title: The use of electrical stimulation to monitor epidural needle advancement in a porcine model.
abstract: Muscle twitches elicited with electrical stimulation (ES) during epidural insertion may indicate epidural needle location. We examined the potential application of ES at 5 mA as a continuous method of monitoring the response to epidural needle advancement in a porcine model. Five 20-kg pigs were used in this study. A needle with a stimulating current of 5 mA was inserted at 20 separate levels in each pig. The needle was advanced until a muscle twitch was observed without loss-of-resistance (LOR). The needle position was then assessed using LOR. At the end of the experiment, an autopsy was performed to assess the spinal cord for injury. A total of 100 needle insertions were performed in the 5 pigs. The threshold current in the epidural space was 3.6 +/- 0.6 mA. In 59 of the needle insertions, LOR was not obtained at the depth at which a muscle twitch was initially observed. However, after advancing these 59 needles another 1-2 mm, LOR was obtained. In the other 41 insertions, LOR was observed without further advancement of the needle. Autopsies indicated there were no dural punctures or spinal cord damage in any of the pigs. These observations suggest that ES can be used to signal that the epidural needle is in or approaching the epidural space. However, the high false positive predictive value (59%) makes it impractical and unreliable to detect the precise entry of a needle into the epidural space in pigs.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, †Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, and ‡Health Sciences Laboratory Animal Services, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Ban C H
authors.initials: BCH
authors.lastname: Tsui
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: Richard R E
authors.initials: RRE
authors.lastname: Uwiera
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Finucane
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009339:Needles; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013552:Swine