title: Double blind placebo controlled exposure to molds: exposure system and clinical results.
abstract: The objective was to develop an experimental setup for human exposure to mold spores, and to study the clinical effect of this exposure in sensitive subjects who had previously experienced potentially building-related symptoms (BRS) at work. From three water-damaged schools eight employees with a positive histamine release test to Penicillium chrysogenum were exposed double- blinded to either placebo, approximately 600,000 spores/m3 air of P. chrysogenum or approximately 350,000 spores/m3 of Trichoderma harzianum for 6 min on three separate days. A statistically significant rise in symptoms from mucous membranes appeared from the 9-graded symptom scale after exposure to T. harzianum or placebo. Dichotomizing the data, whether the participants experienced at least a two-step rise on the symptom scale or not, gave borderline increase in mucous membrane symptoms after exposure to P. chrysogenum. In conclusion this is, to our knowledge, the first study to successfully conduct a human exposure to a highly controlled dose of fungal material aerosolized directly from wet building materials. This short-term exposure to high concentrations of two different molds induced no more reactions than exposure to placebo in eight sensitive school employees. However, a statistical type II error cannot be excluded because of the small sample size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this double blind, placebo controlled study of mold exposure changes in symptoms, objective measurements and blood samples were small and mostly non-significant, and at the same level as after placebo exposure. The developed exposure system based on the Particle-Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (P-FLEC) makes it possible to deliver a precise and highly controlled dose of mold spores from water-damaged building materials, imitating realistic field exposure conditions. The present experiment is too small to rule out an effect of mold exposure; long-term experimental exposure studies on larger number of subjects are needed.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiological Research Unit, Clinic of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, H:S Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen NV, Denmark. hmeyer@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kildesø
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Norn
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Permin
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Malling
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gravesen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gyntelberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003252:Construction Materials; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005658:Fungi / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018401:Sample Size; D018877:Sick Building Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D013172:Spores, Fungal
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos