title: Safety evaluation of long-term vas occlusion with styrene maleic anhydride and its non-invasive reversal on accessory reproductive organs in langurs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety of the long term vas occlusion with styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) and its non-invasive reversal at the level of accessory reproductive glands ARGs in langurs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The morphology of seminal vesicle and ventral prostate was evaluated by light as well as transmission electron microscopy. Serum clinical chemistry and urine albumin were evaluated in an autoanalyzer using reagent kits. Fructose, acid phosphatase and zinc in the seminal plasma were evaluated spectrophotometrically according to the WHO manual. Serum testosterone, prostate specific antigen and sperm antibodies were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using reagent kits and hematology was estimated according to standard procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The morphological features and secretory activity of the seminal vesicle and prostate were normal as evidenced by the presence of well-developed mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, secretory granules and normal nuclear characteristics throughout the course of investigation. Serum testosterone and prostate specific antigen remained unaltered and serum antisperm antibodies level presented negative titres. Urine albumin was nil. Total red blood corpuscles (RBC), white blood corpuscles (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and red cell indices, serum protein, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, creatine kinase (CK), serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), bilirubin, urea, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) did not show appreciable changes following vas occlusion and after its non-invasive reversal. Although fructose, acid phosphatase (ACP) and zinc in the seminal plasma showed a significant reduction following vas occlusion, it could not be related to the morphology of seminal vesicle and prostate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SMA vas occlusion and its non-invasive reversal do not damage the accessory reproductive organs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004, India.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Manivannan
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Bhande
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panneerdoss
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sriram
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Lohiya
mesh_terms: D000812:Anhydrides / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D002520:Cercopithecidae; D008297:Male; D008298:Maleates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D014649:Vas Deferens / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014659:Vasectomy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000812:Anhydrides; D008298:Maleates; D011137:Polystyrenes; C024074:styrene-maleic acid polymer