title: Total and free fluoride in toothpastes from some non-established market economy countries.
abstract: In 101 fluoride toothpastes, bought in local shops in Burkina Faso (n = 3), China (n = 5), Myanmar (n = 22), Nepal (n = 19), Philippines (n = 13), Syria (n = 22), Togo (n = 7) and Vietnam (n = 10), the total and free ionisable fluoride concentrations were established. The total fluoride concentration of the toothpastes was determined by gas liquid chromatography. The amount of soluble fluoride was measured after dilution in artificial saliva and treatment of the supernatants with acidic phosphatase. The free fluoride concentration in this mixture was measured with a fluoride electrode. Twenty-five percent of all toothpastes contained less than 738 ppm total fluoride, and another 25% contained between 738 and 977 ppm fluoride. Regarding free ionisable fluoride the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile contained < or =275, 780 and 990 ppm fluoride, respectively. Of the 61 toothpastes with declared fluoride concentration, 75% contained a total F concentration of > or =89% of the declared concentration. In 25% of these toothpastes the free ionisable fluoride was < or =55% of the declared fluoride, and in another 25% of the pastes the free ionisable fluoride concentration was > or =89% of the declared fluoride. In conclusion, deficiencies were found regarding the total as well as the free ionisable fluoride concentration of toothpastes bought in non-established market economy countries. Unclear labelling concerning the type and concentration of fluoride was often encountered. A need for quality control of fluoride toothpastes is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Endodontology, Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Loveren
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Moorer
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Buijs
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: van Palenstein Helderman
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D001208:Asia; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D003906:Developing Countries; D005459:Fluorides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D014100:Toothpastes; D005459:Fluorides