title: The International Registry on Hand and Composite Tissue Transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since May 2002 all groups performing hand transplantations have supplied detailed information to the International Registry on Hand and Composite Tissue Transplantation. This inaugural report provides a review of all hand transplants performed to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between September 1998 and September 2004, 18 male patients underwent 24 hand/forearm/digit transplantations (11 monolateral and 4 bilateral hand transplantations, 2 bilateral forearm transplantations, and 1 thumb transplantation). The level of amputation was mostly at the distal forearm or wrist. The average age of the patient was 32 years. Time since hand loss ranged from 2 months to 22 years. Immunosuppressive therapy included tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, rapamycin, and steroids; polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies were used for induction. Topical immunosuppression was administered in some patients. Follow-up period ranged from 17 to 70 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient survival was 100%. Graft survival was 100% at 1 and 2 years. Two cases of graft failure at a later date were caused by severe inflammation and progressive rejection in a noncompliant patient. Acute rejection episodes occurred in 12 patients within the first year. Rejection was reversible in all compliant patients. Side effects included opportunistic infections and metabolic complications. No life-threatening complications or malignancies were reported. All patients had achieved protective sensation, and 17 patients also achieved discriminative sensation. Extrinsic and intrinsic muscle recovery enabled patients to perform most daily activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the enormous antigen load associated with composite tissue allograft, hand transplantation became a clinical reality with immunosuppression comparable to transplantation of solid organs.
authors.affiliation: Hand Surgery and Reconstructive Microsurgery. Milano-Bicocca University, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lanzetta
authors.forename: Palmina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Petruzzo
authors.forename: Raimund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Margreiter
authors.forename: Jean Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dubernard
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schuind
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Breidenbach
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lucchina
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneeberger
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Holder
authors.forename: Darla
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.forename: Guoxian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.forename: Jinmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xinying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D001132:Arm / Q000637:transplantation*; D005385:Fingers / Q000637:transplantation*; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000453:epidemiology; D063987:Hand Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D012042:Registries; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome