title: Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder after non-traumatic events: evidence from an open population study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the only psychiatric condition that requires a specific event to have occurred for its diagnosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To gather evidence from the adult general population on whether life events (e.g. divorce, unemployment) generate as many symptoms of post-traumatic stress as traumatic events (e.g. accidents, abuse).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on demographic characteristics and history of stressful events were collected through a written questionnaire sent to a random sample of 2997 adults. Respondents also filled out a PTSD symptom checklist, keeping in mind their worst event. Mean PTSD scores were compared, controlling for differences between the two groups. Differences in item scores and in the distribution of the total PTSD scores were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1498 respondents, 832 were eligible for inclusion in our analysis. For events from the past 30 years the PTSD scores were higher after life events than after traumatic events; for earlier events the scores were the same for both types of events. These findings could not be explained by differences in demographics, history of stressful events, individual item scores, or the distribution of the total PTSD scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Life events can generate at least as many PTSD symptoms as traumatic events. Our findings call for further studies on the specificity of traumatic events as a cause of PTSD.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. s.s.l.s.l.mol@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Saskia S L
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Mol
authors.forename: Arnoud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arntz
authors.forename: Job F M
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Metsemakers
authors.forename: Geert-Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Dinant
authors.forename: Pauline A P
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Vilters-van Montfort
authors.forename: J André
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Knottnerus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires