title: Regional carbon dioxide monitoring to assess the adequacy of tissue perfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tissue dysoxia is now widely regarded as the major factor leading to organ dysfunction in critically ill patients. Recent data suggests that early aggressive resuscitation of critically ill patients, which limits and/or reverses tissue dysoxia may prevent progression to organ dysfunction and improve outcome. The traditional clinical and laboratory markers used to assess tissue dysoxia are, however, insensitive and have numerous limitations. Regional carbon dioxide monitoring appears to be ideally suited to monitoring the adequacy of resuscitation. This review provides an update on this evolving technology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gastric intramucosal carbon dioxide as measured by gastric tonometry has proven to be useful as a prognostic marker, in evaluating the response to specific therapeutic interventions and as an end point of resuscitation. Gastric tonometry is, however, cumbersome and has a number of limitations that may have prevented its widespread adoption. The measurement of carbon dioxide in the sublingual mucosa by sublingual capnometry is technically simple, noninvasive, and provides near instantaneous information. Clinical studies have demonstrated a good correlation between gastric intramucosal carbon dioxide and sublingual mucosa carbon dioxide. Sublingual mucosa carbon dioxide responds more rapidly to therapeutic interventions than does gastric intramucosal carbon dioxide and may be a better prognostic marker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sublingual capnometry may be the ideal technology for guiding early goal directed therapy. This technology may be useful for monitoring tissue oxygenation, titrating therapeutic interventions, and as an end point for resuscitation in critically ill and injured patients.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA. pmarik@zbzoom.net
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Marik
mesh_terms: D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D001775:Blood Circulation; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000098:blood supply*; D016638:Critical Illness; D005753:Gastric Mucosa; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D012151:Resuscitation; D018805:Sepsis / Q000503:physiopathology; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide