title: Small changes in United Kingdom cardiovascular risk factors could halve coronary heart disease mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The U.K. government recently called for a 40% reduction in cardiovascular disease mortality by 2010. We examined the potential for cardiovascular risk factor changes to achieve that target.
  
  
  METHODS
  We applied a previously validated mortality model, IMPACT, to an England and Wales population (37.1 million, aged 25-84). The model integrates information on trends in all the major cardiovascular risk factors, plus the uptake and effectiveness of all medical and surgical treatments. The potential reductions in coronary heart disease mortality from the base year, 2000, were calculated for two contrasting scenarios: (a) if recent risk factor trends simply continued to 2010 and (b) if further small reductions in risk factors were achieved, as in Scandinavia and the United States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Continuation of recent risk factor trends should result in approximately 10,685 fewer coronary deaths in 2010 (minimum estimate 10,110; maximum 16,460) than in 2000. Modest additional reductions in cholesterol and smoking could potentially achieve 51,270 fewer deaths (minimum 39,435; maximum 71,510). Optimistic changes in obesity, diabetes, and physical activity, however, would have relatively small effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modest additional risk factor reductions in cholesterol and smoking already achieved in the United States and Scandinavia could prevent or postpone > 50,000 deaths by 2010, halving current coronary mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. belgin.unal@deu.edu.tr
authors.forename: Belgin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Unal
authors.forename: Julia A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Critchley
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Capewell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol