title: Extrahepatic manifestations in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic hepatitis C virus infection often has autoimmune clinical and analytic features. This review analyzes recent data on the close association of chronic hepatitis C virus infection with autoimmune and lymphoproliferative processes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hepatitis C virus infection has been associated with both organ-specific (thyroiditis, diabetes) and systemic autoimmune diseases. Experimental, virologic, and clinical evidence has demonstrated a close association between hepatitis C virus infection and Sjögren syndrome, with hepatitis C virus-associated Sjögren syndrome being indistinguishable in most cases from the primary form. With respect to rheumatoid arthritis, patients with hepatitis C virus-related polyarthritis and positive rheumatoid factor may fulfill the classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Hepatitis C virus has also been associated with an atypical presentation of antiphospholipid syndrome, as well as with the development of sarcoidosis. A higher prevalence of hematologic processes in patients with hepatitis C virus infection has recently been reported, including cytopenias and lymphoproliferative disorders. Recent data are available on the use of new immunosuppressive and biologic agents (mainly mycophenolate mofetil, anti-tumor necrosis factor agents, and rituximab) in patients with hepatitis C virus infection and autoimmune or lymphoproliferative manifestations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is increasing evidence of a close association of hepatitis C virus infection with autoimmune and hematologic processes. The sialotropism of hepatitis C virus may explain the close association with Sjögren syndrome, and its lymphotropism links the virus to cryoglobulinemia, autoimmune cytopenias, and lymphoma. The substantial overlap between cryoglobulinemic features and the classification criteria for some systemic autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and polyarteritis nodosa) make the differentiation between mimicking and coexistence difficult.
authors.affiliation: Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramos-Casals
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Font
mesh_terms: D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology