title: The activity patterns of neck muscles in professional classical singing.
abstract: The study aimed to characterize the activity patterns of neck muscles during classical singing. Muscle usage during inhalation and phonation and the relationship to changes in pitch and vocal loudness was of particular interest. Five professional opera singers (2 males, 3 females) participated. Surface electromyographic activity (EMG) was recorded from the upper trapezius (TR), the sternocleidomastoideus (STM), and the scalenus (SC) muscles and the muscles in the posterior neck region (PN). EMG activity in TR and STM was lowered by EMG biofeedback (BF), and the possible effect of lowered EMG activity in these muscles on the EMG activity of SC and PN was analyzed. A strain gauge sensor recorded the chest circumference of the thorax. Three singing tasks were performed. Each task was performed three times with variation in vocal loudness and pitch. After the first performance of the singing tasks, the BF session was carried out. Thereafter muscle activity was recorded in repeat performances of the same tasks, and the EMG amplitude of all muscles was compared before and after BF. We conclude that STM and SC showed correlated activity patterns during inhalation and phonation by classical singers. Second, substantial muscle activity was observed in PN during inhalation and phonation. BF performed on TR and STM had a secondary effect of lowering EMG activity in SC and PN. The activity of all neck muscles was markedly elevated when singing in the highest pitch. There was no consistent task-based difference in EMG amplitude for the other singing tasks.
authors.affiliation: Stavanger University College, School of Art Education, Stavanger, Norway. viggo.pettersen@kf.his.no
authors.forename: Viggo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pettersen
authors.forename: Rolf H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Westgaard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D009790:Occupations; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology*; D011361:Professional Competence; D012119:Respiration; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D014833:Voice Quality