title: The influence of smoking imagery on the smoking intentions of young people: testing a media interpretation model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess a theoretical model of adolescents' exposure to films, perceptions of smoking imagery in film, and smoking intentions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured questionnaire was completed by 3041 Year 8 (aged 12 years) and Year 12 (aged 16 years) students from 25 schools in Auckland, New Zealand. The survey assessed the relationships among exposure to films, attitudes about smoking imagery, perceptions of smoking prevalence and its acceptability, and expectations of smoking in the future. Measures included exposure to films, perceived pervasiveness of, and nonchalant attitudes about smoking imagery, identification of positive smoker stereotypes in films, perceived smoking prevalence, judgment of smoking acceptability, and smoking expectations. Path analytic techniques, using multiple regression analyses, were used to test the pattern of associations identified by the media interpretation model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that film exposure predicted higher levels of perceived smoking prevalence, perceived imagery pervasiveness, and nonchalant attitudes about smoking imagery. Nonchalant attitudes, identification of positive smoker stereotypes, and perceived smoking prevalence predicted judgments of smoking acceptability. Acceptability judgments, identification of positive stereotypes, and perceived smoking prevalence were all positively associated with smoking expectations. The media interpretation model accounted for 24% of the variance in smoking expectations within the total sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking imagery in film may play a role in the development of smoking intentions through inflating the perception of smoking prevalence and presenting socially attractive images.
authors.affiliation: Health Psychology Department, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. j.mccool@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: Judith P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: McCool
authors.forename: Linda D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Keith J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Petrie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination; D009040:Motion Pictures; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires