title: Contributions of Ca2+ to galectin-1-induced exposure of phosphatidylserine on activated neutrophils.
abstract: Apoptotic cells redistribute phosphatidylserine (PS) to the cell surface by both Ca(2+)-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Binding of dimeric galectin-1 (dGal-1) to glycoconjugates on N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-activated neutrophils exposes PS and facilitates neutrophil phagocytosis by macrophages, yet it does not initiate apoptosis. We asked whether dGal-1 initiated Ca(2+) fluxes that are required to redistribute PS to the surface of activated neutrophils. Prolonged occupancy by dGal-1 was required to maximally mobilize PS to the surfaces of fMLP-activated neutrophils. Like fMLP, dGal-1 rapidly elevated cytosolic Ca(2+) levels in Fluo-4-loaded neutrophils. An initial Ca(2+) mobilization from intracellular stores was followed by movement of extracellular Ca(2+) to the cytosolic compartment, with return to basal Ca(2+) levels within 10 min. Chelation of extracellular Ca(2+) did not prevent PS mobilization. Chelation of intracellular Ca(2+) revealed that fMLP and dGal-1 independently release Ca(2+) from intracellular stores that cooperate to induce optimal redistribution of PS. Ca(2+) mobilization by ionomycin did not permit dGal-1 to mobilize PS, indicating that fMLP initiated both Ca(2+)-dependent and -independent signals that facilitated dGal-1-induced exposure of PS. dGal-1 elevated cytosolic Ca(2+) and mobilized PS through a pathway that required action of Src kinases and phospholipase Cgamma. These results demonstrate that transient Ca(2+) fluxes contribute to a sustained redistribution of PS on neutrophils activated with fMLP and dGal-1.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Sougata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karmakar
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: Rodger P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: McEver
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002413:Cations, Divalent / Q000494:pharmacology; D019281:Dimerization; D037483:Galectin 1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D002413:Cations, Divalent; D037483:Galectin 1; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D015759:Ionomycin; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; D002118:Calcium