title: Effects of two doses of methylphenidate on simulator driving performance in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies have documented an increased frequency of vehicular crashes, traffic citations, driving performance deficits, and driving-related cognitive impairments in teens and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study evaluated the effects of two single, acute doses of methylphenidate (10 and 20 mg) and a placebo on the driving performance of 53 adults with ADHD (mean age=37 years, range=18-65) using a virtual reality driving simulator, examiner and self-ratings of simulator performance, and a continuous performance test (CPT) to evaluate attention and inhibition. A double-blind, drug-placebo, within-subjects crossover design was used in which all participants were tested at baseline and then experienced all three drug conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant beneficial effect for the high dose of medication was observed on impulsiveness on CPT, variability of steering in the standard driving course, and driving speed during the obstacle course. A beneficial effect of the low dose of medication also was evident on turn signal use during the standard driving course. An apparent practice effect was noted on some of the simulator measures between the baseline and subsequent testing sessions that may have interacted with and thereby obscured drug effects on those measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results, when placed in the context of prior studies of stimulants on driving performance, continue to recommend their clinical use as one means of reducing the driving risks in ADHD teens and adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the significantly higher risk of adverse driving outcomes associated with ADHD, industry needs to better screen for ADHD among employees who drive as part of employment so as to improve safety and reduce costs. Use of stimulants to treat the adult ADHD driver may reduce safety risks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. russellbarkley@earthlink.net
authors.forename: Russell A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Barkley
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Trisha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Connor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001334:Automobile Driving; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D010919:Placebos; D008774:Methylphenidate