title: Fruit and vegetable intake during pregnancy and risk for development of sporadic retinoblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about the causes of sporadic (noninherited) retinoblastoma. Rates seem to be somewhat higher among poorer populations in Mexico. Fruits and vegetables are important sources of carotenoids and folate. We examined whether decreased gestational maternal intake of fruits and vegetables may contribute to development of sporadic retinoblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  At the Instituto Nacional de Pediatria in Mexico City, we conducted a hospital-based case-control study to evaluate prenatal maternal diet. We examined dietary intake of fruits and vegetables of mothers of 101 children with retinoblastoma and 172 control children using a dietary recall questionnaire and published food nutrient content tables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reported number of mean daily servings of fruits and vegetables was lower among case mothers when compared with control mothers [vegetables: 2.28 in controls, 1.75 in cases (P < 0.01); fruits: 2.13 in controls, 1.59 in cases (P = 0.07)]. Mean daily maternal folate intake from both vegetables and fruits was higher in controls (103 microg) than in cases (48 microg; P < 0.05). Risk for having a child with retinoblastoma was increased for mothers consuming fewer than 2 daily servings of vegetables [odds ratios (OR), 3.4; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 2.0-6.0] or with a low intake of folate (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.1, 7.3), or lutein/zeaxanthin (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.5-4.6) derived from fruits and vegetables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased intake of vegetables and fruits during pregnancy and the consequent decreased intake of nutrients such as folate and lutein/zeaxanthin, necessary for DNA methylation, synthesis, and retinal function, may increase risk for having a child with sporadic retinoblastoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, Room B106, 60 Haven Avenue, New York, New York 10032, USA. mao5@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Manuela A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Orjuela
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Titievsky
authors.forename: Xinhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramirez-Ortiz
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ponce-Castaneda
authors.forename: Evelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lecona
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beaverson
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Abramson
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Mueller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D009752:Nutritional Status; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D012160:Retina / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014675:Vegetables