title: [Quantitation & optimization of guanosine fermentation process: prevention of NH4+ accumulation increases guanosine production by 70%].
abstract: Metabolic engineering has become a powerful tool for optimization of industrial fermentation processes. Metabolic engineering usually undergoes three steps: construction of a recombinant strain with improved properties, genetic and biochemical analysis of the strain, and identification of target for further improvement. Metabolic fluxes analysis is an important part of the biochemical analysis. Based on the law of mass conservation and assuming pseudo-steady-state for the intermediates in the metabolic pathways, we have quantitatively analyzed the time course of the flux distribution in Bacillus subtilis and used the data to reveal the nature of the so-called "40 hour" phenomenon in fermentation of guanosine, a key raw material for the synthesis of additives for human consumption and animal feeds. The phenomenon refers to the observation that guanosine production, which proceeds at high rate from 12 hour on, declines around 40 hour while consumption of glucose keeps increasing, leading to the lower yield of the nucleoside. Equations based upon the metabolic network of Bacillus subtilis consisted of EMP pathway, HMP pathway, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation pathway and others reactions of the intermediates, was constructed. The equations were solved by using the quantitative data obtained in this study. The air flow and volume, concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the exit-gas were monitored online; the concentration of biomass, glucose and guanosine was analyzed manually; and the concentration of acetate, citric acid, pyruvate, and 17 amino acids were HPLC quantified. The solutions of the equation were proved to be valid, as the experimental data on oxygen consumption agrees with that of predicted form the equation. The results indicated that at 40h of the fermentation process the flux of HMP pathway, which provides the precursor of the nucleoside, decreased while that of EMP pathway and the pathways that generate amino acids and organic acids increased. The shift correlated with the accumulation of NH4+ in the broth. The assimilation of NH4+ is an energy consuming process and could shift the metabolism to the energy generating EMP pathway. Accordingly, measures were taken to prevent the accumulation of NH4+. The interference indeed stopped the metabolism shift and boosted the guanosine production at 30 g/L, 70% higher than the level reported in literature.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, and Bioengineering College, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China. huangmingzhi@263.net.cn
authors.forename: Ming-Zhi
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Xian-Peng
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Shuang-Xi
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ju
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Ying-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: Si-Liang
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation / Q000502:physiology*; D006151:Guanosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D006151:Guanosine