title: Sevoflurane (12% and 8%) inhalational induction in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sevoflurane induction of anesthesia is frequently used in children. Rapidly performed inhalational induction may reduce excitation during early anesthesia. Increasing the total anesthetic MAC delivered to patients can be achieved by increasing volatile concentration or adding nitrous oxide. The latter reduces inspired oxygen concentration delivered, which may not be desirable. Even 8% sevoflurane induction is associated with excitation. A system capable of delivering 12% sevoflurane using two tandem vaporizers has been developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized double blind study was undertaken to assess whether 12% sevoflurane offered any advantage over 8% in time and quality of induction. Sixty children aged 5-10 years were recruited and received either 12 or 8% sevoflurane. Time to loss of eyelash reflex, central pupils, incidence of adverse events, induction quality, systolic blood pressure and heart rate were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve percent sevoflurane reduced time to loss of eyelash reflex compared with 8% [mean (sd): 35 (12) and 46 (14) P<0.05], but the reduction was only 10% higher than the error in the measurement (assessment every 10 s). Twelve percent sevoflurane offered significantly better quality of induction (P<0.05). There was no difference in cardiovascular stability between groups, although heart rate rose significantly in both groups. Maintaining sevoflurane at 12% for 4 min caused significant amounts of apnea (69% with 12% and 38% with 8%, P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twelve percent sevoflurane offers a smoother anesthesia induction than 8% in children of this age with no additional consequences for the cardiovascular system.
authors.affiliation: Anaesthetics and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chawathe
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zatman
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gildersleve
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wilkes
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Aguilera
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane