title: [Molecular genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis].
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major type of primary liver cancer and one of the most frequent human malignant neoplasms. Common risk factors of human HCC include chronic hepatitis virus (HBV and HCV) infection, dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) ingestion, chronic alcohol abuse, and cirrhosis associated with genetic liver diseases. Hepatocarcinogenesis is the result of interaction between hereditary and environmental factors. Inheritance determines individual susceptibility to cancer; environment determines which susceptible individuals express cancer. Studies of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis showed that HCC development is a complex polygene and multipathway process; the activation of proto-oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes induced by genetic and epigenetic alterations are core biological processes of hepatocarcinogenesis; RB1, p53, and Wnt pathways are commonly affected in HCCs of different etiologies, which may reflect common pathologic sequence of HCC: chronic liver injury, cirrhosis, atypical hyperplastic nodules, and HCC of early stages. Hepatitis virus infection-associated HCCs have frequent alterations in RB1 pathway, including methylation of p16INK4a and RB1 genes and amplification of Cyclin D1. AFB1 exposure-associated HCCs have frequent alterations in p53 pathway; the G-->T mutation of p53 gene at codon 249 has been identified as a genetic hallmark of HCC caused by AFB1. Alcoholism-associated HCCs have frequent alterations in both RB1 and p53 pathways. The roles of some important genes related to cell apoptosis, DNA repair, drug metabolism, and tumor metastasis in hepatocarcinogenesis had been discussed.
authors.affiliation: Genetic Laboratory, Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Cancer Reseach, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P. R. China. xuekx@jlonline.com
authors.forename: Kai-Xian
authors.initials: KX
authors.lastname: Xue
mesh_terms: D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000633:toxicity; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016158:Genes, p53; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008104:Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic / Q000150:complications; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D016604:Aflatoxin B1