title: Effect of simulated shoulder thermal capsulorrhaphy using radiofrequency energy on glenohumeral fluid temperature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine joint fluid temperatures at different time intervals during treatment with radiofrequency energy (RFE) applied in intermittent and continuous treatment manners under flow or no-flow conditions using a simulated shoulder joint model.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro measurement of simulated joint fluid temperature during RFE treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A custom-built jig with a chamber (volume size, 25 mL) was used to mimic the adult human shoulder. Three RFE systems: Vulcan EAS plus TAC-S probe (Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA); VAPR II plus End-Effect Electrode (Mitek, Westwood, MA); and ArthroCare 2000 plus TurboVac 90 degrees probe (ArthroCare, Sunnyvale, CA) were tested in the chamber with saline solution initially set at 23 degrees C. Each RFE probe was applied in a paintbrush pattern on the capsular tissue in the chamber and a fluoroptic thermometry probe was placed 1 cm above the RFE treatment probe to record the fluid temperature. Both intermittent and the continuous treatment manners were tested under flow and no-flow conditions. For each probe/manner/flow combination, 6 bovine capsular tissue specimens were tested (n = 6). All data were recorded using a HyperTerminal software program (Hilgraeve Inc, Monroe, MI) into a personal computer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When using intermittent and continuous treatment manners with flow, all recorded chamber fluid temperatures for all tested RFE probes at each time interval were below 40 degrees C. Under no-flow conditions, with intermittent treatment, the ArthroCare probe caused joint fluid temperatures to exceed 50 degrees C after 70 seconds of RFE treatment. With the continuous treatment, the ArthroCare caused chamber fluid temperatures to exceed 65 degrees C after 2 minutes of treatment. The highest mean recorded chamber fluid temperature was caused by ArthroCare probe, which reached 80 degrees C at 3 minutes. For all probes, continuous treatment caused significantly higher chamber fluid temperatures than intermittent treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that using flow during thermal capsulorrhaphy could lower joint fluid temperature to prevent heated joint fluid from killing chondrocytes of articular cartilage, and the intermittent treatment manner caused lower fluid temperature compared with continuous treatment within the RFE-treated shoulder joint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Articular cartilage of the humeral head may suffer potential thermal injury from heating of joint fluid during RFE thermal capsulorrhaphy.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-11102, USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bogdanske
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Markel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D019902:Chondrocytes; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006811:Humerus / Q000502:physiology*; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D017746:Joint Capsule / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008905:Minicomputers; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D011846:Radio Waves; D013817:Thermography
chemical_list: D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; C005506:polycarbonate