title: Evaluation of cardiac function in primates using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography as applications to safety assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A timed non-invasive determination of cardiac function is potentially important for safety pharmacology and toxicity studies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of real-time three-dimensional (RT3D) echocardiography measurements of the left ventricular (LV) volume and LV function and to investigate the effects of some drugs on LV function in cynomolgus monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  RT3D echocardiography was performed (SONOS 7500, Philips Med Sys) under isoflurane inhalation. RT3D echocardiography measurements and reconstructions were obtained using Tom-Tec (4DLV analysis). We determined end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), ejection fraction (EF), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and heart rate as assessments of LV function. EDV, calculated from two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography and RT3D echocardiography, and the actual LV volume were evaluated and compared. Furthermore, each parameter was determined before and after intravenous infusion (5 or 10 min) of propranolol, verapamil and dobutamine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A strong correlation was found between the actual LV volume and that calculated from RT3D echocardiography (r=0.96, p<0.001). Propranolol (0.1 mg/kg/10 min, n=5) caused an increase in ESV, but not EDV, resulting in a decrease in EF and SV, while verapamil produced increases in both EDV and ESV. Dobutamine (0.01 mg/kg/5 min, n=5) produced decreases in both EDV and ESV and thereby the increased CO resulted from the increased SV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that RT3D echocardiography provides a feasible and accurate estimation of LV volume and EF for safety pharmacology and toxicity studies.
authors.affiliation: Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., 2438 Miyanoura, Kagoshima 891-1394, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsusaki
authors.forename: Haruno
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yonamine
authors.forename: Asako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamai
authors.forename: Mutsuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimomoto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwao
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000145:classification; D004280:Dobutamine / Q000009:adverse effects; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D011433:Propranolol / Q000009:adverse effects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects*; D014700:Verapamil / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D004280:Dobutamine; D011433:Propranolol; D014700:Verapamil