title: Dosimetry of digital panoramic imaging. Part II: Occupational exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure occupational radiation dose during panoramic exposure from five digital panoramic X-ray units.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exposures were made with five different digital panoramic units, of which four were equipped with a direct digital CCD (charge coupled device, "direct digital" technique), and one used storage phosphor plates ("indirect digital" technique). An anthropomorphic phantom served as the patient. An ionization chamber recorded the scattered radiation at 1 m from the phantom at five different locations around the panoramic units, both at the level of the thyroid gland and the level of the gonads, and effective organ doses were calculated. Exposure parameters were set as recommended by the manufacturers for the particular image and patient size: tube potential settings ranged between 64 kV and 74 kV, exposure times between 8.2 s and 19.0 s, tube current values between 4 mA and 7 mA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum organ equivalent dose at 1 m from the panoramic unit was 0.60 microGy, the maximum organ effective dose was 0.10 microSv. Organ equivalent doses varied between 0.18 microGy and 0.30 microGy and organ effective doses between 0.01 microSv and 0.05 microSv for the different positions around the units (average for the different panoramic units). The variations in organ doses for the various machines were 0.04-0.53 microGy organ equivalent dose and 0.01-0.08 microSv organ effective dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assuming that 500 panoramic radiographs per year are taken by a dental practitioner at 1 m distance from the panoramic unit, he or she will receive an annual additional organ effective dose between 5 microSv and 15 microSv for the thyroid gland and between 5 microSv and 40 microSv for the gonads, depending on the type of digital panoramic unit.
authors.affiliation: Oral Imaging Centre, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gijbels
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Debaveye
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bogaerts
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verlinden
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sanderink
mesh_terms: D003815:Dentists; D006066:Gonads / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital / Q000295:instrumentation; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic / Q000295:instrumentation; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000528:radiation effects; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens