title: Fetal head position during the second stage of labor: comparison of digital vaginal examination and transabdominal ultrasonographic examination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the correlation between digital vaginal and transabdominal ultrasonographic examination of the fetal head position during the second stage of labor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (n = 110) carrying a singleton fetus in a vertex position were included. Every patient had ruptured membranes and a fully dilated cervix. Transvaginal examination was randomly performed either by a senior resident or an attending consultant. Immediately afterwards, transabdominal ultrasonography was performed by the same sonographer (OD). Both examiners were blind to each other's results. Sample size was determined by power analysis. Confidence intervals around observed rates were compared using chi-square analysis and Cohen's Kappa test. Logistic regression analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 70% of cases, both clinical and ultrasound examinations indicated the same position of the fetal head (95% confidence interval, 66-78). Agreement between the two methods reached 80% (95% CI, 71.3-87) when allowing a difference of up to 45 degrees in the head rotation. Logistic regression analysis revealed that gestational age, parity, birth weight, pelvic station and examiner's experience did not significantly affect the accuracy of the examination. Caput succedaneum tended to diminish (p = 0.09) the accuracy of clinical examination. The type of fetal head position significantly affected the results. Occiput posterior and transverse head locations were associated with a significantly higher rate of clinical error (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In 20% of the cases, ultrasonographic and clinical results differed significantly (i.e., >45 degrees). This rate reached 50% for occiput posterior and transverse locations. Transabdominal ultrasonography is a simple, quick and efficient way of increasing the accuracy of the assessment of fetal head position during the second stage of labor.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, 103 Grande-Rue de la Croix Rousse, 69317 Lyon Cedex 04, France. olivier.dupuis@chu-lyon.fr
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dupuis
authors.forename: Silveira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruimark
authors.forename: Dupont
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corinne
authors.forename: Thevenet
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Simone
authors.forename: Dittmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: André
authors.forename: Rudigoz
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: René-Charles
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007746:Labor Presentation; D007748:Labor Stage, Second; D010808:Physical Examination; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014621:Vagina