title: Carbohydrate intake and glycemic index in relation to the odds of early cortical and nuclear lens opacities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Animal studies suggest a role for dietary carbohydrate in cataractogenesis. However, few published human studies have evaluated associations between carbohydrate nutrition and lens opacification.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to test the hypothesis that long-term carbohydrate intake and dietary glycemic index are associated with the odds of early cortical and nuclear opacities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 417 Boston-area members of the Nurses' Health Study cohort aged 53-73 y. Dietary information was based on an average from 5 semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaires collected over a 14-y period. Opacities were assessed by using the Lens Opacity Classification System III (LOCS III). We used eyes (n = 711) as the unit of analysis and generated odds ratios by using a generalized estimating approach to logistic regression to account for the lack of independence between the 2 eyes of each subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After multivariate adjustment, the odds of cortical opacities (LOCS III >/=1.0) among women in the highest tertile of carbohydrate intake (>/=200 g/d) was 2.46 times (95% CI: 1.30, 4.64; P for trend = 0.005) that among women in the lowest tertile (<185 g/d). This association was not affected by adjustment for dietary glycemic index, which was not associated with early cortical opacities. Carbohydrate nutrition was not associated with the odds of nuclear opacities (LOCS III >/=2.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that carbohydrate quantity, but not carbohydrate quality, is associated with early cortical opacities, and that neither the quantity nor the quality of dietary carbohydrate affects the risk of nuclear opacities in middle-aged women.
authors.affiliation: Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Chung-Jung
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Martha S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.forename: Leo T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Chylack
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tung
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hankinson
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology; D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D002386:Cataract / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007907:Lens Nucleus, Crystalline / Q000473:pathology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009753:Nutritive Value; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates