title: Phosphorus retention in small constructed wetlands treating agricultural drainage water.
abstract: The construction of artificial wetlands has become a measure increasingly applied to reduce nonpoint-source (NPS) pollution and to contribute to the restoration of eutrophic lakes and coastal waters. In a 2-yr study monitoring fluxes of particulate and dissolved phosphorus (P) in a small artificial wetland for the treatment of agricultural drainage water in Central Switzerland, water residence time was identified as the main factor controlling P retention in the system. Since most of the annual P load (62% as dissolved reactive phosphorus, DRP) was related to high discharge events, it was not average but minimum water residence time during flood events that determined the wetland's P retention. In agreement with a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) model, our investigations suggest a minimum water residence time of 7 d to retain at least 50% of the bioavailable P. The investigated wetland retained only 2% of the bioavailable P, since the water residence time was shorter than 7 d during 61% of time in both years. Settling of phytoplankton rather than DRP uptake into phytoplankton limited the retention of bioavailable P. The overall retention efficiency of 23% total phosphorus (TP), corresponding to a surface related retention of 1.1 g P m(-2) yr(-1), was due to the efficient trapping of pedogenic particles.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG) and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Limnological Research Center, CH-6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland. miriam.reinhardt@eawag.ch
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gächter
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wehrli
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001682:Biological Availability; D017753:Ecosystem; D005068:Eutrophication; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010839:Phytoplankton; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D010758:Phosphorus