title: Reappraisal of percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotomy for primary hepatolithiasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A review of the literature pertaining to percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotomy (PTCSL) showed that more than 50% of reported patients had undergone earlier biliary surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study investigated 74 patients undergoing initial PTCSL for hepatolithiasis who had undergone no prior biliary surgery or manipulation. The patients were followed for 1 to 23 years after PTCSL for effective evaluation of the procedure outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete clearance of hepatolithiasis was achieved for 61 (82%) patients. The incomplete clearance rate was higher for patients with intrahepatic duct stricture (11/37 [30%] vs 2/37 [5%]; p < 0.05), although it showed no relation to the actual lobar distribution of hepatolithiasis (left: 7/41 [17%] vs right: 2/11 [18%] vs bilateral: 4/22 [18%]; p < 0.05). The recurrence rate for hepatolithiasis also was higher for patients with intrahepatic duct stricture (18/26 [69%] vs 13/35 [37%]; p < 0.05), but the recurrence rate showed no relation to the lobar distribution of hepatolithiasis (left: 18/34 [53%] vs right: 4/9 [44%] vs bilateral: 9/18 [50%] p > 0.05) or the presence of gallbladder stones (5/12 [42%] vs 26/49 [53%]; p > 0.05). Patients showing the coexistence of retained or recurrent hepatolithiasis demonstrated a higher incidence of recurrent cholangitis (57% [13/23] vs 14% [7/51]; p < 0.01) or cholangiocarcinoma (17% [4/23]) vs 0% [0/51]; p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings show that PTCSL is effective for treating primary hepatolithiasis, and that complete stone clearance is mandatory to diminish the sequelae of hepatolithiasis. Intrahepatic duct stricture was the main factor contributing to incomplete clearance and stone recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Digestive Disease Center, Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, 542, Section 1 Chung-Shang Road, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C- H
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M- H
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: J- C
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: C- C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Y- H
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: H- S
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: D- A
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: S- K
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yueh
authors.forename: C- K
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006500:Hepatic Duct, Common / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D020347:Lithiasis / Q000601:surgery*; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008100:Liver Abscess / Q000453:epidemiology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome