title: S100beta as a predictor of brain metastases: brain versus cerebrovascular damage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The identification of brain metastases in patients with malignant disease has important implications for determining their treatment and prognosis. Asymptomatic metastatic brain tumors may be detected by surveillance imaging techniques, but longitudinal follow-up of patients who are at risk is sporadic primarily due to cost. Because the development of brain metastases is accompanied and detected by extravasation of contrast agents across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the authors hypothesized that peripheral analysis of the BBB indicator S100beta may be useful as a screening tool for brain metastases in patients who have no neurologic symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight patients were enrolled for the current study. All patients had newly diagnosed lung carcinoma and had no neurologic symptoms or known history of brain metastasis. Patients underwent an initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and S100beta blood tests. S100beta tests were repeated in a subset of patients at the time of routine follow-up MRI scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on imaging studies and on serum S100beta analyses, the patients were divided in 3 categories: 1) patients with normal S100beta levels (0.08 +/- 0.02 microg/L; n = 22 patients) and normal MRI scans; 2) patients with elevated S100beta levels (0.5 +/- 0.28 microg/L; n = 8 patients) and pronounced microvascular changes on MRI scans but with no metastases; and 3) patients with elevated S100beta levels (0.28 +/- 0.19 microg/L; n = 7 patients) and metastatic brain tumor(s) on MRI scans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the significant overlap in S100beta levels between patients with cerebral microvascular diseases and patients with brain metastases, the authors concluded that the serum S100beta level may be used as a surveillance tool to predict or detect brain metastases if appropriate prescreening radiologic tests are obtained and if patients who are candidates for false-positive results are identified and excluded.
authors.affiliation: Brain Tumor Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vogelbaum
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masaryk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mazzone
authors.forename: Tarek
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mekhail
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fazio
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McCartney
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marchi
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanner
authors.forename: Damir
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Janigro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000556:secondary*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins