title: A drop-tower experiment to determine the threshold of gravity for inducing motion sickness in fish.
abstract: It has been repeatedly shown earlier that some fish of a given batch reveal motion sickness (a kinetosis) at the transition from 1 g to microgravity. In the course of parabolic aircraft flight experiments, it has been demonstrated that kinetosis susceptibility is correlated with asymmetric inner ear otoliths (i.e., differently weighed statoliths on the right and the left side of the head) or with genetically predispositioned malformed cells within the sensory epithelia of the inner ear. Hitherto, the threshold of gravity perception for inducing kinetotic behavior as well as the relative importance of asymmetric otoliths versus malformed epithelia for kinetosis susceptibility has yet not been determined. The following experiment using the ZARM drop-tower facility in Bremen, Germany, is proposed to be carried out in order to answer the aforementioned questions. Larval cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) will be kept in a camcorder-equipped centrifuge during the microgravity phases of the drops and thus receive various gravity environments ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 g. Videographed controls will be housed outside of the centrifuge receiving 0 g. Based on the video-recordings, animals will be grouped into kinetotically and normally swimming samples. Subsequently, otoliths will be dissected and their size and asymmetry will be measured. Further investigations will focus on the numerical quantification of inner ear supporting and sensory cells as well as on the quantification of inner ear carbonic anhydrase reactivity. A correlation between: (1) the results to be obtained concerning the g-loads inducing kinetosis and (2) the corresponding otolith asymmetry/morphology of sensory epithelia/carbonic anhydrase reactivity will further contribute to the understanding of the origin of kinetosis susceptibility. Besides an outline of the proposed principal experiments, the present study reports on a first series of drop-tower tests, which were undertaken to elucidate the feasibility of the proposal (especially concerning the question, if some 4.7 s of microgravity are sufficient to induce kinetotic behavior in larval fish).
authors.affiliation: Zoological Institute, University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. anken@uni-hohenheim.de
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Anken
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hilbig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000378:metabolism; D002498:Centrifugation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018466:Gravity Sensing / Q000502:physiology*; D007814:Larva; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009929:Organ Size; D010037:Otolithic Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D018489:Space Motion Sickness / Q000209:etiology; D013550:Swimming; D017210:Tilapia; D014893:Weightlessness
chemical_list: D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases