title: Effect of routine isoniazid preventive therapy on tuberculosis incidence among HIV-infected men in South Africa: a novel randomized incremental recruitment study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tuberculosis preventive therapy reduces tuberculosis incidence among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals in clinical trials, but implementation has been limited and there are no data on effectiveness under routine conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect on tuberculosis incidence of a clinic providing isoniazid preventive therapy to HIV-infected adults under routine conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized intervention study with a novel incremental recruitment design. Between 1999 and 2001 (before antiretroviral therapy was available), 1655 HIV-infected male employees of a South African gold-mining company (median age, 37 years) were enrolled in the study. Median follow-up was 22.1 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Employees were invited in random sequence to attend a workplace HIV clinic. Isoniazid, 300 mg/d, was self-administered for 6 months among attendees with no evidence of active tuberculosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of tuberculosis (including both first and recurrent episodes) during the periods before and after clinic enrollment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1016 of 1655 men included in the analysis attended the clinic at least once. Six hundred seventy-nine (97%) of 702 men eligible to start primary isoniazid preventive therapy did so. The tuberculosis incidence rate before vs after clinic enrollment was 11.9 vs 9.0 per 100 person-years, respectively (incidence rate ratio [IRR] after adjustment for calendar period, 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48-0.96). In a multivariable analysis adjusting for calendar period, age, and silicosis grade, the tuberculosis IRR for clinic enrollment was 0.62 (95% CI, 0.43-0.89). In a further analysis excluding individuals with a history of tuberculosis (and, hence, ineligible for isoniazid preventive therapy), the adjusted IRR for clinic enrollment was 0.54 (95% CI, 0.35-0.83).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enrollment in a clinic offering primary isoniazid preventive therapy to HIV-infected adults reduced tuberculosis incidence by 38% overall and by 46% among individuals with no history of tuberculosis prior to the study. Tuberculosis incidence remained high despite isoniazid preventive therapy, and further work is needed to determine how to use additional interventions most effectively to reduce morbidity and mortality due to tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England. alison.grant@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alison D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Salome
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Charalambous
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Fielding
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Elizabeth L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Corbett
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Chaisson
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: De Cock
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Gavin J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Churchyard
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008906:Mining; D012307:Risk Factors; D012829:Silicosis; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D007538:Isoniazid