title: The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: U.S. normative data and psychometric properties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in a U.S. national population sample of children and adolescents, develop normative scoring bands, and test the association of high-scoring groups with service contacts or use for mental health reasons.
  
  
  METHODS
  An Americanized version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire parent report was administered to parents of 10,367 4- to 17 -year-olds in the 2001 National Health Interview Survey. Scoring bands were developed to differentiate low, medium, and high levels of emotional or behavioral difficulties. Children at high risk of serious difficulties were identified by three different scoring methods: (1) high symptom scores, (2) parental perception of definite or severe difficulties, and (3) high symptoms plus impairment. These ratings were validated against service contact or use and other well-established demographic and broader risk factors for child emotional and behavioral problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated good acceptability and internal consistency. Normative scoring bands were similar, though not identical, to the original British bands. Results of each scoring method had a strong association with service contact/use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the usefulness of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as an effective and efficient screener for child and adolescent mental health problems in the United States.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Rockville, MD, USA. kbourdon@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Karen H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Bourdon
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Donald S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Rae
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Doreen S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Koretz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014600:Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data