Psychological distress and cardiovascular disease: results from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to examine the burden of psychological distress among individuals with different forms of heart disease in a large representative sample of adults.


RESULTS
Data were obtained from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey, which is a large annual survey of the US non-institutionalized civilian population. Psychological distress was assessed with a standardized questionnaire (K6) and heart disease diagnoses were based on self-report. Among non-diseased individuals, the estimated prevalence of psychological distress was 2.8%, whereas the estimates were 10, 6.4, and 4.1% among those with congestive heart failure (CHF), myocardial infarction (MI), and coronary heart disease (CHD), respectively. Over 1 million individuals with one or more of these conditions are estimated to experience psychological distress. However, only 31-35% of the participants with heart disease and psychological distress have visited a mental health professional. The logistic regression model results indicate that MI (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.4-3.0) and CHF (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.8-5.1) are significantly associated with psychological distress.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings imply that psychological distress is a significant comorbidity of cardiovascular disease. Other investigations have demonstrated a link between psychological distress and morbidity and mortality. Taken together, these findings provide the impetus for future investigations that assess the role that a medical and mental health care professional intervention may have in altering these outcomes when targeted at this distress.
Ferketich
Amy K
AK
Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Ohio State University School of Public Health, B-116 Starling-Loving Hall, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. aferketich@sph.osu.edu
Binkley
Philip F
PF
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology