title: Gonadal sex reversal in mutant Dax1 XY mice: a failure to upregulate Sox9 in pre-Sertoli cells.
abstract: The nuclear receptor transcription factor Dax1 is hypothesized to play a role in testicular development, although the mechanism of its action is unknown. Here, we present evidence that Dax1 plays an early essential role in fetal testis development. We hypothesize that upregulation of Sox9 expression in precursor somatic cells, a process required for their differentiation as Sertoli cells, depends on the coordinated expression of Dax1, Sry and another gene, Tda1. Our conclusion and model are based on the following experimental findings: (1) presence of a mutant Dax1 allele (Dax1-) results in complete gonadal sex reversal in C57BL/6JEi (B6) XY mice, whereas testes develop in DBA/2J (D2) and (B6xD2)F1 XY mice; (2) B6-DAX1 sex reversal is inherited as a complex trait that includes the chromosome 4 gene Tda1; (3) B6 Dax1-/Y fetal gonads initiate development as ovaries, even though Sry expression is activated at the correct time and at appropriate levels; (4) upregulation of Sox9 does not occur in B6 Dax1-/Y fetal gonads in spite of apparently normal Sry expression; and (5) overexpression of Sry in B6 Dax1-/Y fetal gonads upregulates Sox9 and corrects testis development.
authors.affiliation: The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA. jbouma@jax.org
authors.forename: Gerrit J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Bouma
authors.forename: Kenneth H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Washburn
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Recknagel
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Churchill
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Eicher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D057137:DAX-1 Orphan Nuclear Receptor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D020297:Mice, Congenic; D008806:Mice, Inbred AKR; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009154:Mutation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D010053:Ovary / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; D012708:Sertoli Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019849:Sex Determination Processes; D051876:Sex-Determining Region Y Protein; D013737:Testis / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D014960:X Chromosome; D014998:Y Chromosome
chemical_list: D057137:DAX-1 Orphan Nuclear Receptor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins; C539966:Nr0b1 protein, mouse; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; D051876:Sex-Determining Region Y Protein; C527933:Sox9 protein, mouse; C497746:Sry protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors