title: The contribution of nitric oxide and vasodilatory prostanoids to bradykinin-mediated vasodilation in Type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of bradykinin on endothelial tone in normoalbuminuric Type 1 diabetic patients and specifically whether any changes are mediated through nitric oxide or prostaglandins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forearm blood flow was measured using venous occlusion plethysmography at baseline and after brachial artery infusions of incremental doses of bradykinin (50, 100 and 200 ng/min) in 15 patients with Type 1 diabetes and 13 non-diabetic controls. Forearm blood flow at baseline and following bradykinin was then re-examined after local infusion of L-NMMA, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, and L-NMMA with indomethacin, a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline blood flow in the diabetic and control groups were similar (4.46 +/- 1.11 vs. 3.41 +/- 1.23 ml/min/100 ml, respectively; P = 0.07). After infusion of L-NMMA and L-NMMA with indomethacin, there was a similar reduction in blood flow responses to bradykinin in both groups. There was no significant difference between the diabetic patients and control subjects in the percentage reduction in forearm blood flow following L-NMMA (16.55 vs. 18.12%, respectively, P = 0.94) and L-NMMA with indomethacin (47.1 vs. 37.3%, respectively, P = 0.14).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that bradykinin-stimulated vasodilation is mediated by both nitric oxide and prostaglandin release from the endothelium in patients with Type 1 diabetes and normoalbuminuria, and in healthy control subjects. We have also shown that the relative contributions of nitric oxide and prostaglandin to bradykinin-mediated vasodilation are similar in these diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic subjects.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK. fwotherspoon@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wotherspoon
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Browne
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Meeking
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Allard
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Munday
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Cummings
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000502:physiology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D011453:Prostaglandins; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001920:Bradykinin