title: The tissue-specific methylation of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene reveals new regulatory elements in the first exon.
abstract: The methylation status of CpG dinucleotides located in or near regulatory elements affects gene expression. The CpG-rich sequence located outside the 5' promoter region of the human Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) gene appears to influence the functional effect of the adjacent intronic HUMTH01 microsatellite. In order to identify new regulatory elements in this region acting on gene expression, the methylation profile of the TH CpG island was investigated using the bisulfite sequencing method. The overall methylation level of this region is correlated to TH-expressing and non-expressing status in cell lines and DNA demethylation treatment with 5-azacytidine increased TH expression. Moreover, in a homogeneous background of methylated CpGs, a single CpG in the first exon of the gene is constantly either unmethylated or methylated in, respectively, TH-expressing or non-expressing cell lines, tissues and single cells. Further analysis ascertained that this CpG is contained in a sequence characterized by putative binding sites for the AP2, Sp1 and KAISO factors. Characterization of this sequence shows that these factors specifically bind their respective sites. Finally, the binding of KAISO, a transcriptional repressor, is conditioned by the methylation of this sequence, which may, thus, participate in the regulation of TH gene expression according to its methylation pattern.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Génétique de la Neurotransmission CNRS UMR 7091 Bât CERVI, INSERM U289 Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Tamás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arányi
authors.forename: Baptiste A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Faucheux
authors.forename: Olfa
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Khalfallah
authors.forename: Guilan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vodjdani
authors.forename: Nicole Faucon
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Biguet
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mallet
authors.forename: Rolando
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meloni
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D005091:Exons / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C436492:KLF12 protein, human; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors; C492254:ZBTB33 protein, human; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase