title: Retroperitoneoscopy for treatment of renal and ureteral stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of retroperitoneoscopy for treating stones in the renal pelvis and proximal ureter.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the period from August 2003 to August 2004, 35 retroperitoneoscopies for treatment of urinary stones were performed on 34 patients. Fifteen patients (42%) had stones in the renal pelvis, and in 2 cases, there were associated stones in the upper caliceal group. Twenty patients (58%) had ureteral stones, all of them located above the iliac vessel. Twenty-five patients (71%) had previously undergone at least one session of extracorporeal lithotripsy and 8 patients (26%) also underwent ureteroscopy to attempt to remove the stone. Eight patients underwent retroperitoneoscopy as a primary procedure. Stone size ranged from 0.5 to 6 cm with a mean of 2.1 cm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retroperitoneoscopy was performed by lumbar approach with initial access conducted by open technique and creation of space by digital dissection. We used a 10-mm Hasson trocar for the optics, and 2 or 3 additional working ports placed under visualization. Following identification, the urinary tract was opened with a laparoscopic scalpel and the stone was removed intact. The urinary tract was closed with absorbable 4-0 suture and a Penrose drain was left in the retroperitoneum. In 17 patients (49%), a double-J stent was maintained postoperatively. Surgical time ranged from 60 to 260 minutes with a mean of 140 minutes. The mean hospital stay was 3 days (1-10 days). The mean length of retroperitoneal urinary drainage was 3 days (1-10 days). There were minor complications in 6 (17.6%) patients and 1 case of conversion due to technical difficulty. Thirty-three patients (94%) became stone free.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retroperitoneoscopy is an effective, low-morbidity alternative for treatment of urinary stones.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, Hospital da Previdência dos Servidores do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. quintelarod@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Rodrigo S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Romanelli
authors.forename: Marcos A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.forename: Marcelo M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Salim
authors.forename: Jose E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tavora
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Abelha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000601:surgery*