title: The influence of dose on the performance of dry powder inhalation systems.
abstract: The relationship between drug/lactose ratio and aerosolisation performance of conventional carrier based formulations was investigated using the twin stage impinger. A dose range of approximately 10-450 microg of drug in a 50 mg lactose carrier formulation was studied. Statistical differences in both the fine particle dose and fine particle fraction were observed across the dosage range (ANOVA, p<0.05). In general, no statistically significant difference (Fishers Pairwise, p<0.05) in fine particle dose was observed between drug levels of approximately 10 microg and 135 microg, whereas a linear decrease in fine particle fraction was observed across the same drug level range (R2=0.977). Increasing the dose from approximately 135 microg to 450 microg resulted in a statistically significant increase in both fine particle dose and fraction (ANOVA p<0.05). Such observations may be attributed to the occupation of 'active' carrier sites by drug particles at low drug concentration, since the quantity of drug particles liberated from the carrier during aerosolisation remains constant at the lower dosing regimes.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Technology Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. py@pharm.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Edge
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Traini
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: El-Sabawi
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Urry
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D011208:Powders