title: Temporal analysis of the early BMP functions identifies distinct anti-organizer and mesoderm patterning phases.
abstract: BMP signaling performs multiple important roles during early embryogenesis. Signaling through the BMP pathway is mediated by different BMP ligands expressed in partially overlapping temporal and spatial patterns. Assignment of different BMP-dependent activities to the individual ligands has relied on the patterns of expression of the various BMP genes. Temporal analysis of BMP signaling prior to and during gastrulation was performed using glucocorticoid-controlled Smad proteins. Overexpression of the BMP-specific Smad1 and Smad5 revealed that suppression of Spemann's organizer formation in Xenopus embryos can only take place by activating the BMP pathway prior to the onset of gastrulation. Blocking BMP signaling with the inhibitory Smad, Smad6, results in dorsalized embryos or secondary axis induction, only when activated up to early gastrula stages. BMP2 efficiently represses organizer-specific transcription from the midblastula transition onwards while BMP4 is unable to prevent the early activation of organizer-specific genes. Manipulation of the BMP pathway during mid/late gastrula affects mesodermal patterning with no external phenotypic effects. These observations suggest that the malformations resulting from inhibition or promotion of organizer formation, ventralized or dorsalized, respectively, are the result of a very early BMP function, through its antagonism of organizer formation. This function is apparently fulfilled by BMP2 and only at its latest phase by BMP4. Subsequently, BMP functions in the patterning of the mesoderm with no apparent phenotypic effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, POB 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marom
authors.forename: Vered
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Graciela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pillemer
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fainsod
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000502:physiology*; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005775:Gastrula / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000502:physiology*; D008845:Microinjections; D020897:Organizers, Embryonic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D051785:Smad Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D014981:Xenopus; D029867:Xenopus Proteins
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497402:MXD1 protein, Xenopus; D051785:Smad Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D029867:Xenopus Proteins