title: Animal surgery during spaceflight on the Neurolab Shuttle mission.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A surgical procedure has never been required or performed on a human in space. Parabolic microgravity simulations have suggested that surgery would be technically feasible during spaceflight.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survival surgery was performed for the first time on rats during the STS-90 Neurolab Shuttle mission. Craniotomy, leg dissection, thoracotomy, laminectomy, and laparotomy were performed as a part of physiological investigations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgical techniques successfully demonstrated in rats during spaceflight included general anesthesia, wound closure, wound healing, hemostasis, control of surgical fluids, operator restraint, and control of surgical instruments. No decrement in manual dexterity was noted by the crew, although operative time was longer compared with ground experience due to the need to maintain restraint of surgical supplies and instruments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The demonstration that technically demanding dissections could be accomplished successfully in space on rats suggests that comparable complex surgical procedures should be feasible on humans, if necessary, on future long-duration missions.
authors.affiliation: Paris Regional Medical Center, Paris, TX 75460, USA. mcamp@1starnet.com
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Jay C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Buckey
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004210:Dissection; D006487:Hemostasis; D023421:Models, Animal; D009132:Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D051381:Rats; D013026:Space Flight; D018531:Spacecraft; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D014893:Weightlessness; D014945:Wound Healing