title: Chlamydophila pneumoniae induces expression of toll-like receptor 4 and release of TNF-alpha and MIP-2 via an NF-kappaB pathway in rat type II pneumocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of alveolar type II cells in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity is unclear. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been implicated in host defense. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether Chlamydophila pneumoniae (I) alters the expression of TLR2 and/orTLR4 in type II cells in a (II) Rho-GTPase- and (III) NF-kappaB-dependent pathway, subsequently (IV) leading to the production of (IV) pro-inflammatory TNF-alpha and MIP-2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated rat type II pneumocytes were incubated with C. pneumoniae after pre-treatment with calcium chelator BAPTA-AM, inhibitors of NF-kappaB (parthenolide, SN50) or with a specific inhibitor of the Rho-GTPase (mevastatin). TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expressions were analyzed by PCR. Activation of TLR4, Rac1, RhoA protein and NF-kappaB was determined by Western blotting and confocal laser scan microscopy (CLSM) and TNF-alpha and MIP-2 release by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type II cells constitutively expressed TLR4 and TLR2 mRNA. A prominent induction of TLR4 but not TLR2 mRNA was detected after 2 hours of incubation with C. pneumoniae. The TLR4 protein expression reached a peak at 30 min, began to decrease within 1-2 hours and peaked again at 3 hours. Incubation of cells with heat-inactivated bacteria (56 degrees C for 30 min) significantly reduced the TLR4 expression. Treated bacteria with polymyxin B (2 mug/ml) did not alter TLR4 expression. C. pneumoniae-induced NF-kappaB activity was blocked by TLR4 blocking antibodies. TLR4 mRNA and protein expression were inhibited in the presence of BAPTA-AM, SN50 or parthenolide. TNF-alpha and MIP-2 release was increased in type II cells in response to C. pneumoniae, whereas BAPTA-AM, SN50 or parthenolide decreased the C. pneumoniae-induced TNF-alpha and MIP-2 release. Mevastatin inhibited C. pneumoniae-mediated Rac1, RhoA and TLR4 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TLR4 protein expression in rat type II cells is likely to be mediated by a heat-sensitive C. pneumoniae protein that induces a fast Ca2+-mediated NF-kappaB activity, necessary for maintenance of TLR4 expression and TNF-alpha and MIP-2 release through possibly Rac and Rho protein-dependent mechanism. These results indicate that type II pneumocytes play an important role in the innate pulmonary immune system and in inflammatory response mechanism of the alveolus.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Neonatology, Campus Charité Mitte, Schumannstr, 20-21, D-10098 Berlin, Germany. hwissel@charite.de
authors.forename: Heide
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wissel
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koehne
authors.forename: Ekkehard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maass
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rüdiger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000378:metabolism*; D016993:Chlamydophila pneumoniae / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; C513296:Cxcl2 protein, rat; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; C495347:Tlr4 protein, rat; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha