title: Temporal trends in early clinical manifestations of perinatal HIV infection in a population-based cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of early antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the early progression of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is not well defined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine early disease progression and survival in a population-based cohort with perinatal HIV infection in relation to year of birth and use of ART.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study of temporal trends in early progression of perinatal HIV infection among 205 HIV-infected children in Northern California born between January 1, 1988, and December 31, 2001, and followed up through age 3 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of and age at progression to a first US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention category C diagnosis relative to year of birth, type of ART, and age at initiation of therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 205 children, 134 (65%) received ART and/or Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis. By age 3 years, 81 (40%) progressed to a category C diagnosis, 41 (51%) of whom died. Untreated children were significantly more likely to progress to a category C diagnosis (62% [44/71] untreated vs 28% [37/134] treated children, P<.001); none of 23 infants who received triple ART progressed to category C. However, even without triple ART, very early mono/dual ART (by age 2 months vs 3-4 months) was associated with delayed and decreased progression to category C (P = .02). Of 33 children born between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2001, only 7 (21%) progressed to category C (P = .02 compared with 1988-1995), 6 of 7 of whom received no therapy. More recent year of birth and more advanced therapy were associated with improved survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This population-based cohort demonstrated decreased early HIV progression and improved survival at age 3 years, associated with more advanced therapy. Although limited by small sample size, the findings suggest that very early treatment, even without triple ART, was associated with improved outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif 94305-5208, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Berk
authors.forename: Meira S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Falkovitz-Halpern
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Albin
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arrieta
authors.forename: Jane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bork
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cohan
authors.forename: Bjorn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nilson
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petru
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Peggy Sue
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Weintrub
authors.forename: Wanda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wenman
authors.forename: Yvonne A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Maldonado
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000151:congenital* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis