title: A comparison of airway and serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity among normal subjects, asthmatic patients, and patients with asthmatic mucus hypersecretion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rate of decline in lung function is increased in asthmatic patients, particularly in those with coexisting asthmatic mucus hypersecretion (AMH), in whom inflammation and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 in serum and BAL fluid (BALF) may be increased.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven nonasthmatic subjects and 22 asthmatic subjects completed a questionnaire, and underwent lung function testing and bronchoscopy, during which AMH was diagnosed by the presence of mucus plugging. Subjects were classified as follows: mild/moderate asthma; severe asthma; and AMH. In BALF, we measured the differential WBC counts and MMP-9 activity by zymography. We measured total MMP-9 and TIMP-1 activity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in BALF and serum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (+/- confidence interval) FEV1 was lower in AMH patients (73 +/- 13% predicted) compared with nonasthmatic subjects (95 +/- 7%) and patients with mild/moderate asthma (73 +/- 9%; p < 0.05), and was similar to that of patients with severe asthma (80 +/- 20%). MMP-9 activity was greater in AMH patients and in patients with severe asthma compared with nonasthmatic subjects (p = 0.05 and p = 0.01, respectively), as were TIMP-1 activities (p = 0.001 and p = 0.04, respectively), but MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios were not. MMP-9 activity increased across the four groups from nonasthmatic subjects to AMH patients (r = 0.58; p = 0.0009), but the differential and total WBC counts were similar. There were no relationships between FEV1 percent predicted and either MMP-9 activity or MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio. There were no differences in serum MMP-9 activity, which did not correlate with MMP-9 activity in BALF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AMH and severe asthma were associated with greater proteolytic enzyme activities despite similar airway inflammation, which might play a role in remodeling and accelerated the decline in lung function in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Fanny W S
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Chantale
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Diba
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.forename: Peter R A
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Salome
authors.forename: Gregory G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000201:enzymology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009093:Mucus / Q000378:metabolism*; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013183:Sputum / Q000737:chemistry; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9