title: Hypoxaemia enhances peripheral muscle oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because oxidative stress affects muscle function, the underlying mechanism to explain exercise induced peripheral muscle oxidative stress in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is clinically relevant. This study investigated whether chronic hypoxaemia in COPD worsens peripheral muscle oxidative stress and whether an abnormal muscle inflammatory process is associated with it.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine chronically hypoxaemic and nine non-hypoxaemic patients performed repeated knee extensions until exhaustion. Biopsy specimens were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle before and 48 hours after exercise. Muscle oxidative stress was evaluated by lipid peroxidation (lipofuscin and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs)) and oxidised proteins. Inflammation was evaluated by quantifying muscle neutrophil and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When both groups were taken together, arterial oxygen pressure was positively correlated with quadriceps endurance time (n = 18, r = 0.57; p < 0.05). At rest, quadriceps lipofuscin inclusions were significantly greater in hypoxaemic patients than in non-hypoxaemic patients (2.9 (0.2) v 2.0 (0.3) inclusions/fibre; p < 0.05). Exercise induced a greater increase in muscle TBARs and oxidised proteins in hypoxaemic patients than in non-hypoxaemic patients (40.6 (9.1)% v 10.1 (5.8)% and 51.2 (11.9)% v 3.7 (12.2)%, respectively, both p = 0.01). Neutrophil levels were significantly higher in hypoxaemic patients than in non-hypoxaemic patients (53.1 (11.6) v 21.5 (11.2) counts per fibre x 10(-3); p < 0.05). Exercise did not alter muscle neutrophil levels in either group. Muscle TNF-alpha was not detected at baseline or after exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic hypoxaemia was associated with lower quadriceps endurance time and worsened muscle oxidative stress at rest and after exercise. Increased muscle neutrophil levels could be a source of the increased baseline oxidative damage. The involvement of a muscle inflammatory process in the exercise induced oxidative stress of patients with COPD remains to be shown.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physiologie des Interactions, Service Central de Physiologie Clinique, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France. christelle_koechlin@hotmail.com
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koechlin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maltais
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: LeBlanc
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayot
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Préfaut
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001706:Biopsy; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000378:metabolism*; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers