title: Characteristics of peripheral microembolization during iliac stenting: Doppler ultrasound monitoring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the characteristics of distal microembolic signals (MES) during iliac stenting using Doppler ultrasound monitoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-MHz probe was used to monitor continuously at the ipsilateral tibioperoneal trunks during technically and hemodynamically successful iliac stenting in 10 patients without infrainguinal occlusive lesion. MESs at guide-wire, balloon, or stent crossing (phase 1), predilatation (phase 2), stent deployment (phase 3), postdilatation (phase 4), and contrast medium or heparinized saline injection (at injection) were analyzed. Differentiation of gaseous emboli from particulate emboli was achieved by calculation of the sample volume length.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No distal embolic complications were observed. Five hundred and forty-one MESs were detected. The MES incidence and intensity in phase 3 were significantly higher than those in phase 1, phase 2, and phase 4 (p<0.05). The MES intensity at injection was significantly higher than that in each of four phases (p<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the MES incidence and intensity were highest at stent deployment. Further study is required of microembolism during endovascular procedures in the lower extremities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Applied Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. t-kudo.srg1@tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sugano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirokawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000009:adverse effects; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D004617:Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007083:Iliac Artery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler