title: Chemokine response to febrile urinary tract infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mucosal CXC chemokines recruit inflammatory cells to the infected urinary tract. The chemokine response repertoire of the urinary tract and the relationship to disease severity have not been examined, however.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study quantified CXC (CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10) and CC (CCL2, CCL4, and CCL5) chemokines in sequential urine samples obtained from 50 patients with febrile urinary tract infections during 24 hours after diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had elevated chemokine levels, but bacteremic infections caused higher CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL8, and CCL2 responses. CCL2 and CXCL8 levels were higher in patients with acute pyelonephritis symptoms and CCL2, CXCL3, CCL4, CXCL5, and CXCL10 were significantly correlated to C-reactive protein (CRP) and temperature. Women and men showed different chemokine responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Febrile urinary tract infections are accompanied by a complex chemokine response. The response magnitude reflects disease severity, and the repertoire is influenced by gender and underlying disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. gisela.otto@skane.se
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burdick
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Strieter
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Godaly
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000652:urine; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000652:urine; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000276:immunology* / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C066507:CCL4 protein, human; C483024:CCL5 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins