title: Automated method for generating the arterial input function on perfusion-weighted MR imaging: validation in patients with stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The choice of arterial input function (AIF) can have a profound effect on the blood flow maps generated on perfusion-weighted MR imaging (PWI). Automation of this process could substantially reduce operator dependency, increase consistency, and accelerate PWI analysis. We created an automated AIF identification program (auto-AIF) and validated its performance against conventional manual methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the auto-AIF against manually derived AIFs from multisection PWIs of 22 patients with stroke. Time to peak, curve width, curve height, and voxel location determined with both techniques were compared. The time to maximum of the tissue residue function (Tmax) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were computed on a per-pixel basis for each AIF. Spatial patterns of 528 map pairs were compared by computing Pearson correlation coefficients between maps generated with each method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All auto-AIF-derived PWI map parameters, including bolus peak, width, and height, were consistently superior to manually derived ones. Reproducibility of the auto-AIF-based Tmax maps was excellent (r = 1.0). Paired Tmax maps and CBF maps from both techniques were well correlated (r = 0.82). Time to identify the AIF was significantly shorter with the auto-AIF method than with the manual technique (mean difference, 72 seconds; 95% confidence interval: 54, 89 seconds).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An automated program that identifies the AIF is feasible and can create reliably reproducible and accurate Tmax and CBF maps. Automation of this process could reduce PWI analysis time and increase consistency and may allow for more effective use of PWI in the evaluation of acute stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mlynash
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eyngorn
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bammer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moseley
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Tong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*