title: Long-term risk for depressive symptoms after a medical diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examines the risk of development of significant depressive symptoms after a new diagnosis of cancer, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, arthritis, chronic lung disease, or stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used 5 biennial waves (1992-2000) of the Health and Retirement Study to follow a sample of 8387 adults (aged 51 to 61 years and without significant depressive symptoms in 1992) from 1994 to 2000. Time-dependent Cox regression models estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for an episode of significant depressive symptoms after a new diagnosis for each of the 7 medical conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within 2 years of initial diagnosis, subjects with cancer had the highest hazard of depressive symptoms (HR, 3.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.79-4.52), followed by subjects with chronic lung disease (HR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.64-2.79) and heart disease (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.09-1.93). The hazard for depressive symptoms for most of these diseases decreased over time; however, subjects with heart disease continued to have a higher risk for depressive symptoms even 2 to 4 years and 4 to 8 years after diagnosis, and a significantly higher hazard for depressive symptoms developed for persons with arthritis 2 to 4 years after diagnosis (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.11-1.92).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings identify several high-risk patient groups who might benefit from depression screening and monitoring to improve health outcomes in this vulnerable population facing new medical illnesses.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA. polsky@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Polsky
authors.forename: Jalpa A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Doshi
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oslin
authors.forename: Aileen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothbard
authors.forename: Niku
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Christy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D013997:Time Factors