title: Degenerative knee joint disease in mice lacking 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthetase 2 (Papss2) activity: a putative model of human PAPSS2 deficiency-associated arthrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Murine brachymorphism (bm) results from an autosomal recessive mutation of the Papss2 gene that encodes 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthetase 2, one of the principal enzymes required for the sulfation of extracellular matrix molecules in cartilage and other tissues. A spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia has been identified in Pakistani kindred having a mutation of PAPSS2. In addition to skeletal malformations that include short stature evident at birth due to limb shortening, brachydactyly, and kyphoscoliosis, affected individuals demonstrate premature onset degenerative joint disease. We investigated whether loss of Papss2 activity would similarly lead to degenerative joint disease in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice carrying the bm mutation on a C57BL/6 background were obtained from the Jackson Laboratory. Limbs were analyzed by micro-computed tomography (microCT) and histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 12 months of age both male and female bm mice exhibited severe degenerative knee joint disease, with cartilage damage being primarily evident in the patello-femoral and medial compartments. Control 12-14-month-old C57BL/6 mice, in contrast, only occasionally demonstrated minimal cartilage damage. muCT imaging of bm limbs revealed shortened diaphyses associated with flared metaphyses in the proximal elements of both fore and hind limbs. Additionally, the bm hind limbs demonstrated extensive structural alterations, characterized by distortion of the patello-femoral groove, and prominent bowing of both tibia and fibula.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bm mutant, which develops severe articular cartilage lesions of the knee joint by approximately 12 months of age, represents a novel example of murine degenerative joint disease, possibly representing a model of human PAPSS2 deficiency-associated arthrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The McCaig Center for Joint Injury and Arthritis Research, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Alice F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Ford-Hutchinson
authors.forename: Zenobia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Ruth A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Seerattan
authors.forename: David M L
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Benedikt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hallgrímsson
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Salo
authors.forename: Frank R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Jirik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000473:pathology; D005360:Fibula / Q000473:pathology; D006614:Hindlimb; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D007596:Joints / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D010329:Patella / Q000473:pathology; D013430:Sulfate Adenylyltransferase / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013977:Tibia / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; C022322:PAPS synthetase; D013430:Sulfate Adenylyltransferase