title: The ergonomics of caring for children: an exploratory study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Caring for one's children is among the most ubiquitous of occupations. However, few studies have examined the ergonomic risks involved in parents caring for children at home.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to identify the frequency, type, and severity of musculoskeletal symptoms in parents of children less than 4 years old. The study further examined the factors that contribute to musculoskeletal pain in this sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 130 parents with children younger than 4 years old completed a seven-page survey that included questions related to the parents' demographics, their musculoskeletal discomfort, their performance of child-care tasks with high biomechanical risks (such as carrying a child in a car seat), and parents' perceived psychological strain related to caring for their children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-two percent (92%) of the providers were mothers. Sixty-six percent (66%) of the sample reported the presence of musculoskeletal pain. The parts of the body most affected were the low back (48%), neck (17%), upper back (16%), and shoulders (11.5%). Factors associated with musculoskeletal pain were performing child-care tasks defined as having high biomechanical risks (p = .001), the perception that caring for children is highly demanding (p = .003), and performing hobbies less than 1 hour per week (p = .04). Parents' working status, age, and participation in other daily activities were not significantly related to musculoskeletal discomfort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in parents of children under the age of 4 years. It underscores the association between physical and psychological factors in the development of musculoskeletal discomfort. It suggests the need for occupational therapy wellness programs that focus on preventing musculoskeletal discomfort and providing support for the parenting role.
authors.affiliation: Quinnipiac University, 275 Mt. Carmel Avenue, Hamden, Connecticut 06518, USA. martha.sanders@quinnipiac.edu
authors.forename: Martha J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002654:Child Care; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003625:Data Collection; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000293:injuries*; D009511:New England; D016272:Occupational Health; D010146:Pain; D012307:Risk Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000145:classification