title: Orthotic effect of a stabilising mechanism in the surface of gymnastic mats on foot motion during landings.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine two hypotheses: (a) mat hardness affects foot motion during landing; (b) the influence of a surface stabilising interface integrated in a mat on foot motion is detectable. Two studies were carried out: In the first one, six female gymnasts performed barefoot landings from different falling heights onto three mats having different hardness. In the second study, a stabilising mechanism was integrated in the surface of three new mats with different hardness. Three high speed video cameras (250Hz) captured the motion of the left leg and foot. These were modelled by means of a four rigid body system. The maximal eversion at the ankle joint was not influenced by the different mats (hard: 4.6 degrees +/-1.9 to 9.3 degrees +/-3.4, medium: 3.1 degrees +/-2.7 to 7.4 degrees +/-3.5, soft: 4.8 degrees +/-2.1 to 8.4 degrees +/-3.5). The soft mat without the stabilised surface showed higher eversion values (p<0.05) between forefoot and rearfoot (medial joint: hard: 5.1 degrees +/-3.2 to 7.3 degrees +/-3.3, medium: 6.9 degrees +/-3.1 to 7.5 degrees +/-2.9, soft: 12.7 degrees +/-4.1 to 13.4 degrees +/-3.3; lateral joint: hard: 8.5 degrees +/-3.1 to 9.7 degrees +/-1.1, medium: 9.5 degrees +/-2.6 to 11.2 degrees +/-3.3, soft: 12.1 degrees +/-2.3 to 15.7 degrees +/-3.3). For the mats with the surface stabilising interface, the different hardness did not cause any significant differences in maximal eversion values at the medial (hard: 1.5 degrees +/-3.3 to 5.5 degrees +/-4.5, medium: 1.3 degrees +/-3.5 to 5.1 degrees +/-3.6, soft: 0.7 degrees +/-4.9 to 5.4 degrees +/-4.2) nor at the lateral (hard: 11.3 degrees +/-4.2 to 17.3 degrees +/-4.2, medium: 12.3 degrees +/-4.8 to 17.1 degrees +/-3.7, soft: 11.5 degrees +/-4.6 to 17.1 degrees +/-4.3) forefoot joints. The structure of the mat and the consequent deformation hollow did not influence the kinematics of the ankle joint during landings, but it influenced the motion at the medial and the lateral forefoot joints. By means of a stabilised surface, it is possible to reduce the influence of mat deformation on the maximal eversion between forefoot and rearfoot.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem-Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany. arampatzis@hrz.dshs-koeln.de
authors.forename: Adamantios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arampatzis
authors.forename: Gaspar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morey-Klapsing
authors.forename: Gert-Peter
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Brüggemann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D006173:Gymnastics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D019876:Sports Equipment; D013499:Surface Properties