Uncovering of intracellular water in cultured cells.
The complexity of biologic tissues, with multiple compartments each with its own diffusion and relaxation properties, requires complex formalisms to model water signal in most magnetic resonance imaging or magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments. In this article, we describe a magnetic susceptibility-induced shift in the resonance frequency of extracellular water by the introduction of a gadolinium contrast agent to medium perfusing a hollow fiber bioreactor. The frequency shift of the extracellular water (+185 Hz at 9.4 T) uncovers the intracellular water and allows direct measurement of motional and relaxation properties of the intracellular space. The proposed method provides a unique tool for understanding the mechanisms underlining diffusion and relaxation in the intracellular space.
Galons
Jean-Philippe
JP
Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA. jgalons@u.arizona.edu
Lope-Piedrafita
Silvia
S
Divijak
Joseph L
JL
Corum
Curt
C
Gillies
Robert J
RJ
Trouard
Theodore P
TP
D000818:Animals; D019149:Bioreactors; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003287:Contrast Media; D004058:Diffusion; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005910:Glioma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
D003287:Contrast Media; D014867:Water; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA