title: Catabolic outcome from non-gastrointestinal malignancy-related malabsorption leading to malnutrition and weight loss.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Malnutrition of cancer patients is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The contributory factors in cancers anatomically involving the gastrointestinal tract are self-evident. However, how non-gastrointestinal malignancies affect gastrointestinal structure and function is not clear. The aim of this paper is to review the relationship between non-gastrointestinal malignancies and malabsorption, which leads to malnutrition, weight loss and increased mortality. In non-gastrointestinal cancer patients, intestinal morphological atrophy occurs, whereas in the jejunum absorption is impaired. Cytokines including IL-1 and TNF-alpha primarily induce delayed gastric emptying and also act directly on intestinal mucosa to induce malabsorption. These cytokines also directly act on several gastrointestinal hormones including cholecystokinin, neuropeptides including corticotropin-releasing factor, and via the vagus to decrease gastrointestinal motility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of small intestine atrophy and delayed gastrointestinal motility are some of the reasons for malabsorption in cancer patients with non-gastrointestinal malignancies that contribute to the catabolic process.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
authors.forename: Sususmu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Carolina G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Goncalves
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Meguid
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000502:physiology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000209:etiology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha