title: Measuring the cost, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of orthodontic care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of orthodontic treatment per case in one "fee for item" and two different types of salaried orthodontic clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study recruited a random sample of six self-employed orthodontists (fee-for-item) and six orthodontists from both hospital and community clinics (salaried services). One hundred patients were followed to completion of orthodontic care. Questionnaires were employed to determine cost of treatment from the clinicians' and patients' points of views. Four cost-effectiveness models were developed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete records of outcome were available for 1,087 patients, but only 789 had complete data on costing. Three of the four cost-effectiveness models indicated similar rankings for the 18 clinicians. The most cost-effective service was provided by clinicians working in community clinics, followed by clinicians working in hospitals, then self-employed clinicians. The preferred cost-effective model takes into consideration the initial need and successful outcome of orthodontic treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cost-effectiveness models have been developed to quantify the performance of individual clinicians working in self-employed and salaried clinics. Costs and effectiveness of the clinicians in each clinical setting show considerable variation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Health and Biological Sciences, Dental School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK. richmonds@cardiff.ac.uk
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richmond
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dunstan
authors.forename: Ceri
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Durning
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leahy
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003740:Dental Clinics / Q000191:economics; D003796:Dental Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics; D004526:Efficiency; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D018803:Models, Economic; D015588:Observer Variation; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000191:economics*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011331:Private Practice / Q000191:economics; D019233:Retreatment / Q000191:economics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom