title: Cell wall integrity signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
abstract: The yeast cell wall is a highly dynamic structure that is responsible for protecting the cell from rapid changes in external osmotic potential. The wall is also critical for cell expansion during growth and morphogenesis. This review discusses recent advances in understanding the various signal transduction pathways that allow cells to monitor the state of the cell wall and respond to environmental challenges to this structure. The cell wall integrity signaling pathway controlled by the small G-protein Rho1 is principally responsible for orchestrating changes to the cell wall periodically through the cell cycle and in response to various forms of cell wall stress. This signaling pathway acts through direct control of wall biosynthetic enzymes, transcriptional regulation of cell wall-related genes, and polarization of the actin cytoskeleton. However, additional signaling pathways interface both with the cell wall integrity signaling pathway and with the actin cytoskeleton to coordinate polarized secretion with cell wall expansion. These include Ca(2+) signaling, phosphatidylinositide signaling at the plasma membrane, sphingoid base signaling through the Pkh1 and -2 protein kinases, Tor kinase signaling, and pathways controlled by the Rho3, Rho4, and Cdc42 G-proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. levin@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000502:physiology*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; C490702:PKC1 protein, S cerevisiae; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C051302:RHO1 protein, S cerevisiae; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins