title: Intermittent long-wavelength red light increases the period of daily locomotor activity in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We observed that a dim, red light-emitting diode (LED) triggered by activity increased the circadian periods of lab mice compared to constant darkness. It is known that the circadian period of rats increases when vigorous wheel-running triggers full-spectrum lighting; however, spectral sensitivity of photoreceptors in mice suggests little or no response to red light. Thus, we decided to test the following hypotheses: dim red light illumination triggered by activity (LEDfb) increases the circadian period of mice compared to constant dark (DD); covering the LED prevents the effect on period; and DBA2/J mice have a different response to LEDfb than C57BL6/J mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The irradiance spectra of the LEDs were determined by spectrophotometer. Locomotor activity of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice was monitored by passive-infrared sensors and circadian period was calculated from the last 10 days under each light condition. For constant dark (DD), LEDs were switched off. For LED feedback (LEDfb), the red LED came on when the mouse was active and switched off seconds after activity stopped. For taped LED the red LED was switched on but covered with black tape. Single and multifactorial ANOVAs and post-hoc t-tests were done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The circadian period of mice was longer under LEDfb than under DD. Blocking the light eliminated the effect. There was no difference in period change in response to LEDfb between C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increase in mouse circadian period due to dim far-red light (1 lux at 652 nm) exposure was unexpected. Since blocking the light stopped the response, sound from the sensor's electronics was not the impetus of the response. The results suggest that red light as background illumination should be avoided, and indicator diodes on passive infrared motion sensors should be switched off.
authors.affiliation: Roudebush VA Medical Center, 1481 W. 10th St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. jhofstet@iupui.edu
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hofstetter
authors.forename: Amelia R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hofstetter
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Aimee R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mayeda