title: Effects of early cholesterol intake on cholesterol biosynthesis and plasma lipids among infants until 18 months of age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The endogenous cholesterol fractional synthesis rate (FSR) is related inversely to infant dietary cholesterol at 4 months of age; however, it remains to be established whether this effect is permanent, possibly contributing to later hypercholesterolemia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether levels of dietary cholesterol in infancy induced changes in FSR and plasma lipid levels that persisted at 18 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective clinical trial was conducted with 47 infants, from their first week of life until 18 months of age, who received human milk (HM) until weaned (n = 15) or were randomized to receive modified cow's milk formula (MCF) with added cholesterol (n = 15) or cow's milk formula (CF) (n = 17) for 12 months. Cholesterol contents of HM, MCF, and CF were 120, 80, and 40 mg/L, respectively. FSR and plasma lipid levels were measured at 4 and 18 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 4 months, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher for infants fed HM and MCF, compared with CF. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher in the MCF group than in the HM and CF groups. FSR in the HM group (0.034 +/- 0.005 pools per day) was lower than that in the CF group (0.052 +/- 0.005 pools per day). There was no difference between the HM and MCF (0.047 +/- 0.005 pools per day) groups or between the MCF and CF groups. At 18 months, there were no differences in FSRs or plasma lipid profiles between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although cholesterol intake before weaning affects FSRs and plasma lipid profiles at 4 months, these differences do not persist after weaning to an unrestricted diet at 18 months. This provides additional evidence that there is no imprinting of FSR in infancy with differing dietary levels of cholesterol.
authors.affiliation: School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Rd, Montreal, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
authors.forename: Théa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Demmers
authors.forename: Peter J H
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Yanwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krug
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Creutzinger
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Heubi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013045:Species Specificity; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D008055:Lipids; D002784:Cholesterol