title: Striatal volume on magnetic resonance imaging and repetitive behaviors in autism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The repetitive behaviors seen in autism phenotypically resemble those seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette Syndrome (TS), disorders in which structural and functional abnormalities of the basal ganglia (BG) are present and correspond to the severity of repetitive behaviors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen subjects with autism by DSM-IV and Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI) and 17 matched controls completed a 1.5 T magnetic resonance image (MRI) of the brain. Two blinded researchers, with good inter-rater reliability, outlined the right and left caudate and putamen. Autistic and control BG volumes covaried for total brain volume were compared using analysis of covariance. BG volumes within the autistic group were correlated with the ADI Repetitive Behavior scores (ADI-C domain).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Right caudate volume controlled for total brain volume was significantly larger in autistic subjects than in controls. In addition, right caudate and total putamen volumes correlated positively with repetitive behavior scores on the ADI-C domain, particularly the higher order OCD-like repetitive behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased right caudate volume in autism is of interest, since this has also been observed in OCD patients. Increased volume of the right caudate and total putamen positively correlated with greater repetitive behaviors, supporting the hypothesis of BG dysfunction associated with repetitive behaviors in autistic adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Annenberg Bldg., 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA. Eric.Hollander@mssm.edu.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hollander
authors.forename: Evdokia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anagnostou
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chaplin
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: M Mehmet
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Haznedar
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Licalzi
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wasserman
authors.forename: Latha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Soorya
authors.forename: Monte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buchsbaum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003192:Compulsive Behavior / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007360:Intelligence; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D014705:Verbal Behavior