title: Monozygotic twins discordant for Huntington disease after 7 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Huntington disease (HD) has only rarely been identified in identical twins. All described twins have had disease onset within 1 year of each other, suggesting that disease onset is determined solely by genetic influences.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe a unique set of monozygotic twins in whom clinical HD onset is at least 7 years apart.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 71-year-old woman was diagnosed as having HD based on medical history, physical examination results consistent with HD, and a CAG trinucleotide repeat number of 39 in the HD gene on chromosome 4. Her onset was 6 years earlier. Her genetically confirmed identical twin, carrying the same number of CAG repeats, was neurologically healthy when examined the next year. Only the HD-manifest twin had chronic bronchitis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and chronic anemia. Both had hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first report of monozygotic twins discordant for HD by more than 2 years. The onset of HD symptoms in a patient with 39 triplet repeats at least 7 years earlier than her identical twin suggests the possibility that the disease may be initiated (or delayed) by environmental factors. We have identified increased cigarette use and longer exposure to various industrial toxins as potential explanations for the earlier onset in one twin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Martha E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Trieschmann
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Hubert H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Fernandez
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D013997:Time Factors; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics*