title: The graft/tunnel angles in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a cadaveric comparison of two techniques for femoral tunnel placement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, the tibial tunnel/graft angle (or killer turn) has been implicated in graft failure when using transtibial tunnel placement. The graft/femoral tunnel angle (or critical corner) can also contribute to shear stress and early graft failure. The purpose of this study was to quantitate the killer turn angle in flexion and extension and to compare critical corner angles using outside-in and inside-out techniques for femoral tunnel placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cadaveric, biomechanical comparison.
  
  
  METHODS
  One transtibial tunnel and 2 femoral tunnels were marked with guidewires in 9 fresh-frozen cadaveric knees. The killer turn and the 2 critical corner angles were measured at 90 degrees of flexion and full extension on fluoroscopic images. Results were analyzed using a Student t test with paired data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average killer turn was 70 degrees +/- 12 degrees and 78 degrees +/- 7 degrees in flexion and extension, respectively. Knee extension significantly increased the killer turn angle (P = .048). The average critical corner was 50 degrees +/- 16 degrees and -14 degrees +/- 18 degrees with the outside-in technique versus 87 degrees +/- 8 degrees and 27 degrees +/- 14 degrees with the inside-out technique in flexion and extension, respectively. The inside-out technique significantly increased the critical corner in flexion (P = .00007) and extension (P = .00005). At 90 degrees of flexion, the critical corner angle using the inside-out technique significantly exceeded the killer turn angle (P = .003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend the outside-in technique for femoral tunnel placement to reduce the graft/femoral tunnel angle. Using the inside-out technique can significantly sharpen the critical corner, causing it to exceed the killer turn in flexion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that significantly lower graft/femoral tunnel angles can be obtained when using the outside-in technique for femoral tunnel placement when compared with the inside-out technique. This may translate to lower rates of graft failure in clinical application, although further clinical studies are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Handy
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Blessey
authors.forename: Alex J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery; D008022:Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery