title: Reference ranges for serial measurements of blood velocity and pulsatility index at the intra-abdominal portion, and fetal and placental ends of the umbilical artery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To construct reference ranges for serial measurements of umbilical artery (UA) blood flow velocity and pulsatility index (PI) at standardized insonation sites during the second half of pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective longitudinal study of the umbilical circulation. UA blood flow velocities were measured at the intra-abdominal portion, fetal end and placental end at 4-weekly intervals at 19-42 weeks of gestation in 130 low-risk singleton pregnancies. A total of 513 observations were used to construct the reference ranges using regression statistics and multilevel modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  UA blood velocities and PI were higher at the intra-abdominal portion and fetal end than at the placental end. The gestational age-related increase of end-diastolic velocity was greater than the corresponding increase of the peak systolic velocity at all locations. The mean differences (delta values) of UA blood velocities between the fetal and placental ends increased and that of PI decreased with advancing gestational age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UA Doppler parameters vary significantly at different locations. We have established new reference ranges for the UA velocities and PI at standardized locations based on longitudinal observations, which should be useful for the surveillance of fetuses with repeated observations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway. ganesh.acharya@unn.no
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Acharya
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wilsgaard
authors.forename: G K R
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Berntsen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Maltau
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kiserud
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000098:blood supply*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D010920:Placenta / Q000098:blood supply*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012016:Reference Values; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*