title: Metabolism of verapamil in cultures of rat alveolar epithelial cells and pharmacokinetics after administration by intravenous and inhalation routes.
abstract: Administration of therapeutic entities by inhalation opens new possibilities for drug entry into systemic circulation, but this requires passage through the alveolar epithelium. Little is known about the pulmonary metabolism of verapamil. Specifically, this cardiovascular drug suffers from extensive first pass metabolism. We therefore evaluated the metabolism of verapamil in cultured alveolar epithelium and compared findings with results after administration by inhalation and intravenous routes. Specifically, cell culture of alveolar epithelium was characterized by gene expression of surfactant proteins A, B, C, and D, by immunohistochemistry of surfactant protein C, by staining for laminar bodies, and by gene expression of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. During 6 days of culture expression, all cellular differentiation markers were obvious, albeit at different levels. With testosterone as substrate, we found alveolar epithelial cells to produce several stereo- and site-specific hydroxylation products. This provided evidence for metabolic competence of cultured alveolar epithelial cells. With verapamil as substrate, only limited production of metabolites was observed in cell culture assays, and similar results were recorded after administration by inhalation and intravenous routes. Likewise, elimination of verapamil from lung tissue and plasma was similar by both routes of administration. In conclusion, administration of verapamil by inhalation-abrogated extensive first pass metabolism frequently seen after oral application, and this may well be extended to the development of drugs with similar pharmacokinetic defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Research and Medical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. borlak@item.fraunhofer.de
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borlak
authors.forename: Maren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blickwede
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walles
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Levsen
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008168:Lung / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008861:Microsomes / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D014700:Verapamil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013739:Testosterone; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D014700:Verapamil