title: Non-malignant consequences of decreasing asbestos exposure in the Brazil chrysotile mines and mills.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the consequences of improvement in the workplace environment over six decades (1940-96) in asbestos miners and millers from a developing country (Brazil).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3634 Brazilian workers with at least one year of exposure completed a respiratory symptoms questionnaire, chest radiography, and a spirometric evaluation. The study population was separated into three groups whose working conditions improved over time: group I (1940-66, n = 180), group II (1967-76, n = 1317), and group III (1977-96, n = 2137).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respiratory symptoms were significantly related to spirometric abnormalities, smoking, and latency time. Breathlessness, in particular, was also associated with age, pleural abnormality and increased cumulative exposure to asbestos fibres. The odds ratios (OR) for parenchymal and/or non-malignant pleural disease were significantly lower in groups II and III compared to group I subjects (0.29 (0.12-0.69) and 0.19 (0.08-0.45), respectively), independent of age and smoking status. Similar results were found when groups were compared at equivalent latency times (groups I v II: 30-45 years; groups II v III: 20-25 years). Ageing, dyspnoea, past and current smoking, and radiographic abnormalities were associated with ventilatory impairment. Lower spirometric values were found in groups I and II compared to group III: lung function values were also lower in higher quartiles of latency and of cumulative exposure in these subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progressive improvement in occupational hygiene in a developing country is likely to reduce the risk of non-malignant consequences of dust inhalation in asbestos miners and millers.
authors.affiliation: Area of Occupational Health, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil. ebagatin@aso.fcm.unicamp.br
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bagatin
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Neder
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Nery
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terra-Filho
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kavakama
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castelo
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Capelozzi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sette
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Favero
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Moreira-Filho
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peres
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Becklake
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001194:Asbestos / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003906:Developing Countries; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D016015:Logistic Models; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008906:Mining / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011859:Radiography; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013147:Spirometry
chemical_list: D001194:Asbestos