title: Economic burden on families of childhood type 1 diabetes in urban Sudan.
abstract: The aims of this study were to estimate the direct costs of childhood diabetes in a low income country, Sudan, and to assess the effectiveness of care paid for by the families. For this purpose, socio-economic and demographic data on families were obtained from the parents of 147 children with type 1 diabetes, attending public or private clinics in Khartoum State, Sudan. The median annual income of the families of diabetic children was US dollars (US$) 1222 (range 0-14,338) of which 16% was received as financial help from relatives and friends. The median annual expenditure of diabetes care was US$ 283 per diabetic child of which 36% was spent on insulin. Of the family expenditure on health, 65% was used for the diabetic child. Families of diabetic children who were attending private clinics had a significantly higher total expenditure on health and home blood glucose monitoring than those who were attending the public clinics. However, there was no difference in total income between the two groups and glycaemic control was poor in 86% of the patients, regardless of whether care was being given by private or public clinics. The occurrence of the disease and its poor control appeared to exert a negative impact on the school performance of the diabetic child. In conclusion, the low direct costs reflect the minimal care given to the diabetic patients. Under the present economic conditions, families pay a considerable part of their income to sponsor the health of their diabetic children and receive little support other than that from relatives and friends. The present organization of diabetes care does not provide the patient with empowerment, knowledge and self-care ability. Well-trained diabetic teams and education programs may improve this situation.
authors.affiliation: Division of International Health Care Research, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hind
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elrayah
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eltom
authors.forename: Ashraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bedri
authors.forename: Abdelrahim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belal
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rosling
authors.forename: Claes-Göran
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Ostenson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013397:Sudan; D014504:Urban Health