title: Contrasting loxapine to its isomer isoloxapine--the critical role of in vivo D2 blockade in determining atypicality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Loxapine is a typical antipsychotic while isoloxapine, its 8Cl-isomer, shows atypicality in some animal models. The basis for this difference is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to systematically compare the two drugs in in vitro and in vivo animal models, and to understand mechanisms underlying their differential typical/atypical profiles.
  
  
  METHODS
  The in vitro and in vivo receptor profiles as well as the action of loxapine and isoloxapine on rat conditioned avoidance response (CAR), catalepsy (CAT), striatal FOS expression and prolactin levels were determined. To understand loxapine's typical profile, we added MDL100,907, to provide loxapine+MDL the same in vivo 5-HT2/D2 ratio as isoloxapine, while holding its D2 component constant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isoloxapine behaved as an "atypical" antipsychotic demonstrating CAR inhibition, low CAT, no significant prolactin elevation, and minimal FOS expression in the dorsolateral striatum. Loxapine behaved like a typical antipsychotic, showing unexpectedly high in vivo D2 occupancy. Addition of MDL100,907, which resulted in a very high 5-HT2/D2 in vivo ratio, did not alter loxapine + MDL's typical profile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loxapine's behaviour as a typical antipsychotic is most likely due to its disproportionately high D2 occupancy. Appropriate action at D2 receptors in vivo, rather than the high 5-HT2/D2 ratio, seems to be critical in determining why isoloxapine behaves like an atypical antipsychotic.
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia-PET program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1R8.
authors.forename: Sridhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Natesan
authors.forename: Suzi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vanderspek
authors.forename: José N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Nobrega
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.forename: Shitij
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D002375:Catalepsy / Q000188:drug therapy; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D065127:Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008152:Loxapine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D065127:Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D011388:Prolactin; D008152:Loxapine