title: Proton MR spectroscopic imaging depicts diffuse axonal injury in children with traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is important in patient assessment and prognosis, yet they are underestimated with conventional imaging techniques. We used MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to detect DAI and determine whether metabolite ratios are accurate in predicting long-term outcomes and to examine regional differences in injury between children with TBI and control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty children with TBI underwent transverse proton MRSI through the level of the corpus callosum within 1-16 days after injury. T2-weighted, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and susceptibility-weighted MR imaging was used to identify voxels as normal-appearing or as nonhemorrhagic or hemorrhagic injury. Neurologic outcome was evaluated at 6-12 months after injury. Metabolite ratios for total (all voxels), normal-appearing, and hemorrhagic brain were compared and used in a logistic regression model to predict long-term outcome. Total and regional metabolite ratios were compared with control data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant decrease in N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) and increase in choline (Cho)/Cr (evidence of DAI) was observed in normal-appearing (P < .05) and visibly injured (hemorrhagic) brain (P < .001) compared with controls. In normal-appearing brain NAA/Cr decreased more in patients with poor outcomes (1.32 +/- 0.54) than in those with good outcomes (1.61 +/- 0.50, P = .01) or control subjects (1.86 +/- 0.1, P = .00). In visibly injured brains, ratios were similarly altered in all patients. In predicting outcomes, ratios from normal-appearing and visibly-injured brain were 85% and 67% accurate, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRSI can depict injury in brain that appears normal on imaging and is useful for predicting long-term outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Holshouser
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ashwal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020833:Diffuse Axonal Injury / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy