title: Work environment and occupational health of dental hygienists: a qualitative assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to characterize the work environment and identify factors that influence the occupational health of dental hygienists.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a qualitative analysis of dental hygiene work based on five national focus groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that musculoskeletal symptoms are common, particularly after 10 years; common ergonomic problems included instruments and chairs. Important non-physical workplace problems include role ambiguity (eg, employee vs. independent practitioner), inadequate recognition, role identity (eg, distinction from dental assistants), role conflict (eg, with dentists and spousal office managers), and social isolation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Work organizational factors (eg, frequent part-time work, inadequate breaks, perception as a "second team" distinct from the dentist and dental-assistant team) impede the remediation of ergonomics and other problems. Job flexibility encourages hygienists to change work hours or location rather than deal with work conditions. Occupational health interventions should address social environment and work organization.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA. loricrawford@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gutierrez
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Harber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003756:Dental Hygienists; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016272:Occupational Health; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D017132:Workplace