title: Study of warm ischemia followed by reperfusion on a lower limb model in rats: effect of allopurinol and streptokinase.
abstract: Prolonged tissue ischemia leads to changes in microcirculation and production of oxygen free radicals. The event eventually responsible for tissue death is the no-reflow phenomenon and its management is a challenge for the surgeon dealing with replantation or transplantation. We introduce a model of warm ischemia and reperfusion of the lower limb of rats with which we studied the effect of allopurinol and streptokinase.
  
  
  METHODS
  Section of the lower limb with preservation of vessels and nerves was performed in 110 rats. Femoral vessels clamped for periods of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours of ischemia were allowed to reperfuse (groups M0, M2, M4, M6, and M8 respectively). Other groups, E1, E2, and E3, received streptokinase, allopurinol, or a combination of the two drugs after 6 hours of ischemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viability rates of the ischemic limbs after 7 days were 100% (M0), 80% (M2), 63.6% (M4), 50% (M6), and 20% (M8). In the experimental groups, E1, E2, and E3, viability rates were 67% (E1), 70% (E2), and 70% (E3). Groups M0, M2, M4, M6, and M8 differed among themselves except for groups M4 and M6. Group E1 had a higher rate of limb viability than M6 (control group) but not than M4. Groups E1, E2 and E3 had higher rates of limb viability than M6 but not than M2 or M4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that increased viability of limbs after 6 hours of ischemia occurs when allopurinol or streptokinase is used. The combination of the two drugs does not appear to produce any additional effect.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plastic Surgery and Microsurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo Sacramento
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.forename: Jose Carlos Faes
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Hugo Alberto
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Nakamoto
authors.forename: Marcus Castro
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000493:Allopurinol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015424:Reperfusion / Q000379:methods; D012092:Replantation; D013300:Streptokinase / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D000493:Allopurinol; D013300:Streptokinase