title: Unrelated bone marrow transplantation for high-risk anaplastic large cell lymphoma in pediatric patients: a single center case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in NHL patients is not yet clearly defined, especially in children and adolescents, but this option offers the advantages of a tumor-free graft and the possible induction of a graft-vs.-tumor effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report the results of four consecutive pediatric patients affected by anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and treated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation from an unrelated donor. The conditioning regimen was based on total body irradiation given in association with etoposide in three patients, and with thiotepa and cyclophoshamide in one patient. Graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporin, a short course of methotrexate and rabbit antithymocyte globulin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had rapid engraftment within 3-4 wk for neutrophils and platelets, and achieved a stable full donor chimerism that has been maintained to the last follow-up visit. One patient later developed a restrictive pneumonopathy. This patient had been heavily pretreated during the course of the disease having suffered four relapses and had received a cumulative dose of bleomycin of 160 mg/m(2). After a follow-up of 11-42 months, all patients are alive in complete hematological and molecular remission; and three of them without any chronic GVHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increasing number of volunteer bone marrow donors and the reduced toxicity of unrelated stem cell transplantation, especially in children, make this therapeutic option worth more extensive investigation in the treatment of high-risk failure ALCL, although more data is needed to evaluate the long-term benefits. In this regard, the presence of factors predictive of worst outcome such as an early relapse (within 12 months from diagnosis), a refractory or relapsing ALCL and the persistent detection on blood or bone marrow of nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase protein (NPM-ALK) transcript may help select the patients eligible to allogeneic related or unrelated stem cell transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padua, Italy. simone.cesaro@unipd.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cesaro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pillon
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Visintin
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Putti
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Gazzola
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: D'Amore
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scarzello
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zanesco
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosolen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006086:Graft vs Host Disease / Q000517:prevention & control; D020544:Graft vs Leukemia Effect / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D006801:Humans; D016403:Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation
chemical_list: D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum; D016572:Cyclosporine