title: First report of saxitoxin in Finnish lakes and possible associated effects on human health.
abstract: This study is the first report of saxitoxin in cyanobacterial blooms in Finland. Bloom samples (n = 50) were collected from Finnish freshwater sites during summer months of 2002 and 2003. These samples were screened for the presence of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) using the Jellett rapid PSP screening test. Samples testing positive for PSTs (n = 7) were further analyzed with saxiphilin- and voltage-gated sodium channel [(3)H]-STX-binding radioreceptor assays and liquid chromatography using fluorescence and mass spectrometric analysis. The results indicated that saxitoxin (STX) was the only PST analogue in the samples and that it was present in high concentrations, as much as 1 mg L(-1). Microscopic analysis revealed that 95%-100% of the phytoplankton in the positive samples consisted of Anabaena lemmermannii. The trophic status of lakes in which STX-containing blooms were found varied from oligotrophic to hypertrophic. All the lakes had high nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios. In some instances, samples had been collected from sites where swimmers had reported adverse health effects, and in three such cases, reported adverse health effects were associated with sites from which samples testing positive for STX had been received. Symptoms of fever, eye irritation, abdominal pains, and skin rash were reported in children aged 2-10 years after exposure to the water. These were not the adverse human symptoms typical of STX poisoning; rather, they represented acute effects often reported following recreational exposure to cyanobacterial blooms.
authors.affiliation: National Product Control Agency for Welfare and Health, P.O. Box 210, FIN-00531 Helsinki, Finland. jarkko.rapala@sttv.fi
authors.forename: Jarkko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rapala
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: Katri A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Pirjo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tuomi
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lyra
authors.forename: Kirsti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Erkomaa
authors.forename: Kirsti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lahti
authors.forename: Kalle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoppu
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lepistö
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000209:etiology; D017033:Anabaena / Q000737:chemistry*; D001681:Biological Assay; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005068:Eutrophication; D005076:Exanthema / Q000209:etiology; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011634:Public Health; D012530:Saxitoxin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D012530:Saxitoxin