title: Role of up-regulation of IK1 in action potential shortening associated with atrial fibrillation in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although previous studies in dogs have indicated a minimal role for changes in I(K1) in the shortening of action potential duration (APD) associated with atrial fibrillation (AF), in humans, there is evidence for significant AF-induced up-regulation of this current. In this computer model study, we investigated the relative contributions of the remodeling of I(K1), L-type calcium current, and other remodeled ionic channel currents to AF-induced APD reduction in human atrium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two computer models of electrical activity of human atrial cell were modified by incorporating experimental data of AF-induced changes in human atrial ionic channel conductance and kinetics reported by Bosch et al. (I(CaL), I(to), I(K1), and I(Na)) (AF-1) and Workman et al. (I(CaL), I(to), and I(K1)) (AF-2). The roles and relative importance of individually remodeled ion channels in the APD reduction in human atrium were evaluated by the removal and exclusive methods, in which remodeling of specific currents was omitted, or considered in isolation, in the two models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When tested together, previously reported AF-induced changes in sarcolemmal ion currents result in marked shortening of atrial APD(90). With the AF-1 remodeled parameters, there is a 62% reduction in APD(90) for the Nygren et al. model, and a 68% reduction for the Courtemanche et al. model, which are comparable to experimental results of 60% reduction seen in humans. When tested individually, AF-1-induced changes in I(CaL), I(K1), or I(to) alone result in APD(90) reduction of 20%, 64%, and -10%, respectively, for the Nygren et al. model, and 27%, 40%, and 11.6%, respectively, for the Courtemanche et al. model. With the AF-2 remodeled parameters, there is a 47% reduction in APD(90) for the Nygren et al. model and a 49% reduction for the Courtemanche et al. model, which are also comparable to experimental results of 45% reduction. When tested individually, AF-2-induced changes in I(CaL) or I(K1) alone result in APD(90) reduction of 20% and 40%, respectively, for the Nygren et al. model, and 14% and 21%, respectively, for the Courtemanche et al. model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previously reported changes in L-type Ca(2+) current are insufficient to account for the observed reduction in atrial APD associated with persistent AF. Up-regulation of I(K1) has a greater influence on atrial APD in the human model.
authors.affiliation: Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, UK. h.zhang-3@umist.ac.uk
authors.forename: Henggui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Clifford J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Garratt
authors.forename: Jiujiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Arun V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Holden
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000378:metabolism*; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000378:metabolism*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006325:Heart Atria; D006801:Humans; D017136:Ion Transport; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated