title: Novel cellular genes essential for transformation of endothelial cells by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus.
abstract: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is involved in the development of lymphoproliferative diseases and Kaposi's sarcoma. The oncogenicity of this virus is reflected in vitro by its ability to transform B cells and endothelial cells. Infection of dermal microvascular endothelial cells (DMVEC) transforms the cells from a cobblestone-like monolayer to foci-forming spindle cells. This transformation is accompanied by dramatic changes in the cellular transcriptome. Known oncogenes, such as c-Kit, are among the KSHV-induced host genes. We previously showed that c-Kit is an essential cellular component of the KSHV-mediated transformation of DMVEC. Here, we test the hypothesis that the transformation process can be used to discover novel oncogenes. When expression of a panel of KSHV-induced cellular transcripts was inhibited with antisense oligomers, we observed inhibition of DMVEC proliferation and foci formation using antisense molecules to RDC1 and Neuritin. We further showed that transformation of KSHV-infected DMVEC was inhibited by small interfering RNA directed at RDC1 or Neuritin. Ectopic expression of Neuritin in NIH 3T3 cells resulted in changes in cell morphology and anchorage-independent growth, whereas RDC1 ectopic expression significantly increased cell proliferation. In addition, both RDC1- and Neuritin-expressing cells formed tumors in nude mice. RDC1 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor, whereas Neuritin is a growth-promoting protein known to mediate neurite outgrowth. Neither gene has been previously implicated in tumorigenesis. Our data suggest that KSHV-mediated transformation involves exploitation of the hitherto unrealized oncogenic properties of RDC1 and Neuritin.
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Camilo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Raggo
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruhl
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McAllister
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koon
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Dezube
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Früh
authors.forename: Ashlee V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Moses
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D002472:Cell Transformation, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000821:virology*; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D019288:Herpesvirus 8, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D060588:LIM Domain Proteins; D008667:Metalloproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000235:genetics; D009857:Oncogenes / Q000502:physiology*; D053495:Osteopontin; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D054387:Receptors, CXCR; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology*; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C501896:ACKR3 protein, human; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; C501897:Cmkor1 protein, mouse; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D060588:LIM Domain Proteins; C085117:LMO2 protein, human; C513188:Lmo2 protein, mouse; D008667:Metalloproteins; C484539:NRN1 protein, human; D009479:Neuropeptides; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D054387:Receptors, CXCR; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; C506895:SPP1 protein, human; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; C506896:Spp1 protein, mouse; D053495:Osteopontin