title: Prevalence of urinary incontinence in relation to self-reported depression, intake of serotonergic antidepressants, and hormone therapy in middle-aged women: a report from the Women's Health in the Lund Area study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study a perceived relationship of urinary incontinence with self-reported depression among middle-aged women, and to outline whether hormone therapy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors influence the prevalence of urinary incontinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based cross-sectional study of 6,642 women from the Lund area, Sweden, aged 50 to 64 years, who answered questions on urinary incontinence. We obtained information on urinary incontinence, self-reported depression, and medication by questionnaire and personal interviews between December 1995 and February 2000.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one percent of the women reported urinary incontinence of various severities and 52% reported episodes of depression. Urinary incontinence and self-reported depression were significantly associated [odds ratio (OR) 1.37; 95% CI, 1.23-1.52; P < 0.001]. Among women with self-reported depression, the use of serotonergic antidepressants was statistically associated with urinary incontinence (OR 1.78; 95% CI, 1.33-2.38; P < 0.001). Among women not reporting depression, hormone therapy was significantly associated with urinary incontinence (OR 1.45; 95% CI, 1.22-1.70; P < 0.001). After adjustment for other potential risk factors, serotonergic antidepressants and hormone therapy use were no longer associated with urinary incontinence in women with self-reported depression. However, among women not reporting depression, hormone therapy was still significantly more common in women with urinary incontinence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urinary incontinence and self-reported depression seemed to be associated in middle-aged women. Use of serotonergic antidepressants or hormone therapy does not seem to be associated with a lower prevalence of urinary incontinence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moghaddas
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lidfeldt
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nerbrand
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jernström
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Samsioe
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors