title: Efficacy of gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer for killing Salmonella, yeasts, and molds on blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries.
abstract: Gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) was tested for its effectiveness in killing Salmonella, yeasts, and molds on blueberries, strawberries, and red raspberries. An inoculum (100 microl, 6.0 to 6.8 log CFU/g of fruit) that contained five serotypes of Salmonella enterica was deposited on the skin, calyx tissue, or stem scar tissue of blueberries, skin or stem scar tissue of strawberries, and skin of red raspberries, dried for 2 h at 22 degrees C, then held for 20 h at 4 degrees C and 2 h at 22 degrees C before treatment. Sachets that contained reactant chemicals were formulated to release gaseous ClO2 at concentrations of 4.1, 6.2, and 8.0 mg/ liter of air within treatment times of 30, 60, and 120 min, respectively, at 23 +/- 1 degrees C. Lethality of ClO2 to Salmonella, yeasts, and molds was measured when fruits were in an atmosphere that contained 75 to 90% relative humidity. Treatment with 8.0 mg/liter of ClO2 significantly (alpha = 0.05) reduced the population of Salmonella on blueberries by 2.4 to 3.7 log CFU/g. Lethality was higher to cells in inoculum placed on the skin compared with the stem scar tissue. Populations of Salmonella on strawberries treated with 8.0 mg/liter of ClO2 were reduced by 3.8 to 4.4 log CFU/g; a significant reduction of 1.5 log CFU/g of raspberries was achieved. Treatment with 4.1 to 8.0 mg/liter of ClO2 caused reductions in populations of yeast and molds on blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries of 1.4 to 2.5, 1.4 to 4.2, and 2.6 to 3.0 log CFU/g, respectively. Treatment with 4.1 mg/liter of ClO2 did not markedly affect the sensory quality of fruits stored for up to 10 days at 8 degrees C. Results indicate that gaseous ClO2 has promise as a sanitizer for small fruits.
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA.
authors.forename: Kaye V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Sy
authors.forename: Kay H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: McWatters
authors.forename: Larry R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Beuchat
mesh_terms: D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods; D005638:Fruit / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000592:standards; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015003:Yeasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D010087:Oxides; C025109:chlorine dioxide