title: Enhanced ATP release from rat bladder urothelium during chronic bladder inflammation: effect of botulinum toxin A.
abstract: The effects of mechanoreceptor stimulation and subsequent ATP release in cyclophosphamide evoked chronic bladder inflammation was examined to demonstrate: (1) whether inflammation modulates ATP release from bladder urothelium and (2) whether intravesical botulinum toxin A administration inhibits urothelial ATP release, a measure of sensory nerve activation. ATP release was measured from rat bladders in a Ussing chamber, an apparatus that allows one to separately measure resting and mechanoreceptor evoked (e.g. hypoosmotic stimulation) ATP release from urothelial and serosal sides of the bladder. Cystometry was utilized to correlate changes in ATP release with alterations in the frequency of voiding and non-voiding bladder contractions, in vivo measures of bladder afferent activity. The resting urothelial release of ATP was not significantly affected by either cyclophosphamide or botulinum toxin A treatment. However, evoked ATP release following hypoosmotic stimulation was significantly increased (i.e. 94%) in chronic cyclophosphamide treated bladder urothelium compared to control bladders. In addition, botulinum toxin A treatment significantly reduced hypoosmotic shock induced ATP release in cyclophosphamide treated animals by 69%. Cystometry revealed that cyclophosphamide and botulinum toxin A treatments altered non-voiding (i.e. cyclophosphamide increased, botulinum toxin A decreased) but not voiding contraction frequency suggesting that alterations in urothelial ATP release selectively diminished underlying bladder C-fiber nerve activity. Finally, intravesical instillation of botulinum toxin A did not affect ATP release from the serosal side implying that its effects were confined to the urothelial side of the bladder preparation.
authors.affiliation: Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Alkek N720, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Vijaya M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Vemulakonda
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.forename: Timothy B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Boone
authors.forename: George T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Somogyi
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003556:Cystitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D008465:Mechanoreceptors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D036421:Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009997:Osmotic Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014554:Urination / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A