title: Targeting the c-Met pathway potentiates glioblastoma responses to gamma-radiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Resistance to current cytotoxic therapies limits the treatment of most solid malignancies. This results, in part, from the overactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases and their downstream pathways in tumor cells and their associated vasculature. In this report, we ask if targeting the multifunctional mitogenic, cytoprotective, and angiogenic scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF)/c-Met pathway potentiates antitumor responses to gamma-radiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endogenous expression of SF/HGF and c-Met was targeted in U87 MG human malignant glioma cells and xenografts using chimeric U1/ribozymes. The effects of U1/ribozymes +/- gamma-radiation on glioma cell proliferation, apoptosis, xenograft growth, and animal survival were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  U1/ribozymes knocked down SF/HGF and c-Met mRNA and protein levels, sensitized cells to gamma-radiation (P < 0.005), and enhanced radiation-induced caspase-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro (P < 0.005). Intravenous U1/ribozyme therapy as liposome/DNA complexes or radiation alone modestly and transiently inhibited the growth of s.c. U87 xenografts. Combining the therapies caused tumor regression and a 40% tumor cure rate. In animals bearing intracranial xenografts, long-term survival was 0% in response to radiation, 20% in response to intratumoral adenoviral-based U1/ribozyme delivery, and 80% (P < 0.0005) in response to combining U1/ribozymes with radiation. This apparent synergistic antitumor response was associated with a approximately 70% decrease in cell proliferation (P < 0.001) and a approximately 14- to 40-fold increase in apoptosis (P < 0.0001) within xenografts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Targeting the SF/HGF/c-Met pathway markedly potentiates the anti-glioma response to gamma-radiation. Clinical trials using novel SF/HGF/c-Met pathway inhibitors in glioma and other malignancies associated with c-Met activation should ultimate include concurrent radiation and potentially other cytotoxic therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and The Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Bachchu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.forename: Shuli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abounader
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laterra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005720:Gamma Rays; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016337:RNA, Catalytic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D016337:RNA, Catalytic; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met