title: Evaluation of the susceptibility of the cultured shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to vibriosis when orally exposed to the insecticide methyl parathion.
abstract: The causes of disease in cultured shrimp are difficult to ascertain but there is evidence that disease is correlated with environmental factors. Crustaceans are particularly sensitive to insecticides due to their close phylogenetic relationship with insects. The objective of this study was to investigate whether there was an increased susceptibility of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to Vibrio parahaemolyticus, when exposed to methyl parathion. The outline of the study was the following: An LC50 96 h was determined to methyl parathion orally offered to juvenile shrimp. Further experiments were carried out in order to determine a concentration that affected the shrimp (verified by measuring the acethylcholinesterase activity) while producing minimal mortalities. This sublethal concentration was used in a susceptibility experiment where methyl parathion was offered to shrimp which were later injected with V. parahaemolyticus in a dose expected to kill less than 15%. Probit analysis estimated a 96 h median lethal concentration (LC50) of 1.56 microg g(-1). Mortality and AChE activity showed a concentration-response relationship in the exposure treatments. The median inhibitory concentration (IC50) determined was 0.029 microg g(-1). These results suggested that a concentration of 0.1 microg g(-1) was appropriate for the bacteria-pesticide interaction test as it was able to elicit 11.1% mortality after 10 days of exposure, while producing an AChE inhibition of 57.12%. Cumulative mortalities were significantly increased (P<0.01) in the treatment that combined exposure to methyl parathion and V. parahaemolyticus (35.19%) in comparison with methyl parathion or V. parahaemolyticus alone (9.26% and 7.41%, respectively).
authors.affiliation: CIAD/Mazatlan, Research Centre for Food and Development/Mazatlan Unit in Aquaculture and Environmental Management, Mexico. ana.roque@irta.es
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roque
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abad
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Betancourt-Lozano
authors.forename: L M Garcia
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: de la Parra
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Guerra-Flores
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gomez-Gil
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D004032:Diet; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008743:Methyl Parathion / Q000633:toxicity*; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000382:microbiology*; D014735:Vibrio Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000662:veterinary*; D014736:Vibrio parahaemolyticus
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007306:Insecticides; D008743:Methyl Parathion; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase