title: Closed system anaesthesia in dogs using liquid sevoflurane injection; evaluation of the square-root-of-time model and the influence of CO2 absorbent.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether predictable alveolar concentrations of sevoflurane are reliably produced in dogs when liquid sevoflurane is injected into closed circuit breathing systems, as calculated by Lowe's square-root-of-time anaesthetic uptake model, and to confirm the validity of the model using soda lime and calcium hydroxide lime.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven healthy dogs with a mean body mass of 34 +/- 9 kg scheduled for pelvic limb orthopaedic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following pre-anaesthetic medication, anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with sevoflurane in a closed circle system. Epidural anaesthesia was performed with morphine and bupivacaine. Liquid sevoflurane was injected into the circuit by syringe, using dosages and time intervals derived from Lowe's square-root-of-time anaesthetic uptake model. The target alveolar concentration chosen was 1.1 x MAC (2.6% end-tidal sevoflurane). Either soda lime (group S; n = 6) or calcium hydroxide lime (Amsorb; group A; n = 5) were used for CO(2) absorption. Sevoflurane concentration and the respiratory gas composition were measured with an infrared gas analyser.
  
  
  RESULTS
  End-tidal sevoflurane concentrations were close to the predicted value of 2.6% at 9 minutes (2.53 +/- 0.1% group S; 2.60 +/- 0.26% group A) and 16 minutes (2.55 +/- 0.30 group S; 2.52 +/- 0.28% group A) but declined thereafter to reach 50% (group S) and 64% (group A) of the predicted value at 121 minutes. There was a constant trend towards higher end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations in group A but the difference was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The square-root-of-time model leads to significantly lower alveolar concentrations than expected, suggesting that the rate of sevoflurane uptake in dogs declines less rapidly than predicted. The use of Amsorb tends to reduce the deviation from predicted concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model used in this study provided only an approximate guide to the volume of liquid sevoflurane required. Consequently, the definitive dose schedule must be based on measured anaesthetic concentrations and clinical monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Anaesthesia Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland. mboller@vet.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boller
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moens
authors.forename: Sabine B N
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kästner
authors.forename: Regula
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bettschart-Wolfensberger
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000764:Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit / Q000662:veterinary; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D004285:Dogs / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000077149:Sevoflurane