title: Attitudes of Central Collegiate Hockey Association ice hockey players toward athletic mouthguard usage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine Central Collegiate Hockey Association ice hockey players' attitudes regarding the use of athletic mouthguards and to determine the effects of mouthguard type, player position, education, and usage time with respect to attitudes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire measuring players' attitudes toward mouthguards was sent to certified athletic trainers (ATC) responsible for providing healthcare coverage at 10 institutions of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA). The ATC's distributed the surveys to all the players on their respective collegiate teams. Out of a total of 265 players listed on the roosters of the CCHA, one hundred and sixty five (62%) players returned the surveys, with 158 surveys used in the analyses (60%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 13.3% of players (n=21) reported wearing mouthguards 50% of the time or greater during games and 3.8% (n=6) reported wearing mouthguards 50% of the time or greater during practices. Twenty-six percent (n=41) of the players never received educational information regarding using mouthguards. Thirty-nine percent (n=59) of the players reported altering mouthguards to obtain a better fit while 91% of the players were not influenced by the cost of the mouthguard. A 2 x 2 x 2 ANOVA revealed a significant interaction among player position and mouthguard type with respect to player attitudes (F(1,131) = 4.96, P < 0.05), with defensive players having more negative attitudes toward mouthguard usage compared to offensive players.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No one specific factor affecting attitudes was identified, however, players reported limited educational opportunities to learn about the effectiveness of mouthguards. Therefore, coaches, dentists, and healthcare providers should engage in more preventive educational programs to increase player attitudes and compliance.
authors.affiliation: Salem State College, Sport, Fitness, and Leisure Studies, 352 Lafayette St., Salem, MA 01970, USA. david.berry@salemstate.edu
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Leow
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D001294:Attitude to Health; D006688:Hockey / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009064:Mouth Protectors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018677:Tooth Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*