title: Axon regeneration in peripheral nerves is enhanced by proteoglycan degradation.
abstract: Regeneration of axons in the peripheral nervous system is enhanced by the removal of glycosaminoglycan side chains (GAGs) of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. However, some axons regenerate poorly despite such treatment, suggesting the existence of additional inhibitors. We compared the effects of enzymatic removal of GAGs from chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans versus two other proteoglycan species, heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate proteoglycans, on the regeneration of peripheral axons. Common fibular (CF) nerves of thy-1-YFP-H mice were cut and repaired using short segments of CF nerves harvested from wild-type littermates and pre-treated with a GAG-degrading enzyme for 1 h prior to nerve repair. Axonal regeneration was assayed by measuring the lengths of profiles of YFP+ axons in optical sections of the grafted nerves 1 week later. Except for grafts treated with keratanase, more and longer axon profiles were encountered in enzyme-treated grafts than in control grafts. Heparinase III treatments induced the greatest number of axons to enter into the graft. The proportions of axon profiles longer than 1000 microm were greater in grafts treated with chondroitinase ABC or heparinase I, but not with either keratanase or heparinase III. More regenerative sprouts were observed after treatment with heparinase I than any other enzymes. Treatment with a mixture of all four enzymes resulted in an enhancement of axon regeneration which was greater than that observed after treatment with any of the enzymes individually. The effects of chondroitinase ABC and heparinase III were correlated with specific GAG degradation. We believe that enzymatic removal of GAGs is especially effective in promoting the ability of regenerating axons to select their pathway in the distal stump (or nerve graft) and, in the case of chondroitinase ABC or heparinase I, it may also promote growth within that pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, 405P Whitehead Building, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Mari L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Groves
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McKeon
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Mehul
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagarsheth
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Meador
authors.forename: Arthur W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: English
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019771:Axotomy / Q000379:methods; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019765:Chondroitin ABC Lyase / Q000494:pharmacology; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000494:pharmacology; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D007632:Keratan Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000071234:Lumican; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D016067:Nerve Transfer / Q000379:methods; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology*; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000637:transplantation; D018800:Thy-1 Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans; C000604307:Lum protein, mouse; D000071234:Lumican; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011509:Proteoglycans; D018800:Thy-1 Antigens; C054562:yellow fluorescent protein, Bacteria; D007632:Keratan Sulfate; D019765:Chondroitin ABC Lyase