title: The synthetic chemoattractant peptide WKYMVm induces superoxide production by human eosinophils via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-mediated activation of ERK1/2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eosinophils play a key role in allergic inflammation and parasitic infections. The synthetic peptide, Trp-Lys-Tyr-Met-Val-D-Met (WKYMVm), has been previously shown to activate eosinophils and thus to enhance respiratory burst through the formyl peptide receptors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to determine the intracellular signaling pathway involved in WKYMVm-stimulated superoxide production by human eosinophils.
  
  
  METHODS
  Purified eosinophils from peripheral blood were stimulated with various concentrations (10(-3) to 10 microM) of WKYMVm and the involvement of PI3-kinase and MAP kinases in WKYMVm-triggered superoxide production was investigated using pharmacological inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WKYMVm-induced superoxide production by eosinophils was strongly inhibited by pretreatment with the PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. In addition, pretreatment with the ERK1/2 kinase inhibitor PD98059 resulted in marked inhibition of superoxide production induced by WKYMVm. Indeed, WKYMVm strongly induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2. The ERK1/2 activation by the peptide was transient and peaked after 2 min of stimulation. Furthermore, ERK1/2 activation by WKYMVm was completely inhibited by pretreatment with the PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002, but not by the PKC inhibitor Ro-31-8220.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that WKYMVm stimulates human eosinophils to induce superoxide production via a PI3-kinase-mediated ERK1/2 pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Myeong Heon
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Young-Ah
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yoe-Sik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Hirohito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.forename: Youngdong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ryu
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D047091:Eosinophil Granule Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D047091:Eosinophil Granule Proteins; D005419:Flavonoids; D007211:Indoles; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D009025:Morpholines; D009842:Oligopeptides; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D013481:Superoxides; C113617:Trp-Lys-Tyr-Met-Val-Met; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; C064758:Ro 31-8220