title: High rates of adverse drug events in a highly computerized hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies have shown that specific computerized interventions may reduce medication errors, but few have examined adverse drug events (ADEs) across all stages of the computerized medication process. We describe the frequency and type of inpatient ADEs that occurred following the adoption of multiple computerized medication ordering and administration systems, including computerized physician order entry (CPOE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using explicit standardized criteria, pharmacists classified inpatient ADEs from prospective daily reviews of electronic medical records from a random sample of all admissions during a 20-week period at a Veterans Administration hospital. We analyzed ADEs that necessitated a changed treatment plan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 937 hospital admissions, 483 clinically significant inpatient ADEs were identified, accounting for 52 ADEs per 100 admissions and an incidence density of 70 ADEs per 1000 patient-days. One quarter of the hospitalizations had at least 1 ADE. Of all ADEs, 9% resulted in serious harm, 22% in additional monitoring and interventions, 32% in interventions alone, and 11% in monitoring alone; 27% should have resulted in additional interventions or monitoring. Medication errors contributed to 27% of these ADEs. Errors associated with ADEs occurred in the following stages: 61% ordering, 25% monitoring, 13% administration, 1% dispensing, and 0% transcription. The medical record reflected recognition of 76% of the ADEs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High rates of ADEs may continue to occur after implementation of CPOE and related computerized medication systems that lack decision support for drug selection, dosing, and monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Administration Salt Lake City Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Jonathan.Nebeker@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Nebeker
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Charlene R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hurdle
mesh_terms: D016303:Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D004360:Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008510:Medication Systems, Hospital; D011897:Random Allocation; D012189:Retrospective Studies