title: Chemotherapy induces the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of taxane-based chemotherapy on intratumoral levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Lung specimens obtained at the time of surgery were used to measure levels of COX-2 and PGE(2) in tumors and adjacent nontumorous tissues in three subsets of NSCLC patients who underwent: (A) surgical resection only (n = 16); (B) surgical resection after preoperative taxane-based chemotherapy (n = 13); or (C) surgical resection after preoperative chemotherapy coadministered with the selective COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib 400 mg bid (n = 17).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of intratumoral PGE(2) were nearly 3-fold higher among patients who received preoperative chemotherapy compared with those treated by surgery alone (P < 0.001). This difference was abrogated by the addition of celecoxib to preoperative chemotherapy (P < 0.001). Amounts of intratumoral COX-2 were approximately 3-fold higher in groups of patients who received preoperative chemotherapy with celecoxib (P < 0.0001) or without celecoxib (P < 0.001), compared with the group who underwent surgical resection only. Importantly, statistically significant positive correlations between COX-2 and PGE(2) were observed in the surgery only (r = 0.502, P = 0.047) and preoperative chemotherapy groups (r = 0.740, P = 0.004); this correlation was abrogated when celecoxib was given with chemotherapy (r = 0.005, P = 0.98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with chemotherapy led to increased amounts of COX-2 and PGE(2) in NSCLC. Cotreatment with celecoxib abrogated the increase in levels of PGE(2) but not COX-2 induced by chemotherapy. Importantly, these results clearly show that levels of a pharmacologic target (i.e., COX-2) can be affected by both the intrinsic molecular properties of a tumor and therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Nasser K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Altorki
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Port
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Dragan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Golijanin
authors.forename: Howard T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Thaler
authors.forename: Anna J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Duffield-Lillico
authors.forename: Kotha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Subbaramaiah
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dannenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001952:Bridged-Ring Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D000068579:Celecoxib; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D043823:Taxoids / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D001952:Bridged-Ring Compounds; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D043823:Taxoids; C080625:taxane; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D000068579:Celecoxib; D015232:Dinoprostone