title: Accuracy study of computer-assisted drilling: the effect of bone density, drill bit characteristics, and use of a mechanical guide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to determine the clinical relevant accuracy of CT-based navigation for drilling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve drills of varying lengths and diameters were tested with 2 different set-ups. Group 1 used free-hand navigated drilling technique with foam blocks equipped with titanium target points. Group 2 (control) used a newly developed 3-dimensional measurement device equipped with titanium target points with a fixed entry for the navigated drill to minimize bending forces. One examiner performed 690 navigated drillings using solely the monitor screen for control in both groups. The difference between the planned and the actual starting and target point (up to 150 mm distance) was measured (mm).
  
  
  METHODS
  Levene test and a nonpaired t test. Significance level was set as P < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The core accuracy of the navigation system measured with the 3-dimensional device was 0.5 mm. The mean distance from planned to actual entry points in group 1 was 1.3 (range, 0.6-3.4 mm). The mean distance between planned and actual target point was 3.4 (range, 1.7-5.8 mm). Free-hand navigated drilling showed an increased difference with increased length of the drill bits as well as with increased drilling channel for drill bits 2.5 and 3.2 mm and not for 3.5 and 4.5 mm (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The core accuracy of the navigation system is high. Compared with the navigated free-hand technique, the results suggest that drill bit deflection interferes directly with the precision. The precision is decreased when using small diameter and longer drill bits.
authors.affiliation: Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. huefner.tobias@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hüfner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geerling
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oldag
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kfuri
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pohlemann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krettek
mesh_terms: D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011336:Probability; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*