Disorders of water imbalance.
Disorders of water imbalance manifest as hyponatremia and hypernatremia. To diagnose these disorders, emergency physicians must maintain a high index of suspicion, especially in the high-risk patient, because clinical presentations may be nonspecific. With severe water imbalance, inappropriate fluid resuscitation in the emergency department may have devastating neurological consequences. The rate of serum sodium concentration correction should be monitored closely to avoid osmotic demyelination syndrome in hyponatremic patients and cerebral edema in hypernatremic patients.
Lin
Michelle
M
San Francisco General Hospital Emergency Services, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Suite 1E21, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA. milin@itsa.ucsf.edu
Liu
Stephen J
SJ
Lim
Ingrid T
IT
D000368:Aged; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006955:Hypernatremia / Q000145:classification* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007177:Inappropriate ADH Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007223:Infant; D009994:Osmolar Concentration