title: Interaction of mobile phones with superficial passive metallic implants.
abstract: The dosimetry of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic (EM) fields of mobile phones is generally based on the specific absorption rate (SAR, W kg(-1)), which is the electromagnetic energy absorbed in the tissues per unit mass and time. In this study, numerical methods and modelling were used to estimate the effect of a passive, metallic (conducting) superficial implant on a mobile phone EM field and especially its absorption in tissues in the near field. Two basic implant models were studied: metallic pins and rings in the surface layers of the human body near the mobile phone. The aim was to find out 'the worst case scenario' with respect to energy absorption by varying different parameters such as implant location, orientation, size and adjacent tissues. Modelling and electromagnetic field calculations were carried out using commercial SEMCAD software based on the FDTD (finite difference time domain) method. The mobile phone was a 900 MHz or 1800 MHz generic phone with a quarter wave monopole antenna. A cylindrical tissue phantom models different curved sections of the human body such as limbs or a head. All the parameters studied (implant size, orientation, location, adjacent tissues and signal frequency) had a major effect on the SAR distribution and in certain cases high local EM fields arose near the implant. The SAR values increased most when the implant was on the skin and had a resonance length or diameter, i.e. about a third of the wavelength in tissues. The local peak SAR values increased even by a factor of 400-700 due to a pin or a ring. These highest values were reached in a limited volume close to the implant surface in almost all the studied cases. In contrast, without the implant the highest SAR values were generally reached on the skin surface. Mass averaged SAR(1 g) and SAR(10 g) values increased due to the implant even by a factor of 3 and 2, respectively. However, at typical power levels of mobile phones the enhancement is unlikely to be problematic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huttunen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toropainen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lappalainen
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000528:radiation effects; D000465:Algorithms; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000528:radiation effects; D040421:Cell Phone; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000528:radiation effects; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011846:Radio Waves; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D008670:Metals