title: Comparison of flexible ureteroscopes: deflection, irrigant flow and optical characteristics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We measured and compared the deflection, irrigation flow rates, distortion, resolution and light transmission of new generation flexible ureteroscopes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple characteristics of 5 flexible ureteroscopes (ACMI DUR-8 Elite, Olympus URF-P3, Storz 11278AU1 [Flex-X], Wolf 7330.072 and Wolf 7325.172) commonly available in the market were measured and compared. Measured data included active deflection, irrigation flow rates and optical characteristics. Each ureteroscope was evaluated with an empty working channel and with various accessories. Optical characteristics, specifically resolution and distortion, were measured using test targets (Edmund Optics, Barrington, New Jersey). Light transmission was also measured from the ureteroscope tip at 50% and 100% intensity. All 5 flexible ureteroscopes were tested in a laboratory setting using a Storz OR 1 system to capture the images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all 5 ureteroscopes the angle of deflection was most impaired by a 365 microm laser fiber probe and least impaired by a 2.2Fr nitinol basket. Among all 5 ureteroscopes irrigation flow rate was most impaired with a 3.0Fr basket and least impaired with 200 microm laser fiber. The Wolf 7325.172 had the highest observed resolution of 25.39 lines per mm and the Wolf 7330.072 had the lowest distortion at 11.9%. The Karl Storz Flex-X and the ACMI DUR-8 Elite had the highest light output at 374 and 364 mV, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The various flexible ureteroscopes differ with regard to flow rates as well as degree of deflection with either an empty or an occupied working channel. The Wolf flexible ureteroscope with a slightly larger working channel and a fused quartz bundle provided for superior flow and better optical performance. However, the greatest amount of tip deflection and highest light output were found in the ACMI and Karl Storz flexible ureteroscopes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
authors.forename: Corollos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abdelshehid
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Ahlering
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Hyung Keun
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Basillote
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eichel
authors.forename: Dmitriy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Protsenko
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Elspeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McDougall
authors.forename: Ralph V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Clayman
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D018583:Pliability; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D020709:Ureteroscopes