title: A sensitive adenovirus immunoassay as a model for using nanoparticle label technology in virus diagnostics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Currently, PCR-based hybridization assays are widely applied in adenovirus diagnostics. However, the technology requires tedious sample preparation, and the amplification phase is susceptible to various contaminants leading to inconvenient and time-consuming assay procedure. Methods relying on viral antigen detection, e.g. immunofluorometric assays (IFMAs) and enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), are less complicated to carry out, but they provide limited sensitivity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to develop a simple and sensitive adenovirus assay based on direct antigen detection via sandwich-forming immunoreaction. The assay employed highly fluorescent europium(III)-chelate-doped nanoparticle labels and selection of high affinity monoclonal antibodies (anti-hexon) coated on label particles and microtitration wells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extremely high specific activity of the nanoparticle labels enabled the detection limit over 5000 virus particles per millilitre with purified virus particles. The sensitivity was improved by three orders of magnitude (800-fold) compared to concurrent time-resolved IFMA. Furthermore, the nanoparticle assay showed reasonably low coefficients of variation (4.0-20%) and excellent linearity of more than four orders of magnitude (from below 10(5) to 10(9) virus particles per millilitre). Analyzed nasopharyngeal patient specimens revealed a minor disturbance of matrix components, which could be avoided by dilution. The average signal difference between negative and positive samples was nearly four orders of magnitude. The developed assay was sensitive and more convenient approach to adenovirus screening compared to available assays. In addition, the study demonstrates the potential of nanoparticles in sensitive screening of viral analytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland. antti.valanne@utu.fi
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valanne
authors.forename: Saila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huopalahti
authors.forename: Tero
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Soukka
authors.forename: Raija
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vainionpää
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lövgren
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Härmä
mesh_terms: D000258:Adenovirus Infections, Human / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology*; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D005063:Europium; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D049329:Nanostructures; D036103:Nanotechnology; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000821:virology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D005063:Europium