title: Comparative analysis of mutagenic potency of 1-nitro-acridine derivatives.
abstract: The anticancer effect of 1-nitro-9-hydroxyethylamino acridine (C-857), a compound belonging to the 1-nitroacridine class, has been well documented. Despite its therapeutic efficacy, the clinical development of C-857 has been impeded partly due to its high systemic toxicity. In an effort to enhance antitumor efficacy and lower toxicity, derivatives of C-857 have been synthesized with substitutions made at position C-4 and/or an esterified hydroxyl group in side chain at the C-9 position. The introduction of a methyl group at C-4 resulted in C-1748, which has a significantly higher therapeutic efficacy and is being clinically developed as an anticancer agent for solid tumors. The present study was undertaken to correlate the mutagenicity of C-857, C-1748, C-1790, C-1872 and C-1873 with their cytotoxicity and their anti-tumor efficacy. The mutagenicity of these drugs was determined using three Ames Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1537, TA98 and TA102. The bacteria were treated with different molar concentrations, ranging from 10(-3) to 10(-12) M, of the drugs and drug-induced histidine revertants were then counted after a 48 h incubation. C-1748 did not induce any revertants in both TA1537 and TA98 at a dose of 10(-6) M, whereas, C-857 at the same dose induced approximately 842 and approximately 1034 revertants respectively. In TA102, mutagenicity was lower than observed with TA98 and TA1537 with highest revertants observed at 10(-5) M with C-857 (approximately 606) and C-1748 (approximately 108). Higher mutagenicity was observed in the derivatives C-1790, C-1872 and C-1873 compared to C-1748, but lower than C-857. These studies demonstrate that C-1748 has the least mutagenic potential, with a much higher antitumor effect in prostate cancer and is a promising chemotherapeutic agent for clinical development.
authors.affiliation: New York Medical College, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Room 331, Basic Sciences Building, Valhalla, NY-10595, USA.
authors.forename: Ramkishen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Narayanan
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.forename: Denisse
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inoa
authors.forename: Badithe T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Ashok
mesh_terms: D000609:Aminoacridines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006639:Histidine / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts
chemical_list: C104852:1-nitro-9-(2'-hydroxyethylamino)acridine hydrochloride; D000609:Aminoacridines; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; C059087:2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide; D006639:Histidine