title: Doxorubicin requires the sequential activation of caspase-2, protein kinase Cdelta, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase to induce apoptosis.
abstract: Here, we identified caspase-2, protein kinase C (PKC)delta, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) as key components of the doxorubicin-induced apoptotic cascade. Using cells stably transfected with an antisense construct for caspase-2 (AS2) as well as a chemical caspase-2 inhibitor, we demonstrate that caspase-2 is required in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. We also identified PKCdelta as a novel caspase-2 substrate. PKCdelta was cleaved/activated in a caspase-2-dependent manner after doxorubicin treatment both in cells and in vitro. PKCdelta is furthermore required for efficient doxorubicin-induced apoptosis because its chemical inhibition as well as adenoviral expression of a kinase dead (KD) mutant of PKCdelta severely attenuated doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, PKCdelta and JNK inhibition show that PKCdelta lies upstream of JNK in doxorubicin-induced death. Jnk-deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) were highly resistant to doxorubicin compared with wild type (WT), as were WT Jurkat cells treated with SP600125, further supporting the importance of JNK in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Chemical inhibitors for PKCdelta and JNK do not synergize and do not function in doxorubicin-treated AS2 cells. Caspase-2, PKCdelta, and JNK were furthermore implicated in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis of primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia blasts. The data thus support a sequential model involving caspase-2, PKCdelta, and JNK signaling in response to doxorubicin, leading to the activation of Bak and execution of apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital and Institute, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Theocharis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Panaretakis
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Laane
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pokrovskaja
authors.forename: Ann-Charlotte
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Björklund
authors.forename: Aristidis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moustakas
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhivotovsky
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heyman
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Shoshan
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grandér
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053143:Caspase 2; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004317:Doxorubicin; D045304:Cytochromes c; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D053143:Caspase 2; D020169:Caspases