title: The Arabidopsis SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1 controls phosphate deficiency responses.
abstract: Plants sense phosphate (Pi) deficiency and initiate signaling that controls adaptive responses necessary for Pi acquisition. Herein, evidence establishes that AtSIZ1 is a plant small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase and is a focal controller of Pi starvation-dependent responses. T-DNA insertional mutated alleles of AtSIZ1 (At5g60410) cause Arabidopsis to exhibit exaggerated prototypical Pi starvation responses, including cessation of primary root growth, extensive lateral root and root hair development, increase in root/shoot mass ratio, and greater anthocyanin accumulation, even though intracellular Pi levels in siz1 plants were similar to wild type. AtSIZ1 has SUMO E3 ligase activity in vitro, and immunoblot analysis revealed that the protein sumoylation profile is impaired in siz1 plants. AtSIZ1-GFP was localized to nuclear foci. Steadystate transcript abundances of Pi starvation-responsive genes AtPT2, AtPS2, and AtPS3 were moderate but clearly greater in siz1 seedlings than in wild type, where Pi is sufficient. Pi starvation induced the expression of these genes to the same extent in siz1 and wild-type seedlings. However, two other Pi starvation-responsive genes, AtIPS1 and AtRNS1, are induced more slowly in siz1 seedlings by Pi limitation. PHR1, a MYB transcriptional activator of AtIPS1 and AtRNS1, is an AtSIZ1 sumoylation target. These results indicate that AtSIZ1 is a SUMO E3 ligase and that sumoylation is a control mechanism that acts both negatively and positively on different Pi deficiency responses.
authors.affiliation: Center for Plant Environmental Stress Physiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rus
authors.forename: Altanbadralt
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharkhuu
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yokoi
authors.forename: Athikkattuvalasu S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Karthikeyan
authors.forename: Kashchandra G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Raghothama
authors.forename: Dongwon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.forename: Yoon Duck
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.forename: Jing Bo
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Ray A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bressan
authors.forename: Dae-Jin
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008025:Ligases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010710:Phosphates / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*; D014452:Ubiquitins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D010710:Phosphates; C403233:SUMO protein, plant; C036483:T-DNA; D014452:Ubiquitins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008025:Ligases; C502552:SIZ1 protein, Arabidopsis