title: Clinical risk factors associated with bleeding after native kidney biopsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of various risk factors on postbiopsy bleeding (PBB).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of 645 native kidney biopsies carried out from 1981 to 2001 was conducted. Data regarding age, gender, race, prebiopsy blood pressure, history of hypertension, pre- and postbiopsy haemoglobin/haematocrit, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall PBB complication rate was 6.2%. High blood pressure was associated with a high risk of bleeding (test for trend, P < 0.05). It increased when systolic blood pressure (SBP) was >160 mm of Hg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was >100 mm of Hg, or mean arterial pressure (MAP) was > or = 120 mm of Hg. In patients with a history of hypertension, the risk of PBB was 3.74 times higher (P = 0.0001) than patients with no history of hypertension, irrespective of blood pressure at the time of biopsy. For patients with creatinine > 2 mg/dL, the risk ratio for PBB was 5.89 when compared with patients with creatinine < or = 2 mg/dL. Logistic regression analysis showed that a history of hypertension was associated with PBB, with an odds ratio of 1.89 (confidence interval, 1.10-3.26, P < 0.03), and serum creatinine of > 2.0 mg/dL was associated with an odds ratio of 2.56 (confidence interval, 1.48-4.42, P = 0.001) for PBB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of PBB increases with high SBP, DBP or MAP. A history of hypertension and high serum creatinine are significant independent risk factors for PBB.
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University, Division of Nephrology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. shidham-1@medctr.osu.edu
authors.forename: Ganesh B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Shidham
authors.forename: Nauman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Siddiqi
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Beres
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Nagaraja
authors.forename: Shubhangi G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Shidham
authors.forename: Walter F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Piering
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine