title: Malaria epidemiology in the Pakaanóva (Wari') Indians, Brazilian Amazon.
abstract: This paper reports the results of a longitudinal study of malaria incidence (1998-2002) among the Pakaanóva (Wari') Indians, Brazilian southwest Amazon region, based on data routinely gathered by Brazilian National Health Foundation outposts network in conjunction with the Indian health service. Malaria is present yearlong in the Pakaanóva. Statistically significant differences between seasons or months were not noticed. A total of 1933 cases of malaria were diagnosed in the Pakaanóva during this period. The P. vivax / P. falciparum ratio was 3.4. P. vivax accounted for 76.5% of the cases. Infections with P. malariae were not recorded. Incidence rates did not differ by sex. Most malaria cases were reported in children < 10 years old (45%). About one fourth of all cases were diagnosed on women 10-40 years old. An entomological survey carried out at two Pakaanóva villages yielded a total of 3.232 specimens of anophelines. Anopheles darlingi predominated (94.4%). Most specimens were captured outdoors and peak activity hours were noted at early evening and just before sunrise. It was observed that Pakaanóva cultural practices may facilitate outdoor exposure of individuals of both sexes and all age groups during peak hours of mosquito activities (e.g., coming to the river early in the morning for bathing or to draw water, fishing, engaging in hunting camps, etc). In a context in which anophelines are ubiquitous and predominantly exophilic, and humans of both sexes and all ages are prone to outdoor activities during peak mosquito activity hours, malaria is likely to remain endemic in the Pakaanóva, thus requiring the development of alternative control strategies that are culturally and ecologically sensitive.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos em Saúde do Indio de Rondônia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Av. Presidente Dutra 2965, Porto Velho, RO 78900-500, Brazil.
authors.forename: D Ribeiro
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Sá
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Souza-Santos
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.forename: C E A
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Coimbra
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male