title: Comparison of costs and utilization between users of insulin lispro versus users of regular insulin in a managed care setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare medical and pharmacy costs and utilization between patients with diabetes who received insulin lispro versus regular human insulin.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of medical and pharmacy claims was conducted among continuously enrolled users of insulin lispro or regular insulin during the identification period, March 1, 2000, through February 28, 2001, within a large managed care organization. This study improved upon the methodology used in previous studies by (a) stratifying (rather than 1:1 matching) individuals by their likelihood to use insulin lispro using the propensity score binning technique, and (b) refining the study inclusion criteria to include only patients with 3 or more fills of the insulin under study (lispro or regular) to exclude individuals who may have been on either product for a short time. Because the propensity score binning technique groups patients with similar baseline characteristics within strata (bins) and not among individual patients, almost the entire available sample is retained in the analysis, unlike propensity score matching, where large numbers of patients can be excluded depending on the matching scheme. Therefore, the propensity score binning technique, because it uses more complete information, is less likely to produce biased results. Patients were grouped into 5 bins (quintiles) based on their estimated likelihood to receive insulin lispro rather than regular insulin. The propensity score model used baseline characteristics of age, gender, comorbidities, use of oral antidiabetic medications, prescription copayment, and diabetes-related costs and utilization. Overall cost and utilization differences (lispro minus regular insulin) during the 12-month follow-up period were calculated using weights inversely proportional to variances of within-bin differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 6,436 patients, 1,972 (30.6%) received insulin lispro and 4,464 (69.4%) received regular insulin. The propensity score estimation produced 5 bins, each containing between 1,287 and 1,288 patients, utilizing all patients in the analysis. Patients in the lower-numbered propensity score quintiles were older, more likely to use oral antidiabetic medications, and had more comorbidities than those in the higher-numbered quintiles. As quintile number increased, the percentage of insulin lispro users also increased. The weighted mean annual cost difference (lispro minus regular insulin) per patient was + USD 79 (P < 0.001) for diabetes-related pharmacy cost, + USD 212 (P < 0.001) for total pharmacy cost, USD 75 (P < 0.857) for diabetes-related medical cost, USD 2,286 (P <0.011) for nondiabetes medical cost, and USD 2,327 (P = 0.072) for total medical cost.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with regular insulin users, insulin lispro users incurred higher diabetes-related and total pharmacy costs but lower nondiabetes medical costs and similar total medical costs. Fewer hospitalizations among insulin lispro as compared with regular insulin users contributed to lower nondiabetes medical costs and similar total medical costs.
authors.affiliation: Prescription Solutions, 3515 Harbor Blvd., Mail Stop LC-07-264, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA. information@rxsolutions.com
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Eunice Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Kent H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Obenchain
authors.forename: Kristina S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Yu-Isenberg
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D007345:Insurance Claim Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D061268:Insulin Lispro