title: Antioxidant activity of Crataegus aronia aqueous extract used in traditional Arab medicine in Israel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The medicinal use of extracts prepared from plant parts of the genus Crataegus dates back to ancient times. Furthermore, it has been proposed that its antioxidant constituents account for its beneficial therapeutic effects. A decoction of leaves and unripe fruits from Crataegus aronia syn. azarolus (L) (Rosaceae), the indigenous Israeli hawthorn, is used to treat cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and sexual weakness in Arab traditional medicine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Because laboratory data on the bioactivity of extracts prepared from the indigenous Israeli hawthorn is lacking, we evaluated the antioxidant and cytotoxic potentials of an extract prepared from leaves and unripe fruits in a variety of cell and cell-free in vitro assays.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antioxidant assays measured: (a) its ability to inhibit (i) oxidation of beta-carotene, (ii) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidino-propan) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced plasma oxidation and (iii) iron-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenates; (b) its ability to scavenge the superoxide (O2-) radical; (c) its effects on the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO) activity; (d) its effect on the redox state of glutathione (GSH) in cultured Hep G2 cells. In addition, we also evaluated the effects of the extract on cell membrane integrity and mitochondrial respiration in cultured Hep G2 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Water-soluble extracts inhibited (1) oxidation of beta-carotene, (2) AAPH-induced plasma oxidation and (3) Fe(2+)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenates. In addition, the extract (4) is an efficient scavenger of the O2- (5) increases intracellular GSH levels and (6) is not cytotoxic. Accordingly, we propose that the therapeutic benefit of Crataegus aronia can be, at least in part, attributed to its effective inhibition of oxidative processes, efficient scavenging of O2- and possible increasing GSH biosynthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel.
authors.forename: Predrag
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ljubuncic
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Portnaya
authors.forename: Uri
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Cogan
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Azaizeh
authors.forename: Arieh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bomzon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027825:Crataegus; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D007557:Israel; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019207:beta Carotene; D013481:Superoxides; C007145:crataegus extract; D005978:Glutathione