title: Grape-seed derived procyanidins interfere with adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells at the onset of differentiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our group's previous results on the effects of a grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) on adipose metabolism showed that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) plays a central role in the lipolytic effects of GSPE on adipocytes. Since PPARgamma2 is a main regulator of the differentiation process of adipocytes, we investigated whether GSPE affects the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a time point screening by treating 3T3-L1 cells with GSPE during the differentiation process for 24 h.
  
  
  METHODS
  Differentiation markers and differential gene expression due to GSPE treatment (using the microarray technique).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty four hour-GSPE treatment at the onset of differentiation reduces adipose-specific markers and maintains the expression of preadipocyte marker preadipocyte factor-1 (Pref-1) significantly elevated. These effects were not found in other time points. Microarray analysis of gene expression after GSPE treatment at the early stage of differentiation showed a modified gene expression profile in which cell cycle and growth-related genes were downregulated by GSPE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that GSPE affects adipogenesis, mainly at the induction of differentiation, and that procyanidins may have a new role in which they impede the formation of adipose cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pinent
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bladé
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Salvadó
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arola
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hackl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quackenbush
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Trajanoski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ardévol
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D002392:Catechin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012639:Seeds; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000032:analysis; D027843:Vitis
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D044946:Biflavonoids; D015415:Biomarkers; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C512925:Dlk1 protein, mouse; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008055:Lipids; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D047495:PPAR gamma; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014280:Triglycerides; C017674:procyanidin; D002392:Catechin; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase