title: Lack of benefit of pelvic radiation in prostate cancer patients with a high risk of positive pelvic lymph nodes treated with high-dose radiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of pelvic radiation for patients with a high risk of lymph node (LN) metastasis (>15%) remains controversial. We reviewed the data at three institutions treating patients with a combination of external-beam radiation therapy and high-dose-rate brachytherapy to address the prognostic implications of the use of the Roach formula and the benefit of pelvic treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1986 to 2003, 1,491 patients were treated with external-beam radiation therapy and high-dose-rate brachytherapy. The Roach formula [2/3 prostate-specific antigen + (Gleason score -6) x 10] could be calculated for 1,357 patients. Group I consisted of patients having a risk of positive LN < or = 15% (n = 761), Group II had a risk >15% and < or = 30% (n = 422), and Group III had a risk of LN disease >30% (n = 174). A >15% risk of having positive LN was found in 596 patients and was used to determine the benefit of pelvic radiation. The pelvis was treated at two of the cancer centers (n = 312), whereas at the third center (n = 284) radiation therapy was delivered to the prostate and seminal vesicles alone. Average biologic effective dose was > or = 100 Gy (alphabeta = 1.2). Biochemical failure was as per the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology definition. Statistics included the log-rank test as well as Cox univariate and multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all 596 patients with a positive LN risk >15%, median follow-up was 4.3 years, with a mean of 4.8 years. For all cases, median follow-up was 4 years and mean follow-up was 4.4 years. Five-year results for the three groups based on their risk of positive LN were significantly different in terms of biochemical failure (p < 0.001), clinical control (p < 0.001), disease-free survival excluding biochemical failure (p < 0.001), cause-specific survival (p < 0.001), and overall survival (p < 0.001). For all patients with a risk of positive LN >15% (n = 596), Group II (>15-30% risk), or Group III (>30% risk), no benefit was seen in the 5-year rates of clinical failure, cause-specific survival, or overall survival with pelvic radiation. In the Cox multivariate analysis for cause-specific survival, Gleason score (p = 0.009, hazard ratio [HR] 3.1), T stage (p = 0.03, HR 1.8), and year of treatment (p = 0.05, HR 1.1) were significant. A log-rank test for cause-specific survival for all patients (n = 577) by the use of pelvic radiation was not significant (p = 0.99) accounting for high-dose-rate brachytherapy dose, neoadjuvant hormones, Gleason score, prostate-specific antigen, T stage, and year of treatment as covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of the Roach formula to stratify patients for clinical and biochemical outcomes is excellent. Pelvic radiation added to high prostate radiation doses did not show a clinical benefit for patients at a high risk of pelvic LN disease (>15%) selected using the Roach formula.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos Enrique
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Razavan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Galalae
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Demanes
authors.forename: Asif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harsolia
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meldolesi
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nürnberg
authors.forename: Lionel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schour
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D015182:Lymphatic Irradiation / Q000379:methods; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D010388:Pelvis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen