title: Menstrual cycle length during methadone maintenance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While the menstrual disruption of heroin has been demonstrated, there are few published data concerning methadone maintenance and menstrual function. This study was conducted to evaluate whether cycle length was more regular during methadone maintenance.
  
  
  METHODS
  An out-patient research treatment program in Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 191 heroin and cocaine-using women from two clinical trials, lasting 25-29 weeks; each woman was maintained on 70-100 mg of methadone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Start/end dates of each menses were collected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Menstrual patterns were classified as regular, irregular, transient amenorrhea, persistent amenorrhea or cycle restart. Repeated-measures regression modeling determined correlates of cycle length and predictors of long cycles (> 40 days) and short cycles (< 20 days). Bleeding episodes were defined as 1 or more bleeding days, bound by at least 2 non-bleeding days. Correlates/predictors examined were body mass index, drug use, methadone dose and race.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 133 women for whom menstrual patterns could be determined, cycle-length irregularity was common: irregular, 62 (46.7%); regular, 37 (27.8%); cycle restart, 16 (12%); persistent amenorrhea, 11 (8.3%); transient amenorrhea, seven (5.3%). Each additional week on methadone maintenance was associated with decreased risk of long (OR = 0.96, P < 0.01 and short (OR = 0.92, P < 0.01) cycles. Of 27 women with secondary amenorrhea pre-study, 16 (59%) restarted menses. Positivity for opioids or cocaine was not significantly associated with short or long cycles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cycle length begins to normalize during methadone maintenance. Menses resumption may occur. Methadone maintenance, despite interfering with menstrual function in an absolute sense, may interfere less than illicit heroin abuse.
authors.affiliation: Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. jschmitt@intra.nida.nih.gov
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmittner
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Kenzie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Preston
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone