title: Anal canal carcinoma: early-stage tumors < or =10 mm (T1 or Tis): therapeutic options and original pattern of local failure after radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical history, management, and pattern of recurrence of very early-stage anal canal cancer in a French retrospective survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consisted of 69 patients with Stage Tis and T1 anal canal carcinoma < or =1 cm treated between 1990 and 2000 (12 were in situ, 57 invasive, 66 Stage N0, and 3 Stage N1). The median patient age was 67 years (range, 27-83 years). Of the 69 patients, 66 received radiotherapy (RT) and 3 with in situ disease were treated by local excision alone without RT. Twenty-six patients underwent local excision before RT (12 with negative and 14 with positive surgical margins). Of the 66 patients who underwent RT, 8 underwent brachytherapy alone (median dose, 55 Gy), 38 underwent external beam RT (median dose, 45 Gy) plus a brachytherapy boost (median boost dose, 20 Gy), and 20 underwent external beam RT alone (median dose, 55 Gy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 69 patients, 68 had initial local control. Of the 66 patients treated by RT, 6 developed local recurrence at a median interval of 50 months (range, 13-78 months). Four patients developed local failure outside the initial tumor bed. Of the 3 patients with Tis treated by excision alone, 1 developed local recurrence. No relation was found among prior excision, dose, and local failure. The 5-year overall survival, colostomy-free survival, and disease-free survival rate was 94%, 85%, and 89%, respectively. The rate of late complications (Grade 1-3) was 28% and was 14% for those who received doses <60 Gy and 37% for those who received doses of > or =60 Gy (p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most recurrences occurred after a long disease-free interval after treatment and often outside the initial tumor site. These small anal cancers could be treated by RT using a small volume and moderate dose (40-50 Gy for subclinical lesions and 50-60 Gy for T1).
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France. c.ortholan@wanadoo.fr
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ortholan
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramaioli
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peiffert
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lusinchi
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Romestaing
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chauveinc
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Touboul
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peignaux
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bruna
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de La Roche
authors.forename: Jean-Léon
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lagrange
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alzieu
authors.forename: Jean Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gerard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000502:physiology; D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage