title: Traffic related air pollution as a determinant of asthma among Taiwanese school children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is evidence that long term exposure to ambient air pollution increases the risk of childhood asthma, but the role of different sources and components needs further elaboration. To assess the effect of air pollutants on the risk of asthma among school children, a nationwide cross sectional study of 32 672 Taiwanese school children was conducted in 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Routine air pollution monitoring data for sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), and particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microm or less (PM10) were used. Information on individual characteristics and indoor environments was from a parent administered questionnaire (response rate 93%). The exposure parameters were calculated using the mean of the 2000 monthly averages. The effect estimates were presented as odds ratios (ORs) per 10 ppb changes for SO2, NOx, and O3, 100 ppb changes for CO, and 10 microg/m3 changes for PM10.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a two stage hierarchical model adjusting for confounding, the risk of childhood asthma was positively associated with O3 (adjusted OR 1.138, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.001 to 1.293), CO (adjusted OR 1.045, 95% CI 1.017 to 1.074), and NOx (adjusted OR 1.005, 95% CI 0.954 to 1.117). Against our prior hypothesis, the risk of childhood asthma was weakly or not related to SO2 (adjusted OR 0.874, 95% CI 0.729 to 1.054) and PM10 (adjusted OR 0.934, 95% CI 0.909 to 0.960).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are consistent with the hypothesis that long term exposure to traffic related outdoor air pollutants such as NOx, CO, and O3 increases the risk of asthma in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Administration, Diwan College of Management, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: B-F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Y-L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Y-C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: J J K
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jaakkola
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D001249:Asthma / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000633:toxicity; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000633:toxicity; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010126:Ozone / Q000633:toxicity; D012307:Risk Factors; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D010126:Ozone; D002248:Carbon Monoxide