title: Tinnitus dopaminergic pathway. Ear noises treatment by dopamine modulation.
abstract: To date, the neurophysiological model has been used to explain the complexity of tinnitus. However from now on, the tinnitus dopaminergic pathway opens new horizons for ear noises management. Tinnitus perception takes place in prefrontal, primary temporal and temporo-parietal associative areas, as well as the limbic system. Dopaminergic neurotransmitters go through prefrontal, primary temporal, temporo-parietal associative areas and the limbic system. Tinnitus perception and dopaminergic pathway share the same cerebral structures, which control attention, stress, emotions, learning, memory and motivated behavior. Distress of tinnitus emanates from these same cerebral functions. The dopaminergic pathway can be modulated by agonists and antagonists of their receptors and can reduce the perception of tinnitus, such as sulpiride, amisulpride, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, zuclopenthixole and aripiprazole, still under investigation, that together with sound treatment as the Sequential Sound Therapy, and a personal contact with the patient, constitute a tinnitus integral treatment.
authors.affiliation: Otorhinolaryngology Department, Doctor Fleming Specialties Center, Virgin of the Rocio University Hospital, Juan de Padilla 8, 41005 Seville, Spain. malopez@cica.es
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lopez-Gonzalez
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Esteban-Ortega
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004423:Ear; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008568:Memory; D008954:Models, Biological; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D013997:Time Factors; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D004298:Dopamine