title: Lipoteichoic acid induces nuclear factor-kappaB activation and nitric oxide synthase expression via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, and p38 MAPK in RAW 264.7 macrophages.
abstract: We previously demonstrated that lipoteichoic acid (LTA) might activate phosphatidylcholine-phospholipase C (PC-PLC) and phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C (PI-PLC) to induce protein kinase C activation, which in turn initiates nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and finally induces inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) release in RAW 264.7 macrophages. In this study, we further investigated the roles of tyrosine kinase, phosphatidylinositiol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in LTA-induced iNOS expression and NO release in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (genistein and tyrphostin AG126), PI3K inhibitors (wortmannin and LY 294002), and a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB 203580) attenuated LTA-induced iNOS expression and NO release in concentration-dependent manners. Treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with LTA caused time-dependent activations of Akt and p38 MAPK. The LTA-induced Akt activation was inhibited by wortmannin, LY 294002, genistein, and tyrphostin AG126. The LTA-induced p38 MAPK activation was inhibited by genistein, tyrphostin AG126, wortmannin, LY 294002, and SB 203580. The LTA-induced formation of an NF-kappaB-specific DNA-protein complex in the nucleus was inhibited by wortmannin, LY 294002, genistein, tyrphostin AG126, and SB 203580. Treatment of macrophages with LTA caused an increase in kappaB-luciferase activity, and this effect was inhibited by tyrphostin AG126, wortmannin, LY 294002, the Akt dominant negative mutant (AktDN), and SB 203580. Based on those findings, we suggest that LTA might activate the PI3K/Akt pathway through tyrosine kinase to induce p38 MAPK activation, which in turn initiates NF-kappaB activation, and ultimately induces iNOS expression and NO release in RAW 264.7 macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. m001002@ms.skh-org.tw
authors.forename: Shang-Jyh
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Hui-Chieh
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Chen-Tzu
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Ming-Shyan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Bing-Chang
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yau-Chong
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Wen-Ta
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Chien-Huang
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000730:Androstadienes / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002867:Chromones / Q000276:immunology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D019833:Genistein / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D009025:Morpholines / Q000276:immunology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000276:immunology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000276:immunology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000276:immunology; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000276:immunology; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000276:immunology*; D020032:Tyrphostins / Q000276:immunology; D000077191:Wortmannin; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019833:Genistein; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009025:Morpholines; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D013682:Teichoic Acids; D020032:Tyrphostins; D000077191:Wortmannin; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; C009900:lipoteichoic acid; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse