title: The frequency and behavioral outcomes of goal choices in the self-management of diabetes.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and effectiveness of behavioral goal choices in the self-management of diabetes and to test goal-setting theory hypotheses that self-selection and behavioral specificity of goals are key to enhancing persistence.
  
  
  
  Participants with type 2 diabetes in a randomized controlled trial (n = 422) completed baseline behavioral assessments using a clinic-based, interactive, self-management CD-ROM that allowed them to select a behavioral goal and receive mail and telephone support for the initial 6 months of the trial followed by additional behavioral assessments. Frequency of behavioral goal selection and 6-month behavioral data were collected.
  
  
  
  Approximately 49%, 27%, and 24% of the participants, respectively, set goals to increase physical activity (PA), reduce fat intake, or increase fruits and vegetables (F&V) consumed. At baseline, participants who selected PA, reduced fat consumption, or F&V were significantly, and respectively, less active, consumed more dietary fat, and ate fewer F&V regardless of demographic characteristics. Participants who selected a reduced-fat goal showed a significantly larger decrease than did those that selected PA or F&V goals. Participants who selected an F&V goal showed significant changes in F&V consumption. Participants who selected a PA goal demonstrated significant changes in days of moderate and vigorous physical activity.
  
  
  
  When participants are provided with information on health behavior status and an option of behavioral goals for managing type 2 diabetes, they will select personally appropriate goals, resulting in significant behavioral changes over a 6-month period.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Clinical Research Unit, Aurora (Dr Estabrooks, Ms Nelson, Dr Xu, Ms King, Dr Baylis, Ms Gaglio, Dr Glasgow)
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Estabrooks
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Clinical Research Unit, Aurora (Dr Estabrooks, Ms Nelson, Dr Xu, Ms King, Dr Baylis, Ms Gaglio, Dr Glasgow)
authors.forename: Candace C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Clinical Research Unit, Aurora (Dr Estabrooks, Ms Nelson, Dr Xu, Ms King, Dr Baylis, Ms Gaglio, Dr Glasgow)
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Clinical Research Unit, Aurora (Dr Estabrooks, Ms Nelson, Dr Xu, Ms King, Dr Baylis, Ms Gaglio, Dr Glasgow)
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Clinical Research Unit, Aurora (Dr Estabrooks, Ms Nelson, Dr Xu, Ms King, Dr Baylis, Ms Gaglio, Dr Glasgow)
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bayliss
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Clinical Research Unit, Aurora (Dr Estabrooks, Ms Nelson, Dr Xu, Ms King, Dr Baylis, Ms Gaglio, Dr Glasgow)
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gaglio
authors.affiliation: The University of Colorado Health Sciences Center and Center for Research Strategies, Denver (Dr Nutting)
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Nutting
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Clinical Research Unit, Aurora (Dr Estabrooks, Ms Nelson, Dr Xu, Ms King, Dr Baylis, Ms Gaglio, Dr Glasgow)
authors.forename: Russell E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Glasgow
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016251:CD-ROM; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006040:Goals; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D014675:Vegetables