title: Effect of the pediatric exclusivity provision on children's access to medicines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the paediatric licensing status in the USA, UK, Australia and New Zealand of the 79 medicines granted paediatric exclusivity in the USA, and to assess the importance of those medicines to paediatric practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medicines granted a patent extension in the USA as of 10 November 2003 were identified from the FDA website. Data on paediatric licensing were obtained from the Physicians Desk Reference (USA), the Electronic Medicines Compendium (UK), the Australian Prescription Products Guide (Australia) and the MedSafe website (New Zealand). A questionnaire was administered to seven paediatric consultants to assess the importance of the 79 PEMs for use in children. The questionnaire sought opinions on each drug, by age grouping, regarding: usefulness in patients with the condition, number of patients likely to be treated with each drug in a year, and acceptable therapeutic alternatives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-eight (73%) of the medicines had attained paediatric licensing in the USA. Sixty were licensed for adults in all four countries and of these 45 (75%) were licensed for children under 12 years in the USA compared with 31 (52%) to 33 (55%) for the other three countries. The proportion of these medicines licensed for children under 1 month, under 2 years and under 6 years of age ranged from 10% to 58% and there were no significant differences between the countries. For all four countries perceived usefulness and predicted numbers of patients both had some influence on the odds of a medicine having paediatric licensing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improvements in licensing of some medicines for children have occurred in the USA, relative to the UK, Australia and New Zealand, subsequent to the Paediatric Exclusivity Provision. Improvements occurred for children over the age of six, but not for younger children.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grieve
authors.forename: June
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tordoff
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reith
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Norris
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001315:Australia; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017277:Drug Approval / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007880:Legislation, Drug; D008004:Licensure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009520:New Zealand; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000592:standards / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations