title: Intravital observation of Plasmodium berghei sporozoite infection of the liver.
abstract: Plasmodium sporozoite invasion of liver cells has been an extremely elusive event to study. In the prevailing model, sporozoites enter the liver by passing through Kupffer cells, but this model was based solely on incidental observations in fixed specimens and on biochemical and physiological data. To obtain direct information on the dynamics of sporozoite infection of the liver, we infected live mice with red or green fluorescent Plasmodium berghei sporozoites and monitored their behavior using intravital microscopy. Digital recordings show that sporozoites entering a liver lobule abruptly adhere to the sinusoidal cell layer, suggesting a high-affinity interaction. They glide along the sinusoid, with or against the bloodstream, to a Kupffer cell, and, by slowly pushing through a constriction, traverse across the space of Disse. Once inside the liver parenchyma, sporozoites move rapidly for many minutes, traversing several hepatocytes, until ultimately settling within a final one. Migration damage to hepatocytes was confirmed in liver sections, revealing clusters of necrotic hepatocytes adjacent to structurally intact, sporozoite-infected hepatocytes, and by elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity. In summary, malaria sporozoites bind tightly to the sinusoidal cell layer, cross Kupffer cells, and leave behind a trail of dead hepatocytes when migrating to their final destination in the liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Molecular Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA. ute.frevert@med.nyu.edu
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Frevert
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Engelmann
authors.forename: Sergine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zougbédé
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stange
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matuschewski
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liebes
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yee
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000469:parasitology; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008099:Liver / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000473:pathology; D008288:Malaria / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010962:Plasmodium berghei / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D034101:Sporozoites / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers