Design and synthesis of potent inhibitors of plasmepsin I and II: X-ray crystal structure of inhibitor in complex with plasmepsin II.
New and potent inhibitors of the malarial aspartic proteases plasmepsin (Plm) I and II, from the deadliest malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, have been synthesized utilizing Suzuki coupling reactions on previously synthesized bromobenzyloxy-substituted statine-like inhibitors. The enzyme inhibition activity has been improved up to eight times by identifying P1 substituents that effectively bind to the continuous S1-S3 crevice of Plasmepsin I and II. By replacement of the bromo atom in the P1 p-bromobenzyloxy-substituted inhibitors with different aryl substituents, several inhibitors exhibiting K(i) values in the low nanomolar range for both Plm I and II have been identified. Some of these inhibitors are also effective in attenuating parasite growth in red blood cells, with the best inhibitors, compounds 2 and 4, displaying 70% and 83% inhibition, respectively, at a concentration of 5 microM. The design was partially guided by the X-ray crystal structure disclosed herein of the previously synthesized inhibitor 1 in complex with plasmepsin II.
Johansson
Per-Ola
PO
Department of Chemistry, Linköping University, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
Lindberg
Jimmy
J
Blackman
Michael J
MJ
Kvarnström
Ingemar
I
Vrang
Lotta
L
Hamelink
Elizabeth
E
Hallberg
Anders
A
Rosenquist
Asa
A
Samuelsson
Bertil
B
D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; C089643:plasmepsin; C100637:plasmepsin II