title: A prospective study of adverse reactions to the weaning of opioids and benzodiazepines among critically ill children.
abstract: The aim of this study was to identify the optimal rates at which opioids and benzodiazepines should be weaned in order to prevent withdrawal reactions in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). This study follows an earlier investigation that developed a graphical analysis method for examining behavioral signs of withdrawal in relation to changes in opioid and benzodiazepine administration. This method was utilized in this present study for a prospective sample of all patients admitted to a tertiary/quaternary level PICU within a 4-week interval (n=27). The findings of this study indicate that the required rate of weaning (in order to prevent withdrawal reactions) is related to the number of days the child has been on a continuous infusion of opioids and/or benzodiazepines. Adverse withdrawal reactions were prevented when the daily rate of weaning did not exceed: 20% for children receiving continuous infusions for 1-3 days; 13-20% for 4-7 days; 8-13% for 8-14 days; 8% for 15-21 days; and 2-4% for more than 21 days of infusions. The authors recommend that the rate of weaning of opioids and benzodiazepines in critically ill children be tailored to the length of time the child received continuous infusions of these agents.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Montreal Children's Hospital, 2300 Tupper, Montreal, Que. H3H 1P3, Canada.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ducharme
authors.forename: Franco A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Carnevale
authors.forename: Marie-Sol
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Clermont
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shea
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D010371:Pediatric Nursing / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D001569:Benzodiazepines