In vivo assessment of human vaginal oxygen and carbon dioxide levels during and post menses.
Previous in vitro and in vivo animal studies showed that O(2) and CO(2) concentrations can affect virulence of pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. The objective of this work was to measure O(2) and CO(2) levels in the vaginal environment during tampon wear using newly available sensor technology. Measurements by two vaginal sensors showed a decrease in vaginal O(2) levels after tampon insertion. These decreases were independent of the type of tampons used and the time of measurement (mid-cycle or during menstruation). These results are not in agreement with a previous study that concluded that oxygenation of the vaginal environment during tampon use occurred via delivery of a bolus of O(2) during the insertion process. Our measurements of gas levels in menses showed the presence of both O(2) and CO(2) in menses. The tampons inserted into the vagina contained O(2) and CO(2) levels consistent with atmospheric conditions. Over time during tampon use, levels of O(2) in the tampon decreased and levels of CO(2) increased. Tampon absorbent capacity, menses loading, and wear time influenced the kinetics of these changes. Colonization with S. aureus had no effect on the gas profiles during menstruation. Taken collectively, these findings have important implications on the current understanding of gaseous changes in the vaginal environment during menstruation and the potential role(s) they may play in affecting bacterial virulence factor production.
Hill
Donna R
DR
The FemCare Product Development, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Brunner
Marianne E
ME
Schmitz
Deborah C
DC
Davis
Catherine C
CC
Flood
Janine A
JA
Schlievert
Patrick M
PM
Wang-Weigand
Sherry Z
SZ
Osborn
Thomas W
TW
D000328:Adult; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D052576:Menstrual Hygiene Products; D008598:Menstruation / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D010313:Partial Pressure; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000378:metabolism; D014621:Vagina / Q000378:metabolism*
D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen