title: A clinical return-to-work rule for patients with back pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tools for early identification of workers with back pain who are at high risk of adverse occupational outcome would help concentrate clinical attention on the patients who need it most, while helping reduce unnecessary interventions (and costs) among the others. This study was conducted to develop and validate clinical rules to predict the 2-year work disability status of people consulting for nonspecific back pain in primary care settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a 2-year prospective cohort study conducted in 7 primary care settings in the Quebec City area. The study enrolled 1007 workers (participation, 68.4% of potential participants expected to be eligible) aged 18-64 years who consulted for nonspecific back pain associated with at least 1 day's absence from work. The majority (86%) completed 5 telephone interviews documenting a large array of variables. Clinical information was abstracted from the medical files. The outcome measure was "return to work in good health" at 2 years, a variable that combined patients' occupational status, functional limitations and recurrences of work absence. Predictive models of 2-year outcome were developed with a recursive partitioning approach on a 40% random sample of our study subjects, then validated on the rest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The best predictive model included 7 baseline variables (patient's recovery expectations, radiating pain, previous back surgery, pain intensity, frequent change of position because of back pain, irritability and bad temper, and difficulty sleeping) and was particularly efficient at identifying patients with no adverse occupational outcome (negative predictive value 78%- 94%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A clinical prediction rule accurately identified a large proportion of workers with back pain consulting in a primary care setting who were at a low risk of an adverse occupational outcome.
authors.affiliation: Unité de recherche en santé des populations, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire de Québec, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC. clermont.dionne@uresp.ulaval.ca
authors.forename: Clermont E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Dionne
authors.forename: Renée
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bourbonnais
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frémont
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rossignol
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Stock
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Larocque
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001416:Back Pain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000145:classification*; D004608:Eligibility Determination; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007587:Job Description; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011379:Prognosis