title: Problem pathogens: extra-intestinal complications of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi infection.
abstract: Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica seroptype Typhi (S typhi), has an estimated worldwide prevalence of 12-33 million cases. The pathogenesis of this disease depends on the ingested inoculum size of S typhi, the virulence of the strain, the host's immune response and previous exposure, and local protective factors. Numerous extra-intestinal complications can occur with S typhi infection, including the involvement of the central nervous system (3-35%), cardiovascular system (1-5%), pulmonary system (1-86%), bone and joints (< or =1%), hepatobiliary system (1-26%), genitourinary system (<1%), and others. Due to an increase in multidrug-resistant S typhi, fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins have been increasingly used for typhoid fever and its complications. We describe the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and treatment of extra-intestinal S typhi infections.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. dhuang1@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Herbert L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: DuPont
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D020806:Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D052776:Female Urogenital Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D052801:Male Urogenital Diseases; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000187:drug effects; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents