title: Electrodialysis of calcium and carbonate high concentration solutions and impact on composition in cations of membrane fouling.
abstract: Fouling, which is the accumulation of undesired solid materials at the phase interfaces of permselective membranes, is one of the major problems in electrodialysis. The objectives of the present work were to investigate the effect of the composition in calcium and carbonate of a model solution to be treated by conventional electrodialysis on their migration kinetics and the composition in cations of the membrane fouling. In the absence of sodium carbonate in the solution, no fouling was visually observed on anion-exchange membranes (AEM) and fouling was observed only at 1600 mg/L CaCl2 on cation-exchange membrane (CEM), while at only 800 mg/L CaCl2 with sodium carbonate, a deposit was observed on both membranes. This difference could be explained by the fact that carbonate has a high buffer capacity, and the time to reach pH 4.0 was then longer than the one without carbonate. Consequently, the migration of the ionic species was carried out over a longer period of time during ED treatment with sodium carbonate addition and in extent the demineralization rates were higher: 43 vs 86%. For treatment with sodium carbonate and 1600 mg/L CaCl2, the higher migration during ED treatment, increased the concentration of calcium, from 14.24 to 93.38 mg/g dry membrane and from 0.74 to 10.27 mg/g dry membrane for CEM and AEM, respectively. Due to the basic pH on the side of the membrane in contact with the NaCl solution, the calcium would precipitate to form calcium hydroxide on CEM while the calcium migrated through the CEM was blocked by the AEM where it formed another fouling.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods (INAF), Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Pavillon Paul Comtois, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy (QC), G1K 7P4 Canada. laurent.bazinet@aln.ulaval.ca
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bazinet
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Araya-Farias
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry*; D002254:Carbonates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002412:Cations; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry; D004563:Electrochemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D017551:Microdialysis; D008956:Models, Chemical; D011188:Potassium / Q000737:chemistry; D012964:Sodium / Q000737:chemistry; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002254:Carbonates; D002412:Cations; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D012996:Solutions; D002713:Chlorine; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium