title: Appropriateness of immunosuppressive drugs in inflammatory bowel diseases assessed by RAND method: Italian Group for IBD (IG-IBD) position statement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the explosion of biological therapies, the old immunosuppressants continue to play a pivotal role in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the appropriateness of immunosuppressants-azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, cyclosporine A, tacrolimus (FK506), mycophenolate mofetil and thalidomide-in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease by using RAND/University of California Appropriateness Method.
  
  
  METHODS
  The RAND method consists of a combination of evidence from the literature and experts' opinions. Appropriateness has been defined to mean that the expected health benefit exceeds the expected negative consequences by a sufficiently wide margin. A panel of 10 experts from the Italian Group for Inflammatory Bowel Disease has rated, in two rounds, on a scale from 1 to 9, the appropriateness of each indication selected by the Promoter Centre, on the basis of their own clinical experience. An indication was considered appropriate if the median of the panelists' ratings fell within the area 7-9, inappropriate in the area 1-3 and uncertain in the area 4-6. A total of 2781 indications were grouped into 13 categories (mild to moderate Crohn's disease; severe Crohn's disease; fistulizing Crohn's disease; steroid-dependant and -resistant Crohn's disease; maintenance of remission induced by medical treatment in Crohn's disease; maintenance of remission induced by surgery in Crohn's disease; mild to moderate ulcerative colitis; severe ulcerative colitis; steroid-dependant and -resistant ulcerative colitis; maintenance of remission induced by medical treatment in ulcerative colitis; extra-intestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease; pregnancy and inflammatory bowel disease; azathioprine-resistant or -intolerant inflammatory bowel disease patients).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2781 scenarios, 212 (7.6%) were rated appropriate, 645 (23.2%) uncertain and 1924 (69.2%) inappropriate. The most relevant results were: in steroid-dependant or -resistant Crohn's disease, azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate were defined as appropriate in 25 (86.2%) and 14 (48.3%) of the 29 scenarios respectively; in Crohn's disease, azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine were defined as appropriate combined with Infliximab (bridge therapy); in steroid-dependant or -resistant ulcerative colitis, azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine were defined as appropriate in 45 (77.6%) out of 58 scenarios, while methotrexate was defined appropriate only after previous azathioprine failure; in severe ulcerative colitis, cyclosporine A was defined as appropriate only after previous failure with steroids; in azathioprine-intolerant or -resistant inflammatory bowel disease patients, methotrexate was appropriate in 20 (66.7%) out of 30 scenarios; it is inappropriate to stop azathioprine treatment before conception in the presence of active disease. The use of FK506, mycophenolate mofetil and Thalidomide resulted as inappropriate or uncertain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study show that only azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate are appropriate in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Cyclosporine A was found to be appropriate only in severe ulcerative colitis after the failure of steroids. FK506, mycophenolate mofetil and Thalidomide resulted as inappropriate but experience with these agents is somewhat limited.
authors.affiliation: Promoter Centre, GI Unit, Department of Clinical Science, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy. renzo.caprilli@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caprilli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Angelucci
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cocco
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viscido
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Annese
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ardizzone
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Biancone
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Castiglione
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cottone
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meucci
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paoluzi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Papi
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Sturniolo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vecchi
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006300:Health Services Misuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D000069285:Infliximab; D007412:Intestinal Fistula / Q000188:drug therapy; D007558:Italy; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D000069285:Infliximab; D011241:Prednisone