title: A cognitive behavioral group approach to enhance adherence to hemodialysis fluid restrictions: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adhering to fluid restrictions represents one of the most difficult aspects of the hemodialysis treatment regimen. This report describes a randomized controlled trial of a group-based cognitive behavioral intervention aimed at improving fluid-restriction adherence in patients receiving hemodialysis. It was hypothesized that the intervention would improve adherence, measured by means of interdialytic weight gain (IWG), without impacting negatively on psychosocial functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six participants receiving hemodialysis from 4 renal outpatient settings were randomly assigned to an immediate-treatment group (ITG; n = 29) or deferred-treatment group (DTG; n = 27). Participants were assessed at baseline, posttreatment, and follow-up stages. Treatment consisted of a 4-week intervention using educational, cognitive, and behavioral strategies to enhance effective self-management of fluid consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference in mean IWGs was found between the ITG and DTG during the acute-phase analysis (F(1,54) = 0.03; P > 0.05). However, in longitudinal analysis, there was a significant main effect for mean IWG (F(1.76,96.80) = 9.10; P < 0.001) and a significant difference between baseline and follow-up IWG values (t55 = 3.85; P < 0.001), reflecting improved adherence over time. No adverse effects of treatment were indicated through measures of psychosocial functioning. Some significant changes were evidenced in cognitions thought to be important in mediating behavioral change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study provides evidence for the feasibility and effectiveness of applying group-based cognitive behavior therapy to enhance adherence to hemodialysis fluid restrictions. Results are discussed in the context of the study's methodological limitations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Community Based Sciences, University of Glasgow, Academic Centre, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Lanarkshire, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: Matt R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: Andrew I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Gumley
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Deighan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001834:Body Water; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003469:Culture; D004326:Drinking; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012606:Scotland; D012648:Self Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance; D015430:Weight Gain