title: Fasting hyperglucagonemia in patients with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperglucagonemia has been described to be associated with insulin resistance in patients with liver cirrhosis. Portosystemic shunts may be involved in the etiology of hyperglucagonemia. To test this hypothesis we investigated fasting peripheral plasma glucagon levels before and after portal decompression by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting (TIPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Glucagon, insulin, plasma glucose, HbA1c, and C-peptide were determined in peripheral venous samples from 21 non-diabetic (ND)- and 15 diabetic patients (D; 3 treated with insulin, 3 with sulfonylurea, 9 with diet alone) with liver cirrhosis, showing comparable clinical features (gender, age, BMI, creatinine, Child-Pugh-score, complications, and etiology of liver cirrhosis) before, 3 and 9 months after elective TIPS implantation. Insulin resistance was calculated as R (HOMA) according to the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glucagon levels before TIPS were elevated in patients with diabetes compared to patients without diabetes (D: 145.4 +/- 52.1 pg/ml vs. ND: 97.3 +/- 49.8 pg/ml; p = 0.057). 3 and 9 months after TIPS implantation glucagon levels increased significantly in ND (188.9 +/- 80.3 pg/ml and 187.2 +/- 87.6 pg/ml) but not in D (169.6 +/- 62.4 pg/ml and 171.9 +/- 58.4 pg/ml). While plasma glucose, HbA1c, and C-peptide were significantly higher in D than in ND, they did not change significantly 3 and 9 months after TIPS implantation. Insulin was increased in D before TIPS (D: 31.6 +/- 15.9 mU/l vs. ND: 14.8 +/- 7.1 mU/l; p = 0.0001). 3 and 9 months after TIPS insulin significantly increased in ND (26.6 +/- 14.7 mU/l and 23.2 +/- 10.9 mU/l vs. 14.8 +/- 7.1 mU/l before TIPS) but not in D. In ND R (HOMA) also increased from 3.5 +/- 2 mU x mmol/l(2) to 5.7 +/- 3.3 mU x mmol/l(2) after 3 and 5.4 +/- 2.6 mU x mmol/l(2) after 9 months. BMI, liver and kidney function did not change with time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In non-diabetic cirrhotic patients TIPS implantation is followed by an increase of glucagon. However, this does not result in a worsening of glycemic control, probably because of a simultaneous increase of insulin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. draddat@gwdg.de
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raddatz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rossbach
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buchwald
authors.forename: K-H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramadori
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nolte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D005934:Glucagon; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin