title: Primary operative versus nonoperative therapy for pediatric empyema: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The optimal treatment of children with empyema remains controversial. The purpose of this review was to compare reported results of nonoperative and primary operative therapy for the treatment of pediatric empyema.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic comprehensive review of the scientific literature was conducted with the PubMed (National Library of Medicine) database for the period from 1981 to 2004. This reproducible search identified all publications dealing with treatment of empyema in the pediatric population (<18 years of age). A meta-analysis was performed with studies with adequate data summaries for > or =1 of the outcomes of interest for both treatment groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-seven studies were reviewed. Data were aggregated from reports of children initially treated nonoperatively (3418 cases from 54 studies) and of children treated with a primary operative approach (363 cases from 25 studies). The populations were similar in age. Patients who underwent primary operative therapy had a lower aggregate in-hospital mortality rate (0% vs 3.3%), reintervention rate (2.5% vs 23.5%), length of stay (10.8 vs 20.0 days), duration of tube thoracostomy (4.4 vs 10.6 days), and duration of antibiotic therapy (12.8 vs 21.3 days), compared with patients who underwent nonoperative therapy. In 8 studies for which meta-analysis was possible, patients who received primary operative therapy were found to have a pooled relative risk of failure of 0.09, compared with those who did not. Meta-analysis could not be performed for any of the other outcome measures investigated in this review. Similar complication rates were observed for the 2 groups (5% vs 5.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These aggregate results suggest that primary operative therapy is associated with a lower in-hospital mortality rate, reintervention rate, length of stay, time with tube thoracostomy, and time of antibiotic therapy, compared with nonoperative treatment. The meta-analysis demonstrates a significantly reduced relative risk of failure among patients treated operatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Box 356410, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. javansin@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Avansino
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sawin
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Flum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012306:Risk; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted; D013907:Thoracostomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents