title: Osteogenic oxysterols inhibit the adverse effects of oxidative stress on osteogenic differentiation of marrow stromal cells.
abstract: The osteoporosis that occurs with aging is associated with reduced number and activity of osteoblastic cells. Aging, menopause, and osteoporosis are correlated with increased oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant defense mechanisms. We previously demonstrated that oxidative stress induced by a variety of compounds such as xanthine/xanthine oxidase (XXO) and minimally oxidized LDL (MM-LDL) inhibit the osteogenic differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells. Oxysterols are a family of products derived from cholesterol oxidation that have important biological activities. Recently, we reported that a specific oxysterol combination consisting of 22(S)- or 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol and 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol has potent osteogenic properties in vitro when applied to osteoprogenitor cells including M2-10B4 (M2) marrow stromal cells. We now demonstrate that this osteogenic combination of oxysterols prevents the adverse effects of oxidative stress on differentiation of M2 cells into mature osteoblastic cells. XXO and MM-LDL inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of M2 cells, demonstrated by the inhibition of markers of osteogenic differentiation: alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin expression and mineralization. Treatment of M2 cells with osteogenic oxysterol combination 22(S)- and 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol both blocked and reversed the inhibition of osteogenic differentiation produced by XXO and MM-LDL in these cells. The protective effect of the oxysterols against oxidative stress was dependent on cyclooxygenase 1 and was associated with the osteogenic property of the oxysterols. These findings further demonstrate the ability of the osteogenic oxysterols to positively regulate osteogenic differentiation of cells, and suggests that the use of these compounds may be a novel strategy to prevent the adverse effects of oxidative stress on osteogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shouhed
authors.forename: Hoa Ton
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Kha
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Amantea
authors.forename: Theodore J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Parhami
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006888:Hydroxycholesterols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D010012:Osteogenesis; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006888:Hydroxycholesterols; C003585:22-hydroxycholesterol; C025813:20-hydroxycholesterol; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase