title: Proteome analysis of separated male and female gametocytes reveals novel sex-specific Plasmodium biology.
abstract: Gametocytes, the precursor cells of malaria-parasite gametes, circulate in the blood and are responsible for transmission from host to mosquito vector. The individual proteomes of male and female gametocytes were analyzed using mass spectrometry, following separation by flow sorting of transgenic parasites expressing green fluorescent protein, in a sex-specific manner. Promoter tagging in transgenic parasites confirmed the designation of stage and sex specificity of the proteins. The male proteome contained 36% (236 of 650) male-specific and the female proteome 19% (101 of 541) female-specific proteins, but they share only 69 proteins, emphasizing the diverged features of the sexes. Of all the malaria life-cycle stages analyzed, the male gametocyte has the most distinct proteome, containing many proteins involved in flagellar-based motility and rapid genome replication. By identification of gender-specific protein kinases and phosphatases and using targeted gene disruption of two kinases, new sex-specific regulatory pathways were defined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Shahid M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Blandine
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke-Fayard
authors.forename: Gunnar R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Mair
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lasonder
authors.forename: Chris J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Janse
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Waters
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000072379:NIMA-Related Kinases; D010962:Plasmodium berghei / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020543:Proteome; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D019849:Sex Determination Processes
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases; D000072379:NIMA-Related Kinases; C502081:NIMA-related kinase 4, Plasmodium falciparum; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1