title: Antagonist of fractalkine (CX3CL1) delays the initiation and ameliorates the progression of lupus nephritis in MRL/lpr mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lupus nephritis is characterized by immune complex deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration into the renal glomeruli. Local generation of chemokines and the presence of chemokine receptors on the infiltrating cells may be involved in this process. Fractalkine (Fkn)/CX3CL1 and its receptor, CX3CR1, form one such chemokine system. We therefore undertook this study to investigate whether Fkn antagonist inhibits the initiation and progression of lupus nephritis in MRL/lpr mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  NH(2)-terminally truncated Fkn/CX3CL1 analogs were transfected into a nonmetastatic fibroblastoid cell line, MRL/N-1, and injected subcutaneously into MRL/lpr mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fkn analogs truncated by >/=4 amino acid residues from the N-terminus failed to induce chemotaxis and calcium influx by CX3CR1-expressing cells. Of these, the most potent antagonist (Fkn-AT) lacked the 4 N-terminal amino acid residues. Fkn expression in the glomerulus was significantly increased in 12-week-old MRL/lpr mice. Expression was localized predominantly in the glomerular endothelial cells, but was occasionally observed in the mesangial cells and, to a lesser extent, in the interstitial microvasculature. Inoculation of MRL/lpr mice with Fkn-AT before the onset or during the early stages of lupus nephritis significantly reduced glomerular hypercellularity, glomerulosclerosis, crescent formation, and vasculitis compared with control mice. This seemed to be due to a marked reduction in macrophage accumulation. In contrast, Fkn antagonist did not affect pneumonitis, sialadenitis, lymphadenopathy, or splenomegaly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We prepared a novel potent Fkn antagonist and demonstrated its ability to delay the initiation and ameliorate the progression of lupus nephritis. This agent may therefore provide a new therapeutic approach to lupus nephritis.
authors.affiliation: Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohno
authors.forename: Mitsuko R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terada
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yoshie
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nose
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1; D020523:Chemokines, CX3C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018450:Disease Progression; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D019463:Mice, Inbred MRL lpr; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1; D020523:Chemokines, CX3C; C515539:Cx3cl1 protein, mouse; D008565:Membrane Proteins