title: Progestins and progesterone in hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer.
abstract: Controlled studies and most observational studies published over the last 5 years suggest that the addition of synthetic progestins to estrogen in hormone replacement therapy (HRT), particularly in continuous-combined regimen, increases the breast cancer (BC) risk compared to estrogen alone. By contrast, a recent study suggests that the addition of natural progesterone in cyclic regimens does not affect BC risk. This finding is consistent with in vivo data suggesting that progesterone does not have a detrimental effect on breast tissue. The increased BC risk found with the addition of synthetic progestins to estrogen could be due to the regimen and/or the kind of progestin used. Continuous-combined regimen inhibits the sloughing of mammary epithelium that occurs after progesterone withdrawal in a cyclic regimen. More importantly, the progestins used (medroxyprogesterone acetate and 19-Nortestosterone-derivatives) are endowed with some non-progesterone-like effects, which can potentiate the proliferative action of estrogens. Particularly relevant seem to be the metabolic and hepatocellular effects (decreased insulin sensitivity, increased levels and activity of insulin-like growth factor-I, and decreased levels of SHBG), which contrast the opposite effects induced by oral estrogen.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Endocrinological Gynecology, Sant'Anna Gynecological Hospital, Corso Spezia 60, 10126 Torino, Italy. ginendocrinol@oirmsantanna.piemonte.it
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campagnoli
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Clavel-Chapelon
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaaks
authors.forename: Clementina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peris
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berrino
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D004967:Estrogens / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D011374:Progesterone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011372:Progestins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011372:Progestins; D011374:Progesterone