title: Maternal and infant factors and lymphocyte, CD4 and CD8 cell counts in uninfected children of HIV-1-infected mothers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of antiretroviral treatment (ART) for mother-to-child transmission of HIV and infant/maternal characteristics on total lymphocytes (TLC) and lymphocyte subsets in uninfected children of HIV-1-infected mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The European Collaborative Study followed 1663 uninfected children from birth until at least 8 years of age using a standard protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smoothers (running medians) illustrated patterns of immune markers over age by ART exposure and race. Associations between lymphocyte parameters and maternal/infant characteristics were quantified in linear regression analyses using z-scores obtained after modelling log10-transformed TLC, CD4 and CD8 cell counts using the LMS method. Cox proportional hazard models assessed time to TLC, CD4 and CD8 cell counts below the defined cut-off. Covariates included prematurity, gender, race, drug withdrawal and ART exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, black children had lower TLC, CD4 and CD8 cell counts than white children, and an increased risk of TLC, CD4 and CD8 cell counts below the cut-off. ART exposure was associated with TLC levels (but not with TLC below the cut-off for lymphopenia), with reduced CD4 cell counts in the first year of life, and with reduced CD8 cell counts until at least 8 years of age. Duration and intensity of ART exposure was associated with TLC levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of ART exposure in fetal and early life on TLC and CD8 cell counts was prolonged until at least 8 years. These results add to the growing list of adverse effects associated with ART used as prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
authors.affiliation: Institue of Child Health, University College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Madeleine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bunders
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thorne
authors.forename: Marie Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Newell
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000635:transmission*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis