title: Influence of preoperative administration of omega-3 fatty acid-enriched supplement on inflammatory and immune responses in patients undergoing major surgery for cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation may produce beneficial effects after surgery. We investigated the influence of preoperative administration of a supplement rich in arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, and RNA, Impact (Japan), on inflammatory and immune responses in patients undergoing major surgery for cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients in the supplement group (n = 12) received 1 L/d of Impact (Japan) for 5 d before surgery, and those in the control group (n = 14) received an ordinary diet without Impact (Japan) before surgery. Plasma levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, thromboxane B(2), prostaglandin E(2), inflammatory markers, nutritional markers, cytokines, and cytokine receptors were obtained 5 d before the operation at the starting point of supplementation in the supplement group. Samples were collected on postoperative days (PODs) 0, 1, 3, and 7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After taking the supplement, significant increases in omega-3 fatty acids and rapid turnover proteins were found the day after ending supplementation (POD-0), whereas thromboxane B(2) levels and the ratio of omega-6 fatty acids to omega-3 fatty acids were significantly lower than before supplementation (P < 0.001). On POD-0 only, inflammatory markers and cytokine receptors in the supplement group showed low levels in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). On POD-1 and POD-3, remarkable decreases in polymorphonuclear leukocyte-elastase and interleukin-8 in the supplement group were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that oral administration of a supplement rich in omega-3 fatty acids for 5 d before surgery may improve not only preoperative nutritional status but also preoperative and postoperative inflammatory and immune responses in patients who have cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan. nakamura@m3.kufm.kagoshima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kariyazono
authors.forename: Teruo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komokata
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: Ryuzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.forename: Katsushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001120:Arginine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004067:Digestive System Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000378:metabolism; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine; D013929:Thromboxane B2; D001120:Arginine; D015232:Dinoprostone