title: Scotomas of age-related macular degeneration detected and characterized by means of a novel three-dimensional computer-automated visual field test.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We used the recently devised three-dimensional computer-based threshold Amsler grid test to acquire and identify typical patterns of visual field defects (scotomas) caused by age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with AMD traced on a computer touch screen the borders of those areas on an Amsler grid that were missing from their field of vision. Scotomas were repeatedly outlined and recorded at different grid contrast levels. The resulting three-dimensional "hole" in the central 25 degrees of the visual field was further characterized by its slope, location, shape, and depth. The results were compared with fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five patients and 41 eyes were examined. The three-dimensional depictions consistently demonstrated central scotomas with "scallop"-shaped borders and steplike patterns, with either steep slopes or a combination of steep and shallow slopes. The steep slopes corresponded to nonexudative AMD, while the shallow slopes indicated exudative AMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three-dimensional computer-automated threshold Amsler grid test may demonstrate characteristic scotoma patterns in patients with AMD that conform to the respective fluorescein angiograms. The test shows promise as an effective tool in accurately evaluating, characterizing, and monitoring scotomas in patients with AMD. It may have the potential as a screening tool for the early diagnosis of AMD.
authors.affiliation: Doheny Eye Institute and Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033-4671, USA.
authors.forename: Paul P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Nazemi
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Jennifer I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Alfredo A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sadun
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D012607:Scotoma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014794:Visual Fields