title: Oncogenic Ras blocks transforming growth factor-beta-induced cell-cycle arrest by degradation of p27 through a MEK/Erk/SKP2-dependent pathway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether oncogenic Ras affects transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-mediated cell-cycle arrest in hematopoietic cells and the downstream signal transduction pathway involved in the interference with TGF-beta-induced cell-cycle arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two leukemic cell lines bearing N-Ras(L61) mutations; HL-60 and TF-1, and the M1 cell line with wt Ras were investigated for their response to TGF-beta. Signal transduction inhibitors, overexpression and RNA interference studies were performed to investigate the involvement of the various proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although TGF-beta signal transduction was not affected, G0-G1 arrest was absent in HL-60 and TF-1 cells due to the absence of p27. Overexpression of p27 restored TGF-beta-induced cell-cycle arrest, as well as interfering in Ras-mediated signaling. The farnesyl transferase inhibitor L744832 and the MEK inhibitor U0126 both restored p27 levels and cell-cycle arrest in response to TGF-beta. The absence of p27 protein is due to elevated levels of the ubiquitin ligase SKP2, which complexes with and targets p27 for degradation. RNA interference for SKP2 and treatment of these cells with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 restored p27 levels, corresponding with decreasing SKP2 levels after interfering in N-Ras signal transduction. P27, phosphorylated at threonine 187, is nuclear localized in N-Ras-containing cells. Mutation of this residue to alanine rendered p27 insensitive to degradation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  N-Ras(L61) transformed cells lack a G0-G1 arrest upon TGF-beta treatment due to absence of p27. p27 is degraded through a MapK-, and SKP2-dependent pathway. Overexpression of p27 results in restoration of cell-cycle arrest upon TGF-beta treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schepers
authors.forename: Albertus T J
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Wierenga
authors.forename: Bart J L
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Eggen
authors.forename: Edo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vellenga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D018274:Electroporation; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D011905:Genes, ras; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D044786:S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014162:Transfection; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C493961:Cdkn1b protein, mouse; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D044786:S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D018631:ras Proteins