title: Qualitative venous Doppler flow waveform analysis in preterm intrauterine growth-restricted fetuses with ARED flow in the umbilical artery--correlation with short-term outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this retrospective study was to examine the significance of severe Doppler waveform abnormalities in the ductus venosus (DV) and the umbilical vein (UV) for the prediction of adverse outcomes in very preterm growth-restricted fetuses with absent or reversed end-diastolic flow in the umbilical artery (UA) at 24-34 weeks of gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-four fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and absent or reversed end-diastolic (ARED) flow in the UA at 24-34 weeks of gestation, which were delivered before 34 weeks' gestation, were examined. Absent or reversed flow during atrial contraction (a-wave) in the DV and pulsatile flow in the UV were examined to predict severe perinatal outcomes (stillbirth, neonatal death, perinatal death, acidemia, 5 min Apgar < 7, intraventricular hemorrhage and elevated nucleated red blood cell counts at delivery).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve (16.2%) perinatal deaths, of which eight were stillbirths (10.8%), and two (2.7%) neonatal deaths occurred among 74 fetuses. Logistic regression analysis confirmed that abnormal DV Doppler waveforms (R2 = 0.57, P < 0.001) together with gestational age at delivery (R2 = 0.57, P < 0.001) showed the strongest association with perinatal death, whereas only gestational age was significantly related to neonatal death (R2 = 0.67, P < 0.05). Abnormal DV Doppler waveforms (R2 = 0.86, P < 0.001) and gestational age (R2 = 0.49, P < 0.05) were strongly associated with adverse outcome (including stillbirth, perinatal death or neonatal death). Abnormal venous Doppler flow patterns performed better in the prediction of fetal or perinatal demise than did ARED flow or brain sparing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal venous Doppler waveforms in preterm IUGR fetuses with ARED flow are strongly related to adverse fetal and perinatal outcomes before 32 weeks of gestation. The possible benefit of prolonging these pregnancies can only be evaluated in a prospective randomized study.
authors.affiliation: Division of Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schwarze
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gembruch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krapp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katalinic
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Germer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Axt-Fliedner
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*