title: Behavior, physiology, and performance of bulls mixed at the onset of finishing to form uniform body weight groups.
abstract: In some production settings, beef bulls are mixed at the beginning of the finishing period to obtain homogeneous groups to facilitate finishing and to produce more homogeneous carcasses. Given the stress induced by mixing, we questioned whether this practice was profitable. Sixty-four young bulls were finished in groups of four over 8 mo. They were either mixed or unmixed and had either homogeneous vs. heterogeneous BW at the beginning of finishing. Behavioral traits (social behavior following mixing and general activities during the finishing period), stress measurements (cortisol concentration, adrenal weight, catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme activity, and pain sensitivity), and production traits (growth rate, homogeneity, feed efficiency, and carcass measurements) were evaluated. Bulls reacted to the mixing with increased frequency of social interactions (agonistic interactions: 17.9 in mixed vs. 1.2 in unmixed bulls, P < 0.001; sexual interactions: 9.6 vs. 1.7, P < 0.001; nonagonistic interactions: 5.25 vs. 3.1, P < 0.05). Agonistic and sexual interactions were more frequent between bulls of homogeneous BW (P < 0.05). Throughout the finishing period, the synchronization of activity tended to be lower between mixed bulls (P = 0.09). At slaughter, the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, a catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme, was increased in mixed bulls (1.52 vs. 1.16 nmol.h(-1).mg(-1), P < 0.05), which may indicate chronic stress. No differences were noted in ADG or carcass traits among treatments. The variability of BW within groups increased in groups that were initially homogeneous, whereas it decreased in groups that were initially heterogeneous. In conclusion, mixing young beef bulls at the beginning of the finishing period did not have detrimental effects on health and production, but mixing induced stress, perhaps due to decreased cohesion within groups. Thus, we failed to confirm the proposed benefit of mixing bulls to homogenize their BW at the onset of finishing because BW homogeneity within groups was not maintained throughout the finishing period.
authors.affiliation: URH-ACS, INRA de Theix, 63122 Saint Genes Champanelles, France. l.mounier@vet-lyon.fr
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mounier
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Veissier
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boissy
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000502:physiology; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000592:standards; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone