title: Multilevel modelling of built environment characteristics related to neighbourhood walking activity in older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relation between built environment factors (representing several dimensions of urban form of neighbourhoods) and walking activity at both the neighbourhood level and the resident level, in an older adult sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional, multilevel design with neighbourhoods as the primary sampling unit and senior residents as the secondary unit. Five hundred and seventy seven residents (mean age = 74 years, SD = 6.3 years) participated in the survey, which was conducted among 56 city defined neighbourhoods in Portland, Oregon, USA. Neighbourhood level variables were constructed using geographical information systems. Resident level variables consisted of a mix of self reports and geocoded data on the built environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self reported neighbourhood walking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A positive relation was found between built environment factors (density of places of employment, household density, green and open spaces for recreation, number of street intersections) and walking activity at the neighbourhood level. At the resident level, perceptions of safety for walking and number of nearby recreational facilities were positively related to high levels of walking activity. A significant interaction was observed between number of street intersections and perceptions of safety from traffic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Certain neighbourhood built environment characteristics related to urban form were positively associated with walking activity in the neighbourhoods of senior residents. Public health promotion of walking activity/urban mobility and the design of interventions need to consider the contribution of neighbourhood level built environment influences.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute, 1715 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA. fuzhongl@ori.org
authors.forename: Fuzhong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: K John
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Ross C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Brownson
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bosworth
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004780:Environment, Controlled; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006798:Housing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009922:Oregon; D011156:Population Density; D011634:Public Health; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016138:Walking