Improving the outcomes of anticoagulation in rural Australia: an evaluation of pharmacist-assisted monitoring of warfarin therapy.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this project was to assess whether rural pharmacist involvement in the management of patients receiving warfarin has the potential to lead to safer and more effective anticoagulation, and is valued and welcomed by patients and their general practitioners (GPs).


METHODS
A convenience sample of rural pharmacists was trained in the use of the CoaguChek S International Normalized Ratio (INR) monitor and then conducted pharmacy-based testing for approximately 3 months. Two types of testing were performed in the pharmacy: (i) comparison testing was defined as pharmacy-based tests taken within 4 h of conventional laboratory testing or (ii) additional testing, which was a pharmacy-based test with no direct comparison laboratory test taken. Pharmacists, GPs and patients completed anonymous satisfaction surveys after the completion of the pharmacy-based testing.


RESULTS
Pharmacists from 16 rural pharmacies were trained to use the CoaguChek S monitor. During the trial period, 518 INR tests were performed in the pharmacies on 137 different patients. A total of 120 tests were evaluated against results from laboratory testing. The pharmacy-based INR values were significantly correlated with the laboratory INR values (mean of 2.32+/-0.77 and 2.32+/-0.59 respectively; r=0.88, P<0.0001). A total of 398 additional pharmacy-based tests were conducted in the pharmacy and 8.5% of the additional tests resulted in a subsequent dosage change. The monitoring was well received by pharmacists, GPs and patients.


CONCLUSIONS
The results of the trial were very positive. The CoaguChek S monitor in pharmacy-based testing performed accurately compared with conventional laboratory testing. Further research needs to be conducted on the impact of community pharmacy-conducted INR monitoring on patient care and outcomes.
Jackson
S L
SL
School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia.
Peterson
G M
GM
Bereznicki
L R
LR
Misan
G M
GM
Jupe
D M L
DM
Vial
J H
JH
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001315:Australia; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010595:Pharmacists; D010821:Physicians, Family; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000592:standards*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin