title: Effect of tissue maturity on cell viability in load-injured articular cartilage explants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During joint maturation, articular cartilage undergoes compositional, structural, and biomechanical changes, which could affect how the chondrocytes within the cartilage matrix respond to load-induced injury. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of tissue maturity on chondrocyte viability when explanted cartilage was subjected to load-induced injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cartilage explants from immature (4-8-week-old) and mature (1.5-2-year-old) bovine humeral heads were cyclically loaded at 0.5 hertz in confined compression with a stress of 1 or 5 megapascals for 0.5, 1, 3, 6 and 16 h. Cell death was assessed at 0, 24 and 48 h after load removal using cell viability dyes and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay. The organization of pericellular matrix (PCM), biochemical composition and biomechanical properties of the cartilage were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the immature and mature cartilage, cell death began at the articular surface and increased in depth with loading time up to 6h. No increase of cell death was found after load removal for up to 48 h. In both groups, cell death increased at a faster rate with the increase of stress level. The depth of cell death in the immature cartilage was greater than the mature cartilage, despite the immature cartilage having a higher bulk aggregate modulus. A less organized PCM in immature cartilage was found as indicated by the weak staining of type VI collagen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cells in the mature cartilage are less vulnerable to load-induced injury than those in immature cartilage.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Soft Tissue Research, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Adam S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Chih-Tung Christopher
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Torzilli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*