title: Gastrointestinal complications in patients undergoing heart operation: an analysis of 8709 consecutive cardiac surgical patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastrointestinal (GI) complications following heart operation may be life-threatening. Systematic analysis of risk factors to allow early identification of patients at risk for GI complication may lead to the development of strategies to mitigate this complication as well as to optimize management after its occurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 8709 consecutive patients undergoing heart operation during 7 years (1997-2003), 46 (0.53%) developed GI complications requiring surgical consultation. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative predictors of complication and death were identified and compared with a control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant (P < 0.05) preoperative predictors of complication were prior cerebrovascular accident (CVA), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), type II heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, atrial fibrillation, prior myocardial infarction, renal insufficiency, hypertension, and need for intra-aortic balloon counter-pulsation. The most frequent serious GI complication was mesenteric ischemia, which developed in 31 (67%) patients. Twenty-two (71%) of these patients were explored, and 14 (64%) died within 2 days of heart operation. Of the 9 patients with mesenteric ischemia who were not explored, 7 (78%) died within 3 days of heart operation. Other complications included diverticulitis (5), pancreatitis (4), peptic ulcer disease (4), and cholecystitis (2). The mortality rate in this group of other diagnoses was lower (40%), and death occurred later (32 days) after heart operation (P = 0.03 compared with mesenteric ischemia). Predictors of death from GI complication included New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III and IV heart failure, smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, history of syncope, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) >600 U/L, direct bilirubin >2.4 mg/dL, pH < 7.30, and the need for >2 pressors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most common catastrophic GI complication after cardiac surgery is mesenteric ischemia, which is frequently fatal. This complication may be a result of atheroembolization, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, or hypoperfusion. Techniques to reduce the occurrence of and/or preemptively diagnosis postcardiotomy mesenteric ischemia are necessary to decrease its associated mortality.
authors.affiliation: Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Abeel A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mangi
authors.forename: Emily R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Christison-Lagay
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Torchiana
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Warshaw
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply; D007511:Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation