title: Interplanetary crew doses and dose equivalents: variations among different bone marrow and skin sites.
abstract: Previously, calculations of bone marrow dose from the large solar particle event (SPE) of July 2000 were carried out using the BRYNTRN space radiation transport code and the computerized anatomical man (CAM) model. Results indicated that the dose for a bone marrow site in the mid-thigh might be twice as large as the dose for a site in the pelvis. These large variations may be significant for space radiation protection purposes, which traditionally use an average of many (typically 33) sites throughout the body. Other organs that cover large portions of the body, such as the skin, may also exhibit similar variations with doses differing from site to site. The skin traditionally uses an average of 32 sites throughout the body. Variations also occur from site to site among the dose equivalents, which may be important in determining stochastic effects. In this work, the magnitudes of dose and dose equivalent variations from site to site are investigated. The BRYNTRN and HZETRN transport codes and the CAM model are used to estimate bone marrow and skin doses and dose equivalents as a function of position in the body for several large solar particle events and annual galactic cosmic ray spectra from throughout the space era. These position-specific results are compared with the average values usually used for radiation protection purposes. Various thicknesses of aluminum shielding, representative of nominal spacecraft, are used in the analyses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-2300, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Zapp
mesh_terms: D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D006801:Humans; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011522:Protons; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects; D019445:Solar Activity; D013026:Space Flight
chemical_list: D011522:Protons