title: [Immobilization of cattle and bison with a combination of xylazine, zolazepam-tiletamine and ketamine].
abstract: The aim of this study was to find a safe and reliable alternative to Immobilon for the immobilization of (feral) cattle. A combination of xylazine, zolazepam-tiletamine and ketamine was tested in Limousin cattle, Scottish Highland cattle, and American bison. Bodyweight, induction time, arterial O2 saturation and the total downtime were measured. Arterial blood was taken for pH and blood gas analysis. The animals were then injected with atipamezole and the recovery time was recorded. A combination of 500 mg zolazepam, 500 mg tiletamine, 500 mg xylazine, and 1000 mg (10 ml) ketamine, administered in a dosage of 1 ml per 100-150 kg bodyweight (depending on the species), proved to be most reliable and effective. The combination resulted in a fast immobilization. In all animals slight respiratory depression was seen, which indicates that oxygen suppletion may be needed for long-lasting immobilization. After reversal of the xylazine component, almost all animals recovered within 4 minutes. No long term adverse effects were reported by the owners.
authors.affiliation: LMHofkes@hotmail.com
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hofkes
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hoyer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: P A M
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Overgaauw
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000758:Anesthesia; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D016164:Bison / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007103:Immobilization / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D007649:Ketamine; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D013992:Tiletamine; D013997:Time Factors; D014991:Xylazine; D015041:Zolazepam
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D007093:Imidazoles; C050701:atipamezole; D014991:Xylazine; D013992:Tiletamine; D007649:Ketamine; D015041:Zolazepam