title: An evidence-based approach to the evaluation and management of stress incontinence in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article is to use evidence-based criteria to review recent publications on the evaluation and management of stress urinary incontinence in women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Longitudinal studies suggest that a familial predisposition towards stress urinary incontinence may exist. There is mounting evidence that cesarean section may play a protective role against pelvic floor damage due to labor, but this continues to be investigated. Objective parameters in the evaluation of stress urinary incontinence, such as questionnaires, pad test, and urodynamic studies, continue to undergo refinements to become more clinically relevant outcome tools. Non-invasive and minimally-invasive therapies for stress urinary incontinence are expanding. The search continues for the optimal non-autologous material in the pubovaginal sling procedure. Despite concerns over the use of synthetic material and better defined early complications, midurethral slings continue to enjoy popularity with short-term and intermediate success.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research into the cause of stress urinary incontinence is necessary. There is still no unified protocol in the evaluation of the condition and its severity. Mid-urethral slings appear to be as efficacious as more established procedures (bladder neck suspensions, pubovaginal slings), but long-term results on safety and efficacy remain scarce.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gilleran
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zimmern
mesh_terms: D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014563:Urodynamics; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods