title: Growth, phenotype, and function of human intestinal mast cells are tightly regulated by transforming growth factor beta1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) is expressed in the healthy human intestine and controls mucosal immune responses and inflammation by regulating the function of lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and eosinophils. Here, we asked whether human intestinal mast cells (MC) might also be subject to immunoregulation by TGF-beta1.
  
  
  METHODS
  MC were isolated from the intestinal mucosa, purified, and cultured in vitro in the presence of stem cell factor (SCF) with or without TGF-beta1. Growth characteristics, phenotype, and immunological mediator release of MC were analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, western blot, and different immunoassays, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGF-beta1 dose dependently (ED50 approximately = 0.1 ng/ml) inhibited SCF dependent growth of human intestinal MC by both enhancing apoptosis and decreasing proliferation. In parallel, TGF-beta1 increased the percentage of connective tissue-type MC expressing tryptase and chymase while downregulating expression of the receptors for IgE and SCF. Furthermore, TGF-beta1 dramatically changed the profile of mediators released by MC following IgE receptor crosslinking. Release of histamine, cysteinyl-leukotrienes, and tumour necrosis factor alpha was strongly reduced whereas prostaglandin D2 generation and cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 expression were upregulated by TGF-beta1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that TGF-beta1 acts as a novel potent inhibitor and modulator of human intestinal MC effector functions. The change in MC mediator release profile and protease expression induced by TGF-beta1 might be of relevance for the control of MC associated disorders of the intestine such as allergic reactions, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and parasitic infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Medical School of Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gebhardt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lorentz
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Detmer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trautwein
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bektas
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Manns
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bischoff
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D053818:Chymases; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit / Q000378:metabolism; D017455:Receptors, IgE / Q000378:metabolism; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D019089:Stem Cell Factor; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000276:immunology*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D017455:Receptors, IgE; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D019089:Stem Cell Factor; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D053818:Chymases