title: TOCOX--a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of rofecoxib (a COX-2-specific prostaglandin inhibitor) for the prevention of preterm delivery in women at high risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the safety and efficacy of the long term prophylactic use of rofecoxib (a COX-2-specific inhibitor) in women at high risk of preterm delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, London and Guys and St Thomas' Hospitals, London.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-eight singleton pregnancies at high risk of preterm labour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment from 16 to 32 weeks. Weekly ultrasound surveillance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetal renal function and ductus arteriosus blood flow changes. Preterm delivery rates and neonatal outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rofecoxib caused a reduction in hourly fetal urine production rates (-34%, 95% CI -13 to -50%, P = 0.004) and amniotic fluid index (-2.2, 95% CI -3.2 to -1.2, P < 0.001). This effect did not increase with time on treatment and reversed in all cases on discontinuation of treatment. Rofecoxib had an effect on the ductus arteriosus, increasing maximum systolic velocity (0.1 m/s, 95% CI 0.03-0.16, P = 0.02) and minimum diastolic velocity (0.007 m/s, 95% CI 0.0007-0.013, P= 0.03). This effect increased with time on treatment but was reversed with discontinuation of treatment and had no long term clinical sequelae. There was no difference in preterm delivery rates <30 weeks (28% on placebo vs 33% on rofecoxib, Mantel-Haensel [M-H]-adjusted risk 1.11, 95% CI 0.67-1.87). There were more deliveries <37 weeks in those on rofecoxib (40%vs 67%, M-H-adjusted risk 1.59, 95% CI 1.09-2.32). Rates of preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) were higher in those on rofecoxib (RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.3-4.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rofecoxib has a significant but reversible effect on fetal renal function and the ductus arteriosus. It does not reduce the incidence of early preterm delivery <30 weeks and is associated with an increased risk of delivery before 37 weeks in women at high risk.
authors.affiliation: Imperial College London Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, UK.
authors.forename: Katie M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Groom
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Shennan
authors.forename: Bryony A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seed
authors.forename: Phillip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004373:Ductus Arteriosus / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D007783:Lactones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D013450:Sulfones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014556:Urine
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007783:Lactones; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib