title: Ethnic variation in knee replacement: patient preferences or uninformed disparity?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of total knee replacement (TKR), minority patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) are half as likely as their white counterparts to undergo this procedure. Patient preferences may play a large role in the variations in utilization of TKR. We evaluated the preferences and beliefs of patients with knee OA from diverse ethnic backgrounds in relation to TKR.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 198 patients with knee OA surveyed were of different ethnicities. Patients were asked about physician recommendations of TKR and whether they had considered having the procedure, their perceptions about the benefits and risks of TKR, their expectations if they were to undergo the procedure, and their trust in physicians and the health system. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A physician had discussed TKR with 27% of African Americans, 15% of whites, and 11% of Hispanics (P = .04). White patients were more likely than minority patients to have considered undergoing TKR (P = .04), more likely to consider TKR if their OA worsened and the procedure were recommended by their physician (P = .002), and more likely to consider TKR as a beneficial procedure (P = .02). Ethnic differences in preferences remained after controlling for severity of OA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethnic minority patients with knee OA are less likely to consider TKR. In our study, these differences were not related to physician recommendation biases. The ethnic variation in preferences was associated with differences in perception of benefit, lack of personal experiences with TKR, and trust.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex, USA. mes@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Suarez-Almazor
authors.forename: Julianne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Souchek
authors.forename: P Adam
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Marsha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pak
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000601:surgery; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000208:ethnology*; D013781:Texas / Q000208:ethnology; D014505:Urban Population; D044465:White People