title: Cost utility analysis of co-prescribed heroin compared with methadone maintenance treatment in heroin addicts in two randomised trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the cost utility of medical co-prescription of heroin compared with methadone maintenance treatment for chronic, treatment resistant heroin addicts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost utility analysis of two pooled open label randomised controlled trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Methadone maintenance programmes in six cities in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  430 heroin addicts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inhalable or injectable heroin prescribed over 12 months. Methadone (maximum 150 mg a day) plus heroin (maximum 1000 mg a day) compared with methadone alone (maximum 150 mg a day). Psychosocial treatment was offered throughout.
  
  
  METHODS
  One year costs estimated from a societal perspective. Quality adjusted life years (QALYs) based on responses to the EuroQol EQ-5D at baseline and during the treatment period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Co-prescription of heroin was associated with 0.058 more QALYs per patient per year (95% confidence interval 0.016 to 0.099) and a mean saving of 12,793 euros (8793 pounds sterling, 16,122 dollars) (1083 to 25,229 euros) per patient per year. The higher programme costs (16 222 euros; lower 95% confidence limit 15,084 euros) were compensated for by lower costs of law enforcement (- 4129 euros; upper 95% confidence limit - 486 euros) and damage to victims of crime (- 25,374 euros; upper 95% confidence limit - 16,625 euros). The results were robust for the use of national EQ-5D tariffs and for the exclusion of the initial implementation costs of heroin treatment. Completion of treatment is essential; having participated in any abstinence treatment in the past is not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Co-prescription of heroin is cost effective compared with treatment with methadone alone for chronic, treatment resistant heroin addicts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J1B-216) Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, Netherlands. m.g.dijkgraaf@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Marcel G W
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Dijkgraaf
authors.forename: Bart P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: van der Zanden
authors.forename: Corianne A J M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Borgie
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blanken
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: van Ree
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van den Brink
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003932:Heroin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000191:economics* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D003932:Heroin; D008691:Methadone