title: ROC study of the effect of stereoscopic imaging on assessment of breast lesions.
abstract: An observer performance study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of assessing breast lesion characteristics with stereomammography. Stereoscopic image pairs of 158 breast biopsy tissue specimens were acquired with a GE Senographe 2000D full field digital mammography system using a 1.8x magnification geometry. A phantom-shift method equivalent to a stereo shift angle of +/- 3 degrees relative to a central axis perpendicular to the detector was used. For each specimen, two pairs of stereo images were taken at approximately orthogonal orientations. The specimens contained either a mass, microcalcifications, both, or normal tissue. Based on pathological analysis, 39.9% of the specimens were found to contain malignancy. The digital specimen radiographs were displayed on a high resolution MegaScan CRT monitor driven by a DOME stereo display board using in-house developed software. Five MQSA radiologists participated as observers. Each observer read the 316 specimen stereo image pairs in a randomized order. For each case, the observer first read the monoscopic image and entered his/her confidence ratings on the presence of microcalcifications and/or masses, margin status, BI-RADS assessment, and the likelihood of malignancy. The corresponding stereoscopic images were then displayed on the same monitor and were viewed through stereoscopic LCD glasses. The observer was free to change the ratings in every category after stereoscopic reading. The ratings of the observers were analyzed by ROC methodology. For the 5 MQSA radiologists, the average Az value for estimation of the likelihood of malignancy of the lesions improved from 0.70 for monoscopic reading to 0.72 (p=0.04) after stereoscopic reading, and the average Az value for the presence of microcalcifications improved from 0.95 to 0.96 (p=0.02). The Az value for the presence of masses improved from 0.80 to 0.82 after stereoscopic reading, but the difference fell short of statistical significance (p=0.08). The visual assessment of margin clearance was found to have very low correlation with microscopic analysis with or without stereoscopic reading. This study demonstrates the potential of using stereomammography to improve the detection and characterization of mammographic lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. chanhp@umich.edu
authors.forename: Heang-Ping
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Mitchell M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Goodsitt
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Helvie
authors.forename: Lubomir M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hadjiiski
authors.forename: Justin T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lydick
authors.forename: Marilyn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Roubidoux
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nees
authors.forename: Caroline E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Blane
authors.forename: Berkman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sahiner
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008327:Mammography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012372:ROC Curve; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D011858:Radiographic Magnification; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014965:X-Rays