title: Functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation: effects of motor imagery, movement and coil orientation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare fMRI activations during movement and motor imagery to corresponding motor evoked potential (MEP) maps obtained with the TMS coil in three different orientations.
  
  
  METHODS
  fMRI activations during executed (EM) and imagined (IM) movements of the index finger were compared to MEP maps of the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscle obtained with the TMS coil in anterior, posterior and lateral handle positions. To ensure spatial registration of fMRI and MEP maps, a special grid was used in both experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant difference was found between the TMS centers of gravity (TMS CoG) obtained with the three coil orientations. There was a significant difference between fMRI centers of gravity during IMs (IM CoG) and EMs (EM CoG), with IM CoGs localized on average 10.3mm anterior to those of EMs in the precentral gyrus. Most importantly, the IM CoGs closely matched cortical projections of the TMS CoGs while the EM CoGs were on average 9.5mm posterior to the projected TMS CoGs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TMS motor maps are more congruent with fMRI activations during motor imagery than those during EMs. These findings are not significantly affected by changing orientation of the TMS coil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the discrepancy between fMRI and TMS motor maps may be largely due to involvement of the somatosensory component in the EM task.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Hospital Annex, 531 Asbury Circle, Suite N305, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. dniyazov@bme.emory.edu
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Niyazov
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kadah
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: X P
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation