title: Influence of glutamate on growth, sporulation, and spore properties of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 in defined medium.
abstract: A chemically defined medium in combination with an airlift fermentor system was used to study the growth and sporulation of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579. The medium contained six amino acids and lactate as the main carbon sources. The amino acids were depleted during exponential growth, while lactate was metabolized mainly during stationary phase. Two concentrations of glutamate were used: high (20 mM; YLHG) and low (2.5 mM; YLLG). Under both conditions, sporulation was complete and synchronous. Sporulation started and was completed while significant amounts of carbon and nitrogen sources were still present in the medium, indicating that starvation was not the trigger for sporulation. Analysis of amino acids and NH4+ in the culture supernatant showed that most of the nitrogen assimilated by the bacteria was taken up during sporulation. The consumption of glutamate depended on the initial concentration; in YLLG, all of the glutamate was used early during exponential growth, while in YLHG, almost all of the glutamate was used during sporulation. In YLLG, but not in YLHG, NH4+ was taken up by the cells during sporulation. The total amount of nitrogen used by the bacteria in YLLG was less than that used by the bacteria in YLHG, although a significant amount of NH4+ was present in the medium throughout sporulation. Despite these differences, growth and temporal expression of key sigma factors involved in sporulation were parallel, indicating that the genetic time frames of sporulation were similar under both conditions. Nevertheless, in YLHG, dipicolinic acid production started later and the spores were released from the mother cells much later than in YLLG. Notably, spores had a higher heat resistance when obtained after growth in YLHG than when obtained after growth in YLLG, and the spores germinated more rapidly and completely in response to inosine, l-alanine, and a combination of these two germinants.
authors.affiliation: Wageningen Center for Food Sciences, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Ynte.deVries@wur.nl
authors.forename: Ynte P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Ratna D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Atmadja
authors.forename: Luc M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hornstra
authors.forename: Willem M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: de Vos
authors.forename: Tjakko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abee
mesh_terms: D001409:Bacillus cereus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005971:Glutamates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018869:Heat-Shock Response; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D012808:Sigma Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D005971:Glutamates; D007773:Lactates; D012808:Sigma Factor; D009584:Nitrogen