title: Antimycobacterial agents differ with respect to their bacteriostatic versus bactericidal activities in relation to time of exposure, mycobacterial growth phase, and their use in combination.
abstract: A number of antimycobacterial agents were evaluated with respect to their bacteriostatic activity (growth inhibition) versus the bactericidal activity against a clinical isolate of Mycobacterium avium (Mycobacterium avium complex [MAC] strain 101) in relation to the time of exposure and the growth phase of the mycobacteria. In terms of growth inhibition the MAC in the active phase of growth was susceptible to clarithromycin, ethambutol, rifampin, amikacin, and the quinolones moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and sparfloxacin. In terms of bactericidal activity in relation to the time of exposure these agents differed substantially with respect to the killing rate. An initial high killing capacity at low concentration was observed for amikacin, which in this respect was superior to the other agents. The bactericidal activity of clarithromycin and ethambutol was only seen at relatively high concentrations and increased with time. Killing by rifampin was concentration dependent as well as time dependent. The bactericidal activity of moxifloxacin was marginally dependent on the concentration or the time of exposure. The activity of clarithromycin in combination with ethambutol was not significantly enhanced compared to single-agent exposure. Only an additive effect was observed. The addition of rifampin or moxifloxacin as a third agent only marginally effected increased killing of MAC. However, by addition of amikacin the activity of the clarithromycin-ethambutol combination was significantly improved. The combination of amikacin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid exhibited synergistic antimycobacterial activity. Towards MAC at low growth rates, only the quinolones exhibited a bactericidal effect.
authors.affiliation: Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands. i.bakker-woudenberg@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Irma A J M
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Bakker-Woudenberg
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Vianen
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Soolingen
authors.forename: Henri A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Verbrugh
authors.forename: Michiel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Agtmael
mesh_terms: D000583:Amikacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004977:Ethambutol / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D015269:Mycobacterium avium Complex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D015363:Quinolones; D000583:Amikacin; D004977:Ethambutol; D017291:Clarithromycin; D012293:Rifampin