title: Spontaneous epileptic rats show changes in sleep architecture and hypothalamic pathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the present study was to investigate the relationship between sleep, hypothalamic pathology, and seizures in spontaneous epileptic rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were implanted with radiotelemetry transmitters for measuring electrocorticogram (ECoG) and stimulation electrodes in the hippocampus. Epileptogenesis was triggered by 2 h of electical stimulation-induced self-sustained status epilepticus (SSSE). After SSSE, ECoGs were monitored over a 15-week period for the occurrence of interictal high-amplitude low-frequency (HALF) acitvity and spontaneous reoccurring seizures (SRSs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spontaneous epileptic rats showed clinical features of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), such as spontaneous seizures, interictal activity and neuronal cell loss in the dorsomedial hypothalamus, a region important for normal sleep regulation. Interestingly, epileptic rats showed disturbances in sleep architecture, with a high percentage of the seizures occurring during sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore we conclude that a close association exists between epileptiform activity and alterations in sleep architecture that may be related to hypothalamic pathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropharmacology, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark. jfb@lundbeck.com
authors.forename: Jesper F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Bastlund
authors.forename: Poul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jennum
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mohapel
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Penschuck
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004559:Electric Wiring; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology