title: Loss of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 expression is an adverse prognostic factor in hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is a negative regulator of tumor cell growth, and may function as a tumor suppressor. CEACAM1 expression is down-regulated with increasing histologic grade in a number of malignancies. The authors hypothesized that loss of CEACAM1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells may function as an adverse prognostic factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was conducted of 139 consecutive patients who underwent resection for HCC, with a median follow-up period of 83 months. Immunohistochemistry of the resected specimens was conducted using a monoclonal anti-CEACAM1 antibody. CEACAM1 expression in HCC was classified into two categories: diffuse expression, characterized by positive staining throughout the tumor specimen, or loss of expression, in which there were distinct areas of negative staining within the tumor specimen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 139 patients, 113 were classified as having tumors with diffuse expression and 26 had loss-of-expression tumors. Loss of CEACAM1 expression was more frequent in tumor specimens with Edmondson-Steiner Grades III or IV (21 of 32 [66%]) than in tumor specimens with Grades I or II (5 of 107 [5%]; P < 0.001) and was always seen in areas with the highest histologic grade. Loss of CEACAM1 expression was significantly associated with large tumor size, multiplicity of the tumor, portal vein invasion, and satellite nodules and affected survival adversely, according to univariate (P < 0.0001) and multivariate analyses (relative risk, 5.737; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loss of CEACAM1 expression reflects aggressive tumor biology and thus indicates a poor prognosis for patients with HCC.
authors.affiliation: Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Pauldion V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wakai
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shirai
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Katsuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hatakeyama
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules