title: Low-dose international normalized ratio self-management: a promising tool to achieve low complication rates after mechanical heart valve replacement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  International normalized ratio (INR) self-management can significantly reduce INR fluctuations, bleeding, and thromboembolic events compared with INR control managed by general practitioners. However, even patients with INR self-management may have an increased risk of bleeding if their INR value is above 3.5. This study evaluated the compliance, clinical complications, and survival of patients after mechanical heart valve replacement with low-dose INR self-management compared with conventional-dose anticoagulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Group 1 (n = 908) received low-dose anticoagulation with a target INR range of 1.8 to 2.8 for aortic valve replacement and 2.5 to 3.5 for mitral or double valve replacement. Group 2 (n = 910) received conventional-dose anticoagulation with a target INR range of 2.5 to 4.5 for all heart valve prostheses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In groups 1 and 2, 76% and 75% of INR values, respectively, were in the target range. Results did not differ according to schooling and age. The rate of thromboembolic events per patient year was 0.18% in group 1 and 0.40% in group 2 (p = 0.210). The rate of bleeding complications was 0.74% for group 1 and 1.20% for group 2 (p = 0.502). In most patients with clinically relevant bleeding, these complications occurred although their measured INR values were below 3.5. The survival rate did not differ between the study groups (p = 0.495).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose INR self-management is a promising tool to achieve low hemorrhagic complications without increasing the risk of thromboembolic complications. INR self-management is applicable for all patients in whom permanent anticoagulation therapy is indicated. Even INR values below 3.5 can bear the risk of bleeding complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center North-Rhine-Westphalia Bad Oeynhausen, Germany Clinic, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. hkoertke@hdz-nrw.de
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koertke
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zittermann
authors.forename: Kazutomo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: Gero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tenderich
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Arousy
authors.forename: Arno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krian
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ennker
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Taborski
authors.forename: Wolf Peter
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Klövekorn
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moosdorf
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Saggau
authors.forename: Michiel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morshuis
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koerfer
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koerfer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012648:Self Care; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants