title: Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of DSM-IV antisocial personality syndromes and alcohol and specific drug use disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to provide nationally representative data on the prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, and comorbidity of antisocial syndromes across alcohol and 8 specific drug use disorders, including sedative, tranquilizer, opiate, stimulant, hallucinogen, cannabis, cocaine, and inhalant/solvent abuse and dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is based on a nationally representative sample of adults. Lifetime prevalences of antisocial syndromes were estimated and logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations between antisocial syndromes and sociodemographic characteristics and substance use disorders. Diagnoses were made according to the criteria of the DSM-IV using the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lifetime prevalences of antisocial personality disorder (APD), conduct disorder, and adult antisocial behavior were 3.6%, 1.1%, and 12.3%, respectively. Prevalences of alcohol use disorders and drug use disorders were 30.3% and 10.3%, respectively. In general, men and individuals who were younger, widowed/separated/divorced, of lower socioeconomic status, and living in urban areas or in the West were more likely to have antisocial syndromes. Native Americans were more likely and Asians and Hispanics were less likely to have APD and adult antisocial behavior. Virtually all of the associations between APD and adult antisocial behavior and specific substance use disorders were positive and statistically significant (p < .05). Significant associations between conduct disorder and substance use disorders were concentrated among women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comorbidity of specific substance disorders with antisocial syndromes is very common in the U.S. population. Further work in many directions is indicated by the results of this study, including the factors that give rise to the associations and the treatment and prevention implications of these conditions when comorbid.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Wilson M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Compton
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: Frederick S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Stinson
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Colliver
authors.forename: Bridget F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology