title: Profile of Mood States and parental attitudes in motherhood: comparing women with planned and unplanned pregnancies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the availability of various contraceptive options, in some Western countries most pregnancies are unplanned. The objective of this longitudinal study was to assess the influence of planned and unplanned pregnancy on women's psychological well-being and on maternal attitude toward parenting in the first years after giving birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 119 primiparous women (88 planned and 31 unplanned pregnancies) with normal pregnancy, uncomplicated vaginal delivery, and a healthy living baby completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) instrument in the ninth month of pregnancy, and at 1, 6, and 12 months after birth, and the Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) 2 years after the birth. The POMS evaluates mood disturbance and the PARI assesses maternal attitudes toward parenthood in general.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with unplanned pregnancies demonstrated a significantly more disturbed mood, both in pregnancy and in the first year after the birth. However, at approximately 2 years after childbirth there was no difference between the two groups of women in their rejection of the maternal role, and repressive and punitive maternal attitudes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In primiparas of middle socioeconomic levels, unplanned pregnancy is a risk factor for moderate mood disturbances rather than for an inadequate parental educational role. The study findings demonstrate the need to prevent unplanned pregnancies, and to offer immediate health assistance when particular conditions arise.
authors.affiliation: National Health Service, Azienda ULSS nr.17 of Este (PD), Consultorio familiare, Monselice, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grussu
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Quatraro
authors.forename: Maria T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nasta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000523:psychology*; D011275:Pregnancy, Unwanted / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors