title: Performance of first responders in simulated cardiac arrests.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Survival of in-hospital cardiac arrests depends more on first responders than on cardiac arrest teams. The objective of this study was to determine the adherence to algorithms of cardiopulmonary resuscitation of first responders in simulated cardiac arrests in intensive care. A second objective was to assess the effect of the early vs. late availability of a physician on the performance of nurse-based teams acting as first responders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient simulator in a tertiary level intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 20 teams consisting of three registered nurses and one resident each.
  
  
  METHODS
  A simulated witnessed cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation occurred in the presence of one nurse while the remaining two nurses could be called to help. Depending on the time of the residents' arrival, teams were classified as "early" (median arrival 50 secs after the onset of the arrest) or "late" (median arrival 150 secs after the onset of the arrest).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all teams, the recognition of the arrest and the calling for help occurred in a timely fashion. However, a median of 85 secs (interquartile range [IQ], 130 secs) elapsed until the start of cardiac massage and 100 secs (IQ, 45 secs) to the first defibrillation. Once commenced, cardiac massage and mask ventilation were carried out during 61% (IQ, 33%) and 77% (IQ, 23%) of the possible time only. Delays and interruptions were generally not recalled by the participants. Compared with teams with late arriving residents, teams with early arriving residents administered more countershocks: 4.5 (IQ, 2) vs. 3.5 (IQ, 1.5; p = .026).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  First responders in intensive care often failed to build a team structure that ensured timely, effective, monitored, and ongoing team activity. The early availability of a physician increased the number of countershocks administered. Self-reporting is unsuitable to reliably assess the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
authors.affiliation: Medical Intensive Care Unit, University of Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stephan C U
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Marsch
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tschan
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Semmer
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spychiger
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Breuer
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hunziker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D016544:Patient Simulation; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D013997:Time Factors