title: Modulation of behavior and cortical motor activity in healthy subjects by a chronic administration of a serotonin enhancer.
abstract: SSRIs are postulated to modulate motor behavior. A single dose of selective serotoninergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like fluoxetine, paroxetine, or fluvoxamine, has been shown to improve motor performance and efficiency of information processing for simple sensorimotor tasks in healthy subjects. At a cortical level, a single dose of SSRI was shown to induce a hyperactivation of the primary sensorimotor cortex (S1M1) involved in the movement (Loubinoux, I., Boulanouar, K., Ranjeva, J. P., Carel, C., Berry, I., Rascol, O., Celsis, P., and Chollet, F., 1999. Cerebral functional magnetic resonance imaging activation modulated by a single dose of the monoamine neurotransmission enhancers fluoxetine and fenozolone during hand sensorimotor tasks. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 19 1365--1375, Loubinoux, I., Pariente, J., Boulanouar, K., Carel, C., Manelfe, C., Rascol, O., Celsis, P., and Chollet, F., 2002. A Single Dose of Serotonin Neurotransmission Agonist Paroxetine Enhances Motor Output. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, fMRI study in healthy subjects. NeuroImage 15 26--36). Since SSRIs are usually given for several weeks, we assessed the behavioral and cerebral effects of a one-month chronic administration of paroxetine on a larger group. In a double-blind, placebo controlled and crossover study, 19 subjects received daily 20 mg paroxetine or placebo, respectively, over a period of 30 days separated by a wash-out period of 3 months. After each period, the subjects underwent an fMRI (active or passive movement, dexterity task, sensory discrimination task) and a behavioral evaluation. Concurrently, a TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) study was conducted (Gerdelat-Mas, A., Loubinoux, I., Tombari, D., Rascol, O., Chollet, F., Simonetta-Moreau, M., 2005. Chronic administration of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) paroxetine modulates human motor cortex excitability in healthy subjects. NeuroImage 27,314--322).
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the one hand, paroxetine improved motor performances at the finger tapping test (P=0.02) without affecting choice reaction time, strength and dexterity significantly. Subjects were also faster in processing the spatial incongruency between a stimulus and the motor response (P=0.04). In order to differentiate behavioral components, a principal component analysis was performed on all motor tests, and several characteristics were differentiated: strength, speed, skill, attention, and motor response coding. Paroxetine would improve the efficiency of motor response coding (MANOVA on the factors; factor 3, P=0.01). On the other hand, the chronic administration induced a significant hypoactivation of S1M1 whatever the task: motor or sensory, simple or complex (random effect analysis, P<0.05). The hypoactivation correlated with the improvement of performances at the finger tapping test (P<0.05) suggesting more efficiency in cerebral motor processing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed a clear modulation of sensory and motor cerebral activation after a chronic paroxetine administration. An improvement in both behavior and cerebral efficiency was suggested. It could be hypothesized that monoamines, by an unspecific effect, may tune the response of pyramidal neurons to optimize performances.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U455, Pavillon Riser, Hôpital Purpan, 31059 Toulouse, France. isabelle.loubinoux@toulouse.inserm.fr
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Loubinoux
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tombari
authors.forename: Jérémie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pariente
authors.forename: Angélique
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gerdelat-Mas
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Franceries
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cassol
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rascol
authors.forename: Josette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pastor
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chollet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001519:Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000187:drug effects*; D017374:Paroxetine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D017374:Paroxetine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors