title: Immediate ischemic preconditioning based on somatosensory evoked potentials seems to prevent spinal cord injury following descending thoracic aorta cross-clamping.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Delayed ischemic preconditioning has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in spinal cord ischemia. We investigated the effects of immediate ischemic preconditioning based on somatosensory evoked potentials monitoring in a model of spinal cord injury due descending thoracic aorta occlusion in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one dogs were submitted to spinal cord ischemia induced by descending thoracic aorta cross-clamping for 45 min. Control group underwent only the aortic cross-clamping (n=7), group A underwent one cycle of ischemic preconditioning (n=7) and group B underwent three equal cycles of ischemic preconditioning (n=7), immediately before the aortic cross-clamping. Ischemic preconditioning cycles were determined by somatosensory evoked potentials monitoring. Neurologic evaluation was performed according to the Tarlov score at 72 h of follow-up. The animals were then sacrificed and the spinal cord harvested for histopathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aortic pressures before and after the occluded segment were similar in the three groups. Ischemic preconditioning periods corresponded to a mean ischemic time of 3+/-1 min and a mean recovery time of 7+/-2 min. Severe paraplegia was observed in three animals in Control group, in four in group A and in none in group B. Tarlov scores of group B were significantly better in comparison to the Control group (P=0.036). Histopathologic examination showed severe neuronal necrosis in the thoracic and lumbar gray matter in animals who presented paraplegia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immediate repetitive ischemic preconditioning based on somatosensory evoked potentials monitoring seems to protect spinal cord during descending aorta cross-clamping, reducing paraplegia incidence.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Institute (Incor) Division, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ivan S Bonillo
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.forename: Luiz Felipe P
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Gerson
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ballester
authors.forename: Bernardo A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: de Mônaco
authors.forename: Carmem Lúcia P
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lancellotti
authors.forename: Altamiro R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Sérgio A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D009336:Necrosis; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000517:prevention & control; D015424:Reperfusion / Q000379:methods; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors