title: One-year monthly monitoring of Torque teno virus (TTV) in wastewater treatment plants in Japan.
abstract: Torque teno virus (TTV) is a novel hepatitis virus which is considered to be transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Wastewater samples were collected monthly from eight wastewater treatment plants in Japan for 1 year, from July 2003 to June 2004, and tested for the presence of TTV by TaqMan PCR. TTV was detected in 97% (93/96) of influent samples, implying that TTV is epidemic in Japan. TTV was also isolated in 18% (17/96) of secondary effluent samples before chlorination and in 24% (23/95) of final effluent samples after chlorination. There was no significant difference between the concentration of total coliform in TTV-positive final effluents and that in TTV-negative final effluents, which indicates that total coliform cannot be used as an indicator of TTV. No TTV was detected in 24 effluents for reuse from two wastewater treatment plants using sand filtration and ozonation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan. haramoto@env.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haramoto
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oguma
authors.forename: Hiromasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Eiichiro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohgaki
mesh_terms: D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005374:Filtration; D006801:Humans; D010126:Ozone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D022783:Torque teno virus / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D019562:Viral Load; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002713:Chlorine; D010126:Ozone; D012822:Silicon Dioxide