title: Menstrual-related problems and psychological distress among women in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations of menstrual-related problems with mental health and health behaviors in a U.S. population-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data obtained from women aged 18-55 years (n = 11,648) who participated in the 2002 National Health Interview Survey, an ongoing, computer-assisted personal interview of the noninstitutionalized U.S. population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 19% of women aged 18-55 years reported experiencing menstrual-related problems (e.g., heavy bleeding, bothersome cramping, or premenstrual syndrome [PMS]). These women were significantly more likely than those without menstrual-related problems to report frequent anxiety and depression, insomnia, excessive sleepiness, and pain over the past 12 months. Women with menstrual-related problems were also significantly more likely to report feeling sad, nervous, restless, hopeless, or worthless and that everything was an effort all or most of the time during the past 30 days. Cigarette smoking, drinking heavily, and being overweight or obese were also more frequently reported among women with menstrual-related problems than those without.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Menstrual-related problems pose substantial implications for public health. Healthcare providers should examine mental health concerns in women reporting menstrual-related problems.
authors.affiliation: Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA. tws2@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Tara W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Strine
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Indu B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Ahluwalia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health