The post-thrombotic syndrome after upper extremity deep venous thrombosis in adults: a systematic review.
BACKGROUND
Post-thrombotic syndrome is a chronic, potentially debilitating complication of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremity. Comparatively little is known about post-thrombotic syndrome after upper extremity DVT (UEDVT).


OBJECTIVE
To perform a systematic review of clinical studies that have examined the incidence, clinical features, risk factors and management of post-thrombotic syndrome after UEDVT.


METHODS
Using combinations of keywords venous thrombosis, postphlebitic syndrome, thrombophlebitis, arm swelling, post-thrombotic syndrome, UEDVT, Paget-Schroetter syndrome, thoracic outlet syndrome, axillary vein, subclavian vein, and central venous catheter, the MEDLINE database was searched for English language articles published between January 1967 and December 2004. Retrieval and review of articles were restricted to clinical studies in humans that described long-term outcomes after objectively confirmed UEDVT.


RESULTS
Seven studies were reviewed. The frequency of PTS after UEDVT ranges from 7-46% (weighted mean 15%). Residual thrombosis and axillosubclavian vein thrombosis appear to be associated with an increased risk of PTS, whereas catheter-associated UEDVT may be associated with a decreased risk. There is currently no validated, standardized scale to assess upper extremity PTS, and little consensus regarding the optimal management of this condition. Quality of life is impaired in patients with upper extremity PTS, especially after DVT of the dominant arm.


CONCLUSIONS
PTS is a frequent complication of UEDVT, yet little is known regarding risk factors and optimal management. A standardized means of diagnosis would help to establish better management protocols. The impact of upper extremity PTS on quality of life should be further quantified.
Elman
Elyssa E
EE
Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
Kahn
Susan R
SR
D000328:Adult; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011186:Postphlebitic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy