title: Improved vacuum-UV (VUV)-initiated photomineralization of organic compounds in water with a xenon excimer flow-through photoreactor (Xe2* lamp, 172 nm) containing an axially centered ceramic oxygenator.
abstract: Xenon excimer (Xe2*) lamps can be used for the oxidation and mineralization of organic compounds in aqueous solution. This vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) photochemical method is mainly based on the photochemically initiated homolysis of water that produces hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals. The efficiency of substrate oxidation and mineralization is limited markedly due to the high absorbance of water at the emission maximum of the Xe2* lamp (lambda(max)=172 nm). This photochemical condition generates an extreme heterogeneity between the irradiated volume V(irr) and the non-irradiated ("dark") bulk solution. During VUV-initiated photomineralization of organic substrates, the fast scavenging of hydrogen atoms and of carbon-centered radicals by dissolved molecular oxygen produces a permanent oxygen deficit within V(irr) and adjacent compartments. Hence, at a constant photon flux the concentration of dissolved molecular oxygen within the zones of photo and thermal radical reactions limits the rate of mineralization, i.e. the rate of TOC diminution. Thus, a simple and convenient technique is presented that overcomes this limitation by injection of molecular oxygen (or air) into the irradiated volume by use of a ceramic oxygenator (aerator). The tube oxygenator was centered axially within the xenon excimer flow-through lamp. Consequently, the oxygen or air bubbles enhanced the transfer of dissolved molecular oxygen into the VUV-irradiated volume leading to an increased rate of mineralization of organic model compounds, e.g. 1-heptanol, benzoic acid and potassium hydrogen phthalate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Process Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Furtwangen, Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany. op@fh-furtwangen.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oppenländer
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Walddörfer
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burgbacher
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiermeier
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lachner
authors.forename: Helga
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weinschrott
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*; D010777:Photochemistry; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014618:Vacuum; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000528:radiation effects; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014978:Xenon / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014978:Xenon; D010100:Oxygen