title: Macrophage activating effects of new alkamides from the roots of Echinacea species.
abstract: Chemical investigation of the roots of Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea, and E. pallida yielded two new alkamides, identified by analysis of spectroscopic data and comparison with reported alkamides. The new compounds were dodeca-2Z,4E,10Z-trien-8-ynoic acid isobutylamide (1) from E. angustifolia and dodeca-2Z,4E-diene-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide (2) from E. purpurea and E. pallida. These two components, as well as previously identified alkamides, exerted inhibition on LPS-mediated activation of a murine macrophage line, RAW264.7. These data suggest that these alkamides may have anti-inflammatory activity. The cytotoxicity of these alkamides using MTT assays was also investigated.
authors.affiliation: Gaia Herbs, Inc., 108 Island Ford Road, Brevard, North Carolina 28712, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Jinghua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yung
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Meihua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Luping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cassady
authors.forename: Ric
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scalzo
authors.forename: Xiping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D053280:Diynes; D020900:Echinacea / Q000737:chemistry*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D053280:Diynes; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; C501801:dodeca-2Z,4E,10Z-trien-8-ynoic acid isobutylamide; C501800:dodeca-2Z,4E-diene-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide