title: A laparoscopic approach to allograft nephrectomy and bilateral native nephrectomy: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic surgery is rapidly emerging as the standard of care for a variety of urological conditions, even among patients who have undergone prior renal transplantation. We describe the technique of bilateral native nephrectomy and allograft nephrectomy by laparoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 32-year-old man with end-stage renal disease who had undergone a cadaveric renal transplant presented with chronic graft dysfunction. He had received a living donor kidney transplant with a postoperative course complicated by persistent proteinuria and refractory hypertension. Our nephrology service indicated the need for bilateral native nephrectomy and allograft nephrectomy for better blood pressure control following a second transplant. Bilateral native nephrectomy was performed following the previous reported techniques for pure laparoscopic nephrectomy. Allograft nephrectomy started by dissection of the iliac vessels to identify the vascular anastomosis. The hilum of the transplanted kidney was accessed. The renal vessels were clipped and transected. The ureter was identified and clipped. All three kidneys were removed from the abdominal cavity through a 3-cm skin incision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The left nephrectomy took 25 minutes and the right nephrectomy, 40 minutes. The estimated blood loss was 300 mL and the total operative time was 210 minutes. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged on the third postoperative day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate the feasibility of laparoscopic allograft nephrectomy and bilateral native nephrectomy in a transplant recipient.
authors.affiliation: Cruz Vermelha Hospital, Department of Urology, Av. Getulio Vargas, 3163 ap. 21, Curitiba, Paraná 80240-041, Brazil.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Branco
authors.forename: A J B
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Filho
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: De George
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rangel
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: De Carvalho
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Noda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D019520:Living Donors; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous