title: Substance-dependent patients with and without social anxiety disorder: occurrence and clinical differences. A study of a consecutive sample of alcohol-dependent and poly-substance-dependent patients treated in two counties in Norway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To identify clinically important differences between patients with and without social anxiety disorder (SAD) among alcohol-dependent and poly-substance-dependent patients. (2) To explore if primary SAD is a predictor of alcohol-dependency or poly-substance dependency when controlling for other Axes I and II disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive sample of in- and outpatient alcohol-dependent (N = 146) and poly-substance-dependent patients (N = 114) from public treatment programmes in two catchment areas was assessed by personal interview, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of current SAD was 42%; SAD was significantly more frequent among poly-substance-dependent patients (51%) than among alcohol-dependent patients (34%). Patients with SAD do not represent a distinct clinical subgroup, but the occurrence of SAD is combined with the occurrence of other anxiety disorders, affective disorders and personality disorders in both substance groups. The analysis showed a trend towards primary SAD as a predictor for developing poly-substance dependency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with SAD in both substance groups exhibited more comorbid Axis I and II disorders. They may need specific psychiatric treatment for such disorders in addition to treatment for SAD. Treatment of primary SAD could be a target for preventing poly-substance dependency in young populations.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction Issues, Department for Substance Abuse, Sykehuset Innlandet HF Sanderud, Postboks 68, 2312 Ottestad, Norway. kjell.bakken@sykehuset-innlandet.no
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bakken
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Landheim
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vaglum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors