title: Surgical stabilisation of the spine compared with a programme of intensive rehabilitation for the management of patients with chronic low back pain: cost utility analysis based on a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether, from a health provider and patient perspective, surgical stabilisation of the spine is cost effective when compared with an intensive programme of rehabilitation in patients with chronic low back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Economic evaluation alongside a pragmatic randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  349 patients randomised to surgery (n = 176) or to an intensive rehabilitation programme (n = 173) from 15 centres across the United Kingdom between June 1996 and February 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Costs related to back pain and incurred by the NHS and patients up to 24 months after randomisation. Return to paid employment and total hours worked. Patient utility as estimated by using the EuroQol EQ-5D questionnaire at several time points and used to calculate quality adjusted life years (QALYs). Cost effectiveness was expressed as an incremental cost per QALY.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At two years, 38 patients randomised to rehabilitation had received rehabilitation and surgery whereas just seven surgery patients had received both treatments. The mean total cost per patient was estimated to be 7830 pounds sterling (SD 5202 pounds sterling) in the surgery group and 4526 pounds sterling (SD 4155 pounds sterling) in the intensive rehabilitation arm, a significant difference of 3304 pounds sterling (95% confidence interval 2317 pounds sterling to 4291 pounds sterling). Mean QALYs over the trial period were 1.004 (SD 0.405) in the surgery group and 0.936 (SD 0.431) in the intensive rehabilitation group, giving a non-significant difference of 0.068 (-0.020 to 0.156). The incremental cost effectiveness ratio was estimated to be 48,588 pounds sterling per QALY gained (- 279,883 pounds sterling to 372,406 pounds sterling).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two year follow-up data show that surgical stabilisation of the spine may not be a cost effective use of scarce healthcare resources. However, sensitivity analyses show that this could change-for example, if the proportion of rehabilitation patients requiring subsequent surgery continues to increase.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research Centre, Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rivero-Arias
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fairbank
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilson-MacDonald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000191:economics* / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000191:economics*; D016896:Treatment Outcome