title: Do research payments precipitate drug use or coerce participation?
abstract: Providing high-magnitude cash incentives to substance abuse clients to participate in research is frequently viewed as unethical based on the concerns that this might precipitate new drug use or be perceived as coercive. We randomly assigned consenting drug abuse outpatients to receive payments of 10 US dollars, 40 US dollars, or 70 US dollars in either cash or gift certificate for attending a 6-month research follow-up assessment. At the 6-month follow-up, participants received their randomly determined incentive and were then scheduled for a second follow-up appointment 3 days later to detect new instances of drug use. Findings indicated that neither the magnitude nor mode of the incentives had a significant effect on rates of new drug use or perceptions of coercion. Consistent with the contingency management literature, higher payments and cash payments were associated with increased follow-up rates. Finally, the results suggest that higher magnitude payments may be more cost-effective by reducing the need for more intensive follow-up efforts.
authors.affiliation: Treatment Research Institute at the University of Pennsylvania, 600 Public Ledger Bldg., 150 S. Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 19106-3475, USA. dfestinger@tresearch.org
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Festinger
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Marlowe
authors.forename: Jason R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Croft
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Dugosh
authors.forename: Nicole K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Mastro
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Dematteo
authors.forename: Nicholas S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Patapis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003068:Coercion; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000191:economics*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012052:Reimbursement, Incentive; D012106:Research / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics