title: Enhanced RAGE-mediated NFkappaB stimulation in inflamed hemodialysis patients.
abstract: Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a group of carbohydrate-derived compounds formed by non-enzymatic glycation and oxidation, are markedly elevated in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and may be related to both inflammation and oxidative stress. The cellular effects of AGE are largely mediated by their interaction with specific surface receptors, such as RAGE. Measurements of biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress were conducted in 7 hemodialysis (HD) patients (5 males) with persistent high-grade inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP]>10 mg/L) and 11 HD-patients (6 males) with low-grade inflammation (CRP<10 mg/L) for at least 6 months. Measured biomarkers for inflammation included hs-CRP, interleukin (IL)-6, white blood cells, neutrophils, S-albumin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR alpha, beta, gamma) and nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) activity. Markers for oxidative stress were advanced oxidation products (AOPP), myeloperoxidase (MPO)-activity, pentosidine and carboxymethyl lysine (CML). In addition, the effect of increasing doses of CML-modified human serum albumin on NFkappaB activity was tested in mononuclear cells isolated from each patient. As expected, HD-patients with high-grade inflammation had significantly elevated levels of IL-6 (median 9.2 pg/mL versus 2.5 pg/mL; p<0.01), MPO-activity (134.5+/-14.6 DeltaOD(630)/(min mg protein) versus 80.5+/-12.9 DeltaOD(630)/(min mg protein); p<0.05), PPAR-gamma (0.65+/-0.01 OD(655) versus 0.56+/-0.01 OD(655); p<0.01), and AOPP (269+/-54 microM versus 163+/-15 microM; p<0.05) compared with low-grade inflamed patients. Significant associations were demonstrated between hs-CRP and NFkappaB (rho=0.58; p<0.05), AOPP (rho=0.49; p<0.05) and PPAR-gamma (rho=0.62; p<0.05), respectively. In the patient group with high-grade inflammation, stimulation of mononuclear cells with CML-modified human serum albumin caused a rapid dose-dependent rise (p<0.0001) in NFkappaB activity that could be completely blocked by an anti-RAGE antibody. Inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers are interrelated in ESRD. Inflammatory cell signal pathways, such as NFkappaB, are activated by CML-modification of proteins via RAGE.
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska Institutet, K56, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Ayala
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anderstam
authors.forename: Mohammed E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Suliman
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seeberger
authors.forename: Olof
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Heimbürger
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stenvinkel
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D016328:NF-kappa B; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic