title: [Health impact evaluation of particle air pollution in five Spanish cities. European APHEIS project].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The health effects of air pollution have been analyzed in numerous studies over recent years, thus having made it possible to quantify the relationship between the two. This study is aimed at analyzing the theoretical benefits which would be achieved by meeting the air quality objectives set forth under EC Directive 1999/30/EC with regard to suspended particles.
  
  
  METHODS
  The exposure measurement was taken for Black Smoke (Barcelona, Bilbao, Valencia) and suspended particles under 10 microm (PM10) (Bilbao, Madrid y Sevilla). The health indicators calculated were the mortality due to all causes and respiratory and cardiovascular causes, and emergency hospital admissions and mortality due to respiratory and cardiovascular causes. In the case of PM10 the impact has been calculated because its effects to short-term, within a period of up to 40 days following exposure, and to long-term. For Black Smoke the effects only has been calculated to short-term.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The daily levels of PM10 from exceeding 50 microg/m3 in Bilbao, Madrid and Sevilla cause the earlier death of 1.4/100,000 individuals per year because its effects. The effect within a period of up to 40 days following exposure is of 2.8 deaths/100,000. The total number of deaths per year which may be later due to long-term exposure if the yearly average is lowered to 20 microg/m3 is 68/100,000.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The health impact of the current air pollution levels is quantifiable and is not insignificant. APHEIS and the impact evaluations may be of aid in healthcare planning and environmental policies.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Sanidad del Gobierno Vasco. tepidebi-san@ej-gv.es
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alonso Fustel
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Martínez Rueda
authors.forename: Koldo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cambra Contín
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lopez Carrasco
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boldo Pascua
authors.forename: Belén
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zorrilla Torras
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daponte Codina
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aguilera Jiménez
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toro Cárdenas
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iñiguez Hernandez
authors.forename: Ferrán
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ballester Diez
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: García García
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plasencia Taradach
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Artazcoz Lazcano
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Medina
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D002947:Cities; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D006801:Humans; D011634:Public Health; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants