title: Influence of container adsorption upon observed pyrethroid toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca.
abstract: Pyrethroid insecticides are known for their potential toxicity to aquatic invertebrates and many fish species. A significant problem in the study of pyrethroid toxicity is their extreme hydrophobicity. They can adsorb to test container surfaces and many studies, therefore, report pyrethroid levels as nominal water concentrations. In this study, pyrethroid adsorption to sampling and test containers was measured and several container treatments were examined for their ability to decrease pyrethroid adsorption. None of the chemical treatments were successful at preventing pyrethroid loss from aqueous samples, but vortexing of containers served to resuspend pyrethroids. The effects of the observed adsorption on Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca permethrin toxicity were examined. Species-specific results showed a time-dependent decrease in toxicity following pyrethroid adsorption to test containers for C. dubia, but not for H. azteca. These results demonstrate that pyrethroid adsorption to containers can significantly affect the observed outcome in toxicity-testing and serves as a caution for researchers and testing laboratories.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Craig E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wheelock
authors.forename: Jeff L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Mike J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Bryn M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Shirley J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: Ronald S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tjeerdema
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hammock
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D033304:Amphipoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D033361:Cladocera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D019064:Product Packaging; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins