title: Treatment results of 1070 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an analysis of survival and failure patterns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the outcomes of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated primarily by external beam irradiation (ERT) and to explore for possible ways to improve the treatment results.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand seventy patients with nonmetastatic NPC treated from 1990 to 1998 were retrospectively analyzed. The distribution according to the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC) (1997 edition) staging system at initial diagnosis was as follows: stage I, n = 113; stage IIA, n = 38; stage IIB, n = 360; stage III, n = 306; stage IVA, n = 136; stage IVB, n = 117; T1, n = 284; T2a, n = 88; T2b, n = 398; T3, n = 149; T4, n = 151; N0, n = 321; N1, n = 393; N2, n = 238; N3a, n = 29; N3b, n = 89. Two hundred eight patients were given neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Ninety-seven patients were diagnosed with locally persistent disease and were salvaged with high dose rate intracavitary brachytherapy. Multivariate analysis was performed with the Cox regression proportional hazards model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5-year actuarial local failure-free survival, regional failure-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, progression-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival rates were 80.9%, 93.3%, 77.2%, 62.7%, 71.4%, and 66.5%, respectively. Isolated distant metastasis occurred in 191 patients (18%). The distributions were as follow: stage I, 2.1% (two of 95); stage IIA, 5.7% (two of 35); stage IIB, 14.9% (45 of 302); stage III, 26.4% (62 of 235); stage IVA, 40% (40 of 100); stage IVB, 47.1% (40 of 85). Results of the multivariate analysis of various clinical endpoints were discussed. By studying these failure patterns, it is hoped that we could refine future treatments according to the failure patterns of patients with different risks of locoregional and distant failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 18% incidence of isolated distant metastasis is too high to be ignored. Maximizing the local control and minimizing the risk of distant metastasis and late complications should be the key objectives in designing future clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tsing Chung Koon Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. tw_leung@hotmail.com
authors.forename: To-Wai
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Stewart Yuk
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Tung
authors.forename: Wing-Kin
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Sze
authors.forename: Frank Chi-Shing
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Kwok-Keung
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.forename: Collin Ming-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.forename: Sing-Hung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Ting-Ying
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Sai-Ki
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: O
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D037981:Neck Dissection; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome