title: Requirements for upper extremity motions during activities of daily living.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functioning of the upper extremity after implantation of an endoprosthesis remains limited despite the achieved pain relief. Upper extremity kinematics can give insight into function after shoulder arthroplasty. Data on ranges of motion related to the performance of a selection of activities of daily living can aid the clinician in evaluating the outcome of the shoulder and elbow arthroplasties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional descriptive study of range of motion and activities of daily living kinematics, conducted on non-impaired subjects. The shoulder and elbow motions of 24 healthy female subjects are measured with an electromagnetic tracking device while performing 8 range of motion tasks and five activities of daily living. The angles of shoulder and elbow are calculated during these tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A data set with upper extremity joint angles has been obtained. Large glenohumeral rotations are found for the tasks that require high elevation angles. Large axial rotations of the humerus are found for two of the activities of daily living tasks: the perineal care task and the hair-combing task. Large elbow flexions were seen in the following tasks: combing hair, washing the axilla and eating with a spoon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows a suitable method to describe range of motion and activities of daily living and can serve as a starting point for developing a database on how activities of daily living are performed in a larger population and which joint angles are required to perform these tasks. Results can be used to identify restrictions in upper extremity functioning in patients with shoulder impairments.
authors.affiliation: Design, Construction and Production, Mechanical Engineering, Man Machine Systems, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Magermans
authors.forename: E K J
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Chadwick
authors.forename: H E J
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Veeger
authors.forename: F C T
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: van der Helm
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011403:Pronation; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012540:Scapula / Q000502:physiology; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*