title: Increased risk of heart failure as a consequence of perioperative myocardial injury after coronary artery bypass grafting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the relation between perioperative myocardial injury (PMI) and the risk of subsequent heart failure after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical data were documented prospectively in all patients and stored in a computer. All hospital readmissions were identified and the registered primary diagnoses were analysed. Survival information on all patients was obtained by use of combined registers. The study was carried out at the cardiac surgical referral centre of University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  7493 patients discharged alive after primary CABG between 1987 and 1996 were followed up until the first hospital readmission for heart failure, death, or 31 December 1996 was reached.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital readmission for heart failure or late mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the patients studied 576 (7.7%) were readmitted for heart failure. Actuarial freedom from readmission for heart failure after four years was 93%, and after seven years, 89%. Of the 576 patients, 114 (20%) had had PMI, which increased the risk of heart failure independently (hazard ratio (HR) 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8 to 2.8). Increased age, female sex, diabetes, previous myocardial infarction, dyspnoea, preoperative atrial fibrillation, left ventricular dysfunction, and triple vessel disease were independent risk factors for heart failure. The use of an internal mammary artery decreased the risk. PMI implied increased mortality (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.8). Late mortality was greatly increased in patients readmitted for heart failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PMI increased the risk of heart failure and late death after CABG, and heart failure had a notable adverse effect on late survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. johnny.steuer@surgsci.uu.se
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steuer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Granath
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: de Faire
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekbom
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ståhle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form