title: Obesity as a risk factor for premenstrual syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between obesity and Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted using a random-digit dialing method. The sampling frame consisted of all possible area codes, exchanges, and 4-digit suffixes in Virginia. A total of 874 women between the ages of 18-44 residing in the state of Virginia between August 1 and September 15, 1994 were interviewed. Cases were defined as women who reported severe or extreme PMS symptom changes using the Shortened Premenstrual Assessment Form. The main exposure variable was obesity as measured by Body Mass Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of PMS in Virginia was 10.3 percent. Obese women (BMI > or = 30) had nearly a three-fold increased risk for PMS than non-obese women OR = 2.8 (95% CI = 1.1, 7.2). PMS was more prevalent among whites, younger women, and smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This data provided evidence that obesity is strongly associated with PMS. Since obesity is a modifiable risk factor, PMS management strategies should not only consider factors such as, high stress, and smoking but also obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0212, USA. swmasho@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Saba Woldemichael
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Masho
authors.forename: Tilahun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Adera
authors.forename: Jeannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: South-Paul
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors