title: A comparative study between axial compression and lateral fall configuration tested in a rat proximal femur model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conventional testing method for evaluation of rat hip failure force is based on an axial compression approach. However, as the most osteoporotic hip fractures are a result of a lateral fall, it is necessary to establish mechanical testing methods more close to clinical conditions. This study was therefore designed to evaluate the differences in hip mechanical failure force to be tested between 'axial compression' and 'lateral fall configuration' in a rat proximal femur model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen 10-month-old female Wistar rats were body-weight matched and divided into ovariectomized group (n = 9) and sham group (n = 9). All rats were euthanized 3 months after surgery. The bilateral proximal femora of each rat were excised. The left femur served for testing to failure in a fall configuration fashion while the right femur was tested using axial compression approach. After mechanical testing, the anterior-posterior radiographs were taken to identify the fracture mode and measure the Pauwel's angle between the fracture line and the line perpendicular to the femoral shaft long axis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The failure force in fall configuration was significantly correlated with but lower than that tested in axial compression. A comparison between the ovariectomized and sham group showed that the failure force in both fall configuration and axial compression was found significantly higher in the sham group than that in the ovariectomized group. However, the logistic regression analysis revealed that the fall configuration approach had larger discrimination power. Radiographs showed that almost all samples fractured at the base of the femur neck. The Pauwel's angle in fall configuration group was significantly larger than that in axial compression group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In comparison with the characteristics of axial compression test, the fall configuration approach generated higher shearing stress with larger bending moment to the bone and induced susceptibility to fracture at lower mechanical load. Although the failure force obtained from the two testing configurations revealed significant correlation, the mechanical testing in fall configuration demonstrated higher sensitivity in identifying the estrogen-deficiency induced deterioration of hip mechanical failure force as compared with that in axial compression. These findings suggested the potential application of lateral fall configuration in evaluation of improvement effects of intervention stratagems on hip mechanical failure force involving an ovariectomized rat model.
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China. zhangge@ort.cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Yinyu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Kwoksui
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Leung
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000818:Animals; D019245:Compressive Strength; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010052:Ovariectomy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013314:Stress, Mechanical