title: Neurobehavioral evaluation of rhesus monkey infants fed cow's milk formula, soy formula, or soy formula with added manganese.
abstract: The possible neurobehavioral effects of excess manganese in soy formula were studied. Male rhesus monkeys (n=8/group) were fed a commercial cow's milk based formula (Control), a commercial soy protein based formula (Soy), or the soy formula with added manganese (Soy+Mn) from birth to 4 months of age. Soy formulas naturally have higher manganese (Mn) content than cow's milk formulas. Monkeys received behavioral evaluations, growth measurements, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling from birth to 18 months of age. Soy and Soy+Mn groups engaged in less play behavior and more affiliative clinging in social dyadic interactions. These groups also had shorter wake cycles and shorter periods of daytime inactivity than controls. An impulsivity test was sensitive to the Soy group diet. The Soy+Mn group also had a blunted response to the dopamine agonist apomorphine. Groups did not differ significantly in CSF dopamine and serotonin metabolite concentrations, but these concentrations were correlated with several tasks affected by experimental formula. This experiment suggests that components of soy formula, including Mn, may influence brain development as reflected in behavioral measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, CNPRC, Rm 1925, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA. msgolub@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Mari S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Golub
authors.forename: Casey E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hogrefe
authors.forename: Stacey L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Germann
authors.forename: Trinh T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Beard
authors.forename: Francis M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Crinella
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lonnerdal
mesh_terms: D000204:Activity Cycles / Q000502:physiology; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D004032:Diet; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005527:Food, Fortified; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008892:Milk; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012201:Reward; D012919:Social Behavior; D041942:Soy Milk / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D013694:Temperament / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D008345:Manganese