title: GalR1, but not GalR2 or GalR3, levels are regulated by galanin signaling in the locus coeruleus through a cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism.
abstract: The galanin receptors GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3 are widely expressed throughout the mouse brain and are enriched in catecholaminergic nuclei. Here, we show that GalR1 protein levels are regulated by neuronal activity and changes in cAMP levels. GalR1, but not GalR2 or GalR3, is specifically up-regulated in the LC-like Cath.a cell line in a cAMP-dependent manner. GalR1 protein and mRNA levels are also up-regulated in the LC of galanin knockout mice, whereas GalR2 and GalR3 are not. Lack of galanin-maintained cAMP tone in the galanin knockout mouse appears to result in a loss of negative feedback resulting in increased levels of CREB phosphorylation and increased GalR1 expression. These findings suggest that changes in levels of GalR1 may play an important role in modulating signaling events and neuroplasticity underlying physiological functions of the LC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06508, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hawes
authors.forename: Darlene H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Brunzell
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wynick
authors.forename: Venetia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zachariou
authors.forename: Marina R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Picciotto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000502:physiology*; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D019004:Galanin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008125:Locus Coeruleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D044091:Receptor, Galanin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D044092:Receptor, Galanin, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D044093:Receptor, Galanin, Type 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C492004:Creb1 protein, mouse; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044091:Receptor, Galanin, Type 1; D044092:Receptor, Galanin, Type 2; D044093:Receptor, Galanin, Type 3; D019004:Galanin; D000242:Cyclic AMP