title: Annexin II stimulates RANKL expression through MAPK.
abstract: We report that AX-II, in addition to inducing GM-CSF expression, also increases membrane-bound RANKL synthesis by marrow stromal cells and does so through a previously unreported MAPK-dependent pathway. Thus, both GM-CSF and RANKL are required for AX-II stimulation of OCL formation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Annexin II (AX-II) is an autocrine/paracrine factor secreted by osteoclasts (OCLs) that stimulates human OCL formation and bone resorption in vitro by inducing bone marrow stromal cells and activated CD4+ T cells to produce granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). GM-CSF in turn increases OCL precursor proliferation and further enhances OCL formation. However, the induction of GM-CSF by AX-II cannot fully explain its effects on OCL formation. In this study, we tested the capacity of AX-II to induce the expression of RANKL and the corresponding signaling pathways AX-II employs in human marrow stromal cells to induce RANKL. We also showed that both GM-CSF and RANKL are required for OCL formation induced by AX-II.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis were used to detect RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA and protein expression in unfractionated human bone marrow mononuclear cells stimulated with AX-II. Soluble RANKL in the conditioned medium was analyzed by ELISA. Activation of the MAPK pathway by AX-II was tested by Western blot. The effects of OPG and anti-GM-CSF on AX-II-induced OCL formation were also examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to upregulating GM-CSF mRNA, AX-II increased RANKL mRNA expression dose-dependently in unfractionated human bone marrow mononuclear cells and modestly increased soluble RANKL in unfractionated human bone marrow mononuclear cell conditioned medium. However, AX-II markedly increased membrane-bound RANKL on human bone marrow stromal cells. Treatment of marrow stromal cells with AX-II activated MAP-kinase (ERKs) and PD 98059 abolished the effect but did not block the increase in GM-CSF. Interestingly, OPG, a natural decoy receptor for RANKL, or anti-GM-CSF partially inhibited OCL formation by AX-II in human bone marrow cells, and the combination of OPG and anti-GM-CSF completely blocked AX-II-induced OCL formation. These data show that AX-II stimulates both the proliferation and differentiation of OCL precursors through production of GM-CSF and RANKL respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Fanghong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hoyeon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Sakamuri V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Ganwei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Noriyoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kurihara
authors.forename: Allan Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: G David
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Roodman
mesh_terms: D017306:Annexin A2 / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000502:physiology*; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D017306:Annexin A2; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D005419:Flavonoids; D006023:Glycoproteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; C505686:TNFRSF11A protein, human; C506030:TNFRSF11B protein, human; C505688:TNFSF11 protein, human; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one