Progress towards development of an amphibian-based thyroid screening assay using Xenopus laevis. Organismal and thyroidal responses to the model compounds 6-propylthiouracil, methimazole, and thyroxine.
In response to the initial Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC) recommendations, research was conducted on the development of a Xenopus laevis based tail resorption assay for evaluating thyroid axis disruption. This research highlighted key limitations associated with relying on tail resorption as a measure of anti/thyroid activity. The most critical limitation being that tail tissues of tadpoles at metamorphic climax are insensitive to perturbation by thyroid axis agonists/antagonists. To improve upon the initial proposal, we have conducted experiments comparing the sensitivity of pre-metamorphic (stage 51) and pro-metamorphic (stage 54) larvae to the model thyroid axis disruptors methimazole (control, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 mg/l), 6-propylthiouracil (PTU) (control, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/l), and thyroxine (T4) (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 microg/l). Exposures were conducted using two different experimental designs. For experimental design 1, tadpoles were exposed to methimazole or PTU starting at either NF stage 51 or NF 54 for 14 days. For experimental design 2, tadpoles were exposed to PTU or T4 starting at NF stage 51 or NF 54 for 14 and 21 days, respectively. Methimazole and PTU, which are thyroid hormone synthesis inhibitors, both caused a concentration dependent delay in larval development. As determined from this endpoint, there were only minor differences in sensitivity observed among the two stages examined. Further, both compounds caused concentration dependent changes in thyroid gland morphology. These changes were characterized as reduced colloid, glandular hypertrophy, and cellular hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Treatment failed to negatively affect growth, even in tadpoles that experienced significant metamorphic inhibition. T4 treatment resulted in a concentration dependent increase in developmental rate, as would be expected. Similar to studies with methimazole, there were no differences in sensitivity among the two developmental stages examined. These results indicate that tadpoles in the early stages of metamorphosis are sensitive to thyroid axis disruption and that development of a short-term, diagnostic amphibian-based thyroid screening assay shows considerable promise.
US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environment Effect Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, USA.
Sigmund J
SJ
Degitz
Gary W
GW
Holcombe
Kevin M
KM
Flynn
Patricia A
PA
Kosian
Joseph J
JJ
Korte
Joseph E
JE
Tietge
D000818:Animals; D013956:Antithyroid Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D006128:Growth / Q000187:drug effects; D007814:Larva; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological / Q000187:drug effects; D008713:Methimazole / Q000633:toxicity*; D011441:Propylthiouracil / Q000633:toxicity*; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000187:drug effects; D013623:Tail / Q000254:growth & development*; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000187:drug effects*; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000502:physiology*
D013956:Antithyroid Agents; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008713:Methimazole; D011441:Propylthiouracil; D013974:Thyroxine