title: Human embryonic stem cells: genetic manipulation on the way to cardiac cell therapies.
abstract: Almost 7 years after their first derivation from human embryos, a pressing urgency to deliver the promises of therapies based on human embryonic stem cells (hESC) has arisen. Protocols have been developed to support long-term growth of undifferentiated cells and partially direct differentiation to specific cell lineages. The stage has almost been set for the next step: transplantation in animal models of human disease. Here, we review the state-of-the-art with respect to the transplantation of embryonic stem cell-derived heart cells in animals. One problem affecting progress in this area and functional analysis in vivo in general, is the availability of genetically marked hESC. There are only a few cell lines that express reporter genes ubiquitously, and none is associated with particular lineages; a major hurdle has been the resistance of hESC to established infection and chemical transfection methodologies to introduce ectopic genes. The methods that have been successful are reviewed. We also describe the processes for generating a new, genetically-modified hESC line that constitutively expresses GFP as well as some of its characteristics, including its ability to form cardiomyocytes with electrophysiological properties of ventricular-like cells.
authors.affiliation: Hubrecht Laboratory, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Linda W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: van Laake
authors.forename: Stefan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Braam
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Suk-Ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: Dorien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Passier
authors.forename: Leon L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Tertoolen
authors.forename: Ronald A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Mummery
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology / Q000637:transplantation; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D039901:Totipotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology