title: Palmar skin conductance compared to a developed stress score and to noxious and awakening stimuli on patients in anaesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of fluctuations in the skin conductance per s (NFSC) as a measure of the sympathetic nervous system may be a tool for monitoring physiological stress during surgery and general anaesthesia. The purpose of this study was to find the sensitivity and specificity of the NFSC when compared to a peroperative clinical stress score. Moreover, different patterns of skin conductance responses were compared with the BIS score to find out if the mean level of skin conductance (SC) and NFSC monitoring could differentiate between awakening and noxious stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients were studied during stressful or non-stressful registration periods. During each registration period, the NFSC was compared to a five-point clinical stress score (CSS) (systolic blood pressure >130 mmHg, cough, tears, EMG in the forehead >50 or movements) and BIS score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NFSC and the CSS both indicated physiological stress at 12 registrations and no stress at 186 registrations. The NFSC indicated physiological stress without signs of clinical stress (CSS = 0) in 28 registrations, whereas signs of clinical stress (CSS > 0) were indicated on two occasions without signs of stress in the NFSC. The sensitivity of the NFSC when compared to the CSS was 86% and the specificity was 86%. Moreover, in all situations (n = 16) where NFSC indicated stress and the BIS score >50, the SC increased. This was different from situations (n = 13) where NFSC indicated stress and the BIS score <50, then the SC did not increase (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NFSC is sensitive to clinical stress during surgical stimulation. Moreover, the combined use of SC and NFSC may have a potential to differentiate between situations of stress due to inadequate hypnotic effect vs. inadequate analgesic effect.
authors.affiliation: The Skills Training Centre, The National Hospital, Oslo, Norway. hanne.storm@klinmed.uio.no
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Storm
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shafiei
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Myre
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raeder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D003371:Cough / Q000503:physiopathology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000187:drug effects*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013666:Tears / Q000502:physiology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*