title: Comparison of two iron gluconate treatment modalities in chronic hemodialysis patients: results of a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iron supplementation in chronic hemodialyzed patients is not yet completely defined concerning the dosing regimen. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the same iron load administered in different regimens on anemia, iron status and the reticulocyte (Ret) subpopulation patterns in stable patients on chronic hemodialysis (HD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen patients undergoing thrice-weekly chronic HD and receiving stable alphaerythropoietin therapy with absolute iron deficiency (transferrin saturation (TSAT) <20%, ferritin (Frt) <100 ng/mL) were randomly divided into two groups: group A (n=9) received 20.8 mg of sodium iron gluconate at the end of each dialysis session; group B (n=8) 62.5 mg only at the end of the 1st dialysis session of the week. The treatment period lasted 3 months (period 1) and was followed by 3 months of observation (period 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both treatments increased hemoglobin (Hb) levels by an average of 0.90 g/dL in period 1, with a progressive decline in period 2 (p=ns between groups), peaking at 11.2 g/dL in group A and 10.8 g/dL in group B. The effects on mean red blood cell volume and Hb concentrations were similar. Frt levels more than doubled during period 1 and early in period 2 in both groups (172 microg/L in group A; 149 microg/L in group B, and progressively decreased in period 2 (p=ns between groups). The TSAT index increased progressively peaking to 28.7% in group A and 24.3% in group B. Hypochromic red blood cells (hypocRBC) decreased early from 5.6-2.2% in group A, and from 5.5-2.1% in group B, and persisted in period 2; the between-period differences for the combined groups were statistically significant (p=0.0051). High fluorescence reticulocytes (HFR) increased from period 1 to period 2 only in group B (from 0.8-1.7%, p=0.012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both regimens replenished iron stores and improved anemia. The HFR increase in group B could be due to soluble transferring receptor (STnfR) gene upregulation; alternatively it could indicate the prevalence of immature Ret release from bone marrow.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, San Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy. agiordi@tiscalinet.it
authors.forename: Antonion
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: Girolamo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arrigo
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lavarda
authors.forename: Giuliano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Colasanti
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Petrini
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006397:Hematinics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012156:Reticulocytes / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D006397:Hematinics; D006454:Hemoglobins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin; D007501:Iron; C035552:ferric gluconate