title: Imaging features and surgery-related outcomes in intraventricular neurocysticercosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common parasitic infection of the central nervous system, and its prevalence is continuing to increase in the United States. The diagnosis of intraventricular NCC (IVNCC) may be difficult, and surgery frequently fails to resolve symptoms. A retrospective review of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics and surgery-related outcomes may improve management strategies of this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors report the presentations, neuroimaging characteristics, surgical management, and outcomes of 30 patients with IVNCC treated over a 10-year period (mean follow-up period 4 years). Cysts were located in the lateral ventricles (five cases), the third ventricle (five cases), and the fourth ventricle (21 cases). One patient had lesions in both the lateral and fourth ventricles. Presenting symptoms were related to hydrocephalus or mass effect from the lesions. All patients underwent computerized tomography (CT) and MR imaging of the brain. Treatment consisted of shunt implantation or primary excision of an IVNCC lesion. Outcomes after operations and reoperations were evaluated in light of enhancement characteristics on MR imaging. Computerized tomography scanning demonstrated IVNCC lesions in 10% of cases, and MR revealed lesions in 100% of cases. In patients in whom gadolinium (Gd) enhancement of IVNCC lesions was demonstrated on MR imaging, the surgery-related failure rate was higher and patients required reoperation, and in those in whom gadolinium enhancement was absent the surgery-related failure rate was lower (64 and 19%, respectively; p < 0.0002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Magnetic resonance imaging is superior to CT scanning for detecting IVNCC lesions. The absence of pericystic Gd enhancement on MR imaging is an indication for excision of the lesions. If pericystic enhancement is present, shunt surgery should be performed, and craniotomy reserved for treatment of those patients with symptomatic lesions secondary to mass effect. A treatment algorithm based on patient symptoms, cyst location, and MR imaging Gd enhancement characteristics is proposed.
authors.affiliation: Cedars-Sinai Institute for Spinal Disorders, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan Stuart
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Citow
authors.forename: J Patrick
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Duncan Q
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ammirati
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014695:Cerebral Ventriculography / Q000592:standards; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020019:Neurocysticercosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000592:standards; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005682:Gadolinium