title: Progression of stunting and its predictors among school-aged children in western Kenya.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were (1) to assess whether a cohort of school-aged children experiences progression of stunting over a 2-y-period of observation and (2) to identify baseline nutritional and body composition risk factors for the progression of stunting.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a large-scale, randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) on nutritional status, we longitudinally followed a cohort of school-aged children over a 2-y-period in western Kenya. Anthropometric measurements were made at four time points from which Z-scores for height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and body mass index (BMIZ) were calculated. Two measures of body composition, upper arm fat area and upper arm muscle area, were derived from mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and triceps skinfold thickness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects experienced a mean change in HAZ from baseline to 9 months of -0.16 [-0.19, -0.13], from baseline to 16 months of -0.18 [-0.22, -0.15], and from baseline to 24 months of -0.36 [-0.41, -0.31]. Thus, the average individual's change in HAZ at the three follow-up time points is significantly less than zero, meaning that, on average, the cohort is deviating further from NCHS reference medians over time. The baseline nutritional measure that explained the greatest amount of variance in the progression of stunting was the upper arm muscle area Z-score (F=8.1; P=0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This longitudinal study provides further evidence from a distinct ecological setting regarding the progression of undernutrition during middle childhood in the developing world. It suggests that school-aged children in the developing world do not experience catch-up growth or remain stable. Rather, they continue to deviate from NCHS standards, accruing greater height deficits with age. In addition, absolute lean body mass explained the most variability in the progression of stunting, which supports cross-sectional findings from other studies.
authors.affiliation: US Department of State, Institute of International Education, Fulbright Fellowships, Washington, DC, USA. Jennifer_Friedman@Brown.edu
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Phillips-Howard
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Mirel
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Terlouw
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okello
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vulule
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hawley
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Nahlen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: ter Kuile
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012885:Skinfold Thickness