title: Agitation is common in gamma-hydroxybutyrate toxicity.
abstract: Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-related compounds are most commonly described as depressants, with emphasis on somnolence, obtundation, stupor, and coma (SOSC). We sought to demonstrate the full spectrum of clinical presentations of GHB intoxication, including agitation and other nonsedative effects. Our observational study identified 66 patients with GHB toxicity, 40 of whom manifested agitation; 25 had agitation before or after SOSC, 10 had agitation alternating abruptly with SOSC, and 5 had agitation only. Fourteen presentations also included "bizarre" or self-injurious behaviors. Of 40 presentations with agitation, 19 had stimulant co-intoxicants confirmed by screen (14) or history (5). The remaining 21 patients with agitation were negative for stimulants by screen (12) or history (9). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry detected GHB in 25 cases; 12 manifested agitation, 4 of which also screened negative for stimulants. Clinicians should broaden their definitions of GHB toxicity to include nonsedative effects such as agitation, combativeness, and bizarre or self-injurious behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, MN 55404, USA. dzvosec@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Zvosec
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning*; D000328:Adult; D017109:Akathisia, Drug-Induced / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012978:Sodium Oxybate / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning*
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D012978:Sodium Oxybate