title: Workplace smoking related absenteeism and productivity costs in Taiwan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate productivity losses and financial costs to employers caused by cigarette smoking in the Taiwan workplace.
  
  
  METHODS
  The human capital approach was used to calculate lost productivity. Assuming the value of lost productivity was equal to the wage/salary rate and basing the calculations on smoking rate in the workforce, average days of absenteeism, average wage/salary rate, and increased risk and absenteeism among smokers obtained from earlier research, costs due to smoker absenteeism were estimated. Financial losses caused by passive smoking, smoking breaks, and occupational injuries were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a conservative estimate of excess absenteeism from work, male smokers took off an average of 4.36 sick days and male non-smokers took off an average of 3.30 sick days. Female smokers took off an average of 4.96 sick days and non-smoking females took off an average of 3.75 sick days. Excess absenteeism caused by employee smoking was estimated to cost USD 178 million per annum for males and USD 6 million for females at a total cost of USD 184 million per annum. The time men and women spent taking smoking breaks amounted to nine days per year and six days per year, respectively, resulting in reduced output productivity losses of USD 733 million. Increased sick leave costs due to passive smoking were approximately USD 81 million. Potential costs incurred from occupational injuries among smoking employees were estimated to be USD 34 million.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Financial costs caused by increased absenteeism and reduced productivity from employees who smoke are significant in Taiwan. Based on conservative estimates, total costs attributed to smoking in the workforce were approximately USD 1032 million.
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA. shan.tsai@shell.com
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000379:methods; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D017132:Workplace