title: Emission of methane and carbon dioxide and earthworm survival during composting of pharmaceutical sludge and spent mycelia.
abstract: Emissions of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from spent mycelia of the mold Penicilium notatum and sludge from the effluent treatment facility (ETPS) of a pharmaceutical industry were estimated twice during a two-week composting before vermicomposting. These wastes are dumped in landfills or sometimes used in agricultural fields and no reports are available on their greenhouse gas producing potentials. The solid wastes contained appreciable organic carbon and nitrogen while very high Fe, Mn and Zn were found in ETPS only. Pure wastes did not support germination of Vigna radiata L. while mixing soil with ETPS and spent mycelia at the ratios of 12:1 and 14:1 led to 80% and 50% germination, respectively. The wastes were mixed with cowdung at the ratios of 1:1, 1:3 and 3:1 for composting. Carbon dioxide emissions were always significantly higher than CH4 emissions from all the treatments due to prevalence of aerobic condition during composting. From some treatments, CH4 emissions increased with time, indicating increasing activity of anaerobic bacteria in the waste mixtures. Methane emissions ranged from 21.6 to 231.7 microg m(-2) day(-1) while CO2 emissions were greater than thousand times at 39.8-894.8 mg m(-2) day(-1). The amount of C emitted as CH4-C and CO2-C from ranged from 0.007% to 0.081% of total C composted. Cowdung emitted highest CH4 followed by spent mycelia and ETPS while ETPS emitted more CO2 than spent mycelia but lesser than cowdung. Global warming potential of emitted CH4 was found to be in the range of 10.6-27.7 mg-CO2-equivalent on a 20-year time horizon. The results suggest that pharmaceutical wastes can be an important source of CH4 and CO2 during composting or any other stockpiling under suitable moisture conditions. The waste mixtures were found not suitable for vermicomposting after two weeks composting and earthworms did not survive long in the mixtures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and Research, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388 120, India. joy_ensc@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Deepanjan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.forename: Jigisha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Desai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D004345:Drug Industry; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000254:growth & development; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D025282:Mycelium / Q000737:chemistry*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000166:cytology; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil; D014866:Waste Products; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen; D008697:Methane