title: [Fluoroscopy time -- an overestimated factor for patient radiation exposure in invasive cardiology].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the effects of an optimized fluoroscopy time on patient radiation exposure in the course of coronary angiography (CA) and percutaneous coronary interventions (PTCA), in comparison to those with consistent collimation to the region of interest (ROI). Furthermore, to analyze efforts concerning reduction of radiographic frames as well as concerning adequate instead of best possible image quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  For 3,115 elective CAs and 1,713 PTCA performed by one interventionist since 1997, we documented the radiographic dose-area products (DAP (R)) and fluoroscopic dose-area products (DAP (F)), the number of radiographic frames and the fluoroscopy times during selected 2-month intervals. Under conditions of constant image intensifier entrance dose, levels of DAP (R)/frame and DAP (F)/s represent valid parameters for consistent collimation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1997, the mean baseline values of DAP for elective CA and PTCA amounted to 37.1 and 31.6 Gy x cm (2), respectively. A reduction of mean fluoroscopy times from 264 to 126 seconds for CA and from 630 to 449 seconds for PCI, both resulted in an overall DAP-reduction of merely 20 %. Optimization of mean radiographic frames from 543 to 98 for CA and from 245 to 142 for PTCA enabled reductions of 53 and 13 %, respectively. By restriction to adequate instead of best-possible image quality for coronary angiography in clinical routine, we achieved an optimized radiographic DAP/frame of 30.3 to 13.3 mGy x cm (2), which enabled a 45 % reduction of overall DAP. Most efficient however was a consistent collimation to the ROI, which resulted in a remarkable radiation reduction by 46 % for CA and by 65 % for PTCA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiation-reducing educational efforts in the clinical routine of invasive cardiology should -- against widely held opinion -- focus less exclusively toward a reduction of fluoroscopy time but more efficiently toward consistent collimation to the region of interest, reduction of radiographic frames and restriction to an adequate instead of best-possible image quality.
authors.affiliation: Kardiologische Abteilung, Klinik Fränkische Schweiz, Ebermannstadt. Eberhard.Kuon@klinik-fraenkische-schweiz.de
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuon
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Empen
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dahm
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D012449:Safety; D013997:Time Factors; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens