title: Intravenous iron-gluconate during haemodialysis modifies plasma beta2-microglobulin properties and levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intravenous iron replacement therapy is routinely used for correction of anaemia in patients with end-stage renal failure. Free or labile iron, present both in parenteral iron formulations and in blood of haemodialysis (HD) patients, has the potential to induce severe oxidative processes. This study evaluated the acute in vivo effect of intravenous iron administration on the oxidation of plasma beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) and on its plasma levels after HD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Iron-gluconate was administered intravenously to 14 patients receiving HD with low-flux cellulose-triacetate membranes during the first hour of the 4 h HD treatment. Each patient underwent three different dialysis treatments, during which an infusion of 62.5, 125 or 0 mg (control) of iron-gluconate was administered in random order. Plasma beta2m levels and iron parameters were monitored immediately before and after each HD treatment. The molecular isoforms of beta2m were studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and western analysis. Levels of oxidized beta2m were evaluated by reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and western analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both doses of iron-gluconate caused remarkable changes in the molecular properties of beta2m, including shift in isoelectric point, molecular mass and degree of oxidation. Iron administration also limited the decline in plasma beta2m levels to <7.5%, compared with 27.9+/-2.7% during HD without iron.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous iron-gluconate led to a characteristic increase in molecular weight and in negative charge of beta2m, both of which can be assumed to be consistent with reduced membrane sieving coefficients and membrane adsorption, and thus with reduced clearance of beta2m.
authors.affiliation: Eliachar Research Laboratory, Western Galilee Hospital, Nahariya, Israel.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Michelis
authors.forename: Shifra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sela
authors.forename: Batya
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kristal
mesh_terms: D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005942:Gluconates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D005942:Gluconates; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; C043193:ferlixit; D007501:Iron