title: An analysis of the use of genomic DNA as a universal reference in two channel DNA microarrays.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  DNA microarray is an invaluable tool for gene expression explorations. In the two-dye microarray, fluorescence intensities of two samples, each labeled with a different dye, are compared after hybridization. To compare a large number of samples, the 'reference design' is widely used, in which all RNA samples are hybridized to a common reference. Genomic DNA is an attractive candidate for use as a universal reference, especially for bacterial systems with a low percentage of non-coding sequences. However, genomic DNA, comprising of both the sense and anti-sense strands, is unlike the single stranded cDNA usually used in microarray hybridizations. The presence of the antisense strand in the 'reference' leads to reactions between complementary labeled strands in solution and may cause the assay result to deviate from true values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have developed a mathematical model to predict the validity of using genomic DNA as a reference in the microarray assay. The model predicts that the assay can accurately estimate relative concentrations for a wide range of initial cDNA concentrations. Experimental results of DNA microarray assay using genomic DNA as a reference correlated well to those obtained by a direct hybridization between two cDNA samples. The model predicts that the initial concentrations of labeled genomic DNA strands and immobilized strands, and the hybridization time do not significantly affect the assay performance. At low values of the rate constant for hybridization between immobilized and mobile strands, the assay performance varies with the hybridization time and initial cDNA concentrations. For the case where a microarray with immobilized single strands is used, results from hybridizations using genomic DNA as a reference will correspond to true ratios under all conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simulation using the mathematical model, and the experimental study presented here show the potential utility of microarray assays using genomic DNA as a reference. We conclude that the use of genomic DNA as reference DNA should greatly facilitate comparative transcriptome analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washnigton Ave. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. mugdha@cems.umn.edu
authors.forename: Mugdha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gadgil
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.forename: Chetan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gadgil
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kapur
authors.forename: Wei-Shou
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods; D048372:Streptomyces coelicolor / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004247:DNA