title: Diurnal and spatial patterns of Phytoseiidae in the citrus canopy.
abstract: Phytoseiid mites were sampled in a grapefruit orchard at various times of the day to study their diurnal and seasonal distributions in the tree canopy. Samples were collected on 14, 20 and 28 October 1999 at 2 h intervals from 0600 to 2200 h. Similar samples were collected in a grapefruit orchard at 3 h intervals from 0600 to 2100 h on 9 and 16 March and on 17 and 24 August 2000 for phytoseiid mites. No differences in numbers of phytoseiid motiles were observed among the hours sampled in any of the three months. However, significant differences were observed in the number of phytoseiids per leaf based on location within the tree (eastern, western sides of the canopy or interior). Interior leaves collected in March and August 2000 had higher numbers of phytoseiids than exterior leaves taken from either the eastern or western sides of the tree canopy. Phytoseiids were more abundant in the March 2000 samples (mean = 1.10 phytoseiids/leaf) than in either October 1999 or August 2000 samples (mean = 0.16 and 0.19 phytoseiids/leaf, respectively). Prevalent phytoseiid species were Typhlodromalus peregrinus (Muma) (42.1%) and Iphiseiodes quadripilis (Banks) (50.4%) in October 1999, Typhlodromalus peregrinus (Muma) (76.2%) in March 2000, and Euseius mesembrinus (Dean) (54%) in August 2000.
authors.affiliation: North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, 455 Research Drive, Fletcher, NC 28732, USA.
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Childers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D002957:Citrus / Q000469:parasitology*; D006813:Humidity; D008925:Mites / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000469:parasitology; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature