title: Folate, vitamin B12, and risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: a prospective, nested case-referent study of plasma concentrations and dietary intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Folate metabolism has been implicated in stroke. However, the possibility of a role for folate and vitamin B12, independent of their effects on homocysteine status, remains to be explored. The aim of this prospective, nested case-referent study was to relate plasma and dietary intake levels of folate and vitamin B12 to risk of stroke, taking into consideration plasma homocysteine concentrations and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 334 ischemic and 62 hemorrhagic stroke cases and matched double referents from the population-based Northern Sweden Health and Disease Cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma folate was statistically significantly associated with risk of hemorrhagic stroke in an inverse linear manner, both in univariate analysis and after adjustment for conventional risk factors including hypertension (odds ratio [OR] for highest versus lowest quartile 0.21 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06 to 0.71; P for trend=0.008)). Risk estimates were attenuated by inclusion of homocysteine in the model (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.08 to 1.40; P for trend=0.088). A similar pattern was observed for increasing folate intake (multivariate OR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.55; P for trend=0.031 without homocysteine, and OR, 0.16, 95% CI, 0.02 to 1.23; P for trend=0.118 with homocysteine in the analysis). We found little evidence of an association between plasma or dietary folate and risk of ischemic stroke. Neither plasma nor dietary vitamin B12 was associated with risk of either stroke subtype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest a protective role for folate, possibly in addition to its effects on homocysteine status, in hemorrhagic but not ischemic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden. Bethany.Van.Guelpen@nutrires.umu.se
authors.forename: Bethany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Guelpen
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hultdin
authors.forename: Ingegerd
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stegmayr
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hallmans
authors.forename: Torbjörn K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weinehall
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Witthöft
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palmqvist
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Winkvist
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009752:Nutritional Status; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012306:Risk; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D013548:Sweden; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D014805:Vitamin B 12