title: Microelectrode biosensor for real-time measurement of ATP in biological tissue.
abstract: The purines ATP, ADP, and adenosine are important extracellular signaling agents. Analysis of purinergic signaling has been slowed by lack of direct methods for measurement of purine release in real-time during physiological activity. We have previously reported microelectrode biosensors for adenosine, but similar sensors for ATP have remained elusive. We now describe an ATP biosensor formed by coating a Pt microelectrode with an ultrathin biolayer containing glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase. It responds rapidly (10-90% rise time <10 s) and exhibits a linear response to ATP over the physiologically relevant concentrations of 200 nM-50 microM and is very sensitive approximately 250 mA.M(-1).cm(-2). By including phosphocreatine kinase in the biolayer, we can optionally amplify the ATP signal and also make the sensor sensitive to external ADP. We have used our sensors to make the first demonstration that ATP is released from spinal networks in vivo during locomotor activity.
authors.affiliation: Warwick Biosensors Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Llaudet
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hatz
authors.forename: Magali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Droniou
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dale
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D005991:Glycerol Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D005993:Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008839:Microelectrodes; D010984:Platinum / Q000737:chemistry*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010984:Platinum; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005993:Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; C098831:glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase; D005991:Glycerol Kinase; D003402:Creatine Kinase