title: transAlign: using amino acids to facilitate the multiple alignment of protein-coding DNA sequences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alignments of homologous DNA sequences are crucial for comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis. However, multiple alignment represents a computationally difficult problem. For protein-coding DNA sequences, it is more advantageous in terms of both speed and accuracy to align the amino-acid sequences specified by the DNA sequences rather than the DNA sequences themselves. Many implementations making use of this concept of "translated alignments" are incomplete in the sense that they require the user to manually translate the DNA sequences and to perform the amino-acid alignment. As such, they are not well suited to large-scale automated alignments of large and/or numerous DNA data sets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  transAlign is an open-source Perl script that aligns protein-coding DNA sequences via their amino-acid translations to take advantage of the superior multiple-alignment capabilities and speed of an amino-acid alignment. It operates by translating each DNA sequence into its corresponding amino-acid sequence, passing the entire matrix to ClustalW for alignment, and then back-translating the resulting amino-acid alignment to derive the aligned DNA sequences. In the translation step, transAlign determines the optimal orientation and reading frame for each DNA sequence according to the desired genetic code. It also checks for apparent frame shifts in the DNA sequences and can handle frame-shifted sequences in one of three ways (delete, align as amino acids regardless, or profile align as DNA). As a set of comparative benchmarks derived from six protein-coding genes for mammals shows, the strategy implemented in transAlign always improves the speed and usually the apparent accuracy of the alignment of protein-coding DNA sequences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  transAlign represents one of few full and cross-platform implementations of the concept of translated alignments. Both the advantages accruing from performing a translated alignment and the suite of user-definable options available in the program mean that transAlign is ideally suited for large-scale automated alignments of very large and/or very numerous protein-coding DNA data sets. However, the good performance offered by the program also translates to the alignment of any set of protein-coding sequences. transAlign, including the source code, is freely available at http://www.tierzucht.tum.de/Bininda-Emonds/ (under "Programs").
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Tierzucht, Technical University of Munich, Hochfeldweg 1, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany. Olaf.Bininda@tierzucht.tum.de
authors.forename: Olaf R P
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Bininda-Emonds
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D001483:Base Sequence; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D016678:Genome; D023281:Genomics; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval; D020407:Internet; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D011381:Programming Languages; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D011506:Proteins; D004247:DNA