title: A better widget? Three lessons for improving addiction treatment from a meta-analytical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss how to develop more effective treatment programmes than those currently available for addictive disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Swedish SBU report, published in English in 2003, was used as a database. It includes 641 randomized controlled trials and seven longitudinal prospective studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analytical calculations were performed in several areas using standardized mean differences (d) effect-size estimate and homogeneity testing. Three critical issues have been the focus of the present analysis: the early intervention phase, treatment procedures and their additive properties and the transitional period between early and late effects of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main findings while integrating the results in a new way were that intervention studies with one single session showed a small but robust homogeneous effect size, whereas studies of interventions with several sessions were heterogeneous with large and small effect sizes among the included studies. Similar effect sizes were found in alcohol, opioid and cocaine treatment studies. Agonist treatment yielded the highest effect sizes. Some evidence was found for a possible additive effect for cognitive behaviour therapy and naltrexone as well as for aversive treatment (disulfiram) and psychosocial treatment in alcohol dependence. So far studies on the transition period between short- and long-term outcome are few and inconclusive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a prospect of improving addiction treatment, and the following areas are suggested by meta-analysis for future research: (a) to examine in more detail the process between the first and second session of intervention; (b) to randomize simultaneously for independent categories of psychosocial and psychopharmacological treatment; and (c) to intensify studies on the transitional period between short- and long-term outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Alcohol Research, Lund University, University Hospital MAS, Malmö, Sweden. mats.berglund@alk.mas.lu.se
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berglund
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D016730:Program Development; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D013548:Sweden