157 nm pellicles (thin films) for photolithography: mechanistic investigation of the VUV and UV-C photolysis of fluorocarbons.
The use of 157 nm as the next lower wavelength for photolithography for the production of semiconductors has created a need for transparent and radiation-durable polymers for use in soft pellicles, the polymer films which protect the chip from particle deposition. The most promising materials for pellicles are fluorinated polymers, but currently available fluorinated polymers undergo photodegradation and/or photodarkening upon long term exposure to 157 nm irradiation. To understand the mechanism of the photodegradation and photodarkening of fluorinated polymers, mechanistic studies on the photolysis of liquid model fluorocarbons, including perfluorobutylethyl ether and perfluoro-2H-3-oxa-heptane, were performed employing UV, NMR, FTIR, GC, and GC/MS analyses. All hydrogen-containing compounds showed decreased photostability compared to the fully perfluorinated compounds. Irradiation in the presence of atmospheric oxygen showed reduced photostability compared to deoxygenated samples. Photolysis of the samples was performed at 157, 172, 185, and 254 nm and showed only minor wavelength dependence. Mechanisms for photodegradation of the fluorocarbons are proposed, which involve Rydberg excited states. Time-dependent density functional theory has been used to predict the excitation spectra of model compounds.
Lee
Kwangjoo
K
Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
Jockusch
Steffen
S
Turro
Nicholas J
NJ
French
Roger H
RH
Wheland
Robert C
RC
Lemon
M F
MF
Braun
Andre M
AM
Widerschpan
Tatjana
T
Dixon
David A
DA
Li
Jun
J
Ivan
Marius
M
Zimmerman
Paul
P