title: A comparison of distraction strategies for venipuncture distress in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of two pediatric venipuncture distress-management distraction strategies that differed in the degree to which they required children's interaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-eight 1- to 7-year-old children receiving venipuncture were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: interactive toy distraction, passive movie distraction, or standard care. Distress was examined via parent, nurse, self-report (children over 4 years), and observational coding. Engagement in distraction was assessed via observational coding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children in the passive condition were more distracted and less distressed than children in the interactive condition. Although children in the interactive condition were more distracted than standard care children, there were no differences in distress between these groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite literature that suggests that interactive distraction should lower distress more than passive distraction, results indicate that a passive strategy might be most effective for children's venipuncture. It is possible that children's distress interfered with their ability to interact with the distractor.
authors.affiliation: West Virginia University, USA.
authors.forename: Jill E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: MacLaren
authors.forename: Lindsey L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000367:Age Factors; D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003448:Crying; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009040:Motion Pictures; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000523:psychology*; D010988:Play and Playthings; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014743:Videotape Recording