title: Avascular necrosis of femoral and/or humeral heads in multiple myeloma: results of a prospective study of patients treated with dexamethasone-based regimens and high-dose chemotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence, time of onset, risk factors, and outcome of avascular necrosis (AVN) of bone in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing antineoplastic therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 553 consecutive assessable patients were enrolled onto a treatment protocol consisting of dexamethasone-containing induction chemotherapy, autologous stem-cell transplantation, consolidation chemotherapy, and maintenance with interferon alfa. Patients were randomly assigned to receive thalidomide (269 patients) or no thalidomide (284 patients) throughout the study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With a median follow-up of 33 months (range, 5 to 114 months), AVN of the femoral head(s) developed in 49 patients (9%). Median time to onset of AVN was 12 months (range, 2 to 41 months). Three risk factors for AVN were identified by multivariate analysis: cumulative dexamethasone dose (odds ratio [OR], 1.028; 95% CI, 1.012 to 1.044; P = .0006 [per 40 mg dexamethasone]), male sex (OR, 0.390; 95% CI, 0.192 to 0.790; P = .009), and younger age (OR, 0.961; 95% CI, 0.934 to 0.991 per year; P = .0122). Thalidomide-treated patients had a prevalence of AVN similar to that of the control group (8% v 10%, respectively; P = .58). AVN-related pain and limited range of motion of the affected joint were present in only nine and four patients, respectively, and four patients underwent hip replacement because of AVN. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography failed to detect abnormal uptake in the AVN-affected bones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AVN is a rare and usually asymptomatic complication during myeloma therapy. Cumulative dexamethasone dose, male sex, and younger age, but not thalidomide, increase the risk of AVN.
authors.affiliation: Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
authors.forename: Giampaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Talamo
authors.forename: Edgardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Angtuaco
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Marisa H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Miceli
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zangari
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tricot
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barlogie
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anaissie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005271:Femur Head Necrosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D013792:Thalidomide; D003907:Dexamethasone