title: Alcohol expectancies, conduct disorder and early-onset alcoholism: negative alcohol expectancies are associated with less drinking in non-impulsive versus impulsive subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research suggests that positive alcohol expectancies promote excessive alcohol use while negative alcohol expectancies discourage excessive alcohol use. Evidence suggests that disinhibitory characteristics, such as conduct disorder and impulsivity, are associated with a general neglect of long-term negative outcomes. This study assessed whether negative expectancies would be associated more strongly with lower levels of alcohol use for low- compared with high-impulsive individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Positive and negative alcohol expectancies, alcohol use and impulsivity were assessed in a sample of 99 young adults with alcohol dependence (AD) and conduct disorder (CD), 77 with AD and no CD and 124 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AD/CD subjects had higher proximal (same day) and distal (next day) negative alcohol expectancies, even though they drank more alcohol, compared with AD-alone and control subjects. Distal negative expectancies were associated more strongly with lower levels of drinking for low-impulsive compared with high-impulsive subjects. Proximal negative expectancies were associated more strongly with higher alcohol consumption for high- versus low-impulsive subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impulsivity and conduct disorder may be important factors in determining how much distal negative alcohol expectancies may discourage excessive alcohol consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA. finnp@indiana.edu
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Finn
authors.forename: Lyuba
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bobova
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wehner
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fargo
authors.forename: Martin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rickert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001294:Attitude to Health; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology