title: Surgical management of groin lymphatic complications after arterial bypass surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors undertook a retrospective study to define the incidence of groin wound lymphatic complications at their institution and to review their experience with treatment of the complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Operating room records and patient databases of the two primary vascular surgeons at an academic teaching institution were reviewed retrospectively. Groin lymphatic complications were diagnosed by clinical presentation and confirmed with noninvasive imaging. Surgical management included percutaneous methods, ligation of leaking lymphatics, excision, and/or muscle flap coverage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From June of 1989 to June of 2002, 538 patients had arterial revascularization procedures involving the groin. Twenty-seven patients with groin wound lymphatic complications were identified; seven of them had bilateral complications, for a total of 34 complication sites. Common comorbidities included hypertension, coronary artery disease, chronic renal insufficiency, and tobacco use. The majority (85 percent) had artificial material in the bypass graft, and 10 patients had undergone a previous operation at the same site. The mean time to identification of groin lymphatic complications after vascular surgery was 14 days. Common presentations included swelling (n = 16), drainage (n = 13), erythema (n = 4), and leg edema (n = 1). At presentation, 17 patients (63 percent) were receiving antibiotics and 21 (78 percent) were receiving anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy. Of the 34 complication sites, 12 were managed with drainage or excision and 22 with muscle flap surgery, 10 of which failed less aggressive therapy. Muscle flaps included the gracilis (n = 19), sartorius (n = 1), rectus abdominis (n = 1), and rectus femoris muscles (n = 1). Operative cultures were positive in 23 of the 34 groin lymphatic complication sites. A biopsy specimen of a healed gracilis flap obtained at 1 year demonstrated notable lymphatic channels, possibly supporting theories that rotated muscle becomes a lymphatic conduit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors found that muscle flap surgery provides single-intervention therapy for successful resolution of lymphoceles, with a low complication rate and fairly rapid recovery in a high-risk patient population. Flaps also salvage cases that have failed conservative therapy and provide hardy coverage for a wound bed that is often infected.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA. masherma@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Michele A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Shermak
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Calvin E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015897:Comorbidity; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery; D006119:Groin; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation; D008210:Lymphocele / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011093:Polyethylene Terephthalates; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D011150:Popliteal Artery / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000473:pathology; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D011093:Polyethylene Terephthalates; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene