title: Outbreak of hepatitis C virus infection in an outpatient clinic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  From January through September 2001, seven patients were admitted to Fukaya Red Cross Hospital with typical clinical manifestations of acute hepatitis. Six were outpatients of the clinic, which is located near the hospital. An extensive survey of clinic outpatients conducted by the local health department revealed six more new acute hepatitis cases during this period.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case control study was carried out to identify potential risk factors for infection. In total, 1946 outpatients with clinic records were scheduled to undergo hepatitis C virus (HCV)-antibody testing. For the HCV-Ab positive patients, HCV-RNA was subtyped and quantified, and sequences of HCV hypervariable region 1 were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultimately, 12 patients with acute hepatitis and two asymptomatic subjects were found to be a part of this outbreak. HCV isolates were divided into three major groups using phylogenetic tree analysis. Only a past history of visiting the clinic was significantly associated with acute hepatitis. The timing of the parenteral medical procedure at the clinic and the onset of acute hepatitis strongly suggested association of the two events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that nosocomial HCV infection can occur in an outpatient clinic, even in countries where post-transfusion hepatitis has been almost entirely eliminated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Yujiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shiobara
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kishimoto
authors.forename: Sakiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanno
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shoji
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Tamano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohyama
authors.forename: Ryozo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyamura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies; D012367:RNA, Viral