title: Techniques for intracranial stent navigation in patients with tortuous vessels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In some patients with stenosis of an intracranial artery, navigating the balloon or stent-delivery system is difficult of tortuous anatomy of the aortic arch, carotid arteries, or vertebral arteries Our purpose was to describe techniques of intracranial stent placement that help in navigating the stent-delivery system in tortuous vessels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 1998 and June 2004, 73 symptomatic stenotic (>50%) intracranial arteries were successfully treated with stent-assisted angioplasty. In 11 cases, standard techniques of navigating the stent-delivery system into the intended lesion failed because of vascular tortuosity. In these difficult cases, several techniques were used to overcome the tortuosity. Five lesions were located in the middle cerebral arteries, four were in the supraclinoid internal carotid arteries, and two were in the distal vertebral arteries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all difficult cases, stents were successfully placed in the intracranial artery by using several techniques: 1) waiting method in which we waited for 20-30 minutes after advancement of the microwire across the lesion, 2) the double-wire technique, and 3) the coaxial double-guiding catheter technique. The waiting method made smooth stent navigation possible in five cases, the double-wire technique was successful in four cases, and the coaxial double-guiding catheter technique was effective in two cases. No technique-related complications occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In difficult cases in which standard techniques of navigating the stent-delivery system into the intended lesion fail because of vascular tortuosity, our techniques were useful methods for intracranial stent navigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Hong
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chang Hwa
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Kyung-Pil
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Sang Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Sang Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Byung-Hee
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dong Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hak Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chang Won
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Suk
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002537:Intracranial Arteriosclerosis / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods; D015607:Stents