title: Evaluating potentially modifiable risk factors for prevalent and incident nocturia in older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine associations between nocturia and potentially modifiable risk factors in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Respondents were selected using population-based sampling, drawing from a single Michigan county in 1983. They were followed through 1990.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-living adults aged 60 and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Episodes of nocturia, development of nocturia at 2 years after baseline survey, age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, drinking fluids before bedtime, amount of fluid intake before bedtime, diuretic use, and 24-hour coffee intake. All measures were self-reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bivariate cross-sectional analysis revealed significant associations with two or more episodes of nocturia for hypertension (odds ratio (OR)=1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.37-2.1), diabetes mellitus (OR=1.51, 95% CI=1.1-2.0), diuretic use (OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.3-2.1), age (OR=1.05 per additional year over 60, 95% 1.03-1.06), and number of cups of coffee (OR=0.93 for each cup of coffee, 95% CI=0.89-0.97). In multivariate analysis, hypertension (OR=1.52, 95% CI=1.2-1.9), diuretic use (OR=1.3, 95% 95% CI=1.0-1.7), and age (OR=1.04 per additional year over 60, 95% 1.03-1.06) were independently associated with two or more nocturia episodes per night. No baseline factors predicted future development of nocturia (save for age, in one model).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypertension, older age, and diuretic use were independently associated with two or more episodes of nocturia in cross-sectional analysis. No baseline factor was related to the development of nocturia over a 2-year interval in this sample. Nighttime fluid intake and coffee intake, practices providers commonly target in patients with nocturia, were not associated with nocturia in this population-based sample of community-living older adults.
authors.affiliation: Birmingham/Atlanta Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30033, USA. Ted.Johnson@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Theodore M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Sattin
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parmelee
authors.forename: Nancy H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Fultz
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ouslander
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*