title: Teacher reports of ADHD symptoms in Italian children at the end of first grade.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of teacher-rated ADHD symptoms in Italian first-graders.
  
  
  METHODS
  1891 first-graders aged 6.6-7.4 years were evaluated using a 34-item DSM-IV-referenced ADHD teacher rating questionnaire which included all the 18 DSM-IV ADHD diagnostic criteria, some Oppositional-Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct Disorder (CD), depression and anxiety symptoms, and questions about the child's social and scholastic impairment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Criteria for ADHD were met in 7.1% (n=135) of the subjects (10.4% males and 3.8% females), 3.5% with the Inattentive subtype, 2.3% with the Hyperactive/Impulsive subtype and 1.3% with a Combined subtype. Internalizing (depression and/or anxiety) symptoms were reported in 25.9% of the subjects with ADHD symptoms, 17% showed externalizing symptoms (ODD or CD), and 12.6% showed both. Comorbid symptoms were 10 times more frequent than in subjects without ADHD symptoms. Inattentive subtype and scholastic impairment were more frequent in females, Hyperactive/Impulsive subtype and social impairment were more frequent in males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though the real prevalence of ADHD in first graders is presumably lower than that found in the present study, this screening procedure might allow detecting those children who could benefit from referral for more comprehensive assessments.
authors.affiliation: A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mugnaini
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Masi
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brovedani
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chelazzi
authors.forename: Marzenka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matas
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Romagnoli
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zuddas
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005178:Faculty; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D015588:Observer Variation; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors