title: Can airway obstruction be estimated by lung auscultation in an emergency room setting?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lung auscultation is a central part of the physical examination at hospital admission. In this study, the physicians' estimation of airway obstruction by auscultation was determined and compared with the degree of airway obstruction as measured by FEV(1)/FVC values.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and thirty-three patients consecutively admitted to the medical emergency room with chest problems were included. After taking their history, patients were auscultated by an Internal Medicine registrar. The degree of airway obstruction had to be estimated (0=no, 1=mild, 2=moderate and 3=severe obstructed) and then spirometry was performed. Airway obstruction was defined as a ratio of FEV(1)/FVC <70%. The degree of airway obstruction was defined on FEV(1)/FVC as mild (FEV(1)/FVC <70% and >50%), moderate (FEV(1)/FVC <50% >30%) and severe (FEV(1)/FVC <30%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and thirty-five patients (57.9%) had no sign of airway obstruction (FEV(1)/FVC >70%). Spirometry showed a mild obstruction in 51 patients (21.9%), a moderate obstruction in 27 patients (11.6%) and a severe obstruction in 20 patients (8.6%). There was a weak but significant correlation between FEV(1)/FVC and the auscultation-based estimation of airway obstruction in Internal Medicine Registrars (Spearman's rho=0.328; P<0.001). The sensitivity to detect airway obstruction by lung auscultation was 72.6% and the specificity only 46.3%. Thus, the negative predictive value was 68% and the positive predictive value 51%. In 27 patients (9.7%), airway obstruction was missed by lung auscultation. In these 27 cases, the severity of airway obstruction was mild in 20 patients, moderate in 5 patients and severe in 2 patients. In 82 patients (29.4%) with no sign of airway obstruction (FEV(1)/FVC >70%), airway obstruction was wrongly estimated as mild in 42 patients, as moderate in 34 patients and as severe in 6 patients, respectively. By performing multiple logistic regression, normal lung auscultation was a significant and independent predictor for not having an airway obstruction (OR 2.48 (1.43-4.28); P=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under emergency room conditions, physicians can quite accurately exclude airway obstruction by auscultation. Normal lung auscultation is an independent predictor for not having an airway obstruction. However, airway obstruction is often overestimated by auscultation; thus, spirometry should be performed.
authors.affiliation: Pneumology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland. jleuppi@uhbs.ch
authors.forename: Jörg D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Leuppi
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dieterle
authors.forename: Irène
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wildeisen
authors.forename: Benedict
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martina
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tamm
authors.forename: Gian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: André P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Perruchoud
authors.forename: Bernd M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Leimenstoll
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001314:Auscultation / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology