title: The clinical value of taking routine biopsies from the incisura angularis during gastroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incisura angularis is considered to be a typical site for Helicobacter pylori colonization, glandular atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, gastric ulcer, and gastric carcinoma. Our aim was to clarify whether it is necessary to biopsy the incisura angularis routinely during gastroscopy, in addition to obtaining biopsies of the corpus and antrum.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 272 consecutive patients, with a mean age +/- SD of 53.8 +/- 15.5 years, had two biopsies taken from the angulus, two from the antrum, and two from the corpus of the stomach during routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Histological specimens were examined according to the updated Sydney System for the classification and grading of gastritis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 272 patients, 11 (4.0 %) showed chronic inflammation in the angulus biopsy only. Similarly, the angulus was the only biopsy site which showed neutrophil polymorph infiltration (or "activity") in two patients (0.7 %), intestinal metaplasia in 13 patients (4.7 %), atrophy in three patients (1.1 %), and H. pylori colonization in one patient (0.4 %). Dysplasia (intraepithelial neoplasia) was not found in any of the biopsied sites in any of the 272 patients. H. pylori was found in 39 of the 272 patients (14 %). Of the 272 patients, 120 patients showed abnormalities at the incisura angularis, 101 having gastropathy or erosions, and only 19 showing more specific macroscopic changes, the main ones being ulcer, ulcer scarring, and atrophy. Of the 152 patients with a normal-looking mucosa at the angulus, only six (3.9 %) showed the histological changes of chronic inflammation in the angulus alone. Similarly, the angulus was the only biopsy site which showed neutrophil polymorph infiltration in one patient (1/152, 0.7 %), and intestinal metaplasia in five patients (5/152, 3.3 %). Atrophy and H. pylori colonization were not seen exclusively at the angulus in any of the patients with a macroscopically normal-looking angulus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our data, routine biopsy of the incisura angularis would provide little additional clinical information to that obtainable from antrum and corpus biopsies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. nina.eriksson@hus.fi
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Färkkilä
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Voutilainen
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Arkkila
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D005757:Gastritis, Atrophic / Q000473:pathology; D005773:Gastroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008679:Metaplasia / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000473:pathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results