title: Changes in intestinal and liver global gene expression in response to a phytosterol-enriched diet.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary phytosterols are a recommended therapeutic option for decreasing plasma cholesterol. The increased activity of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCA1, ABCG5 and ABCG8, or, alternatively, a decrease in Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1) could mediate the reduction in intestinal cholesterol absorption caused by phytosterols. Other biological properties such as a direct immune modulatory activity have recently been ascribed to these plant compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  To gain insight into the molecular effects of phytosterols, global genome-wide gene profiling and real-time RT-PCR studies were conducted in small intestines and livers of phytosterol-treated apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice. Re-testing of the main results was performed in C57BL/6J and LDL receptor-deficient (LDLR(-/-)) mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intestinal cholesterol absorption was decreased in all mouse models but plasma cholesterol was only decreased in apoE(-/-) and LDLR(-/-) mice. ABCA1, ABCG5, ABCG8 and NPC1L1 mRNA levels were slightly reduced in the intestine of phytosterol-treated apoE(-/-) and LDLR(-/-) mice, but increased in C57BL/6J-treated mice. Phytosterols changed genes involved in immune regulation in apoE(-/-) mice. However, these changes were less extensive in LDLR(-/-) mice and were not found in C57BL/6J mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption by phytosterols is not mediated via transcriptional changes in ABCA1, ABCG5, ABCG8 or NPC1L1. Changes suggestive of immunomodulation are associated with the hypocholesterolemic effect of phytosterols and with apoE deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Servei de Bioquímica, Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calpe-Berdiel
authors.forename: Joan Carles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Escolà-Gil
authors.forename: Vicent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ribas
authors.forename: Aleix
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Navarro-Sastre
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garcés-Garcés
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Blanco-Vaca
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency; D001769:Blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D003199:Computer Systems; D004032:Diet; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000172:deficiency; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C410800:NPC1L1 protein, human; D010840:Phytosterols; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D002784:Cholesterol