title: Down-regulated xanthine oxidoreductase is a feature of aggressive breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a key enzyme in the degradation of DNA, RNA, and high-energy phosphates and also plays a role in milk lipid globule secretion. Given the strong and regulated expression of XOR in normal breast epithelium, and the previously shown alterations of its expression in experimental tumorigenesis, we hypothesized that XOR may be differentially expressed in breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  XOR expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarray specimens of 1,262 breast cancer patients with a median follow-up of 9.5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of XOR was moderately decreased in 50% and undetectable in another 7% of the tumors. Decreased XOR expression was associated with poor histologic grade of differentiation, ductal and lobular histologic types, large tumor size, high number of positive axillary lymph nodes, and high cyclooxygenase-2 expression, but not with estrogen or progesterone receptor status, Ki-67, p53, or ERBB2 amplification. Absence of XOR expression was associated with unfavorable outcome, and patients with no XOR expression had more than twice the risk of distant recurrence as compared with those with a moderately decreased or normal expression (hazard ratio, 2.21; P < 0.0001). This was also true in patients with node-negative disease (hazard ratio, 2.75; P < 0.0001) as well as in patients with small (< or = 1 cm) tumors (hazard ratio, 3.09; P = 0.027). In a multivariate survival analysis, negative XOR emerged as an independent prognostic factor both in the entire series (P = 0.01) and among patients with node-negative disease (P = 0.0009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loss of XOR identifies breast cancer patients with unfavorable prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Research Program for Developmental and Reproductive Biology and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland. nina.linder@hus.fi
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Linder
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lundin
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Isola
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lundin
authors.forename: Kari O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Raivio
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Joensuu
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000201:enzymology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007774:Lactation; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011379:Prognosis; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000032:analysis; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis; D019820:Xanthine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010088:Oxidoreductases; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D019820:Xanthine