title: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and VEGF receptor-3 in human prostate cancer is associated with regional lymph node metastasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and its receptor, VEGFR-3, have been implicated as important factors in the formation of lymphatic vessels and recent evidence suggests that tumor lymphangiogenesis promotes lymphatic metastasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 was examined in 22 human prostate cancer specimens with immunohistochemistry. A semi-quantitative scoring system was used for evaluation of staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of VEGF-C was stronger in prostate cancer areas in comparison to adjacent benign glands. In addition, patients with lymph node metastases had a significantly higher expression of VEGF-C than patients without lymph node metastases. Interestingly, VEGFR-3 was expressed in malignant prostate epithelial cells and its expression was significantly higher in the lymph node positive group compared to the lymph node negative group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study indicate that increased expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 play a role in prostate cancer progression and in metastasis to regional lymph nodes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institute of Surgical Sciences, Göteborg University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jennbacken
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vallbo
authors.forename: Wanzhong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jan-Erik
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Damber
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018450:Disease Progression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3