title: Haloacetic acids in drinking water in the United Kingdom.
abstract: We measured concentrations of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in the water supply in regions covered by three water companies in the UK Approximately 30 samples in each region were obtained for analysis of both THMs and HAAs to assess the levels of HAAs and the relationship between HAAs and THMs, temperature, pH, free and total chlorine. We have found that there is a range of HAA levels in drinking water with the means ranging from 35-95mug/l and a maximum concentration of 244mug/l. In two out of the three regions there was a high correlation between total THMs and total HAAs, but whereas the HAA and THM levels in one of these companies were approximately equal, in another company the HAA levels were 3-4 times higher than the THM levels. In the third region there was no correlation between total THMs and total HAAs even though the average levels were approximately equal. The ratio of total THM and total HAAs levels was significantly correlated with temperature, pH, free and total chlorine. Overall total THM levels are therefore not considered to be a good indicator of HAA levels. Epidemiological studies using total THM levels should be taking this into account in the interpretation of their results, and regulatory authorities when setting water guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2BP, UK.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Malliarou
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuijsen
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry; D004203:Disinfection; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013696:Temperature; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis*; D006113:United Kingdom; D018508:Water Purification; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D002713:Chlorine