title: Water relations of the pine exine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Water adhesion forces, water absorption capacity and permeability of the pine exine were investigated to consider a possible function of sporopollenin coatings in the control of water transport.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experiments were carried out with sporopollenin capsules obtained from pine pollen consisting of an empty central capsule and two sacci. Changes in the concentration of excluded dextran molecules in the medium were analysed to quantify water absorption by purified exine fragments and the osmotic volume flow out of the intact central capsule.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The contact angle of sporopollenin to water is higher than the one to ethanol and lower than the one to n-heptane. The water-filled pore space in pine sporopollenin amounts to only 20.6 % of the matrix volume. A monosaccharide was excluded from 15 % and a trisaccharide from about 38 % of this space. Shrinkage of the central capsule induced by permeable osmotica was transient, whereas that induced by sodium polyacrylate (2100 g mol(-1)) was stable. Values obtained for the hydraulic conductance L(P) of the exine (0.39-0.48 microm s(-1) MPa(-1)) are comparable in size to those of biomembranes. Sodium sulfate solutions induced a significant osmotic flow through the exine (reflection coefficient at least 0.6). The exine around the central capsule can be ruptured by equilibration of its lumen with a concentrated electrolyte solution and subsequent transfer to water. The denatured protoplast along with the intact intine was ejected when pollen grains were subjected to this osmotic shock treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pine exine is easily wetted with water and does not represent a significant barrier to water exchange either liquid or gaseous. Through osmotic burst, it can be separated from the intine. The effect of salts and small solute molecules on water fluxes may be functionally significant for rehydration upon pollination.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bohne
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Woehlecke
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ehwald
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009995:Osmosis; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D010539:Permeability; D041605:Pinus sylvestris / Q000378:metabolism*; D011058:Pollen / Q000378:metabolism; D013499:Surface Properties; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001704:Biopolymers; D014867:Water; C009800:sporopollenin; D002338:Carotenoids