title: Reducing hospital presentations for opioid overdose in patients treated with sustained release naltrexone implants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-fatal overdoses represent a significant morbidity for regular heroin users. Naltrexone is an opioid antagonist capable of blocking the effects of heroin, thereby preventing accidental overdose. However, treatment with oral naltrexone is often associated with non-compliance. An alternative is the use of a sustained release preparation of naltrexone. The aim of this study was to assess the change in number of opioid and other drug overdoses in a large cohort of heroin dependent persons (n=361; 218 males) before and after treatment with a sustained release naltrexone implant. A sub-group of this cohort (n=146; 83 males) had previously received treatment with oral naltrexone, which also allowed a comparison of overdoses pre- and post-oral and also post-implant treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a pre-post design, with data prospectively collected via the West Australian Health Services Research Linked Database, and the Emergency Department Information System. Participants were treated under the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration's special access guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most (336, 93%) of the cohort was in one or both databases. We identified 21 opioid overdoses involving 20 persons in the 6 months pre-treatment that required emergency department presentation or hospital admission: none were observed in the 6 months post-treatment. This is consistent with the existing pharmacokinetic data on this implant, which indicates maintenance of blood naltrexone levels at or above 2 ng/ml for approximately 6 months. A reduced number of opioid overdoses were also observed 7-12 months post-implant. The study found a significant increase in sedative "overdoses", some of which occurred in the 10 days following implant treatment and were likely associated with opioid withdrawal and/or implant treatment. For those previously treated with oral naltrexone, more opioid overdoses occurred in both the 6-months prior to and after oral compared to the 6-months post-implant treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the clinical efficacy of this sustained release naltrexone implant in preventing opioid overdose. However, given the high prevalence of poly-substance use among dependent heroin users, programs offering this type of treatment should also focus on preventing, detecting and managing poly-substance use.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, QE II Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Gary K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Hulse
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: Sandra D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Comer
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Ian G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arnold-Reed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004343:Drug Implants; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000517:prevention & control; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008498:Medical Record Linkage; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000506:poisoning*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010343:Patient Admission; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D004343:Drug Implants; D009294:Narcotics; D009271:Naltrexone