title: The relationship between albuminuria and hormone therapy in postmenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated urinary albumin excretion and hormone therapy (HT) are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events. We assessed the relationship between albuminuria and the use of hormonal preparations in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study were obtained at baseline and 5-year follow-up for analysis. The generalized estimating equation procedure accounting for repeated measures was used for this analysis. HT was the main predictor variable, and log(e) urine albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) was the main outcome variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred ninety-one menopausal women were included in the analysis, 36% (n = 179) of whom received HT (either oral estrogen, progesterone, or combination therapy). At baseline, abnormal albuminuria (ACR > or = 25 mg/g) was present in 11% of women on HT and 17% not on HT (P = 0.02). After adjusting for demographics, the presence of diabetes and hypertension, and kidney function, HT was associated with a 19% reduction in ACR (P = 0.008) and an odds ratio of 0.67 (95% confidence interval, 0.43 to 1.01; P = 0.06) for the presence of abnormal albuminuria. Other predictors of abnormal albuminuria included diabetes, blood pressure, and triglyceride level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study suggest that HT is associated with a reduction in urinary albumin excretion in postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. magarwal@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Mamta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Vani
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Selvan
authors.forename: Barry I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Yongmei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lynne E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Wagenknecht
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000652:urine; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000652:urine; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000652:urine*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D011374:Progesterone