Urinary t,t-muconic acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid and benzene as biomarkers of low benzene exposure.
This research compared the capability of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) and benzene excreted in urine (U-benzene) to monitor low benzene exposure and evaluated the influence of smoking habit on these indices. Gasoline attendants, urban policemen, bus drivers and two groups of referents working in two large Italian cities (415 people) were studied. Median benzene exposure was 61, 22, 21, 9 and 6 microg/m3, respectively, with higher levels in workers than in referents. U-benzene, but not t,t-MA and S-PMA, showed an exposure-related increase. All the biomarkers were strongly influenced by cigarette smoking, with values up to five-fold higher in smokers compared to non-smokers. In conclusion, in the range of investigated benzene exposure (<478 microg/m3 or <0.15 ppm), the smoking habit may be regarded as a major source of benzene intake; among the study indices, U-benzene is the marker of choice for the biological monitoring of occupational and environmental exposure.
Fustinoni
Silvia
S
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Milan and Fondazione Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Via S. Barnaba, 8, 20122-Milan, Italy. silvia.fustinoni@unimi.it
Buratti
Marina
M
Campo
Laura
L
Colombi
Antonio
A
Consonni
Dario
D
Pesatori
Angela C
AC
Bonzini
Matteo
M
Farmer
Peter
P
Garte
Seymour
S
Valerio
Federico
F
Merlo
Domenico F
DF
Bertazzi
Pier A
PA
D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D001554:Benzene / Q000032:analysis*; D015415:Biomarkers; D002947:Cities; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005742:Gasoline; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D016495:Police; D012907:Smoking; D013011:Sorbic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D015415:Biomarkers; D005742:Gasoline; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; C005939:muconic acid; C053003:S-phenyl-N-acetylcysteine; D001554:Benzene; D003367:Cotinine; D000111:Acetylcysteine; D013011:Sorbic Acid