title: Recognition of "real-world" musical excerpts by cochlear implant recipients and normal-hearing adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were (a) to compare recognition of "real-world" music excerpts by postlingually deafened adults using cochlear implants and normal-hearing adults; (b) to compare the performance of cochlear implant recipients using different devices and processing strategies; and (c) to examine the variability among implant recipients in recognition of musical selections in relation to performance on speech perception tests, performance on cognitive tests, and demographic variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-nine cochlear implant users and 30 normal-hearing adults were tested on open-set recognition of systematically selected excerpts from musical recordings heard in real life. The recognition accuracy of the two groups was compared for three musical genre: classical, country, and pop. Recognition accuracy was correlated with speech recognition scores, cognitive measures, and demographic measures, including musical background.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cochlear implant recipients were significantly less accurate in recognition of previously familiar (known before hearing loss) musical excerpts than normal-hearing adults (p < 0.001) for all three genre. Implant recipients were most accurate in the recognition of country items and least accurate in the recognition of classical items. There were no significant differences among implant recipients due to implant type (Nucleus, Clarion, or Ineraid), or programming strategy (SPEAK, CIS, or ACE). For cochlear implant recipients, correlations between melody recognition and other measures were moderate to weak in strength; those with statistically significant correlations included age at time of testing (negatively correlated), performance on selected speech perception tests, and the amount of focused music listening following implantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current-day cochlear implants are not effective in transmitting several key structural features (i.e., pitch, harmony, timbral blends) of music essential to open-set recognition of well-known musical selections. Consequently, implant recipients must rely on extracting those musical features most accessible through the implant, such as song lyrics or a characteristic rhythm pattern, to identify the sorts of musical selections heard in everyday life.
authors.affiliation: School of Music, Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Iowa Cochlear Implant Research Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gfeller
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Olszewski
authors.forename: Marly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rychener
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sena
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Knutson
authors.forename: Shelley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Macpherson
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001307:Auditory Perception; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D005260:Female; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome