title: The postoperative analgesic effects of intra-articular levobupivacaine in elective day-case arthroscopy of the knee: a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pain and emesis are the two major complaints after day surgery. Local anesthesia has become an important part of optimizing perioperative pain treatment. The aim of the present study was to study two different concentrations of levobupivacaine's effect on postoperative pain following elective arthroscopy of the knee with lidocaine 10 mg/ml with adrenaline as active control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized double-blind study with lidocaine as active control but without placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty patients were studied comparing levobupivacaine 2.5 mg/ml, levobupivacaine 5 mg/ml, and lidocaine 10 mg/ml with adrenaline given intra-articularly at the end of day-case operative elective arthroscopy of the knee done in light general anesthesia. Primary study endpoint was the need for any analgesics during the first 24 postoperative hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levobupivacaine 5 mg/ml was associated with a reduced need for any analgesia during the entire 24-h study period (p = 0.013) as compared to both 2.5 mg/ml levobupivacaine and lidocaine with adrenaline. Levobupivacine 2.5 mg/ml was inferior to lidocaine with regard to pain relief with an increase in need for oral analgesia already during stay in the recovery unit (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levobupivacaine 5 mg/ml was found to be an effective local anesthetic in day-case operative arthroscopy of the knee providing superior postoperative analgesia as compared to lidocaine with adrenaline or a lower concentration of levobupivacaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level I: Prospective, randomized double-blind study without placebo.
authors.affiliation: Gothenburg Medical Center, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Assareh
authors.forename: Ronnie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cannerfelt
authors.forename: Russell E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Jan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Jakobsson
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001182:Arthroscopy; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D007717:Knee / Q000601:surgery*; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine; D004837:Epinephrine