title: Investigation of the effects of physiological and vasodilation-induced autonomic activation on the QTc Interval in healthy male subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Drug-induced prolongation of the QTc interval is an important marker for potential proarrhythmic action. Prolongation of the QTc interval results from alteration of the ionic currents that regulate cardiac repolarisation. Such effects may result from direct drug action or alternatively they could also occur indirectly by drug-induced modulation of autonomic tone, which is known to regulate cardiac repolarization. This study examined the effects of physiological and drug-induced autonomic activation on heart rate, QT and QTc intervals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 29 healthy male subjects aged 18-30 years. Electrocardiographs were recorded before and during autonomic activation induced by mental activation, standing, exercise and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) (0.5 mg sublingual)-induced vasodilation in the presence and absence of beta-blockade (atenolol 100 mg daily for 4 days). QT intervals were measured manually by electronic callipers and corrected using the Fridericia formula.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart rates were significantly increased during mental arithmetic, standing, exercise and GTN and this effect was significantly attenuated by atenolol, except for mental activation. QTc intervals were significantly reduced on standing and exercise and this was significantly attenuated by atenolol during exercise. In contrast, GTN increased QTc intervals (Delta = 5.7 ms, confidence interval +/- 3.2 ms, P < 0.005) and this was not attenuated by atenolol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alteration in QTc intervals may result from physiological manoeuvres and vasodilation, interventions known to induce autonomic activation. We suggest that QTc prolongation due to GTN is indirectly mediated and unlikely to carry any proarrhythmic effect. Understanding whether drug-induced QTc prolongation is directly or indirectly mediated may be important to determine any potential proarrhythmic risk.
authors.affiliation: Academic Cardiology Unit, Division NHLI, Imperial College, St Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anwar
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sheridan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology*; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D005996:Nitroglycerin