title: Dopaminergic drugs restore facilitatory premotor-motor interactions in Parkinson disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the impact of dopaminergic therapy on facilitatory premotor-motor interactions in patients with Parkinson disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with PD and 10 age-matched healthy volunteers received repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left dorsal premotor cortex (5 Hz, 1,500 stimuli, 90% of active motor threshold). Patients were studied while "on" and "off" medication. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the right first dorsal interosseus muscle before and after rTMS to quantify changes in motor cortical excitability. The after-effects of rTMS on motor function were assessed using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and the kinematics of ballistic wrist flexions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MEPs evoked from the ipsilateral motor cortex were increased after premotor rTMS in relaxed normal subjects, consistent with an increase in motor cortex excitability. In patients with PD, the effect of premotor rTMS was modified by medication. When patients were in a practically defined "off" state, premotor rTMS had no effect on MEPs, whereas when they were in the "on" state, premotor rTMS facilitated MEPs. Premotor rTMS had no effect on clinical parkinsonian symptoms or motor performance of ballistic wrist movements, regardless of whether patients were in the "on" or "off" state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Parkinson disease, the ability of premotor-motor connections to increase motor cortical excitability is defective but restored to normal by dopaminergic medication. Dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia may affect the way that frontal motor areas interact with each other.
authors.affiliation: Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mir
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gilio
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Siebner
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rothwell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015259:Dopamine Agents