title: The relationship between non-injection drug use behaviors on progression to AIDS and death in a cohort of HIV seropositive women in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of longitudinal patterns and types of non-injection drug use (NIDU) on HIV progression in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), a prospective cohort study conducted at six US sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected semi-annually from 1994 to 2002 on 1046 HIV(+) women. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to estimate relative hazards for developing AIDS and for death by pattern and type of NIDU.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During follow-up, 285 AIDS events and 287 deaths, of which 177 were AIDS-related, were reported. At baseline, consistent and former NIDU was associated with CD4(+) counts of < 200 cells/microl (43% and 46%, respectively) and viral load > 40,000 copies/ml (53% and 55%, respectively). Consistent NIDU reported less HAART use (53%) compared with other NIDU patterns. Stimulant use was associated with CD4(+) cell counts of < 200 cells/microl (53%) and lower HAART initiation (63%) compared with other NIDU types. In multivariate analyses, progression to AIDS was significantly higher among consistent (RH = 2.52), inconsistent (RH = 1.63) and former (RH = 1.56) users compared with never users; and for stimulant (RH = 2.04) and polydrug (RH = 1.65) users compared with non-users. Progression to all-cause death was higher only among former users (RH = 1.48) compared with never users in multivariate analysis. NIDU behaviors were not associated with progression to AIDS-related death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, pattern and type of NIDU were associated with HIV progression to AIDS and all-cause mortality. These differences were associated with lower HAART utilization among consistent NIDU and use of stimulants, and poor baseline immunological and virological status among former users.
authors.affiliation: Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies, New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. fkapadia@nyam.org
authors.forename: Farzana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kapadia
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Marge H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sohler
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: Ruth M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Greenblatt
authors.forename: Imtiaz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Choudhary
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vlahov
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality*