title: Cone-like morphological, molecular, and electrophysiological features of the photoreceptors of the Nrl knockout mouse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that Nrl(-)(/)(-) photoreceptors are cones, by comparing them with WT rods and cones using morphological, molecular, histochemical, and electrophysiological criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  The photoreceptor layer of fixed retinal tissue of 4- to 6-week-old mice was examined in plastic sections by electron microscopy, and by confocal microscopy in frozen sections immunolabeled for the mouse UV-cone pigment and colabeled with PNA. Quantitative immunoblot analysis was used to determine the levels of expression of key cone-specific proteins. Single- and paired-flash methods were used to extract the spectral sensitivity, kinetics, and amplification of the a-wave of the ERG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Outer segments of Nrl(-/-) photoreceptors ( approximately 7 mum) are shorter than those of wild-type (WT) rods ( approximately 25 mum) and cones ( approximately 15 mum); but, like WT cones, they have 25 or more basal discs open to the extracellular space, extracellular matrix sheaths stained by PNA, chromatin "clumping" in their nuclei, and mitochondria two times shorter than rods. Nrl(-/-) photoreceptors express the mouse UV cone pigment, cone transducin, and cone arrestin in amounts expected, given the relative size and density of cones in the two retinas. The ERG a-wave was used to assay the properties of the photocurrent response. The sensitivity of the Nrl(-/-) a-wave is at its maximum at 360 nm, with a secondary mode at 510 nm having approximately one-tenth the maximum sensitivity. These wavelengths are the lambda(max) of the two mouse cone pigments. The time to peak of the dim-flash photocurrent response was approximately 50 ms, more than two times faster than that of rods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many morphological, molecular, and electrophysiological features of the Nrl(-/-) photoreceptors are cone-like, and strongly distinguish these cells from rods. This retina provides a model for the investigation of cone function and cone-specific genetic disease.
authors.affiliation: F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA..
authors.forename: Lauren L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Daniele
authors.forename: Concepcion
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lillo
authors.forename: Arkady L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Lyubarsky
authors.forename: Sergei S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Nikonov
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Philp
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mears
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swaroop
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Edward N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Pugh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019393:Arrestin / Q000378:metabolism; D050976:Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004596:Electroretinography; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D015151:Immunoblotting; D016350:Leucine Zippers / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D011247:Pregnancy; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D012168:Retinal Pigments / Q000378:metabolism; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000378:metabolism; D015293:Transducin / Q000378:metabolism; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D019393:Arrestin; D050976:Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D015415:Biomarkers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005136:Eye Proteins; C084884:Nrl protein, mouse; D012168:Retinal Pigments; D012243:Rhodopsin; D015293:Transducin