title: Increased renal calcium reabsorption by parathyroid hormone-related protein is a causative factor in the development of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy refractory to osteoclastic bone resorption inhibitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bisphosphonate and calcitonin lower blood calcium in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) by suppressing osteoclastic bone resorption, but repeated administration of these drugs often leads to relapse. In this study, we examined the roles of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in the development of bisphosphonate- and calcitonin-refractory HHM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nude rats bearing the LC-6 JCK tumor xenograft (LC-6 rats) exhibited high bone turnover and HHM. Repeated administration of alendronate induced a sustained suppression of the bone resorption, but it caused only early and transient reduction of the blood calcium levels, leading to unresponsiveness to the drug. Because high blood levels of PTHrP were detected in the LC-6 rats, those that developed alendronate-refractory HHM were treated with an anti-PTHrP antibody.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of anti-PTHrP antibody to animals that received repeated administration of alendronate, thereby developing alendronate-refractory HHM, resulted in an increase in fractional excretion of calcium and a marked decrease of blood calcium level. Drug-refractory HHM was also observed in animals that received another osteoclast inhibitor, an eel calcitonin analogue elcatonin. The blood calcium level decreased after the initial administration of elcatonin, but it eventually became elevated during repeated administration. Administration of the anti-PTHrP antibody, but not of alendronate, effectively reduced the blood calcium of the animals that developed elcatonin-refractory HHM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High levels of circulating PTHrP and the resulting augmentation of renal calcium reabsorption is one of the major causes of the emergence of osteoclast inhibitor-refractory HHM. Thus, blockage of PTHrP functions by a neutralizing antibody against PTHrP would benefit patients who develop bisphosphonate- or calcitonin-refractory HHM.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Department IV, Chugai Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Etsuro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Onuma
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.forename: Hidemi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsunenari
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirabayashi
authors.forename: Koh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Hisafumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamada-Okabe
authors.forename: Etsuro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ogata
mesh_terms: D019386:Alendronate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000517:prevention & control; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D011923:Rats, Nude; D013997:Time Factors; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D004164:Diphosphonates; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; D002116:Calcitonin; D002118:Calcium; C012755:elcatonin; D019386:Alendronate