title: Midterm evaluation of cardiopulmonary effects of closed repair for pectus excavatum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since the introduction of the closed technique for repair of pectus excavatum, increasing numbers of patients are presenting for surgery. However, controversy exists regarding the effects of repair on long-term cardiopulmonary outcome. This report details the effects over time of closed repair of pectus excavatum on pulmonary function, cardiac function, exercise tolerance, and the patient's perception of appearance and subjective ability to exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients undergoing closed repair of pectus excavatum were evaluated prospectively. Preoperative computed tomography scan, static pulmonary function studies, exercise tolerance, and echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac function were done. Studies were repeated at 3 and 21 months post-bar placement, and then 3 months after bar removal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre- and postoperative data were available for an initial 48 patients, with 11 patients completing the full evaluation after bar removal. All measures of pulmonary function including forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced vital capacity were reduced at 3 months postoperation, with a gradual increase during follow-up; however, pulmonary function remained below normative values for patients without pectus excavatum of similar age. Cardiac function as measured by cardiac output and index was increased at 3 months postoperation and maintained thereafter. Exercise tolerance declined initially and then increased by the 21-month evaluation point and after bar removal. Patients reported a subjective improvement in the ability to exercise immediately after bar insertion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results corroborate previous studies which suggested that after closed repair of pectus excavatum there is an immediate subjective improvement in the ability to exercise which is paralleled by an improvement in cardiac output. However, there is an early postoperative decline in pulmonary function which does improve over time; however, this does not reach normal values for similar weight. Further studies are needed to determine whether these results are maintained, or whether after bar removal there is a further improvement in pulmonary status. These results do support the use of the closed repair of pectus excavatum for maintaining and possibly improving cardiopulmonary function in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Pediatric General Surgery, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada T2T 5C7.
authors.forename: Osama A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Bawazir
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harder
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Sigalet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001828:Body Image; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D020878:Device Removal; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D005660:Funnel Chest / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013318:Stroke Volume; D014109:Total Lung Capacity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014797:Vital Capacity