title: An intervention involving traditional birth attendants and perinatal and maternal mortality in Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are approximately 4 million neonatal deaths and half a million maternal deaths worldwide each year. There is limited evidence from clinical trials to guide the development of effective maternity services in developing countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cluster-randomized, controlled trial involving seven subdistricts (talukas) of a rural district in Pakistan. In three talukas randomly assigned to the intervention group, traditional birth attendants were trained and issued disposable delivery kits; Lady Health Workers linked traditional birth attendants with established services and documented processes and outcomes; and obstetrical teams provided outreach clinics for antenatal care. Women in the four control talukas received usual care. The primary outcome measures were perinatal and maternal mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the estimated number of eligible women in the seven talukas, 10,114 (84.3 percent) were recruited in the three intervention talukas, and 9443 (78.7 percent) in the four control talukas. In the intervention group, 9184 women (90.8 percent) received antenatal care by trained traditional birth attendants, 1634 women (16.2 percent) were seen antenatally at least once by the obstetrical teams, and 8172 safe-delivery kits were used. As compared with the control talukas, the intervention talukas had a cluster-adjusted odds ratio for perinatal death of 0.70 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.59 to 0.82) and for maternal mortality of 0.74 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.45 to 1.23).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Training traditional birth attendants and integrating them into an improved health care system were achievable and effective in reducing perinatal mortality. This model could result in large improvements in perinatal and maternal health in developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. jokhiohl@super.net.pk
authors.forename: Abdul Hakeem
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Jokhio
authors.forename: Heather R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: Kar Keung
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000193:education*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008427:Maternal Health Services; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D008880:Midwifery / Q000193:education*; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology; D019035:Rural Health Services