title: Antifungal effect and possible mode of activity of a compound from the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assessment of antifungal activity of a compound isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea against the fungal pathogens Candida (primarily C. albicans) and Aspergillus (primarily A. fumigatus) species, and investigations of the possible mode of activity of the compound.
  
  
  METHODS
  Freeze dried sponges were extracted with EtOAc-MeOH. Bioassay guided separation was used to identify the active compound. Antifungal activity was assessed in vitro by a modified NCCLS technique. For determination of the possible mode of activity of the compound we tested the effect on fungal cellular morphology (light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy) and possible site of activity in the fungal cells, such as cell membrane (ion leakage kinetics) as well as toxicity (cytotoxicity tests).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The active compound was determined to be 3,5-dibromo-2-(3,5-dibromo-2-methoxyphenoxy) phenol. This compound exhibited in vitro activity against the tested fungal pathogens. The experiments on the mode of activity revealed that there are significant changes in fungal cell morphology, as demonstrated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The compound, apparently, affects the fungal cell membrane, expressed primarily in leakage of potassium ions from the fungal cells. Two other bromo diphenyl ethers were also found to be active. Further experiments in in vivo models are planned.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Israel.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sionov
authors.forename: Dalit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sandovsky-Losica
authors.forename: Yoel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kashman
authors.forename: Amira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rudi
authors.forename: Liat
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chill
authors.forename: Israela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Berdicevsky
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Segal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008386:Marine Biology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D017348:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011161:Porifera / Q000737:chemistry*; D014020:Tissue Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols; D014020:Tissue Extracts