title: Resistance of human astrocytoma cells to apoptosis induced by mitochondria-damaging agents: possible implications for anticancer therapy.
abstract: The success of anticancer chemotherapy is often hampered by resistance to apoptosis, which may depend on defects in intracellular cell death pathways. Characterizing the alterations of these pathways is a prerequisite for developing alternative and effective antitumoral strategies. Here, we investigated the susceptibility of a human astrocytoma cell line, ADF, to apoptotic cell death induced by mitochondria-damaging agents. Neither the anticancer agent betulinic acid nor the "mitochondriotropic" poisons 2-deoxy-d-ribose and potassium cyanide induced apoptosis of these cells, despite induction of highly significant mitochondrial depolarization, eventually resulting in necrotic death. Resistance to apoptosis was not due to presence of the multidrug resistance pump or to impaired expression of caspase-8, caspase-9, or "executioner" caspase-3. Cloning of caspase-9 revealed the presence of full-length caspase-9alpha and a short variant (caspase-9beta), which, in other tumors, acts as a dominant negative of the long isoform. All analyzed clones showed a point mutation in the prodomain region that is known to interact with mitochondria-released factors. Thus, in these human astrocytoma cells, mitochondria-damaging agents induce a regulated form of mitochondrial-dependent necrotic cell death (oncosis). Resistance to apoptosis is due to an intrinsic defect of caspase-9, leading to inhibition of enzyme activation and/or impaired interaction with proteins released from depolarized mitochondria. These results may have implications for developing strategies aimed at overcoming tumor resistance to chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Via Balzaretti 9, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ceruti
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mazzola
authors.forename: Maria P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Abbracchio
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000473:pathology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D019044:Image Cytometry; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000378:metabolism; D012313:RNA / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000094062:Betulinic Acid
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D014315:Triterpenes; D012313:RNA; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; C506433:CASP9 protein, human; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases; D000094062:Betulinic Acid