title: Particle and carbon dioxide emissions from passenger vehicles operating on unleaded petrol and LPG fuel.
abstract: A comprehensive study of the particle and carbon dioxide emissions from a fleet of six dedicated liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) powered and five unleaded petrol (ULP) powered new Ford Falcon Forte passenger vehicles was carried out on a chassis dynamometer at four different vehicle speeds--0 (idle), 40, 60, 80 and 100 km h(-1). Emission factors and their relative values between the two fuel types together with a statistical significance for any difference were estimated for each parameter. In general, LPG was found to be a 'cleaner' fuel, although in most cases, the differences were not statistically significant owing to the large variations between emissions from different vehicles. The particle number emission factors ranged from 10(11) to 10(13) km(-1) and was over 70% less with LPG compared to ULP. Corresponding differences in particle mass emission factor between the two fuels were small and ranged from the order of 10 microg km(-1) at 40 to about 1000 microg km(-1) at 100 km h(-1). The count median particle diameter (CMD) ranged from 20 to 35 nm and was larger with LPG than with ULP in all modes except the idle mode. Carbon dioxide emission factors ranged from about 300 to 400 g km(-1) at 40 km h(-1), falling with increasing speed to about 200 g km(-1) at 100 km h(-1). At all speeds, the values were 10% to 18% greater with ULP than with LPG.
authors.affiliation: International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia. z.ristovski@qut.edu.au
authors.forename: Z D
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Ristovski
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Jayaratne
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morawska
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ayoko
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001315:Australia; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D005742:Gasoline / Q000592:standards; D018986:Motor Vehicles / Q000592:standards; D010316:Particle Size; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005742:Gasoline; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D002245:Carbon Dioxide