title: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors in breast cancer: current status and future development.
abstract: Evidence suggests that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands are involved in the pathogenesis of different human carcinomas, including breast cancer. Results of phase II clinical trials of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have shown that these compounds have little activity in breast cancer patients when used as single agents. The potential pitfalls of these clinical trials, and the molecular mechanisms that might be involved in regulating the sensitivity/resistance of breast cancer cells to EGFR TKIs are discussed in this brief article. In particular, preclinical findings clearly demonstrate that breast cancer cells are able to activate different mechanisms to escape the anti-tumor effects of drugs directed against growth factor-driven pathways. Therefore, it is conceivable that significant blockade of tumor growth might be obtained only through contemporary blockade of different growth promoting pathways, at least in advanced disease. In addition, preclinical and clinical findings support the use of EGFR TKIs in specific subgroups of breast cancer patients, such as estrogen receptor positive (ER+), tamoxifen resistant patients. In this regard, we describe potential future applications of these compounds in combination with other agents in the treatment of breast carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology and Preclinical Models, INT-Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy. nicnorm@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Normanno
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.forename: Monica R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Maiello
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mancino
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Antonio
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macaluso
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caponigro
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giordano
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D006801:Humans; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases