title: Gingival tissue proteoglycan and chondroitin-4-sulphate levels in cyclosporin A-induced gingival overgrowth and the effects of initial periodontal treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressive drug used in organ transplant patients to prevent graft rejection. CsA-induced gingival overgrowth is one of the side effects of this drug and its pathogenesis is still unclear. The present study was planned to comparatively analyse total proteoglycan (PG) and chondroitin-4-sulphate (C4S) levels in CsA-induced overgrown gingival tissue samples obtained before and after initial periodontal treatment and to compare these findings with the situation in healthy gingiva.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gingival tissue samples were obtained from nine patients with CsA-induced gingival overgrowth before and 4 weeks after initial periodontal treatment including oral hygiene instruction and scaling and also from 10 healthy control subjects. Total PG and C4S levels were determined by biochemical techniques. PG levels were analysed using modified Bitter and Muir method. C4S assay was carried out using chondroitin sulphate lyase AC and chondroitin-6 sulphate sulphohydrolase enzymes. The results were tested statistically using non-parametric tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All clinical measurements in the CsA-induced gingival overgrowth group demonstrated significant reductions 4 weeks after initial periodontal treatment (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the levels of baseline total PG in CsA-induced gingival overgrowth and healthy control groups (p>0.05). The gingival tissue levels of PG in CsA-induced gingival overgrowth group decreased significantly 4 weeks after treatment (p=0.043). Gingival tissue C4S levels in the overgrowth group were significantly higher than the healthy control group at baseline (p=0.000). C4S levels of the overgrowth group were significantly reduced after treatment (p=0.033), but these levels were still significantly higher than the healthy control group (p=0.000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed prominent increase in gingival tissue C4S levels may be interpreted as a sign of an increase in C4S synthesis in CsA-induced gingival overgrowth. Furthermore, remission of clinical inflammation by means of initial periodontal treatment had a positive effect on tissue levels of these extracellular matrix molecules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. vardar@dent.ege.edu.tr
authors.forename: Saynur
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vardar
authors.forename: Haluk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baylas
authors.forename: Figen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zihnioğlu
authors.forename: Nurcan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Buduneli
authors.forename: Gülnur
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Emingil
authors.forename: Gül
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Atilla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000032:analysis*; D016572:Cyclosporine; D012534:Dental Scaling; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000737:chemistry*; D019214:Gingival Overgrowth / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D008297:Male; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000032:analysis*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011509:Proteoglycans; D016572:Cyclosporine; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates