title: Respiratory complaints in Chinese: cultural and diagnostic specificities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the qualitative components of a wide range of Chinese descriptors of dyspnea and associated symptoms, and their relevance for clinical diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one spontaneously reported descriptors were elicited in Chinese patients to make a symptom checklist, which was administered to new groups of patients with different cardiopulmonary diseases, to patients with medically unexplained dyspnea and to healthy subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Test-retest reliability was satisfactory for most of the descriptors. A principal component analysis on 61 descriptors yielded the following eight factors: dyspnea-effort of breathing; dyspnea-affective aspect; wheezing; anxiety; tingling; palpitation; coughing and sputum; and dying experience. Although the descriptors of dyspnea-effort of breathing resembled Western wordings and were shared by patients with a variety of diseases, the descriptors of dyspnea-affective aspect appeared to be more culturally specific and were primarily linked to the diagnosis of medically unexplained dyspnea, whereas wheezing was specifically linked to asthma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three factors of breathlessness were found in Chinese. The descriptors of dyspnea-effort of breathing and wheezing appear to be similar to Western descriptors, whereas the dyspnea-affective aspect seems to bear cultural specificity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Respiratory Psychophysiology, Department of Pneumology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China. Janet_Han2000@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Jiangna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Yuanjue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Shunwei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiansheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Put
authors.forename: Karel P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Van de Woestijne
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Van den Bergh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003144:Communication Barriers; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011247:Pregnancy; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D044465:White People