title: [Voluntary micturition after intradural nerve anastomosis].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the major challenges in neuro-urology is the restoration of voluntary voiding in a patient after spinal cord injury (SCI).
  The earliest reports on reconstruction of urinary bladder function by bridging nerve roots from above the SCI to the below this level were published by Carlsson and Sundin 1968. In another approach, a possible reflex pathway below the SCI to reinitiate voluntary voiding was investigated. The result was a modified somatic reflex arc rostral to the sacral spinal micturition center.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medical reports in numerous publications are still very enthusiastic about the possibility of cell or gene therapy. Such results report the successful bridging of small nerve gaps. The latest approach is the intravenous application of stem cells to aid the recovery of the SCI.
  The first reports on attempts to reconstruct the nervous pathways to the bladder in patients were published 1967. In two cases, a nerve anastomosis from Th(12) (the lowest intact segment) to S(2+3), bilaterally to the SCI, allowed spontaneous micturition after 8-12 months with reported sensitivity at the base of the penis. With a modification in surgical technique, another group reported a success rate of 100% using the anastomosis of intercostal nerves Th(11+12) to sacral roots S(2+3) to establish a reflex voiding and, in 72% of patients, reappearance of the bulbocavernous and cremaster reflexes. Xiao et al. published, with a 3 year follow-up, the creation of a micturition reflex through anastomosing the ventral roots of L(5) to S(2/3) in complete SCI patients with a 67% success rate a year after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is still a great deal of work required before cell therapy becomes a therapeutic option. Today, the published data strongly suggest that it is possible to treat first line urinary bladder dysfunctions in SCI or spina bifida patients. Before one of these techniques becomes widely used, it should be proven effective in specialized institutions, such as the Department of Urology in collaboration with the Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Urologie, Universität Tübingen. Karl.Sievert@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: K-D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Sievert
authors.forename: C-G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hennenlotter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seibold
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Merseburger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaminskie
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nagele
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stenzl
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000601:surgery*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D009416:Nerve Regeneration; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014836:Volition