title: Cross-ethnic differences in perception of emotion in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to examine cross-ethnic differences in Perception of Emotion (POE) in schizophrenia. POE is an emerging construct in schizophrenia and involves the recognition and accurate identification of emotion in the facial and vocal expression of others. It has been implicated as relevant to instrumental functioning in schizophrenia, as well as a potential core deficit or marker for the disorder. Studies have shown the role of culture in shaping the expression and perception of emotion in non-clinical samples. It was hypothesized that ethnic minorities would have lower POE scores than Caucasians, and that the differences on POE would remain significant after controlling for neurocognition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals, 131, diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder participated in the study. There were 59 Euro-American Caucasian, 56 were African-American, and 16 were Latino. Neurocognition was measured as a standardized sum of five neuropsychological measures. Perception of Emotion was measured with facial and voice recognition tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both Latinos and African-Americans scored lower on POE than Caucasians. The cross-ethnic differences on POE remained significant after controlling for neurocognition and overall symptom level. Post hoc analyses showed some support for the predictive validity of the POE measure across cultural contexts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that POE in schizophrenia is influenced by ethnicity, and that the ethno-cultural mechanisms influencing POE transcend the shared variation of POE and neurocognition. These results have implications for theories of cross-cultural emotion recognition, measurement bias in POE research, and for the place of culture in the study of POE in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0411, USA. brekke@usc.edu
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brekke
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakagami
authors.forename: Kimmy S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kee
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004644:Emotions; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000208:ethnology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012938:Social Perception; D013060:Speech; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology