title: An innovative Australian point-of-care model for urine albumin: creatinine ratio testing that supports diabetes management in indigenous medical services and has international application.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage renal failure in Australia's indigenous people. The measurement of urine albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) as a marker for early renal disease is an important component of the management of indigenous patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  An innovative national program (Quality Assurance for Aboriginal Medical Services [QAAMS]) for point-of-care (POC) urine ACR testing on the DCA 2000 analyser (Bayer Diagnostics) was established to monitor microalbuminuria in indigenous people with diabetes in 30 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander medical services across Australia. Aboriginal health workers perform the ACR test. The QAAMS model provides ongoing education and training, an annual workshop, monthly quality assurance testing and a telephone help hotline. Quality assurance testing is conducted using paired, linearly related samples with a wide range of ACR concentrations (1-25 mg/mmol).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average participation rate across four six-monthly QAAMS ACR testing cycles was 83%. In all, 94% of 1163 quality assurance tests performed were within the preset limits of acceptability. The median precision (coefficient of variation percent for ACR quality assurance testing averaged 5.4%, well within desirable performance specifications. Between-site accuracy was excellent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This unique POC model for supporting diabetes management is the first of its type to be developed for indigenous communities and has considerable potential to be adopted worldwide.
authors.affiliation: RCPA Quality Assurance Programs Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia. Mark.Shephard@flinders.edu.au
authors.forename: M D S
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Shephard
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gill
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D001315:Australia / Q000208:ethnology; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010358:Patient Participation; D011786:Quality Control; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods; D000095283:Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine