title: Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in homeless adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Homeless people represent an extremely disadvantaged group in North America. Among older homeless men, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death. The objective of this study was to examine cardiovascular risk factors in a representative sample of homeless adults and identify opportunities for improved risk factor modification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Homeless persons were randomly selected at shelters for single adults in Toronto. Response rate was 79%. Participants (n=202) underwent interviews, physical measurements, and blood sampling. The mean age of participants was 42 years, and 89% were men. The prevalence of smoking among homeless subjects (78%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 72% to 84%) was significantly higher than in the general population (standardized morbidity ratio [SMR], 254; 95% CI, 216 to 297). Hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes were not more prevalent than in the general population but were often poorly controlled. Homeless men were significantly less likely to be overweight or obese than men in the general population (SMR, 79; 95% CI, 63 to 98). Cocaine use in the last year was reported by 29% of subjects (95% CI, 23% to 36%). CVD was reported by 15% of subjects, fewer than one third of whom reported taking aspirin or cholesterol-lowering medication. According to multiple-risk-factor equations, the median estimated 10-year absolute risk of myocardial infarction or coronary death among homeless men aged 30 to 74 years was 5% (interquartile range, 3% to 9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiovascular risk factor modification is suboptimal among homeless adults in Toronto, despite universal health insurance. Multiple risk factor equations may underestimate true risk in this population because of inadequate accounting for factors such as cocaine use and heavy smoking.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Inner City Health, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Tony C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ben-David
authors.forename: Gillian L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: Warren J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Cantor
authors.forename: Philip W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Connelly
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002170:Canada; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D005260:Female; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers