title: The bladder does not appear to have a dynamic secreted continuous mucous gel layer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined whether the nature of any protective barrier in the bladder is composed of a secreted mucous gel layer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected 24-hour urine samples for analysis from 8 healthy 22 to 49-year-old volunteers and 5, 19 to 59-year-old patients treated with bladder reconstruction, in addition to scrapings from 100 freshly slaughtered pig bladders. Samples were subjected to homogenization, dialysis, freeze-drying, papain digestion, gel chromatography, equilibrium density gradient centrifugation, periodic acid-Schiff assay and amino acid analysis. Normal human bladder, pig bladder, normal ileum and transposed intestinal segments were studied for the presence of a mucous layer using a new method of histological analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mucin content in normal urine is 2.7 mg/24 hours, meaning that less than 0.6% of nondialyzable material in normal urine is mucin. The mucin content of urine from reconstructed bladders amounted to 86 mg/24 hours (5.2% of nondialyzable material). We observed that glycosaminoglycans accounted for 41% of the peak total elution volume of PAS positive material in normal urine. Mucin estimation in urine can be grossly overestimated if contaminating glycoconjugates are not removed. Biochemical analysis of material scraped off the pig bladder surface demonstrated that the maximum thickness of a continuous layer that could be achieved was 13.6 mum. While we could visualize an obvious mucous layer on control ileal samples and biopsies of transposed ileal segments from patients with bladder reconstruction, we were unable to note a distinct, measurable mucous layer lining the bladder surface in humans or pigs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mucin levels in normal human and pig urine would be enough for slow turnover of a thin barrier but the large increase in mucin in the urine of patients with transposed intestinal segments demonstrates that any layer in normal bladder is much different than that lining the transposed intestinal segment. The most likely constituents of this barrier are membrane bound rather than secreted mucins along with the proteoglycan components of the glycocalix.
authors.affiliation: Academic Urology Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: N'Dow
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pearson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000473:pathology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009077:Mucins / Q000652:urine*; D009093:Mucus / Q000378:metabolism*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000652:urine; D012016:Reference Values; D013552:Swine; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology*; D014547:Urinary Diversion; D019459:Urothelium / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005782:Gels; D009077:Mucins