title: Epithelial lining fluid solute concentrations in chronic obstructive lung disease patients and normal subjects.
abstract: The exhaled breath condensate (EBC) method represents a new, noninvasive way to detect inflammatory and metabolic markers in the fluid that covers the airways [epithelial lining fluid (ELF)]. However, respiratory droplets represent only a very small and variable fraction of the EBC, most (approximately 99.99%) of which is water vapor. Our objective was to show that ELF concentrations could be calculated from EBC values by using any of three dilutional indicators (urea, total cations, and conductivity) in nine normal and nine chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) subjects. EBC concentrations of Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), total cations, urea, and conductivity varied over a 10-fold range among individuals, but concentrations of these constituents (except Ca(2+)) remained well correlated (r(2) = 0.44-0.83, P < 0.001). Dilution (D) of respiratory droplets in water vapor was calculated by dividing plasma concentrations of the dilutional indicators by EBC concentrations. Estimates of D were not significantly different among these indicators, and urea D averaged 10,800 +/- 2,100 (SE) in normal and 12,600 +/- 3,300 in COPD subjects. Although calculated Na(+) concentrations in the ELF were less than one-half those in plasma, and concentrations of K(+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+) exceeded those in plasma, total cation concentrations in ELF were not significantly different from those in plasma, indicating that ELF is isotonic in both normal and COPD subjects. EBC amylase concentrations (measured with an ultrasensitive procedure) indicated that saliva represented <10% of the respiratory (ELF) droplets in all but three samples. Dilutional and salivary markers are essential for interpretation of EBC studies.
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California-Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, 90505, USA. reffros@labiomed.org
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Effros
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casaburi
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Marshall
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dunning
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Torday
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biller
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shaker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000378:metabolism*; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D045853:Exhalation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000378:metabolism*; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D012964:Sodium; D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium