title: Glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition in very-low-birth-weight infants and effects on feeding tolerance and infectious morbidity: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glutamine depletion has negative effects on the functional integrity of the gut and leads to immunosuppression. Very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants are susceptible to glutamine depletion because nutrition is limited in the first weeks of life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine the effect of glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition on feeding tolerance, infectious morbidity, and short-term outcome in VLBW infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, VLBW infants (gestational age <32 wk or birth weight <1500 g) were allocated to receive enteral glutamine supplementation (0.3 g . kg(-1) . d(-1)) or isonitrogenous control supplementation (alanine) between days 3 and 30 of life. The supplementations were added to breast milk or to preterm formula. The primary endpoint for the study was time to full enteral feeding. Secondary endpoints were other variables of feeding tolerance, infectious morbidity, and short-term outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline patient and nutritional characteristics were not significantly different in the glutamine-supplemented (n = 52) and the control (n = 50) groups. The median time to full enteral feeding was 13 d (range: 7-31 d) in the glutamine-supplemented group and 13 d (range: 6-35 d) in the control group (hazard ratio: 1.19; 95% CI: 0.79, 1.79; P = 0.40). In the glutamine-supplemented group, 26 of 52 infants (50%) had >/=1 serious infection compared with 38 of 50 (76%) in the control group (odds ratio: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.74; P = 0.008). Other variables of feeding tolerance and short-term outcome were not significantly different between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition did not improve feeding tolerance or short-term outcome in VLBW infants. However, infectious morbidity was significantly lowered in infants who received glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and the Institute of Research in Extramural Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands. a.vandenberg@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Anemone
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Ruurd M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Elburg
authors.forename: Elisabeth A M
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Westerbeek
authors.forename: Jos W R
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Twisk
authors.forename: Willem P F
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Fetter
mesh_terms: D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005260:Female; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight / Q000254:growth & development*; D017053:Infection Control; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D018805:Sepsis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine