title: The effects of birth interval on intellectual development of Saudi school children in Eastern Saudi Arabia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of birth intervals on some aspects of intellectual ability of Saudi primary school boys.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study of Saudi school children comparing their intellectual ability (general intelligence) in relation to the length of the birth interval before and after the birth of the index child. The study area comprised 3 townships in the eastern province; Khobar, Thogba and Dhahran. The study was conducted in 2000/2001 and the study population comprised Saudi primary school boys aged 9-10 years from a middle class background. A 2 stage random sampling technique was adopted. Data were collected using student data sheet, a family questionnaire and the Standard Progressive Raven Matrices Test of intellectual ability, standardized for use in Saudi Arabia. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 90% of children born after a birth interval greater than 35 months were classified as average and above according to the Raven Matrices Test, compared to 79% of children born after a birth interval of less than 19 months (p<0.03). Analysis of variance showed that test scores increased consistently as the succeeding birth interval increased. Multivariate analysis showed the most import predicting variables in the Raven Matrices Test to be family income and height.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longer birth intervals were shown to be associated with higher general intelligence levels in the 9-10 year olds. These results confirm those obtained in a previous study in Singapore conducted more than 2 decades ago. Our results have also shown that the succeeding birth interval is more significant than the preceding interval in relation to perceptive ability of children. The findings enable us to advise parents that by observing a birth interval between 2-3 years would make their children grow and do better at school.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, PO Box 2114, Dammam 31451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. hassanbella@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bella
authors.forename: Mohamed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.forename: Sameeh M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Al-Almaie
authors.forename: Nabil Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Kurashi
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wahas
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001721:Birth Intervals; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D003268:Contraception Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D014505:Urban Population