title: Diagnosis and follow-up study of carotid cavernous fistulas with color Doppler ultrasonography: analysis of 33 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to observe image characteristics and hemodynamic changes of carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas (CCFs) and to evaluate the efficacy of interventional treatment for CCFs by color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three patients with suspected CCFs were studied with CDUS. Forty-six volunteers took part in this study as controls. Scanning was performed through temporal, orbital, and occipital windows to measure the blood flow parameters of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and related vessels. All results were confirmed by cerebral angiography. Nineteen patients were followed after interventional treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two patients (97%) were found to have CCFs by CDUS. Irregular mosaic flashes were observed in the cavernous sinus region, the cross-section areas of which were significantly larger than those of the normal intracranial ICA (1.7-5.2 versus 0.2-0.5 cm(2); P < .01). A lower resistive index of the ICA in the affected side was revealed with spectral analysis of relevant vessels. The peak velocity of vessels distal to the fistula was significantly lower than that of the healthy side and control group (P < .05). Superior ophthalmic veins had a reversed arterialized flow pattern with a mean velocity of 34.5 cm/s and an average resistive index +/- SD of 0.31 +/- 0.08. In follow-up study, the mosaic flashes and turbulence flow disappeared in 14 patients and remained in 5 after the interventional operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined with the direct sign of an irregular mosaic flash in the cavernous sinus region, hemodynamic changes in relevant branch vessels, and a reversed arterialized flow pattern in superior ophthalmic veins, CDUS has great value in confirming diagnosis and follow-up study of CCFs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China. duanyy@fmmu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Yunyou
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Tiesheng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Litao
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.forename: Yali
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000783:Aneurysm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal; D020216:Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color