[Anaesthetic management of the patient with acute intracranial hypertension].
Transcranial Doppler and, if possible, measurement of intracranial pressure (ICP) allow preoperative diagnosis of acute intracranial hypertension (ICH) after brain trauma. The main goal of the anaesthesiologist is to prevent the occurrence of secondary brain injuries and to avoid cerebral ischaemia. Treatment of high ICP is mainly achieved with osmotherapy. High-dose mannitol administration (1.4 to 2 g/kg given in bolus doses) may be considered a better option than conventional doses, especially before emergency evacuation of a cerebral mass lesion. Hypertonic saline seems as effective as mannitol without rebound effect and without diuresis increase. Haemostasis should be normalized before neurosurgery and invasive blood pressure monitoring is mandatory. For anaesthesia induction, thiopental or etomidate may be used. In case of ICH, halogenated and nitrous oxide should be avoided. Until the dura is open, mean arterial pressure should be maintained around 90 mmHg (or cerebral perfusion pressure around 70 mmHg). If a long-lasting (several hours) extracranial surgery is necessary, ICP should be monitored and treatment of ICH should have been instituted before.
Audibert
G
G
Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital central, CHU de Nancy, 54000 Nancy, France. g.audibert@chu-nancy.fr
Steinmann
G
G
Charpentier
C
C
Mertes
P-M
PM
D000208:Acute Disease; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019090:Case Management; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D000075202:Contraindications; D004234:Diuretics, Osmotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005045:Etomidate; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery*; D007601:Jugular Veins; D008353:Mannitol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013874:Thiopental; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000601:surgery
D004234:Diuretics, Osmotic; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D008353:Mannitol; D013874:Thiopental; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D010100:Oxygen; D005045:Etomidate