title: Case studies of three pregnant smokers and their use of nicotine replacement therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the barriers encountered by pregnant women who attempt to stop smoking by highlighting three women who used nicotine patches.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised-controlled trial of nicotine-replacement therapy (NRT) in the form of patches to test its acceptability for pregnant women. Ethics approval was granted despite NRT being contraindicated in Australia for pregnant women and having a low safety rating (category D) (Australian Drug Evaluation Committee, 1999). Salivary cotinine levels were used to assess nicotine exposure and provide some indicator of NRT safety. All participants were given pregnancy-specific cessation counselling, and the 20 women in the treatment arm were offered nicotine patches (15 mg/16 hr), with the option of weaning to lower strength patches if desired.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, a public tertiary teaching hospital in South Australia, with almost 4000 births annually.
  
  
  METHODS
  40 'high-risk' pregnant smokers who expressed interest in stopping smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As has been found in the general population, 'quit' rates with NRT use were low. Only three of the participants in this study, who became abstinent with patch use during pregnancy, were still abstinent at birth. The circumstances of two of these women, and a third woman who used patches to 'control' her smoking despite researcher advice, are detailed here. Only one of the two women 'abstinent at delivery' was still abstinent 3 months after birth, the last contact point of the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although health providers intuitively regard pregnancy as an appropriate time for women to stop smoking, the stressors during pregnancy seem to militate against cessation. This study does not indicate that use of NRT will provide an easier solution. It may be more fruitful to institute a concerted lifestyle approach with both the woman and her partner (or significant household members), and continue this support and education postnatally if cessation has not been achieved. Health professionals should also support better-targeted public health campaigns and tobacco-control initiatives generally, because, undoubtedly, the social environment is a major determinant of initiation and continuation of smoking.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia. Libby.Hotham@unisa.edu.au
authors.forename: Elizabeth D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Hotham
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Elinor R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Atkinson
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing* / Q000517:prevention & control; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013021:South Australia; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine