title: Low temperature acclimated populations of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae retain ability to rapidly cold harden with enhanced fitness.
abstract: In contrast to previous studies of rapid cold-hardening (RCH), which have investigated the responses of insects maintained under 'summer conditions' (20 degrees to 25 degrees C), this study focuses on the ability of low-temperature acclimated insects to undergo RCH. When the grain aphid Sitobion avenae Fabricus was low-temperature acclimated by rearing for three generations at 10 degrees C, the discriminating temperatures (temperature that results in approximately 20% survival after direct transfer from the rearing temperature to a sub-zero temperature for a period of 3 h), of first instar nymphs and adult aphids were -11.5 degrees and -12 degrees C, respectively. Maximum rapid cold-hardening was induced by cooling aphids at 0 degrees C for 2 h (nymphs) or 30 min (adults), resulting in survival at the respective discriminating temperatures increasing from 26% to 96% (nymphs) and 22% to 70% (adults). Cooling from 10 degrees to 0 degrees C at 1 degree, 0.1 degrees and 0.05 degrees C min-1 significantly increased survival of nymphs at the discriminating temperature, but not of adults. There were no ;ecological costs' associated with rapid cold-hardening at 0 degrees C, or with exposure of rapidly cold-hardened aphids to the discriminating temperatures; fecundity and longevity, in both nymphs and adults were either similar to control aphids or significantly increased. The study demonstrates that rapid cold-hardening ability is retained in aphids that have already undergone cold-acclimation, as would be the case in overwintering aphids. Both rapid cold-hardening and subsequent exposure at previously lethal temperatures can enhance fitness in surviving individuals.
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. sjp822@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bale
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000502:physiology*; D003080:Cold Temperature