title: A programmable iontophoretic instrument and its application for local anesthesia before surgery in urology.
abstract: In this paper, for an alternative anesthesia before transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TUR-BT) an original equipment which is used iontophoresis method was implemented. The implemented instrument is used on five patients for TUR-BT operations. This equipment can be programmable between 0 and 15 mA current by 1 mA steps and with in time 0 - 59 min. Also, frequency value of applying currents can be changed in 1 - 3 KHz frequency range. The use of iontophoresis in urology is relatively new. This method recently has been used in urology because of its simple usage in applying local anesthesia, and an alternative for general anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey. tokmakci@erciyes.edu.tr
authors.forename: Mahmut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tokmakçi
authors.forename: Oguz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ekmekçioglu
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alçi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods