title: Steady-state pharmacokinetics of a novel extended-release metformin formulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metformin is an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of the conventional immediate-release (IR) formulation of metformin (Glucophage), however, necessitate two- or three-times-daily dosing. Development of a novel extended-release (XR) formulation of metformin (Glucophage XR) using GelShield Diffusion System technology provides a once-daily dosing option. The objective of this study was to assess the steady-state pharmacokinetics of metformin XR tablets.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an open-label, multiple-dose, five-regimen, two-sequence clinical study lasting 5 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 16 healthy volunteers aged 18-40 years. Three 1-week regimens of metformin XR (500, 1000 and 1500 mg once daily) were administered sequentially. Subjects were alternately given either metformin XR 2000 mg once daily or metformin IR 1000 mg twice daily during weeks 4 and 5. The pharmacokinetic properties of metformin XR were assessed on two separate days at steady state and compared with those of metformin IR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Absorption of metformin XR was slower than that of metformin IR (time to maximum plasma concentration = 7 versus 3 hours). Maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) following the administration of metformin XR 2000 mg once daily was 36% higher than that following the evening dose of metformin IR 1000 mg twice daily. The extent of absorption, determined by area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), was equivalent for both formulations. The mean accumulation ratio of metformin XR was 1.0, indicating no accumulation with multiple-dose administration. Intrasubject variabilities in Cmax and AUC of metformin were comparable between metformin XR and metformin IR. This novel formulation of metformin XR was well tolerated at single doses up to 2000 mg once daily for 7 days, and adverse events were similar to those reported with metformin IR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pharmacokinetic parameters of metformin XR tablet using GelShield Diffusion System technology were similar to those of metformin IR. Metformin XR was well tolerated at single doses up to 2000 mg once daily.
authors.affiliation: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Moreton, UK. peter.timmins@bms.com
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Timmins
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meeker
authors.forename: Punit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marathe
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013607:Tablets; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D013607:Tablets; D008687:Metformin