title: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulation of adipocyte glucocorticoid function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 dose dependently increases intracellular calcium in human adipocytes. We have demonstrated that suppression of circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels by increasing dietary calcium reduces adipocyte intracellular calcium and reduces adiposity in both humans and rodents, with preferential loss of trunk fat. Autocrine production of cortisol by adipocytes of mice overexpressing 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD 1) in adipose tissue increases visceral adiposity, whereas knockout of 11beta-HSD 1 appears to attenuate truncal obesity. Accordingly, our objective was to investigate the role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the modulation of adipocyte glucocorticoid metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or angiotensin II on cortisol production and expression using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of 11beta-HSD 1, angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1), and AT2 receptor in human adipocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adipocytes produced negligible cortisol in the absence of substrate (cortisone). In the presence of cortisone (1 to 10 nM), there was significant cortisol production, which was dose dependently augmented (2- to 6-fold, p < 0.001) by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (0.1 to 10 nM). 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 dose dependently increased 11beta-HSD 1 expression up to 2-fold (p < 0.01) in both the presence and absence of cortisone. In contrast, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 dose dependently decreased adipocyte AT1 expression (by 30% to 50%, p < 0.001) in both the presence and absence of cortisone, suggesting compensatory down-regulation of AT(1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 directly regulates adipocyte 11beta-HSD 1 expression and, consequently, local cortisol levels and that this may contribute to the preferential loss of visceral adiposity by high-calcium diets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Room 229, Jessie Harris Building, 1215 West Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Zemel
mesh_terms: D042842:11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003348:Cortisone / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D000804:Angiotensin II; D042842:11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D002117:Calcitriol; D002118:Calcium; D003348:Cortisone; D006854:Hydrocortisone