title: High prevalence of congenital Trypanosoma cruzi infection and family clustering in Salta, Argentina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease, is transmitted mainly by insect vectors, but congenital and transfusion-borne infections occasionally occur. The factors that are involved in transmission from mother to offspring are not well understood. The objective of this study was to study the presence of T cruzi infection in children who were born to infected mothers and in the children's siblings to evaluate the epidemiologic risk factors associated with congenital transmission of Chagas' disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Congenital T cruzi infection was studied in 340 children who were born to chronically infected mothers in Salta, Argentina. Infection was detected in 31 children, who were selected for additional study as infected index cases (IIC). Of the 309 noninfected children, 31 were taken as noninfected index cases (NIIC). We compared the prevalence of congenital T cruzi transmission in the remaining siblings of the IIC and NIIC. Data and blood samples were collected in house-to-house visits. Diagnosis of infection was established mainly by serologic methods, indirect hemmagglutination, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence was 31.4% (32 of 102 children) for IIC siblings, whereas no infected siblings were found in families with NIIC (0 of 112). Clustering of congenital infection was found in 14 families, in which >1 child was infected. Second-generation congenital transmission (from grandmother to mother to newborn) was established in 4 families. The association among low weight at birth, prematurity, and congenital transmission was highly significant. An important observation was the absence of pathologic findings in a high proportion of infected children. The detection of asymptomatic infections was a consequence of population screening, as opposed to hospital-based diagnosis, for which symptomatic cases predominate. Congenital transmission was associated with the geographic origin of mothers: women from areas where insect vectors proliferate were less likely to give birth to infected offspring than women from areas under active vector control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Siblings of an infant infected with T cruzi are at high risk for infection themselves and, even in the absence of symptoms, should also be screened for infection. The findings of family clustering of infection and of second-generation congenital infection in vector-free areas suggest that new modalities of transmission, other than classic vector-borne spread, may occur both in endemic and in nonendemic areas.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Calle Buenos Aires, Salta, Argentina. olgasan@unsa.edu.ar
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sánchez Negrette
authors.forename: María Celia
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Basombrío
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001118:Argentina / Q000453:epidemiology; D001724:Birth Weight; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000151:congenital* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission; D015897:Comorbidity; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006386:Hemagglutination Tests; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008403:Mass Screening; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D035781:Siblings; D065227:Transfusion Reaction; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000276:immunology; D014504:Urban Health