title: A cost comparison analysis of partial versus whole-breast irradiation after breast-conserving surgery for early-stage breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess, if and for whom, there are cost savings associated with alternate breast radiotherapy (RT) techniques when compared with the conventional external beam-based whole-breast RT with a boost (WBRT-B).
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment planning and delivery utilization data were modeled for eight different breast RT techniques: (1) WBRT-B: 60 Gy in 30 fractions; (2) WBRT: 50 Gy in 25 fractions; (3) WBRT-accelerated (AC): 42.5 Gy in 16 fractions; (4) WBRT-intensity-modulated RT (IMRT): 60 Gy in 30 fractions; (5) accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI)-IC, MammoSite: 34 Gy in 10 twice-daily fractions; (6) APBI-IT, HDR interstitial: 34 Gy in 10 twice-daily fractions; (7) APBI three-dimensional conformal RT (3D-CRT): 38.5 Gy in 10 twice-daily fractions; or (8) APBI-IMRT: 38.5 Gy in 10 twice-daily fractions. Costs incurred by payer (i.e., direct medical costs; 2003 Medicare Fee Schedule) and patient (i.e., direct nonmedical costs; time and travel) were estimated. Total societal costs were then calculated for each treatment approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Not all efforts to reduce overall treatment time result in total cost savings. The least expensive partial breast-based RT approaches were the external beam techniques (APBI-3D-CRT, APBI-IMRT). Any reduced cost to patients for the HDR brachytherapy-based APBI regimens were overshadowed by substantial increases in cost to payers, resulting in higher total societal costs; the cost of HDR treatment delivery was primarily responsible for the increased direct medical cost. For the whole breast-based RT approaches, treating without a boost (WBRT) or with WBRT-AC reduced total costs. Overall, WBRT-AC was the least costly of all the regimens, in terms of costs to society; APBI approaches, in general, were favored over whole-breast techniques when only considering costs to patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on societal cost considerations, WBRT-AC appears to be the preferred approach. If one were to pursue a partial-breast RT regimen to minimize patient costs, it would be more advantageous from a societal perspective to pursue external beam-based approaches such as APBI-3D-CRT or APBI-IMRT in lieu of the brachytherapy-based regimens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. wsuh@lroc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: W Warren
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Lori J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Vicini
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hayman
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000191:economics