title: Internal porosity of cast titanium removable partial dentures: influence of sprue direction and diameter on porosity in simplified circumferential clasps.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The behavior of molten titanium in molds of complicated shape is still insufficiently understood; consequently, definite spruing criteria are not yet available for titanium RPD frameworks. This study investigated the influence of sprue design on porosity in pressure-cast titanium circumferential clasps.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patterns of 90 circumferential clasps were sprued with three directions (0, 30 and 60 degrees , as measured between the sprue and the symmetry plane of the clasp assembly) and three sprue diameters (1.5, 2.0 and 2.5mm). CPTi was cast in a one-chamber pressure casting machine. Pore number and size were assessed on radiographs of the castings. Statistical analysis was done by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Fisher's PLSD post hoc test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The porosity in lingual arms increased significantly with increase of sprue diameter and sprue angle, while the porosity in minor connectors had an inversely proportional distribution. Very low porosity, uninfluenced by sprue design, was found in buccal arms. In conclusion, internal porosity in titanium circumferential clasp arms can be minimized through sprue design: the 0 degrees sprue direction produced the least porosity, while for the 30 and 60 degrees directions, 1.5mm diameter sprues produced lower porosity than 2.0 and 2.5mm diameter sprues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, the lowest porosity in titanium circumferential clasp arms was obtained with sprues attached perpendicularly to the minor connectors, regardless of sprue diameter. Conventional sprue directions produced significantly higher porosity in clasp lingual arms, the amount of porosity increasing with sprue diameter.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Health in Aging and Fixed Prosthodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Course for Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Gakkocho-dori 2-5274, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
authors.forename: Ioana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baltag
authors.forename: Kouichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Miyakawa
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003735:Dental Casting Technique / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016734:Dental Clasps; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D003779:Denture Design; D003832:Denture, Partial, Removable; D008422:Materials Testing; D016062:Porosity; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium