title: Cytokines and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand regulate phagocytosis by pancreatic stellate cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pancreatic stellate cells have been characterized as the major source of extracellular matrix and cytokine production in the pancreas. This study showed that pancreatic stellate cells have a phagocytic function.
  
  
  METHODS
  The morphological features of periacinar phagocytic cells were investigated by immunohistochemically staining serial sections of the pancreas from male WBN/Kob rats and an animal model of acute pancreatitis for glial fibrillary acidic protein and alpha-smooth muscle actin. Pancreatic stellate cells were assayed for phagocytic activity by incubating them with senescent polymorphonuclear neutrophils or fluorescence-labeled latex beads in the presence or absence of cytokines, growth factors, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand. The role of CD36 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in phagocytosis was investigated by blocking endogenous CD36 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity with anti-CD36 antibody and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma small interfering RNAs, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phagocytic cells were observed in areas of inflammation, and they were identical to the glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive and alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive cells, thus suggesting that they were pancreatic stellate cells. Aged polymorphonuclear neutrophils were ingested into the cytoplasm of the pancreatic stellate cells. Transforming growth factor beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin 1beta decreased the phagocytic activity of pancreatic stellate cells, whereas troglitazone induced a dose-dependent increase in both phagocytic activity and expression of CD36. Blockade of CD36 reduced troglitazone-induced phagocytosis. Silencing of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene decreased phagocytosis and expression of CD36.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pancreatic stellate cells act as resident phagocytic cells, and CD36 promotes troglitazone-induced phagocytic activity via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transactivation. Because phagocytosis is essential to limit the extent of inflammation, enhancement of phagocytic activity may provide an important approach to the treatment of pancreatic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Tokyo [corrected] Japan. kyoko@ige.twmu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Makio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tahara
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shiratori
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018955:CD36 Antigens / Q000502:physiology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000502:physiology*; D010179:Pancreas / Q000166:cytology*; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D018955:CD36 Antigens; D008024:Ligands; D047495:PPAR gamma