title: Failure mode of suture anchors as a function of insertion depth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgeons can control not only the angle but also the depth of suture anchor placement during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, although the tendency may be to place suture anchors on the deep side to avoid damage from prominent anchor eyelets. However, little information is available regarding possible effects of suture anchor depth on construct failure mechanisms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Anchor depth affects the mode of suture failure with physiologically relevant cyclic loads.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metallic screw-in suture anchors loaded with No. 2 braided polyester sutures were inserted into the bovine infra-spinatus footprint with the eyelet proud, standard, or deep. Sutures were hand tied to create a closed loop. Constructs were cyclically loaded from 10 to 90 N and, if still intact at 500 cycles, taken to ultimate failure (maximum load).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When clinical failure was defined as greater than 3-mm construct elongation, anchors placed with the eyelet deep experienced statistically earlier clinical failure via cutting of the suture through the bone (P < .02). However, anchors placed at this level did not experience catastrophic failure during cyclic loading. The standard and proud anchors experienced 3 mm of elongation at a greater number of cycles, but the suture material degraded at the anchor eyelet, and a majority of these constructs broke during cyclic physiologic loading. At failure testing, the deep anchors had a significantly increased failure load (164 N) compared to standard (133 N) (P < .04) and proud (113 N) anchors (P < .005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Varying the depth of suture anchor insertion changes the mechanical properties and mode of failure of suture anchor constructs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgeons should be aware of the effects of suture anchor depth and abrasive eyelet wear on construct failure during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.
authors.affiliation: Rocky Mountain Orthopaedic Associates, Grand Junction, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: C Kelly
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Bynum
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahar
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tasto
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pedowitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001182:Arthroscopy; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002417:Cattle; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013537:Sutures