title: Intraoperative monitoring of motor symptoms using surface electromyography during stereotactic surgery for movement disorders.
abstract: The authors present practical evidence for the usefulness of intraoperative monitoring with surface electromyograms (sEMGs) from the affected muscles to assist electrode implantation and lesioning in patients with movement disorders. In 22 consecutive patients with various movement disorders, sEMGs were monitored in selected muscles during stereotactic surgery that involved either lesioning or electrode implantation. The electromyograms related to major motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, myoclonus, dystonia, and chorea were monitored and characterized on-line by both amplitude and frequency. Major motor symptoms were revealed by sEMGs recorded from the affected muscles. Tremor manifested as highly rhythmic bursts with a narrow frequency band; dyskinesias and chorea appeared as irregularly repeated bursts within a broad frequency range of 1 to 5 Hz; and rigidity and dystonia appeared as sustained high-frequency activity and co-contraction between antagonist muscles. The results suggest that intraoperative monitoring of sEMGs could help to functionally refine and confirm target localization. Surface EMGs could be used (1) as reference signals of the motor symptoms so that other signals, such as the oscillatory local field potentials simultaneously recorded via the implanted electrodes, could be correlated with the sEMGs and used to fine-tune or confirm the target localization; (2) to quantify the effects of acute electrical stimulation on the motor symptoms; and (3) to sensitively detect unwanted capsular responses induced by direct stimulation of the internal capsule. The authors conclude that intraoperative monitoring of sEMGs of the affected muscles of patients with movement disorders during stereotactic surgery provides sensitive and quantitative information that can contribute to improved electrode or lesion placement.
authors.affiliation: The Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation Group, Department of Neurosciences, Charing Cross Hospital, Division of Neuroscience and Psychological Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. x.liu@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: Xuguang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Tipu Z
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Bain
mesh_terms: D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000528:radiation effects; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D014202:Tremor / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology