title: Endotoxin exposure in asthmatic children and matched healthy controls: results of IPEADAM study.
abstract: Children spend increasing time indoors. Exposure to environmental factors may contribute to the development or exacerbation of the asthmatic phenotype. Inter-relationships between these factors might influence the manifestation of asthma. Endotoxin exposure has been shown to have pro-inflammatory and protective effects in different situations. We investigated the exposure to several indoor pollutants (endotoxin, Der p 1, damp, ETS, PM2.5) in asthmatic and healthy children. The children were recruited from two primary care centers according to their response to a validated questionnaire. Asthmatic children were matched for sex, age and sib-ship size with children living in asthma free households. Of 90 matched pairs, higher levels of endotoxin were found in the living room carpets, but not the bedroom carpet or mattresses of the asthma compared with the control homes (STATA analysis OR: 1.88 (1.11-3.18); P=0.018). Asthmatic children were also more likely to live as part of a single parent family, in a house where the parents self-reported the presence of damp, and where the living room had been redecorated in the 12 months prior to the sampling visits. This study suggests that endotoxin in urban homes is a risk factor for the development of asthma. Moreover, this study found that there were no statistically significant interactions between environmental factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has demonstrated that the home environments of English children (4-17) with asthma and without the disease do not differ greatly. With the exception of endotoxin, the parameters examined in this study, including house dust mite allergens, nitrogen dioxide, ETS and damp are unlikely to be related to the development of asthma. Avoidance of these pollutants may not be beneficial in preventing asthma in this age group.
authors.affiliation: North West Lung Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK. gael@tavernier.info
authors.forename: G O G
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Tavernier
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Oldham
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Blacklock
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: C A C
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pickering
authors.forename: R Mc L
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Niven
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins