title: Paternal alcoholism and offspring conduct disorder: evidence for the 'common genes' hypothesis.
abstract: Not only are alcoholism and externalizing disorders frequently comorbid, they often co-occur in families across generations; for example, paternal alcoholism predicts offspring conduct disorder just as it does offspring alcoholism. To clarify this relationship, the current study examined the 'common genes' hypothesis utilizing a children-of-twins research design. Participants were male monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry who were concordant or discordant for alcohol dependence together with their offspring and the mothers of those offspring. All participants were conducted through a structured psychiatric interview. Offspring risk of conduct disorder was examined as a function of alcoholism genetic risk (due to paternal and co-twin alcohol dependence) and alcoholism environmental risk (due to being reared by a father with an alcohol dependence diagnosis). After controlling for potentially confounding variables, the offspring of alcohol-dependent fathers were significantly more likely to exhibit conduct disorder diagnoses than were offspring of nonalcohol-dependent fathers, thus indicating diagnostic crossover in generational family transmission. Comparing offspring at high genetic and high environmental risk with offspring at high genetic and low environmental risk indicated that genetic factors were most likely responsible for the alcoholism-conduct disorder association. The observed diagnostic crossover (from paternal alcoholism to offspring conduct disorder) across generations in the context of both high and low environmental risk (while genetic risk remained high) supported the common genes hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Menlo Park, California, United States of America. rhaber@pgsp.edu
authors.forename: Jon R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Haber
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Heath
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D004200:Diseases in Twins; D004243:Divorce; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic