title: Anti-tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} therapies attenuate adaptive arteriogenesis in the rabbit.
abstract: The specific antagonists of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), infliximab and etanercept, are established therapeutic agents for inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. Although the importance of TNF-alpha in chronic inflammatory diseases is well established, little is known about its implications in the cardiovascular system. Because proliferation of arteriolar connections toward functional collateral arteries (arteriogenesis) is an inflammatory-like process, we tested in vivo the hypothesis that infliximab and etanercept have antiarteriogenic actions. Sixty-three New Zealand White rabbits underwent femoral artery occlusion and received infliximab, etanercept, or vehicle according to clinical dosage regimes. After 1 wk, collateral conductance, assessed with fluorescent microspheres, revealed significant inhibition of arteriogenesis (collateral conductance): 52.4 (SD 8.1), 35.2 (SD 7.7), and 33.3 (SD 10.1) ml x min(-1) x 100 mmHg(-1) with PBS, infliximab, and etanercept, respectively (P < 0.001). High-resolution angiography showed no significant differences in number of collateral arteries, but immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated a decrease in mean collateral diameter, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and reduction of leukocyte accumulation around collateral arteries in treated groups. Infliximab and etanercept bound to infiltrating leukocytes, which are important mediators of arteriogenesis. Infliximab induced monocyte apoptosis, and neither substance affected monocyte expression of the adhesion molecule Mac-1. We demonstrated that TNF-alpha serves as a pivotal modulator of arteriogenesis, which is attenuated by treatment with TNF-alpha inhibitors. Reduction of collateral conductance is most likely due to inhibition of perivascular leukocyte infiltration and subsequent lower vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. This is the first report showing a negative influence of TNF-alpha inhibitors on collateral artery growth.
authors.affiliation: Department for Internal Medicine III (Cardiology and Angiology), University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. grundmann@med1.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grundmann
authors.forename: Imo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hoefer
authors.forename: Susann
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ulusans
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Royen
authors.forename: Stephan H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Schirmer
authors.forename: C Keith
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.forename: Jan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Piek
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Buschmann
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D000068800:Etanercept; D005263:Femoral Artery; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000069285:Infliximab; D008026:Ligation; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D011817:Rabbits; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D039481:CD11b Antigen; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000069285:Infliximab; D000068800:Etanercept