title: How Wnt signaling affects bone repair by mesenchymal stem cells from the bone marrow.
abstract: Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) from bone marrow are a source of osteoblast progenitors in vivo, and under appropriate conditions they differentiate into osteoblasts ex vivo. The cells provide a convenient cell culture model for the study of osteogenic tissue repair in an experimentally accessible system. Recent advances in the field of skeletal development and osteogenesis have demonstrated that signaling through the canonical wingless (Wnt) pathway is critical for the differentiation of progenitor cell lines into osteoblasts. Inhibition of such signals can predispose hMSCs to cell cycle entry and prevent osteogenesis. Our investigation of the role of Wnt signaling in osteogenesis by hMSCs ex vivo has demonstrated that osteogenesis proceeds in response to bone morphogenic protein 2 stimulation and is sustained by Wnt signaling. In the presence of Dkk-1, an inhibitor of Wnt signaling, the cascade is disrupted, resulting in inhibition of osteogenesis. Peptide mapping studies have provided peptide Dkk-1 agonists and the opportunity for the production of blocking antibodies. Anti-Dkk-1 strategies are clinically relevant since high serum levels of Dkk-1 are thought to contribute to osteolytic lesion formation in multiple myeloma and possibly some forms of osteosarcoma. Specific inhibitors of glycogen synthetase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta), which mimic Wnt signaling, may also have a therapeutic benefit by enhancing in vitro osteogenesis despite the presence of Dkk-1. Antibodies that block Dkk-1 and GSK3beta inhibitors may provide novel opportunities for the enhancement of bone repair in a variety of human diseases such as multiple myeloma and osteosarcoma.
authors.affiliation: Center for Gene Therapy, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. ca_gregory@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Carl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.forename: Emigdio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: Angela J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smolarz
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Spees
authors.forename: Darwin J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Prockop
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C501126:DKK1 protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D051153:Wnt Proteins