title: Interleukin-18 concentrations and the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is reported as an important regulatory cytokine in non-oral inflammation. Our objective was to compare the concentrations of IL-18 within diseased and healthy human gingiva with concentrations of other T(H)1 and T(H)2 cytokines to determine possible effects of IL-18 on gingival inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gingival biopsies were obtained prior to routine tooth extraction. Gingiva was grouped by the depth of the adjacent gingival sulcus: < or =3 healthy (featuring no bleeding on probing) and > or =3 mm diseased (featuring bleeding on probing). Diseased gingiva was subdivided into 3, 4 to 6 and >6 mm groups. Gingival interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, and interferon (IFN)-gamma concentrations were assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were compared by factorial analysis of variance and the Pearson's correlation test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentrations of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, and IFN-gamma adjacent to 4 to 6 mm diseased sites were greater than adjacent to < or =3 mm healthy sites (P <0.001). IL-12 concentrations were lower within diseased than within healthy gingiva (P <0.001). IL-6 and IL-18 concentrations were greater adjacent to >6 mm sites compared to healthy sites (P <0.001); the concentrations of the other cytokines (except IL-12) were similar to healthy sites. IL-6 and IL-18 concentrations were positively correlated, and IFN-gamma and IL-12 negatively correlated, with the adjacent gingival sulcular depth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodontal inflammation may not successfully resolve because of accumulation of IL-6 and IL-18, and decreased concentrations of IL-12, within diseased gingiva. Because of the highly significant correlation between IL-18 concentration and gingival sulcular depth, IL-18 may be a useful target for either preventive or palliative therapy for periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics and Preventive Sciences, University of Mississipi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA. rjohnson@sod.unsmed.edu
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Serio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis*; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000032:analysis*; D007378:Interleukins / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020382:Interleukin-18; D007378:Interleukins; D007371:Interferon-gamma