title: Immunological alterations in pregnant women with acute hepatitis E.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis in several developing countries. Although usually self-limiting and benign, the disease is particularly severe among pregnant women, with mortality rates reaching 15-20%.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immune parameters among pregnant women with acute hepatitis E (P-HEV) were investigated and compared with those in non-pregnant patients with hepatitis E (N-HEV), and healthy pregnant (PC) and non-pregnant (NPC) women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from P-HEV patients had lower lymphocyte proliferation response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) than those in the PC and NPC groups. A positive lymphocyte proliferation response to HEV antigen (HEVAg), a mixture of eight peptides derived from HEV proteins, was observed in 7/19 (37%) P-HEV patients, 3/9 (33%) N-HEV patients and only 2/21 (10%) PC and 2/14 (14%) NPC subjects; the stimulation indices in the P-HEV group were similar to the N-HEV group and higher than the PC group. Measurement of cytokine production by PBMC in response to PHA and HEVAg showed a reduction in production of T-helper 1 (Th1) cytokines and an increase in that of Th2 cytokines in the P-HEV group. Cytokine mRNA levels showed similar changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show the existence of a Th2 bias in pregnant women with acute hepatitis E. The role of this Th2 bias in the greater severity of hepatitis E among pregnant women needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Rekha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: Subhash R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Naik
authors.forename: Vineeta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Siddharth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Sita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naik
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D016751:Hepatitis E / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D016207:Cytokines; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral