title: Fetal surgery in otolaryngology: a new era in the diagnosis and management of fetal airway obstruction because of advances in prenatal imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and outcome of prenatal imaging and fetal surgery in the diagnosis and management of fetal airway obstruction caused by cervical teratoma or lymphatic malformation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care medical center. Patients A retrospective study of all consecutive fetal patients with cervical teratoma or lymphatic malformation between January 2001 and December 2003.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The indication was potential airway obstruction due to a fetal neck mass in 8 patients. Prenatal images were obtained by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging, and were consistent with teratoma in 4 patients. The mean cervical mass was 8.3 x 7.3 x 6.7 cm, with airway obstruction suspected in all 4 patients. All 4 patients were successfully delivered by ex utero intrapartum treatment, during which 3 newborns required tracheotomy and 1 was successfully intubated. Prenatal images were consistent with lymphatic malformation in the remaining 4 patients. The mean cervical mass was 4.6 x 4.4 x 3.4 cm. There was no indication of airway obstruction based on prenatal images. All 4 patients had an uncomplicated vaginal delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Technological advances in prenatal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging have improved the ability to diagnose congenital abnormalities in utero. This allows for proper assessment of the airway to prevent any unexpected problems at delivery. We believe that many airway emergencies can be avoided by prenatal imaging and initiation of airway management in the prenatal period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. reza.rahbar@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rahbar
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Laura B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bulich
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wilkins-Haug
authors.forename: Carol B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Grable
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: Russell W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: Judy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Estroff
authors.forename: Carol E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Barnewolt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000002:abnormalities*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D013724:Teratoma / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal