title: Chronic instrumentation with model microstimulators in an animal model of the lower urinary tract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microstimulators are a new type of neuroprosthetic device that should be considered for applications such as micturition control after spinal cord injury (SCI). These devices are small (less than 25 mm by 5 mm) and the electrodes are located on the ends of the stimulator. The aim of the current study was to develop methods for chronic implantation of model microstimulators (M-Micro) on the bladder wall and pelvic plexus of female cats. A postmortem evaluation of the effects of 3 months of implantation is reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Techniques to produce the M-Micro are described. Four of these devices were implanted in 4 female cats and maintained after the initial instrumentation surgery and a second survival surgery for SCI (at T10). Using a single suture tied around the M-Micro, these devices were secured to the bladder wall or the fat pads adjacent to the pelvic plexus. Additional instrumentation was implanted, including 2 catheters in the bladder, 1 abdominal balloon, and electromyography electrodes in the urethral and anal sphincters. Postmortem observations of the location of the M-Micro on the bladder wall were conducted after fixation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The animals' conditions were good. One animal was sacrificed early because of a skin infection. A single suture was sufficient to anchor the M-Micro. However, during the surgical implantation the pelvic plexus M-Micro ended up close to the bladder neck. Extensive fibrous connective tissue formed around the M-Micro and implanted catheters on the bladder wall. This appeared to result, in part, from multiple devices implanted on or near the bladder wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These pilot studies showed that the M-Micro could be easily constructed and secured to the bladder wall or fat pads close to the pelvic plexus. There was a concern that the pelvic plexus location for the M-Micro ended near the bladder neck during the surgical implantation; however, these devices did not appear to migrate over this short, 3-month implantation period. The extensive connective tissue responses of the bladder wall to the tubes, wires, and M-Micro was a major concern. The M-Micro appears to be a good device to assess the potential of commercial microstimulators for use in micturition control.
authors.affiliation: Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. Hospital, Hines, Illinois 60141, USA. James.Walter@med.va.gov
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Mary Pat
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McDonnell
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Wurster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007001:Hypogastric Plexus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014563:Urodynamics