title: Pacemaker implantation after congenital heart surgery: risk and prognosis in a population-based follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although earlier a feared complication of congenital cardiac surgery, the incidence of heart-block and sinus node dysfunction has been lowered to 1-4% due to improved surgical techniques and better anatomical understanding of the cardiac conduction system. Development of feasible pacemaker technologies has further lowered mortality and morbidity. However, pacemaker implantation in paediatric patients is in itself associated with significant morbidity due to pacemaker system failure and replacement. The aim of the present study was to examine prognostic factors of mortality, failure of systems and timing of implantation after surgery in post-surgical pacemaker patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out a historical prospective follow-up analysis of all patients (age less than 18 years) who underwent pacemaker implantation due to post-surgical heart-block or sinus node dysfunction in the period 1981-2002 at our institution. Data was extracted from the Danish Pacemaker Register and hospital records. Kaplan-Meier survival time estimates and Cox proportional hazards analysis (Relative Risk, RR) were used to identify prognostic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High RACHS score (RR, 16.57), low age at implantation (RR, 0.22), low age at operation (RR, 0.06) and epicardial lead (RR, 0.18) were significant predictors for early mortality. Similarly, high RACHS score (RR, 4.84), low age at implantation (RR, 0.32), low age operation (RR, 0.38) and epicardial lead (RR, 0.40) were significant predictors failure of 1st pacemaker system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified a number of prognostic factors of patient mortality and failure of systems. One factor, high RACHS score, was previously shown to predict mortality and length of ICU stay in paediatric cardiac surgery; however, this study is the first to show a correlation between RACHS score and mortality as well as failure of pacemaker systems. This may have future implications for preoperative risk stratification of patients and counselling of parents to patients with congenital heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic & Vascular Surgery T, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby Sygehus, Brendstrupgaardsvej, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark. morten.smerup@ki.au.dk
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smerup
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hjertholm
authors.forename: Søren P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: Anders K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: Ole K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Vibeke
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hjortdal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006327:Heart Block / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011379:Prognosis; D017211:Treatment Failure