title: Comparison of hormone and glucose responses of overweight women to barley and oats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of particle size (flour vs. flakes) on glycemic responses after oats and barley (Prowashonupana cultivar), which contain high amounts of soluble fiber, are consumed by overweight women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten women, average age 50 years and body mass index 30, consumed glucose (1 g/kg body weight) and four test meals (1 g carbohydrate/kg body weight; 2/3 of the carbohydrate from oat flour, oatmeal, barley flour, or barley flakes and 1/3 from pudding) in a Latin square design after consuming controlled diets for 2 days. Blood samples were collected at fasting and periodically after each meal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak glucose and insulin levels after barley were significantly lower than those after glucose or oats. Glucose areas under the curve (AUCs) after test meals compared with AUCs after glucose were reduced after both oats and barley (29-36% by oats and 59-65% by barley) (p < 0.002). Insulin AUCs after test meals compared with glucose AUCs were significantly reduced only by barley (44-56%) (p < 0.005). Indexes for insulin resistance (HOMA, MFFM, Cederholm) after the oat and barley meals were not different from indexes after the glucose meal. Glucagon and leptin responses did not significantly differ for the carbohydrates tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Particle size of the oats or barley had little effect on the glycemic responses. Both oat and barley meals reduced glycemic responses; the high soluble fiber content of this barley appeared to be a factor in the greater reduction observed.
authors.affiliation: Diet and Human Performance Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA. behall@bhnrc.arsusda.gov
authors.forename: Kay M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Behall
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Scholfield
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hallfrisch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D019540:Area Under Curve; D018554:Avena; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index / Q000187:drug effects; D001467:Hordeum; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D010316:Particle Size; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D036361:Peptide Hormones