title: Effects of hyperthermia and boric acid on skeletal development in rat embryos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The individual effects of boric acid (BA) and hyperthermia on the development of the axial skeleton have been reported previously. Both cause an increased incidence of axial skeletal defects including a decrease in the total number of ribs and vertebrae. Because of the similarity in the effects of the two agents, we examined their interaction when given in combination to pregnant rats on gestational day (GD) 10.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dams were treated on GD 10 with BA (0, 250, or 500 mg/kg) and hyperthermia (37, 41, or 42 degrees C) and allowed to deliver their pups. Doses of BA were based on results from a dose-finding study. Litters were evaluated on postnatal days (PND) 1 and 3 for number, gender, and weight of pups. On PND3, pups were examined externally and viscerally, and double-stained for skeletal evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A dose-dependent, statistically significant increase in fetal skeletal defects was seen on PND 3 with BA or hyperthermia alone with even greater effects when given in combination. Defects included rib and vertebral fusions, split vertebral centra in the thoracic and lumbar areas, and a decrease in the total number of ribs and vertebrae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased incidence of skeletal defects resulting from combined exposure to hyperthermia and BA was additive for segmentation defects and synergistic for the reduction in numbers of vertebrae.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive and Urologic Drug Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Rockville, Maryland 20857, USA. harroukw@cder.fda.gov
authors.forename: Wafa A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Harrouk
authors.forename: Kellylynn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Kimmel
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: Carole A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kimmel
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology; D001888:Boric Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000002:abnormalities; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013131:Spine / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: D001888:Boric Acids; D007306:Insecticides; C032688:boric acid