title: Discovery of substituted isoxazolecarbaldehydes as potent spermicides, acrosin inhibitors and mild anti-fungal agents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The continued endeavour to design novel, non-detergent molecules that can be useful as topical, prophylactic contraceptives has led to the discovery of substituted isoxazolecarbaldehydes as a new class of compounds exhibiting both spermicidal and acrosin inhibitory activities simultaneously.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal human semen samples were used to detect the spermicidal and acrosin inhibitory activities of the new compounds. Lactobacillus, HeLa and Candida cultures were used to determine the safety of compounds towards normal vaginal flora, their cytotoxicity and anti-fungal activity. Supravital staining and the hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) were used to detect the effect on sperm membrane integrity. Nonoxynol-9 (N-9) was used as a reference standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5- and 3-substituted isoxazolecarbaldehydes showed significant spermicidal [minimum effective concentration (MEC)=0.005-2.5%] and acrosin inhibitory (IC50=3.9-58 x 10(-4) mol/l) activities in several molecules along with weak fungicidal activity against Candida albicans. Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plot analysis of a representative structure showed non-competitive inhibition of human acrosin enzyme, and the most potent acrosin inhibitors also considerably diminished the induction of the acrosome reaction by Ca2+ ionophore. Some compounds were found to be significantly safer than N-9 towards Lactobacillus acidophilus in vitro at their respective spermicidal MECs. In the cytotoxicity assay, the IC50 of these compounds towards the HeLa cell line was of the same order as N-9 (0.9-0.1 mmol/l); however, in contrast, the compounds exhibited only a moderate effect on sperm membrane integrity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that 5- and 3-substituted isoxazolecarbaldehydes are 'first generation' multifunctional, spermicidal molecules that hold promise for development as topical contraceptives with useful associated activities that can add considerably to their effectiveness, safety and prophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India. gupta.gopal@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Maikhuri
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patra
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Batra
mesh_terms: D000176:Acrosin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus / Q000187:drug effects; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007779:Lactobacillus acidophilus / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D013089:Spermatocidal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D007555:Isoxazoles; D013089:Spermatocidal Agents; D000176:Acrosin