title: Comparison of physical treatments versus a brief pain-management programme for back pain in primary care: a randomised clinical trial in physiotherapy practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recommendations for the management of low back pain in primary care emphasise the importance of recognising and addressing psychosocial factors at an early stage. We compared the effectiveness of a brief pain-management programme with physiotherapy incorporating manual therapy for the reduction of disability at 12 months in patients consulting primary care with subacute low back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this pragmatic, multicentre, randomised clinical trial, eligible participants consulted primary care with non-specific low back pain of less than 12 weeks' duration. They were randomly assigned either a programme of pain management (n=201) or manual therapy (n=201). The primary outcome was change in the score on the Roland and Morris disability questionnaire at 12 months. Analysis was by intention to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 544 patients assessed for eligibility, 402 were recruited (mean age 40.6 years) and 329 (82%) reached 12-month follow-up. Mean disability scores were 13.8 (SD 4.8) for the pain-management group and 13.3 (4.9) for the manual-therapy group. The mean decreases in disability scores were 8.8 (6.4) and 8.8 (6.1) at 12 months (difference 0 [95% CI -1.3 to 1.4], p=0.99), and median numbers of physiotherapy visits per patient were three (IQR one to five) and four (two to five), respectively (p=0.001). One adverse reaction (an exacerbation of pain after the initial assessment) was recorded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brief pain management techniques delivered by appropriately trained clinicians offer an alternative to physiotherapy incorporating manual therapy and could provide a more efficient first-line approach for management of non-specific subacute low back pain in primary care.
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Sciences Research Centre, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK. e.m.hay@cphc.keele.ac.uk
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mullis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vohora
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Main
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Dziedzic
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Minns Lowe
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Croft
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011788:Quality of Life