title: The thymine DNA glycosylase MBD4 represses transcription and is associated with methylated p16(INK4a) and hMLH1 genes.
abstract: Epigenetic silencing through methyl-CpG (mCpG) is implicated in many biological patterns such as genome imprinting, X chromosome inactivation, and cancer development. In this process, the mCpG binding domain (MBD) proteins play an essential role in transmitting epigenetic information to downstream regulatory proteins. Among the five MBD proteins identified so far, MBD4 has been the only exception; it has long been thought to be a DNA repair protein. Herein we demonstrate that MBD4 has the ability to repress transcription through mCpG. Transcriptional repression by the MBD4 is histone deacetylase (HDAC) dependent, and MBD4 directly binds to Sin3A and HDAC1 at three central regions that overlap transcriptional repression domains. Furthermore, a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay clearly shows that MBD4 binds to hypermethylated promoters of the p16(INK4a) and hMLH1 genes. These results suggest that MBD4 is one of the essential components involved in epigenetic silencing in cancer and its repair activity is necessary for the maintenance of hypermethylated promoters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Emiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Zhaodi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horii
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukushige
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D018899:CpG Islands; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004706:Endodeoxyribonucleases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D020868:Gene Silencing; D056284:Histone Deacetylase 1; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D056264:Sin3 Histone Deacetylase and Corepressor Complex; D044502:Thymine DNA Glycosylase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C099683:SIN3A transcription factor; D004706:Endodeoxyribonucleases; C118712:MBD4 protein, human; D044502:Thymine DNA Glycosylase; C110550:HDAC1 protein, human; D056284:Histone Deacetylase 1; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D056264:Sin3 Histone Deacetylase and Corepressor Complex; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1