title: Clinical review: the strategy of immediate reoperation for transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transsphenoidal surgery is currently the primary therapeutic option for Cushing's disease. Despite considerable initial success, 10-30% of patients fail to achieve lasting remission.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated a strategy of immediate reoperation in surgical failures judged by plasma cortisol levels that did not fall to 2 microg/dl or less within 72 h of surgery. Of 215 patients with presumed ACTH microadenomas, treated between 1993 and 2004, 12 met inclusion criteria and had prompt (within 15 d) reoperation for residual or missed ACTH microadenoma. These 12 patients represent 28% of those who did not have evidence of postoperative adrenal insufficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on an outcome measure of sustained subnormal or normal plasma cortisol levels, eight of 12 patients (67%) achieved remission from the two operations. Adjunctive therapies (radiotherapy, gamma knife radiosurgery, and adrenalectomy) led to remission in another three patients. It is recognized that this outcome required either total hypophysectomy (one patient) or postoperative hypopituitarism (all patients in remission).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Magnetic resonance imaging was not usually helpful in determining therapeutic strategies; however, inferior petrosal sinus sampling was critical in providing confidence that the disease was of pituitary origin. A treatment algorithm is recommended, based on this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale maggiore Policlinico, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Locatelli
authors.forename: Mary Lee
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Vance
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Laws
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007016:Hypophysectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012074:Remission Induction; D012086:Reoperation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone