title: Corrosion on spinal implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Modular spine implants are used as an aid to obtaining fusion, but fretting and corrosion occur between modular components in a biologic environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight spinal implant constructs manufactured by a variety of companies were retrieved from 47 patients and were subjected to surface analysis stereomicroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stainless-steel implants (n = 23) had either semirigid constructs with mild or no surface alteration (n = 7) or rigid constructs with moderate or severe alteration (n = 16). Surface damage was consistent with previously observed mechanically assisted crevice corrosion phenomena. Titanium alloy implants (n = 25) showed no significant corrosion but had three constructs with fatigue failure of anchoring screws. One cobalt alloy construct showed no evidence of corrosion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term effects of fretting and corrosion are unclear, and minimization of these phenomena seems justified. Selection of modular components with similar materials and surface finish may help the surgeon minimize localized changes over time. Stainless-steel implants with rigid interconnections and those with different surface finishes between rods and connectors are most susceptible to corrosion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. john.kirkpatrick@ortho.uab.edu
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: Ramakrishna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Venugopalan
authors.forename: Preston
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lemons
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000009:adverse effects; D003343:Corrosion; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery*; D013193:Stainless Steel; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D013193:Stainless Steel; D014025:Titanium