title: Sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous melanoma: analysis of 240 consecutive cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to evaluate practical rules for sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma and discuss the indications and outcomes of 240 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, nonrandomized analysis was performed on 240 patients in a referral cancer center. The median patient age was 51 years, and the median Breslow thickness was 1.60 mm. Ulceration was found in 30.4 percent of the cases. The median follow-up was 27.81 months. The sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed in 240 patients with cutaneous melanoma thicker or equal to 1 mm. The operation was performed with preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and postoperative immunohistochemistry. A statistical analysis was performed comparing the need for a gamma probe in each location, the value of the experience, the need for immunohistochemistry, positivity compared with Breslow thickness, reasons for the success of the lymph node localization, and evolution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 263 lymph node basins were identified (160 in the axilla, 86 in the inguinal region, and 17 in less common locations, including the popliteal, epitrochlear, and cervical regions). In every lymph node basin, the success of localization was directly related to use of the probe. The success rate for finding the sentinel lymph node increased year by year. Lymph node analysis disclosed positivity of 12.5 percent with hematoxylin and eosin staining and 17.5 percent with immunohistochemistry (excluding the sentinel lymph node not found disclosed 13.2 percent with hematoxylin and eosin and 18.5 percent with HMB45). Immunohistochemistry increased positivity by 40 percent. Positivity was directly related to Breslow thickness (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows the importance of the gamma probe in all lymph node basins but mainly in the axilla and unusual basins, as well as the importance of experience and immunohistochemistry. As a new procedure, it was possible to recognize the pattern of recurrence in the follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Center for Treatment and Research, Hospital do Câncer A. C. Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil. jduprat@uol.com.br
authors.forename: João P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Duprat
authors.forename: Débora C P
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Felipe J F
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Coimbra
authors.forename: Izilda A M
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Eduardo N P
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Otávio M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Eduard R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Brechtbühl
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Landman
authors.forename: Ana P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Scramim
authors.forename: Rogério I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Neves
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*