title: Clinical trials in multiple sclerosis: methodological issues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The availability of partially effective immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive treatments for relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) opens important ethical, methodological and practical issues in the design and conduct of new clinical trials in these patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recommendation of the National Health Authorities to prioritize phase III clinical trials using placebo arm raises ethical questions. In addition, patients are reluctant to be involved in such trials. Alternative clinical trial designs will be discussed. Relapses and active lesions are accepted measures of disease activity; new/enlarging T2 lesions and/or enhancing lesions are accepted surrogate markers of disease activity in phase II clinical trials. On the contrary, there are no accepted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) surrogate markers of disease progression and also the clinical measures to monitor the degenerative aspects of the disease are not without important limitations. New scales of impairment, disability and quality of life will be reviewed extensively. We will also focus on the value of modern and quantitative MRI techniques, which hold substantial promise as tools to estimate the extent of MS-related irreversible tissue loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of an active comparator in a superior clinical-trial design is becoming an attractive option for testing the efficacy of new drugs in relapsing MS. At present there are no fully reliable and sensitive clinical markers of the accumulation of irreversible tissue damage in MS. Although additional extensive application in longitudinal studies is needed, modern MRI techniques are promising tools to monitor the neurodegenerative aspects of MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy. g.comi@hsr.it
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Comi
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Filippi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents