title: Determining abnormal latencies of multifocal visual evoked potentials: a monocular analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a methodology for measuring abnormal timing of monocular multifocal visual evoked potentials (mfVEP).
  
  
  METHODS
  The mfVEPs from 100 individuals with normal visual fields and normal fundus exams were analyzed. The stimulus was a 60 sector, pattern-reversing dartboard display. For each of the 60 locations of the dartboard and each channel and each eye, a template was derived based upon the average of the responses from the 100 normal individuals. In deriving this template, care was taken to exclude those responses reversed in polarity as compared to the average response. The best array of responses for each individual was compared to these templates. The relative latency of each response was measured as the temporal shift producing the best cross-correlation value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 95% confidence interval (CI) decreased as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the mfVEP responses increased. For example, the 95% CI decreased from over 17 ms to under 9 ms as the SNR increased. Grouping and summing the responses also lead to an increase in SNR and a decrease in CI. Because the number of points exceeding the CI is not randomly distributed among normal individuals, a cluster criterion (e.g. two or more contiguous points within a hemisphere exceeding a given confidence interval) can be helpful. For example, while 18% of the eyes had 5 or more points exceeding the 5% confidence interval, only 6.5% of the eyes had a cluster of 5 of these points. The correlation between relative latency and age was relatively low (r = 0.46).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For detecting abnormalities in the timing of monocular, mfVEP responses, a template method provides a reasonable approach. In devising a particular test for abnormal timing, the CI should be based upon the SNR of the response. In addition, grouping and summing responses to increase SNR or employing a cluster test may also prove useful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027-7004, USA. dch3@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Donald C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hood
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohri
authors.forename: E Bo
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodarte
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fortune
authors.forename: Chris A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D009902:Optic Neuritis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D011336:Probability; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D015349:Vision, Monocular / Q000502:physiology*