title: Active smoking and a history of smoking are associated with enhanced prostaglandin F(2alpha), interleukin-6 and F2-isoprostane formation in elderly men.
abstract: The underlying mechanisms by which smoking induces cardiovascular diseases are largely unknown. The effect of smoking status on the cyclooxygenase (COX)-mediated inflammatory indicator prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) has never been studied. Associations of cytokines and antioxidants and smoking status, have shown conflicting results. Urinary 15-keto-dihydro-PGF(2alpha) (a major metabolite of PGF(2alpha)), serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), serum amyloid protein A (SAA), urinary 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) (an F(2)-isoprostane, indicator of oxidative stress), and serum alpha-tocopherol were quantified in a population-based sample (n = 642) of 77-year old men without diabetes. Fifty-five men were current smokers and 391 former smokers. Inflammatory indicators were increased in current smokers (15-keto-dihydro-PGF(2alpha), P < 0.001; IL-6, P = 0.01) than non-smokers. 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) was increased (P < 0.01) and alpha-tocopherol reduced (P < 0.001) in current smokers. Further, former smokers had increased formation of 15-keto-dihydro-PGF(2alpha), IL-6 and 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) compared non-smokers. This is the first study to show that smokers have increased PGF(2alpha) formation, thus enhanced COX-mediated inflammation, in addition to elevated levels of cytokines and isoprostanes. Subclinical COX- and cytokine-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress are ongoing processes not only in active smokers but also in former smokers which may contribute to the accelerated atherosclerosis associated with smoking.
authors.affiliation: Sections of Geriatrics and Clinical Nutrition Research, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Helmersson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vessby
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000652:urine; D028441:F2-Isoprostanes / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013997:Time Factors; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D028441:F2-Isoprostanes; D015850:Interleukin-6; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D015237:Dinoprost; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D024505:Tocopherols