title: [The history of cholera epidemics in Israel].
abstract: During the years 1831-1918 Israel (Palestine at that time) suffered from repeated cholera epidemics. The cholera epidemics were the major cause of severe health crisis among the population. The epidemics were transmitted by returening pilgrims returning from Mecca and, during the first world War, by the Turkish soldiers crossing the country. The disease caused panic amongst the population due to its high mortality rate. Quarantine which was the major measure taken by the government at that time was repeatedly broken by people trying to escape from the affected area. During the epidemic of 1902, patients were even reluctant to be treated by physicians as they were blamed for causing death. On the other hand, cholera was a major trigger for maintaining a better sanitation and establishing social relief systems within the communities. Most of the epidemics occurred in the old cities such as Jerusalem, Tiberia and Jaffa where infrastructure was inadequate. Cholera outbreaks were the trigger to build outside the old cities as in case of Jerusalem in which after the 1865 outbreak the city was expanded outside the walls. Since the end of the Ottoman period in Israel, cholera epidemics ceased, and except for very small occeasional small outbreaks, cholera is not seen here more.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Geographical Medicine and Tropical Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer. elischwa@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bar-El
authors.forename: Natan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schur
mesh_terms: D002771:Cholera / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history* / Q000635:transmission; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D011790:Quarantine; D014505:Urban Population