title: Magnesium supplementation prevents chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity via adjusting nitric oxide synthase activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is a protective factor for chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity by virtue of adjusting the production of nitric oxide (NO). The aim of this study was to explore the role of NOS in the effect of magnesium supplementation to prevent chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats maintained on a low-salt diet were divided into three groups: normal controls, cyclosporine group (CsA 15 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) subcutaneously) and CsA + Mg2+ group (CsA subcutaneously and dietary supplementation with 0.6% Mg enriched by MgCl2). On day 28, plasma Mg2+, plasma creatinine, NOS activity, and NO content in renal tissue were examined. The renal expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in kidneys was determined by an immunohistochemistry technique. The lesions of chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity were identified by HE and PAS stains as well as electron microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 28 days of CsA administration, characteristic histological lesions of chronic cyclosporine nephotoxicity were observed, including arteriolopathy, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Giant mitochondria and microcalcifications were observed by electron microscopy. Simultaneously, constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity in kidneys was increased, but NO content did not increase correspondingly (P < .05) compared with normal controls. Dietary supplementation with Mg2+ ameliorated the CsA-induced histological lesions. cNOS activity was decreased to normal levels and NOS was increased (P < .05) compared with animals that only received CsA. CsA and magnesium supplementation did not change iNOS activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary supplementation with Mg2+ seems to improve renal function and almost abolish CsA-induced histological lesions via altering the abnormal activation of cNOS in this model.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Z K
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000633:toxicity*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D016572:Cyclosporine; D003404:Creatinine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D008274:Magnesium