title: Immune response towards lipid peroxidation products as a predictor of progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to advanced fibrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Factors responsible for the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to more severe liver injury are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the association between immune reactions triggered by oxidative stress and stage of NAFLD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Titres of IgG against human serum albumin adducted with malondialdehyde (MDA-HSA) or arachidonic acid hydroperoxide (AAHP) and against oxidised cardiolipin (Ox-CL) were measured in 167 NAFLD patients with steatosis only (n = 79), steatohepatitis (n = 74), or steatosis plus cirrhosis (n = 14), and in 59 age and sex matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Circulating IgG against lipid peroxidation products was significantly higher (p<0.001) in NAFLD patients than in controls. Oxidative stress dependent immune responses were not associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, or with serum cholesterol, ferritin, or aminotransferase levels. Titres of lipid peroxidation related antibodies were also independent of the extent of steatosis and were similarly distributed in patients with and without necroinflammation. In contrast, the same antibodies were significantly increased in patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. Logistic regression analysis confirmed that anti-MDA antibodies were independently associated with progression of NALFD and that NAFLD patients with titres of anti-MDA-HSA antibodies above the control threshold value had a threefold (relative risk 2.82 (95% confidence interval 1.35-5.90); p = 0.007) higher risk of having advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis than patients whose antibody titres were within the control range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the presence of immune reactions triggered by oxidative stress can be an independent predictor of progression of NAFLD to advanced fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Science, University Amedeo Avogadro of East Piedmont, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy. albano@med.unipmn.it
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Albano
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mottaran
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vidali
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reale
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saksena
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Occhino
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Burt
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Day
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000276:immunology*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000276:immunology; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000276:immunology; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D012709:Serum Albumin; D008315:Malondialdehyde