title: Quantitative and qualitative antibody response to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine among African human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the quantitative and qualitative antibody responses to a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PnCV) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed infected and uninfected children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children were randomized to receive either a PnCV or placebo at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age. PnCV serotype-specific antibody concentrations were measured by a standard enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a 22F modified EIA (22F EIA) on single serum samples drawn at 21-42 days post-dose 3. Functional activities of the serotype-specific antibody to serotypes 6B, 19F and 23F were measured with an opsonophagocytic assay (OPA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The geometric mean antibody concentrations (GMC) were similar in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected PnCV recipients for 7 of the 9 vaccine serotypes. In placebo recipients, the GMCs were significantly higher in HIV-infected than in uninfected children for 7 of the serotypes. In HIV-infected PnCV recipients, the GMCs were lower for 5 of the serotypes in children with severe acquired immunodeficiency syndrome than in children who were asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. HIV-infected PnCV recipients were less likely to have measurable functional antibody (OPA titer > or =1/8) to all 3 studied serotypes (6B, 19F and 23F) than in HIV-uninfected children. HIV-infected children required a higher concentration of anticapsular antibody to achieve 50% of the maximum uptake of labeled Streptococcus pneumoniae in the OPA assay than HIV-uninfected children for 2 of the 3 serotypes, although this was significant only for serotype 6B (P = 0.0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-infected children have similar quantitative antibody responses but poorer qualitative antibody responses to the PnCV.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Communicable Diseases/University of the Witwatersrand/Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Shabir A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Madhi
authors.forename: Locadiah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuwanda
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cutland
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Käyhty
authors.forename: Keith P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Klugman
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000367:Age Factors; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D000917:Antibody Formation; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate