title: Perfusion abnormality of the caudate nucleus in patients with paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism studies suggest that the basal ganglia or thalamus is involved in the pathogenesis of paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (PKC). However, the underlying cerebral abnormalities in idiopathic PKC have not been elucidated. To localise cerebral perfusion abnormalities in PKC, we performed interictal brain perfusion 99mTc-ethylcysteinate dimer (ECD) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in PKC patients and in normal controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients with idiopathic PKC and 18 age- and sex-matched normal controls were included. The patients were de novo diagnosed as having PKC, or had not taken medication for at least 3 months; none of them had structural abnormalities on MRI. Patients had a history of PKC attacks of a duration not exceeding 5 min and starting either on one side or on both sides of the body. These attacks were always induced by a sudden initiation of voluntary movement. PKC attacks were recorded in a hospital after being induced by neurology staff in 13 of the 16 patients. Interictal brain perfusion 99mTc-ECD SPECT was performed in all 16 patients and 18 normal controls. Differences between the cerebral perfusion in the PKC group and the normal control group were tested by statistical parametric mapping. Student's t test was used for inter-group comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with normal controls, patients with idiopathic PKC showed interictal hypoperfusion in the posterior regions of the bilateral caudate nuclei (false discovery rate-corrected P<0.001 with a small volume correction).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that cerebral perfusion abnormality of bilateral caudate nuclei is present in idiopathic PKC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center & Center for Clinical Medicine, SBRI, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Yeon
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.forename: Seung Bong
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Woo Suk
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Tae
authors.forename: Jee Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sun Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Dae Won
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Kyung-Han
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Myoung-Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seunghwan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Mann Hyung
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Byung Tae
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001264:Athetosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D020144:Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002819:Chorea / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003545:Cysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C059659:technetium Tc 99m bicisate; D003545:Cysteine