title: Recruiting ethnically diverse general internal medicine patients for a telephone survey on physician-patient communication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited evidence exists on the effectiveness of recruitment methods among diverse populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Describe response rates by recruitment stage, ethnic-language group, and type of initial contact letter (for African-American and Latino patients).
  
  
  METHODS
  Tracking of response status by recruitment stage and ethnic-language group and a randomized trial of ethnically tailored initial letters nested within a cross-sectional telephone survey on physician-patient communication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult general medicine patients with >or=1 visit during the preceding year, stratified by 4 categories: African-American (N= 1,400), English-speaking Latino (N= 894), Spanish-speaking Latino (N= 965), and non-Latino white (N= 1,400).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethnically tailored initial letters referred to shortages of African-American (or Latino) physicians and the need to learn about the experiences of African-American (or Latino) patients communicating with physicians. Of 2,482 patients contacted, eligible, and able to participate (identified eligibles), 69.9% completed the survey. Thirty-nine percent of the sampling frame was unable to be contacted, with losses higher among non-Latino whites (46.5%) and African Americans (44.2%) than among English-speaking (32.3%) and Spanish-speaking Latinos (25.1%). For identified eligibles, response rates were highest among Spanish-speaking Latinos (75.2%), lowest for non-Latino whites (66.4%), and intermediate for African Americans (69.7%) and English-speaking Latinos (68.1%). There were no differences in overall response rates between patients receiving ethnically tailored letters (72.2%) and those receiving general letters (70.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Household contact and individual response rates differed by ethnic-language group, highlighting the importance of tracking losses by stage and subpopulation. Careful attention to recruitment yielded acceptable response rates among all groups.
authors.affiliation: Center for Aging in Diverse Communities, Medical Effectiveness Research Center for Diverse Populations, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118-1944, USA. ans@medicine.ucsf.edu <ans@medicine.ucsf.edu>
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nápoles-Springer
authors.forename: Jasmine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santoyo
authors.forename: Anita L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003142:Communication; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine; D018579:Patient Selection; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011320:Primary Health Care; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*