title: Inhibition of influenza-virus-induced apoptosis in chorion cells of human fetal membranes by nordihydroguaiaretic Acid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been postulated that the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection involves not only the virus-proliferation-mediated apoptotic cell death in infected cells, but also a direct reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced cellular injury in the infected organs. We examined effects of an antioxidant, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), on apoptosis induction and viral proliferation. Subsequently, the results were compared with those of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), another antioxidant.
  
  
  METHODS
  The levels of ROS production were measured with 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate; apoptosis induction and viral proliferation were analyzed by DNA fragmentation and plaque-forming assays, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The treatment of infected cells with NDGA inhibited ROS overproduction, apoptotic DNA fragmentation and virus proliferation. The maximum inhibition against DNA fragmentation (76%) was observed with 500 microM NDGA. The antiviral activity of NDGA against influenza virus was more potent than that of PDTC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study, therefore, suggests for the first time that NDGA, a known antioxidant reagent, inhibits the induction of apoptosis in human fetal membrane chorion cells infected with influenza virus through the more potent antiviral activity than that of PDTC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Molecular Genetics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, and Yoneyama Maternity Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. uchide@ps.toyaku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uchide
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohyama
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bessho
authors.forename: Hiroo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toyoda
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002823:Chorion / Q000821:virology*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D006801:Humans; D009637:Masoprocol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009637:Masoprocol