title: [Cobalamin deficiencies in adults: update of etiologies, clinical manifestations and treatment].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Update of the adult cobalamin deficiencies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  More precise definitions establish the true cobalamin deficiencies and determine their real epidemiology. The current clinical data suggest the concept of food-cobalamin malabsorption as the leading etiology of cobalamin deficiency. The new features of cobalamin deficiency include neurological, gynecological and vascular manifestations. Current treatment modalities include nasal, sublingual and oral cobalamin administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies are in the way to establish the relevance of the new clinical manifestations and to validate the usefulness of oral cobalamin therapy.
authors.affiliation: Service de médecine interne, diabète et maladies métaboliques de la clinique médicale B, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, France. emmanuel.andres@chru-strasbourg.fr
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andrès
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Affenberger
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vinzio
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Noel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaltenbach
authors.forename: J-L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Schlienger
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008286:Malabsorption Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014806:Vitamin B 12 Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D014805:Vitamin B 12