title: Proteinuria in South Asian children: prevalence and determinants.
abstract: Proteinuria in children is a marker of kidney disease and atherosclerosis, both which are known predictors of cardiovascular mortality. Recent evidence suggests that migrant South Asian populations living in the West may be at higher risk of kidney disease than native Caucasians. However, the determinants of proteinuria in South Asian children have not been explored. Previously, we reported ethnic variation in the prevalence of proteinuria in the adult population of Pakistan. However, it is not known whether ethnic predisposition to proteinuria appears during childhood or whether it is acquired later in life as a result of prolonged exposure to undiagnosed diabetes and hypertension. Analyses were based on a subset of data for 4977 children aged 5 to less than 15 years collected as part of the broad National Health Survey of Pakistan, conducted between 1990 and 1994. Proteinuria was defined as a dipstick positive for protein on a random urine sample. Ethnicity was reported as "mother-tongue", which is specific for each of the five major ethnic subgroups of Pakistan: Muhajir, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun, and Baluchi. The overall prevalence (95% CI) of proteinuria in the children was 3.3% (2.7-3.9%). It was 6.2% in Sindhis, 3.6% in Muhajirs, 2.8% in Punjabis, 2.8% in Baluchis, and 1.0% in Pashtuns (p<0.001). In multivariable analyses, proteinuria was associated with greater height (p=0.007), urban dwelling (p=0.03), lower socioeconomic status (p=0.02), and certain ethnicities (p=0.005). The ethnic variation in proteinuria in South Asian children mirrors variation among ethnic groups in adults. This suggests variations in susceptibility or early exposure to causes of chronic kidney disease, rather than long-term exposure to undiagnosed diabetes or hypertension. Further studies are needed to determine factors in early life that may differentially predispose certain ethnic groups to proteinuria.
authors.affiliation: Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi, Pakistan. tazeen.jafar@aku.edu
authors.forename: Tazeen H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Jafar
authors.forename: Nish
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.forename: Juanita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hatcher
authors.forename: Iqtidar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Anas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rabbani
authors.forename: Abdul Qayum
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Portman
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Levey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001827:Body Height; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D012923:Social Class; D014505:Urban Population