title: Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFB1) and peak bone mass: association between intragenic polymorphisms and quantitative ultrasound of the heel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Variance of peak bone mass has a substantial genetic component, as has been shown with twin studies examining quantitative measures such as bone mineral density (BMD) and quantitative ultrasound (QUS). Evidence implicating single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFB1) gene is steadily accumulating. However, a comprehensive look at multiple SNPs at this locus for their association with indices of peak bone mass has not been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 653 healthy Caucasian females 18 to 35 years old was genotyped for seven TGFB1 SNPs. Polymorphisms were detected by restriction endonuclease digestion of amplified DNA segments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequencies of the least common allele at G-800A, C-509T, codon 10 (L10P), codon 25 (R25P), codon 263 (T263I), C861-20T, and 713-8 delC loci were 0.07, 0.33, 0.41, 0.08, 0.04, 0.25 and 0.01, respectively. A significant association was seen between QUS Stiffness Index (QUS-SI) and the SNP at codon 10 and the linked promoter SNP, C-509T. This association remained significant after multiple regression was used to incorporate important clinical covariates--age, BMI, level of activity, family history, and caffeine intake--into the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association of QUS-SI with -509T is consistent with a gene-dose effect, while only individuals homozygous for the codon 10P allele showed a significant increase. In this cohort of young healthy Caucasian females, the T allele at position -509 is associated with greater bone mass as measured by calcaneal ultrasound.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. peter.tzakas@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tzakas
authors.forename: Betty Y L
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Alexander G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: Laurence A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: David E C
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Cole
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D015519:Bone Density; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D003062:Codon; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D018628:Gene Dosage; D005838:Genotype; D006365:Heel / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012016:Reference Values; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1