title: Factorial aerobic scope is independent of temperature and primarily modulated by heart rate in exercising Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii).
abstract: Several previous reports, often from studies utilising heavily instrumented animals, have indicated that for teleosts, the increase in cardiac output (Vb) during exercise is mainly the result of an increase in cardiac stroke volume (V(S)) rather than in heart rate (fH). More recently, this contention has been questioned following studies on animals carrying less instrumentation, though the debate continues. In an attempt to shed more light on the situation, we examined the heart rates and oxygen consumption rates (Mo2; normalised to a mass of 1 kg, given as Mo2kg) of six Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii; mean mass+/-SE = 1.81+/-0.14 kg) equipped with implanted fH and body temperature data loggers. Data were determined during exposure to varying temperatures and swimming speeds to encompass the majority of the biological scope of this species. An increase in body temperature (Tb) from 14 degrees C to 29 degrees C resulted in linear increases in Mo2kg (26.67-41.78 micromol min(-1) kg(-1)) and fH (22.3-60.8 beats min(-1)) during routine exercise but a decrease in the oxygen pulse (the amount of oxygen extracted per heartbeat; 1.28-0.74 micromol beat(-1) kg(-1)). During maximum exercise, the factorial increase in Mo2kg was calculated to be 3.7 at all temperatures and was the result of temperature-independent 2.2- and 1.7-fold increases in fH and oxygen pulse, respectively. The constant factorial increases in fH and oxygen pulse suggest that the cardiovascular variables of the Murray cod have temperature-independent maximum gains that contribute to maximal oxygen transport during exercise. At the expense of a larger factorial aerobic scope at an optimal temperature, as has been reported for species of salmon and trout, it is possible that the Murray cod has evolved a lower, but temperature-independent, factorial aerobic scope as an adaptation to the largely fluctuating and unpredictable thermal climate of southeastern Australia.
authors.affiliation: Adaptational and Evolutionary Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia. p.frappell@latrobe.edu.au
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ingram
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Woakes
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Frappell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D010473:Perciformes / Q000502:physiology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013696:Temperature