title: Exposures among pregnant women near the World Trade Center site on 11 September 2001.
abstract: We have characterized environmental exposures among 187 women who were pregnant, were at or near the World Trade Center (WTC) on or soon after 11 September 2001, and are enrolled in a prospective cohort study of health effects. Exposures were assessed by estimating time spent in five zones around the WTC and by developing an exposure index (EI) based on plume reconstruction modeling. The daily reconstructed dust levels were correlated with levels of particulate matter < or = 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5; r = 0.68) or PM10 (r = 0.73-0.93) reported from 26 September through 8 October 2001 at four of six sites near the WTC whose data we examined. Biomarkers were measured in a subset. Most (71%) of these women were located within eight blocks of the WTC at 0900 hr on 11 September, and 12 women were in one of the two WTC towers. Daily EIs were determined to be highest immediately after 11 September and became much lower but remained highly variable over the next 4 weeks. The weekly summary EI was associated strongly with women's perception of air quality from week 2 to week 4 after the collapse (p < 0.0001). The highest levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleic acid (PAH-DNA) adducts were seen among women whose blood was collected sooner after 11 September, but levels showed no significant associations with EI or other potential WTC exposure sources. Lead and cobalt in urine were weakly correlated with sigmaEI, but not among samples collected closest to 11 September. Plasma OC levels were low. The median polychlorinated biphenyl level (sum of congeners 118, 138, 153, 180) was 84 ng/g lipid and had a nonsignificant positive association with sigmaEI (p > 0.05). 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzodioxin levels (median, 30 pg/g lipid) were similar to levels reported in WTC-exposed firefighters but were not associated with EI. This report indicates intense bystander exposure after the WTC collapse and provides information about nonoccupational exposures among a vulnerable population of pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA. mary.wolff@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Mary S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Teitelbaum
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lioy
authors.forename: Regina M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Santella
authors.forename: Richard Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Kathleen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sjödin
authors.forename: Wayman E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Panos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Georgopoulos
authors.forename: Gertrud S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000097:blood; D004391:Dust; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000097:blood; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D010316:Particle Size; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000097:blood; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers; D018736:DNA Adducts; D004391:Dust; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons