title: [Saccharomyces boulardii activates expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in HT-29 cells].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) has been reported to be beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, however, little is known about its mechanism of action. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) is recently found to regulate inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells. We hypothesized that the anti-inflammatory effects of S. boulardii are mediated, in part, through PPAR-gamma. To test this hypothesis, we examined the ability of S. boulardii to modulate the expression of PPAR-gamma in human colon cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of S. boulardii on survival and proliferation of HT-29 human colon cells were assessed by MTT and [3H]thymidine incorporation assays. PPAR-gamma expression was assessed by Western blot and RT-PCR. Induction of interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was assessed by RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S. boulardii did not affect viability and proliferation of HT-29 cells. S. boulardii up-regulated PPAR-gamma expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Pretreatment of HT-29 cells with S. boulardii blocked PPAR-gamma down-regulation by TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, or LPS, whereas it ameliorated IL-8 response to these proinflammatory factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S. boulardii stimulates PPAR-gamma expression and reduces response of human colon cells to proinflammatory cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Kil
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyo Jong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung Gil
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Jae Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Ki Deok
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Nam Hoon
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kwang Ro
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.forename: Seok Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Byung Ho
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young Woon
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Joung Il
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Rin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012440:Saccharomyces / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D047495:PPAR gamma