title: Production of superoxide radical in reductive metabolism of a synthetic food-coloring agent, indigocarmine, and related compounds.
abstract: Indigocarmine, which is widely used as a synthetic colouring agent for foods and cosmetics in many countries, was reduced to its leuco form and decolorized by rat liver microsomes with NADPH under anaerobic conditions. The reductase activity was enhanced in liver microsomes of phenobarbital-treated rats, and inhibited by diphenyliodonium chloride, a NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (P450 reductase) inhibitor, but was not inhibited by SKF 525-A or carbon monoxide. Indigocarmine reductase activity was exhibited by purified rat P450 reductase. In contrast, when indigocarmine was incubated with rat liver microsomes and NADPH under aerobic conditions, superoxide radical was produced and its production was inhibited by superoxide dismutase and diphenyliodonium chloride. When indigocarmine was incubated with purified rat P450 reductase in the presence of NADPH, superoxide radical production was enhanced 17.7-fold (similar to the enhancement of indigocarmine-reducing ability) as compared with that of rat liver microsomes. A decrease of one molecule of NADPH was accompanied with formation of about two molecules of superoxide radical. P450 reductase exhibited little reductase activity towards indigo and tetrabromoindigo, which also afforded little superoxide radical under aerobic conditions. These results indicate that indigocarmine is reduced by P450 reductase to its leuco form, and superoxide radical is produced by autoxidation of the leuco form, through a mechanism known as futile redox cycling.
authors.affiliation: Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kohno
authors.forename: Shigeyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugihara
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007203:Indigo Carmine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005505:Food Coloring Agents; D013481:Superoxides; D007203:Indigo Carmine; D010088:Oxidoreductases