title: Congenital arhinia: a case report and functional evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Congenital arhinia is rare clinical entity. An unusual case of congenital arhinia with no surgical treatment is presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case report.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 9-year-old with congenital arhinia was referred for treatment of otitis media with effusion. In addition to his undergoing imaging studies since birth, various functional evaluations regarding the nose were performed. Furthermore, the pathogenesis of arhinia is discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The imaging workup revealed the absence of nasal bones, the nasal septum, and turbinates, hypoxia of the maxilla, and a high-arched palate. Furthermore, magnetic resonance imaging clearly demonstrated the absence of olfactory bulbs and tracts, resulting in no response with olfactometry. Among the examinations performed, chromosomal analysis, polysomnography, and an intelligence test produced normal results. In the hearing assessment, he had a slight conductive hearing loss. A phonetic examination revealed the typical pattern of rhinophonia clausa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents congenital arhinia associated with facial anomalies. Because there was no life-threatening complications and normal psychomotor development, the patient could not only be followed up long-term but could also have his nose functionally evaluated. It is highly likely that this case might have been the result of the failure of medial and lateral nasal processes to grow, which was the underlying pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shino
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chikamatsu
authors.forename: Yoshihito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yasuoka
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Nobuhiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Furuya
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000002:abnormalities*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed