title: Sleep disturbances in patients with chronic heart failure and their holistic consequences-what different care actions can be implemented?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep disturbances are prevalent among elderly, especially among those with chronic heart failure (CHF) and can affect all dimensions of quality of life (QOL) negatively.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the most common causes leading to sleep disturbances in patients with CHF, their consequences from a holistic perspective and different care actions that can be implemented.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE and CINAHL databases were searched from 1989 to July 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep disordered breathing (SDB), and insomnia were the most common causes for sleep disturbances and occurs in 45--82% (SDB) and one-third (insomnia) of all patients with CHF. SDB cause a disturbed sleep structure with frequent awakenings, as well as several adverse effects on the cardiovascular system causing increased morbidity and mortality. Insomnia, caused by anxiety, an unknown life situation in relation to the debut of CHF, or symptoms/deteriorations of CHF can lead to negative effects on all aspects of QOL, as well as daytime sleepiness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high prevalence of sleep disturbances and their holistic consequences should be taken into account when nurses asses and plan the care for patients with CHF. Randomized studies with large sample sizes evaluating non-pharmacological nursing interventions that improve sleep are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden. Anders.brostrom@imv.liu.se
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Broström
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000451:nursing*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D024802:Nurse's Role; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D017286:Polysomnography; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000451:nursing*; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing; D016896:Treatment Outcome