title: Interferon-gamma knockout fails to confer protection against obliteration in heterotopic murine tracheal allografts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interferon-gamma, produced by T-helper cells, activates macrophages and increases expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products in acute and chronic rejection. We investigated the role of interferon-gamma in murine heterotopic tracheal allografts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tracheas from BALB/c mice were heterotopically transplanted to BALB/c (12 isografts: 2 weeks [n = 6] and 4 weeks [n = 6], C57BL/6 (12 allografts: 2 weeks [n = 6] and 4 weeks [n = 6]) and C57BL/6 interferon-gamma knockout mice (12 interferon-gamma knockout allografts: 2 weeks [n = 4] and 4 weeks [n = 8]). BALB/c interferon-gamma knockout tracheas were transplanted to C57BL/6 mice (reverse knockout: 4 weeks [n = 6]) and BALB/c interferon-gamma knockout mice (4 weeks [n = 2]). C57BL/6 tracheas were transplanted to Bm12 mice (MHC Class II mismatch allografts: 4 weeks [n = 6]). Conventional histology and immunohistochemistry for CD4, CD8 and CD11b were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Minimal (<20%) obliteration was seen at 2 weeks in the allograft groups. No obliteration was seen in the isograft groups. However, all allografts were completely obliterated at 4 weeks. Interferon-gamma knockout allograft combinations displayed severe rejection characterized by intense intra- and extraluminal infiltration by CD4-, CD8- and CD11b-labeled cells. The MHC Class II mismatch allograft group showed normal epithelium and mild sub-epithelial infiltration by CD4+ cells at 4 weeks (CD8-, CD11b-).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Absence of interferon-gamma does not protect the allograft from obliteration. Epithelial destruction by cytotoxic T cells appears to be an important mechanism in the development of obliteration in murine heterotopic tracheal allografts.
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Hasan F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Batirel
authors.forename: Saime
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Batirel
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Swanson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D016827:CD8 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D014132:Trachea / Q000637:transplantation*; D014133:Tracheal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016042:Transplantation, Heterotopic / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D039481:CD11b Antigen; D015704:CD4 Antigens; D016827:CD8 Antigens; D007371:Interferon-gamma