title: Safety of mixture of morphine with ketamine for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia: an audit with 1026 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adding ketamine to morphine for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) may be useful. However, data on this drug combination have been collected on small sample sizes. In order to evaluate the safety of the combination morphine- ketamine, we conducted a prospective study on a large patient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient-controlled analgesia was performed with 1026 patients using morphine and ketamine in a dose ratio of 1:1. All patients were treated in the ward. Prospectively collected data included incidence of complications and side-effects, verbal pain scores at rest and during mobilization (0 = no pain to 4 = very strong pain), consumption of morphine and ketamine and patient satisfaction (0 = very un-satisfied to 3 = very satisfied).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 462 women and 564 men who underwent, on average, 71.8 h (+/-56.1) of PCA. There were 698 orthopaedic, 160 abdominal, 96 thoracic, 20 vascular, 16 plastic, 15 neurosurgical, 11 urologic and 10 other surgical procedures. No complication was observed. Incidence of side-effects was: 1.2% respiratory depression, 23.5% nausea, 6.2% vivid dreams and/or hallucinations, 21.4% sedation and 10.3% pruritus. Reasons for discontinuing the PCA were side-effects (7.0%) and other (0.5%). Mean pain scores over the whole period were 0.44 (+/-0.54) at rest and 1.36 (+/-0.62) during mobilization. Mean satisfaction score was 2.52 (+/-0.69).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient-controlled analgesia with morphine and ketamine is safe. It produces side-effects which, however, are infrequently a reason for discontinuing the regimen. It is also associated with low pain scores and high patient satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Therapy, University of Bern, Inselspital, Switzerland. gorazd.sveticic@insel.ch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sveticic
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Eichenberger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Curatolo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004177:Dipyrone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004177:Dipyrone; D007649:Ketamine; D009020:Morphine; D020910:Ketorolac