title: Cellular associations and the differential spermiogram: making sense of stallion spermatozoal morphology.
abstract: Morphologic assessment of spermatozoa is one of the most objective measures in a Breeding Soundness Examination of a stallion. There are different systems for morphologic assessment of spermatozoa. The objectives of this article are to review spermatogenesis, describe clinical sample preparation, discuss previous methods of morphologic classification and explain the use of a differential spermiogram. The advantages of the differential spermiogram method of analysis are discussed, along with its use in delineating intrinsic and extrinsic disturbances in spermatogenesis. Case examples of specific cellular associations and their diagnostic relevance are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department LACS, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada S7N 5B4. Claire.Card@usask.ca
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Card
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases; D006736:Horses; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D012741:Sexual Maturation; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000648:ultrastructure