title: Development of a clinical static and dynamic standing balance measurement tool appropriate for use in adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a need in sports medicine for a static and dynamic standing balance measure to quantify balance ability in adolescents. The purposes of this study were to determine the test-retest reliability of timed static (eyes open) and dynamic (eyes open and eyes closed) unipedal balance measurements and to examine factors associated with balance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents (n=123) were randomly selected from 10 Calgary high schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used a repeated-measures design. One rater measured unipedal standing balance, including timed eyes-closed static (ECS), eyes-open dynamic (EOD), and eyes-closed dynamic (ECD) balance at baseline and 1 week later. Dynamic balance was measured on a foam surface. Reliability was examined using both intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland and Altman statistical techniques. Multiple linear regressions were used to examine other potentially influencing factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on ICCs, test-retest reliability was adequate for ECS, EOD, and ECD balance (ICC=.69, .59, and .46, respectively). The results of Bland and Altman methods, however, suggest that caution is required in interpreting reliability based on ICCs alone. Although both ECS balance and ECD balance appear to demonstrate adequate test-retest reliability by ICC, Bland and Altman methods of agreement demonstrate sufficient reliability for ECD balance only. Thirty percent of the subjects reached the 180-second maximum on EOD balance, suggesting that this test is not appropriate for use in this population. Balance ability (ECS and ECD) was better in adolescents with no past history of lower-extremity injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Timed ECD balance is an appropriate and reliable clinical measurement for use in adolescents and is influenced by previous injury.
authors.affiliation: Sport Medicine Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4E4. caemery@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: Carolyn A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.forename: Terry P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Klassen
authors.forename: Rhonda J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rosychuk
authors.forename: Brian B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Rowe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods*; D004856:Postural Balance; D011434:Proprioception; D015203:Reproducibility of Results