title: Determinants of smoking status: cross-sectional data on smoking initiation and cessation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking is known to increase the risk of chronic disease. Improved understanding of factors that contribute to smoking initiation and cessation may help to underpin strategies that lead to smoking behavior change.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data obtained from 11,967 men and women, aged 20-65 years, were used to study associations with smoking initiation and smoking cessation within the general population. Information on smoking habits, socio-demographic factors and psychosocial factors were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression analyses were undertaken by gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adverse childhood experiences and personality characteristics (including extraversion, neuroticism and hostility) were found to be related to smoking initiation. Age, marital status and tobacco-related factors were consistently associated with smoking cessation. Older people, married persons and those who smoked more cigarettes per day had a higher likelihood of quitting, both for men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking initiation was found to be associated with adverse childhood events and with measures of personality whereas smoking cessation was associated predominantly with socio-demographic and tobacco use-related factors.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. jeanne.van.loon@rivm.nl
authors.forename: A Jeanne M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Loon
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tijhuis
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Surtees
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ormel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires