title: Does emotional disclosure have any effects? A systematic review of the literature with meta-analyses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Emotional disclosure has been widely publicized as having beneficial effects on physical and psychological health. A full systematic review was undertaken, with standard health technology appraisal methods, with the aim to assess the effects of emotional disclosure on healthy participants and those with pre-existing morbidity, particularly on longer-term physical health, performance, and psychological outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials of emotional disclosure were obtained from database searches (Medline (1966-2003), Embase (1980-2003), Cochrane Library (2002, issue 4), Web of Science (1981-2003), Cinahl (1982-2003), and Theses (March 2003), Internet sites (including Professor J.W. Pennebaker's home pages), and personal contacts. Quality was assessed qualitatively and by Jadad score. Meta-analysis was conducted, using Revman 4.1 software, where more than two trials reported the same outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-one trials were found meeting the inclusion criteria. Most had less than 100 participants and the median Jadad score was 0. A wide variety of physical, physiological, immunological, performance, and psychological outcomes were measured, but fewer were reported. There was no clear improvement for emotional disclosure compared with controls in objectively measured physical health and most other outcomes assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The opinion that this intervention is beneficial needs to be reassessed in light of the totality of evidence available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK. c.a.meads@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meads
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nouwen
mesh_terms: D019260:Expressed Emotion; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D011939:Mental Recall; D033262:Narration; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012650:Self Disclosure; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical; D014956:Writing