title: A randomised controlled comparison of alternative strategies in stroke care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare outcomes between stroke patients managed on the stroke unit, on general wards with stroke team support or at home by specialist domiciliary team and to derive prognostic variables that will identify patients most suitable for management by each strategy. To describe organisational aspects of individual strategies of stroke care and to evaluate cost-effectiveness of each strategy and its acceptability to patients, carers and professionals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective single-blind randomised controlled trial undertaken in patients recruited from a community-based stroke register.
  
  
  METHODS
  Suburban district in south-east England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with disabling stroke who could be supported at home.
  
  
  METHODS
  The stroke unit gave 24-hour care provided by specialist multidisciplinary team based on clear guidelines for acute care, prevention of complications, rehabilitation and secondary prevention. The stroke team provided management on general wards with specialist team support. The team undertook stroke assessments and advised ward-based nursing and therapy staff on acute care, secondary prevention and rehabilitation aspects. Domiciliary care involved management at home under the supervision of a GP and stroke specialist with support from specialist team and community services. Support was provided for a maximum of 3 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary measure was death or institutionalisation at 1 year. Secondary measures were dependence, functional abilities, mood, quality of life, resource use, length of hospital stay, and patient, carer and professional satisfaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 457 patients randomised, 152 patients were allocated to the stroke unit; 152 patients to stroke team and 153 patients to domiciliary stroke care (average age 76 years, 48% women). The groups were well matched for baseline characteristics, stroke type and severity, level of impairment and initial disability. Fifty-one (34%) patients in the domiciliary group were admitted to hospital after randomisation. Mortality and institutionalisation at 1 year were lower on stroke unit compared with stroke team or domiciliary care. Significantly fewer patients on the stroke unit died compared with those managed by the stroke team. The proportion of patients alive without severe disability at 1 year was also significantly higher on the stroke unit compared with stroke team or domiciliary care. These differences were present at 3 and 6 months after stroke. Stroke survivors managed on the stroke unit showed greater improvement on basic activities of daily living compared with other strategies. Achievement of higher levels of function was not influenced by strategy of care. Quality of life at 3 months was significantly better in stroke unit and domiciliary care patients. There was greater dissatisfaction with care on general wards compared with stroke unit or domiciliary care. Poor outcome with domiciliary care and on general wards was associated with Barthel Index <5, incontinence and, on general wards, age over 75 years. The total costs of stroke per patient over the 12-month period were pound 11,450 for stroke unit, pound 9527 for stroke team and pound 6840 for home care. However, the mean costs per day alive for the stroke unit were significantly less than those for the specialist stroke team patients, but no different from domiciliary care patients. Costs for the domiciliary group were significantly less than for those managed by the specialist stroke team on general wards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stroke units were found to be more effective than a specialist stroke team or specialist domiciliary care in reducing mortality, institutionalisation and dependence after stroke. A role for specialist domiciliary services for acute stroke is not supported by this study. Management of patients with strokes on general medical wards, even with specialist team input, is not supported by this study. The stroke unit intervention was less costly per patient day alive and more effective than the stroke team intervention. The stroke unit was more effective and of equivalent cost when compared to home care. Hence, the stroke unit is a more cost-effective intervention than either stroke team or home care. Further research is needed to understand processes contributing to the reduction in mortality on stroke units and to determine the generalisability of these results and the factors that will influence the implementation of the findings of this study in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Guy's, King's & St Thomas' School of Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kalra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Swift
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Donaldson
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006699:Home Care Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007326:Institutionalization; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011788:Quality of Life; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation