title: Prenatal diagnosis of horseshoe kidney by measurement of the renal pelvic angle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of measurement of the angle between bilateral renal pelves on axial views in the prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of horseshoe kidney.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively measured the renal pelvic angle in 19 fetuses with horseshoe and 20 fetuses with normal kidneys in the second and third trimesters. Renal pelvic angle was defined as the angle between the long axis of the renal pelves on the axial view of the abdomen. We compared the renal pelvic angles of horseshoe and normal kidneys with unpaired t-test. Taking 140 degrees as a cut-off value, we calculated the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of pelvic angle measurement for the prenatal diagnosis of horseshoe kidney.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean pelvic angles in the fetuses with horseshoe kidney were 116 degrees and 110 degrees in the second and third trimester, respectively. In the normal fetuses, the equivalent angles were 172 degrees and 161 degrees. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Using 140 degrees as the discriminating criterion, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of renal pelvic angle measurement for the prenatal diagnosis of horseshoe kidney were all 100%. Fifteen of 19 fetuses with horseshoe kidney had no other abnormality. Four (21%) fetuses had severe complex abnormalities which were associated with trisomy 18 in three cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Observation and measurement of the renal pelvic angle is a simple and useful method in the prenatal diagnosis of the horseshoe kidney.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Samsung Cheil Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. radjycho@skku.edu
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Y-H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Macdonald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards