title: Oral ketamine or midazolam or low dose combination for premedication in children.
abstract: This randomized controlled trial was designed to evaluate whether the combination of low dose oral midazolam (0.25 mg/kg) and low dose oral ketamine (3 mg/kg) provides better premedication than oral midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) or oral ketamine (6 mg/kg). Seventy-eight children of ASA physical status I or II scheduled for elective ophthalmic surgery were randomly divided into three groups and given premedication in the holding area 30 minutes before surgery. Two subjects from each group vomited the medication and were excluded, leaving 72 subjects for further analysis. The onset of sedation was earlier in the combination group than the other two groups. At 10 minutes after premedication 12.5% in the combination group had an acceptable sedation score compared with none in the other two groups. After 20 minutes 54% in the combination group had an acceptable sedation score, 21% in the midazolam group and 16% in the ketamine group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the parental separation score, response to induction and emergence score. The mean time for best parental separation score was significantly less in the combination group (19+/-8 min) than either the midazolam (28+/-7) or ketamine (29+/-7 min) groups (P<0.05). Recovery was earlier in the combination group, as the time required to reach a modified Aldrete score of 10 was significantly less in the combination group (22+/-5 min) than in the oral midazolam (36+/-11 min) or ketamine (38+/-8 min) groups. The incidence of excessive salivation was significantly higher in the ketamine alone group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the combination of oral ketamine (3 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.25 mg/kg) has minimal side effects and gives a faster onset and more rapid recovery than ketamine 6 mg/kg or midazolam 0.5 mg/kg for premedication in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Darlong
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shende
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Subramanyam
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sunder
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naik
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam