title: Safe asleep? Human-machine relations in medical practice.
abstract: In the process of anaesthesia the patient must surrender vital functions to the care of clinicians and machines who will act for, and advocate for the patient during the surgical procedure. In this paper, we discuss the practices and knowledge sources that underpin safety in a risky field in which many boundaries are crossed and dissolved. Anaesthetic practice is at the frontier not only of conscious/unconsciousness but is also at the human/machine frontier, where a range of technologies acts as both delegates and intermediaries between patient and practitioner. We are concerned with how practitioners accommodate and manage these shifting boundaries and what kinds of knowledge sources the 'expert' must employ to make decisions. Such sources include clinical, social and electronic which in their various forms demonstrate the hybrid and collective nature of anaesthetised patients. In managing this collective, the expert is one who is able to judge where the boundary lies between what is routine and what is critical in practice, while the junior must judge the personal limits of expertise in practice. In exploring the working of anaesthetic hybrids, we argue that recognising the changing distribution of agency between humans and machines itself illustrates important features of human authorship and expertise.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Research, Lancaster University, Alexandra Square, Lancaster, Lancashire LA6 3JY, UK. m.mort@lancaster.ac.uk
authors.forename: Maggie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mort
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: Andrew F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pope
mesh_terms: D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003657:Decision Making; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D009873:Operating Rooms; D010344:Patient Advocacy; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011997:Recovery Room; D012449:Safety; D012962:Sociology, Medical; D006113:United Kingdom