title: Thesaurus-based disambiguation of gene symbols.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Massive text mining of the biological literature holds great promise of relating disparate information and discovering new knowledge. However, disambiguation of gene symbols is a major bottleneck.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed a simple thesaurus-based disambiguation algorithm that can operate with very little training data. The thesaurus comprises the information from five human genetic databases and MeSH. The extent of the homonym problem for human gene symbols is shown to be substantial (33% of the genes in our combined thesaurus had one or more ambiguous symbols), not only because one symbol can refer to multiple genes, but also because a gene symbol can have many non-gene meanings. A test set of 52,529 Medline abstracts, containing 690 ambiguous human gene symbols taken from OMIM, was automatically generated. Overall accuracy of the disambiguation algorithm was up to 92.7% on the test set.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ambiguity of human gene symbols is substantial, not only because one symbol may denote multiple genes but particularly because many symbols have other, non-gene meanings. The proposed disambiguation approach resolves most ambiguities in our test set with high accuracy, including the important gene/not a gene decisions. The algorithm is fast and scalable, enabling gene-symbol disambiguation in massive text mining applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands. r.schijvenaars@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Bob J A
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Schijvenaars
authors.forename: Barend
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mons
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weeber
authors.forename: Martijn J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schuemie
authors.forename: Erik M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: van Mulligen
authors.forename: Hester M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wain
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kors
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D005796:Genes; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods*; D013561:Symbolism; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D018875:Vocabulary, Controlled