title: Clozapine prevents apoptosis and enhances receptor-dependent respiratory burst in human neutrophils.
abstract: The present study was undertaken to determine if the antipsychotic drug clozapine (CLZ) in the concentration range 2-50 microM can rescue polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) from undergoing apoptosis. Our results indicate that 20 microM CLZ can rescue PMNs both from UVB-accelerated (28.0% vs. 45.9% for control without CLZ; P < 0.05) and from spontaneous (35.8% vs. 57.6%; P < 0.05) apoptosis whereas 50 microM CLZ could rescue PMNs from spontaneous (34.3% vs. 57.6%; P < 0.05) apoptosis only. Furthermore, since apoptosis has been reported to involve the impairment of PMN function, we evaluated the effects of CLZ on respiratory burst in UVB-irradiated and in unirradiated PMNs. When 20 or 50 microM CLZ-pretreated PMNs were aged in a culture during 4 h, the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) response was 3-fold (P < 0.01) and 2.5-fold (P < 0.05) increased, respectively, by subsequent exposure to serum opsonized zymosan (OZ). When 50 microM-pretreated PMNs were either UVB-irradiated or unirradiated, the CL response was 2.6-fold (P < 0.05) and 3.3-fold (P < 0.05) increased, respectively, after subsequent exposure to formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). In contrast, the degree of enhancement was negligible upon subsequent exposure to ionomycin or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). When incubation times were extended up to 22 h, the CL response induced by OZ in 20 microM CLZ-treated PMNs had a 4.9-fold increase (P < 0.001). This priming effect could be reverted when 20 microM CLZ-treated PMNs (aged 4 h in culture) were coincubated for 5 min with the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein as well as with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor wortmannin. These findings suggest that CLZ primes respiratory burst and prevents PMN apoptosis as a consequence of tyrosine phosphorylation- and PI3-K activation-dependent signal transduction pathways.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fotoquímica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas I.V.I.C., Caracas. fvargas@ivic.ve
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rivas
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Perdomo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rivas
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ojeda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Velásquez
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fraile
mesh_terms: D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D003024:Clozapine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects*; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D000077191:Wortmannin; D015054:Zymosan / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D015054:Zymosan; D019833:Genistein; D003024:Clozapine; D000077191:Wortmannin