title: A patient-tailored N-acetylcysteine protocol for acute acetaminophen intoxication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatotoxicity as a result of acetaminophen(APAP) intoxication has become an important problem, but early intervention with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is effective in preventing hepatic injury. Two NAC regimens are currently approved for acute APAP intoxication: NAC administered orally every 4 hours for 72 hours, and NAC administered intravenously for 20 hours within 8 to 10 hours after ingestion of a potentially hepatotoxic amount of APAP. However, clinical observations suggest that a variable treatment duration may be more appropriate than use of these predetermined, fixed-duration protocols.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the tolerability and efficacy of a patient-tailored NAC protocol for acute APAP intoxication by comparing the incidence of hepatotoxicity in patients receiving this protocol and in historical controls receiving 1 of 2 fixed-duration protocols: oral NAC for 72 hours and intravenous NAC for 20 hours within 8 to 10 hours after ingestion of a potentially hepatotoxic amount of APAP.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective case series study that included all patients admitted through the emergency department (ED) of the National Taiwan University Hospital with a diagnosis of APAP intoxication between October 1997 and October 2002. According to the patient-tailored protocol, which had been used in the ED since 1997, patients with a serum APAP concentration above the limit for possible risk based on a modified Rumack-Matthew nomogram received oral treatment with NAC 140 mg/kg, followed by maintenance doses of 70 mg/kg every 4 hours. NAC treatment was discontinued when the APAP concentration was <10 mg/L and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was <40 IU/L. For the purposes of assessing clinical outcomes, patients were divided into 3 groups based on duration of treatment: the short-course group (</=36 hours), the intermediate-course group (37-72 hours), and the long-course group (>/=73 hours). The primary outcome measure was development of hepatotoxicity, defined as a serum AST or alanine aminotransferase concentration >1000 IU/L.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven patients were included in the study, 17 in the short-course group, 4 in the intermediate-course group, and 6 in the long-course group. The mean (SD) durations of NAC treatment in the respective groups were 22.1 (5.5) hours, 45.0 (8.2) hours, and 97.3 (33.2) hours. All 6 patients (22%) in the long-course group had hepatotoxicity (peak AST range, 1083-9770 IU/L); their treatment duration ranged from 80 to 164 hours. No patients in the short- or intermediate-course group had evidence of hepatotoxicity. One woman in the long-course group in whom initiation of NAC treatment was delayed by 28 hours died of fulminant hepatic failure. The overall incidence of hepatotoxicity was similar to that in the historical controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this retrospective case series inpatients who received patient-tailored NAC therapy for acute APAP intoxication, the incidence of hepatotoxicity was low and comparable to that in historical controls who received treatment with 1 of 2 fixed-duration regimens. Use of this protocol may have the potential to shorten hospital stays without increasing the risk to patients. However, the sample size was small, and the findings require confirmation in prospective clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chu-Lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Wei-Tien
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Te-I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: Cheng-Chung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Philip D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Walson
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000506:poisoning*; D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000082:Acetaminophen; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000111:Acetylcysteine