title: Plasma pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability, and interspecies scaling of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, zebularine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Zebularine is a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor proposed for clinical evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry assay and did i.v. and oral studies in mice, rats, and rhesus monkeys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In mice, plasma zebularine concentrations declined with terminal half-lives (t(1/2)) of 40 and 91 minutes after 100 mg/kg i.v. and 1,000 mg/kg given orally, respectively. Zebularine plasma concentration versus time curves (area under the curve) after 100 mg/kg i.v. and 1,000 mg/kg given orally were 7,323 and 4,935 mug/mL min, respectively, corresponding to a total body clearance (CL(tb)) of 13.65 mL/min/kg, apparent total body clearance (CL(app)) of 203 mL/min/kg, and oral bioavailability of 6.7%. In rats, plasma zebularine concentrations declined with t(1/2) of 363, 110, and 126 minutes after 50 mg/kg i.v., 250 mg/kg given orally, and 500 mg/kg given orally, respectively. Zebularine areas under the curve after 50 mg/kg i.v., 250 mg/kg given orally, and 500 mg/kg given orally were 12,526, 1,969, and 7,612 mug/mL min, respectively, corresponding to a CL(tb) of 3.99 mL/min/kg for 50 mg/kg i.v. and CL(app) of 127 and 66 mL/min/kg for 250 and 500 mg/kg given orally, respectively. Bioavailabilities of 3.1% and 6.1% were calculated for the 250 and 500 mg/kg oral doses, respectively. In monkeys, zebularine t(1/2) was 70 and 150 minutes, CL(tb) was 3.55 and 10.85 mL/min/kg after i.v. administration, and CL(app) was 886 and 39,572 mL/min/kg after oral administration of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg, respectively. Zebularine oral bioavailability was <1% in monkeys. Interspecies scaling produced the following relationship: CL(tb) = 6.46(weight(0.9)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Zebularine has limited oral bioavailability. Interspecies scaling projects a CL(tb) of 296 mL/min in humans.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Therapeutics/Drug Discovery Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Julianne L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Holleran
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Parise
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Julie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Eiseman
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Covey
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Glaze
authors.forename: Alexander V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Lyubimov
authors.forename: Ya-Fei
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: David Z
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: D'Argenio
authors.forename: Merrill J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Egorin
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003562:Cytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D005260:Female; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D003562:Cytidine; C009131:pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases