title: Medicine, landscapes, symbols: "The country Doctor" by Honoré de Balzac.
abstract: This paper considers examples from research that has interpreted literary works including representations of topographical landscapes, in order to examine the geographical and social perspectives of the author, and of the society in which the author was living and working. We focus especially on the use of representations of therapeutic landscapes in literature to convey the author's perceptions of the aspects of social and physical environments that contribute to human well-being. The novel entitled The country Doctor (Le Médecin de campagne) by Honore de Balzac, first published in 1833, is the particular focus of this paper and we consider this book in the context of the historical period when it was written and other novels of the period which also portray doctors and medicine in varying ways. We present an interpretation of Balzac's novel which focuses on four themes arising from the discussion in the introduction of this paper: the symbolic use of ideas of 'therapeutic landscapes' to represent the 'heroic' role of the doctor; the link between landscapes and ideas of medicine and health, corresponding to the Hippocratic heritage; the representation, through images of salubrious landscapes, of planning and economic development and the role of the leader; the significance of the contrast between the 'therapeutic' rural world and the unhealthy urban settings found in Paris. We conclude that The country Doctor is interesting because of the ways that it reflects the three aspects of landscape (physical, social and symbolic) that Gesler (1998. In: Kearns, R., Gesler W. (Eds.), Putting Health into Place: Landscape, Identity and Well-Being. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY, pp. 17-35 (Chapter 2)) has identified as central 'therapeutic' qualities. Not only does the book reflect a conceptual model of what a therapeutic landscape might be, but it also uses this landscape symbolically as an allegory for spiritual progress and redemption, and for medical and social advance. The novel represents a period of transition from traditional social values and prescientific medical theory towards modernization of society associated with the growing domination of medical science, which continued into the 20th century.
authors.affiliation: IRDES, Research and Information Institute for Health Economics, Paris, France. fr.tonnellier@club-internet.fr
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tonnellier
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Curtis
mesh_terms: D001877:Books; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D017753:Ecosystem; D005843:Geography; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008511:Medicine; D010820:Physicians; D012931:Social Environment; D013561:Symbolism