title: Development and validation of the Subjective Awareness of Neuropsychological Deficits Questionnaire for Children (SAND-C).
abstract: Although lowered awareness of abilities has been associated with poorer outcome in adults with neurological compromise, a dearth of research exists examining whether lowered awareness exists in younger populations. Using findings from recent literature and expert opinion, a 47-item Subjective Awareness of Neuropsychological Deficits Questionnaire for Children (SAND-C) was created to assess awareness of cognitive functioning in 6 domains (attention, psychomotor, visual-spatial, language, memory, and executive functioning). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the SAND-C was conducted on a sample consisting of 365 healthy children and 48 children with epilepsy. The SAND-C was found to have strong reliability. Factor analysis confirmed the a priori 6 factor model, but the 6-factor model was only marginally better than a more parsimonious 1-factor solution. Post-hoc exploratory factor analyses indicate that the SAND-C may measure more constructs for adolescents than for younger children. The difference between younger and older children may reflect developmental changes in metacognitive awareness and abstraction about their own abilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. bhufford@rhin.com
authors.forename: Bradley J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hufford
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Fastenau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology