title: Health literacy: concept analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reports an analysis of the concept of health literacy in order to clarify its meaning, reduce ambiguities associated with references to it, and promote consistency in using the concept in nursing dialogue and research.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Health literacy is a relatively new concept in health promotion research. Only within the last decade have researchers identified the problems associated with health literacy, the role it plays in an individual's ability to comprehend health and self-care information, and its relationship to health outcomes. Clarifying the concept is essential so that nurses develop an awareness of the phenomenon and its relationship to the outcomes of their communication and health education efforts.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method used for this concept analysis was that of Walker and Avant (1995).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Health literacy empowers people to act appropriately in new and changing health-related circumstances through the use of advanced cognitive and social skills. The defining attributes of health literacy are reading and numeracy skills, comprehension, the capacity to use information in health care decision-making, and successful functioning as a healthcare consumer. Antecedents of health literacy are literacy and a health-related experience. Consequences of health literacy include improved self-reported health status, lower health care costs, increased health knowledge, shorter hospitalizations, and less frequent use of health care services. Empirical referents of the concept are the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults and the health literacy component of the National Assessment of Adult Literacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An analysis of the concept of health literacy enhances nurses' ability to assess more accurately their clients' levels of health literacy, thus identifying those at risk for misunderstanding health care instructions, shame associated with inadequate reading skills, and inability to adhere to health care recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Loewenberg School of Nursing, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3740, USA. csperos@memphis.edu
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Speros
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D003256:Community Participation / Q000523:psychology; D003657:Decision Making; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006266:Health Education; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008433:Mathematics; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000379:methods; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011932:Reading