title: Food-for-work programs in Indonesia had a limited effect on anemia.
abstract: Indonesia's economic crisis of late 1990s lowered consumption of micronutrient-rich foods, which increased the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies, including anemia. As a postcrisis response, 5 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) implemented Food for Work (FFW) programs to protect food consumption levels and nutritional status by providing rice, sometimes combined with oil and/or pinto beans. An independent evaluation assessed the effect of the FFW programs on nutrition outcomes, particularly anemia. A quasi-experimental design was used in which 1500 beneficiary and 1500 control households were randomly selected and followed in each of 3 urban and 2 rural sites. Baseline data were collected before program implementation and subsequently at approximately 6-mo intervals for 2.5 y. The poor were found to be appropriately targeted, and program participation ranged from 4 to 18 mo. The proportion of households with debts ranged from 32 to 70%; although it was higher among beneficiaries than controls, it increased among controls, but not beneficiaries. However, only among urban poor mothers in Surabaya were the odds of anemia at endline lower when participating in the FFW program (0.60, 95%CI [0.40-0.89]). Other risk factors for anemia in mothers and children included nutritional status (anemia at baseline, low BMI, receipt of vitamin A capsule, child age) and socioeconomic status (maternal education, having official residency in the area, income level). Thus, postcrisis FFW programs had limited effect on anemia, the main identified nutritional problem. Closer attention is required to the potential for affecting nutritional outcomes through FFW, including food aid quality and quantity and complementary nonfood interventions. Micronutrient deficiencies should be addressed directly via supplements and fortified foods.
authors.affiliation: Helen Keller International, Singapore. remoench@singnet.com.sg
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moench-Pfanner
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Pee
authors.forename: Martin W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Bloem
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Foote
authors.forename: Soewarta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kosen
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Webb
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004651:Employment; D007887:Fabaceae; D005502:Food; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000150:complications; D009821:Oils; D009938:Organizations; D012275:Oryza; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D009821:Oils