title: MSKs are required for the transcription of the nuclear orphan receptors Nur77, Nurr1 and Nor1 downstream of MAPK signalling.
abstract: MSK (mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase) 1 and MSK2 are kinases activated downstream of either the ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) 1/2 or p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathways in vivo and are required for the phosphorylation of CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) and histone H3. Here we show that the MSKs are involved in regulating the transcription of the immediate early gene Nur77. Stimulation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts with PMA, EGF (epidermal growth factor), TNF (tumour necrosis factor) or anisomycin resulted in induction of the Nur77 mRNA. The induction of Nur77 by TNF and anisomycin was abolished in MSK1/2 double-knockout cells, whereas induction was significantly reduced in response to PMA or EGF. The MSK responsive elements were mapped to two AP (activator protein)-1-like elements in the Nur77 promoter. The induction of Nur77 was also blocked by A-CREB, suggesting that MSKs control Nur77 transcription by phosphorylating CREB bound to the two AP-1-like elements. Consistent with the decrease in Nur77 mRNA levels in the MSK1/2-knockout cells, it was also found that MSKs were required for the induction of Nur77 protein by PMA and TNF. MSKs were also found to be required for the transcription of two genes related to Nur77, Nurr1 and Nor1, which were also transcribed in a CREB- or ATF1 (activating transcription factor-1)-dependent manner. Downstream of anisomycin signalling, a second ERK-dependent pathway, independent of MSK and CREB, was also required for the transcription of Nurr1 and Nor1.
authors.affiliation: MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Darragh
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soloaga
authors.forename: Victoria A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Beardmore
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Wingate
authors.forename: Giselle R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Wiggin
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peggie
authors.forename: J Simon C
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Arthur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000841:Anisomycin; D050882:CREB-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D005347:Fibroblasts; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D057105:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1; D057126:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics*; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000235:genetics*; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000235:genetics*; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D038744:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C539818:Nr4a1 protein, mouse; C539883:Nr4a2 protein, mouse; C490411:Nr4a3 protein, mouse; D057105:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1; D057126:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D000841:Anisomycin; D050882:CREB-Binding Protein; C494364:Crebbp protein, mouse; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases; D038744:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa; C485459:Rps6ka4 protein, mouse; C116919:mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase 1; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate