title: Computed tomography without oral contrast solution for blunt diaphragmatic injuries in abdominal trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to estimate the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) of computed tomography (CT) without oral contrast for diaphragm injuries (DIs) in blunt abdominal trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively enrolled 500 consecutive "trauma-one" patients who received CT imaging and interpretation (CT-Read1) of the abdomen within 45 minutes of their arrival from July 2000 to December 2001. All patients were imaged without oral contrast but with intravenous contrast. Computed tomographic images were reviewed within 24 hours of admission by research radiologists (CT-Read2) blinded to CT-Read1. True DIs were determined hierarchically by either laparotomy or autopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 9 patients with laparotomy or autopsy-proven blunt DIs; 8 of these injuries involved the left hemidiaphragm. The CT-Read1 correctly detected only 6 of 9 blunt DIs, thus missing 3 DIs. One of these involved the right hemidiaphragm, whereas the other 2 were left sided. There were no false-positive findings with CT-Read1 for blunt DI. The sensitivity and specificity of CT imaging with respect to DI were 66.7% (95% CI, 29.9%-92.5%) and 100% (95% CI, 99.2%-100%), respectively. The PPV for the test was 1.00 (95% CI, 0.65-1.00).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the low number of blunt DIs in this study limits its general applicability, CT imaging of the diaphragm without oral contrast appears to perform within the range of reported imaging techniques using oral contrast. Still, CT scanning appears to have an unsatisfactorily low sensitivity to be reliably used in eliminating the diagnosis of blunt DI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT 84143, USA. ldtallen@ihc.com
authors.forename: Todd L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Brendan F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Cummins
authors.forename: R Thomas
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Bonk
authors.forename: Colleen P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Harker
authors.forename: Diana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Handrahan
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Stevens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014193:Trauma Centers; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology