title: Preoperative serum DNA GSTP1 CpG island hypermethylation and the risk of early prostate-specific antigen recurrence following radical prostatectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypermethylation of the CpG island at the promoter region of the pi-class glutathione S-transferase gene (GSTP1) is the most common somatic genome abnormality in human prostate cancer. We evaluated circulating cell-free DNA GSTP1 CpG island hypermethylation as a prognostic biomarker in the serum of men with prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prostate cancer DNA GSTP1 CpG island hypermethylation was detected using a restriction endonuclease quantitative PCR technique. We analyzed preoperative serum from 85 men with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy and from 35 men with a negative prostate biopsy. We then assayed preoperative serum from a data set of 55 pairs of men with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy, matched for Gleason score, comprising 55 men suffering prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence (median, 2 years) and 55 men who were free of disease at last follow-up (median, 3 years). The association of serum GSTP1 CpG island hypermethylation and PSA recurrence was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Circulating cell-free DNA with GSTP1 CpG island hypermethylation was not detected in the serum of men with a negative prostate biopsy but was detected in 12% of men with clinically localized disease and 28% of men with metastatic cancer (P = 0.003). In the matched data set, eight men (15%) who developed PSA recurrence were positive for DNA with GSTP1 CpG hypermethylation, whereas no patient who was free of disease was positive for GSTP1 CpG island hypermethylation (McNemar test, chi(2) = 6.1, P = 0.01). In a multivariable analysis that accounted for recognized prognostic factors, the presence of serum DNA with GTSP1 CpG island hypermethylation was the most significant predictor of PSA recurrence (hazard ratio, 4.4; 95% confidence interval, 2.2, 8.8; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that GSTP1 CpG island hypermethylation may be an important DNA-based prognostic serum biomarker for prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1000, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bastian
authors.forename: Ganesh S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Palapattu
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Srinivasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yegnasubramanian
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mangold
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Trock
authors.forename: Mario A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Eisenberger
authors.forename: Alan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Partin
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D007527:Isoenzymes; D004247:DNA; C496556:GSTP1 protein, human; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen