title: [Shoulder instability: classification and methods of clinical examination].
abstract: The shoulder is a complex joint whose stability relies on both dynamic and static factors. Dysfunction of one of these components gives rise to shoulder problems. Diagnosis of shoulder instability depends on a detailed history and appropriate physical examination. Despite the presence of many tests, none has proved to be purely diagnostic for shoulder instability. Therefore, these tests should be regarded as a part of the diagnostic procedure rather than a referral to diagnosis itself. Tests performed to assess laxity and instability are different in nature; thus, positive laxity tests do not necessarily show instability unless supported by further evidence. The reliability of the tests for superior labrum anterior-posterior lesions has not been adequately validated by clinical studies and few anatomical studies have examined the effect of these tests on the superior labral complex.
authors.affiliation: Dokuz Eylül Universitesi Tip Fakültesi Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Anabilim Dali, Balçova, Izmir. mustafa.ozkan@deu.edu.tr
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekin
authors.forename: Selçuk
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bölükbaşi
authors.forename: Ulunay
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kanatli
authors.forename: Ertan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sağol
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D010808:Physical Examination; D012785:Shoulder Joint