title: Carbohydrate supplementation improves time-trial cycle performance during energy deficit at 4,300-m altitude.
abstract: Carbohydrate supplementation (CHOS) typically improves prolonged time-trial (TT) performance at sea level (SL). This study determined whether CHOS also improves TT performance at high altitude (ALT; 4,300 M) despite increased hypoxemia and while in negative energy balance (approximately 1,250 kcal/day). Two groups of fasting, fitness-matched men performed a 720-kJ cycle TT at SL and while living at ALT on days 3 (ALT3) and 10 (ALT10). Eight men drank a 10% carbohydrate solution (0.175 g/kg body wt) and eight drank a placebo (PLA; double blind) at the start of and every 15 min of the TT. Blood glucose during each TT was higher (P < 0.05) for CHOS than for PLA. At SL, TT duration (approximately 59 min) and watts (approximately 218 or approximately 61% of peak watts; %SL Wpeak) were similar for both groups. At ALT, the TT was longer for both groups (P < 0.01) but was shorter for CHOS than for PLA on ALT3 (means +/- SE: 80 +/- 7 vs. 105 +/- 9 min; P < 0.01) and ALT10 (77 +/- 7 vs. 90 +/- 5 min; P < 0.01). At ALT, %SL Wpeak was reduced (P < 0.01) with the reduction on ALT3 being larger for PLA (to 33 +/- 3%) than for CHOS (to 43 +/- 2%; P < 0.05). On ALT3, O2 saturation fell similarly from 84 +/- 2% at rest to 73 +/- 1% during the TT for both groups (P < 0.05), and on ALT10 O2 saturation fell more (P < 0.02) for CHOS (91 +/- 1 to 76 +/- 2%) than for PLA (90 +/- 1 to 81 +/- 1%). %SL Wpeak and O2 saturation were inversely related during the TT for both groups at ALT (r > or = -0.76; P < or = 0.03). It was concluded that, despite hypoxemia exacerbated by exercise, CHOS greatly improved TT performance at ALT in which there was a negative energy balance.
authors.affiliation: Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, USARIEM, Natick, MA 01760-5007, USA. Charles.Fulco@US.Army.mil
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fulco
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kambis
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Friedlander
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Muza
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cymerman
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates