title: The Four Habits Coding Scheme: validation of an instrument to assess clinicians' communication behavior.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of the Four Habits Coding Scheme (4HCS), an instrument based on a teaching model used widely throughout Kaiser Permanente to improve clinicians' communication skills.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred videotaped primary care visits were coded using the 4HCS, and the data were assessed against a previously available data set for these visits, including the Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS), back channel responses, measures of nonverbal behavior, length of visit, and patients' post-visit assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of inter-rater reliability were acceptable, and the distribution of ratings across items indicated that physicians' modal responses varied widely. Correlations between 4HCS ratings, RIAS, back channel responses, and non-verbal measures provided evidence of the instrument's construct validity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Four Habits Coding Scheme, an instrument that combines both evaluative and descriptive elements of physician communication behavior and is derived from a conceptually based teaching model, has the potential to be of utility to researchers and evaluators as well as educators and clinicians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Four Habits Coding Scheme provides a template for both guiding and measuring physician communication behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, 260 Longwood Avenue, 384 MEC, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ed_krupat@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krupat
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Irish
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003142:Communication; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004645:Empathy; D004650:Employee Performance Appraisal / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006184:Habits; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D017145:Models, Educational; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D015588:Observer Variation; D010819:Physician's Role / Q000523:psychology; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010821:Physicians, Family / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D011361:Professional Competence / Q000592:standards*; D011594:Psychometrics; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D014743:Videotape Recording