title: PCR screening for candidate etiological agents of canine hepatitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatitis, either acute or chronic, is a relatively common hepatic disease in dogs. Several forms of canine hepatitis can occur, some with a defined cause, most cases have an unknown etiology. The similarities between canine hepatitis and human viral hepatitis suggest that canine hepatitis may have a viral etiology too.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test liver tissue of dogs with hepatitis for the presence of candidate agents based on their known association with hepatitis in other mammals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following infectious agents were tested by PCR: Hepadnaviridae, Helicobacter spp., Leptospira spp., Borrelia spp., hepatitis A virus, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis E virus. Also canine adenovirus and parvovirus were included. Ninety-eight liver tissue samples of dogs with various histologically diagnoses forms of hepatitis were tested. Primers were designed on conserved regions in the genome of each of these agents, to increase the likelihood of detection by PCR. To further increase sensitivity, nested PCRs for all agents were designed. Finally, for each agent a nested short primer PCR (SPP) was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of these agents were detected by nested PCR and nested SPP. However, in two acute hepatitis liver samples parvovirus was detected by nested PCR, and one of these was also detected by nested SPP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatitis in dogs is not caused by agents with high homology to known infectious agents that cause hepatitis in other species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 8, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sacha Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Boomkens
authors.forename: Estel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Slump
authors.forename: Herman F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Egberink
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rothuizen
authors.forename: Louis C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Penning
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D004285:Dogs; D006520:Hepatitis, Animal / Q000382:microbiology*; D006524:Hepatitis, Viral, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004279:DNA, Viral