title: The effectiveness of a bibliotherapy in increasing the self-management ability of slightly to moderately frail older people.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Self-management ability (SMA) is the ability to obtain those resources necessary for the production of well-being. With age, SMA becomes increasingly important, if one has a large variety of resources, physical and psychosocial losses due to the aging process can be substituted or compensated for. This study examined whether an increase in SMA would ensure sustainable levels of positive well-being among slightly to moderately frail older people.
  
  
  METHODS
  A bibliotherapy was developed to increase the SMA of slightly to moderately frail older people, and to help these persons to sustain a certain level of well-being. The effectiveness of this bibliotherapy was examined by comparing the SMA, mastery, and subjective well-being of 97 older people participating in the bibliotherapy to those of 96 older people in a delayed-treatment control condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bibliotherapy resulted in a significant increase in SMA and mastery compared to the delayed-treatment control condition, and for SMA, this effect still existed 6 months after the intervention. The increase in SMA among older people who received the bibliotherapy prevented a decline in well-being as expected, but only in the short-term.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current findings show that it is possible to counteract an age-related decline in well-being, even with only slight to moderate levels of frailty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cheap and easily accessible interventions, like the self-management bibliotherapy described in this article, may provide a useful addition to more traditional gerontological interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Organisational Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands. N.Frieswijk@rug.nl
authors.forename: Nynke
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Frieswijk
authors.forename: Nardi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Steverink
authors.forename: Bram P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Buunk
authors.forename: Joris P J
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Slaets
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001638:Bibliotherapy / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000523:psychology*; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009426:Netherlands; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires