title: Pediatric patient surface doses in neuroangiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuroangiographic techniques (diagnostic and interventional) can be lengthy and complex and can be associated with high radiation entrance skin doses from fluoroscopy and digital subtraction angiography (DSA).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure entrance surface doses received by pediatric patients undergoing neuroangiographic procedures and to (1) compare these doses with thresholds for deterministic effects, (2) compare these doses with those reported in adults, and (3) to understand the dose relationships among diagnostic and interventional procedures, DSA and fluoroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A neurobiplane unit with fluoroscopic and DSA capabilities was used for all neuroangiographic procedures. An automated patient dosimeter, installed on both planes of the unit, calculated maximum surface dose. The dosimeter also recorded the number of angiographic frames and the length of fluoroscopy time for each procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This retrospective study analyzed entrance surface doses to 100 pediatric patients, 76 of whom underwent neuroangiographic diagnostic procedures and 24 of whom underwent neuroangiographic interventional procedures. The DSA acquisitions ranged from 44 frames to 1,428 frames per procedure and fluoroscopy times ranged from 1.1 to 85.6 min per procedure. The mean surface dose from fluoroscopy was 68.1 mGy (max: 397.1 mGy) in the frontal (PA) plane; in the lateral (LAT) plane, the mean surface dose was 40.9 mGy (max: 418.5 mGy). The mean surface doses from DSA were 263.1 and 126.9 mGy in the frontal and lateral planes, with maximum doses of 924.4 and 410.1 mGy, respectively. Mean fluoroscopy dose rates were 5.4 mGy/min in the PA plane and 4.7 mGy/min in the LAT plane. The DSA largely contributed to the overall procedural surface dose, accounting for 82% of the combined surface dose in the each of the imaging planes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surface dose for each procedure measured in this study was found to be below thresholds for deterministic effects. Interventional procedures consistently yield the highest doses.
authors.affiliation: Medical and Health Physics Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Natalie A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Swoboda
authors.forename: Derek G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Charkot
authors.forename: Bairbre L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Connolly
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009485:Neuroradiography; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012867:Skin