title: Activation of PKCalpha and pulmonary vascular remodelling in broilers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was conducted to examine the presence of protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) in the pulmonary arterioles of broilers during the development of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodelling.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and sixty day-old Avian-2000 broilers were divided equally into a control group and a cold temperature group. All the birds were reared in normal temperatures up to day 14, with the lighting schedule at 24 h per day. Thereafter, birds in the cold temperature group were subjected to low temperature by lowering 1-2 degrees C per day to 12-14 degrees C, and then kept constant until day 49, while birds in the control group were still brooded at normal temperatures. All the birds were fed a diet of pellets throughout the study. Samples of blood were taken from the wing vein, and of heart and lung collected after the birds were killed with an overdose of sodium pentobarbitial, at days 24, 32, 39 and 45 of age, respectively. Right ventricle to total ventricle ratio (RV/TV) and packed cell volume (PCV) were measured. Vessel wall area to vessel total area ratio (WA/TA) and mean media thickness in pulmonary arterioles (mMTPA) was examined using computer-image analytic software. Expression of PKC in pulmonary muscular arterioles was assessed by immunohistochemistry and quantified by measuring optical density (OD) using computer-image analytic software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) was 12.5% in birds exposed to cold, and 3.75% in the control group (P<0.05). PCV in the cold temperature group was elevated after day 32 (P<0.05), and RV/TV ratio increased on day 45 (P<0.05). Both the WA/TA and mMTPA of birds subjected to cold were significantly elevated (P<0.05). The OD values were not significantly increased before day 32 (P>0.05), however, one week later (at day 39 of age), the difference between the two groups was significant (P<0.05). The increased PKCalpha expression was positively correlated with the values of mMTPA and WA/TA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PKCalpha expression was up-regulated during the development of pulmonary hypertension. The activation of PKCalpha might be involved in the development of pulmonary vascular remodelling.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Yan-Juan
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jin-Chun
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jia-Qiang
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Wei-Dong
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xiao-Long
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha
chemical_list: D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha