title: Sodium citrate cross-linked chitosan films: optimization as substitute for human/rat/rabbit epidermal sheets.
abstract: PURPOSE. To prepare chitosan films that shall be capable of simulating in vitro permeation of polar (5-FU) and non polar (indomethacin) drugs across rat/rabbit/human epidermis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Statistical designs were utilized to identify the formulation and process variables that significantly influenced permeation of both drugs across chitosan films cross-linked with sodium citrate (Nacit). In addition, atomic absorption spectroscopy for Na+ and differential scanning calorimetry of these films were performed for understanding the cross-linking behaviour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentration of chitosan, cross-linking time and concentration of cross-linking agent significantly influenced the in vitro flux of both drugs. Na+ content in films cross-linked with Nacit solutions without adjustment of pH was found to increase whereas, DeltaH of cross-linking endothermic transition decreased. However, after dipping these films in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) both Na+ and DeltaH was found to decrease. Such a decrease was not observed when films cross-linked with sodium citrate solutions after adjustment to pH 5 were dipped in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The in vitro permeation of both drugs across latter films was significantly less.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adjustment of Nacit solution pH to 5 produced ionic complexes that were resistant to alkaline pH. Chitosan films can be cross-linked with Nacit to simulate in vitro permeation of polar and non polar drugs across animal/human epidermis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government Polytechnic for Women, Patiala, India.
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.forename: Kumar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Babita
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tiwary
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002951:Citrates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017768:Skin, Artificial; D000077559:Sodium Citrate
chemical_list: D002951:Citrates; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D048271:Chitosan; D005472:Fluorouracil; D007213:Indomethacin