title: The effects of pregnancy on the cardiovascular response to acute systemic isocapnic hypoxia in conscious sheep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study tested the hypothesis that pregnancy affects the cardiovascular responses to hypoxia by altering the outputs of the peripheral components of the stress system and independent of changes in P(a)CO(2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of cardiovascular and endocrine responses to acute isocapnic hypoxia between pregnant and non-pregnant ewes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen pregnant (118 days of gestation; term is ca. 145 days) and 8 non-pregnant sheep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronically instrumented pregnant and non-pregnant ewes were subjected to 1 hour normoxia, 1 hour of acute systemic isocapnic hypoxia and 1 hour recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, femoral blood flow and femoral vascular conductance were recorded continuously throughout and arterial blood samples were taken during normoxia, hypoxia and recovery for the measurement of blood gas, metabolic and endocrine status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Basal blood pressure and blood glucose and lactate concentrations were lower in pregnant animals (P < 0.05). In contrast, basal cardiovascular variables and plasma concentrations of noradrenaline, adrenaline, neuropeptide Y, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol were similar in pregnant and non-pregnant ewes. During hypoxia similar reductions in P(a)O(2) occurred in pregnant and non-pregnant animals, without alterations in P(a)CO(2) or pH(a). In non-pregnant ewes, acute hypoxia induced a transient increase in arterial pressure and sustained tachycardia without significant changes in femoral haemodynamics. Pregnancy attenuated the cardiovascular response, significantly diminishing the magnitude of the increment in heart rate throughout the hypoxic challenge (P < 0.001). However, hypoxia did not induce significant changes in blood metabolites or in plasma concentrations of any stress hormone measured in either pregnant or non-pregnant animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnancy not only affects basal but also stimulated cardiovascular function in the mother. The diminished chronotropic response to hypoxia in pregnancy is mediated via mechanisms independent of changes in P(a)CO(2) or in plasma concentrations of hormones or metabolites associated with activation of the stress system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Jellyman
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: C M B
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fowden
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Giussani
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010313:Partial Pressure; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D034561:Sheep, Domestic
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide