Psychosocial predictors of smoking trajectories during middle and high school.
OBJECTIVE
Little is known about the heterogeneity in and risk factors associated with trajectories of smoking during adolescence. This study aimed to (1) identify smoking trajectories empirically and (2) identify risk factors for trajectory group membership.


METHODS
Latent growth mixture models were used to identify population smoking trajectories, and logistic regression was used to estimate risk factors for group membership.


METHODS
The participants were drawn from seven middle schools in a Maryland school district.


METHODS
Participants consisted of 1320 6th graders who were followed to the 9th grade.


METHODS
Measurements of smoking risk factors were made in the fall of 6th grade and smoking stage was assessed on five different occasions between the fall of 6th and 9th grades.


RESULTS
Five distinct smoking trajectories were identified. Overall, being female, having friends who smoked, deviance acceptance and outcome expectations were associated with an increased likelihood of being an intender, delayed escalator, early experimenter and early user compared to a never smoker. Additionally, comparisons with never smokers revealed unique identifiers for intenders, early experimenters and early users, but not delayed escalators.


CONCLUSIONS
There is much heterogeneity in the manner in which middle-schoolers progress from having no intention of smoking to becoming smokers. Implications for prevention programs are discussed.
Abroms
Lorien
L
Department of Prevention and Community Health, School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA. sphlca@gwumc.edu
Simons-Morton
Bruce
B
Haynie
Denise L
DL
Chen
Rusan
R
D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010379:Peer Group; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires