title: Histopathologic features of the vagus nerve after electrical stimulation in swine.
abstract: This paper describes the histological features of the vagus nerve after its stimulation with an electrostimulation system that is being developed for morbid obesity treatment. An electrostimulation system was implanted laparoscopically around the ventral vagal trunk of five Large White female pigs (49.63+/-1.94 kg.). Vagal nerve stimulation was performed by continuous constant voltage current pulses. Thoracic samples of both ventral and dorsal vagal trunks were obtained thoracoscopically one month after implantation. Animals were sacrificed one month after thoracoscopic vaguectomy. Tissue samples were then harvested from the vagal nerve at the implantation site, 1cm cranial to it, thoracic portion of ventral and dorsal vagal trunks, sub-diaphragmatic dorsal vagal trunk, left and right vagus nerves. Specimens were analysed with light microscope. The severity of the lesions was graded from 0 to 4 (0: no lesion, 1: mild, 2: moderate, 3: severe and 4: extremely severe), taking into account fibrosis, vascularization, necrosis, fiber degeneration and inflammation. Electrode implantation resulted in thickened epineurium and endoneural connective tissue. The greatest lesion score was evidenced at the leads implantation site in the ventral vagal trunk, followed by, in order of decreasing lesion severity, left vagus nerve, thoracic portion of ventral vagal trunk, subdiaphragmatic dorsal vagal trunk, thoracic portion of dorsal vagal trunk and right vagus nerve. The stimulation device used in this study caused connective tissue growth, greatest in the samples located closer to the implantation site. However, there was no sign of altered vascularization in any studied specimen.
authors.affiliation: Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain. idoiadiaz@ccmi.es
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Díaz-Güemes Martín-Portugués
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sánchez Margallo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pascual Sánchez-Gijón
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Crisóstomo Ayala
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Usón Gargallo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009765:Obesity / Q000628:therapy; D013552:Swine; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*