title: Sulindac sulfide-induced apoptosis in sinonasal cancer cells.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that sulindac sulfide can induce cell death in maxillary cancer cells, and that sulindac sulfide-induced apoptosis is related to the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/p38 MAPK-caspase 3 signaling pathway.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Head and neck cancer is the sixth commonest cancer in the human body. Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for most sinonasal cancers. However, little is known regarding the biochemical mechanism(s) of cell death in sinonasal cancers. Recently, human epidemiological and clinical intervention studies have indicated that sulindac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, exhibits chemopreventive activity in colorectal cancer. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether sulindac sulfide can induce apoptosis in sinonasal cancer cells and what type of molecular mechanisms induces the death of sinonasal cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sinonasal cancer cells (Asan Medical Center Head and Neck Cancer 5) were treated with various concentrations of sulindac sulfide. The degree of cell death was determined by means of a fluorescence-activated cell scan and the signal transduction pathway for cell death was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human nasal cavity cancer cells treated with sulindac sulfide underwent cell death, and the induction of apoptosis occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, sulindac sulfide-induced apoptosis was abolished by treatment with the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors PD98059 and SB203580.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Chang-Hoon
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyoung Seob
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Kyung-Su
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jin Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Bong-Jae
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jeung-Gweon
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Joo-Heon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013467:Sulindac / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D007093:Imidazoles; D011725:Pyridines; C096713:benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone; D013467:Sulindac; C025462:sulindac sulfide; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093642:SB 203580; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one