title: Human beta-defensin 3 mediates tissue remodeling processes in articular cartilage by increasing levels of metalloproteinases and reducing levels of their endogenous inhibitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Beta-defensins are broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides (APs) that are components of innate immunity. Recent investigations showed the induction of beta-defensins in synovial membranes of osteoarthritic (OA) joints and suggested that they have functions other than the ability to kill microbes. As a result of these findings, we undertook this study to investigate the production of human beta-defensin 3 (HBD-3) in OA cartilage and to determine its influence on chondrocyte function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy and OA cartilage were assessed for HBD-3 expression by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. HBD-3 expression in C28/I2 chondrocytes after administration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) was determined by real-time RT-PCR and immunodot blot. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay experiments were used to study the effects of HBD-3 in cultured articular chondrocytes and in healthy and OA cartilage discs. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to study the expression of mouse beta-defensins (MBDs) in OA cartilage of STR/Ort mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HBD-3 was induced in OA cartilage without bacterial challenge. Cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of OA, namely, TNFalpha and IL-1, were strong inducers of HBD-3 in cultured chondrocytes. Application of the recombinant HBD-3 protein to cultured chondrocytes and cartilage discs resulted in increased production of cartilage-degrading matrix metalloproteinases and in down-regulation of their endogenous regulators, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 and 2. Furthermore, STR/Ort mice, which are genetically predisposed to develop OA-like lesions in the knee joint, demonstrated an increased expression of MBDs 3 and 4 in cartilage compared with that in healthy animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings widen our knowledge of the functional spectrum of APs and demonstrate that HBD-3 is a multifunctional AP with the ability to link host defense mechanisms and inflammation with tissue-remodeling processes in articular cartilage. Moreover, our data suggest that HBD-3 is an additional factor in the pathogenesis of OA.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany. d.varoga@orthop.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: Deike
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Varoga
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pufe
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harder
authors.forename: Jens-Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mentlein
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Meyer-Hoffert
authors.forename: Mary B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Goldring
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tillmann
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hassenpflug
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paulsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D045726:Metalloproteases / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000276:immunology; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000276:immunology*; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: C422950:DEFB103A protein, human; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D023083:beta-Defensins; D045726:Metalloproteases