title: Pathogen recognition with Toll-like receptors.
abstract: The innate immune system is an evolutionarily conserved system of defense against microbial infections. The family of Toll-like receptors is a major class of receptors that sense molecular patterns associated with a broad range of pathogens including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. Following pathogen recognition, Toll-like receptors initiate intracellular signal transduction that results in the expression of genes involved in inflammation, antiviral responses and maturation of dendritic cells. Individual Toll-like receptors activate common and unique transcription factors through different signaling pathways to drive specific biological responses against microorganisms.
authors.affiliation: Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: Shizuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D007239:Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000821:virology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors