title: Thermal comparison of the AdvanTec Legacy, Sovereign WhiteStar, and Millennium phacoemulsification systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the operating temperature of ultrasonic tips used with the Alcon AdvanTec Legacy, AMO Sovereign WhiteStar, and Bausch & Lomb Millennium phacoemulsification systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mackool Eye Institute, Astoria, New York, New York, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thermal imaging of ultrasonic tips (Legacy, WhiteStar, and Millennium) was performed in air and in human cadaver eyes using a duty cycle of 33% (WhiteStar) and 50% (Millennium and Legacy). In vitro temperatures were measured with the tip centered in the incision and intentionally decentered against the side of the incision. The stroke length of each instrument was also measured, and the operating frequency of the Legacy was evaluated with the addition of a tangential load.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Open air and in vitro testing demonstrated that tip temperatures with the Legacy were consistently the lowest. Temperatures measured with the WhiteStar and Millennium systems were higher and generally similar to each other. At identical console power settings, the stroke length of the WhiteStar and Millennium tips was longer than that of the Legacy. The frequency of the Legacy handpiece did not change significantly (less than 200 Hz) under conditions of tangential tip loading.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At identical console power settings and similar console duty cycles, the temperature elevation of ultrasonic tips was least for the Legacy and greater for the WhiteStar and Millennium under all conditions. The causes of these findings appear to be the longer stroke length of the WhiteStar and Millennium and the underestimation of the duty cycle with the WhiteStar.
authors.affiliation: Mackool Eye Institute, Astoria, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Mackool
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sirota
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature; D005126:Eye Burns / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation; D008954:Models, Biological; D018918:Phacoemulsification / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*