title: Association between family history of dementia and hallucinations in Parkinson disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify familial risk factors for hallucinations in patients with Parkinson disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred seventy-six outpatients with PD participated in the study. The presence of hallucinations was determined using a validated questionnaire, including items regarding the occurrence of visual, auditory, or other types of hallucinations. Family history of PD and dementia was determined by a structured interview and examination of medical records and affected family members. Patients with young-onset PD (<50 years) who reported another PD patient among their siblings were tested for parkin mutations. Stepwise logistic regression was applied for the detection of risk factors. The regression model included a set of family history-related variables (family history of PD and of dementia) and a set of disease-related variables (age, age at onset of PD, stage, duration of PD and of l-dopa therapy, l-dopa dose, and number of antiparkinsonian drugs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hallucinations were present in 32% of the 276 patients. Risk factors for hallucinations included Mini-Mental State Examination score (p < 0.0001) and positive family history of dementia (p = 0.0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Family history of dementia and lower Mini-Mental State Examination scores are risk factors for hallucinations in Parkinson disease.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Service and Memory Clinic, Yehuda Abarbanel Mental Health Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paleacu
authors.forename: Edna
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schechtman
authors.forename: Rivka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Inzelberg
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D003704:Dementia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D007980:Levodopa; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; C111567:parkin protein