title: A case study: surface contamination of cyclophosphamide due to working practices and cleaning procedures in two Italian hospitals.
abstract: The efficacy of preventive and organisational measures implemented in Italy to prevent the contamination of cytotoxic drug preparation rooms has been investigated, and oncologic wards of two Italian hospitals were examined. The sampling strategy was based not only on potential sources of contamination but also on responses to detailed questionnaires on workplace practices and work organisation. Wipe samples were taken from different surfaces of preparation rooms, before and after the work shift, over a span of a month. Cyclophosphamide was taken as the marker drug that reflects exposure to cytotoxic drugs, being measurable by GC/MS. In one of the two hospitals (Hospital A), a large amount of cyclophosphamide was found, both before and after shift, on the workbench (median value, 2.55 microg dm(-2), before shift), on the floor between the operator working position and the waste bin (>10 microg dm(-2), after shift), as also on door handles and storage shelves. No quantifiable levels of cytotoxic drug were detected in the second hospital investigated (Hospital B). These results could be attributed to the efficacy of cleaning procedures and working practices. In fact, both hospitals were provided with vertical-laminar airflow hoods and the (male) nurses had attended special training courses; but in Hospital A, cleaning procedures were carried out without substances used specifically for the cleaning of surfaces contaminated by cytotoxic drugs such as sodium hypochlorite. Working practices did not include Luer Lock devices. Cyclophosphamide concentrations found in both hospitals, compared with the quantities of drug handled, gave evidence of the importance of the correct handling of cytotoxic agents as a major tool in reducing contamination levels. The results reveal the insufficiency of the risk management measures which do not take into account working practices that are prevailing, and stress the necessity for periodic environmental monitoring, indispensable for evolving effective procedures to prevent antineoplastic drug exposure.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Pubblica e della Sicurezza Sociale,Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy. acampora@unina.it
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Acampora
authors.forename: Loredana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Castiglia
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miraglia
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pieri
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soave
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liotti
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sannolo
mesh_terms: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000032:analysis*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000032:analysis*; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D006757:Hospital Units; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000032:analysis; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D017132:Workplace
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D007069:Ifosfamide