title: Cytokine profile of natural killer cells in early human pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether the NK1/NK2/NK3/NKr1 paradigm can be adapted in natural killer (NK) cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral blood and/or decidua in healthy non-pregnant women (n = 17), early pregnant women (6-12 weeks of gestation, n = 17) and miscarriage cases (6-11 weeks of gestation, n = 10). We investigated the production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha from peripheral blood- and decidual-CD56bright NK cells and -CD56dim NK cells by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the peripheral blood of the non-pregnant subjects, the main populations of CD56bright NK cells and CD56dim NK cells were IFN-gamma-producing NK1 type cells. Populations of IL-10-producing NKr1 type cells in peripheral blood CD56bright NK cells and CD56dim NK cells in early pregnant women were significantly greater compared with those in non-pregnant women, and these cells population decreased in miscarriage cases. In the early pregnancy decidua, the main populations of CD56bright NK cells and CD56dim NK cells were TGF-beta-producing NK3 type cells, and NK1 type cells were rare. NK3 type cells in decidua were significantly decreased in miscarriage cases compared with those in normal pregnant subjects. IL-4-, IL-5- or IL-13-producing NK2 type cells were rare in peripheral blood and decidua.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support the NK1/NK2/NK3/NKr1 hypothesis. NKr1 type cells in peripheral blood and NK3 type cells in decidua might play some important roles in the maintenance of pregnancy by regulation of maternal immune function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Subaru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higuma-Myojo
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Satomi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Arihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siozaki
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miwa
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D019002:CD56 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019002:CD56 Antigen; D016207:Cytokines