title: Evidence that DNA damage detection machinery participates in DNA repair.
abstract: The toroidal Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 checkpoint complex (9-1-1) is structurally similar to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), which serves as a sliding clamp platform for DNA replication and repair. 9-1-1 has been characterized as a sensor of DNA damage that functions in concert with the checkpoint control proteins ATM and ATR. However, recent data suggest that the 9-1-1 complex and its individual Rad9 component serve different and multiple functions in cells by sensing DNA damage, stimulating apoptosis, and regulating gene transcription. Recently it was reported that 9-1-1 interacts with and/or stimulates components of the base excision repair (BER) pathway including the S. pombe MutY homolog (MYH), human polymerase beta (Polbeta), and flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1). Furthermore, preliminary results indicate a stimulation of DNA ligase I. In this review, the likely direct participation of 9-1-1 in DNA repair is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Helt
authors.forename: Wensheng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Keng
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bambara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002453:Cell Cycle; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D004249:DNA Damage; D045647:DNA Glycosylases / Q000378:metabolism; D019951:DNA Polymerase beta / Q000378:metabolism; D004260:DNA Repair; D005092:Exonucleases / Q000502:physiology*; D045585:Flap Endonucleases / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D012568:Schizosaccharomyces; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; C106332:hus1 protein, S pombe; C069930:rad9 protein; D019951:DNA Polymerase beta; D005092:Exonucleases; D045585:Flap Endonucleases; C113574:Rad1 protein, human; D045647:DNA Glycosylases; C061738:mutY adenine glycosylase