title: "Roadblocks" revisited: neural change, stuttering treatment, and recovery from stuttering.
abstract: In light of emerging findings concerning untreated recovery and neural plasticity, this paper re-examines the viability of an NIH conference recommendation [Cooper, J. A. (1990). Research directions in stuttering: Consensus and conflict. In Cooper, J. A. (Ed.), Research needs in stuttering: Roadblocks and future directions (pp. 98-100). Rockville, MD: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.] that adults who have recovered from stuttering might inform our understanding of the nature and treatment of persistent stuttering. It is suggested that those who have recovered could constitute a behavioral, cognitive, and neurophysiologic benchmark for evaluating stuttering treatment for adolescents and adults, while helping to identify the limits of recovery from a persistent disorder. This possibility seems especially promising because of findings from recent studies investigating untreated recovery during childhood and adulthood, the emerging evidence concerning neural plasticity and reorganization, and reports of neural system changes during stuttering treatment. Potential obstacles to applying findings from unassisted recovery to treatment do exist, but the benefits of attempts to fully understand stuttering certainly outweigh the difficulties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  After completing this activity, the learner will be able to: (1) describe two complexities involved in determining whether recovery from stuttering was assisted or unassisted; (2) discuss the implications for stuttering research of two neural plasticity research findings from areas other than stuttering; and (3) evaluate the possible implications for stuttering treatment of a coordinated research program that addresses behavioral, cognitive, and neurological characteristics of assisted and unassisted recovery from stuttering.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Santa Barbara, Speech and Hearing Sciences, Harder Annex, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. rjingham@speech.ucsb.edu
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ingham
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Finn
authors.forename: Anne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bothe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D011939:Mental Recall; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D011578:Psycholinguistics; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012107:Research Design; D013070:Speech Therapy; D013342:Stuttering / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014705:Verbal Behavior