title: Design of a high-resolution optoelectronic retinal prosthesis.
abstract: It has been demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the retina can produce visual percepts in blind patients suffering from macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. However, current retinal implants provide very low resolution (just a few electrodes), whereas at least several thousand pixels would be required for functional restoration of sight. This paper presents the design of an optoelectronic retinal prosthetic system with a stimulating pixel density of up to 2500 pix mm(-2) (corresponding geometrically to a maximum visual acuity of 20/80). Requirements on proximity of neural cells to the stimulation electrodes are described as a function of the desired resolution. Two basic geometries of sub-retinal implants providing required proximity are presented: perforated membranes and protruding electrode arrays. To provide for natural eye scanning of the scene, rather than scanning with a head-mounted camera, the system operates similar to 'virtual reality' devices. An image from a video camera is projected by a goggle-mounted collimated infrared LED-LCD display onto the retina, activating an array of powered photodiodes in the retinal implant. The goggles are transparent to visible light, thus allowing for the simultaneous use of remaining natural vision along with prosthetic stimulation. Optical delivery of visual information to the implant allows for real-time image processing adjustable to retinal architecture, as well as flexible control of image processing algorithms and stimulation parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4085, USA. palanker@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palanker
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vankov
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huie
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baccus
mesh_terms: D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004582:Electronics, Medical; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011474:Prosthesis Design / Q000379:methods*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012682:Sensory Aids; D014584:User-Computer Interface