title: Efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children participating in Thailand's National Access to Antiretroviral Program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Programs for access to antiretroviral treatment were only recently implemented in developing countries. This study aimed to describe the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children in Thailand's National Access to Antiretroviral Program for People Living with HIV/AIDS.
  
  
  METHODS
  From August 2002 to July 2003, a total of 107 children were enrolled in the study. They received HAART consisting of either nevirapine or efavirenz, together with lamivudine and stavudine. Generic drugs and/or adult formulations were used. CD4 lymphocyte count, plasma HIV RNA level, and weight-for-age and height-for-age z scores were measured before, 2 months after, and every 6 months after initiation of HAART. A genotypic resistance assay was performed for patients with poor virological response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients was 7.7 years (range, 2.1-13.8 years). At baseline, the median CD4 cell percentage was 3%, and the plasma HIV RNA level was 5.4 log10 copies/mL. Four patients died from HIV-related illness. After 72 weeks of HAART, the median CD4 cell percentage was 21%, and 76% of patients had HIV RNA levels of < 50 copies/mL. The mean weight-for-age and height-for-age z scores increased from -1.9 to -1.3 (P < .0001) and from -2.3 to -2.0 (P < .0001), respectively. The percentage of patients who took > or = 95% of prescribed medications during the interval between every follow-up visit was 86% For patients with suboptimal virological response, the most common resistance mutations among HIV isolates were associated with lamivudine and with nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this resource-limited setting, HAART is safe and effective for HIV-infected children despite initiation of treatment during the advanced stage of disease. The use of generic and nonpediatric drug formulations is feasible.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Thanyawee
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Puthanakit
authors.forename: Aurmporn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oberdorfer
authors.forename: Noppadon
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akarathum
authors.forename: Suparat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanjanavanit
authors.forename: Pornphun
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wannarit
authors.forename: Thira
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sirisanthana
authors.forename: Virat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sirisanthana
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D048588:Benzoxazines; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009313:National Health Programs; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010078:Oxazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013785:Thailand; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D010078:Oxazines; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D019829:Nevirapine; C098320:efavirenz