title: Dendritic cell maturation induced by muramyl dipeptide (MDP) derivatives: monoacylated MDP confers TLR2/TLR4 activation.
abstract: 6-O-acyl-muramyldipeptides (MDP) with various lengths of fatty acid chains were examined for their dendritic cell (DC) maturation activity expressed through TLRs. Judging from anti-TLR mAb/inhibitor-blocking analysis, MDP derivatives with a single octanoyl or stearoyl fatty acid chain were found to activate TLR2 and TLR4 on human DCs, although intact and diacylated MDP expressed no ability to activate TLRs. Human DC activation profiles by the monoacylated MDP were essentially similar to those by Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-cell wall skeleton (CWS) and BCG-peptidoglycan (PGN) based on their ability to up-regulate costimulators, HLA-DR, beta(2)-microglobulin, and allostimulatory MLR. Monoacylated MDP induced cytokines with similar profiles to BCG-CWS or -PGN, although their potency for induction of TNF-alpha, IL-12p40, and IL-6 was less than that of BCG-CWS or -PGN. The MDP derivatives initiated similar activation in normal mouse macrophages, but exhibited no effect on TLR2/4-deficient or MyD88-deficient mouse macrophages. Mutation of d-isoGln to l-isoGln in monoacylated MDP did not result in loss of the DC maturation activity, suggesting marginal participation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2, if any, in monoacyl MDP-dependent DC maturation. These results define the adjuvant activity of 6-O-acyl MDP compounds at the molecular level. They target TLR2/TLR4 and act through the MyD88-dependent pathway in DCs and macrophages. Hence, the unusual combined activation of TLR2 and TLR4 observed with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is in part reflected in the functional properties of monoacylated MDP compounds. These findings infer that the essential minimal requirement for TLR2/4-mediated adjuvancy of BCG lies within a modified MDP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uehori
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukase
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akazawa
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uematsu
authors.forename: Shizuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akira
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Funami
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shingai
authors.forename: Misako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.forename: Kumao
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toyoshima
authors.forename: Shoichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kusumoto
authors.forename: Tsukasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seya
mesh_terms: D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000215:Acylation; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000819:agonists / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D016207:Cytokines; C507779:MYD88 protein, human; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine