title: Social network and coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychosocial factors are associated with the development of coronary artery disease. However, studies examining psychosocial factors as risk indicators for coronary artery calcification (CAC) have been inconclusive.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven hundred eighty-three participants (mean age 57.4 +/- 9.3 years, 47% female) underwent CAC imaging using electron beam tomography. Psychosocial measures included social network (number of people in the household, marital status), socioeconomic status (education, income, and work status), history of depression, and current depressive symptoms as assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Assessments were also made for lipid profile, blood glucose, blood pressure, and health behaviors (smoking status, exercise, and diet).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calcification was present in 351 (44.8%) participants (CAC score range 0-3022; mean 111.5 +/- 307.2). Indicators of social isolation (being single or widowed) were independently associated with elevated risk for the presence of CAC, even after adjustment for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, blood glucose, and low-density lipoprotein (adjusted odds ratios 1.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05-3.10, and 2.48, 95% CI = 1.02-6.03, respectively). By contrast, health behaviors, socioeconomic status, and depressive symptoms were not related to CAC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Social network indices such as being single or widowed are associated with CAC, independent of age and coronary risk factors. Because coronary calcification has been identified as a potential marker of early atherosclerosis, these findings may partially explain the predictive value of limited social networks for future adverse cardiovascular health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. wjkop@usuhs.mil
authors.forename: Willem J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kop
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gransar
authors.forename: Nathan D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Romalisa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miranda-Peats
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Magnolia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Krantz
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rozanski
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011584:Psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012934:Social Isolation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids