title: Id4 is required for the correct timing of neural differentiation.
abstract: Complex intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms determine neural cell fate during development of the nervous system. Using Id4 deficient mice, we show that Id4 is required for normal development of the central nervous system (CNS), timing neural differentiation in the developing forebrain. In the absence of Id4, the ventricular zone of the neocortex, future hippocampus as well as lateral and medial ganglionic eminences exhibited a 20-30% reduction in mitotic neural precursor cells (NPCs). Although the number of apoptotic cells was significantly increased, the neocortex of Id4(-/-) embryos was consistently thicker due to premature neuronal differentiation, which resulted in an increase in early-born neurons in the adult Id4(-/-) cortex. Late-born cortical neurons and astrocytes in the cortex, septum, hippocampus and caudate putamen of Id4(-/-) adult brains were decreased, however, likely due to the depletion of the NPC pool. Consequently, adult Id4(-/-) brains were smaller and exhibited enlarged ventricles. In vitro analysis of neurosphere cultures revealed that proliferation of Id4-deficient NPCs was impaired and that BMP2-mediated astrocyte differentiation was accelerated in the absence of Id4. Together, these in vivo and in vitro data suggest a crucial role for Id4 in regulating NPC proliferation and differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics, Queen's Medical Centre, School of Biology, The University of Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bedford
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Ingeborg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: van Crüchten
authors.forename: Emerson R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sablitzky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000196:embryology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051796:Inhibitor of Differentiation Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009154:Mutation; D019579:Neocortex / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000196:embryology; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C525719:Bmp2 protein, mouse; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C086479:Idb4 protein, mouse; D051796:Inhibitor of Differentiation Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta