title: Temporal trends of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in the intermountain west: emergence of nonvaccine serogroups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7 [Prevnar]) has been associated with decreased a incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases of IPD in children < 18 years of age insured by or receiving health care from Intermountain Health Care during 1996-2003 were identified. Isolates of S. pneumoniae from children with IPD treated at Primary Children's Medical Center (PCMC; Salt Lake City, UT) during 1997-2003 were serogrouped. Temporal trends of IPD, serogroup distribution of pneumococci, and antibiotic resistance among pneumococci were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1535 cases of IPD were identified. The rate of IPD decreased 27% after the introduction of PCV7. Among children with IPD who were cared for at PCMC, disease in 73% was caused by PCV7 serogroups in 1997-2000, compared with 50% in 2001-2003 (P < .001), and the percentage of isolates resistant to penicillin decreased from 34% in 1997-2000 to 22% in 2001-2003 (P = .04). The percentage of IPD cases that were empyema increased from 16% to 30% (P = .015), and the percentage of severe cases of IPD increased from 57% to 71% (P = .026). Children with IPD due to non-PCV7 serogroups were older, were more likely to have parapneumonic empyema, and had longer hospital stays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of IPD in the IMW decreased by 27% after the introduction of the PCV7 vaccine. During the postvaccine period (2001-2003), there were significant decreases in the proportion of cases of IPD caused by PCV7 and antibiotic-resistant serogroups. These benefits were accompanied by a significant increase in the proportion of IPD cases due to non-PCV7 serogroups, with increases in the incidence of empyema and severe IPD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA. cbyington@med.utah.edu
authors.forename: Carrie L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Byington
authors.forename: Matthew H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Samore
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Stoddard
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Korgenski
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Firth
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.forename: Jasmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Edward O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Cheryl K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Shutt
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Pavia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014589:Utah / Q000453:epidemiology; D014611:Vaccination; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate