title: Selective exposure reporting and Medline indexing limited the search sensitivity for observational studies of the adverse effects of oral contraceptives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore development of possible approaches leading to a sensitive and precise Medline search to identify observational studies of the association between oral contraceptives and breast cancer, an adverse event.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the results of a series of Medline searches to a gold standard comprising 58 reports from a 1996 systematic review examining the relationship between oral contraceptives and the development of breast cancer. Sensitivity (the proportion of gold standard publications identified) and precision (the proportion of retrieved publications that were included in the gold standard) were calculated for each Medline search.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified all 58 articles when the search was not limited by terms related to oral contraceptives, but precision was less than 1% (58 of 6,120). Indexing was problematic when oral contraceptives or hormones were not mentioned in the title or abstract (n = 8) or full text (n = 2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Search strategies identifying all relevant studies were possible but arguably impractical; additional research is needed to generalize our findings. Authors and editors should ensure that all interventions and outcomes examined are reported and indexers should make sure they are indexed. Central registration of observational studies and all variables they examined should be considered to assure identification of studies examining adverse events associated with health interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Center for Gerontology and Health Care Research, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. Lisa_Susan_Wieland@brown.edu
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wieland
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dickersin
mesh_terms: D000043:Abstracting and Indexing; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods; D016239:MEDLINE; D046650:Medical Subject Headings; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral