title: Molecular mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in adipocytes.
abstract: Increased expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor -1 (PAI-1) in adipose tissues is thought to contribute to both the cardiovascular and metabolic complications associated with obesity. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is chronically elevated in adipose tissues of obese rodents and humans and has been directly implicated to induce PAI-1 in adipocytes. In this study, we used 3T3-L1 adipocytes to examine the mechanism by which TNF-alpha up-regulates PAI-1 in the adipocyte. Acute (3 h) and chronic (24 h) exposure of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to TNF-alpha induces PAI-1 mRNA by increasing the rate of transcription of the PAI-1 gene, and de novo protein synthesis is not required for this process. Although the p44/42 and PKC signaling pathways appear to be significant in the induction of PAI-1 mRNA in response to acute treatment with TNF-alpha, the more dramatic induction of PAI-1 mRNA observed in response to chronic exposure of adipocytes to TNF-alpha was mediated by these and additional signaling molecules, including p38, PI3-kinase, tyrosine kinases, and the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Moreover, the dramatic increase in PAI-1 observed after chronic exposure of adipocytes to TNF-alpha was accompanied by increased metabolic insulin resistance. Finally, we demonstrate that the PKC pathway is also central for PAI-1 induction in response to insulin and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), two additional molecules which are elevated in obesity and shown to directly induce PAI-1 in the adipocyte. The understanding of the mechanism of regulating PAI-1 expression in the adipocytes at the molecular level provides new insight to help identify novel targets in fighting the pathological complications of obesity.
authors.affiliation: The La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, Division of Vascular Biology, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
authors.forename: Manjula
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Loskutoff
authors.forename: Fahumiya
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Samad
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology; D020871:RNA Stability; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases