title: The many and conflicting histories of medical education in Canada and the USA: an introduction to the paradigm wars.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medical education research is a maturing field of inquiry that derives theoretical perspectives from many domains. Yet while such theoretical diversity holds the promise of rich paradigmatic writing and debate, too often medical education researchers do not place their work in a historical or cultural context, giving the impression that they have somehow unearthed universal 'truths' about medical education.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper introduces some of the key 'histories' of medical education from the contexts of Anglophone Canada and the USA following a review of major works in the history of medical education.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are many and conflicting histories of medical education in North America that can be classified according to different socio-historical paradigms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To avoid the error of over-generalisation, a much greater effort must be made to include historical, sociological, economic and other social science perspectives in the design, interpretation and application of medical education research.
authors.affiliation: Donald R Wilson Centre for Research in Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. brian.hodges@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hodges
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000191:economics / Q000266:history*; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D014481:United States