title: Inhibitory effects of mediterranean sponge extracts and metabolites on larval settlement of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite.
abstract: One of the most promising alternative technologies to antifouling paints based on heavy metals is the development of coatings whose active ingredients are compounds naturally occurring in marine organisms. This approach is based on the problem of epibiosis faced by all marine organisms and the fact that a great number of them cope with it successfully. The present study investigated the antifouling activity of a series of extracts and secondary metabolites from the epibiont-free Mediterranean sponges Ircinia oros, I. spinosula, Cacospongia scalaris, Dysidea sp., and Hippospongia communis. Antifouling efficacy was evaluated by the settlement inhibition of laboratory-reared Balanus amphitrite Darwin cyprids. The most promising activity was exhibited by the metabolites 2-[24-acetoxy]-octaprenyl-1-4-hydroquinone (8a), dihydrofurospongin II (10), and the alcoholic extract of Dysidea sp.
authors.affiliation: Newcastle University, School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hellio
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsoukatou
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Maréchal
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aldred
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beaupoil
authors.forename: Anthony S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Clare
authors.forename: Constantinos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vagias
authors.forename: Vassilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Roussis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D011161:Porifera / Q000737:chemistry*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D001468:Thoracica / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D014020:Tissue Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006873:Hydroquinones; D014020:Tissue Extracts