Hopelessness as a response to physical illness.
OBJECTIVE
To analyze hopelessness as a psychological response to physical illness, differentiate hopelessness from depression, and discuss measures of hopelessness.


METHODS
Walker and Avant's (1995) concept analysis strategy.


METHODS
A review of the literature from 1983 to 2004 was completed, with a focus on hopelessness theory and measurement.


RESULTS
Although hopelessness is closely related to depression, distinct characteristics of hopelessness were identified. A continuum of attributes of hopelessness and depression was derived. Hopelessness has been examined in a variety of populations with several different instruments. One established measure was selected for discussion.


CONCLUSIONS
Continued study of hopelessness as a psychological response to physical illness is needed, including the continued differentiation of hopelessness from depression, further analysis of the continuum of hopelessness and depression, and the differentiation of state from trait hopelessness. Research to validate this conceptualization will enhance accuracy of the diagnosis of hopelessness and testing of nursing inteventions.
Dunn
Susan L
SL
Hope College, Nursing Department, Holland MI, 49423-3698, USA. dunns@hope.edu
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006304:Health Status; D006380:Helplessness, Learned; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009013:Morale; D009042:Motivation; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D009341:Negativism; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology