title: Survival in hepatocellular carcinoma: impact of screening and etiology of liver disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As the merits of screening at-risk populations for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear, we compared the clinico-pathologic features and survival of patients with cirrhosis and HCC detected by screening (Group A) to that in non-screened cases (Group B).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied cirrhotics who developed HCC between 1994 and 2002. During this period, cirrhotics managed by the Gastroenterology Unit were regularly screened at 6-12 monthly intervals while those managed by other hospital units were not. Demographic data, tumor details, treatment received and survival were recorded and compared according to screening status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 96 cases identified; 41 by screening (group A) and 55 by non-screening methods (Group B). HCC in Group A were smaller (P < 0.01), more likely unilobar (P < 0.01), at an early stage (P < 0.0005) and before vascular invasion (P < 0.005) than Group B cases. The frequency of hepatic surgery and/or local ablation was higher in Group A than Group B (P = 0.001). Overall median survival of Group A was 882 days versus 99 days in Group B (P < 0.0001). One- and 3-year probabilities of survival in Group A were 89% and 38%, versus 33% and 19% in Group B (P < 0.001). Independent predictors of survival included screening, Child-Pugh score, creatinine, tumor stage and absence of alcohol as the etiology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening for HCC in cirrhosis identifies tumors at an earlier stage, results in a higher chance of receiving curative treatment and possibly improves patient survival. The absence of alcoholic liver disease impacts favorably on survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pianko
authors.forename: Shara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Stuart K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001706:Biopsy; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends