title: The use of S-phenylmercapturic acid as a biomarker in molecular epidemiology studies of benzene.
abstract: S-Phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA), is a urinary metabolite of benzene, thought to be derived from the condensation product of benzene oxide with glutathione. S-PMA may be determined by GC, HPLC (UV or fluorescence detection), GC-MS, LC-MS/MS or immunoassays. The limit of sensitivities of most of these techniques is 1 microg/l urine or below. It has been suggested that S-PMA may have value as a biomarker for low level human exposure to benzene, in view of the facts that urinary excretion of S-PMA has been found to be related to airborne benzene in occupationally exposed workers, and that only low background levels of S-PMA have been found in control subjects. We have evaluated the use of S-PMA as a biomarker, using a commercially available analytical service, in a multicentre European study of populations exposed to varying levels of benzene, in Italy (Milan, Genoa) and in Bulgaria (Sofia). These were filling station attendants, urban policemen, bus drivers, petrochemical workers and referents (a total of 623 subjects). S-PMA was measured at the end of the work shift by an immunoassay procedure. Urinary benzene (in Milan only) and the benzene metabolite trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) were measured before and after the work shift. Air-borne benzene was measured as a monitor of exposure. Urinary benzene was the most discriminatory biomarker and showed a relationship with airborne benzene at all levels of exposure studied (including groups exposed to <0.1 ppm benzene), whereas t,t-MA and S-PMA, as determined by immunoassay, were suitable only in the highest exposed workers (petrochemical industry, geometric mean 1765 microg/m3 (0.55 ppm) benzene). All three biomarkers were positively correlated with smoking as measured by urinary cotinine).
authors.affiliation: Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Biocentre, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK. pbf1@le.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: Balvinder
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roach
authors.forename: Len
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Consonni
authors.forename: Pietro A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bertazzi
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pesatori
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fustinoni
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buratti
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonzini
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colombi
authors.forename: Todor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Popov
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cavallo
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Desideri
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Valerio
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pala
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bolognesi
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Merlo
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D001554:Benzene / Q000032:analysis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002031:Bulgaria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005742:Gasoline; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D013011:Sorbic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D015415:Biomarkers; D005742:Gasoline; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; C005939:muconic acid; C053003:S-phenyl-N-acetylcysteine; D001554:Benzene; D000111:Acetylcysteine; D013011:Sorbic Acid