title: TGF-beta1 induces human alveolar epithelial to mesenchymal cell transition (EMT).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fibroblastic foci are characteristic features in lung parenchyma of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). They comprise aggregates of mesenchymal cells which underlie sites of unresolved epithelial injury and are associated with progression of fibrosis. However, the cellular origins of these mesenchymal phenotypes remain unclear. We examined whether the potent fibrogenic cytokine TGF-beta1 could induce epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the human alveolar epithelial cell line, A549, and investigated the signaling pathway of TGF-beta1-mediated EMT.
  
  
  METHODS
  A549 cells were examined for evidence of EMT after treatment with TGF-beta1. EMT was assessed by: morphology under phase-contrast microscopy; Western analysis of cell lysates for expression of mesenchymal phenotypic markers including fibronectin EDA (Fn-EDA), and expression of epithelial phenotypic markers including E-cadherin (E-cad). Markers of fibrogenesis, including collagens and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were also evaluated by measuring mRNA level using RT-PCR, and protein by immunofluorescence or Western blotting. Signaling pathways for EMT were characterized by Western analysis of cell lysates using monoclonal antibodies to detect phosphorylated Erk1/2 and Smad2 after TGF-beta1 treatment in the presence or absence of MEK inhibitors. The role of Smad2 in TGF-beta1-mediated EMT was investigated using siRNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data showed that TGF-beta1, but not TNF-alpha or IL-1beta, induced A549 cells with an alveolar epithelial type II cell phenotype to undergo EMT in a time-and concentration-dependent manner. The process of EMT was accompanied by morphological alteration and expression of the fibroblast phenotypic markers Fn-EDA and vimentin, concomitant with a downregulation of the epithelial phenotype marker E-cad. Furthermore, cells that had undergone EMT showed enhanced expression of markers of fibrogenesis including collagens type I and III and CTGF. MMP-2 expression was also evidenced. TGF-beta1-induced EMT occurred through phosphorylation of Smad2 and was inhibited by Smad2 gene silencing; MEK inhibitors failed to attenuate either EMT-associated Smad2 phosphorylation or the observed phenotypic changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that TGF-beta1 induces A549 alveolar epithelial cells to undergo EMT via Smad2 activation. Our data support the concept of EMT in lung epithelial cells, and suggest the need for further studies to investigate the phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Teijin Biomedical Laboratory, Medical Research Council Technology, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, London, NW7 1AD, UK. hidenori.kasai@tech.mrc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.forename: Jeremy T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Roger M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamimura
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D015820:Cadherins; D005353:Fibronectins; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1