title: Cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: patterns and outcomes of care in the Medicare population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the population-based patterns of care among patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database identified 4664 patients aged 65 years or older with muscle-invasive bladder cancer diagnosed between 1991 and 1999. The use of particular treatment modalities was evaluated according to the clinical and demographic characteristics available in the SEER-Medicare database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Considerable variation was found in the treatments delivered to the cohort members. Overall, 39% had undergone cystectomy; 30% of Stage II, 57% of Stage III, and 38% of Stage IV patients underwent this operation within 6 months of diagnosis. The frequency of resection declined with age, such that 55% of patients aged 65 to 69 years and 27% of those aged 80 to 84 years underwent cystectomy. For 36% of Stage II, 18% of Stage III, and 27% of Stage IV patients, no evidence was found of surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy within 6 months of diagnosis. Other management strategies included chemotherapy alone (14% Stage II, 6% Stage III, and 12% Stage IV), radiotherapy alone (11% for each stage), or combined modality chemoradiotherapy (10% Stage II, 8% Stage III, and 12% Stage IV). Multivariate analyses suggested that cystectomy conferred a survival advantage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A marked heterogeneity exists in the strategies used to treat muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The extent to which this variation can be attributed to the lack of informative clinical trials, the presence of comorbid illness, patient or physician preferences, or access to care warrants further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA. schragd@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schrag
authors.forename: Nandita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Farhang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rabbani
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Bach
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Herr
authors.forename: Colin B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Begg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015653:Cystectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D015996:Survival Rate; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*