title: Primary progressive multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present article reviews the currently ongoing scientific debate on the specific characteristics of primary progressive multiple sclerosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most important observations come from the studies using magnetic resonance imaging showing involvement of the normal-appearing brain tissue and also from the clinical and magnetic-resonance-imaging descriptions in longitudinal studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progress in the diagnosis of primary progressive multiple sclerosis has been made. Long- and short-term natural history are now better known, which will allow the designing of clinical trials in the near future. Magnetic-resonance-imaging studies have demonstrated damage of the normal-appearing brain tissue, which may explain in part the apparent clinical and radiological paradox, common to all clinical forms of multiple sclerosis but perhaps more evident in the primary progressive form. Preliminary results from exploratory trials seem to indicate that these patients should no longer be excluded from therapeutic trials.
authors.affiliation: Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain. xavier.montalban@unic-em.com
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Montalban
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020528:Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive / Q000175:diagnosis; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D016899:Interferon-beta