title: Soluble adhesion molecules in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.
abstract: To investigate the immune-mediated response in TS, and its relationship with streptococcal infection, we measured serum levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin in patients with TS, compared to healthy and diseased controls. Soluble VCAM-1 and sE-selectin were significantly elevated in children and adults with TS, and sVCAM-1 was higher among anti-basal ganglia antibodies (ABGA)-positive adults with TS. No correlation of adhesion molecule levels to clinical severity or anti-streptococcal antibodies was observed. Children with Sydenham's chorea and paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) showed an increased level of sICAM-1, but not sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin. These results provide initial evidence for a role of adhesion molecules and systemic inflammation in TS, and support the hypothesis of an ongoing immune-mediated process in this condition.
authors.affiliation: Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. davidemartino@virgilio.it
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Church
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Defazio
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Livrea
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orth
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giovannoni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000906:Antibodies / Q000378:metabolism; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000276:immunology; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D044842:Cullin Proteins / Q000097:blood; D003710:Demography; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000097:blood; D017483:Receptors, Vasopressin / Q000097:blood; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; C496871:CUL5 protein, human; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D044842:Cullin Proteins; D019040:E-Selectin; D017483:Receptors, Vasopressin; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1