title: Risk factors for cross-country horse falls at one-day events and at two-/three-day events.
abstract: The cross-country phase of eventing competitions has been associated with injuries and fatalities to horses and riders. A case-control study was carried out to identify variables that were associated with increased or decreased risk of a horse fall on the cross-country phase at event competitions. After initial analysis, the dataset was split according to the categories of one-day events as compared to two- or three-day events to establish whether significant risk factors varied between the different types of eventing competitions. Data were collected for 121 cases (horse falls) at one-day events, 59 cases at two- or three-day events and for their 540 matched controls. The data were analysed using conditional logistic regression. The variables of no previous refusals on the course, fences with a landing in water and the combined variable of the angle and the spread of the fence were significantly associated with the risk of a horse fall in both datasets. Additional risk factors for one-day event falls were: fences requiring a take-off from water, a drop landing, the rider's knowledge of their position before the cross-country phase and if the rider received cross-country tuition. Three-day event risk factors in the multivariable model included: the camber of the fence and participation in non-equestrian sports by the rider. This study identified variables that were significantly associated with an increase or a decrease in the risk of a horse fall during the cross-country phase of different types of eventing competitions. Some of these variables are modifiable and the results of this study have been reported to the governing body of the sport of eventing in the UK so that possible interventions might be considered.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom. jane.murray@Bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Proudman
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: French
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000818:Animals; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000662:veterinary*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006736:Horses / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D013177:Sports; D013997:Time Factors