title: Nonpharmacologic treatments for depression in patients with coronary heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We review nonpharmacologic treatments for depression in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), including psychological therapies such as cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT), aerobic exercise, St. John's wort (SJW), essential fatty acids (EFAs), S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe), acupuncture, and chromium picolinate (CP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline searches and reviews of bibliographies were used to identify relevant articles. Each treatment was reviewed with particular attention paid to empirical support, as well as to potential mechanisms of action that might affect not only depression but also CHD endpoints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of depression treatments have been conducted with non-CHD patients. These studies have provided the most support for psychological treatments, particularly CBT and IPT. Aerobic exercise, SJW, and SAMe also have considerable empirical support in otherwise healthy persons, but SJW may have undesirable side effects for CHD patients. Data for EFAs, CP, and acupuncture are limited; however, the use of aerobic exercise shows considerable promise for cardiac patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are few RCTs of patients with clinical depression and CHD, and those that exist have significant methodological limitations. Nonetheless, there is preliminary evidence that nonpharmacologic treatments are effective for cardiac patients with depression. In terms of reducing depression, the most evidence exists for psychological treatments, particularly CBT and IPT. However, there is little evidence that such treatment would also improve CHD risk factors. Aerobic exercise offers more promise to improve both mental and physical health due to its effect on cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes and thus warrants particular attention in future trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. lett0002@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Heather S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lett
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D015444:Exercise; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D020902:Hypericum; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010848:Picolinic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011613:Psychotherapy; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential; D010848:Picolinic Acids; C468227:adenosyl-methionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine; C030614:picolinic acid