Toxic and genotoxic evaluation of six antibiotics on non-target organisms.
The ecotoxicity of the following six antibiotics on aquatic organisms was investigated: Erythromycin, Oxytetracyclin, Sulfamethoxazole, Ofloxacin, Lincomycin and Clarithromycin. Bioassays were performed on bacteria, algae, rotifers, microcrustaceans and fish to assess acute and chronic toxicity, while SOS Chromotest and Ames test were used to detect the genotoxic potential of the investigated drugs. For risk assessment, the environmental impact was calculated by MEC/PNEC ratio using the available data from the literature regarding their occurrence in the aquatic environment and the toxicity data obtained from the bioassays performed. The ecotoxicological results showed that acute toxicity was in the order of mg/L while, for the chronic data the antibiotics were bioactive at concentrations in the order of microg/L, mainly for the algae. Drugs investigated were one or two order of magnitude less active against rotifers and crustaceans. Ofloxacin was the only genotoxic compound and Sulfamethoxazole, Ofloxacin and Lincomycin were mutagenic. As for environmental risk, the macrolides were found to be the most harmful for the aquatic environment.
Isidori
Marina
M
Laboratorio di Igiene e Tossicologia Ambientale, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Vivaldi, 43 81100, Caserta, Italy. marina.isidori@unina2.it
Lavorgna
Margherita
M
Nardelli
Angela
A
Pascarella
Luigia
L
Parrella
Alfredo
A
D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics; D001681:Biological Assay; D002947:Cities; D003445:Crustacea / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D004249:DNA Damage; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D005399:Fishes / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D020387:Food Chain; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012403:Rotifera / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014881:Water Supply
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical