title: Violence toward mental health staff and safety in the work environment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increasing number of violent episodes toward staff were noted at a university department of psychiatry. A multidisciplinary committee was formed consisting of psychiatrists, biostatisticians, psychologists, nurses, administrators, data managers, social workers, security services, educators on personal safety and an attorney to address the problem.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of violence toward mental health staff, clinicians and non-clinicians, the trend of violence over time, gather more detail about the violent events, the personal struggle of staff affected and establish suggestions for intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  A workplace violence survey was designed to query staff experiences of endangerment, threats, assaults, age, sex and discipline, years in the field, treatment setting, sense of safety and proclivity to press charges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 742 surveys distributed, respondents returned 380 (response rate 51%). Forty-three percent of respondents reported being threatened and 25% assaulted. Threats and assaults increased significantly (P<0.001) over all the time periods queried based on Poisson regression analysis. Work experience was a protective factor (P<0.001), but not a guarantee against violent events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Threats and assaults on mental health staff have a substantial prevalence and are increasing in our psychiatric population. Practical recommendations derived from our study but in need of further research for confirmation are: (1) multidisciplinary personal safety training to enhance team-building, improve communication and help prevent violent events and (2) establishment of post-event protocols to assist staff-victims and administrators navigate through complex issues occurring after violent events.
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center-Psychiatry, 300 Crittenden Blvd, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Michael_Privitera@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Privitera
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weisman
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cerulli
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Groman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012449:Safety; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000639:trends*; D017132:Workplace