title: Half of clinically defined maturity-onset diabetes of the young patients in Denmark do not have mutations in HNF4A, GCK, and TCF1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a genetically heterogeneous monogenic form of diabetes characterized by an autosomal dominant inheritance, an early clinical onset, and a primary defect in beta-cell function. The aims of the present study were to examine the prevalence and nature of mutations in the three common MODY genes, HNF4A, GCK, and TCF1, in Danish patients with a clinical diagnosis of MODY and to describe metabolic differences in probands with and without mutations in HNF4A, GCK, and TCF1.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-eight unrelated subjects of Danish Caucasian origin (29 men, 49 women) and their 351 family members were examined. The promotor and coding regions including intron-exon boundaries of HNF4A, GCK, and TCF1 were examined by denaturing HPLC and/or direct sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 29 different mutations in 38 MODY families. Fifteen of the mutations were novel. The variants segregated with diabetes within the families, and none of the variants were found in 100 normal Danish chromosomes. Our findings suggest a relative prevalence of 3% of MODY1 (two different mutations in two families), 10% of MODY2 (seven in eight), and 36% of MODY3 (21 in 28) among Danish kindred clinically diagnosed as MODY. No significant differences in biochemical and anthropometric measurements were observed at baseline examinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Forty-nine percent of the families carried mutations in the three examined MODY genes. Our findings highlight that unidentified MODY genes may play a central role for diabetes characterized by autosomal dominant transmission. Furthermore, baseline measurements of various anthropometric and biochemical variables are not appropriate markers of MODYX.
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center and Hagedorn Research Institute, Niels Steensens Vej 2, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark. adjo@steno.dk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ek
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005941:Glucokinase / Q000235:genetics*; D051537:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1; D051538:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017354:Point Mutation; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D015995:Prevalence; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C496487:HNF1A protein, human; C496592:HNF4A protein, human; D051538:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051537:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1; D005941:Glucokinase