title: Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, fiber, simple sugars, and insulin resistance: the Inter99 study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between daily glycemic index, daily glycemic load, simple sugars, dietary fiber, and the prevalence of a measure of insulin resistance in 30- to 60-year-old nondiabetic Danish men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Inter99 study is a nonpharmacological intervention study. We used baseline data and examined cross-sectional associations between carbohydrate-related dietary factors and an estimate of insulin resistance in 5,675 subjects at 30-60 years. The dietary intake was estimated from a self-administered food frequency questionnaire, and insulin resistance was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Multiple regressions were performed with HOMA-IR as the dependent variable and carbohydrate-related factors as explanatory variables. All models were adjusted for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, total energy intake, BMI, and waist circumference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intake of lactose was positively associated with HOMA-IR (P < 0.0001), whereas daily glycemic load and intake of glucose, fructose, dietary fiber, total carbohydrate, fruit, and vegetables were inversely associated with HOMA-IR (P < 0.05). Intake of dietary fiber explained the associations with daily glycemic load and total carbohydrate and attenuated the association with fruit and vegetables. No significant associations were observed for daily glycemic index or sucrose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Habitual intake of diets with a high glycemic index and high glycemic load or diets with a high content of total carbohydrate including simple sugars was not associated with the probability of having insulin resistance. Furthermore, intake of dietary fiber was inversely associated with the probability of having insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensens Vej 2, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark. cala@steno.dk
authors.forename: Cathrine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Faerch
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Glümer
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tetens
authors.forename: Oluf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Bendix
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carstensen
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Borch-Johnsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003718:Denmark; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D038321:Glycemic Index / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D019422:Dietary Sucrose