title: Size acceptance and intuitive eating improve health for obese, female chronic dieters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Examine a model that encourages health at every size as opposed to weight loss. The health at every size concept supports homeostatic regulation and eating intuitively (ie, in response to internal cues of hunger, satiety, and appetite).
  
  
  METHODS
  Six-month, randomized clinical trial; 2-year follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  White, obese, female chronic dieters, aged 30 to 45 years (N=78).
  
  
  METHODS
  Free-living, general community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six months of weekly group intervention (health at every size program or diet program), followed by 6 months of monthly aftercare group support.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anthropometry (weight, body mass index), metabolic fitness (blood pressure, blood lipids), energy expenditure, eating behavior (restraint, eating disorder pathology), and psychology (self-esteem, depression, body image). Attrition, attendance, and participant evaluations of treatment helpfulness were also monitored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cognitive restraint decreased in the health at every size group and increased in the diet group, indicating that both groups implemented their programs. Attrition (6 months) was high in the diet group (41%), compared with 8% in the health at every size group. Fifty percent of both groups returned for 2-year evaluation. Health at every size group members maintained weight, improved in all outcome variables, and sustained improvements. Diet group participants lost weight and showed initial improvement in many variables at 1 year; weight was regained and little improvement was sustained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The health at every size approach enabled participants to maintain long-term behavior change; the diet approach did not. Encouraging size acceptance, reduction in dieting behavior, and heightened awareness and response to body signals resulted in improved health risk indicators for obese women.
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California, Davis, USA. lbacon@ccsf.edu
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bacon
authors.forename: Judith S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Marta D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Van Loan
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Keim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D004435:Eating; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000502:physiology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology*; D012649:Self Concept; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids