title: Tritium in well waters, streams and atomic lakes in the East Kazakhstan Oblast of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site.
abstract: The concentration of tritium has been determined in well waters, streams and atomic lakes in the Sarzhal, Tel'kem, Balapan and Degelen Mountains areas of the Semipalatinsk Test Site. The data show that levels of tritium in domestic well waters within the settlement of Sarzhal are extremely low at the present time with a median value of 4.4 Bq dm(-3) (95% confidence interval:4.1-4.7 Bq dm(-3)). These levels are only marginally above the background tritium content in surface waters globally. Levels in the atomic craters at Tel'kem 1 and Tel'kem 2 are between one and two orders of magnitude higher, while the level in Lake Balapan is approximately 12,600 Bq dm(-3). Significantly, levels in streams and test-tunnel waters sourced in the Degelen Mountains, the site of approximately 215 underground nuclear tests, are a further order of magnitude higher, being in the range 133,000--235,500 Bq dm(-3). No evidence was adduced which indicates that domestic wells in Sarzhal are contaminated by tritium-rich waters sourced in the Degelen massif, suggesting that the latter are not connected hydrologically to the near-surface groundwater recharging the Sarzhal wells. Annual doses to humans arising from the ingestion of tritium in these well waters are very low at the present time and are of no radiological significance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. peter.mitchell@ucd.ie
authors.forename: Peter I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Luis León
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Vintró
authors.forename: Aigul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Omarova
authors.forename: Mukhambetkali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burkitbayev
authors.forename: Humberto Jiménez
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Nápoles
authors.forename: Nicholas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Priest
mesh_terms: D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007623:Kazakhstan; D009689:Nuclear Warfare; D011634:Public Health; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D011847:Radioactive Fallout / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D011847:Radioactive Fallout