title: Bite force measurement in awake rats: a behavioral model for persistent orofacial muscle pain and hyperalgesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypotheses that masseteric inflammation produces a reduction of mean bite force and success rates and that classical anti-inflammatory agents prevent inflammation-induced changes in bite force.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were initially trained to produce a bite force greater than 400 g. Once the rats attained above 70% of successful responses in a 10-minute test period, the bite force required for reinforcement was increased gradually to the target force of 1.3 kg. Seven trained rats received bilateral masseteric injections of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA; 50 microL in isotonic saline). The mean number of attempted bites, the percentage of correct responses, and the bite force measured before and 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days following the CFA injection were compared. Five additional trained rats were injected with the same volume of vehicle control. Other rats (n = 10) were treated with anti-inflammatory agents before and after the CFA injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intramuscular CFA, but not the vehicle, produced a significant reduction of mean bite force and success rate at days 1, 2, and 3. Bite force and success rate gradually increased; they returned to baseline by 14 days. The CFA-mediated reduction of bite force and success rate was prevented in rats treated with anti-inflammatory agents administered intraperitoneally (dexamethasone, n = 5, or indomethacin, n = 5, 4 mg/kg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide further evidence that bite force measurements in awake rats can be a useful method for the study of inflammatory muscle hyperalgesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. jyr001@dental.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Jin Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001732:Bite Force; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D007509:Irritants; D008297:Male; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D009220:Myositis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007509:Irritants; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant