title: A simple colorimetric method to detect biological evidence of human exposure to microcystins.
abstract: Toxic cyanobacteria are contaminants of surface waters worldwide. Microcystins are some of the most commonly detected cyanotoxins. Biological evidence of human exposure may be difficult to obtain due to limitations associated with cost, laboratory capacity, analytic support, and expertise. We investigated the application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) to detect microcystins in human serum. We analyzed ten serum samples collected from dialysis patients who were known to be exposed to a mixture of microcystins during a 1996 outbreak in Brazil. We applied a commercially available ELISA method to detect microcystins in serum, and we compared the ELISA results to a more specific method, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) that was also used to detect microcystins in serum. The Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated using serum microcystin concentrations in split samples obtained by the two methods. Serum microcystin concentrations were similar, and we found good correlation of microcystin concentrations between the two methods. The ELISA detected total microcystins, median=19.9 ng/ml; LC/MS detected microcystin-LR equivalents, median=21.2 ng/ml; Spearman r=0.96, p<0.0001. We found that ELISA is a simple, accessible method to screen human serum for evidence of microcystin exposure.
authors.affiliation: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, MD-58 C, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA. hilborn.e@epa.gov
authors.forename: Elizabeth D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Hilborn
authors.forename: Wayne W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.forename: Moucun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Sandra M F O
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Azevedo
mesh_terms: D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D001938:Brazil; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D052998:Microcystins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C078588:microcystin