title: Vascular endothelial growth factor increases functional beta-cell mass by improvement of angiogenesis of isolated human and murine pancreatic islets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood flow is impaired in islet transplants, but there is conflicting evidence on improving the outcome by promoting vascularization. We previously reported that islet endothelial cells (EC) possess significant angiogenic capacity.
  
  
  METHODS
  To further address this issue, we studied human islets in culture under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, we used a transgene mouse model with human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in beta-cells under the control of the rat insulin promoter (RIP) to stimulate islet EC proliferation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subsequent to a hypoxic stimulus, islets responded with specific expression patterns of VEGF and fibroblast growth factor; however, this was not sufficient to prevent the decay of islet EC. VEGF release of RIP-VEGF transgenic islets was controlled by glucose and resulted in the formation of sprouts. When transplanted to the kidney capsule of diabetic mice, RIP-VEGF islets significantly enhanced microvascular density and functional blood flow to the graft compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimized angiogenesis of islet transplants resulted in greater availability of insulin caused by beta-cell proliferation and a significantly higher percentage (90% versus 20%) of mice cured from diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic and Policlinic 3, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Darius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kidszun
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hauck-Schmalenberger
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Breier
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brandhorst
authors.forename: Heide
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brandhorst
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iken
authors.forename: Mathias D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Brendel
authors.forename: Reinhard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Bretzel
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Linn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017931:DNA Primers; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008875:Middle Aged; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014019:Tissue Donors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A