title: Effect of screening on oral cancer mortality in Kerala, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral cancer is common in men from developing countries, and is increased by tobacco and alcohol use. We aimed to assess the effect of visual screening on oral cancer mortality in a cluster-randomised controlled trial in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 13 clusters chosen for the study, seven were randomised to three rounds of oral visual inspection by trained health workers at 3-year intervals and six to a control group during 1996-2004, in Trivandrum district, Kerala, India. Healthy participants aged 35 years and older were eligible for the study. Screen-positive people were referred for clinical examination by doctors, biopsy, and treatment. Outcome measures were survival, case fatality, and oral cancer mortality. Oral cancer mortality in the study groups was analysed and compared by use of cluster analysis. Analysis was by intention to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 96,517 eligible participants in the intervention group, 87,655 (91%) were screened at least once, 53,312 (55%) twice, and 29,102 (30%) three times. Of the 5145 individuals who screened positive, 3218 (63%) complied with referral. 95,356 eligible participants in the control group received standard care. 205 oral cancer cases and 77 oral cancer deaths were recorded in the intervention group compared with 158 cases and 87 deaths in the control group (mortality rate ratio 0.79 [95% CI 0.51-1.22]). 70 oral cancer deaths took place in users of tobacco or alcohol, or both, in the intervention group, compared with 85 in controls (0.66 [0.45-0.95]). The mortality rate ratio was 0.57 (0.35-0.93) in male tobacco or alcohol users and 0.78 (0.43-1.42) in female users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : Oral visual screening can reduce mortality in high-risk individuals and has the potential of preventing at least 37,000 oral cancer deaths worldwide.
authors.affiliation: Screening Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. Sankar@iarc.fr
authors.forename: Rengaswamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sankaranarayanan
authors.forename: Kunnambath
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ramadas
authors.forename: Gigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muwonge
authors.forename: Somanathan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thara
authors.forename: Babu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.forename: Balakrishnan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rajan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001114:Areca; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008409:Mastication; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D010808:Physical Examination; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking