title: The effect of digital image resolution and compression on anterior eye imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the theoretical and clinical minimum image pixel resolution and maximum compression appropriate for anterior eye image storage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical images of the bulbar conjunctiva, palpebral conjunctiva, and corneal staining were taken at the maximum resolution of Nikon:CoolPix990 (2048x1360 pixels), DVC:1312C (1280x811), and JAI:CV-S3200 (767x569) single chip cameras and the JVC:KYF58 (767x569) three chip camera. The images were stored in TIFF format and further copies created with reduced resolution or compressed. The images were then ranked for clarity on a 15 inch monitor (resolution 1280 x 1024) by 20 optometrists and analysed by objective image analysis grading. Theoretical calculation of the resolution necessary to detect the smallest objects of clinical interest was also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Theoretical calculation suggested that the minimum resolution should be > or = 579 horizontal pixels at 25x magnification. Image quality was perceived subjectively as being reduced when the pixel resolution was lower than 767 x 569 (p<0.005) or the image was compressed as a BMP or <50% quality JPEG (p<0.005). Objective image analysis techniques were less susceptible to changes in image quality, particularly when using colour extraction techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is appropriate to store anterior eye images at between 1280 x 811 and 767 x 569 pixel resolution and at up to 1:70 JPEG compression.
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wolffsohn
mesh_terms: D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003315:Cornea / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010781:Photography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*