title: Cardiovascular risk factors in hemodialysis patients: results from baseline data of kaleidoscopic approaches to patients with end-stage renal disease study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the prevalence of comorbidities in adult hemodialysis patients in Japan are not fully understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  In "Kaleidoscopic Approaches to Patients with End-stage Renal Disease Study" (The KAREN Study, 2003), trained research stuff examined 1,214 adult hemodialysis patients (mean age, 61.2 years; 779 males and 435 females) of 1,506 patients in northern areas of Iwate Prefecture. Cardiovascular risk factors and the prevalence of comorbidities in hemodialysis patients were compared with those in the general population using direct age-adjustment methodology and standardized morbidity ratios (SMRs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In hemodialysis patients, common causes of end-stage renal disease were chronic glomerulonephritis (29.8%), diabetic nephropathy (24.5%), and other diseases. Prevalence and SMR of myocardial infarction were 5% and 9.6, respectively, and those of stroke were 13% and 5.7. The prevalences of hypertension and diabetes mellitus were 87% and 29%, respectively. Mean systolic blood pressure and mean diastolic blood pressure were 155 mmHg and 85 mmHg, respectively. Mean levels of total serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and albumin in patients with end-stage renal disease were lower than those of the general population (160.6 vs. 203.3 mg/dL, 48.5 vs. 59.7 mg/dL, and 3.7 vs. 4.4 g/dL, respectively). Mean levels of C-reactive protein were higher than those of the general population (3.80 vs. 1.16 mg/L).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemodialysis patients have a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities. Levels of nutrition-related markers were lower, and C-reactive protein levels were higher, in hemodialysis patients than in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Japan. masakio@iwate-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohsawa
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Itai
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Onoda
authors.forename: Ryuichiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Konda
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujioka
authors.forename: Motoyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okayama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein