title: Trialkyltin compounds bind retinoid X receptor to alter human placental endocrine functions.
abstract: Retinoid X receptor (RXR) is a nuclear receptor that plays important and multiple roles in mammalian development and homeostasis. We previously reported that, in human choriocarcinoma cells, tributyltin chloride and triphenyltin hydroxide, which are typical environmental contaminants and cause masculinization in female mollusks, are potent stimulators of human chorionic gonadotropin production and aromatase activity, which play key endocrine functions in maintaining pregnancy and fetal development. However, the molecular mechanism through which these compounds stimulate these endocrine functions remains unclear. Our current study shows that trialkyltin compounds, including tributyltin chloride and triphenyltin hydroxide, function as RXR agonists. Trialkyltins directly bind to the ligand-binding domain of RXR with high affinity and function as transcriptional activators. Unlike the natural RXR ligand, 9-cis-retinoic acid, the activity of trialkyltins is RXR specific and does not activate the retinoic acid receptor pathway. In addition, trialkyltins activate RXR to stimulate the expression of a luciferase reporter gene containing the human placental promoter I.1 sequence of aromatase, suggesting that trialkyltins stimulate human placental endocrine functions through RXR-dependent signaling pathways. Therefore, our results suggest that activation of RXR may be a novel mechanism by which trialkyltins alter human endocrine functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. nakanishi@phs.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: Jun-ichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: Youhei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hiromori
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Mihoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koyanagi
authors.forename: Shinri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takasuga
authors.forename: Jun-ichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Shun-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isa
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Utoguchi
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kohno
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishihara
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001141:Aromatase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002460:Cell Line; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008024:Ligands; D010920:Placenta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors / Q000819:agonists* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014162:Transfection; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D008024:Ligands; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; D001141:Aromatase