title: Confocal laser scanning microscopy in orthopaedic research.
abstract: Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a type of high-resolution fluorescence microscopy that overcomes the limitations of conventional widefield microscopy and facilitates the generation of high-resolution 3D images from relatively thick sections of tissue. As a comparatively non-destructive imaging technique, CLSM facilitates the in situ characterization of tissue microstructure. Images generated by CLSM have been utilized for the study of articular cartilage, bone, muscle, tendon, ligament and menisci by the foremost research groups in the field of orthopaedics including those teams headed by Bush, Errington, Guilak, Hall, Hunziker, Knight, Mow, Poole, Ratcliffe and White. Recent evolutions in techniques and technologies have facilitated a relatively widespread adoption of this imaging modality, with increased "user friendliness" and flexibility. Applications of CLSM also exist in the rapidly advancing field of orthopaedic implants and in the investigation of joint lubrication.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, MDBP M050, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. cjones@mech.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smolinski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keogh
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001698:Biomedical Engineering; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000166:cytology; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007596:Joints / Q000166:cytology; D008022:Ligaments / Q000166:cytology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D009985:Orthopedics; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology; D012106:Research; D013710:Tendons / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D003094:Collagen