title: Effect of PMMA cement radical polymerisation on the inflammatory response.
abstract: The effect of the radical polymerisation taking place during the hardening of the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cements is known to cause bone necrosis through the relatively high exothermic reaction and the leaching of toxic non reacted monomers. The inflammatory response towards this class of cements has also been shown and ascribed mainly to the phagocytosis of the material particles. However, the effect of the radical polymerisation on the adsorption of plasma proteins and on the activation of monocytes/macrophages when the material is in a non-phagocytosable dimension has not been elucidated. In the present work, the polymerisation of three bone cements, CMW-1, Palavit and Simplex-P in a clinically reflective environment and its effect on the formation of a surface conditioning film as well as on the inflammatory cell activation were investigated. The data showed that on CMW and Simplex-P the polymerisation was not fully accomplished. CMW released high levels of non-reacted monomers, no significant macrophage adhesion and high oxidative burst and cytokine production. The relatively lower levels of released monomers in Simplex and Palavit seemed to promote a lower inflammatory response while cell adhesion was favoured by patches of plasma components entrapped in the hardening dough during the polymerisation.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santin
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Motta
authors.forename: Assunta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borzachiello
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nicolais
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ambrosio
mesh_terms: D001843:Bone Cements / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002484:Cementation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D018375:Neutrophil Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011108:Polymers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D011108:Polymers; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate