title: Dynamic surface tensions of Athabasca bitumen vacuum residue including the effect of dissolved air.
abstract: The pendant drop technique was used to measure the equilibrium and dynamic surface tensions of Athabasca bitumen vacuum residue (500 degrees C+) (AVR) between 150 and 280 degrees C. A significant (16%) slow (over hours) decrease from initial to equilibrium values was found. In addition, the effect of dissolved air on surface tension was studied at 150 degrees C by comparing dynamic surface tensions of air- or nitrogen-saturated AVR in contact with air or nitrogen. It was found that the presence of dissolved air significantly decreases the dynamic change in surface tension (from 16 to 5%). In order to perform the surface tension studies, the density of AVR was required. Archimedes method was used to measure the density of AVR from 98 to 335.8 degrees C.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada T6G 2G6.
authors.forename: X-S
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J A W
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: McCaffrey
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Famulak