title: Serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells infectious burden: correlation to inflammation and atherosclerosis in haemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infectious agents may be implicated in the inflammatory atherosclerotic process. Not only specific microorganisms but also the infectious burden, defined as the number of pathogens to which a patient is exposed, has been associated with atherosclerosis. In the present study, the infectious burden, determined directly (by identification of viable pathogens in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)) and indirectly (by serum antibodies detection) is correlated to the inflammatory and atherosclerotic status in haemodialysis (HD) patients, a population at high risk for cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The viable forms of four microorganisms (Chlamydia pneumoniae, herpes virus 1 and 2 and cytomegalovirus) were identified in patients PBMC by cell cultures and subsequent polymerase chain reaction. Serum IgG against the above pathogens and Helicobacter pylori were also determined. Inflammation was assessed by measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), three pro- and one anti-inflammatory cytokines and four adhesion molecules. Atherosclerosis was defined by a scoring system using medical history data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of viable pathogens identified in PBMC in the 122 HD patients included in the study were zero in 22.1% of them, one in 33.6%, two in 43.4% and three in one patient. The number of IgG antibodies determined was one in 6.6% of patients, two in 32%, three in 48.4% and four in 13.1%. Seropositivity was not significantly different between patients with or without the respective viable pathogen identified in PBMC. Atherosclerosis was present in 40.2% of patients, and CRP, SAA and interleukin-6 were all increased in these patients. Neither inflammatory indexes nor atherosclerosis were significantly different in patients with a higher number of viable pathogens detected in PBMC or in those with a higher antibodies number.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The direct infectious burden determination (the number of viable pathogens in PBMC) does not coincide with the serum (by IgG detection) infectious burden. Although inflammation correlates to atherosclerosis, neither PBMC nor the serum infectious burden is associated with these two entities in the inflamed and atherosclerotic HD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece. tsipg@hellasnet.gr
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tsirpanlis
authors.forename: Stylianos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chatzipanagiotou
authors.forename: Anastasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ioannidis
authors.forename: Fotini
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boufidou
authors.forename: Spyros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moutafis
authors.forename: Chrysoula
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nicolaou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology*; D023521:Chlamydophila Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D016993:Chlamydophila pneumoniae; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G