title: Human intestinal IgA response is generated in the organized gut-associated lymphoid tissue but not in the lamina propria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The intestinal lamina propria has traditionally been viewed as the effector site of mucosal immune responses. However, this view has been challenged with the identification, in the murine lamina propria, of an in situ class switch DNA recombination pathway to IgA. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that in situ class switching occurs in the human lamina propria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze tissue microenvironments and RT-PCR to look for molecular evidence of Ig class switching and to track clonally related cells of B lineage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no evidence of proliferation of either lamina propria CD20+ or CD19+ cells or evidence of activation-induced cytidine deaminase mRNA expression outside the organized gut-associated lymphoid tissue, although I alpha-C alpha immunoglobulin germ-line gene transcript expression could be identified in the lamina propria. We identified clonally related cells, including IgA and IgM isotype-switched variants, in multiple samples known to be free of activation-induced cytidine deaminase, organized lymphoid tissue, or cellular proliferation. For 4 groups of cells, the patterns of somatic mutations on the rearranged IgV(H)5 gene segment were more similar between cells from distant sites than from their immediate neighbors, implying dissemination of cells from a common set of precursors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data are inconsistent with a model in which precursors of human IgA-secreting plasma cells are induced or expanded in the lamina propria. The human lamina propria is therefore likely to solely be an effector site of intestinal secretory IgA responses that originate from the organized gut-associated lymphoid tissues.
authors.affiliation: Peter A. Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' Medical School, Guy's Hospital, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boursier
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Sivashankari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thiagamoorthy
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Edgeworth
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spencer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018941:Antigens, CD19 / Q000032:analysis; D018951:Antigens, CD20 / Q000032:analysis; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000276:immunology*; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D018941:Antigens, CD19; D018951:Antigens, CD20; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D012333:RNA, Messenger