title: Tramadol as a new probe for cytochrome P450 2D6 phenotyping: a population study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Polymorphic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 activity has been shown to be a determinant of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tramadol via hepatic phase I O -demethylation of (+)-tramadol to (+)-O-desmethyltramadol. Our objective was to investigate whether tramadol can be used as a probe for CYP2D6 phenotyping by determining the concordance between the 8-hour tramadol and 12-hour sparteine metabolic urinary ratios.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sparteine phenotyping test was carried out in 278 healthy, white subjects. At a minimum of 2 weeks later, each subject took 50 mg tramadol hydrochloride followed by 8-hour urine collection, and a venous blood sample was drawn from 276 subjects. Urine and plasma concentrations of (+/-)-tramadol and (+/-)-O-desmethyltramadol were determined. CYP2D6 genotyping was performed with regard to *3, *4, *6, and *9 alleles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 28 poor metabolizers of sparteine (10.1% [confidence interval, 6.8%-14.2%]). Very low recoveries of (+)-M1 were found in poor metabolizers (0.53% [range, 0.1%-1.1%]) compared with extensive metabolizers (8.7% [range, 1.7%-23.2%]). A bimodal distribution of the metabolic ratio of (-)-M1/(+)-M1 was found. The visual antimode was 2.0. This new phenotype test had only 1 misclassified subject compared with sparteine phenotyping (sensitivity and negative predictive value, 100%; specificity, 99.6%; positive predictive value, 96.6%). Of the 28 sparteine poor metabolizers, 26 were found to be genotypically poor metabolizers with regard to the inactivating mutations *3, *4, and *6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fifty milligrams of tramadol is an alternative CYP2D6 phenotype probe by use of the 8-hour urinary ratio of (-)-M1/(+)-M1. The poor metabolizers have a metabolic ratio of 2.0 or higher.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, Fuculty of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Southern Denmark, Winslowparken 19, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark. rpedersen@health.sdu.dk
authors.forename: Rasmus Steen
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Damkier
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brosen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000379:methods; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D014147:Tramadol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D014147:Tramadol; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6