title: The cost-effectiveness of basiliximab induction in "old-to-old" kidney transplant programs: Bayesian estimation, simulation, and uncertainty analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Markov models are employed in economic analyses to evaluate all possible expectations in a dilemna. The introduction of a new clinical protocol (Basiliximab induction with calcineurin-sparing protocols) for a group of kidney transplant recipients receiving organs from marginal donors was validated with a Markov simulation model, demonstrating the usefulness of combining simulation with Bayesian estimation methods for analysis of cost-effectiveness data collected alongside a clinical trial. We sought to determine whether calcineurin-sparing protocols using anti-interleukin-2/antibody induction (Simulect) would show a beneficial effect on initial kidney function and reduce transplantation costs upon admission, clinical incidences, graft function, and complications during the first month after transplant.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) was used to estimate a system of generalized linear models relating costs and outcomes to a kidney transplant process affected by treatment under alternative therapies. The Markov simulation model was established following three chains: a calcineurin-free regimen with Basiliximab induction (chain A); a calcineurin-sparing protocol with Basiliximab induction (chain B); and a conventional immunosuppressive regimen (chain C). The MCMC draws were used as parameters in simulations that yielded inferences about the relative cost-effectiveness of the novel therapy under a variety of scenarios. After designing the Markov chain and cohorts, 31 patients from the "old-to-old" program were assigned; eight to chain A; eight to chain B; and 15 to chain C. A year after transplantation a cost-benefit study was performed guided by the three branches of the Markov model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Markov model showed a benefit of induction therapies in elderly patients. A cost-benefit model showed that after a year, there was a clear benefit from calcineurin-free plus Basiliximab induction therapies, with a slight benefit from calcineurin-sparing protocols.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Markov models are extremely useful when introducing new clinical therapies. The approach allows flexibility in assessing treatment using various premises and quantifies the global effect of parametric uncertainty on a decision maker's confidence to adopt one therapy over another. In our transplant program, a cost-effective analysis of outcomes in old patients using the Markov model showed a clear benefit of calcineurin-sparing protocols with Basixilimab induction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Fundacion Hospital Calahorra, Calahorra, La Rioja 26500, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Emparan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wolters
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laukötte
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Senninger
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077552:Basiliximab; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004231:Diuresis; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D008390:Markov Chains; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013030:Spain; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D035501:Uncertainty
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000077552:Basiliximab