title: Negative regulation of toll-like receptor-mediated immune responses.
abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in host defence against invading pathogens, functioning as primary sensors of microbial products and activating signalling pathways that induce the expression of immune and pro-inflammatory genes. However, TLRs have also been implicated in several immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. As the immune system needs to constantly strike a balance between activation and inhibition to avoid detrimental and inappropriate inflammatory responses, TLR signalling must be tightly regulated. Here, we discuss the various negative regulatory mechanisms that have evolved to attenuate TLR signalling to maintain this immunological balance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK. f.y.liew@clinmed.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: Foo Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Liew
authors.forename: Damo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Elizabeth K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Brint
authors.forename: Luke A J
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: O'Neill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000276:immunology; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D053592:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000276:immunology; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000276:immunology; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000276:immunology; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D000071222:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D053592:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011494:Protein Kinases; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D000071222:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; C108944:SOCS1 protein, human; C484529:SIGIRR protein, mouse