title: Substitution rate and structural divergence of 5'UTR evolution: comparative analysis between human and cynomolgus monkey cDNAs.
abstract: The substitution rate and structural divergence in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) were investigated by using human and cynomolgus monkey cDNA sequences. Due to the weaker functional constraint in the UTR than in the coding sequence, the divergence between humans and macaques would provide a good estimate of the nucleotide substitution rate and structural divergence in the 5'UTR. We found that the substitution rate in the 5'UTR (K5UTR) averaged approximately 10%-20% lower than the synonymous substitution rate (Ks). However, both the K5UTR and nonsynonymous substitution rate (Ka) were significantly higher in the testicular cDNAs than in the brain cDNAs, whereas the Ks did not differ. Further, an in silico analysis revealed that 27% (169/622) of macaque testicular cDNAs had an altered exon-intron structure in the 5'UTR compared with the human cDNAs. The fraction of cDNAs with an exon alteration was significantly higher in the testicular cDNAs than in the brain cDNAs. We confirmed by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction that about one-third (6/16) of in silico "macaque-specific" exons in the 5'UTR were actually macaque specific in the testis. The results imply that positive selection increased K5UTR and structural alteration rate of a certain fraction of genes as well as Ka. We found that both positive and negative selection can act on the 5'UTR sequences.
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetic Resources, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Osada
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tanuma
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kusuda
authors.forename: Munetomo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hida
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Sumio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugano
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gojobori
authors.forename: C-K James
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Chung-I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D008252:Macaca fascicularis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D018076:DNA, Complementary