title: Neuropeptides, including neuropeptide Y and melanocortins, mediate lipolysis in murine adipocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether key appetite-regulating neuropeptides such as melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), which are known to mediate energy balance through centrally mediated pathways, also have direct acute effects on the lipolytic activity of murine adipocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes serum starved overnight in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium containing 2% bovine serum albumin or freshly isolated mouse adipocytes were incubated for up to 2 hours in the absence and presence of 100 nM each of NPY, MCH, alpha-MSH, the melanocortin receptor agonist MTII, or isoproterenol as a control. Free fatty acids secreted into the incubation medium were measured using a commercially available nonesterified fatty acid C test kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with 100 nM NPY decreased basal free fatty acid secretion (basal, 0.006 +/- 0.001 vs. NPY, 0.001 +/- 0.0003 nM at 90 minutes; p < 0.05), whereas both alpha-MSH and MTII stimulated up to a 7-fold increase in free fatty acid release (MTII, 0.238 +/- 0.004 vs. basal, 0.024 +/- 0.002 nM at 2 hours; p < 0.05; and alpha-MSH, 0.22 +/- 0.005 vs. basal, 0.04 +/- 0.003 nM at 2 hours; p < 0.05). Treatment with 100 nM MCH had no effect on basal free fatty acid release or on alpha-MSH-induced lipolysis during concurrent treatment. Conversely, concurrent treatment with 100 nM NPY dramatically inhibited (by approximately 90%) alpha-MSH-induced lipolysis. Similar treatment of freshly isolated mouse adipocytes showed virtually identical results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to their centrally mediated actions, appetite-regulating neuropeptides modulate adipose tissue mass through direct peripheral effects. Systemic administration of pharmacological agents altering the effects of these neuropeptides may form the basis of future obesity therapies. Thus, some of these agents will likely have direct effects on adipocytes that may serve to alter their therapeutic effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA. rbradley@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Julia P R
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.forename: Eleftheria
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maratos-Flier
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism; D007028:Hypothalamic Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D008543:Melanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010907:Pituitary Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000521:alpha-MSH / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007028:Hypothalamic Hormones; D008543:Melanins; D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D009479:Neuropeptides; D010907:Pituitary Hormones; C105974:acetyl-norleucyl(4)-(aspartyl(5)-histidyl(6)-phenylalanyl(7)-arginyl(8)-tryptophyl(9)-lysyl(10))cyclo-alpha-MSH(4-10)amide; D000521:alpha-MSH; C019463:melanin-concentrating hormone; D007545:Isoproterenol