title: Maternal basal metabolic rate in twin pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the basal metabolic rate in patients with twin pregnancies and compared the results with those of singleton pregnancies and non-pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 15 non-pregnant women, 14 patients with twin and 25 patients with singleton pregnancies, the resting energy expenditure was measured using an open-circuit ventilatory system during the third trimester of pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The averaged resting energy expenditure in patients with twin pregnancy was 1,636 +/- 174 kcal/day, significantly higher than that in patients with singleton pregnancy (1,456 +/- 158 kcal/day; p < 0.05). Both of these levels are significantly higher than those in non-pregnant women (1,228 +/- 132 kcal/day; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the estimated increased metabolic demands in patients during the third trimester of twin pregnancy are about 10% higher than those in women with singleton pregnancy. A prospective clinical study concerning nutrition counseling is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shinagawa
authors.forename: Shunji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Hiromitsu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chihara
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Otsubo
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Araki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001481:Basal Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001830:Body Surface Area; D001835:Body Weight; D002302:Cardiac Output; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple / Q000502:physiology; D012146:Rest; D014427:Twins / Q000502:physiology*