title: Predictive utility of apolipoprotein E genotype for Alzheimer disease in outpatients with mild cognitive impairment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In cognitively impaired patients without dementia, the utility of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the predictive utility of the APOE epsilon4 genotype for conversion to probable Alzheimer disease (AD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Naturalistic, longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Memory disorders outpatient clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 136 patients with memory complaints were determined to have mild cognitive impairment and were evaluated every 6 months. Fifty-seven age- and sex-matched healthy controls were evaluated annually.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome measures included conversion to AD. Secondary outcome measures included change over time in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and Selective Reminding Test (SRT) delayed recall score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The APOE epsilon4 allele was present in 25% of patients and 21% of healthy controls. During a mean +/- SD follow-up of 35.2 +/- 24.3 months, 35 of 136 patients converted to AD. APOE epsilon4 carrier status did not differ between converters (31%) and nonconverters to AD (23%, P = .3) and did not affect the time trend in MMSE or SRT scores in the entire sample. Four of 5 APOE epsilon4 homozygotes converted to AD compared with 7 of 29 heterozygotes (P = .02). In a Cox proportional hazards model stratified by age quartiles, after controlling for sex, education, MMSE score, and SRT delayed recall score, APOE epsilon4 increased the risk of AD in patients 70 to 85 years old (n = 57; risk ratio, 2.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-7.3; P = .03) but not in patients 55 to 69 years old (n = 79; P = .7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  APOE epsilon4 carrier status was associated with conversion to AD in older outpatients after controlling for known demographic and clinical risk factors, and APOE epsilon4 homozygosity was associated with increased risk of conversion to AD. However, APOE epsilon4 carrier status by itself did not predict cognitive decline or conversion to AD, indicating that APOE genotyping in patients with mild cognitive impairment may have limited clinical applicability for prediction of outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. dpd3@columbia.edu
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Devanand
authors.forename: Gregory H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Pelton
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zamora
authors.forename: Xinhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Matthias H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tabert
authors.forename: Madeleine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goodkind
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Scarmeas
authors.forename: Ilana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Yaakov
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mayeux
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E