title: Cephalometric evaluation for Saudi population using the Downs and Steiner analysis.
abstract: The purpose of this study is to formulate cephalometric norms of the Saudi population; and to evaluate whether significant cephalometric differences exist between Saudi and Caucasian patients. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 60 selected Saudis (30 males and 30 females) with esthetically pleasing and harmonious faces, Angle I molar relationship, with all permanent teeth present and no history of orthodontic treatment or facial trauma, age range between 20 and 30 years were analyzed using the Downs and Steiner analysis. The means, standard deviations, and ranges of the measurements were compared with the norms established by Downs and Steiner. Statistically, several significant differences were noticeable in the results of the present study when the cephalometric mean values for the selected Saudi population were compared with the norms suggested for a white Caucasian population by Downs and Steiner. The results of the present study are significant and showed normal Saudis have a slightly protrusive maxillae, a tendency to Class II facial pattern, and a high mandibular plane angle. These results have clinical implications in the diagnosis and treatment of adult Saudis with dentofacial deformities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthodontics, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, King Saud University College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. njasser@ksu.edu.saz
authors.forename: Nasser M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Al-Jasser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018912:Arabs; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003766:Dental Occlusion; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D044465:White People