title: PI3K and PKC contribute to membrane depolarization mediated by alpha2-adrenoceptors in the canine isolated mesenteric vein.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Norepinephrine (NE), a classic neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system, induces vasoconstriction of canine isolated mesenteric vein that is accompanied by a sustained membrane depolarization. The mechanisms underlying the NE-elicited membrane depolarization remain undefined. In the present study we hypothesized that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase C (PKC) are involved in the electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced slow membrane depolarization (SMD) in canine isolated mesenteric vein. EFS (0.1-2 Hz, 0.1 ms, 15V, 10 s)-induced changes in the membrane potential were recorded with a conventional intracellular microelectrode technique and evaluated in the absence and presence of inhibitors of neuronal activity, alpha-adrenoceptors, membrane ion channels, PI3K, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP3) receptors, and PKC. Activation of PI3Kgamma and PKCzeta in response to exogenous NE and clonidine in the absence and presence of receptor and kinase inhibitors were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contractile responses to NE and clonidine (0.05 - 10 microM) were significantly diminished in the presence of yohimbine (0.1 microM). Exogenous NE (0.1 microM) and clonidine (1 microM) elicited SMD. The resting membrane potential of canine mesenteric vein smooth muscle cells was -68.8 +/- 0.8 mV. EFS elicited a biphasic depolarization comprised of excitatory junction potentials and SMD that are purinergic and adrenergic in nature, respectively. The magnitude of the SMD in response to EFS at 0.5 Hz was 9.4 +/- 0.7 mV. This response was reduced by 65-98% by the fast Na+ channel inhibitor tetrodotoxin (1 microM), by the inhibitor of N-type Ca2+ channels omega-conotoxin GVIA (5 nM), the non-selective alpha-adrenoceptor blocker phentolamine (1 microM), the selective alpha2-adrenoceptor blocker yohimbine (0.1 microM), the ion channel inhibitors niflumic acid (NFA, 100 microM), 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB, 30 microM), 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS, 200 microM), and Gd3+ (30 microM), and the PI3K inhibitors wortmannin (100 nM) and LY-294002 (10 microM). The SMD remained unchanged in the presence of the L-type Ca2+ channel blocker nicardipine (1 microM) and the InsP3 receptor blockers 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborate (2APB, 50 microM) and xestospongin C (3 microM). The inhibitor of PKC chelerythrine (1 microM), but not calphostin C (10 microM), diminished the SMD. Exogenous NE and clonidine (1 microM each) activated both PI3Kgamma and PKCzeta, and the activation of these kinases was abolished by preincubation of tissue with the alpha2-adrenoceptor blocker yohimbine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuronally-released NE stimulates smooth muscle alpha2-adrenoceptors and activates PI3K and atypical PKC in the canine mesenteric vein. Events downstream of PKC lead to SMD and vasoconstriction. This represents a novel pathway for NE-induced membrane depolarization in a vascular smooth muscle preparation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA. yambo@med.unr.edu
authors.forename: Ilia A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Yamboliev
authors.forename: Violeta N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Mutafova-Yambolieva
mesh_terms: D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000502:physiology; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004285:Dogs; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053496:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D008566:Membranes / Q000502:physiology; D008642:Mesenteric Veins / Q000502:physiology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000502:physiology*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000502:physiology; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000502:physiology; D000099221:Protein Kinase C zeta
chemical_list: D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D015220:Calcium Channels; D003000:Clonidine; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D053496:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors; D007473:Ion Channels; D009638:Norepinephrine; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D000099221:Protein Kinase C zeta