title: Attitudes of Emergency Medical Service providers towards naloxone distribution programs.
abstract: Training and distributing naloxone to drug users is a promising method for reducing deaths associated with heroin overdose. Emergency Medical Service (EMS) providers have experience responding to overdose, administering naloxone, and performing clinical management of the patient. Little is known about the attitudes of EMS providers toward training drug users to use naloxone. We conducted an anonymous survey of 327 EMS providers to assess their attitudes toward a pilot naloxone program. Of 176 who completed the survey, the majority were male (79%) and Caucasian (75%). The average number of years working as an EMS provider was 7 (SD=6). Overall attitudes toward training drug users to administer naloxone were negative with 56% responding that this training would not be effective in reducing overdose deaths. Differences in attitudes did not vary by gender, level of training, or age. Providers with greater number of years working in EMS were more likely to view naloxone trainings as effective in reducing overdose death. Provider concerns included drug users' inability to properly administer the drug, program condoning and promoting drug use, and unsafe disposal of used needles. Incorporating information about substance abuse and harm reduction approaches in continuing education classes may improve the attitudes of provider toward naloxone training programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA. ktobin@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Karin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Tobin
authors.forename: Wade R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Gaasch
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
authors.forename: Carl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Latkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D015142:Baltimore; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004496:Education, Continuing / Q000379:methods; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009270:Naloxone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011314:Preventive Health Services; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone