title: Apoptosis of ejaculated human sperm is induced by co-incubation with Chlamydia trachomatis lipopolysaccharide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous work has shown that co-incubation of human sperm with Chlamydia trachomatis serovars E and LGV leads to premature sperm death and that this is due primarily to chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we investigated the possible involvement of apoptosis in this premature sperm death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Highly motile preparations of sperm from normozoospermic patients were co-incubated for 6 h with extracted LPS from C. trachomatis serovars E and LGV. Three different methods were used to determine if LPS-treated sperm underwent apoptosis, including: (i) flow cytometry; (ii) measurement of ADP:ATP ratios; and (iii) measurement of mono- and oligonucleosomal DNA fragments. Caspase activity was also investigated by fluorimetry and by use of a pan-caspase inhibitor and caspase-3 inhibitor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three methods used for detection indicated that C. trachomatis LPS induced some apoptosis in sperm after 6 h when compared with a staurosporine (apoptosis-positive) control. Moreover, a greater degree of apoptosis was seen with C. trachomatis serovar E than with serovar LGV. It was also shown that C. trachomatis LPS-induced apoptosis of sperm could be blocked with a pan-caspase inhibitor and a caspase-3 inhibitor. Moreover, by using a fluorogenic substrate, apoptosis was shown to be caspase-mediated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general it is believed that apoptosis does not occur in C. trachomatis-infected host cells. However, using three different methods, our findings clearly indicate that co-incubation of sperm with C. trachomatis LPS results in cellular death which is in part due to apoptosis and is caspase-mediated. These findings provide an explanation as to how C. trachomatis can mediate premature death in human sperm.
authors.affiliation: Division of Genomic Medicine, Floor F, University of Sheffield Medical School, UK. a.r.eley@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eley
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hosseinzadeh
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hakimi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Geary
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pacey
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000737:chemistry*; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004542:Ejaculation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; C096713:benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone; D003609:Dactinomycin; D003513:Cycloheximide; D020169:Caspases; D019311:Staurosporine