title: Variation of cell and matrix morphologies in articular cartilage among locations in the adult human knee.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Understanding of articular cartilage physiology, remodelling mechanisms, and evaluation of tissue engineering repair methods requires reference information regarding normal structural organization. Our goals were to examine the variation of cartilage cell and matrix morphology in different topographical areas of the adult human knee joint.
  
  
  METHODS
  Osteochondral explants were acquired from seven distinct anatomical locations of the knee joints of deceased persons aged 20-40 years and prepared for analysis of cell, matrix and tissue morphology using confocal microscopy and unbiased stereological methods. Differences between locations were identified by statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medial femoral condyle cartilage had relatively high cell surface area per unit tissue volume in the superficial zone. In the transitional zone, meniscus-covered lateral tibia cartilage showed elevated chondrocyte densities compared to the rest of the knee while lateral femoral condyle cartilage exhibited particularly large chondrocytes. Statistical analyses indicated highly uniform morphology throughout the radial zone (lower 80% of cartilage thickness) in the knee, and strong similarities in cell and matrix morphologies among cartilage from the femoral condyles and also in the mediocentral tibial plateau. Throughout the adult human knee, the mean matrix volume per chondron was remarkably constant at approximately 224,000 microm(3), corresponding to approximately 4.6 x 10(6) chondrons per cm(3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The uniformity of matrix volume per chondron throughout the adult human knee suggests that cell-scale biophysical and metabolic constraints may place limitations on cartilage thickness, mechanical properties, and remodelling mechanisms. Data may also aid the evaluation of cartilage tissue engineering treatments in a site-specific manner. Results indicate that joint locations which perform similar biomechanical functions have similar cell and matrix morphologies; findings may therefore also provide clues to understanding conditions under which focal lesions leading to osteoarthritis may occur.
authors.affiliation: Cartilage Biomechanics Group, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. thomas.quinn@epfl.ch
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Ernst B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Hunziker
authors.forename: Hans-Jörg
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Häuselmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology; D002452:Cell Count / Q000379:methods; D048429:Cell Size; D005109:Extracellular Matrix; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology; D008297:Male; D008592:Menisci, Tibial / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D013977:Tibia