title: Enhancement of radiation-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in tumor cells by ellagic acid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Failure of treatment of cancer in clinic by radio/chemotherapy is generally attributed to tumor resistance. It is, therefore, important to develop strategies to increase the cytotoxicity of tumor cells by radiation in combination with new tumor selective cytotoxic agents. We describe the role of ellagic acid (EA) and gamma radiation on the oxidative stress and subsequent cytotoxicity of tumor cells in vitro as well as in vivo and their sparing effects on normal cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-transplanted Swiss mice were intraperitoneally injected with EA followed by radiation treatment of 2 Gy for 4 alternate days. Hela cells were used for in vitro studies. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was measured by spectrofluorimetric method by using 2, 7-dichlorodihydrofluoresceindiacetate (DCHFDA) fluorescent probe. Cytotoxicity was measured by Trypan blue dye exclusion test and mitochondrial potential was measured using Rhodamine 123 as a probe. Antioxidant enzymes were measured by spectrophotometric methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EA was found to generate ROS in tumor cells, which increased, by an order of magnitude when cells were treated with EA in combination with gamma radiation. The decrease in mitochondrial potential and the loss of cell viability were remarkably greater in tumor cells from mice treated with EA and radiation than alone treatment with either of them. Moreover, EA was found to protect against radiation-induced oxidative stress in splenic lymphocytes of tumor-transplanted mice. Measurement of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GR) in tumor cells showed decrease after treatment with EA and radiation in vivo. Treatment of tumor bearing mice with EA and radiation showed significant decrease in animal's body weight suggesting reduced tumor burden.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined treatment of tumor with EA and radiation enhances oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in tumor cells. EA protects normal cells against radiation damage. This may offer potential therapeutic benefit, which warrants clinical study for application in cancer radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Division, Dr. Balabhai Nanavati Hospital, Mumbai 400 056, India.
authors.forename: Sushma M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bhosle
authors.forename: Nagraj G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Huilgol
authors.forename: Kaushala Prasad
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Mishra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002286:Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004610:Ellagic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005720:Gamma Rays; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D004610:Ellagic Acid; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase