title: Self-help books for depression: how can practitioners and patients make the right choice?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is a common and important public health problem most often treated by GPs. A self-help approach is popular with patients, yet little is known about its effectiveness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our primary aim was to review and update the evidence for the clinical effectiveness of bibliotherapy in the treatment of depression. Our secondary aim was to identify which of these self-help materials are generally available to buy and to examine the evidence specific to these publications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CCTR, PsiTri and the National Research Register were searched for randomised trials that evaluated self-help books for depression which included participants aged over 16 years with a diagnosis or symptoms of depression. Clinical symptoms, quality of life, costs or acceptability to users were the required outcome measures. Papers were obtained and data extracted independently by two researchers. A meta-analysis using a random effects model was carried out using the mean score and standard deviation of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression at the endpoint of the trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven randomised controlled trials were identified. None fulfilled CONSORT guidelines and all were small, with the largest trial having 40 patients per group. Nine of these evaluated two current publications, Managing Anxiety and Depression (UK) and Feeling Good (US). A meta-analysis of 6 trials evaluating Feeling Good found a large treatment effect compared to delayed treatment (standardised mean difference = -1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.76 to -0.96). Five self-help books were identified as being available and commonly bought by members of the public in addition to the two books that had been evaluated in trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are a number of self-help books for the treatment of depression readily available. For the majority, there is little direct evidence for their effectiveness. There is weak evidence that suggests that bibliotherapy, based on a cognitive behavioural therapy approach is useful for some people when they are given some additional guidance. More work is required in primary care to investigate the cost-effectiveness of self-help and the most suitable format and presentation of materials.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Psychiatry, University of Bristol. E.J.Anderson@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Liz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Glyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Araya
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elgie
authors.forename: Glynn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Proudfoot
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weightman
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001877:Books; D002755:Choice Behavior; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology; D011364:Professional Practice; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*; D013664:Teaching Materials