title: Routine testing for IgG antibodies against hepatitis A virus in Israel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Viral hepatitis is highly endemic in Israel, with the hepatitis A virus (HAV) responsible for most cases. Improved socioeconomic factors, as well as the universal vaccination of infants (introduced in 1999) has resulted in a decline in infection rates in Israel. This study examines the benefits of routine testing for anti-HAV IgG in high-risk population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective examination of the files of teenage and adult patients (aged 16-99 years; mean 33.9) in two primary care clinics found 1,017 patients who had been tested for anti-HAV IgG antibodies for either general healthcare screening or ongoing follow-up for chronic illness. Seropositive patients were then asked regarding recall of past hepatitis (i.e. jaundice, regardless of viral etiology); post-exposure prophylaxis with immune serum immunoglobulin (ISG); and active immunization with inactivated virus. Seronegative patients were subsequently sent for active immunization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1,017 patient records studied (503 male, 514 female), a total of 692 were seropositive (354 males, 338 females; P = 0.113). Seropositivity rates increased with age (p < 0.005), and were highest among those born in Middle Eastern countries other than Israel (91.3%) and lowest among immigrants from South America (44.1%; P < 0.005). 456 of the seropositive patients were interviewed, of whom only 91 recalled past illness while 103 remembered receiving post-exposure prophylaxis (ISG) and 8 active vaccination. Those who were unaware of past infection were more likely to have been vaccinated with ISG than those who were aware (26.3% vs. 7.7%; p < 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relatively high prevalence rate of anti-HAV seropositivity in our study may me due to the fact that the study was conducted in a primary care clinic or that it took place in Jerusalem, a relatively poor and densely populated Israeli city. Most of the seropostive patients had no recollection of prior infection, which can be explained by the fact that most hepatitis A infections occur during childhood and are asymptomatic. Routine testing for anti-HAV IgG in societies endemic for HAV would help prevent seropositive patients from receiving either post-exposure or preventive immunization and target seronegative patients for preventive vaccination.
authors.affiliation: Maccabi Healthcare Services, 130 Rachmilevich Street, Jerusalem 97791, Israel. refplus@netvision.net.il
authors.forename: Noah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Samuels
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006505:Hepatitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D035922:Hepatitis A Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017957:Hepatitis A Virus, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D035922:Hepatitis A Antibodies; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines