title: Raman imagery: a new approach to assess the geochemical maturity and biogenicity of permineralized precambrian fossils.
abstract: Laser-Raman imagery is a non-intrusive, non-destructive analytical technique, recently introduced to Precambrian paleobiology, that can be used to demonstrate a one-to-one spatial correlation between the optically discernible morphology and kerogenous composition of permineralized fossil microorganisms. Made possible by the submicron-scale resolution of the technique and its high sensitivity to the Raman signal of carbonaceous matter, such analyses can be used to determine the chemical-structural characteristics of organic-walled microfossils and associated sapropelic carbonaceous matter in acid-resistant residues and petrographic thin sections. Here we use this technique to analyze kerogenous microscopic fossils and associated carbonaceous sapropel permineralized in 22 unmetamorphosed or little-metamorphosed fine-grained chert units ranging from approximately 400 to approximately 2,100 Ma old. The lineshapes of the Raman spectra acquired vary systematically with five indices of organic geochemical maturation: (1) the mineral-based metamorphic grade of the fossil-bearing units; (2) the fidelity of preservation of the fossils studied; (3) the color of the organic matter analyzed; and both the (4) H/C and (5) N/C ratios measured in particulate kerogens isolated from bulk samples of the fossil-bearing cherts. Deconvolution of relevant spectra shows that those of relatively well-preserved permineralized kerogens analyzed in situ exhibit a distinctive set of Raman bands that are identifiable also in hydrated organic-walled microfossils and particulate carbonaceous matter freed from the cherts by acid maceration. These distinctive Raman bands, however, become indeterminate upon dehydration of such specimens. To compare quantitatively the variations observed among the spectra measured, we introduce the Raman Index of Preservation, an approximate measure of the geochemical maturity of the kerogens studied that is consistent both with the five indices of organic geochemical alteration and with spectra acquired from fossils experimentally heated under controlled laboratory conditions. The results reported provide new insight into the chemical-structural characteristics of ancient carbonaceous matter, the physicochemical changes that accompany organic geochemical maturation, and a new criterion to be added to the suite of evidence by which to evaluate the origin of minute fossil-like objects of possible but uncertain biogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth & Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, USA. Schopf@ess.ucla.edu
authors.forename: J William
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Schopf
authors.forename: Anatoliy B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kudryavtsev
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Agresti
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Czaja
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Wdowiak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000458:Cyanobacteria; D005580:Fossils; D055593:Geological Phenomena; D005844:Geology; D007834:Lasers; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods; D013995:Time