Risk of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome in trials of adjuvant epirubicin for early breast cancer: correlation with doses of epirubicin and cyclophosphamide.
OBJECTIVE
We reviewed follow-up of patients treated in 19 randomized trials of adjuvant epirubicin in early breast cancer to determine incidence, risk, and risk factors for subsequent acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).


METHODS
The patients (N = 9,796) were observed from the start of adjuvant treatment (53,080 patient-years). Cases of AML or MDS (AML/MDS) were reported, with disease characteristics. Incidence and cumulative risk were compared for possible risk factors, for assigned regimens, and for administered cumulative doses of epirubicin and cyclophosphamide.


RESULTS
In 7,110 patients treated with epirubicin-containing regimens (92% of whom also received cyclophosphamide), 8-year cumulative probability of AML/MDS was 0.55% (95% CI, 0.33% to 0.78%). The risk of developing AML/MDS increased in relation to planned epirubicin dose per cycle, planned epirubicin dose-intensity, and administered cumulative doses of epirubicin and cyclophosphamide. Patients with administered cumulative doses of both epirubicin and cyclophosphamide not exceeding those used in standard regimens (</= 720 mg/m(2) and </= 6,300 mg/m(2), respectively) had an 8-year cumulative probability of developing AML/MDS of 0.37% (95% CI, 0.13% to 0.61%) compared with 4.97% (95% CI, 2.06% to 7.87%) for patients administered higher cumulative doses of both epirubicin and cyclophosphamide.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients treated with standard cumulative doses of adjuvant epirubicin (</= 720 mg/m(2)) and cyclophosphamide (</= 6,300 mg/m(2)) for early breast cancer have a lower probability of secondary leukemia than patients treated with higher cumulative doses. Increased risk of secondary leukemia must be considered when assessing the potential benefit to risk ratio of higher than standard doses.
Praga
Claudio
C
Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France.
Bergh
Jonas
J
Bliss
Judith
J
Bonneterre
Jacques
J
Cesana
Bruno
B
Coombes
R Charles
RC
Fargeot
Pierre
P
Folin
Annika
A
Fumoleau
Pierre
P
Giuliani
Rosa
R
Kerbrat
Pierre
P
Hery
Michel
M
Nilsson
Jonas
J
Onida
Francesco
F
Piccart
Martine
M
Shepherd
Lois
L
Therasse
Patrick
P
Wils
Jacques
J
Rogers
David
D
D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D015251:Epirubicin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009190:Myelodysplastic Syndromes / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors
D015251:Epirubicin; D003520:Cyclophosphamide