title: 6-Hydroxydopamine-induced glutathione alteration occurs via glutathione enzyme system in primary cultured astrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the role of enzymes involved in glutathione metabolism in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced glutathione alteration in primary cultured astrocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total glutathione (GSx) levels were determined using the modified enzymatic microtiter plate assay. The mRNA levels of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gammaGCS), gamma-glutamyltransferase (gammaGT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), GR(glutathione reductase), and glutathione transferases (GST) were determined using RT-PCR. gammaGT activity was determined using gammaGT assay kits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In primary cultured astrocytes, 6-OHDA induced a significant elevation of cellular GSx levels after treatment for 24 h. However, the GSx levels decreased after 24 h and the values were even lower than the value in the control group without 6-OHDA at 48 h. RT-PCR data showed that the mRNA levels of gammaGCS, the rate-limiting enzyme of gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine (GSH) synthesis, were increased by 6-OHDA after treatment for 24 h and 48 h; the mRNA levels of GPx, GR, and GST did not alter in 6-OHDA-treated astrocytes after treatment for 24 h and 48 h; and 6-OHDA increased the mRNA levels and the activity of gammaGT after treatment for 48 h, which induced a decrease in GSx levels, despite the up-regulation of gammaGCS after exposure to 6-OHDA for 48 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The change in gammaGCS correlated with the increase in GSH levels induced by 6-OHDA after treatment for 24 h. GSx levels decreased because of increased gammaGT mRNA levels and gammaGT activity induced by 6-OHDA after treatment for 48 h.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jian-Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Hong-Hong
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016627:Oxidopamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016627:Oxidopamine; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase; D005978:Glutathione