title: Management systems response to improving immunization coverage in developing countries: a case study from Cambodia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In contrast to the initial success following the establishment of the National Immunization Program (NIP) in Cambodia in 1986, infant vaccination coverage rates against the six expanded program immunization diseases have not improved since 1995. In response, the NIP of the Ministry of Health has undertaken a series of institutional initiatives to address the problem of static or declining rates of coverage. The aim of this paper is to describe and assess management strategies undertaken by the NIP in Cambodia in support of improved immunization coverage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sources of information used in preparing this report include international literature, national coverage and surveillance data, government policy documentation, information generated by national strategic planning and health centre microplanning processes, a functional analysis of human resources, and data quality audits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NIP has implemented planning, organizational development and human resource development responses to the problem of low coverage. These have included: integration of the nip strategic and operational plans into the health sector plan; strengthening of needs-based microplanning; establishment of a national monitoring and management support strategy; and the introduction of performance-based agreements between levels of government for improved immunization coverage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analysis of these findings, in particular of the international literature, suggests that NIP's responses have been appropriate, and that the development of NIP management systems and capacity will increase the likelihood for sustained immunization coverage gains within a reform environment of health system decentralization. In 2003, there are early signs that the reform processes undertaken by the NIP have resulted in improved immunization coverage in targeted areas, and this should place the national program in a stronger position to lift immunization coverage in 2004.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. sanns@nip.everyday.com.kh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soeung
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grundy
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Biggs
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boreland
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cane
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Samnang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maynard