title: Electromyographic activity of the stylopharyngeus muscle in exercising horses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a need to understand the process which leads to failure of recruitment of the stylopharyngeus muscle in clinical cases of nasopharygeal collapse. We therefore studied the timing and intensity of stylopharyngeus muscle activity during exercise in horses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the stylopharyngeus muscle in exercising horses and correlate it with the breathing pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five horses were equipped with a bipolar fine wire electrode placed on the stylopharyngeus muscle and a pharyngeal catheter. The horses exercised on a treadmill at speeds corresponding to 50 (HRmax50), 75 and 100% of maximum heart rate, and EMG activity of the stylopharyngeus muscle and upper airway pressures were recorded. The EMG activity of the stylopharyngeus muscle was then correlated to the breathing pattern and the activity quantified and reported as a percentage of the baseline activity measured at HRmax50.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was ongoing activity of the stylopharyngeus muscle throughout the breathing cycle; however, activity increased towards the end of expiration and peaked early during inspiration. Tonic activity was present during expiration. Peak, mean electrical and tonic EMG activity increased significantly (P<0.05) with exercise intensity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stylopharyngeus muscle has inspiratory-related activity and tonic activity that increases with speed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stylopharyngeus muscle is one of a group of upper airway muscles that function to support and maintain the patency of the nasopharynx during inspiration. Failure of recruitment of the stylopharyngeus muscle during exercise is a potential explanation for clinical cases of dorsal pharyngeal collapse, but further work investigating the activity of the stylopharyngeus muscle in horses affected by this disease is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tessier
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Holcombe
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stick
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Derksen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boruta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D012119:Respiration