title: MUC 1 core protein as a marker of gallbladder malignancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The significance of MUC 1 expression in the gallbladder tissues in relation to cancer and non-cancer disease is not well understood. The aim of this study was to clarify the significance of MUC 1 expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A monoclonal antibody (CA 15--3; DF 3) was applied to stain MUC 1 core protein in surgical specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MUC 1 expression is significantly higher (p<0.0001) in gallbladder cancer (69/88) compare to non-cancerous tissue, while, very trace in normal and inflammatory tissues. The expression rate was significantly lower (p<0.0001) when the cancer did not penetrate the mucosal layer than when cancers did penetrate this layer. The MUC 1 expression rate was (4/14) in T1 tumours, (11/14) in T4, (40/45) in T3, and (14/15) in T2, respectively. Every cell of normal and inflammatory mucosa, and T1 cancers had the polarized pattern. The depolarized pattern was dominant in cancer cells from the advanced tumours of T2, T3 and T4. That is, (45/74) of cancer cells from the mucosal layer and (58/74) of penetrating cancer cells in submucosal layer had the depolarized pattern. There was no significant correlation of MUC 1 expression rate and staining pattern with cancer differentiation and microscopic venous invasion. On the other hand, lymphatic vessel invasion was significantly correlated with the staining pattern but not with expression rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MUC 1 core protein expression rate and pattern are suggesting that MUC 1 core protein would be a marker of malignant transformation of gallbladder epithelium and its depolarized expression would also be a marker of invasion of gallbladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba-Shi 305, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kamma
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miwa
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krishnani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohkohchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Todoroki
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D002288:Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000941:Antigens / Q000032:analysis*; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D018196:Carcinoma, Adenosquamous / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D018279:Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D016764:Cell Polarity; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000473:pathology; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000473:pathology; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis*; D006099:Granuloma / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D018396:Mucin-1; D009077:Mucins / Q000032:analysis*; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012704:Serous Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D014973:Xanthomatosis / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000941:Antigens; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004396:Coloring Agents; D006023:Glycoproteins; C060192:MUC1 protein, human; D018396:Mucin-1; D009077:Mucins