title: Intestinal growth in parenterally-fed rats induced by the combined effects of glucagon-like peptide 2 and epidermal growth factor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parenteral nutrition and the absence of luminal feeding result in impaired intestinal growth and differentiation of enterocytes. Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) have each been shown to have trophic effects on the intestine, and thus have the potential to benefit patients fed parenterally, such as those with intestinal failure from short bowel syndrome. We report studies aimed to determine whether there may be synergistic effects of these 2 peptides.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were established on parenteral nutrition (PN) and infused for 6 days with GLP-2 (20 microg/d), EGF (20 microg/d), or GLP-2 + EGF (20 microg/d of each). These groups were compared with untreated PN-fed and orally-fed controls. Tissue was obtained from small intestine and colon to determine growth, proliferation, and representative gene expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Small intestinal weight was increased by 75%, 43%, and 116% in the GLP-2, EGF, and GLP-2 + EGF groups, respectively, compared with PN controls (all p < .001). Cell proliferation increased with GLP-2, EGF, and GLP-2 + EGF in proximal small intestine by factors of 2.3, 1.7, and 3.4 respectively (p < .001). A synergistic effect on villous and crypt area was observed in the proximal small intestine when GLP-2 and EGF were combined (p < .05). GLP-2 had no effect in the colon, unlike EGF. Further studies showed GLP-2 + EGF significantly increased expression in distal small intestine of transcripts for the bile acid transport protein IBABP (p < .05) and showed a significant correlation between the expression of IBABP and the transcription factor HNF-4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both GLP-2 and EGF upregulate growth of the small intestine, and this is augmented when GLP-2 and EGF are combined. These findings may lead to improved treatment of patients receiving PN.
authors.affiliation: St Mark's Hospital, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kitchen
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Goodlad
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: FitzGerald
authors.forename: Nikki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mandir
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ghatei
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berlanga-Acosta
authors.forename: Raymond J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Playford
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: Julian R F
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Walters
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053767:Glucagon-Like Peptide 2; D004763:Glucagon-Like Peptides; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012778:Short Bowel Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D053767:Glucagon-Like Peptide 2; D010455:Peptides; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D004763:Glucagon-Like Peptides