title: MEK hyperphosphorylation coincides with cell cycle shut down of cultured smooth muscle cells.
abstract: Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) form the backbone of arteries and their proliferation hallmarks collateral vessel growth, a process termed arteriogenesis, as well as pathogenic responses such as restenosis. Since signaling pathways in SMCs are the main targets for therapeutic interventions, we aimed to determine how and to what extent the activation of the ubiquitous MEK-ERK signaling pathway correlates with important in vivo phenomena such as dedifferentiation, nuclear activation and proliferation of SMCs. Specificity of this pathway was monitored using MEK inhibitors UO126 and PD98059 in platelet derived growth factor-AB (PDGF-AB)- and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2)-stimulated SMCs. PDGF-AB induced a rapid MEK activation followed by phosphorylation of the MEK substrates ERK1/2 while FGF-2 showed a less pronounced and delayed activation. Both growth factors triggered a marked phosphorylation of c-Myc and expression of Egr1. Pretreatment with MEK inhibitors suppressed the activation of the ERK cascade, abolished the down-regulation of desmin and led to cell cycle arrest. However, the reversibility of p27Kip1 down-regulation by UO126 was mainly observed after PDGF-AB stimulation, indicating MEK independent p27Kip1 down-regulation by FGF-2. Surprisingly, treatment of SMCs with UO126 or PD98059 increased the level of MEK phosphorylation in a dose dependent manner at serine residues 217/221 in the presence as well as in the absence of both growth factors. Our results strongly imply that depending on the environmental context phosphorylation of serines 217/221 serves as an "on" as well as an "off " switch.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max Planck Institute, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubin
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: von der Ahe
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Deindl
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schaper
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002070:Butadienes / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology*; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002070:Butadienes; D005419:Flavonoids; D009570:Nitriles; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; C113580:U 0126; C095477:platelet-derived growth factor AB; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one