title: Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in early prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2002, we reported the initial results of a trial comparing radical prostatectomy with watchful waiting in the management of early prostate cancer. After three more years of follow-up, we report estimated 10-year results.
  
  
  METHODS
  From October 1989 through February 1999, 695 men with early prostate cancer (mean age, 64.7 years) were randomly assigned to radical prostatectomy (347 men) or watchful waiting (348 men). The follow-up was complete through 2003, with blinded evaluation of the causes of death. The primary end point was death due to prostate cancer; the secondary end points were death from any cause, metastasis, and local progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a median of 8.2 years of follow-up, 83 men in the surgery group and 106 men in the watchful-waiting group died (P=0.04). In 30 of the 347 men assigned to surgery (8.6 percent) and 50 of the 348 men assigned to watchful waiting (14.4 percent), death was due to prostate cancer. The difference in the cumulative incidence of death due to prostate cancer increased from 2.0 percentage points after 5 years to 5.3 percentage points after 10 years, for a relative risk of 0.56 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.36 to 0.88; P=0.01 by Gray's test). For distant metastasis, the corresponding increase was from 1.7 to 10.2 percentage points, for a relative risk in the surgery group of 0.60 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.42 to 0.86; P=0.004 by Gray's test), and for local progression, the increase was from 19.1 to 25.1 percentage points, for a relative risk of 0.33 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.25 to 0.44; P<0.001 by Gray's test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radical prostatectomy reduces disease-specific mortality, overall mortality, and the risks of metastasis and local progression. The absolute reduction in the risk of death after 10 years is small, but the reductions in the risks of metastasis and local tumor progression are substantial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. anna.bill.axelson@akademiska.se
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bill-Axelson
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.forename: Mirja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruutu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Häggman
authors.forename: Swen-Olof
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bratell
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spångberg
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: Stig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nordling
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Garmo
authors.forename: Juni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palmgren
authors.forename: Hans-Olov
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: Bo Johan
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Norlén
authors.forename: Jan-Erik
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal