title: Skeletal muscle involvement in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
abstract: Skeletal muscle involvement can occur at all stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and may represent the first manifestation of the disease. Myopathies in HIV-infected patients are classified as follows: (1) HIV-associated myopathies and related conditions, including HIV polymyositis, inclusion-body myositis, nemaline myopathy, diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS), HIV-wasting syndrome, vasculitic processes, myasthenic syndromes, and chronic fatigue; (2) muscle complications of antiretroviral therapy, including zidovudine and toxic mitochondrial myopathies related to other nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome, and immune restoration syndrome related to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); (3) opportunistic infections and tumor infiltrations of skeletal muscle; and (4) rhabdomyolysis. Introduction of HAART has dramatically modified the natural history of HIV disease by controlling viral replication, but, in turn, lengthening of the survival of HIV-infected individuals has been associated with an increasing prevalence of iatrogenic conditions.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Département de Pathologie, Créteil F-94010, France. authier@univ-paris12.fr
authors.forename: François-Jérôme
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Authier
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chariot
authors.forename: Romain K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Gherardi
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006800:Deltaretrovirus Infections / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D019247:HIV Wasting Syndrome / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D017240:Mitochondrial Myopathies / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology*; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D017696:Myopathies, Nemaline / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D017285:Polymyositis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D012206:Rhabdomyolysis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology