title: Late diabetes complications and non-dipping phenomenon in patients with Type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) has been thought to underlie the loss of normal nocturnal blood pressure dipping, which is associated with a higher risk for nephropathy in Type 1 diabetes. Previous analyses also suggest however that nephropathy is a major predictor of subsequent CAN.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate links between non-dipping phenomenon (NDP) and complications, particularly CAN and nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed on 61 consecutively recruited subjects (mean age: 38.5+/-8.1, mean duration: 29.5+/-8.2 years) from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications cohort (658 subjects with childhood onset Type 1 diabetes diagnosed between 1950 and 80). NDP was diagnosed if nocturnal fall of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure was <10% of the average daytime blood pressure. CAN was detected by abnormal (<or=1.1) expiration/inspiration heart rate ratio. Proteinuria was established by abnormal (>20 microg/min) albumin excretion rate (AER) in at least two of three timed urines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-dippers (n=17) had greater LDLc (p=0.012) and AER (p=0.052) and a higher frequency of nephropathy (OR=3.6, 95% CI=1.0-12.6) and proliferative retinopathy (OR=5.1, 95% CI=1.3-20.3) compared to the 44 dippers. CAN and NDP were not associated. In multivariate analyses, adjusting for CAN, proteinuria was significantly related to NDP (OR=3.6, 95% CI=1.0-12.6), an association that further modeling suggests was related to interactions between nephropathy, LDLc and hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest a strong link between NDP and proteinuria which is independent of CAN and may be modified by LDLc and hypertension.
authors.affiliation: 4th Department of Medicine, St. Imre Hospital, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stella
authors.forename: Adam Gy
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Tabak
authors.forename: Janice C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Zgibor
authors.forename: Trevor J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Orchard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000503:physiopathology