title: Thyroid hormone availability and activity in avian species: a review.
abstract: The intracellular thyroid hormone (TH) availability is influenced by different metabolic pathways. Some of the changes in intracellular TH availability can be linked to changes in local deiodination and sulfation capacities. The secretion of the chicken thyroid consists predominantly of thyroxine (T4). TH receptors (TRs) preferentially bind 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3). Therefore, the metabolism of T4 secreted by the thyroid gland in peripheral tissues, resulting in the production and degradation of receptor-active T3, plays a major role in thyroid function. Food restriction in growing chickens increases hepatic type III deiodinase (D3) levels but decreases growth hormone (GH)-dependent variables such as plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and T3 concentrations. Refeeding restores hepatic D3 and plasma T3 to control levels within a few hours. It can be concluded that the tissue and time dependent regulation of the balance between TH activating and inactivating enzymes plays an essential role in the control of local T3 availability and hence in TH activity. Two separate genes encode multiple TR isoforms, i.e. TRalpha and TRbeta. These TRs consist of a DNA-binding domain, a ligand-binding domain, a hinge region and an amino-terminal (A/B) domain. TRs mediate their effects on transcription by binding as homodimers or heterodimers to the TH response elements (TREs). Also, unliganded TRs can bind to TREs and may so modulate transcription of target genes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, Department of Animal Production, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. eddy.decuypere@agr.kuleuven.ac.be
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Decuypere
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van As
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van der Geyten
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Darras
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D005502:Food; D005508:Food Deprivation; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020218:Response Elements; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000378:metabolism; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000378:metabolism; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D004247:DNA; D013974:Thyroxine