title: Complex nocturnal visual hallucinations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical features and associations of complex nocturnal visual hallucinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 12 patients seen between 1997 and 2004 with complex nocturnal visual hallucinations. Charts were reviewed and data analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 12 patients, 11 were women. Vivid, silent, often distorted images of people and animals occurred after waking, disappearing with increased light. Idiopathic hypersomnia, beta blocker use, dementia with Lewy bodies, macular degeneration and anxiety were associated factors. The hallucinations appeared to be a primary parasomnia in four patients with anxiety being the only associated feature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complex nocturnal visual hallucinations represent a well-defined syndrome with diverse causes which should be differentiated from other parasomnias causing arousals.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. msilber@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Silber
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Mirle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Girish
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D013009:Somnambulism / Q000453:epidemiology