title: The role of anxiety and hormonal changes in menopausal hot flashes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the association of anxiety with menopausal hot flashes in the early transition to menopause.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomly identified, population-based cohort of midlife women followed up for 6 years to assess reproductive hormones and other physical, emotional, and behavioral factors. At enrollment, the women were premenopausal, aged 35 to 47 years, and had regular menstrual cycles in the normal range. Enrollment was stratified to obtain equal numbers of African American (n = 219) and white (n = 217) women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the 6-year endpoint, 32% of the women were in the early transition stage and 20% reached the late menopausal transition or were postmenopausal. Reports of hot flashes increased with the transition stages, which were determined by bleeding patterns. At endpoint, hot flashes were reported by 37% of the premenopausal women, 48% of those in the early transition, 63% of women in the late transition, and 79% of the postmenopausal women. Anxiety scores were significantly associated with the occurrence of hot flashes and were also significantly associated with the severity and frequency of hot flashes (each outcome at P < 0.001). Compared with women in the normal anxiety range, women with moderate anxiety were nearly three times more likely to report hot flashes and women with high anxiety were nearly five times more likely to report hot flashes. Anxiety remained strongly associated with hot flashes after adjusting for menopause stage, depressive symptoms, smoking, body mass index, estradiol, race, age, and time. In a predictive model, anxiety levels at the previous assessment period and the change in anxiety from the previous assessment period significantly predicted hot flashes (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anxiety is strongly associated with menopausal hot flashes after adjusting for other variables including menopause stage, smoking, and estradiol levels. Anxiety preceded hot flashes in this cohort. Additional studies are needed to examine the duration of menopausal hot flashes and to determine whether treatments that target anxiety effectively reduce menopausal hot flashes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. freemane@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Ellen W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Mary D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sammel
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Clarisa R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gracia
authors.forename: Shiv
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: Tahmina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ferdousi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D044383:Black People; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D008875:Middle Aged; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones