title: Secular trends and geographical variations in the dietary intake of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) using archived samples from the early 1980s and mid 1990s in Japan.
abstract: A retrospective exposure assessment among the general population for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was conducted using dietary surveys. We analyzed samples of food duplicate portions collected in the early 1980s (1980 survey: N=40) and the mid 1990s (1995 survey: N=39) from female subjects (5 participants from each of 8 sites per survey except for one site) living throughout Japan, from the north (Hokkaido) to the south (Okinawa). The study populations in the 1980 and 1995 surveys were different, but lived in the same communities. We measured four PBDE congeners [2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (tetraBDE): #47; 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE: #99; 2,2',4,4',6-pentaBDE: #100; and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE: #153] in the diet. #99 was the most abundant congener in the diet (49% of the total PBDEs), followed by #47 (33%), #100 (12%) and #153 (6%). Regional variations found in the 1980 survey decreased in the 1995 survey. The total daily intake of PBDEs (ng/d) [GM (GSD)] in the 1980 survey [91.4 (4.1)] was not significantly different from that in the 1995 survey [93.8 (3.4)] for the total population, nor did it differ among the sites including Shimane, in which a 20-fold increase in serum concentrations was observed in the same population1). In consideration of the significant increases in the serum concentration, inhalation may be more important than food ingestion as the route of human exposure to PBDEs.
authors.affiliation: Hyogo College of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshinaga
authors.forename: Kouji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muroi
authors.forename: Sumiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Bita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eslami
authors.forename: Iwao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hirosawa
authors.forename: Akitsu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirosawa
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujimine
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hachiya
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koda
authors.forename: Yukinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kusaka
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakatsuka
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Omae
authors.forename: Norimitsu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimbo
authors.forename: Katsunobu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takenaka
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.forename: Hidemi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Todoriki
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003625:Data Collection; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004987:Ethers; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D004987:Ethers; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls