title: Sport and physical activity participation and substance use among adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between participation in specific school-sponsored sports and out-of-school sports/physical activities and substance use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects consisted of 891 8th grade youth from three schools. Baseline data were collected using the Youth Alcohol & Drug Survey (2000) and following standardized protocols. Logistic regressions were conducted to identify associations between the independent variables of school-sponsored sports, and out-of-school sports/physical activities, and each of the four substance use dependent variables, while controlling for race. Additionally, logistic regressions were run separately for males and females to examine gender differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participation in any one of seven specific sports/physical activities was associated with increased substance use for one or both genders, whereas participation in any one of four other specific sports/physical activities was associated with decreased use for one or both genders. Those sports associated with increased use differed for males and females, as did those associated with decreased use. Females in school-sponsored dance/cheerleading/gymnastics were at decreased risk of alcohol use, whereas those in out-of-school dance/cheerleading/gymnastics, skateboarding or surfing were at increased risk for using at least one substance. Males in out-of-school swimming were at decreased risk of heavy alcohol use, whereas those in school-sponsored football, swimming, wrestling or out-of-school tennis were at increased risk for using at least one substance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Educators cannot assume all sports/physical activities have a positive relationship with youth substance use. School-sponsored, male-dominated sports appeared to be associated with an increased substance use risk for males, whereas out-of-school, mixed-gender sports appeared to be for females.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research on Substance Abuse, College of Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida 32224-2645, USA. mmoore@unf.edu
authors.forename: Michele J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Chudley E Chad
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Werch
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013177:Sports / Q000145:classification* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires