title: Pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam in patients with moderate to severe liver cirrhosis (Child-Pugh classes A, B, and C): characterization by dynamic liver function tests.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Levetiracetam is an antiepileptic drug approved for use as adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures. We sought to investigate possible changes in the pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam and its metabolite ucb L057 in patients with liver cirrhosis, who may require dose adjustments.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single dose of levetiracetam was administered to 5 healthy subjects and to patients with Child-Pugh class A (n = 5), B (n = 6), or C (n = 5) alcohol-induced cirrhosis. The pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam and ucb L057 was measured and correlated with biochemical liver function parameters, with creatinine clearance, and with kinetics of caffeine, lidocaine, and d -sorbitol as probes for specific liver functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dynamic liver function tests revealed a deterioration of liver function. The pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam and its metabolite did not differ between healthy subjects and those with class A or B cirrhosis. However, in patients with class C cirrhosis, levetiracetam total clearance was reduced by 57% (90% confidence interval [CI], 43%-67%; P < .001). The geometric mean ratio of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve for levetiracetam, Child-Pugh class C versus control, was 2.41 (90% CI, 1.80-3.23), and the geometric mean of the half-life ratio was 2.27 (90% CI, 1.74-2.97). This was explained by the deterioration of renal function in patients with severe hepatic disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In pharmacokinetic studies of hepatic impairment, including all classes of cirrhosis may be more revealing than including only selected classes of liver failure. No dose adjustment of levetiracetam is necessary in patients with mild to moderate liver impairment; however, patients with severe cirrhosis should initially receive only half of the commonly recommended dose.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Klinische Pharmakologie, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Brussels.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brockmöller
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wittstock
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coupez
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lochs
authors.forename: Ivar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roots
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008104:Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic / Q000378:metabolism*; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010889:Piracetam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013012:Sorbitol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D002110:Caffeine; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D013012:Sorbitol; D008012:Lidocaine; D010889:Piracetam