title: Abnormal brain activation during inhibition and error detection in medication-naive adolescents with ADHD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and a medication history have shown abnormal brain activation in prefrontal and striatal brain regions during cognitive challenge. Previous findings have been confounded, however, by potential long-term effects of stimulant medication exposure and group discrepancies in task performance. The aim of this study was to investigate whether medication-naive adolescents with ADHD would still show abnormal brain activation in prefrontal brain regions during motor response inhibition in a task designed to control for intergroup performance discrepancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rapid, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare brain activation in 16 medication-naive ADHD adolescents and 21 IQ-, age-, and sex-matched healthy comparison volunteers during a challenging, idiosyncratically adjusted task that required withholding of a triggered motor response. The design, which manipulated task parameters to force each subject to fail on 50% of trials, ensured that subjects worked at the edge of their own inhibitory performance, thereby controlling for intersubject and intergroup performance discrepancies and furthermore allowing for investigation of differences in brain activation related to inhibition and inhibition failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medication-naive adolescents with ADHD showed significantly reduced brain activation in the right inferior prefrontal cortex during successful motor response inhibition and in the precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus during inhibition failure, both of which correlated with behavioral scores of ADHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows that abnormal brain activation during inhibitory challenge in ADHD is specific to the disorder, since it persists when medication history and performance discrepancies are excluded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. k.rubia@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Katya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rubia
authors.forename: Anna B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Brammer
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Toone
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis