title: The efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccination among Thai elderly persons living in the community.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination in the Thai elderly living in an urban community.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design was a stratified, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 635 participants aged 60 years and older living in an urban community was randomized to receive an influenza vaccine or tetanus toxoid as a placebo injection. All participants were followed up 4-6 weeks in the community for influenza-like illness and treatment received, hospitalization and death for one year. A hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for influenza virus antibody of all participants was done on the day of vaccination as well as 1 month, 5 months, and 12 months after the vaccination. Main outcome measures were immune response rate and protective titer, influenza-like illness, serological influenza, treatment received for influenza-like illness and their expenses, hospitalization and death during the study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The immune response rate of vaccinations was 97.1% and protective titer for A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) strains were 96.4 and 98.6%, respectively. The incidence of influenza-like illness was 4.83% in the vaccine group compared with 10.88% in the placebo group. The relative risk reduction was 56% (95% CI = 14 to 77%). The survival analysis also showed that vaccinations significantly reduced the incidence of influenza (p = 0. 009). The number needed to prevent one episode was 17 persons (95% CI = 9 to 71 persons). The adverse reactions of vaccinations were mild and tolerable. However, the number of treatments received for influenza-like illness and their cost were not significantly different between the two groups. None of the subjects had pneumonia nor needed hospitalization during the study period. Seven participants died during the year of follow up, but not from influenza.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Thai elderly living in the community, influenza vaccination reduced the incidence of influenza-like illness by half, but not the number of treatments received for influenza-like illness, their cost, and its serious complications. In the year of the study, considering the cost of vaccines and the numbers needed to prevent one episode of infection from the provider's viewpoint, it may not be cost-effective to recommend that all Thai older persons living in the community should receive influenza vaccination annually. Vaccination recommendation for the elderly should be promptly implemented in expectation of a severe epidemic in Thailand.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medcine, Siriraj Hospital, Mohidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Rungnirand
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Praditsuwan
authors.forename: Prasert
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Assantachai
authors.forename: Chantapong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wasi
authors.forename: Pilaipan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puthavatana
authors.forename: Uraiwan
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kositanont
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D032541:Mass Vaccination / Q000191:economics; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines