Diagnosis and treatment of chronic depression in children and adolescents.
Chronic unipolar depression is being increasingly recognized in general psychiatry as a particularly severe form of depressive illness that leads to significant symptomatology, prolonged suffering, and prolonged functional impairment in a variety of domains, including educational/vocational dysfunction as well as interpersonal impairment. Recent research on treatment interventions for adult patients with chronic depressions suggests that standard treatments for depressive illness may need modification to benefit patients with chronic illness. Little attention at this point has been given to the problem of chronic depression in children and adolescents. Many adults with chronic depressive disorders had onset of depression in their childhood or adolescence, making early identification of this form of illness a priority. The authors present a comprehensive review of emerging literature in the assessment, clinical course, and treatment of chronic forms of unipolar depression in youth. They then develop summary recommendations for the assessment and treatment of this type of mood disorder in youth, based on the currently available research and common sense clinical experience.
New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Bruce
B
Waslick
Dena
D
Schoenholz
Rodrigo
R
Pizarro