title: Rodent models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: An ideal animal model should be similar to the disorder it models in terms of etiology, biochemistry, symptomatology, and treatment. Animal models provide several advantages over clinical research: simpler nervous systems, easily interpreted behaviors, genetic homogeneity, easily controlled environment, and a greater variety of interventions. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder of childhood onset that is characterized by inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. Its diagnosis is behaviorally based; therefore, the validation of an ADHD model must be based in behavior. An ADHD model must mimic the fundamental behavioral characteristics of ADHD (face validity), conform to a theoretical rationale for ADHD (construct validity), and predict aspects of ADHD behavior, genetics, and neurobiology previously uncharted in clinical settings (predictive validity). Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) fulfill many of the validation criteria and compare well with clinical cases of ADHD. Poor performers in the five-choice serial reaction time task and Naples high-excitability rats (NHE) are useful models for attention-deficit disorder. Other animal models either focus on the less important symptom of hyperactivity and might be of limited value in ADHD research or are produced in ways that would not lead to a clinical diagnosis of ADHD in humans, even if ADHD-like behavior is displayed.
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Study at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. terje.sagvolden@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Terje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sagvolden
authors.forename: Vivienne A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aase
authors.forename: Espen Borgå
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farshbaf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006948:Hyperkinesis; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR / Q000502:physiology; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012727:Sex Characteristics