title: Disability pattern in chronic migraine with medication overuse: a comparison with migraine without aura.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess headache-related disability in chronic migraine with medication overuse (CMO), as defined by Silberstein and Lipton (1996, 2001) in comparison to that caused by migraine without aura, investigating similarities and differences in disability patterns in these two conditions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It is well known that migraine has a marked impact on daily activities. Less information is available on the functional consequences of chronic migraine.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective study on 247 patients with CMO and 264 with migraine without aura. All completed the validated Italian version of the Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire (MIDAS). The MIDAS total score and scores of each question (investigating total or partial inability to perform different daily activities) were evaluated, and compared in the two groups using the Mann-Whitney rank sum test. We also evaluated the number of missed days (question 1) and days with significantly reduced effectiveness at work (question 2) and in nonwork activities (questions 3, 4, and 5), using descriptive statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MIDAS total score in the CMO group was rather high (mean 84.1, median 70) and significantly higher than in the migraine group (mean 23.4, median 19). CMO patients also reported higher scores than migraine patients in MIDAS questions investigating disability in different domains, the differences being highly significant for questions 3, 4, and 5. In both CMO and migraine the number of days with total or significant disability in nonwork activities was higher than the number of days with total or significant disability in work activities, and days spent at work with significantly reduced effectiveness were more than work days missed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that CMO has a profound effect on patients' daily functioning. They suggest that differences between CMO and migraine are mainly quantitative, while the two groups are similar in terms of disability pattern. These results are consistent with the fact that CMO may be an evolution of episodic migraine, characterized by increase in headache frequency and more evident disability in performing different daily duties.
authors.affiliation: National Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.forename: Licia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grazzi
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Usai
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rigamonti
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Curone
authors.forename: Gennaro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bussone
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020326:Migraine without Aura; D011446:Prospective Studies