title: Risk factors for cerebral palsy in preterm infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify crucial factors that precipitate cerebral palsy by controlling confounding factors in logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively investigated a cohort of all 922 infants with gestational ages of less than 34 weeks (22-33 weeks), who were admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit between 1990 and 1998. Thirty (3.7%) were diagnosed to have cerebral palsy. We analyzed the prenatal and postnatal clinical variables of the cerebral palsy cases and compared them with 150 randomly selected controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk factors for cerebral palsy identified in univariate analysis were: twin pregnancy, long-term ritodrine tocolysis, respiratory distress syndrome, air leak, surfactant administration, intermittent mandatory ventilation, high frequency oscillation, lowest PaCO2 levels, prolonged hypocarbia during the first 72 h of life, and postnatal steroid therapy. In a conditional multiple logistic model, long-term ritodrine tocolysis, prolonged hypocarbia and postnatal steroid therapy remained associated with an increased risk of cerebral palsy after adjustment for other antenatal and postnatal variables (OR [Odds Ratio] = 8.62, 95% CI [Confidence Interval], 2.18-33.97; OR = 7.81, 95% CI, 1.42-42.92; OR = 21.37, 95% CI, 2.01-227.29, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that long-term ritodrine tocolysis underlines the development of cerebral palsy. Further assessments of the effect of ritodrine on fetal circulation and nervous system are required. Moreover, possible alternatives to systemic postnatal steroids are needed, and carbon dioxide levels should be more strictly controlled.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Perinatal Center, Japanese Red Cross Sendai Hospital, 2-43-3, Yagiyamahonchou, Sendai 982-8501, Japan. ritsu@sendai.jrc.or.jp
authors.forename: Ritsuko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Shingi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakae
authors.forename: Yasuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Onuma
mesh_terms: D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D012312:Ritodrine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015149:Tocolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D015149:Tocolytic Agents; D012312:Ritodrine