title: New Zealand Pacific peoples' drinking style: too much or nothing at all?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the alcohol consumption patterns and related harms of some Pacific peoples (Samoan, Cook Islands Maori, Tongan, Niuean, Fijian, and Tokelauan) living in Aotearoa (New Zealand), and to draw comparisons with measures from the general New Zealand population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Pacific Drugs and Alcohol Consumption Survey (PDACS) was carried out with 1103 randomly selected Pacific peoples aged between 13 and 65 years old who were resident in households throughout New Zealand. The survey used computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) and computer assisted cell-phone interviewing (CACI). The interviews were carried out in 2002/03. We descriptively compare findings from the PDACS with those from the 2000 National Alcohol Survey (NAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-seven percent of Pacific peoples were drinkers (males 61%, females 51%), compared with 85% of the general New Zealand population (males 88%, females 83%). The average annual consumption of absolute alcohol was 21 litres for Pacific drinkers (males 28 litres, females 14 litres) compared with 11 litres for general New Zealand population drinkers (males 16 litres, females 7 litres). The typical occasional quantity consumed by Pacific drinkers was eight drinks (males: nine drinks, females: five drinks) compared with four drinks for drinkers in the general New Zealand population (males: five drinks, females: around four drinks). Thirty-three percent of Pacific drinkers consumed enough to feel drunk at least weekly (males 41%, females 25%) compared with 9% of drinker in the general New Zealand population (males 13%, females 6%). Eighteen percent of Pacific males and 10% of Pacific females reported being physically assaulted by someone who had been drinking compared with 8% and 5% of national males and females respectively. Twenty-three percent of Pacific males and 16% of Pacific females got drunk when there was an important reason to stay sober, compared with 8% and 5% of general New Zealand males and females respectively. Nineteen percent of Pacific males and 21% of Pacific females reported being involved in a serious argument after they had been drinking compared with 12% and 8% of general New Zealand males and females respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proportion of Pacific drinkers is less than the proportion of drinkers in the general New Zealand population. However, Pacific drinkers consume larger annual volumes and typical occasion amounts of absolute alcohol than drinkers in the general New Zealand population. Pacific peoples drinking patterns appear to be more harmful with greater proportions of Pacific peoples reporting violence and injury from other peoples' drinking, and greater proportions of Pacific drinkers reporting problems from violence and serious arguments as a result of their own drinking compared with the general New Zealand population and general New Zealand population drinkers.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Social and Health Outcomes Research and Evaluation (SHORE), Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand. j.t.huakau@massey.ac.nz
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huakau
authors.forename: Lanuola
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Asiasiga
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pledger
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Casswell
authors.forename: Tamasailau
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suaalii-Sauni
authors.forename: Ieti
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lima
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017677:Age Distribution; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000208:ethnology; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000208:ethnology; D006306:Health Surveys; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014754:Violence / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000095188:Pacific Island People