title: Bacterial isolates and antimicrobial susceptibilities in equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis (1993--2004).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial ulcerative keratitis is a common and often vision-threatening problem in horses. Emerging bacterial resistance to commonly used topical antibiotics has been demonstrated. Previous antibiotic use may alter the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document aerobic bacterial isolates and associated bacterial susceptibilities from horses with ulcerative keratitis treated at the University of Tennessee between January 1993 and May 2004 and determine whether prior antibiotic therapy affected antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records from horses with ulcerative keratitis and positive aerobic bacterial cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility were evaluated. Clinical history regarding antibiotic therapy prior to culture was documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-one aerobic bacterial isolates from 43 horses were identified. Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus was the most commonly isolated organism, accounting for 33.3% of all isolates, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.8%), Staphylococcus spp. (11.8%) and Gram-negative nonfermenting rods (7.8 %). No resistance was noted amongst S. equi ssp. zooepidemicus to cephalothin, chloramphenicol or ciprofloxacin. Only 64 % of S. equi ssp. zooepidemicus isolates were sensitive to bacitracin. No resistance was noted among P. aeruginosa to gentamicin, tobramycin or ciprofloxacin. Antibiotic therapy with neomycin-polymixin B-bacitracin prior to presentation and culture was documented in 11/17 horses in which S. equi ssp. zooepidemicus was isolated and in 4/6 horses in which P. aeruginosa was isolated. Three horses received topical corticosteroids prior to culture, of which 2 had polymicrobial infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S. equi ssp. zooepidemicus and P. aeruginosa were the most frequently isolated bacterial organisms in equine ulcerative keratitis. No significant trends in aminoglycoside or fluoroquinolone resistance were noted among these organisms. However, the resistance of S. equi ssp. zooepidemicus to bacitracin with common use of this antibiotic suggests that previous antibiotic therapy probably affects antimicrobial resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapy prior to culture may play an important role in antimicrobial susceptibility of corneal bacterial isolates. Corticosteroid use may increase the risk of polymicrobial infections of corneal ulcers, leading to a worse prognosis. Although significant fluoroquinolone resistance has not been documented in the veterinary literature, these antimicrobials should be reserved for known infected corneal ulcers and not used for prophylaxis. Empirical antibiotic therapy should not only be guided by clinical signs, but also take into consideration previous antimicrobial and corticosteroid therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, C247 Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4544, USA.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: D V H
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Hendrix
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001414:Bacitracin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003320:Corneal Ulcer / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D006736:Horses; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects*; D018502:Streptococcus equi / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001414:Bacitracin