title: Activated IGF-1R inhibits hyperglycemia-induced DNA damage and promotes DNA repair by homologous recombination.
abstract: The IGF-1R is a genetic determinant of oxidative stress and longevity. Hyperglycemia induces an exponential increase in the production of a key danger signal, reactive oxygen intermediates, which target genomic DNA. Here, we report for the first time that ligand activation of the IGF-1R prevents hyperglycemia-induced genotoxic stress and enhances DNA repair, maintaining genomic integrity and cell viability. We performed single gel electrophoresis (comet assay) to evaluate DNA damage in serum-starved SV40 murine mesangial cells (MMC) and normal human mesangial cells (NHMC), maintained at high ambient glucose concentration. Hyperglycemia inflicted an impressive array of DNA damage in the form of single-strand breaks (SSBs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs). The inclusion of IGF-1 to culture media of MMC and NHMC prevented hyperglycemia-induced DNA damage. To determine whether DNA damage was mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), ROS generation was evaluated, in the presence of IGF-1, or the free radical scavenger n-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). IGF-1 and NAC inhibited hyperglycemic-induced ROS production and hyperglycemia-induced DNA damage. We next asked whether IGF-1 promotes the repair of DSB under hyperglycemic conditions, by homologous recombination (HRR) or nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Repair of DSB by NHEJ and HRR was operative in MMC maintained under hyperglycemic conditions. IGF-1 increased HRR by nearly twofold, whereas IGF-1 did not affect DNA repair by NHEJ. IGF-1R enhancement of HRR correlated with the translocation of Rad51 to foci of DNA damage. Inhibition of Rad51 expression by short interfering RNA experiments markedly decreased percentage of MMC positive for Rad51 nuclear foci and increased hyperglycemic DNA damage. We conclude that the activated IGF-1R rescues mesangial cells from hyperglycemia-induced danger signals that target genomic DNA by suppressing ROS and enhancing DNA repair by HRR.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
authors.forename: Shuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Janaki
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chintapalli
authors.forename: Lakshmi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sodagum
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baskin
authors.forename: Ashwani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: Leonard G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Meggs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002470:Cell Survival; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D005920:Glomerular Mesangium / Q000166:cytology; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications*; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1 / Q000502:physiology*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1