title: Enhancement of radiation effects by pXLG-mEndo in a lung carcinoma model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endostatin is a potent antiangiogenesis protein with little or no toxicity that has potential to enhance radiotherapy. The major goal of this study was to evaluate the combination of radiation and endostatin gene therapy in a preclinical lung cancer model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasmid pXLG-mEndo, constructed in our laboratory, includes the mouse endostatin gene cloned into the pWS4 vector. The kinetics of endostatin expression and efficacy of the pXLG-mEndo and radiation ((60)Co gamma-rays) combination was evaluated in the C57BL/6 mouse-Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) model. The LLC cells were implanted s.c. and pXLG-mEndo was injected intratumorally 12-14 days later without any transfection agent; a dose of 10 Gy radiation was applied approximately 16 h thereafter. Some groups received each modality twice. Endostatin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) were quantified in plasma and tumors, and tumor vasculature was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endostatin expression within LLC tumors peaked on Day 7 after pXLG-mEndo injection. Addition of radiation to pXLG-mEndo significantly enhanced the level of tumor endostatin compared with plasmid alone (p < 0.05). Tumor growth was significantly delayed in mice receiving pXLG-mEndo plus radiation compared with no treatment (p < 0.005), radiation (p < 0.05), and control plasmid (p < 0.05). The number of LLC tumor vessels was reduced after combined treatment (p < 0.05), and significant treatment-related changes were observed in both VEGF and TGF-beta1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data demonstrate that delivery of endostatin by pXLG-mEndo as an adjuvant to radiation can significantly enhance the antitumor efficacy of radiotherapy in the LLC mouse tumor model and support further investigation of this unique combination therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Slater
authors.forename: Daila S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Gridley
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D043169:Endostatins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D043169:Endostatins; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A