title: The value of contrast-enhanced helical CT scan with rectal contrast enema in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this retrospective study is to assess the accuracy of single slice helical CT scan with intravenous, and rectal contrast (CTRC) in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis (AA) in patients with suspected AA, with particular analysis of the diagnostic signs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Abdomino-pelvic helical CTRC was performed on 75 consecutive patients with suspicion of AA. Radiologic diagnosis was compared with surgical/pathologic results and clinical follow-up. In addition, the CTRC examinations were retrospectively reviewed independently by two experienced radiologists using predefined diagnostic criteria. The sensitivity, specificity, and frequency of each diagnostic sign were calculated. The interobserver agreement and the statistical significance of the frequency for each diagnostic criterion were assessed using the Kappa and Fisher tests, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The accuracy of helical CTRC in the diagnosis of AA was 94.7%, sensitivity 100%, specificity 90%, PPV 89.7%, and the NPV 100%. Wall enhancement and nonopacification of the appendix recorded the highest sensitivity and specificity (97% and 100%, 94% and 95%, respectively). Appendiceal thickness greater than 6 mm was present in 100% of true-positive cases. However, 26.5% of true-negative cases had also an appendiceal diameter exceeding 6 mm, a value used as a cut-off for normal appendiceal diameter. The highest interobserver agreement was recorded for appendiceal wall enhancement and for nonopacification of the appendix (K=0.97 and 0.88, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTRC is an accurate and relatively fast technique for investigation of patients with suspected AA. A negative CTRC can exclude completely the diagnosis of AA. Nonopacification of the appendix and appendiceal wall enhancement are highly sensitive, specific, and reproducible, signs representing major criteria for the diagnosis of AA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, PO Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Lena N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Naffaa
authors.forename: Gisele E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Ishak
authors.forename: Maurice C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Haddad
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001064:Appendicitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D003287:Contrast Media; D004733:Enema; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007472:Iohexol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D007483:Iothalamic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007483:Iothalamic Acid; D007472:Iohexol; C038192:iopromide; C002587:ioxitalamic acid