title: Methylation profiling of archived non-small cell lung cancer: a promising prognostic system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Enhanced prognostication power is becoming more desirable in clinical oncology. In this study, we explored the prognostic potential of multigene hypermethylation profiling in non-small-cell lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated a panel of eight genes (p16, APC, ATM, hMLH1, MGMT, DAPK, ECAD, and RASSF1A) using methylation-specific PCR in 105 archived specimens of non-small-cell lung cancer representing all stages of the illness. We analyzed the effect of gene methylation status on outcome individually in a cumulative manner and in a combinatorial approach using recursive partitioning to identify methylation profiles, which affect overall survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this data set, tumors harboring promoter hypermethylation at two or more genes exhibit similar survival trends to others in the cohort. Using recursive partitioning, three genes (APC, ATM, and RASSF1A) emerged as determinants of prognostic groups. This designation retained its statistical significance even when disease stage and age were entered into a multivariate analysis. Using this approach, patients whose tumors were hypermethylated at APC and those hypermethylated at only ATM (not also at APC or RASSF1A) enjoyed substantially longer 1- and 2-year survival than patients in the remaining groups. In 32 adjacent histologically normal lung tissue specimens, we detected similar methylation abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessment of promoter hypermethylation aberrations may facilitate prognostic profiling of lung tumors, but validation in independent data sets is needed to verify these profiles. This system uses material that is abundantly available with linked outcome data and can be used to generate reliable epigenetic determinants.
authors.affiliation: Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas. safarahmedm@uams.edu
authors.forename: A Mazin
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Safar
authors.forename: Horace
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Xiaobo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cooney
authors.forename: Luke D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Ratnasinghe
authors.forename: Laura F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Hutchins
authors.forename: Chun-Yang
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein / Q000235:genetics; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D015820:Cadherins / Q000235:genetics; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D064550:Death-Associated Protein Kinases; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D019853:O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D016019:Survival Analysis; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D015820:Cadherins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C411762:RASSF1 protein, human; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D019853:O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase; C576324:ATM protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D064550:Death-Associated Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1