title: Significance and meaning of neurological signs in schizophrenia: two decades later.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with schizophrenia are characterized by neurological abnormalities, which can be assessed by bedside clinical examination. These abnormalities have been argued to represent core features of the illness. We review studies published since our last review in 1988 that address the validity of neurological signs as a trait feature of schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a literature search in the following computer databases: MEDLINE, PSYCHLIT, EMBASE, and COCHRANE. The search was limited to articles published from January 1988 to May 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neurological signs occur in the majority of patients with schizophrenia. Their occurrence is independent of demographic and most medication variables. Neurological signs are strongly associated with negative symptoms and cognitive impairments. There is also evidence to suggest that their occurrence is under genetic control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is compelling evidence to suggest the hypothesis that neurological signs represent a trait feature of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Centro Estatal de Atención al Daño Cerebral, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bombin
authors.forename: Celso
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arango
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Buchanan
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003072:Cognition Disorders; D003710:Demography; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012923:Social Class
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents