title: Molecular analysis to detect pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in high-risk groups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Screening of high-risk groups for pancreatic cancer has not been adopted because of concerns regarding specificity and sensitivity. Suitability of a combination of 3 novel molecular screening techniques was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pancreatic juice was extracted from 146 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, chronic pancreatitis, or biliary tract stones. p53 mutations were analyzed by using a modified yeast functional assay, K-ras status was analyzed using mutation-specific real-time PCR and the proportion of p16(INK4a) promoter methylation was estimated using comparative methylation-specific real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  p53 mutations were detected in 20 of 48 (42%) cancer cases, none of 49 controls, and 2 of 49 (4%) patients with pancreatitis. K-ras mutations were detected in 31 of 57 (54%) cancer patients, 13 of 61 (21%) controls, and 23 of 67 (34%) patients with pancreatitis. Twenty-six of 42 (62%) cancer patients had promoter methylation levels > 12%, compared with 3 of 24 (13%) controls, and 2 of 26 (8%) with pancreatitis. Mutations in p53 or high-level p16(INK4a) promoter methylation occurred in 29 of 36 (80%) patients with cancer, 3 of 24 (13%) controls, and 3 of 22 (13%) with pancreatitis. Three patients (8%) of 36 with cancer; 14 of 24 (58%) controls, and 13 of 22 (59%) patients with pancreatitis had no marker. The gallstone disease patients had a high rate of positive K-ras mutations, possibly reflecting the fact that they were not disease free.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination molecular analysis increased the discrimination between patients with malignant and benign disease. This level of discrimination would allow patients in high-risk groups to be stratified from negligible risk to over 50% probability of an early cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery aned Oncology, University of Liverpool, England.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McFaul
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Howes
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lancaster
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Threadgold
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gilmore
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Smart
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lombard
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neoptolemos
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Greenhalf
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019942:Genes, p16; D016158:Genes, p53; D011905:Genes, ras; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D010189:Pancreatic Juice; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers