title: Toxicity testing: creating a revolution based on new technologies.
abstract: Biotechnology is evolving at a tremendous rate. Although drug discovery is now heavily focused on high throughput and miniaturized screening, the application of these advances to the toxicological assessment of chemicals and chemical products has been slow. Nevertheless, the impending surge in demands for the regulatory toxicity testing of chemicals provides the impetus for the incorporation of novel methodologies into hazard identification and risk assessment. Here, we review the current and likely future value of these new technologies in relation to toxicological evaluation and the protection of human health.
authors.affiliation: FRAME (Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments), Russell and Burch House, 96-98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham NG1 4EE, UK.
authors.forename: Nirmala
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhogal
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grindon
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Combes
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balls
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D000818:Animals; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012984:Software / Q000639:trends; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*