title: VDD-pacemaker in children--a long-term therapy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transvenous AV-synchronous pacing in children started with the invention of smaller sized VDD leads and miniaturization of pacemakers. Whether or not this is a favourable long-term therapy was retrospectively investigated by us based on data from our records.
  
  
  METHODS
  From May 1977 to July 2001 we implanted pacemakers in 104 children younger than 15 years of age. In 55 patients transvenous leads were implanted. Twelve of these (21.8 %) received a VDD pacemaker for hemodynamic reasons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ages ranged from 11 months to 14.5 years (mean 7.7 +/- 4.3 y). Sizes of the children ranged from 67 to 141 cm (mean 105.9 +/- 15.5 cm) and body weight ranged from 5.3 to 62.0 kg (mean 22.5 +/- 9.8 kg). The mean follow-up period was 47.5 +/- 15.1 months. In 86.3 % of the time during follow-up pacemakers of which we obtained data were working in the VDD mode. Five of the twelve VDD patients (41.7 %) had to be reoperated because of severe traction on the leads. In all five patients the VDD systems were explanted and the patients changed to dual chamber pacemakers. The period of time between implantation and VDD lead explantation ranged from 24 to 74 months (48.6 +/- 18.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VDD pacemakers can be implanted safely even in children with a low complication rate perioperatively. 41.7 % of our VDD patients had to be reoperated within the surveillance time because of severe lead tension due to thoracic growth. In our experience VDD pacemakers in smaller children seem to be a temporary solution to bridge AV-synchrony from a young age to DDD pacing in young adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. michael.suedkamp@uk-koeln.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Südkamp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Geissler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emmel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gillor
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mehlhorn
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hekmat
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006327:Heart Block / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D012086:Reoperation