title: Bladder neck sling for treatment of neurogenic incontinence in children with augmentation cystoplasty: long-term followup.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We retrospectively reviewed the outcome and long-term followup (mean 4.16 years) of bladder neck slings for the treatment of neurogenic urinary incontinence in 58 patients (15 males) who also underwent bladder augmentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 58 patients with neurogenic bladder (43 females and 15 males, median age 11.4 years) underwent a rectus fascial sling procedure as part of the reconstructive efforts for continence between July 1991 and July 2003. Criteria for enhancement of bladder outlet resistance included a detrusor leak point pressure of less than 45 cm H2O, an open bladder neck during bladder filling at low detrusor pressures and clinical evidence of stress incontinence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Followup ranged from 1 year to 10 years, 3 months (mean 4.16 years). A total of 51 patients (88%) obtained good continence results. Five females and 2 males remained incontinent following the sling procedure. Four females underwent a secondary open bladder neck procedure at a mean of 18 months after the initial procedure (artificial urinary sphincter in 2, bladder neck closure in 2). Two male patients (5 and 17 years old) had daily underwear staining or dampness with exercise or transfer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We consider bladder neck slings the procedure of choice for the enhancement of bladder outlet resistance in the majority of patients with neurogenic bladder who need augmentation cystoplasty and whom we do not expect will be capable of voiding spontaneously. In males and females satisfactory long-term continence can be expected with the use of the rectus fascial sling.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Miami Children's Hospital and Jackson Memorial Hospital, and Department of Urology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castellan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gosalbez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Labbie
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Disandro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003559:Cystostomy / Q000379:methods; D000071938:Fasciotomy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery*; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000601:surgery*; D014547:Urinary Diversion / Q000379:methods; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000601:surgery*; D016741:Urinary Sphincter, Artificial