title: An in-vitro and in-vivo methodology study of alveolar bone measurement using extra-oral radiographic alignment apparatus, Image Pro-Plus software and a subtraction programme.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (a) To validate a method for acquiring reproducible radiographic images and repeatable measurements of digital images. (b) To investigate the clinical and radiographic changes following periodontal surgery and in a periodontally healthy control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-vitro study. Sixteen dried human skulls had replicate intra-oral radiographs taken using an extra-oral alignment apparatus under simulated clinical conditions, and measurements were made on the images using Image Pro-Plus analysis software. In-vivo study. Seven subjects, aged 38-63 years with chronic periodontitis, were treated using replaced flap surgery. Nine patients with healthy periodontal tissues were recruited as a control group. Clinical measurements and radiographs were taken pre-surgery and 6 months afterwards, and at the same interval for untreated healthy controls using the alignment apparatus. Radiographs were analysed using Image Pro-Plus and subtraction radiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiographs had a high degree of reliability (ICC 0.98-0.99) for the in-vitro study and intra-operator repeatability of measurements was high (ICC 0.65-0.99) for the in-vivo study. Over this interval there were both significant clinical improvements and in bone gain within infra-bony defects on radiographs. Subtracted images showed that out of 17 surgically treated sites, 13 showed evidence of bone gain, one showed no change, two showed bone loss and one could not be interpreted due to poor alignment. Overall there were no significant clinical or radiographic changes in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiographic images were highly reproducible. Measurements had a high degree of repeatability. The methods used allowed accurate quantitative and qualitative measurement of change in alveolar bone. This technique would allow accurate measurement of any changes in alveolar bone levels in patients with periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult Dental Care, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK. a.rawlinson@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rawlinson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Elcock
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Buhairi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Ellwood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D011861:Radiography, Dental / Q000295:instrumentation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software