title: Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and comparative evaluation of screening strategies in a Brazilian prison.
abstract: METHODS
  A prison (1171 male inmates) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and to assess the performance of several screening strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study, all inmates underwent chest radiographic screening. Subjects with abnormal findings underwent sputum smear examination and sputum culture. Taking this strategy as the reference, we assessed three targeted screening strategies to identify TB suspects: Strategy 1: cough >3 weeks; Strategy 2: WHO score > or = 5; Strategy 3: presence of at least one potentially TB-related symptom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of TB cases was 4.6% (48/1052) and 2.7% for definite TB cases. If TB suspects identified by targeted screening had sputum smear examination alone, 37 (86.0%) of the 43 cases would have been missed by Strategy 1, 34/43 (79.1%) by Strategy 2 and 34/43 (79.1%) by Strategy 3. If TB suspects had both sputum smear examination and, for smear-negative subjects, chest radiography, respectively 28/43 (65.1%), 18/43 (41.9%) and 13/43 (30.2%) of cases would have been missed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All three targeted screening strategies were unreliable. Given the importance of early TB diagnosis in overcrowded and highly endemic settings, routine radiography-based screening may be warranted.
authors.affiliation: Secretaria de Administração Penitenciária do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. asanchez@predialnet.com.br
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gerhardt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Natal
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Capone
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Espinola
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biondi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larouzé
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001938:Brazil; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D015995:Prevalence; D011329:Prisoners; D011330:Prisons; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*