title: Facial attractiveness: a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to investigate various factors that might affect facial attractiveness from ages 11 to 31 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty subjects were selected from a sample participating in the longitudinal Cardiff Survey. Three-quarter-view facial photographs were taken of the subjects smiling and not smiling. Photos were taken in 1981, when the subjects were aged 11 years, and in 2001, when they were aged 31. Twelve judges used a 9-point Likert scale to evaluate overall facial attractiveness and the attractiveness of various facial features. The judges were also asked to estimate the adults' ages. Univariate and multivariate statistical tests and the generalizability theory were used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall facial attractiveness does not depend on any single feature; smiling and youthful facial appearance make women look more attractive; facial attractiveness tends to decrease over time from ages 11 to 31; people tend to retain their relative levels of attractiveness throughout their life spans; orthodontic treatment improves dental appearance, but it does not necessarily make a person more attractive in the long term. Nevertheless, the positive effect of orthodontic treatment could still be observed, especially in men with lower levels of facial attractiveness in childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Health and Biological Sciences, Dental School, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: Egle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tatarunaite
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Playle
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hood
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richmond
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001504:Beauty; D002648:Child; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective; D010781:Photography; D012737:Sex Factors; D012904:Smiling; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric