title: A 63 element 1.75 dimensional ultrasound phased array for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia are very common diseases in older American men, thus having a reliable treatment modality for both diseases is of great importance. The currently used treating options, mainly surgical ones, have numerous complications, which include the many side effects that accompany such procedures, besides the invasive nature of such techniques. Focused ultrasound is a relatively new treating modality that is showing promising results in treating prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Thus this technique is gaining more attention in the past decade as a non-invasive method to treat both diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper, the design, construction and evaluation of a 1.75 dimensional ultrasound phased array to be used for treating prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia is presented. With this array, the position of the focus can be controlled by changing the electrical power and phase to the individual elements for electronically focusing and steering in a three dimensional volume. The array was designed with a maximum steering angle of +/- 13.5 degrees in the transverse direction and a maximum depth of penetration of 11 cm, which allows the treatment of large prostates. The transducer piezoelectric ceramic, matching layers and cable impedance have been designed for maximum power transfer to tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To verify the capability of the transducer for focusing and steering, exposimetry was performed and the results correlated well with the calculated field. Ex vivo experiments using bovine tissue were performed with various lesion sizes and indicated the capability of the transducer to ablate tissue using short sonications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 1.75 dimensional array, that overcame the drawbacks associated with one-dimensional arrays, has been designed, built and successfully tested. Design issues, such as cable and ceramic capacitances, were taken into account when designing this array. The final prototype overcame also the problem of generating grating lobes at unwanted locations by tapering the array elements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering Graduate Program in Acoustics College of EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State University 206 Hallowell Building University Park, PA 16802, USA. kysbio@engr.psu.edu
authors.forename: Khaldon Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.forename: Nadine Barrie
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000628:therapy*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014159:Transducers; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods