title: Lymphocyte responses to influenza and tetanus toxoid in vitro following intensive exercise and carbohydrate ingestion on consecutive days.
abstract: The effect of carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion on antigen- (rather than mitogen-) stimulated T-cell responses to prolonged, intensive exercise may give a more realistic insight into the effect of CHO on T-cell functional capacity and subsequent infection risk. This study investigated the effect of CHO ingestion during prolonged, intensive exercise on influenza- and tetanus toxoid-stimulated T-cell cytokine mRNA expression and proliferation. Mitogen- [phytohemagglutinin (PHA)] stimulated proliferation was assessed for comparison. Responses were assessed following exercise on consecutive mornings to determine any carryover effect. Fifteen male games players performed two exercise trials in a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Each trial comprised 90 min of intensive, intermittent running on consecutive mornings, with either CHO (6.4% wt/vol) or placebo (PLA) beverage ingestion before, during, and after each bout of exercise. Postexercise CD3(+) cell counts were higher in PLA than CHO on both days (P < 0.05). Antigen-stimulated T-cell cytokine mRNA expression was unaffected by exercise or CHO ingestion. Before exercise on day 2, T-cell proliferative responses to PHA, influenza, and tetanus toxoid were higher in CHO than PLA by 99, 80, and 58%, respectively (P < 0.01 for PHA, P < 0.05 for influenza and tetanus toxoid). At 1 h postexercise on day 2, PHA-induced proliferation was 70% higher in CHO than PLA (P < 0.05), yet there were no differences between trials for antigen-induced proliferative responses. Therefore, mitogen-induced T-cell proliferation following strenuous exercise and CHO does not necessarily reflect responses to specific antigens and, consequently, may not provide a good model for the situation in vivo.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK. N.C.Bishop@lboro.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nicolette C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Lee A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bowley
authors.forename: Kate F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Molyneux
authors.forename: Fiona A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Alice C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000941:Antigens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001628:Beverages; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000032:analysis; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D017252:CD3 Complex; D016207:Cytokines; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid