title: Response rates to a mailed survey targeting childhood cancer survivors: a comparison of conditional versus unconditional incentives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mailed surveys are widely used to collect epidemiologic and health service data. Given that nonresponse can threaten the validity of surveys, modest incentives are often used to increase response rates. A study was undertaken among childhood cancer survivors and their parents to determine if response rate to a mailed survey differed with provision of immediate versus delayed incentives.
  
  
  METHODS
  A self-administered survey designed to ascertain health behaviors was mailed to 397 childhood cancer survivors (and their parents if the survivor was <18 years of age). Subjects were randomized into two groups based on gender, age, race, and cancer type. One group received a 10 US dollars incentive with their blank survey (unconditional incentive), whereas the other group received the incentive upon receipt of their completed survey (conditional incentive). If children were minors, both the parent and the child received incentives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in response rates were observed with respect to gender, age, race, or cancer type. However, significant differences in response rates were observed between incentive groups, with unconditional incentives yielding significantly higher response rates than conditional incentives for child survivors who were > or =18 years (64.4% versus 49.0%), as well as younger child survivors (62.5% versus 43.6%) and their parents (64.8% versus 41.5%; all P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The provision of an immediate incentive generated significantly higher response rates to this mailed health survey among childhood cancer survivors and their parents. Given that survey studies are commonly conducted across various pediatric populations, these findings may help inform the design of future pediatric survey research.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, 222 Bell Building, Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA. rosof001@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rosoff
authors.forename: Cary
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Elizabeth C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Clipp
authors.forename: Ann Bebe
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Guill
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonner
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Demark-Wahnefried
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy; D009657:North Carolina; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011177:Postal Service; D012042:Registries; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D014040:Token Economy