title: Combined intercostal and diaphragm pacing to provide artificial ventilation in patients with tetraplegia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the usefulness of combined intercostal and diaphragm pacing to maintain independence from mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical research center at a large tertiary hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four ventilator-dependent subjects with spinal cord injury with only unilateral phrenic nerve function.
  
  
  METHODS
  During an initial surgical procedure, a multipolar epidural disk electrode was positioned on the ventral surface of the upper-thoracic spinal cord via a hemilaminectomy to activate the inspiratory intercostal muscles. A phrenic nerve electrode was implanted unilaterally via the thoracic approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inspired volume production and duration that subjects could be comfortably maintained when off mechanical ventilatory support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial maximum inspired volumes from combined intercostal and diaphragm stimulation ranged between .23 and .93L and significantly increased over the course of reconditioning period to between 0.55 and 1.31L; subjects could be maintained off mechanical ventilation between 16 and 24 hours a day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined intercostal and unilateral diaphragm pacing may be a useful therapeutic modality capable of maintaining long-term ventilatory support in patients with only unilateral phrenic nerve function.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, MetroHealth Medical Center, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA. afd3@cwru.edu
authors.forename: Anthony F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: DiMarco
authors.forename: Yoshiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takaoka
authors.forename: Krzysztof E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Kowalski
mesh_terms: D003964:Diaphragm / Q000294:innervation*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007320:Inspiratory Capacity; D007366:Intercostal Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D008297:Male; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000628:therapy*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000628:therapy