title: Estrogen effects on tubulin expression and taxane mediated cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study was designed to determine if estrogens change microtubule polymerization and modulate cell cycle progression in vitro, related to modulation of tubulin expression and to determine if estrogens had antagonistic or synergistic effects with microtubule active agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  cDNA array analysis of LNCaP cells treated with the estrogens, estradiol, estrone, diethylstilbestrol (DES), and 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) was carried out and the results confirmed by PCR and Western blotting. Microtubule arrays in cells treated with estrogens were assessed using indirect immunofluorescence. The effects of combining estrogens with taxane was assessed by MTT assay and flow cytometry for cell cycle kinetics. Human prostate cancer xenografts were treated with DES and docetaxel to assess the effects of combining estrogens and taxane in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of LNCaP cells with DES and 2-ME suppressed transcripts and protein for beta-tubulin isotype IVa. This effect on tubulin synthesis was not blocked by estrogen or androgen receptor modulators. Other estrogens had no effect on beta-tubulin expression. 2-ME and DES decreased the density of microtubules. The administration of DES or 2-ME with paclitaxel enhanced cytotoxicity and G(2)-M arrest in vitro. DES enhanced tumor suppression in a human prostate cancer xenograft model when combined with the taxane docetaxel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of DES and 2-ME enhances the effects of taxanes and may be a novel and important means of increasing therapeutic efficacy of cytotoxic chemotherapy against prostate carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98108, USA. rbmontgo@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: R Bruce
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonham
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grim
authors.forename: Ekram
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Makary
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vessella
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Stahl
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D043823:Taxoids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014404:Tubulin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D043823:Taxoids; D014404:Tubulin