Basic mechanism of eukaryotic chromosome segregation.
We now have firm evidence that the basic mechanism of chromosome segregation is similar among diverse eukaryotes as the same genes are employed. Even in prokaryotes, the very basic feature of chromosome segregation has similarities to that of eukaryotes. Many aspects of chromosome segregation are closely related to a cell cycle control that includes stage-specific protein modification and proteolysis. Destruction of mitotic cyclin and securin leads to mitotic exit and separase activation, respectively. Key players in chromosome segregation are SMC-containing cohesin and condensin, DNA topoisomerase II, APC/C ubiquitin ligase, securin-separase complex, aurora passengers, and kinetochore microtubule destabilizers or regulators. In addition, the formation of mitotic kinetochore and spindle apparatus is absolutely essential. The roles of principal players in basic chromosome segregation are discussed: most players have interphase as well as mitotic functions. A view on how the centromere/kinetochore is formed is described.
Yanagida
Mitsuhiro
M
Department of Gene Mechanisms, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. yanagida@kozo.lif.kyoto-u.ac.jp
D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002503:Centromere / Q000502:physiology*; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D020090:Chromosome Segregation / Q000502:physiology*; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D005057:Eukaryotic Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D018386:Kinetochores / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D064249:Securin; D064247:Separase; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000502:physiology*; D043743:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes / Q000378:metabolism; D000097722:Cohesins
D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D016213:Cyclins; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D010450:Endopeptidases; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D064249:Securin; D064247:Separase; D043743:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes; D000097722:Cohesins; C578004:PDS1 protein, S cerevisiae; C108312:condensin complexes; C577986:ESP1 protein, S cerevisiae