title: Is the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome useful for predicting cardiovascular disease in asian diabetic patients? Analysis from the Japan Diabetes Complications Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is believed to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although its prevalence is extremely high among diabetic patients, its prevalence in those with no history of CVD has not been determined. Moreover, prospective studies published on the association between MetS and cardiovascular events in diabetic populations have used only the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of MetS and included only white European subjects. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of MetS, as defined by both the WHO and the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), and its predictive value for CVD in Asian diabetic patients in a long-term, prospective setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  The baseline characteristics and incidence/hazard ratio of cardiovascular events (coronary heart disease and stroke) were determined in 1,424 Japanese type 2 diabetic patients with and without MetS, as defined by WHO (WHO-MetS) or the NCEP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high prevalence (38-53%, depending on sex and definition) of MetS was found among diabetic patients, even those with no history of CVD. During the 8-year study period, only WHO-MetS was a predictor for CVD in female patients. In male patients, although both definitions of MetS were significant predictors for CVD, individual components of MetS, such as hyperlipidemia or hypertension, were equivalent or better predictors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that MetS is relatively common in diabetic patients with no history of CVD. We suggest that the commonly used definitions of MetS, at least in their present forms, have limited clinical usefulness for Asian diabetic patients and may need some ethnic group-specific modifications for global use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tsukuba Institute of Clinical Medicine, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 305-8575. jdcstudy@md.tsukuba.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hirohito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sone
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Yoshimitsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.forename: Shun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
authors.forename: Shigehiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akanuma
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin