title: Persistency of high proinflammatory cytokine levels from colostrum to mature milk in preeclampsia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent evidence suggests a role of an excessive maternal inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Whether this imbalance can be transferred from mother to breast milk remains to be established.
  
  
  METHODS
  15 preeclamptic and 15 healthy pregnant women were recruited in this study. Colostrum and milk samples were collected postpartum in the first 48 h and at 30 days, respectively. Samples were analyzed for interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and soluble IL-2R (sIL-2R) levels with chemiluminescence enzyme immunometric assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Colostrum cytokine levels corrected for gestational age and type of delivery were not significantly different in the two groups. Cytokine levels significantly decreased in mature milk versus colostrum in the control group (P < 0.05), but did not significantly decrease in the preeclampsia group (P > 0.05), except for TNF-alpha (P < 0.05). Mature milk IL-8 and TNF-alpha levels were higher in the preeclampsia group versus controls (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study show that proinflammatory cytokines in breast milk exhibit biological variation at different periods of human lactation. In preeclampsia, high cytokine levels persist at least for 30 days. These results suggest that preeclampsia may affect milk cytokine balance and offer an immunological signal for the host defense in high-risk neonates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Gaziantep, TR-27310, Gaziantep, Turkey. aerbagci@gantep.edu.tr
authors.forename: Ayşe Binnur
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Erbağci
authors.forename: Mustafa Baki
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Cekmen
authors.forename: Ozcan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Balat
authors.forename: Ayşe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balat
authors.forename: Fuat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aksoy
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tarakçioğlu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003126:Colostrum / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000032:analysis; D012995:Solubility; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha