title: van der Waals phase transition in protein solutions.
abstract: The van der Waals equation of state for imperfect gases is applied to solutions of macromolecules, especially to explain the fluid-fluid phase transition in protein solutions, a phenomenon of much interest in relation to protein crystallization. The van der Waals b parameter corresponds to the total excluded volume per pair of molecules and can be calculated from independently known molecular properties. It is comprised of terms resulting from hard-sphere and net charge-charge interactions. The experimentally determined second virial coefficient B2 can then be used to obtain the equilibrium constant for dimerization K2, a phenomenologically accessible measure of the van der Waals a parameter. Sedimentation equilibrium is recommended as the technique for measuring B2 most accurately. More general results are used to make a minor quantitative correction to the van der Waals prediction concerning the criterion for the fluid-fluid phase transition. Calculations of the effect of inert co-solutes on the phase transition may prove useful in choosing crystallization conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Univeristy of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1020, New Zealand. pwills@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Wills
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Winzor
mesh_terms: D008958:Models, Molecular; D044367:Phase Transition; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins