title: Bacterial sensitivity to bacteriophage in the aquatic environment.
abstract: There are several unusual features about phage when you first encounter them as a biologist. They are small, but conform to one of a few morphological types. Next their genomes can be composed of DNA or RNA and be single or double stranded. Finally they are numerically more abundant than prokaryotes and a significant proportion of them form an association in their microbial host populations termed lysogeny. The latter findings indicate that they are numerically significant in microbial populations. Since bacterial and phage abundance or lack of it is related in environments, this implies that the phage populations 'titrate' their hosts, and more probably the host's physiological status. Microbial populations wax and wane with nutritional inputs and there is a dynamic relationship between phage population sizes and host numbers and physiology. Overlay this with the different phage life cycle strategies, exemplified at the extremes by phage lambda (temperate) and phage T4 (virulent), then it becomes apparent that phage are a component in nutrient cycling in ecology. But their contribution does not stop there. Many are capable of transduction, moving DNA from one cell into another. So they can also aid the evolutionary progress of microbial populations by allowing them to share genes, just as gene exchange via plasmids and transformation does. Our perception of bacteria has been derived from pure culture studies and we are just being able to appreciate how subtle their ecological interactions are. This is no less true of the studies on bacteriophage, which are almost all based on laboratory experimentation, where the hosts are physiologically stressed by growing in 'high nutritional and optimum conditions'. The natural environment is naturally discontinuous and life evolved in this. Thus our perceptions of bacteriophage and their life cycle patterns derived from laboratory experimentation may be a little off the mark when we come to understand how they and their hosts interact in the niches available to them. It is worth just considering this as you read the article, as I suspect phage behaviours are more intimately involved in, and moderated by the physiological stresses in the life cycle of bacteria than we currently believe.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Day
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000821:virology*; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D016679:Genome, Viral; D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D014871:Water Microbiology