title: An analysis of U.S. practices of paying research participants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite controversy about paying research subjects, little is known about actual practices in the U.S., including what type of studies offer payment, to what type of subjects, and how amounts are determined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document current U.S. practices regarding payment to research subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The protocols and consent forms of 467 studies offering payment to research subjects approved by 11 IRBs across the U.S. were reviewed to analyze how they describe and justify payment to subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Money was offered in a wide variety of study types, from short term physiologic studies to large clinical trials of therapeutic interventions, to both patient (61%) and healthy (24.4%) subjects or both (14.6%). Dollar amounts varied widely and were infrequently explicitly described as based on time (19%) or procedures (12%). Unexplained variation in dollar amounts occurred in similar studies or in the same (multi-site) study at different sites, and for similar procedures across studies sometimes even within one site. Although the range was wide ($5-$2000), total amounts were usually modest (overall median $155), and almost always described in the consent form (94.4%) and usually as pro-rated (73%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both patient and healthy subjects are offered payment in a wide variety of types of research in the U.S. Variation in the dollar amounts offered is largely unexplained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Bioethics, W.G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892-1156, United States. cgrady@nih.gov
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grady
authors.forename: Neal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dickert
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jawetz
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gensler
authors.forename: Ezekiel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Emanuel
mesh_terms: D002755:Choice Behavior; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D032984:Ethics, Research; D006805:Human Experimentation / Q000941:ethics*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D018579:Patient Selection; D012052:Reimbursement, Incentive; D035842:Research Subjects / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States