title: Should one vaccinate patients with chronic liver disease for hepatitis A virus in India?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccination is recommended worldwide for patients with chronic liver disease to prevent decompensation due to superinfection with HAV. India being endemic for HAV, the prevalence of pre-existing antibodies against HAV due to subclinical exposure to the virus in childhood among patients with chronic liver disease may be high and, therefore, vaccination may not be needed. However, little data are available on the prevalence of HAV antibody among patients with chronic liver disease in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with chronic liver disease seen at Gastroenterology Center, Army Hospital R and R, New Delhi during the year 2002 and diagnosed to have either chronic liver disease were tested for the presence of IgG anti-HAV antibody in their sera (using a commercial ELISA kit). All patients with acute exacerbation or rapid deterioration of a preexisting chronic liver disease were separately studied for presence of IgM anti-HAV. In addition, a matched number of patients who attended the center due to diseases other than liver disease were also studied as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and eighty seven patients of chronic liver disease and 89 controls were studied. Mean age of these two groups was 38.6 and 42.1 years and 153 (81.8%) and 78 (87.6%) of them were males respectively. Etiology of chronic liver disease was HBV infection in 91(48.7%), HCV infection in 62 (33.2%), autoimmune chronic hepatitis in 3 (1.6%), PBC in seven (3.7%) and cryptogenic 24 (12.8%). Of these 179 (95.7%) patients tested positive for IgG anti-HAV. A total of 37 hospitalisations in 29 patients were noted during the study period due to acute exacerbation of pre-existing chronic liver disease. None of these were positive for IgM anti-HAV, while 28 were positive for IgG anti-HAV. Among the controls, 87 controls (94.6%) were positive IgG anti-HAV. The prevalence of anti-HAV positivity was similar among patients with various etiologies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaccination against HAV is not routinely required among patients with chronic liver disease in India as there is a very high prevalence of pre-existing antibodies in these patients. HAV superinfection as a cause of acute exacerbation of chronic liver disease was not seen in this.
authors.affiliation: Army Hospital R and R and Armed Forces Transfusion Unit, New Delhi-l 10 010.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Nagpal
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Seth
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Dhot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006506:Hepatitis A / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D035922:Hepatitis A Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017957:Hepatitis A Virus, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D035922:Hepatitis A Antibodies; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G