title: Orthopaedic manifestations of the antiphospholipid (Hughes) syndrome.
abstract: The antiphospholipid (Hughes) syndrome (APS), is characterized by arterial and/or venous thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity in association with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Since its classical description 21 years ago, the clinical spectrum of Hughes syndrome has embraced the realms of obstetrics, nephrology, cardiology, neurology, gastroenterology and now, possibly orthopaedics. This is not surprising, given that this disease can affect virtually any organ system and blood vessel of any size and nature. Just as venous thrombosis may affect limbs and internal organs, arterial thrombosis has been shown to affect organs such as the brain, eye, heart, kidney, liver and may also involve the skeleton. In this review, the skeletal aspects of Hughes syndrome, postulated pathogenesis and possible implications of anticoagulation will be discussed. Finally, the approach to APS patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery shall also be outlined.
authors.affiliation: The Lupus Research Unit, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vasoo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sangle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zain
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: D'Cruz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D001855:Bone Marrow Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000209:etiology; D012019:Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy / Q000209:etiology