title: [No convincing evidence for a causal relationship between childhood nasopharyngeal radium irradiation and head-neck tumors or hormone-related disorders later in life; a retrospective cohort study].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the risk of malignant and benign tumours and hormone-related disorders among patients treated with nasopharyngeal radium irradiation for hypertrophic adenoid or hearing loss caused by otitis media serosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical record registries of 9 hospitals were used to identify a radium-exposed group (n = 5358) and a control group of unexposed patients (n = 5265), who were treated by an otolaryngologist in the period 1945-1981. The vital status of the subjects was determined using municipal resident registries, and the cause of death of decedents was retrieved from Statistics Netherlands (1950-1997). The data was also coupled with the Netherlands Cancer Registry (1989-1996). For the subjects still alive in 1997, the prevalence of relevant disorders was determined using a self-administered questionnaire and disorders reported by the participants were medically verified. The risk of disease in the radium group was then compared with that of the control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average radiation doses were 2.75, 0.109 and 0.015 Gy for nasopharynx, pituitary, and thyroid, respectively. There was no statistically significantly elevated risk for malignancies of the head and neck area (radium-exposed group; n = 14; control group: n = 11 (relative risk (RR): 1.2; 95% CI: 0.6-2.8)). Four of the five thyroid carcinomas were found in the radium-exposed group (RR: 3.8; 0.5-76). Elevated risks were observed for breast cancer (RR: 1.6; 0.9-2.7) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (RR: 2.7; 1.0-8.7). There was an increased risk for skin basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the head and neck (odds ratio (OR): 2.6; 1.0-6.7), but the risk of BCC of other body parts was lower (OR: 0.3; 0.1-1.3). There were no major differences between radium and control subjects with respect to benign head and neck tumours (OR: 1.0; 0.5-1.7) or hormonal disorders. Exposed men reported slightly more fertility disorders than men in the control group (OR: 1.4; 1.0-2.1), but there was no clear dose-response relationship.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After a mean follow-up of 31 years, there was no strong evidence for an elevated risk of head and neck tumours or hormone-related disorders in adulthood among subjects who had been treated with nasopharyngeal radium irradiation during childhood.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ronckers
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Verduijn
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Land
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stovall
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009302:Nasopharyngeal Diseases / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D009426:Netherlands; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology