title: Associations of ALDH2 and ADH1B genotypes with response to alcohol in Asian Americans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individuals with alcohol dependence are less likely to possess variant alleles of the alcohol-metabolizing genes, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2*2) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1B*2), than non-alcohol-dependent controls. It is hypothesized that the mechanism through which these alleles protect against alcohol dependence is by causing elevations in acetaldehyde, which in turn cause an increased response to alcohol. Previous research has shown that individuals with ALDH2*2 demonstrate enhanced reactions to alcohol compared with those without this genetic variant, but evidence that ADH1B*2 is associated with a greater alcohol response is mixed. This study was designed to determine whether the ADH1B genotype is associated with more intense reactions to alcohol after controlling for the ALDH2 genotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N = 101) were Asian American college students. Each was evaluated using objective and subjective measures before and after ingestion of alcohol and placebo beverages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with the ALDH2*1/*2 and ALDH2*2/*2 genotypes were more likely to experience vomiting following ingestion of the alcohol beverage than those with the ALDH2*1/*1 genotype. Participants with the ALDH2*1/*2 genotype also had greater pulse-rate increases, observed flushing ratings, and subjective feelings of intoxication 30 minutes after ingestion of alcohol than participants with the ALDH2*1/*1 genotype, despite equivalent blood alcohol concentration (BAC) measurements. Among participants with the ALDH2*1/*1 genotype, there were no additional effects of the ADH1B genotype on any measures of response to alcohol. Among participants with the ALDH2*1/*2 genotype, those with the ADH1B*2/*2 genotype were more likely to experience alcohol-induced vomiting and to report feeling less "great overall" 30 minutes after ingestion of alcohol than those with the ADH1B*1/*2 genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that there is an additional effect of ADH1B*2 on level of response to alcohol, but only among individuals with the ALDH2*1/*2 genotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA.
authors.forename: Travis A R
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Luczak
authors.forename: Shoshana H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: Cindy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Ehlers
authors.forename: Lucinda G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Tamara L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Wall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*; D000071396:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: C489332:ADH1B protein, human; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase; C096127:ALDH2 protein, human; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D000071396:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial