title: CpG-independent synergistic induction of beta-chemokines and a dendritic cell phenotype by orthophosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in elutriated human primary monocytes.
abstract: Chemokines attract leukocytes bearing the relevant chemokine receptors and regulate innate immune responses. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) and GM-CSF are potent vaccine adjuvants and in combination induce enhanced Th1 responses by mechanisms yet to be determined. We have examined combinations of CpG- or non-CpG-ODN and GM-CSF for effects on the production of chemokines and the differentiation of monocytes to dendritic cells. High levels of the Th1-attracting, HIV-1-inhibitory chemokines, CCL3/MIP-1alpha and CCL4/MIP-1beta, were induced in human primary monocytes when CpG- or non-CpG-ODN was combined with GM-CSF, but not with IL-4 or IFN-gamma. The synergistic induction of beta-chemokines by non-CpG-ODN was phosphorothioate (PS) chemistry dependent and inhibited by blocking endosome maturation/acidification and ERK1/2 activation. Chemokine and TLR9 mRNAs were induced by PS-ODN. Cells treated with non-CpG PS-ODN and GM-CSF expressed dendritic cell marker CD83 and high levels of HLA-DR and costimulatory molecules, and were CD14(-) or CD14(dim), consistent with monocyte differentiation into a dendritic cell phenotype. The induction of CD83 and beta-chemokines was tyrosine phosphorylation dependent. Secreted CCL3 and CCL4 were detected as a heterodimer. Our results indicate the CpG-independent synergy between PS-ODN and GM-CSF mediated through chemokine and dendritic cell induction. In addition, our observations suggest that PS-ODN plus GM-CSF may be useful as potent ex vivo dendritic cell differentiation/maturation agents for dendritic cell therapy and as vaccine adjuvants for tumor and infectious microorganisms, including HIV-1.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunology, Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Jinhai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roderiquez
authors.forename: Ennan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Quincy
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: Jiun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Phelan
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Norcross
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000276:immunology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D011992:Endosomes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000737:chemistry*; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000737:chemistry*; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D000097802:CD83 Antigen
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D019013:CD40 Antigens; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D013873:Thionucleotides; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D000097802:CD83 Antigen; C066507:CCL4 protein, human; C497964:CD86 protein, human; C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; C495371:TLR9 protein, human