title: Relaxation treatment of adolescent headache sufferers: results from a school-based replication series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent reviews of psychological and drug treatment, relaxation training approaches have been found to be efficacious for children and adolescents suffering from recurrent tension-type headache (TTH), while biofeedback procedures provide effective help for migraine headache sufferers, primarily treated in tertiary clinics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In a school-based replication series, the effectiveness and efficiency of relaxation training provided within school settings were examined, in addition to the effects on various headache features and the maintenance of treatment gains at a 6 to 10-month follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a 20-year period, 288 adolescents aged 10 to 18 years participated in seven randomized, controlled trials conducted within regular school health service settings. Subjects were included if they had suffered from frequent migraine or TTHs, or from both headache types for at least 1 year. Various formats of standardized relaxation training procedures were contrasted to different attention-control (ATCO) approaches or self-monitoring (SM) of headaches in prospective diary recordings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that a therapist-administered relaxation approach was superior to self-help or school-nurse administered relaxation training approaches, ATCO conditions or SM of headaches. Students with TTHs responded positively to any form of relaxation training, whereas those with frequent migraine responded well only to therapist-administered relaxation. However, school-nurse administered procedures were found to be the most efficient form of relaxation treatment, in particular for adolescents suffering from TTHs. Total headache activity, the number of headache days and peak headache intensity were significantly reduced after relaxation treatment, in addition to medication usage. Treatment gains were well maintained at the 6 to 10-month follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapist-assisted relaxation training is an effective treatment for adolescents suffering from frequent TTHs or migraine. However, such treatment administered by school-nurses administered within school health care settings is an efficient treatment approach for adolescents suffering from the most common form of primary headache, ie, TTHs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NTNU, Kolstergata 46/48, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.forename: Asa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fichtel
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Melin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D012573:School Nursing; D012574:Schools; D013548:Sweden; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000628:therapy*