title: Excess injury mortality among smokers: a neglected tobacco hazard.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the mortality risks from injuries for smokers and ex-smokers and to quantify the mortality burden of smoking from injury in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smokers' (and ex-smokers') mortality risks from injuries were compared with that of non-smokers in a merged cohort from Taiwan. A total of 64,319 male subjects were followed up for 12-18 years. Relative risks (RR) (adjusted for age and alcohol use) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for cause specific injury deaths were calculated using the Cox proportional hazard model. Relative risks of injury mortality were also calculated to assess the presence of dose-response relations with daily smoking quantity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcohol use adjusted relative mortality risks for all injuries (RR 1.69, 95% CI 1.39 to 2.05) including those from motor vehicle accidents (RR 1.88, 95% CI 1.44 to 2.45) and non-motor vehicle accidents (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.99) were significantly higher for smokers than non-smokers. Mortality was also increased for most subtypes of non-motor vehicle injuries including falls, fires, and job related injuries. Furthermore, these increases were dose dependent, with the heaviest smokers having the highest risk and the lightest smokers the lowest risk, and ex-smokers, no increase. In 2001, over one fifth (23%) of all male injury deaths in Taiwan was associated with smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated the significant association between fatal injuries and smoking. This relation adds further weight to smoking cessation campaigns.
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Policy Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan. cwengood@nhri.org.tw
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: W S I
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000401:mortality; D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000401:mortality; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000401:mortality*