title: Outcome of HIV infected children with culture confirmed tuberculosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tuberculosis (TB) is an important disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children living in regions where TB is endemic. There are limited data on the outcome of culture confirmed TB in HIV infected children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the outcome on TB therapy and overall mortality in HIV infected children with culture confirmed TB through a retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty seven children, median age 24 months, contributed to 93 TB episodes; six children had two confirmed episodes. Pulmonary disease (PTB) was present in 71 episodes (76.3%), extrapulmonary disease (EPTB) in 43 (46.2%), and of these, both PTB and EPTB were present in 21 (22.6%). There was cure based on bacteriological and/or radiological criteria in 54 episodes (58.1%). Eighteen children died during TB therapy and there were a total of 34 deaths (39.1%). In univariate analysis (n = 87 patients), severe malnutrition, age < or =1 year, and a negative tuberculin skin test were significant risk factors for death during TB therapy. In multivariate survival analysis (n = 87 patients), HIV disease category, severe malnutrition at diagnosis, and lack of cure at the end of TB therapy were significantly associated with overall mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the absence of antiretroviral therapy, HIV infected children with confirmed TB have poor outcomes on antituberculosis therapy and are at high risk of death during and after completion of antituberculosis therapy, especially due to non-TB related causes. There is an urgent need to optimise and monitor antituberculosis therapy in HIV infected children and to improve access to TB and other preventative therapy.
authors.affiliation: Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa. annekeh@sun.ac.za
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hesseling
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Westra
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Werschkull
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Donald
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beyers
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Hussey
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: El-Sadr
authors.forename: H Simon
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Schaaf
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D000293:Adolescent; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents