title: Molecular aspects of biochemical markers.
abstract: This review summarizes present knowledge of the molecular basis for certain serum protein and red cell enzyme markers that have played important roles in forensic individualization and paternity tests. Most genes have nucleotide variations at two or more mutations sites, and their alleles exist as haplotypes. Allelic diversity is generated by various mechanisms including point mutation, intragenic recombination, gene conversion, and alternative splicing. Deficient and null alleles arise from point mutation and deletion. The value of genomic information on allelic diversity is also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishimachi, Yonago 683-8503, Japan. yuasai@grape.med.tottori-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yuasa
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Umetsu
mesh_terms: D003434:Crossing Over, Genetic; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D005785:Gene Conversion; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D010334:Paternity; D017354:Point Mutation; D017421:Sequence Analysis
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers