title: Lethal effect and apoptotic DNA fragmentation in response of D-GalN-treated mice to bacterial LPS can be suppressed by pre-exposure to minute amount of bacterial LPS: dual role of TNF receptor 1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether induction of tolerance of mice to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was able to inhibit apoptotic reaction in terms of characteristic DNA fragmentation and protect mice from lethal effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental groups of mice were pretreated with non-lethal amount of LPS (0.05 microg). Both control and experimental groups simultaneously were challenged with LPS plus D-GalN for 6-7 h. The evaluations of both DNA fragmentations from the livers and the protection efficacy against lethality to mice through induction of tolerance to LPS were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the naive mice challenge with LPS plus D-GalN resulted in complete death in 24 h, whereas a characteristic apoptotic DNA fragmentation was exclusively seen in the livers of mice receiving LPS in combination with D-GalN. The mortality in the affected mice was closely correlated to the onset of DNA fragmentation. By contrast, in the mice pre-exposed to LPS, both lethal effect and apoptotic DNA fragmentation were suppressed when challenged with LPS/D-GalN. In addition to LPS, the induction of mouse tolerance to TNF also enabled mice to cross-react against death and apoptotic DNA fragmentation when challenged with TNF and/or LPS in the presence of D-GalN. Moreover, this protection effect by LPS could last up to 24 h. TNFR1 rather than TNFR2 played a dual role in signaling pathway of either induction of tolerance to LPS for the protection of mice from mortality or inducing morbidity leading to the death of mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mortality of D-GalN-treated mice in response to LPS was exceedingly correlated to the onset of apoptosis in the liver, which can be effectively suppressed by brief exposure of mice to a minute amount of LPS. The induced tolerance status was mediated not only by LPS but also by TNF. The developed tolerance to either LPS or TNF can be reciprocally cross-reacted between LPS and TNF challenges, whereas the signaling of induction of tolerance and promotion of apoptosis was through TNFR1, rather than TNFR2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Bing-Rong
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gumenscheimer
authors.forename: Marina-A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Freudenberg
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Galanos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D005688:Galactosamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D005688:Galactosamine