title: Meta-analysis: antibiotic prophylaxis reduces mortality in neutropenic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial infections are a major cause of illness and death in patients who are neutropenic after chemotherapy treatment for cancer. Trials have shown the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in decreasing the incidence of bacterial infections but not in reducing mortality rates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether antibiotic prophylaxis in neutropenic patients reduces mortality and incidence of infection and to assess related adverse events.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane Cancer Network register of trials (2004), The Cochrane Library (Issue 4, 2004), EMBASE (1980-2004), MEDLINE (1966-2004), and references of identified studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled trials comparing antibiotic prophylaxis with placebo or no intervention or another antibiotic in afebrile neutropenic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently appraised the quality of trials and extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-five trials performed between 1973 and 2004 met inclusion criteria. Fifty-two trials addressed quinolone prophylaxis. Antibiotic prophylaxis significantly decreased the risk for death when compared with placebo or no treatment (relative risk, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.55 to 0.81]). All prophylactic antibiotics were associated with an increased risk for adverse events (relative risk, 1.69 [CI, 1.14 to 2.50]). Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis reduced the risk for all-cause mortality (relative risk, 0.52 [CI, 0.35 to 0.77]), as well as infection-related mortality, fever, clinically documented infections, and microbiologically documented infections. Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis increased the risk for harboring bacilli resistant to the specific drug after treatment and adverse events, but these results were not statistically significant (relative risks, 1.69 [CI, 0.73 to 3.92]) and 1.30 [CI, 0.61 to 2.76], respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most trials involved patients with hematologic cancer. Data on all-cause mortality were missing in 10 of 50 trials comparing prophylaxis with no prophylaxis. Effect estimates were larger in trials of unclear methodologic quality compared with trials of adequate methodologic quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antibiotic prophylaxis for neutropenic patients undergoing cytotoxic therapy reduces mortality. Mortality was substantially reduced when analysis was limited to fluoroquinolones. Antibiotic prophylaxis, preferably with a fluoroquinolone, should be considered for neutropenic patients.
authors.affiliation: Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tiqva, Israel.
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gafter-Gvili
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Mical
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leibovici
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D035843:Biomedical Research; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019337:Hematologic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones