title: Pesticide poisoning in south India: opportunities for prevention and improved medical management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Warangal district in Andhra Pradesh, southern India, records >1000 pesticide poisoning cases each year and hundreds of deaths. We aimed to describe their frequency and distribution, and to assess quality of management and subsequent outcomes from pesticide poisoning in one large hospital in the district.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed data on all patients admitted with pesticide poisoning to a district government hospital for the years 1997 to 2002. For 2002, details of the particular pesticide ingested and management were abstracted from the medical files.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During these 6 years, 8040 patients were admitted to the hospital with pesticide poisoning. The overall case fatality ratio was 22.6%. More detailed data from 2002 revealed that two-thirds of the patients were <30 years old, 57% were male and 96% had intentionally poisoned themselves. Two compounds, monocrotophos and endosulfan, accounted for the majority of deaths with known pesticides in 2002. Low fixed-dose regimens were used in the majority of cases for the most commonly used antidotes (atropine and pralidoxime). Inappropriate antidotes were also used in some patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is likely that these findings reflect the situation in many rural hospitals of the Asia Pacific region. Even without an increase in resources, there appear to be significant opportunities for reducing mortality by better medical management and further restrictions on the most toxic pesticides.
authors.affiliation: University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, India. chennamanenir@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ch
authors.initials: Ch
authors.lastname: Srinivas Rao
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Venkateswarlu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Surender
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eddleston
authors.forename: Nick A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Buckley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000931:Antidotes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001285:Atropine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000506:poisoning; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007306:Insecticides / Q000506:poisoning; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008999:Monocrotophos / Q000506:poisoning; D010575:Pesticides / Q000506:poisoning*; D011041:Poisoning / Q000401:mortality; D011220:Pralidoxime Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D007306:Insecticides; D010575:Pesticides; D011220:Pralidoxime Compounds; D008999:Monocrotophos; D001285:Atropine; D004726:Endosulfan; C028797:pralidoxime