title: Hospital service areas -- a new tool for health care planning in Switzerland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The description of patient travel patterns and variations in health care utilization may guide a sound health care planning process. In order to accurately describe these differences across regions with homogeneous populations, small area analysis (SAA) has proved as a valuable tool to create appropriate area models. This paper presents the methodology to create and characterize population-based hospital service areas (HSAs) for Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  We employed federal hospital discharge data to perform a patient origin study using small area analysis. Each of 605 residential regions was assigned to one of 215 hospital provider regions where the most frequent number of discharges took place. HSAs were characterized geographically, demographically, and through health utilization indices and rates that describe hospital use. We introduced novel planning variables extracted from the patient origin study and investigated relationships among health utilization indices and rates to understand patient travel patterns for hospital use. Results were visualized as maps in a geographic information system (GIS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We obtained 100 HSAs using a patient origin matrix containing over four million discharges. HSAs had diverse demographic and geographic characteristics. Urban HSAs had above average population sizes, while mountainous HSAs were scarcely populated but larger in size. We found higher localization of care in urban HSAs and in mountainous HSAs. Half of the Swiss population lives in service areas where 65% of hospital care is provided by local hospitals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health utilization indices and rates demonstrated patient travel patterns that merit more detailed analyses in light of political, infrastructural and developmental determinants. HSAs and health utilization indices provide valuable information for health care planning. They will be used to study variation phenomena in Swiss health care.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Evaluative Research in Orthopaedic Surgery (IEFO), University of Bern, Stauffacherstrasse 78, CH-3014 Bern, Switzerland. Gunnar.Klauss@memcenter.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Klauss
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Staub
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Widmer
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Busato
mesh_terms: D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D005843:Geography; D006285:Health Planning / Q000379:methods*; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000191:economics; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D013557:Switzerland; D014195:Travel; D014505:Urban Population