title: In vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidant activities of punicalagin, ellagic acid and a total pomegranate tannin extract are enhanced in combination with other polyphenols as found in pomegranate juice.
abstract: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruits are widely consumed as juice (PJ). The potent antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic activities of PJ are attributed to its polyphenols including punicalagin, the major fruit ellagitannin, and ellagic acid (EA). Punicalagin is the major antioxidant polyphenol ingredient in PJ. Punicalagin, EA, a standardized total pomegranate tannin (TPT) extract and PJ were evaluated for in vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidant activities. Punicalagin, EA and TPT were evaluated for antiproliferative activity at 12.5-100 microg/ml on human oral (KB, CAL27), colon (HT-29, HCT116, SW480, SW620) and prostate (RWPE-1, 22Rv1) tumor cells. Punicalagin, EA and TPT were evaluated at 100 microg/ml concentrations for apoptotic effects and at 10 microg/ml concentrations for antioxidant properties. However, to evaluate the synergistic and/or additive contributions from other PJ phytochemicals, PJ was tested at concentrations normalized to deliver equivalent amounts of punicalagin (w/w). Apoptotic effects were evaluated against the HT-29 and HCT116 colon cancer cell lines. Antioxidant effects were evaluated using inhibition of lipid peroxidation and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. Pomegranate juice showed greatest antiproliferative activity against all cell lines by inhibiting proliferation from 30% to 100%. At 100 microg/ml, PJ, EA, punicalagin and TPT induced apoptosis in HT-29 colon cells. However, in the HCT116 colon cells, EA, punicalagin and TPT but not PJ induced apoptosis. The trend in antioxidant activity was PJ>TPT>punicalagin>EA. The superior bioactivity of PJ compared to its purified polyphenols illustrated the multifactorial effects and chemical synergy of the action of multiple compounds compared to single purified active ingredients.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. nseeram@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Navindra P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Seeram
authors.forename: Lynn S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Susanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Henning
authors.forename: Yantao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Yanjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Muraleedharan G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heber
mesh_terms: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001628:Beverages; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002839:Chromans / Q000494:pharmacology; D004610:Ellagic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D059808:Polyphenols; D013634:Tannins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D002839:Chromans; D005419:Flavonoids; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D013634:Tannins; D004610:Ellagic Acid; C115642:punicalagin; C010643:6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid