title: Sequential collapse transitions in a Langmuir monolayer.
abstract: Unusual sequential collapse transitions are investigated in a lignoceric acid Langmuir monolayer. The nucleation of monolayer collapse is first initiated in the solid, S, phase but at remarkably low surface pressure where small three-dimensional (3D) granular dots appear. The density of nucleation centers increases, and the 3D dots prevail over the monolayer (surface roughening regime) as the surface pressure increases, but individual dots neither grow very much in size nor evolve into other shapes such as stripes or elongated dots. On further compression the second collapse mode manifests itself by highly anisotropic, global crack arrays (anisotropic cracking regime) where the surface pressure "kink" appears in the isotherm. In the latter regime, various forms of 3D curved filaments develop in the crack regions, and they break into smaller fragments with a typical relaxation time (approximately 60 ms).
authors.affiliation: Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hatta