title: Lifetime environmental tobacco smoke exposure and the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), which contains potent respiratory irritants, may lead to chronic airway inflammation and obstruction. Although ETS exposure appears to cause asthma in children and adults, its role in causing COPD has received limited attention in epidemiologic studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from a population-based sample of 2,113 U.S. adults aged 55 to 75 years, we examined the association between lifetime ETS exposure and the risk of developing COPD. Participants were recruited from all 48 contiguous U.S. states by random digit dialing. Lifetime ETS exposure was ascertained by structured telephone interview. We used a standard epidemiologic approach to define COPD based on a self-reported physician diagnosis of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or COPD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher cumulative lifetime home and work exposure were associated with a greater risk of COPD. The highest quartile of lifetime home ETS exposure was associated with a greater risk of COPD, controlling for age, sex, race, personal smoking history, educational attainment, marital status, and occupational exposure to vapors, gas, dusts, or fumes during the longest held job (OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.09 to 2.21). The highest quartile of lifetime workplace ETS exposure was also related to a greater risk of COPD (OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.002 to 1.84). The population attributable fraction was 11% for the highest quartile of home ETS exposure and 7% for work exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ETS exposure may be an important cause of COPD. Consequently, public policies aimed at preventing public smoking may reduce the burden of COPD-related death and disability, both by reducing direct smoking and ETS exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, UCSF Box 0924, CA 94113-0924, USA. eisner@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Eisner
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Balmes
authors.forename: Patricia P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trupin
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Yelin
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Blanc
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D017132:Workplace
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution