title: Body composition and physical fitness of undernourished South African rural primary school children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between the body composition characteristics, body mass index (BMI), sum of skinfolds (SSF), % body fat (%BF), fat-free mass (FFM) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and nine physical fitness items in undernourished rural primary school children in Ellisras, South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study consisted of 462 boys and 393 girls who were aged 7-14 y.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five body composition measures were assessed: BMI, SSF, %BF, FFM and WHR. Nine physical fitness test items were assessed: standing long jump, bent arm hang, sit-ups, 10 x 5 m shuttle run, 50 m sprint, 1600 m run, flamingo balance, sit and reach, plate tapping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BMI was highly correlated with FFM (r = 0.7, P < 0.001). In line with findings from Western countries, regression coefficients (B) showed that children with higher BMI or SSF performed worse in bent arm hang (girls, B = -0.84, P < 0.001, and B = -0.06, P = 0.02, respectively) and in 1600m run (B = 6.68, P < 0.001). BMI was significantly associated with flamingo balance (B = 0.26, P = 0.04). WHR was positively associated with bent arm hang (B = 9.37, P = 0.03), and inversely with sit and reach (B = -7.48, P = 0.01). In contrast, significant relationships were found between BMI and standing long jump (B = 0.74, P = 0.04), sit and reach (B = 0.51, P < 0.001), flamingo balance (B = 0.26, P = 0.04) and plate tapping (B = -19, P = 0.01). SSF was significantly associated with sit and reach (B = 0.04, P = 0.03). Significant inverse associations were found between FFM and bent arm hang (girls, B = -0.06, P = 0.05), 1600 m run (girls, B = -2.33, P = 0.003) and 50 m run (boys, B = -0.11, P = 0.006). FFM was significantly associated with standing long jump (boys, B = 0.99, P < 0.001; girls, B = 0.73, P < 0.001), flamingo balance (B = 0.17, P < 0.001), and with sit and reach (boys, B = 0.59, P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study in undernourished children, body composition was significantly related to physical fitness, but not always in the expected direction. It is therefore important to note that in this population, BMI should not be interpreted as a measure of fatness/overweight, but rather as an indicator of muscle mass.
authors.affiliation: School for Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa. mbwmam@puknet.puk.ac.za
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Monyeki
authors.forename: L L J
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Koppes
authors.forename: H C G
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kemper
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Monyeki
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Toriola
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Pienaar
authors.forename: J W R
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Twisk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D001823:Body Composition; D001824:Body Constitution / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D012424:Rural Population; D012737:Sex Factors; D013019:South Africa