title: Functional verification of pulse frequency modulation-based image sensor for retinal prosthesis by in vitro electrophysiological experiments using frog retina.
abstract: The functioning of a 16 x 16 pixel pulse frequency modulation (PFM) image sensor for retinal prosthesis is verified through in vitro electrophysiological experiments using detached frog retinas. This image sensor is a prototype for demonstrating the application to in vitro electrophysiological experiments. Each pixel of the image sensor consists of a pulse generator (PFM photosensor), a stimulus circuit, and a stimulus electrode (Al bonding pad). The image sensor is fabricated using standard 0.6 microm CMOS technology. For in vitro electrophysiological experiments, a Pt/Au stacked electrode is formed on the Al bonding pad of each pixel and the entire sensor is fixed in epoxy resin. The PFM image sensor is confirmed experimentally to provide electrical stimulus to the retinal cells in a detached frog retina.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Material Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Furumiya
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Koutaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuoka
authors.forename: Keiichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kagawa
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tokuda
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nunoshita
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ohta
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D032701:Biomimetics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D008839:Microelectrodes; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011892:Rana catesbeiana; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012666:Semiconductors; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014159:Transducers