title: The opioid haemorphin-7 in horses during low-speed and high-speed treadmill exercise to fatigue.
abstract: The opioid neuropeptide haemorphin-7 was measured, by immunoreactivity, in Standardbred horses during low-speed (7 m/s) and high-speed (10 m/s) endurance exercises, lasting 49-58 and 12-16 min respectively. In parallel, heart rate, muscle temperature and plasma lactate concentrations were measured. The profile of the low-speed exercise showed significantly increased heart rate after 10 min [154 beats per minute (bpm)]. After the exercise, muscle temperature (42.1 degrees C) and plasma lactate (4.8 mmol/l) were significantly increased. The profile of the high-speed exercise was comparatively characterized by a higher increase of heart rate after 5 min (194 bpm) and higher increases of muscle temperature (43.2 degrees C) and lactate levels (15.8 mmol/l) after the exercise. The horses were probably exhausted by glycogen depletion in the low-speed exercise and by muscle pH decrease in the high-speed exercise. Haemorphin-7 increased significantly during the high-speed exercise (274.8 fmol/ml) but not during low speed (108.3 fmol/ml), coincident with the results of lactate. These results suggest that plasma haemorphin-7 is measurable in the horse by immunoreactivity, and that intense exercise stimulates release of this opioid. Such endogenous opioids are most likely involved in regulatory functions associated with pain, physical effort, inflammation, and blood pressure variation in horses, as have been established in other species.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. eje.collinder@mtc.ki.se
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Collinder
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nyberg
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sanderson-Nydahl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gottlieb-Vedi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindholm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006454:Hemoglobins; D006736:Horses / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000097:blood*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D018847:Opioid Peptides; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C085122:hemorphin 7; D019344:Lactic Acid