title: Skin metabolism in transdermal therapeutic systems.
abstract: Skin has at least two barriers with protective functions: the stratum corneum physical barrier and a biochemical barrier in the epidermis and dermis. Numerous chemical and physical enhancers exist for transdermal therapeutic systems; some cause irritation, and possibly influence enzyme deactivation. Knowledge of enzymatic skin reactions is important for developing safe and efficacious transdermal systems for treatment not only of skin diseases but also for systemic application. This paper overviews the effects of (a) chemical enhancers and additives, (b) drug structure, and (c) physical enhancement on skin metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of California, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143-0989, USA. hikima@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hikima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tojo
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Maibach
mesh_terms: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic / Q000737:chemistry; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations