title: Spectrin breakdown products in the cerebrospinal fluid in severe head injury--preliminary observations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calcium-induced proteolytic processes are considered key players in the progressive pathobiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Activation of calpain and caspases after TBI leads to the cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins such as non-erythroid alpha II-spectrin. Recent reports demonstrate that the levels of spectrin and spectrin breakdown products (SBDPs) are elevated in vitro after mechanical injury, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissue following experimental TBI, and in human brain tissue after TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was initiated to detect spectrin and SBDP accumulation in the ventricular CSF of 12 severe TBI-patients with raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Nine patients with non-traumatically elevated ICP and 5 undergoing diagnostic lumbar puncture (LP) served as controls. Intact spectrin and calpain and caspase specific SBDPs in CSF collected once a day over a several day period were assessed via Western blot analysis. Parameters of severity and outcome such as ICP, Glasgow Coma Scale and Glasgow Outcome Scale were also monitored in order to reveal a potential correlation between these CSF markers and clinical parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In control patients undergone LP no immunoreactivity was detected. Non-erythroid alpha-II-spectrin and SBDP occurred more frequently and their level was significantly higher in the CSF of TBI patients than in other pathological conditions associated with raised ICP. Those TBI patients followed for several days post-injury revealed a consistent temporal pattern for protein accumulation with the highest level achieved on the 2(nd) -3(rd) days after TBI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevation of calpain and caspase specific SBDPs is a significant finding in TBI patients indicating that intact brain spectrin- and SBDP-levels are closely associated with the specific neurochemical processes evoked by TBI. The results strongly support the potential utility of these surrogate markers in the clinical monitoring of patients with severe TBI and provide further evidence of the role of calcium-induced, calpain- and caspase-mediated structural proteolysis in TBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Medical and Health Sciences, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary. ofarkas@vcu.edu
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Farkas
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Polgár
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szekeres-Barthó
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dóczi
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Povlishock
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Büki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006801:Humans; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013049:Spectrin / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D013049:Spectrin