title: [Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome: an oft unrecognised familial early-onset encephalopathy].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, first described in 1984, is a progressive infantile familial encephalopathy featuring cerebral calcifications, mainly of the basal ganglia, cerebral white matter abnormalities and cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis. Most of the patients present with severe developmental retardation, microcephaly, abnormal eye movements, pyramidal tract signs, and prominent dystonic movements. An elevated level of interferon-alpha in the CSF is a constant feature, particularly during the first stages of the disease course. One locus has been mapped on chromosome 3p21 in about half of the families so far studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  and results. We report two new French cases and discuss the limits of the clinical syndrome, the differential diagnosis and issues raised by the pathophysiological mechanisms involved. The major concern is to separate this condition from intrauterine infections because of the genetic and therapeutic consequences. A number of other questions remain unanswered. For example, we still do not know today at what age the absence of features like CSF lymphocytosis, and possibly absence of calcifications, rules out the diagnosis of the condition. The origin of the vasculitis lesions is not known, but seems to be related to dysregulation of interferon production and secretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently about 75 patients have been reported, even though many more probably exist. The study of this syndrome can contribute to the understanding of some mechanisms of CNS calcification and in a broader perspective to that of chronic encephalopathies with dysregulation of immune mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique et des Maladies Métaboliques, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: San Antonio
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Monier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aicardi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Evrard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arzimanoglou
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D001479:Basal Ganglia; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008218:Lymphocytosis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008297:Male; D013577:Syndrome