title: A review of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of pelvic floor dysfunction: do racial differences matter?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the current state of knowledge regarding etiology of pelvic floor dysfunction with special consideration to the effect of racial background on the epidemiology and pathophysiology of this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a nonsystematic review of the literature to detail the current knowledge of the etiology of pelvic floor dysfunction. Additionally, we performed a systematic search of MEDLINE, Cinahl, and the Cochrane database for English-language articles registered from January 1, 1989, to June 31, 2003, that evaluated racial differences in the epidemiology and pathophysiology of pelvic floor dysfunction. We also reviewed the references of identified articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 11 articles that examined the effect of racial background on stress urinary incontinence (SUI), urodynamic stress incontinence, and (or) pelvic organ prolapse. We identified 2 studies that measured the prevalence of subjective stress urinary incontinence. Six cross-sectional studies compared the prevalence of urodynamically confirmed SUI and (or) pelvic organ prolapse among different groups. White women had a higher risk of developing urodynamic stress incontinence. Three studies noted anatomical and physiological differences among the different groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both quantitative and qualitative defects in collagen (endopelvic fascia) and compromised levator ani muscle function have been identified as important etiologic factors in the development of pelvic floor dysfunction. Parity, vaginal delivery, menopause, and aging have been most clearly associated with collagen defects and levator ani muscle dysfunction. The literature suggests that white women are at increased risk for SUI. At present, there is insufficient evidence to draw any conclusions regarding the role of racial differences in pelvic organ prolapse. It is possible that differences in prevalence rates for both SUI and pelvic organ prolapse may be attributed to inherent anatomical and physiological differences among racial groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Shunaha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Marie-Andrée
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Shawna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D017773:Pelvic Floor; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014563:Urodynamics; D014596:Uterine Prolapse / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*