title: Make your diabetic patients walk: long-term impact of different amounts of physical activity on type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the impact of different amounts of increased energy expenditure on type 2 diabetes care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Post hoc analysis of long-term effects of different amounts of increased energy expenditure (metabolic equivalents [METS] per hour per week) through voluntary aerobic physical activity was performed in 179 type 2 diabetic subjects (age 62 +/- 1 years [mean +/- SE]) randomized to a physical activity counseling intervention. Subjects were followed for 2 years and divided into six groups based on their increments in METs per hour per week: group 0 (no activity, n = 28), group 1-10 (6.8 +/- 0.3, n = 27), group 11-20 (17.1 +/- 0.4, n = 31), group 21-30 (27.0 +/- 0.5, n = 27), group 31-40 (37.5 +/- 0.5, n = 32), and group >40 (58.3 +/- 1.8, n = 34).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, the six groups did not differ for energy expenditure, age, sex, diabetes duration, and all parameters measured. After 2 years, in group 0 and in group 1-10, no parameter changed; in groups 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, and >40, HbA(1c), blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and estimated percent of 10-year coronary heart disease risk improved (P < 0.05). In group 21-30, 31-40, and >40, body weight, waist circumference, heart rate, fasting plasma glucose, serum LDL and HDL cholesterol also improved (P < 0.05). METs per hour per week correlated positively with changes of HDL cholesterol and negatively with those of other parameters (P < 0.001). After 2 years, per capita yearly costs of medications increased (P = 0.008) by USD393 in group 0, did not significantly change in group 1-10 (USD 206, P = 0.09), and decreased in group 11-20 (USD -196, P = 0.01), group 21-30 (USD -593, P = 0.009), group 31-40 (USD -660, P = 0.003), and group >40 (USD -579, P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Energy expenditure >10 METs . h(-1) . week(-1) obtained through aerobic leisure time physical activity is sufficient to achieve health and financial advantages, but full benefits are achieved with energy expenditure >20 METs . h(-1) . week(-1).
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, University of Perugia, Via E. Dal Pozzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Loreto
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fanelli
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lucidi
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Murdolo
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Cicco
authors.forename: Natascia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Parlanti
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ranchelli
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fatone
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taglioni
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santeusanio
authors.forename: Pierpaolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Feo
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012306:Risk; D016138:Walking
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids