title: A bio-assay for effectors of osteoclast differentiation in serum from patients with bone disease.
abstract: Osteoclast differentiation and activity, and hence bone loss, depend on two opposing cytokines. Receptor activator of NF-(kappa)B ligand (RANKL) produced by osteoblasts and T-cells stimulates, while osteoprotegerin inhibits. Both of these cytokines are found in serum. Our aim was to develop a functional assay for any factors present in human serum that can affect osteoclast differentiation and to assess whether any such factors vary in diseases in which bone loss occurs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a culture model of osteoclast differentiation in the presence of macrophage colony stimulating factor and soluble RANKL, we have measured the effects of different human sera on osteoclast differentiation. The production of a marker enzyme for the osteoclast, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), was used to follow osteoclast differentiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, human serum stimulates osteoclast differentiation as indicated by TRAP activity, but in patients with low bone density this stimulation was attenuated. Sera from 40 female subjects with low bone mineral density showed significantly lower TRAP cell differentiation activity than sera from the healthy female controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We describe a functional bio-assay for factors in human serum which can affect osteoclast differentiation. This assay may have application in monitoring the effects of therapy in bone disease.
authors.affiliation: Charles Salt Centre, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire, SY10 7AG, United Kingdom. naomi.rowlands@rjah.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Marit-Naomi
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Dugard
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: J H H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: M W J
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Davie
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Marshall
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D015519:Bone Density; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008875:Middle Aged; D010001:Osteitis Deformans / Q000097:blood; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology*; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; C505686:TNFRSF11A protein, human; C505688:TNFSF11 protein, human; C505687:Tnfrsf11a protein, mouse; C505689:Tnfsf11 protein, mouse; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; C000605511:Acp5 protein, mouse; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase