title: Composite genome map and recombination parameters derived from three archetypal lineages of Toxoplasma gondii.
abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is a highly successful protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa, which contains numerous animal and human pathogens. T.gondii is amenable to cellular, biochemical, molecular and genetic studies, making it a model for the biology of this important group of parasites. To facilitate forward genetic analysis, we have developed a high-resolution genetic linkage map for T.gondii. The genetic map was used to assemble the scaffolds from a 10X shotgun whole genome sequence, thus defining 14 chromosomes with markers spaced at approximately 300 kb intervals across the genome. Fourteen chromosomes were identified comprising a total genetic size of approximately 592 cM and an average map unit of approximately 104 kb/cM. Analysis of the genetic parameters in T.gondii revealed a high frequency of closely adjacent, apparent double crossover events that may represent gene conversions. In addition, we detected large regions of genetic homogeneity among the archetypal clonal lineages, reflecting the relatively few genetic outbreeding events that have occurred since their recent origin. Despite these unusual features, linkage analysis proved to be effective in mapping the loci determining several drug resistances. The resulting genome map provides a framework for analysis of complex traits such as virulence and transmission, and for comparative population genetic studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Asis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Sonya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Chunlei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Aaron J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mackey
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Darius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.forename: Keliang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Ian T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berriman
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Boothroyd
authors.forename: Elmer R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Pfefferkorn
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ajioka
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wootton
authors.forename: L David
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Sibley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002875:Chromosomes; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D030561:Databases, Nucleic Acid; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D018503:Genome, Protozoan; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*