title: The anatomy of the sheep cervix and its influence on the transcervical passage of an inseminating pipette into the uterine lumen.
abstract: The anatomy of the sheep cervix is highly variable between animals and may explain the differing success of transcervical AI between individuals. This study aims to quantify the variation in cervical morphology between ewes and investigate the relationship between cervical anatomy and cervical penetration. Two series of reproductive tracts were collected. Series A: 132 adult anoestrous ewes, and series B: 165 cycling adult ewes and ewe lambs which were identified as luteal or non-luteal based on the presence of a corpus luteum. The morphology of the cervical external os was classified as slit, papilla, duckbill, flap or rose. An inseminating pipette was inserted into the lumen and the depth of penetration recorded. The cervix was opened longitudinally, its length recorded, the number of cervical rings counted and the arrangement of those rings graded. The maximum depth of cervical penetration was affected by cervical grade (series A: P=0.021; series B: P=0.037) and the stage of the oestrous cycle (P=0.008). Grade 1 cervices were more penetrable than grade 2, with grade 3 the least penetrable and non-luteal cervices could be penetrated further than luteal cervices. The distribution of os types differed with age, with rose types more common in adult ewes, and papilla os types more common in ewe lambs. These results indicate that the depth of cervical penetration is affected by the anatomy of the cervical lumen. Cervices with a less convoluted lumen (grade 1) were more penetrable. Non-luteal cervices are likely to have higher oestradiol concentrations than luteal, stimulating cervical relaxation and enabling deeper penetration. The difference in os types with age may be contributable to a morphological alteration at parturition.
authors.affiliation: The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK. ckershaw@rve.ac.uk
authors.forename: Claire M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kershaw
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khalid
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: McGowan
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ingram
authors.forename: Sukanya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leethongdee
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wax
authors.forename: Rex J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Scaramuzzi
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D012621:Seasons; D012756:Sheep / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014599:Uterus