title: Adaptations to an extreme environment: retinal organisation and spectral properties of photoreceptors in Antarctic notothenioid fish.
abstract: The Notothenioid suborder of teleosts comprises a number of species that live below the sea ice of the Antarctic. The presence of 'antifreeze' glycoproteins in these fish as an adaptation to freezing temperature has been well documented but little is known about the adaptations of the visual system of these fish to a light environment in which both the quantity and spectral composition of downwelling sunlight has been reduced by passage through ice and snow. In this study, we show that the red/long-wave sensitive (LWS) opsin gene is not present in these fish but a UV-sensitive short-wave sensitive (SWS1) pigment is expressed along with blue-sensitive (SWS2) and green/middle-wave sensitive (Rh2) pigments. The identity and spectral location of maximal absorbance of the SWS1 and Rh2 pigments was confirmed by in vitro expression of the recombinant opsins followed by regeneration with 11-cis retinal. Only the SWS2 pigment showed interspecific variations in peak absorbance. Expression of the Rh2 opsin is localised to double cone receptors in both the central and peripheral retina, whereas SWS2 opsin expression is present only in the peripheral retina. SWS1 cones could not be identified by either microspectrophotometry or in situ hybridisation, presumably reflecting their low number and/or uneven distribution across the retina. A study of photoreceptor organisation in the retina of two species, the shallower dwelling Trematomus hansoni and the deeper dwelling Dissostichus mawsoni, identified a square mosaic in the former, and a row mosaic in the latter species; the row mosaic in Dissostichus mawsoni with less tightly packed cone photoreceptors allows for a higher rod photoreceptor density.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
authors.forename: Marie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pointer
authors.forename: Chi-Hing Christina
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Bowmaker
authors.forename: Juliet W L
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Parry
authors.forename: Nelyn
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soto
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jeffery
authors.forename: Jill A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cowing
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hunt
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D017931:DNA Primers; D003624:Darkness; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D015591:Microspectrophotometry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010473:Perciformes / Q000502:physiology*; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012168:Retinal Pigments / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D012168:Retinal Pigments