title: An analysis of variables influencing the number of radiation overexposure events in Texas from 1970 to 2000.
abstract: Sources of radiation are used in a variety of modern work settings, including industrial, medical, research, and agricultural applications. Although regulatory controls exist to limit radiation exposures in these different settings, instances of radiation doses in excess of acceptable limits (referred to as overexposures) do occur. A unique study examined overexposure events in Texas over a 45-y period from 1956 to 2001. The primary purpose of the study was to characterize the factors associated with overexposure events. As part of this characterization, an interesting trend in the number of overexposures by year was observed, but not completely explained. The data revealed a dramatic increase in the number of overexposure events, followed by three apparent phases of decline. These declines are of particular interest because, while the increase and subsequent decrease in overexposures occurred, the number of permits to possess radiation sources in Texas generally increased over the same time period. This study focused on the identification of the factors that led to the trends in overexposure events. Data describing the reported overexposure events in Texas from 1970 to 2000 were obtained from the Texas Department of Health Bureau of Radiation Control (TDH BRC) and entered into a computerized database. With the assistance of senior members of the TDH BRC, the three primary factors influencing the number of overexposures were identified. These included domestic oil and gas exploration and production from 1970 to 2000, wherein sources of radiation are employed in various operations; the establishment of a training and certification requirement for industrial radiographers during the period of 1986 to 1988; and modification of the applicable regulations between 1992 and 1994. The generally accepted indicator of oil and gas exploration and production activity, known as "rig count," is the measure of the number of active oil and gas exploration and production platforms at any given time. Rig count is a parameter of particular interest in Texas because the state's economy is significantly tied to the market value of this important natural resource. The rig count parameter was shown to have a strong correlation with overexposure events (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.82, p < 0.0001). Interestingly, the sources causing the overexposures indicate that the events stem primarily not from the oil and gas exploration activity itself, but rather from support activities in the form of industrial radiographic procedures. The number of overexposure events was also determined to be influenced by the imposition of the training requirement for radiographers and the modification of the applicable regulations (e.g., the elimination of the quarterly dose limit). The relative magnitude of these influences, however, was far overshadowed by the identified predominant predictor of rig count. The determination of rig count as the significant influencing factor in overexposure events is useful in possibly recognizing the potential for future occurrences of the same nature. This assessment also serves to highlight an apparent significant public health success story, as the number of overexposures per radioactive material licensee is shown to have declined significantly over the 30-y period of study. The factors contributing to this phenomenon are described to serve as a model for use in other settings.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Environmental Health & Safety, 1851 Crosspoint Drive, OCB 1.330, Houston, TX 77054, USA. Robert.J.Emery@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Valizadeh
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Shelton
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000465:Algorithms; D002617:Chemical Industry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019221:Mandatory Reporting; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods; D018788:Radioactive Hazard Release / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology