title: A systematic review of intravenous gamma globulin for therapy of acute myocarditis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intravenous gamma globulin (IVGG) is commonly used in the management of acute myocarditis. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature evaluating this practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a comprehensive search (electronic databases, trials registries, conference proceedings, reference lists, contact with authors) to identify studies evaluating the use of IVGG in adults and children with a clinical or histologically proven diagnosis of myocarditis of possible viral etiology and symptoms of less than six months duration. Two reviewers independently screened the searches, applied inclusion criteria, and graded the evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results were described qualitatively; data were not pooled because only one randomized controlled trial (RCT) with 62 patients was identified. The RCT showed no benefit with respect to cardiac function, functional outcome, or event-free survival. A small, uncontrolled trial (n = 10) showed significant improvement in LVEF from a mean of 24% to 41% 12 months after IVGG in nine survivors. A retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients showed improvement in cardiac function and a trend towards improved survival in patients receiving IVGG (n = 21) versus historic controls (n = 25). Ten case reports and two case series (total n = 21) described improvement in cardiac function after administration of IVGG; two case reports showed no benefit of IVGG. One case of hemolytic anemia was attributed to IVGG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is insufficient data from methodologically strong studies to recommend routine use of IVGG for acute myocarditis. Future randomized studies that take into account the etiology of acute myocarditis will be required to determine the efficacy of IVGG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children's Hospital and University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. jr3@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Joan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hartling
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Crumley
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vandermeer
authors.forename: Terry P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Klassen
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D005719:gamma-Globulins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D005719:gamma-Globulins