title: Long-term functional impairment of hemopoietic progenitor cells engineered to express the S1 catalytic subunit of pertussis toxin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A large body of data suggests that pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G protein signals in mature and immature hemopoietic cells control their migration patterns in vitro and in vivo. These effects were derived after treatment of cells or animals with PTX. To circumvent several inherent problems of PTX holotoxin treatment, we expressed the S1 catalytic activity of PTX, thus blocking Gi protein signaling, in 32D murine myeloid progenitor cells and in primary human CD34+ cells, and studied its functional consequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  S1 was expressed using viral vectors. Effects of Gi protein blockade on proliferation, migration, adhesion, and gene expression were tested in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S1 expression was nontoxic for the cells; expression and function were stable long-term and not overridden by compensatory mechanisms. S1-transduced 32D cells and primary CD34+ cells migrated poorly and did not contract their cytoskeleton upon treatment with the chemoattractant stromal cell-derived factor -1 (SDF-1), similar to the phenotype induced by PTX treatment. Gene expression studies comparing S1-transduced and control 32D cells uncovered four genes, expression of which was regulated by Gi protein blockade. Of interest, although SDF-1 signaling was inhibited, comparison between SDF-1-treated and untreated cells suggests that SDF-1 stimulation does not depend on de novo gene expression in these cells. Furthermore, when injected into nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice, seeding of S1-expressing 32D cells to bone marrow was largely blocked.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of S1 is an effective approach for studying long-term functional consequences of Gi protein blockade in hemopoietic cells in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine/Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7720, USA. hbonig@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Halvard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bonig
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rohmer
authors.forename: Thalia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Papayannopoulou
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D017931:DNA Primers; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D037342:Pertussis Toxin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D037342:Pertussis Toxin