title: Glutamine inhibits cytokine-induced apoptosis in human colonic epithelial cells via the pyrimidine pathway.
abstract: Glutamine (Gln) prevents apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells, but the mechanism(s) remain unknown. Gln-derived metabolites include ammonia, glutamate (Glu), glutathione (GSH), and nucleotides. We previously showed that Gln potently inhibited apoptosis in cytokine-treated human colonic HT-29 cells; this effect was specific to Gln, unaffected by Glu, and unrelated to intracellular GSH. The current research examines mechanism(s) for Gln-induced antiapoptotic effects in HT-29 cells treated with TNF-alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Proliferating cells were treated with Gln or selected Gln metabolites for 24 h. Cells were then treated with TRAIL and Gln or its downstream metabolites, and apoptosis was assessed at 8 h after treatment. The purine and pyrimidine precursors inosine and orotate inhibited TRAIL-induced apoptosis. However, inhibition of purine synthesis with azaserine did not alter the potent antiapoptotic effect of Gln. In contrast, the pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor, acivicin, completely prevented this response. Supplementation with the pyrimidine uracil or the pyrimidine precursor orotate rescued the acivicin-induced blockade of Gln antiapoptotic action. Removal of bicarbonate, a substrate for pyrimidine synthesis, also inhibited the antiapoptotic effects of Gln. Uracil and thymine alone also significantly decreased TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The antiapoptotic effects of Gln were independent of DNA/RNA synthesis as measured by flow cytometry and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. In conclusion, Gln prevents TRAIL-induced apoptosis in HT-29 cells through a mechanism involving the pyrimidine pathway. Our data also demonstrate the novel antiapoptotic effects of pyrimidine bases and their precursor orotate in these human intestinal cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Dean P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Ziegler
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D003106:Colon / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005973:Glutamine / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000502:physiology; D011743:Pyrimidines; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011743:Pyrimidines; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005973:Glutamine; D004247:DNA