Radiation-induced sarcomas after radiotherapy for breast carcinoma: a large-scale single-institution review.
BACKGROUND
Sarcomas are a rare complication of radiotherapy for breast carcinoma and patients have a poor prognosis. The incidence, histology, and management of patients with sarcomas were reviewed in the current study.


METHODS
The authors reviewed the records of 16,705 patients with breast carcinoma. Of these, 13,472 (81%) were treated with megavoltage radiotherapy and 3233 were treated without at the Institute Curie (Paris, France) between 1981 and 1997. Median doses of 50-55 grays (Gy) in 25-27 fractions were delivered to the whole breast over a period of 5-5.5 weeks (2 Gy/day, 5 weekly fractions) followed, when indicated, by a 16-26-Gy boost to the tumor or tumor bed. Treatment of radiation-induced sarcomas (RIS) consisted mostly of radical surgery and chemotherapy.


RESULTS
Overall, 35 patients developed sarcomas. Of these, 27 fulfilled the Cahan criteria. The median follow-up was 9.3 years (range, 1-22.4 years). The latency period ranged from 3 years to 20.3 years. Thirteen sarcomas were located in the breast, 5- in the chest wall, 3 in the sternum, 2 in the supraclavicle, 1 in the scapula, and 3 in the axilla. Histologic evaluation identified 13 angiosarcomas, 3 osteosarcomas, 5 undifferentiated sarcomas, 1 malignant fibrous histiocytoma, 2 leiomyosarcomas, 1 fibrosarcoma, 1 rhabdomyosarcoma, and 1 myosarcoma. The cumulative RIS incidence was 0.07% (+/- 0.02) at 5 years, 0.27% (+/- 0.05) at 10 years, and 0.48% (+/- 0.11) at 15 years. Standardized incidence ratios were 10.2 (95% confidence interval, 9.03-11.59) for irradiated patients and 1.3 (0.3-3.6) for nonirradiated patients. Of the 27 patients, 15 died of sarcoma within 1 month to 14.5 years (mean, 34.2 +/- 0.7 months). The 5-year actuarial survival rate after diagnosis of RIS was 36% (+/- 0.11).


CONCLUSIONS
The current study confirmed the rarity of RIS. However, it showed that the risk increased with time. Therefore, careful, long-term follow-up of patients treated with radiotherapy is needed for early detection and efficacious treatment of these malignancies.
Kirova
Youlia M
YM
Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France. youlia.kirova@curie.net
Vilcoq
Jacques R
JR
Asselain
Bernard
B
Sastre-Garau
Xavier
X
Fourquet
Alain
A
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001940:Breast / Q000601:surgery; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents