title: Neutrophil elastase, an acid-independent serine protease, facilitates reovirus uncoating and infection in U937 promonocyte cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mammalian reoviruses naturally infect their hosts through the enteric and respiratory tracts. During enteric infections, proteolysis of the reovirus outer capsid protein sigma3 is mediated by pancreatic serine proteases. In contrast, the proteases critical for reovirus replication in the lung are unknown. Neutrophil elastase (NE) is an acid-independent, inflammatory serine protease predominantly expressed by neutrophils. In addition to its normal role in microbial defense, aberrant expression of NE has been implicated in the pathology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Because reovirus replication in rodent lungs causes ARDS-like symptoms and induces an infiltration of neutrophils, we investigated the capacity of NE to promote reovirus virion uncoating.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The human promonocyte cell line U937 expresses NE. Treatment of U937 cells with the broad-spectrum cysteine-protease inhibitor E64 [trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane] and with agents that increase vesicular pH did not inhibit reovirus replication. Even when these inhibitors were used in combination, reovirus replicated to significant yields, indicating that an acid-independent non-cysteine protease was capable of mediating reovirus uncoating in U937 cell cultures. To identify the protease(s) responsible, U937 cells were treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an agent that induces cellular differentiation and results in decreased expression of acid-independent serine proteases, including NE and cathepsin (Cat) G. In the presence of E64, reovirus did not replicate efficiently in PMA-treated cells. To directly assess the role of NE in reovirus infection of U937 cells, we examined viral growth in the presence of N-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val chloromethylketone, a NE-specific inhibitor. Reovirus replication in the presence of E64 was significantly reduced by treatment of cells with the NE inhibitor. Incubation of virions with purified NE resulted in the generation of infectious subviron particles that did not require additional intracellular proteolysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings reveal that NE can facilitate reovirus infection. The fact that it does so in the presence of agents that raise vesicular pH supports a model in which the requirement for acidic pH during infection reflects the conditions required for optimal protease activity. The capacity of reovirus to exploit NE may impact viral replication in the lung and other tissues during natural infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 196, 420 Delaware St. S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. joseph.golden@amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Golden
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Schiff
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D022162:Cytoplasmic Vesicles / Q000201:enzymology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012087:Reoviridae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D020298:U937 Cells; D014771:Virion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019272:Leukocyte Elastase; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate