title: 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,5-dodecenedione (I6) induces G1 arrest and apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells.
abstract: 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,5-dodecenedione (I6), a gingerdione derivative, was synthesized in our laboratory, has been demonstrated to be an effective anti-tumor agent in human leukemia cells. Gingerdione is one of the components from ginger. In the present study, we found that I6 could inhibit cell proliferation in the time- and dose-dependent manner in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. To investigate the anti-proliferation mechanism of I6, cell cycle analysis was performed. Results showed that I6 induced significant G1 arrest and apoptosis in HL-60 cells. It was proved by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of regulatory on G1 arrest that the levels of p15 and p27 increased after treatment and mRNA levels of cyclin D2, cyclin E, and cdc25A were decreased. The I6-induced apoptosis was further confirmed by DNA fragmentation assay. The DNA gel electrophoresis showed that I6 induced DNA fragmentation, a biochemical hallmark of apoptosis, in HL-60 cells. I6-induced apoptosis was accompanied by an apparent up-regulation of caspase-3, and down-regulation of Bcl-2. Taken together, these results suggest that markedly down-regulation of G1 associated cyclin D2, cyclin E and cdc25A and up-regulation of CDKI, p15 and p27, and may contribute to I6-mediated cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, the Bcl-2 expression decrease and caspase-3 activation may be the plausible mechanism by which I6 induced apoptosis. These results suggest that I6 is a potent anti-HL-60 drug and possess a significant action on cell cycle before commitment for apoptosis occurrence.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Mei-Hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Sheng-Chu
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Chun-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jing-Gung
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Ya-Yun
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Li-Jiau
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000235:genetics; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases