title: Gamma-tubulin and microtubule organization during microsporogenesis in Ginkgo biloba.
abstract: This is the first report on gamma-tubulin and microtubule arrays during microsporogenesis in a gymnosperm. Meiosis in Ginkgo biloba is polyplastidic, as is typical of the spermatophyte clade, and microtubule arrays are organized at various sites during meiosis and cytokinesis. In early prophase, a cluster of gamma-tubulin globules occurs in the central cytoplasm adjacent to the off-center nucleus. These globules diminish in size and spread over the surface of the nucleus. A system of microtubules focused on the gamma-tubulin forms a reticulate pattern in the cytoplasm. As the nucleus migrates to the center of the microsporocyte, gamma-tubulin becomes concentrated at several sites adjacent to the nuclear envelope. Microtubules organized at these foci of gamma-tubulin give rise to a multipolar prophase spindle. By metaphase I, the spindle has matured into a distinctly bipolar structure with pointed poles. In both first and second meiosis, gamma-tubulin becomes distributed throughout the metaphase spindles, but becomes distinctly polar again in anaphase. In telophase I, gamma-tubulin moves from polar regions to the proximal surface of chromosome groups/nuclei where interzonal microtubules are organized. No cell wall is deposited and the interzonal microtubules embrace a plate of organelles between the two nuclear cytoplasmic domains (NCDs) of the dyad. Following second meiosis, phragmoplasts that form between sister and non-sister nuclei fuse to form a complex six-sided structure that directs simultaneous cytokinesis. Gamma-tubulin becomes associated with nuclei after both meiotic divisions and is especially conspicuous in the distal hemisphere of each young microspore where an unusual encircling system of cortical microtubules develops.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Louisiana-Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA. rcb@louisiana.edu
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Lemmon
mesh_terms: D005854:Germ Cells / Q000166:cytology; D020441:Ginkgo biloba / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008540:Meiosis / Q000502:physiology*; D022101:Microtubule-Organizing Center / Q000502:physiology; D008870:Microtubules / Q000502:physiology*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014404:Tubulin