title: Prenatal risk factors for cerebral palsy in very preterm singletons and twins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the main prenatal risk factors for cerebral palsy in very preterm singletons and twins.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data were from the Epipage study, which included all very preterm children (< 33 weeks) born in 1997 in 9 regions of France. The analysis included 1,954 children for whom a medical questionnaire was completed at the age of 2 years (83% of the surviving children). The risk factors studied were pregnancy complications and specific factors in twins (type of placenta and death of cotwin). Logistic regression analysis was carried out for singletons and generalized estimating equation models used for twins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of cerebral palsy was 8% in singletons and 9% in twins. For singletons, spontaneous preterm labor (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7-6.7), preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) with short latency (adjusted OR 4.9, 95% CI 2.0-11.8), and prolonged PPROM (adjusted OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.4-5.3) were associated with a higher risk of cerebral palsy than was hypertension. No such link was found between these pregnancy complications and cerebral palsy in twins. For twins, a monochorionic placenta (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0-3.6) increased the risk of cerebral palsy, but the OR became nonsignificant after adjustment (OR 1.7, 95% CI 0.8-3.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In very preterm singletons, spontaneous preterm labor and PPROM increased the risk of cerebral palsy compared with hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit on Perinatal Health and Women's Health, INSERM U149, Villejuif, France. livinec@vjf.inserm.fr
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Livinec
authors.forename: Pierre-Yves
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Ancel
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marret
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arnaud
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fresson
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pierrat
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rozé
authors.forename: Benoít
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Escande
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thiriez
authors.forename: Béatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larroque
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaminski
mesh_terms: D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004200:Diseases in Twins; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires