title: Crisis management during anaesthesia: embolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Embolism with gas, thrombus, fat, amniotic fluid, or particulate matter may occur suddenly and unexpectedly during anaesthesia, posing a diagnostic and management problem for the anaesthetist.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the role of a previously described core algorithm "COVER ABCD-A SWIFT CHECK" supplemented by a specific sub-algorithm for embolism, in the management of embolism occurring in association with anaesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The potential performance of this structured approach for each of the relevant incidents among the first 4000 reported to the Australian Incident Monitoring Study (AIMS) was compared with the actual management as reported by the anaesthetists involved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the first 4000 incidents reported to AIMS, 38 reports of embolism were found. A sudden fall in end-tidal carbon dioxide and oxygen saturation were the cardinal signs of embolism, each occurring in about two thirds of cases, with hypotension and electrocardiographic changes each occurring in about one third of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potential value of an explicit structured approach to the diagnosis and management of embolism was assessed in the light of AIMS reports. It was considered that, correctly applied, it potentially would have led to earlier recognition of the problem and/or better management in over 40% of cases.
authors.affiliation: Australian Patient Safety Foundation, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Helps
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Westhorpe
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mackay
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D001315:Australia; D004617:Embolism / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004630:Emergencies; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D008370:Manuals as Topic; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D012308:Risk Management; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis