title: Compatibility of lyotropic liquid crystals with viruses and mammalian cells that support the replication of viruses.
abstract: We report a study that investigates the biocompatibility of materials that form lyotropic liquid crystals (LCs) with viruses and mammalian cells that support the replication of viruses. This study is focused on aqueous solutions of tetradecyldimethyl-amineoxide (C(14)AO) and decanol (D), or disodium cromoglycate (DSCG; C(23)H(14)O(11)Na(2)), which can form optically birefringent, liquid crystalline phases. The influence of these materials on the ability of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) to infect human epitheloid cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells was examined by two approaches. First, VSV was dispersed in aqueous C(14)AO+ D or DSCG, and then HeLa cells were inoculated by contacting the cells with the aqueous C(14)AO + D or DSCG containing VSV. The infectivity of VSV to the HeLa cells was subsequently determined. Second, VSV was incubated in LC phases of either C(14)AO + D or DSCG for 4 h, and the concentration (titer) of infectious virus in the LC was determined by dilution into cell culture medium and subsequent inoculation of HeLa cells. Using these approaches, we found that the LC containing C(14)AO + D caused inactivation of virus as well as cell death. In contrast, we determined that VSV retained its infectivity in the presence of aqueous DSCG, and that greater than 74-82% of the HeLa cells survived contact with aqueous DSCG (depending on concentration of DSCG). Because VSV maintained its function (and we infer structure) in LCs formed from DSCG, we further explored the influence of the virus on the ordering of the LC. Whereas the LC formed from DSCG was uniformly aligned on surfaces prepared from self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of HS(CH(2))(11)(OCH(2)CH(2))(4)OH on obliquely deposited films of gold in the absence of VSV, the introduction of 10(7)-10(8) infectious virus particles per milliliter caused the LC to assume a non-uniform orientation and a colorful appearance that was readily distinguished from the uniformly aligned LCs. Control experiments using cell lysates with equivalent protein concentrations but no virus did not perturb the uniform alignment of the LC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Li-Lin
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Yan-Yeung
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Luk
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Israel
authors.forename: Nicholas L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Abbott
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization / Q000379:methods*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D012996:Solutions; D014721:Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D014776:Virus Cultivation / Q000379:methods*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D012996:Solutions