title: Differential effects of orbital and laminar shear stress on endothelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laminar shear stress is atheroprotective for endothelial cells (ECs), whereas nonlaminar, disturbed, or oscillatory shear stress correlates with development of atherosclerosis and neointimal hyperplasia. The effects of orbital and laminar shear stress on EC morphology, proliferation, and apoptosis were compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  ECs were exposed to orbital shear stress with an orbital shaker (210 rpm) or laminar shear stress (14 dyne/cm 2) with a parallel plate. Shear stress in the orbital shaker was measured with optical velocimetry. Cell proliferation was assessed with direct counting and proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining; apoptosis was assessed with transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling staining. Cell surface E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule expression were assessed with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Akt phosphorylation was assessed with Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Orbital shear stress increased EC proliferation by 29% and 3 [H]thymidine incorporation two-fold compared to 16% and 38% decreases, respectively, in ECs treated with laminar shear stress (P < .0001 and P = .03, analysis of variance). Cells in the periphery of the culture well aligned to the direction of shear stress similar to the shape change seen with laminar shear stress, whereas ECs in the center of the well appeared unaligned similar to ECs not exposed to shear stress. Shear stress at the bottom surface of the culture well was reduced in the center of the well (5 dyne/cm 2) compared to the periphery (11 dyne/cm 2); the Reynolds' number was 2066. ECs were seeded differentially in the center and periphery of the wells. ECs in the center of the well had increased proliferation, increased apoptosis, reduced Akt phosphorylation, increased intercelluar adhesion molecule expression, and reduced E-selectin down-regulation, compared with ECs in the periphery of the well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the orbital shaker does not apply uniform shear stress throughout the culture well, arterial magnitudes of shear stress are present in the periphery of the well. ECs cultured in the center of the well exposed to low magnitudes of orbital shear stress might be a model of the "activated" EC phenotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The perfect in vitro model to study and assess treatments for atherosclerosis and neointimal hyperplasia does not exists. An extensive body of literature describing effects of laminar shear stress on endothelial cells has contributed to our understanding of the interactions between shear stress and blood vessels. Laminar shear stress is atheroprotective, whereas oscillatory or disturbed shear stress correlates with areas of atherosclerosis and neointimal hyperplasia in vivo. This study describes the orbital shear stress model, its effects on endothelial cell proliferation and apoptosis, and suggests that activation of the intracellular Akt pathway is associated with these differing effects of laminar and orbital shear stress on endothelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Section of Vascular Surery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. alan.dardik@yale.edu
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dardik
authors.forename: Leiling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jared
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frattini
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Asada
authors.forename: Faisal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.forename: Fabio A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.forename: Bauer E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Sumpio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D002417:Cattle; D002452:Cell Count; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D012399:Rotation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology