title: Seizure-related factors and non-verbal intelligence in children with epilepsy. A population-based study from Western Norway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the relationship between seizure-related factors, non-verbal intelligence, and socio-economic status (SES) in a population-based sample of children with epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The latest ILAE International classifications of epileptic seizures and syndromes were used to classify seizure types and epileptic syndromes in all 6-12 year old children (N=198) with epilepsy in Hordaland County, Norway. The children had neuropediatric and EEG examinations. Of the 198 patients, demographic characteristics were collected on 183 who participated in psychological studies including Raven matrices. 126 healthy controls underwent the same testing. Severe non-verbal problems (SNVP) were defined as a Raven score at or <10th percentile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with epilepsy were highly over-represented in the lowest Raven percentile group, whereas controls were highly over-represented in the higher percentile groups. SNVP were present in 43% of children with epilepsy and 3% of controls. These problems were especially common in children with remote symptomatic epilepsy aetiology, undetermined epilepsy syndromes, myoclonic seizures, early seizure debut, high seizure frequency and in children with polytherapy. Seizure-related characteristics that were not usually associated with SNVP were idiopathic epilepsies, localization related (LR) cryptogenic epilepsies, absence and simple partial seizures, and a late debut of epilepsy. Adjusting for socio-economic status factors did not significantly change results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In childhood epilepsy various seizure-related factors, but not SES factors, were associated with the presence or absence of SNVP. Such deficits may be especially common in children with remote symptomatic epilepsy aetiology and in complex and therapy resistant epilepsies. Low frequencies of SNVP may be found in children with idiopathic and LR cryptogenic epilepsy syndromes, simple partial or absence seizures and a late epilepsy debut. Our study contributes to an overall picture of cognitive function and its relation to central seizure characteristics in a childhood epilepsy population and can be useful for the follow-up team in developing therapy strategies that meet the individual needs of the child with epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway. bjorg.hoie@ulleval.no
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Høie
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mykletun
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sommerfelt
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bjørnaes
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Skeidsvoll
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Waaler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D018672:Community Health Planning / Q000379:methods*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003710:Demography; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index