title: Acellular pertussis vaccines for adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The epidemiology of pertussis is changing, with a clear increase in the number of cases diagnosed in adolescents and adults. This development has spurred studies and anticipated licensure of safer diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis combined (Tdap) vaccines for this older population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tdap vaccines are safe and immunogenic when administered to adolescents and adults. Correlates of immunity to pertussis after Tdap vaccination have not been established, but various combinations of antibody to pertussis antigens (pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, and fimbriae) provide protection. The importance of the number of antigens in Tdap vaccines for protection against mild pertussis disease is unclear. Pertussis vaccination establishes herd immunity after sufficient uptake within communities and countries. As experience with TdaP vaccines has accumulated, a 1-2% occurrence of large, local injection-site reactions with all TdaP vaccine products have been observed for booster doses in children 4-6 years of age. The frequency of large local reactions appears lower in adolescents and adults. The pathophysiologic mechanisms for the local reactions are not established, but a majority appears to be immunoglobulin E-mediated-reactive edema, and a minority appears to be immunoglobulin G-mediated Arthus-type reactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tdap vaccines appear safe and immunogenic. The economic impact of pertussis provides a cost-benefit justification for widespread use of Tdap vaccine boosting in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Elmwood Pediatric Group, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. michael_pichichero@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pichichero
authors.forename: Janet R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Casey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001886:Bordetella pertussis / Q000276:immunology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D022681:Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines; D006801:Humans; D010567:Pertussis Vaccine; D022282:Vaccines, Acellular; D014917:Whooping Cough / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D022681:Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines; D010567:Pertussis Vaccine; D022282:Vaccines, Acellular