title: Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a novel vaccine for human papillomavirus 16: a 2-year randomized controlled clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and tolerability of a prototype human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 viruslike particle (VLP) vaccine directed against the L1 capsid protein.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled healthy nonpregnant women aged 18 to 26 years into a 2-year, double-blind, dose-ranging multicenter trial (October 12, 1998, to September 30, 2001). Subjects were assigned to study groups to receive a 3-dose regimen (day 0, month 2, and month 6) of 1 of 4 vaccine doses: 10 microg, 20 microg, 40 microg, or 80 microg or placebo. Serum anti-HPV 16 L1 antibody (sL1Ab) geometric mean titers (GMTs) were measured at day 0, at month 3, at month 7, and every 6 months for a total of 2 years using a radioimmunoassay. The primary immunogenicity analyses evaluated GMTs at month 7 in L1Ab-seronegative subjects at baseline. Vaccine tolerability was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 480 subjects were randomized to receive placebo (n=52) or 10 microg (n=112), 20 microg (n=105), 40 microg (n=104), or 80 microg (n=107) of HPV 16 L1 VLP vaccine. At baseline, 75% of subjects were L1Ab seronegative. All vaccine doses produced a statistically significant sL1Ab response vs placebo (P<.001). At the completion of the vaccination regimen, sL1Ab GMTs in baseline-seronegative subjects were 36- to 78-fold higher than the sL1Ab GMT at day 0 observed in subjects who had mounted an immune response to HPV 16 infection before enrollment. Serum L1Ab GMTs remained high throughout the 1.5-year postvaccination period. Postvaccination sL1Ab GMTs were 1.1- to 2.4-fold higher in women who had detectable sL1Ab levels at enrollment compared with those in baseline-seronegative subjects, particularly in the persistence phase. The vaccine was generally well tolerated with no statistically significant differences in injection site or systemic adverse experiences among treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunization with this novel HPV 16 L1 VLP vaccine was well tolerated and produced an immunogenic response that persisted for at least 1.5 years after the final dose.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. poland.gregory@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Poland
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Koutsky
authors.forename: Gretchen M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Tamms
authors.forename: Radha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Railkar
authors.forename: Judith F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Janine T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Cavanaugh
authors.forename: Kathrin U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Eliav
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004361:Drug Tolerance / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007110:Immunity, Active / Q000276:immunology*; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000276:immunology*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines; D014765:Viral Vaccines