title: Hypospadias in sons of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic estrogen that was widely prescribed to pregnant women before 1971. DES increases the risk of breast cancer in women who took the drug and the risk of reproductive tract abnormalities in their offspring. Dutch investigators have reported a 20-fold increase in risk of hypospadias among sons of women who were exposed to DES in utero. We assessed this relation in data from an ongoing study of DES-exposed persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several U.S. cohorts of women with documented exposure in utero to DES have been followed by mailed questionnaires since the 1970s. Comparison subjects are unexposed women of the same ages. In 1997, participants were asked about congenital abnormalities in their children. We calculated prevalence odds ratios for the risk of hypospadias in sons of exposed mothers relative to sons of unexposed mothers using generalized estimating equations to adjust for multiple sons per mother and controlling for maternal age at the son's birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We obtained data from 3916 exposed and 1746 unexposed women. These women reported a total of 13 liveborn sons with hypospadias (10 exposed, 3 unexposed). The prevalence odds ratio for risk of hypospadias among the exposed was 1.7 (95% confidence interval = 0.4-6.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings do not support a greatly increased risk of hypospadias among the sons of women exposed to DES in utero, as has been previously reported.
authors.affiliation: Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. jpalmer@slone.bu.edu
authors.forename: Julie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Lauren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: Stanley J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Robboy
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Titus-Ernstoff
authors.forename: Kenneth L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Noller
authors.forename: Arthur L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Herbst
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Troisi
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Hoover
mesh_terms: D004054:Diethylstilbestrol / Q000633:toxicity*; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009679:Nuclear Family; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol