title: Influenza vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vascular death rates and hospitalizations for stroke are increased during influenza epidemics. Influenza vaccination may prevent stroke. We investigated whether influenza vaccination is associated independently with reduced odds of stroke and whether effects are confined to stroke subgroups and winter seasons and shared by other vaccinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 18 months, we performed standardized interviews assessing vaccination status, risk factors, health-related behavior, and socioeconomic factors in 370 consecutive patients with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and 370 age- and sex-matched control subjects selected randomly from the population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Influenza vaccination during the last vaccination campaign was less common in patients (19.2%) than control subjects (31.4%; P<0.0001). After adjustment for vascular risk factors, education, health-related behavior and other factors, influenza vaccination (odds ratio [OR], 0.46; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.77) but not other combined recent vaccinations (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.42 to 1.43) were associated with reduced odds of stroke/TIA. Significant effects were found in men, older subjects (>65 years), subjects with previous vascular diseases, and regarding ischemic stroke; nonsignificant trends existed in women, younger subjects, and regarding hemorrhagic stroke. In etiologic subgroups of cerebral ischemia, similar effects were found. No protective effects were found during summer months; however, results also varied considerably between both winter seasons examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the hypothesis that influenza vaccination may be associated with reduced stroke risk. However, residual confounding cannot be excluded, and interventional studies are required to evaluate the role of influenza vaccination in stroke prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen a.Rh., Germany. graua@klilu.de
authors.forename: Armin J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Grau
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Cordula
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lichy
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Buggle
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000150:complications; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines