title: Insight into the involvement of Kupffer cell-derived mediators in the hepatoprotective effect of glycine upon inflammation: study on rat precision-cut liver slices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of inflammatory mediators in the hepatoprotective effect of glycine against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were used (N = 4 or 5 per group). Precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) were prepared for in vitro studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glycine (10 mM) and LPS (10 mug/ml) were added to the incubation medium of PCLS obtained 3 h after LPS intraperitoneal (i. p.) administration (10 mg/kg) or saline injection to rats. Glycine effects were also investigated in vivo by treating rats with a diet containing glycine (5%) during 3 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue injury was assessed by measuring adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glycogen contents of liver tissue as well as by measuring aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the medium (in vitro) or in the serum (in vivo). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), prostaglandin E(2)(PGE(2)) and NOx (reflecting nitric oxide production) were measured in the incubation medium or in the serum. Histological detection of both ED-2 and peroxidase activity were used as Kupffer cell markers. Student t test or two-way ANOVA were used for statistic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glycine added to the culture medium increased both ATP and glycogen contents of PCLS from LPS-treated rats, reduced the production of TNF-alpha and NOx whereas PGE(2) secretion by PCLS increased. In contrast to the in vitro effect of glycine, we observed that a glycine-enriched diet decreased PGE(2) secretion in the serum after LPS challenge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of glycine on LPS-induced mediator secretion is different considering in vitro or in vivo situations. Interestingly, glycine in vitro is able to prevent energy status depletion of PCLS occurring upon inflammation, a phenomenon probably linked to change in inflammatory mediator secretion pattern by hepatic immune cells, namely Kupffer cells.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Université Catholique de Louvain, 73 avenue Mounier, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Neyrinck
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Margagliotti
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Delzenne
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000737:chemistry; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry; D005998:Glycine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006003:Glycogen / Q000737:chemistry; D007249:Inflammation; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D005609:Free Radicals; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D006003:Glycogen; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D015232:Dinoprostone; D010100:Oxygen; D005998:Glycine