title: Serum blood urea nitrogen as an independent marker of subsequent mortality among patients with acute coronary syndromes and normal to mildly reduced glomerular filtration rates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) would be associated with adverse outcomes independent of serum creatinine (sCr)-based estimates of kidney function in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although lower glomerular filtration rates (GFR) have prognostic significance among patients with ACS, estimates of GFR based on sCr may perform less accurately among patients with milder kidney dysfunction. In this population in particular, BUN, which can reflect increased proximal tubular reabsorption in addition to decreased GFR, may have independent prognostic value.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from 9,420 patients with unstable coronary syndromes from Orbofiban in Patients With Unstable Coronary Syndromes-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (OPUS-TIMI)-16, a trial that excluded patients with sCr >1.6 mg/dl or estimated creatinine clearance <40 ml/min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with elevated BUN were older, had a higher prevalence of comorbidities, and had higher heart rates, lower systolic blood pressures, and an abnormal Killip class more often on admission. In univariate analyses, as well as in stratified and multivariable analyses including sCr-based estimates of GFR as a covariate, a stepwise increase in mortality occurred with increasing BUN (multivariable hazard ratio with BUN 20 to 25 mg/dl 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 2.6; with BUN >/=25 mg/dl 3.2 [95% confidence interval 2.2 to 4.7]) compared with BUN </=20 mg/dl. A higher BUN was also associated with increased mortality among strata of troponin-I, B-type natriuretic peptide, and C-reactive protein concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with unstable coronary syndromes and predominantly normal or mildly reduced GFR, an elevated BUN is associated with increased mortality, independent of sCr-based estimates of GFR and other biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ajay J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kirtane
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Leder
authors.forename: Sushrut S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Waikar
authors.forename: Glenn M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Chertow
authors.forename: Kausik K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Duane S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karmpaliotis
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: Sabina A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Braunwald
authors.forename: C Michael
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gibson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine