title: Prostate cancer detection in men with prostate specific antigen 4 to 10 ng/ml using a combined approach of contrast enhanced color Doppler targeted and systematic biopsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transrectal gray scale ultrasound guided biopsy is the standard method for diagnosing prostate cancer (PC). Improved cancer detection with ultrasound contrast agents is related to better detection of tumor vascularity. We evaluated the impact of a combined approach of contrast enhanced, color Doppler targeted biopsy (CECD) and systematic biopsy (SB) for the PC detection rate in men with prostate specific antigen (PSA) 4.0 to 10 ng/ml.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 380 screening volunteers with a total PSA of 4.0 to 10 ng/ml (percent free PSA less than 18). CECD was always performed before SB. Another investigator blinded to contrast enhanced findings performed 10 SBs. The cancer detection rate for the CECD, SB and combined approaches was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PC was detected in 143 of 380 patients (37.6%, mean total PSA 6.2 ng/ml). The PC detection rate for CECD and for SB was 27.4% and 27.6%, respectively. The overall cancer detection rate with the 2 methods combined was 37.6%. For targeted biopsy cores the detection rate was significantly better than for SB cores (32.6% vs 17.9%, p <0.01). CECD in a patient with cancer was 3.1-fold more likely to detect PC than SB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CECD allows for the detection of lesions that cannot be found on gray scale ultrasound or SB. CECD allows for assessment of neovascularity associated with PC. However, the combined use of CECD and SB allows for maximal detection of PC with a detection rate of 37.6% in our patients with PSA 4 to 10 ng/ml.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria. alexandre.pelzer@uibk.ac.at
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pelzer
authors.forename: Jasmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bektic
authors.forename: Andreas P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pallwein
authors.forename: Ethan J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Halpern
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Horninger
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.forename: Ferdinand
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Frauscher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D010743:Phospholipids; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D003287:Contrast Media; D010743:Phospholipids; C420843:contrast agent BR1; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride