title: Ten-year trends for fatness in Northern Irish adolescents: the Young Hearts Projects--repeat cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine secular trends in measures of fatness over a 10-y period (the 1990s) in Northern Irish schoolchildren.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeat cross-sectional surveys.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 12- and 15-y-old children randomly selected from post-primary schools. A total of 1015 children studied between 1989 and 1990, and 2017 studied between 1999 and 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  The same study methods were applied in both surveys. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from height and weight, and percentage body fat (%BF) was derived from skinfold measurements at four sites. Dietary intake was assessed using a diet history method and habitual physical activity (PA) was estimated from a self-report questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increases were seen in both height and weight in all age-sex groups. The overall prevalence of overweight/obesity increased from 15.0 to 19.6%, but 12-y-old girls contributed most to this increase (15.9-26.3%), with a modest increase observed also in 15-y-old boys. Increases in mean BMI (19.2-20.3 kg/m2) and mean %BF (25.8-27.1%) were seen in 12-y-old girls, with no significant changes in any of the other subgroups. Mean energy intake increased in girls but not in boys, while mean PA score decreased in 12-y-old girls, but was unchanged in the other three groups. All age-sex groups showed substantial increases in the sugar intake while fat intake increased in girls and decreased in boys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increases in indices of fatness were seen among school-age children in Northern Ireland during the 1990s. Trends differed between age-sex groups with the largest changes seen in 12-y-old girls. It remains to be seen whether the large increase in overweight/obesity in this group tracks into adulthood, with consequences for chronic disease incidence in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Antrim Hospital, Northern Ireland, UK. dave.watkins@uh.n-i.nhs.uk
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McCarron
authors.forename: C A G
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Boreham
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Cran
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McGartland
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Savage
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009660:Northern Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats