title: Random measurement error in visual acuity measurement in clinical settings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the random measurement error in visual acuity (VA) determination in the clinical environment in cataractous, pseudophakic and healthy eyes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The VAs of patients referred for cataract surgery or consultation by ophthalmic professionals were re-examined and the VA results for distance using projector acuity charts were compared. Refractive errors were also remeasured. A total of 99 eyes (41 cataractous, 36 pseudophakic and 22 healthy eyes) were examined. The healthy comparison group consisted of hospital staff. Only one eye of each person and eyes with Snellen VAs of 0.3-1.3 (logMAR 0.52 to - 0.11) were included. The mean time interval between the first and second examinations was 45 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated standard deviation of measurement error (SDME) of repeated VA measurements of all eyes was logMAR 0.06. Eyes with the lowest VA (0.3-0.45) had the largest variability (SDME logMAR 0.09), and eyes with VA > or = 0.7 had the smallest (SDME logMAR 0.04). The variability may be partly explained by the line size progression in lower VAs, partly by the difference in the remeasurement of the refractive error. The difference in the average VA between examinations 1 and 2 (logMAR 0.15 versus 0.12) was considered to be of some interest because it indicates that some learning effect is possible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual acuity results in clinical settings have a certain degree of inherent variability. In this series variability ranged from SDME logMAR 0.04 (eyes with good vision) to logMAR 0.09 (in the lower vision group) in the Snellen VA range of 0.3-1.3. Changes should be judged with caution, especially in cases of decreased VA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland. jaakko.leinonen@vshp.fi
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leinonen
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Laakkonen
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laatikainen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002386:Cataract / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019591:Pseudophakia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000295:instrumentation; D014792:Visual Acuity