title: Lower sperm counts following prenatal tobacco exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent findings have indicated that prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke may cause lower sperm concentration in ejaculates of adult men. To extend the research on this hypothesis we investigated the dose-dependency of the association, controlling for other prenatal exposures.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1987 to 1996, four separate occupational semen studies were conducted at three centres in Denmark. A total of 945 men provided semen and blood samples, and information on reproductive and lifestyle factors. In 2004, we collected data on the maternal smoking habits during pregnancy from 522 mothers of the participating men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusting for study subgroup, abstinence time and other factors, we found statistically non-significant differences in mean sperm concentrations: 65.0 x 10(6)/ml [95% confidence interval (CI) 51, 81] among sons of non-smokers; 59.1 x 10(6)/ml (95% CI 46, 75) among sons of mothers who had smoked 1-10 cigarettes/day; and 57.7 x 10(6)/ml (95% CI 40, 81) among those whose mothers had smoked >10 cigarettes/day. The former group had a higher odds ratio (OR) for oligozoospermia (sperm concentration < or =20 x 10(6)/ml) of 1.5 (95% CI 0.9, 2.8), the latter group an OR of 2.6 (95% CI 1.2, 5.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed a dose-dependent association between prenatal tobacco exposure, lower sperm concentration and higher risk of oligozoospermia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Sygehus, Denmark.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Mabeck
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Toft
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Thulstrup
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bonde
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009790:Occupations; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013076:Sperm Count / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*