title: Relative biologic effectiveness determination in mouse intestine for scanning proton beam at Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland. Influence of motion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) of the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) scanning proton beam in reference conditions and to evaluate the influence of intestine motion on the proton dose homogeneity.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, RBE was determined for crypt regeneration in mice after irradiation in a single fraction. Irradiation was performed at the middle of a 7-cm spread out Bragg peak (SOBP; reference position), as well as in the proximal part of the plateau and at the distal end of the SOBP. Control gamma-irradiation was randomized with proton irradiation and performed simultaneously. Second, motion of mouse intestine was determined by radiographs after copper wire markers had been placed on the jejunum and intestinal wall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proton RBE (reference (60)Co gamma) was equal to 1.16 for irradiation at the middle of the SOBP and to 1.11 and 1.21 for irradiation in the initial plateau and end of the SOBP, respectively. The confidence intervals for these RBE values were much larger than those obtained in the other proton beams we have tested so far. They exceeded +/-0.20 (compared with the usual value of +/-0.07), which resulted from the unusually large dispersion of the individual proton data. The instantaneous positions of the mice intestines varied by +/-2 mm in the course of irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study have shown that the RBE of the PSI proton beam is in total accordance with the RBE obtained at the other centers. This experiment has corroborated that proton RBE at the middle of the SOBP is slightly larger than the generic value of 1.10 and that there is a slight tendency for the RBE to increase close to the end of the SOBP. Also, excessive dispersion of individual proton data may be considered to result from intestine motion, taking into account that irradiation at the PSI is delivered dynamically by scanning the target volume with a pencil proton beam ("spot scanning"). Because 2-mm movements resulted in significant variations in local dose depositions, this should be considered for moving targets. Strategies to reduce this effect for the spot scanning technique have been developed at the PSI for radiotherapy of humans.
authors.affiliation: Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. gueulette@rbnt.ucl.ac.be
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gueulette
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blattmann
authors.forename: Eros
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pedroni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coray
authors.forename: Blanche M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: De Coster
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mahy
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wambersie
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goitein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005720:Gamma Rays / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D007422:Intestines / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007583:Jejunum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009068:Movement; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011859:Radiography; D012038:Regeneration; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D011522:Protons