title: Laboratory studies of electrochemical treatment of industrial azo dye effluent.
abstract: Removal of color and reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in an industrial azo dye effluent containing chiefly reactive dyes were investigated under single-pass conditions at a dimensionally stable anode (DSA) in a thin electrochemical flow reactor at different current densities, flow rates, and dilutions. With 50% diluted effluent, decolorization was achieved up to 85-99% at 10-40 mA/ cm2 at 5 mL/min flow rate and 50-88% at 30-40 mA/ cm2 at high (10-15 mL/min) flow rates. The COD reduction was maximum (81%) at 39.9 mA/cm2 or above when solution-electrode contact time (Ct) was as high as 21.7 s/cm2 and decreased as Ct declined at a given current density. Cyclic voltammetric studies suggesting an indirect oxidation of dye molecules over the anode surface were carried out at a glassy carbon electrode. The effect of pH on decolorization and COD reduction was determined. An electrochemical mechanism mediated by OCl- operating in the decolorization and COD reduction processes was suggested. The effluent was further treated with NaOCI. The oxidized products from the treated effluents were isolated and confirmed to be free from chlorine-substituted products by IR spectroscopy. From the apparent pseudo-first-order rate data, the second-order rate coefficients were evaluated to be 2.9 M(-1) s(-1) at 5 mL/ min, 76.2 M(-1) s(-1) at 10 mL/min, and 156.1 M(-1) s(-1) at 15 mL/ min for color removal, and 1.19 M(-1) s(-1) at 5 mL/min, 1.79 M(-1) s(-1) at 10 mL/min, and 3.57 M(-1) s(-1) at 15 mL/min for COD reduction. Field studies were also carried out with a pilot-scale cell at the source of effluent generation of different plants corresponding to the industry. Decolorization was achieved to about 94-99% with azo dye effluents at 0.7-1.0 L/min flow costing around Indian Rupees 0.02-0.04 per liter, and to about 54-75% in other related effluents at 0.3-1.0 L/min flow under single-pass conditions.
authors.affiliation: Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar 364 002, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Sanjay S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Vaghela
authors.forename: Ashok D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Jethva
authors.forename: Bhavesh B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Sunil P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Dave
authors.forename: Subbarayappa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adimurthy
authors.forename: Gadde
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramachandraiah
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004566:Electrodes; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000517:prevention & control; D007700:Kinetics; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013783:Textile Industry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D007220:Industrial Waste; D002244:Carbon