title: Urinary fistulas following external radiation or permanent brachytherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate cancer (PCa) radiotherapy (RT), including brachytherapy, may lead to significant morbidity, including urinary fistulas. If conservative measures fail, urinary and/or fecal diversion is often required. In this study we examined a series of patients with fistulas that developed after pelvic radiation therapy and explored potential predisposing factors and treatment recommendations for refractory fistulas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were identified who received radiation therapy for PCa between 1977 and 2002, and subsequently had a fistula to the urinary tract. Patients were excluded who had diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease, a history of recent radical retropubic prostatectomy (possible iatrogenic etiology) or cancer in the excised fistula. Data were extracted from patient charts, mailed questionnaires and outside records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 51 patients were identified with a history of radiation for PCa who subsequently had a urinary fistula. Of 20 patients meeting inclusion criteria 30% received external beam RT alone, 30% received brachytherapy and 40% received combined external beam RT/brachytherapy. Most fistulas (80%) were from the rectum to the urinary tract with an average diameter of 3.2 cm. Of patients with rectal fistulas 81% had a history of rectal stricture, urethral stricture, rectal biopsy, rectal argon beam therapy or transurethral prostate resection after radiation. All patients with rectourethral fistulas who achieved symptomatic resolution required urinary and fecal diversion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conservative treatment is generally ineffective in the management of large urinary fistulas. Surgical intervention offers symptomatic relief and improved quality of life in most patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Chrouser
authors.forename: Bradley C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Leibovich
authors.forename: Susan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Sweat
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Nho V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zincke
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Blute
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014548:Urinary Fistula / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery