title: Quality of life of patients after permanent prostate brachytherapy in relation to dosimetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate changes in quality of life (QoL) after permanent prostate brachytherapy and to correlate these changes with postimplant dosimetry based on magnetic resonance (MR) images.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this study, 127 patients with low-stage prostate cancer and treated with brachytherapy received a QoL questionnaire at five time points: before treatment and at 4 weeks, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after treatment. The questionnaire included the RAND-36 generic health survey, the cancer-specific European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) core questionnaire, the tumor-specific EORTC prostate cancer module, and the American Urological Association symptom index. Postimplant dosimetry was based on registered T1 spin echo transversal, T2 turbo spin echo transversal, and T2 turbo spin echo sagittal MR images and CT images taken 4 weeks after implantation of the iodine-125 seeds. Calculated parameters were prostate volume, prostate volume receiving 100% (V100) and 150% (V150) dose, dose to 90% of the prostate volume (D90), maximum dose in 1-, 2-, and 5-cm3 rectum volume, distance between prostate and anterior rectum wall, and the maximum dose in 1%, 2%, and 5% urethra volume. Analysis of variance for repeated measures was used for comparison of the means of all variables in the different questionnaires. Linear regression analysis (stepwise) was used to investigate the correlations between QoL parameters and dosimetry parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, only the QoL at 4 weeks after implant was significantly different from (worse than) the QoL at the other time points. Regression analysis showed a significant correlation between changes in bowel problems and the maximum dose in 2-cm3 rectum volume, between changes in urinary symptoms and prostate volume, and between changes in urinary problems and the D90 value of the prostate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The QoL for patients with permanent prostate implants was worse in the first months after treatment but returned to baseline values 1 year after implant. Significant correlations were found between dose distribution and QoL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. marionvangellekom@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Marion P R
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Van Gellekom
authors.forename: Marinus A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moerland
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Vulpen
authors.forename: Harm K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Wijrdeman
authors.forename: Jan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Battermann
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes