title: Hypospadias repair: Byar's two stage operation revisited.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypospadias is a congenital deformity characterised by an abnormally located urethral opening, that could occur anywhere proximal to its normal location on the ventral surface of glans penis to the perineum. Many operations had been described for the management of this deformity.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifteen patients with hypospadias were treated at the Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia between September 1987 and December 2002, of which 100 had Byar's procedure performed on them.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age of the patients ranged from neonates to 26 years old. Sixty-seven patients had penoscrotal (58%), 20 had proximal penile (18%), 13 had distal penile (11%) and 15 had subcoronal hypospadias (13%). Operations performed were Byar's two-staged (100), Bracka's two-staged (11), flip-flap (2) and MAGPI operation (2). The most common complication encountered following hypospadias surgery was urethral fistula at a rate of 18%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a higher incidence of proximal hypospadias in the Malaysian community. Byar's procedure is a very versatile technique and can be used for all types of hypospadias. Fistula rate is 18% in this series.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Pahang, 50586 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. araprs@hkl.gov.my
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Arshad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D010413:Penis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013536:Suture Techniques; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014521:Urethra / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery