title: Contraindications and safety of transbronchial lung biopsy via flexible bronchoscopy. A survey of pulmonologists and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) via flexible bronchoscopy is a common procedure performed by pulmonologists. Limited scientific data exist concerning the risk of this procedure in patients with conditions that may adversely affect the rate of procedural complications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the current practice pattern and attitude of pulmonologists toward the performance of TBLB in the presence of high-risk conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was constructed and distributed at the American College of Chest Physicians annual meeting, held in Philadelphia, USA, in November of 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 227 surveys were distributed with a return of 158 (69.6%). Anticoagulation medications are temporarily held prior to TBLB by the majority of our survey respondents (98.7% for intravenous heparin, 90.5% for warfarin, and 87.3% for low-molecular-weight heparin). Medications with effect on platelet function are held by fewer pulmonologists. There is a wide variation in the pulmonologists' perception of the risk of performing TBLB when certain medical conditions coexist: pulmonary hypertension [absolute contraindication (AC), 28.7%; relative contraindication (RC) 58.6%], superior vena cava syndrome (AC 19.6%, RC 51%), mechanical ventilation (AC 17.8%, RC 58.6%) and lung cavity/abscess (AC 7%, RC 44.9%). A significant percentage of pulmonologists (55%) do not regard an elevated serum creatinine at any level as AC to TBLB. Thirty-eight percent of the survey participants administer desmopressin prior to TBLB in uremic patients to prevent excessive bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prior to performing bronchoscopic TBLB, the majority of pulmonologists temporarily holds anticoagulation medications. However, there is a lack of agreement in relation to perceived contraindications and safety of TBLB.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. wahid001@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Momen M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wahidi
authors.forename: Ana T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hollingsworth
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Govert
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feller-Kopman
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ernst
mesh_terms: D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods; D000075202:Contraindications; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006401:Hematologic Agents; D006403:Hematologic Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D011364:Professional Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015272:Pulmonary Medicine / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D006401:Hematologic Agents; D003404:Creatinine