title: Prevention of CS "tear gas" eye and skin effects and active decontamination with Diphoterine: preliminary studies in 5 French Gendarmes.
abstract: Ortho-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) "tear gas" is a lacrimating riot control agent causing eye irritation, excessive lacrimation, and blepharospasm. Diphoterine has been efficacious for decontamination of a wide variety of eye and skin chemical splashes and was tested in CS exposure. Five French Gendarmes either entered a standard training CS exposure chamber, developed eye or skin signs and symptoms, and were post-exposure decontaminated with Diphoterine or used Diphoterine as pre-CS exposure prophylaxis in the eyes and on the face before entering the chamber. Gendarmes who entered the CS chamber without prior application of Diphoterine developed expected effects of excessive lacrimation, eye irritation, and blepharospasm. After post-exposure Diphoterine decontamination, in four Gendarmes these effects rapidly resolved and they were fully operational. When Diphoterine was applied to the eyes and face before entering the CS chamber, the expected effects did not occur and the single Gendarme remained fully operational on exiting the chamber. These results suggest that Diphoterine can prevent or rapidly ameliorate the ocular and dermal effects of CS and allow law enforcement personnel to remain fully operational or rapidly regain operational status after decontamination.
authors.affiliation: Chef du Service de Médecine Interne, Clinique des Franciscaines, Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Viala
authors.forename: Joël
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blomet
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mathieu
authors.forename: Alan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D003666:Decontamination / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005602:France; D006805:Human Experimentation; D006801:Humans; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016495:Police; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013665:Tear Gases / Q000506:poisoning*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D009763:o-Chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile / Q000506:poisoning*
chemical_list: D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D013665:Tear Gases; C472007:diphoterine; D009763:o-Chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile