title: Noninvasive in vivo measurement of vascular inflammation with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) has been shown to accumulate in inflamed tissues. However, it is not known whether vascular inflammation can be measured noninvasively. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that vascular inflammation can be measured noninvasively by use of positron emission tomography (PET) with FDG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inflamed atherosclerotic lesions were induced in 9 male New Zealand white rabbits via balloon injury of the aortoiliac arterial segment and exposure to a high cholesterol diet. Ten rabbits fed standard chow served as controls. Three to six months after balloon injury, the rabbits were injected with FDG (1 mCi/kg), after which aortic uptake of FDG was assessed (3 hours after injection). Biodistribution of FDG activity within aortic segments was obtained by use of standard well gamma counting. FDG uptake was also determined noninvasively in a subset of 6 live atherosclerotic rabbits and 5 normal rabbits, via PET imaging and measurement of standardized uptake values over the abdominal aorta. Plaque macrophage density and smooth muscle cell density were determined by planimetric analysis of RAM-11 and smooth muscle actin staining, respectively. Biodistribution of FDG within nontarget organs was similar between atherosclerotic and control rabbits. However, well counter measurements of FDG uptake were significantly higher within atherosclerotic aortas compared with control aortas (P < .001). Within the upper abdominal aorta of the atherosclerotic group (area of greatest plaque formation), there was an approximately 19-fold increase in FDG uptake compared with controls (108.9 +/- 55.6 percent injected dose [%ID]/g x 10(3) vs 5.7 +/- 1.2 %ID/g x 10(3) [mean +/- SEM], P < .001). In parallel with these findings, FDG uptake, as determined by PET, was higher in atherosclerotic aortas (standardized uptake value for atherosclerotic aortas vs control aortas, 0.68 +/- 0.06 vs 0.13 +/- 0.01; P < .001). Moreover, macrophage density, assessed histologically, correlated with noninvasive (PET) measurements of FDG uptake (r = 0.93, P < .0001). In contrast to this finding, FDG uptake did not correlate with either aortic wall thickness or smooth muscle cell staining of the specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that FDG accumulates in macrophage-rich atherosclerotic plaques and demonstrate that vascular macrophage activity can be quantified noninvasively with FDG-PET. As such, measurement of vascular FDG uptake with PET holds promise for the noninvasive characterization of vascular inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Cardiac Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA. atawakol@partners.org
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tawakol
authors.forename: Raymond Q
authors.initials: RQ
authors.lastname: Migrino
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Suhny
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abbara
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Houser
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gewirtz
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fischman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D009683:Nuclear Medicine / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D009928:Organ Specificity; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011379:Prognosis; D011817:Rabbits; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18