title: Assessment of the onset and persistence of amnesia during procedural sedation with propofol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess patients' ability to repeat and recall words presented to them while undergoing procedural sedation with propofol, and correlate their recall with their level of awareness as measured by bispectral index (BIS) monitoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective, single-intervention study of consenting adult patients undergoing procedural sedation with propofol between December 28, 2002, and October 31, 2003. BIS monitoring was initiated starting 3 minutes before the procedure and continuing until the patient had regained baseline mental status. At 1-minute intervals during the procedural sedation, until the patient regained baseline mental status at the end of the procedure, a word from a standardized list was read aloud, and the patient was asked to immediately repeat the word to the investigator. The BIS score at the time the word was read and the patient's ability to repeat the word were recorded. After the procedure, the patient was asked to state all of the words from the list that he or she could recall, and to identify the last word recalled from prior to the start of the procedure and the first word recalled from after the procedure was completed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-five consenting patients were enrolled; one patient was excluded from data analysis for a protocol violation. No serious adverse events were noted during the procedural sedations. The mean (+/-standard deviation) time of data collection was 16.4 minutes (+/-7.1; range 5 to 34 minutes). The mean initial (preprocedure) BIS score was 97.1 (+/-2.3; range 92 to 99). The mean lowest BIS score occurring during these procedural sedations was 66.9 (+/-14.4; range 33 to 91). The mean lowest BIS score corresponding to the ability of the patient to immediately repeat words read from the list was 77.1 (95% CI = 74.3 to 80.0). The mean highest BIS score corresponding to the inability to repeat words was 81.5 (95% CI = 78.1 to 84.8). The mean BIS score corresponding to the last word recalled from prior to the initiation of the sedation was 96.7 (+/-2.4; range 84 to 98). The mean BIS score corresponding to the first word recalled after the procedure was completed was 91.2 (95% CI = 88.1 to 94.3). All patients recalled at least one word that had been read to them during the protocol. The mean lowest BIS score for any recalled word was 91.5 (+/-11.1; range 79 to 98), and no words were recalled when the corresponding BIS score was less than 90.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a range of BIS scores during which sedated patients are able to repeat words read to them but are not able to subsequently recall these words. Furthermore, patients had no recall of words repeated prior to procedural sedation in BIS ranges associated with recall after procedural sedation, suggestive of retrograde amnesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA. james.miner@co.hennepin.mn.us
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Miner
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bachman
authors.forename: Lindsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kosman
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heegaard
authors.forename: Michelle H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Biros
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000647:Amnesia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D015742:Propofol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013616:Tachycardia, Sinus / Q000139:chemically induced; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D015742:Propofol