title: Reliability of varicella history in children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Only limited data are available regarding the reliability of the varicella zoster virus (VZV) history in children and adolescents. Our goal was to determine positive and negative predictive values of varicella history in a prospective cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients 1-18 years of age who were hospitalised in our institution between 1999 and 2000 were eligible for participation when a blood specimen was taken for any medical reason. Patients with current varicella, immunodeficiency, immunoglobulin treatment in the previous 6 months, or significant language barriers were excluded. After informed consent had been obtained, parents were asked whether their child had a history of varicella (categorized as definite, probable, possible, negative or unknown). Anti-VZV-IgG antibodies were then tested by ELISA (Enzygnost). If the ELISA result was indeterminate, the specimen was analysed by fluorescent-antibody staining of membrane antigen in VZV-infected cells (FAMA), the serological gold standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  449 patients (mean age 6.4 years, median 5.4 years) were enrolled. History of varicella was definite in 234 (52%), probable in 12 (3%), possible in 1, negative in 196 (44%) and unknown in 6 (1%) patients. Overall, 61% (95% CI: 56-65) of patients were positive for VZV antibodies. Seroprevalence was 25%, 68% and 95% in 1-4 year olds (group 1, n = 167), 5-8 year olds (group 2, n = 136) and 9-18 year olds (group 3, n = 146), respectively. The positive predictive value of a definite history of varicella was 98% (95% CI: 96-100) (93%, 100%, and 98% in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively). The negative predictive value was 85% (95% CI: 80-90), decreasing with age (group 1: 97%; group 2: 77%; group 3: 26%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The positive predictive value of a history of varicella is high in children and adolescents. In countries where universal immunization against varicella is not recommended, selectively immunizing adolescents with a negative history can reduce the rate of susceptible individuals efficiently.
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland. Ulrich.Heininger@unibas.ch
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Heininger
authors.forename: Gurli
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baer
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bonhoeffer
authors.forename: Urs B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Schaad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002644:Chickenpox / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D014645:Herpesvirus 3, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013557:Switzerland
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G