title: The clinical spectrum and natural history of gelastic epilepsy-hypothalamic hamartoma syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To delineate the clinical spectrum and patterns of evolution of epilepsy with gelastic seizures related to hypothalamic hamartoma (HH).
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated patients with HH, observed between 1986 and 2002 for whom at least one ictal video-EEG or EEG recording of gelastic seizures was available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six subjects (four male, two female) with sessile HH between 0.8 and 1.7 cm in diameter were identified. The onset of gelastic seizures was between 2 months and 20 years. It evolved to secondary generalized epilepsy in one case, and to drug-resistant partial epilepsy in the other five from 2 to 13 years after onset. No patient showed precocious puberty. Severe cognitive impairment developed in the patient with secondary generalized epilepsy, and a mild cognitive defect in two others. Patients with an HH below 1cm did not show neuropsychological or behavioural disturbances. Drug resistance occurred in all cases. Surgical removal of HH markedly improved the clinical evolution in two patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gelastic epilepsy-HH syndrome can differ in severity and evolution. A catastrophic evolution and drug resistance can be reversed by surgical or by gamma-knife ablation of HH.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurological Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy. sstriano@libero.it
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Striano
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Striano
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sarappa
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boccella
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006222:Hamartoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies