title: The FEMA GRAS assessment of benzyl derivatives used as flavor ingredients.
abstract: This publication is the eighth in a series of safety evaluations performed by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA). In 1993, the panel initiated a comprehensive program to re-evaluate the safety of more than 1700 GRAS flavoring substances under conditions of intended use. Elements that are fundamental to the safety evaluation of flavor ingredients include exposure, structural analogy, metabolism, pharmacokinetics and toxicology. Flavor ingredients are evaluated individually and in the context of the available scientific information on the group of structurally related substances. Scientific data relevant to the safety evaluation of the use of benzyl derivatives as flavoring ingredients is evaluated. The group of benzyl derivatives was reaffirmed as GRAS (GRASr) based, in part, on their self-limiting properties as flavoring substances in food; their rapid absorption, metabolic detoxication, and excretion in humans and other animals, their low level of flavor use, the wide margins of safety between the conservative estimates of intake and the no-observed-adverse effect levels determined from subchronic and chronic studies and the lack of significant genotoxic and mutagenic potential. This evidence of safety is supported by the fact that the intake of benzyl derivatives as natural components of traditional foods is greater than their intake as intentionally added flavoring substances.
authors.affiliation: Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1620 I Street, N.W., Suite 925, Washington, DC 20006, United States. tadams@therobertsgroup.net
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doull
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Feron
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Marnett
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Munro
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Portoghese
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Waddell
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D019817:Benzoic Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D019905:Benzyl Alcohol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity*; D019649:Food Industry; D006801:Humans; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D001547:Benzaldehydes; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D019817:Benzoic Acid; D019905:Benzyl Alcohol; C032175:benzaldehyde