title: Femur window--a new approach to microcirculation of living bone in situ.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The processes of osteogenesis, bone remodelling, fracture repair and metastasis to bone are determined by complex sequential interactions involving cellular and microcirculatory parameters. Consequently studies targeting the analysis of microcirculatory parameters on such processes should mostly respect these complex conditions. However these conditions could not yet be achieved in vitro and therefore techniques that allow a long-term observation of functional and structural parameters of microcirculation in bone in vivo at a high spatial resolution are needed to monitor dynamic events, such as fracture healing, bone remodelling and tumor metastasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a bone chamber implant (femur window) for long-term intravital microscopy of pre-existing bone and its microcirculation at an orthotopic site in mice preserving the mechanical properties of bone. After bone chamber implantation vascular density, vessel diameter, vessel perfusion, vascular permeability and leukocyte-endothelial interactions (LEIs) in femoral bone tissue of c57-black mice (n=11) were measured quantitatively over 12 days using intravital fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore a model for bone defect healing and bone metastasis in the femur window was tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microvascular permeability and LEIs showed initially high values after chamber implantation followed by a significant decrease to a steady state at day 6 and 12, whereas structural parameters remained unaltered. Bone defect healing and tumor growth was observed over 12 and 90 days respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new femur window design allows a long-term analysis of structural and functional properties of bone and its microcirculation quantitatively at a high spatial resolution. Altered functional parameters of microcirculation after surgical procedures and their time dependent return to a steady state underline the necessity of long-term observations to achieve unaltered microcirculatory parameters. Dissection of the complex interactions between bone and microcirculation enables us to evaluate physiological and pathological processes of bone and may give new insights especially in dynamic events e.g. fracture healing, bone remodeling and tumor metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. nhansen@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hansen-Algenstaedt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wolfram
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joscheck
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Algenstaedt
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rüther
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000098:blood supply*; D017102:Fracture Healing; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology