title: Occupational exposure to benzene in South Korea.
abstract: Benzene has been used in various industries as glues or solvents in Korea. Since 1981, a preparation containing more than 1% benzene is not allowed to be manufactured, used or dealt with in the workplace, except in laboratories and in those situations benzene must be used in a completely sealed process as specified in Industrial Safety and Health Act (ISHA). Claims for compensation of hematopoietic diseases related to benzene have been rising even though the work environment has been improved. This study was conducted to assess the status of benzene exposure in different industries in Korea. We reviewed the claimed cases investigated by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) between 1992 and 2000. The Survey of National Work Environment Status in 1998 was analyzed to assume the number of workers and factories exposed to benzene. In 2000, six factories were investigated to evaluate benzene exposure. Personal air monitoring was performed in 61 workers and urine samples were collected from 57 workers to measure trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA). Hematologic examination has performed. Thirty-four cases of hematopoietic diseases were investigated by KOSHA including eight cases of myelodysplastic syndrome and eight cases of acute myelocytic leukemia. Eight cases were accepted as related to benzene exposure. The number of workers possibly exposed to benzene can be estimated to be 196,182 workers from 6219 factories based on the database. The geometric mean of benzene in air was 0.094 (0.005-5.311) ppm. Seven samples were higher than 1 ppm but they did not go over the 10 ppm occupational exposure limit (OEL) value in Korea. The geometric mean of trans,trans-muconic acid in urine was 0.966 (0.24-2.74) mg/g creatinine. The benzene exposure level was low except in a factory where benzene was used to polymerize other chemicals. The ambient benzene from 0.1 to 1 ppm was significantly correlated with urine t,t-MA concentration (r=0.733, p<0.01). Hematologic parameters did not show significant difference among groups divided into the level of exposure. Korean workers were not highly exposed to benzene and the level of exposure was mostly less than 1 ppm. However, there might be an excessive risk of hematopoietic disorders due to relatively high past exposure. The OEL value of benzene was amended to 1 ppm from 10 ppm in 2002 and was effective since July 2003.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute (OSHRI), Korea Occupational Safety and Health agency (KOSHA), 34-4 Gusan-dong, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 403-711, Republic of Korea. skk@kosha.net
authors.forename: Seong-Kyu
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Mi-Young
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tae-Kyun
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jeong-Oh
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yeon Soon
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ahn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity*; D001554:Benzene / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006403:Hematologic Tests; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry / Q000145:classification; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D009190:Myelodysplastic Syndromes / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D019800:Phenol / Q000652:urine; D013011:Sorbic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D015415:Biomarkers; D019800:Phenol; C005939:muconic acid; D001554:Benzene; D013011:Sorbic Acid