title: Gastroesophageal reflux following repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study represents the experience of a tertiary care center in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) on the long-term effect on the lungs of esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula repair (TEF), and to emphasize the magnitude of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) post-EA or post-TEF repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of all patients referred to the pulmonary clinic with EA/TEF or re-operative evaluations from the period 1993-2004 at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, KSA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-one patients with confirmed EA/TEF (26 males and 15 females) were included in the study. Congenital anomalies were associated in 28 (68%). Gastroesophageal reflux developed in 39 (95%) of patients, 24 (59%) needed Nissen fundoplication. Esophageal stricture that required more than 3 dilations developed in 16 (46%) patients, esophageal dysmotility in 37 (90%) and hiatal hernia in 11 (27%). Pulmonary complications developed in >70% of the patients including persistent atelectasis, chronic aspiration pneumonia, asthma and chronic lung disease that required oxygen for more than one month. Tracheomalacia in 12 (29%) and bronchiectasis in 7 (17%). Eighty-eight percent of patients who were able to do pulmonary function test showed abnormal values of moderate obstructive and restrictive lung disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulmonary complications cause significant and prolonged morbidities post EA/TEF repair. Gastroesophageal reflux is a common complication after EA/TEF repair and causes significant morbidity that needs a prolonged follow up. Patients with GER may need Nissen fundal plication to improve respiratory problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354, MBC-58, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. hanaa@kfshrc.edu.sa
authors.forename: Hanaa H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Banjar
authors.forename: Saleh I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Al-Nassar
mesh_terms: D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D018662:Fundoplication; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011859:Radiography; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016896:Treatment Outcome