Novel pathway for LPS-induced afferent vagus nerve activation: possible role of nodose ganglion.
The afferent vagus nerve has been suggested to be an important component for transmitting peripheral immune signals to the brain. However, there is inconsistent evidence showing that subdiaphragmatic vagotomy did not inhibit the brain mediated behavioral and neural effects induced by the peripheral application of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS triggers innate immune cells through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In the present study, we found that TLR4 mRNA and protein was expressed in the rat nodose ganglion. Thus, it is suggested that LPS could activate afferent vagus nerve at the level of nodose ganglion, which exists centrally from the subdiaphragmatic level of vagus nerve. The results could provide evidence for the novel pathway of LPS-induced afferent vagus nerve activation.
Hosoi
Toru
T
Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
Okuma
Yasunobu
Y
Matsuda
Tadashi
T
Nomura
Yasuyuki
Y
D000818:Animals; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000502:physiology; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000502:physiology; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009620:Nodose Ganglion / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000502:physiology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C495347:Tlr4 protein, rat; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors