. The number of patients with zero, 1 to 3, and more than 3 lesions on bone scan were 25, 35 and 18, respectively. Median and mean time to PSA progression was 6.7 and 14.5 months. Median and mean survival time was 38.0 and 42.4 months, respectively. Response time and survival were highly correlated (r = 0.799). A total of 34 (44%) men had a greater than 75% decrease in PSA. The median survival times in men with more vs less than a 75% decrease were 60 vs 24 months, respectively. In a Cox proportional hazard regression, prolonged survival was predicted by percent PSA decrease, extent of disease on bone scan and baseline PSA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketoconazole can induce prolonged responses, occasionally lasting for years. Long responses are more likely to occur in men initiating HDK earlier in the course of disease before the cancer burden becomes excessive.
authors.affiliation: Prostate Oncology Specialists, Marina del Rey, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. mark@prostateoncology.com
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jennrich
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strum
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brosman
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000556:secondary; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D007654:Ketoconazole; D006854:Hydrocortisone