Frequency of recent cocaine and alcohol use affects drug craving and associated responses to stress and drug-related cues.
BACKGROUND
Stress is known to increase drug craving, associated physiological arousal and risk of relapse in drug dependent individuals. However, it is unclear whether these responses are altered by recent frequency of drug use. The current study examined whether frequency of cocaine and alcohol abuse alters drug craving and associated arousal with laboratory exposure to stress and to drug related cues.


METHODS
Fifty-four recently abstinent treatment-seeking cocaine abusers who were part of a study on stress and drug craving were categorized into high- and low-frequency users on the basis of their recent cocaine use. The high use cocaine group also consumed significantly more alcohol than the low use cocaine group. Participants were exposed to a brief 5-min guided imagery procedure that involved imagining a recent personal stressful situation, a personal drug-related situation and a neutral-relaxing situation, one imagery session on separate days presented in random order. Subjective (craving and anxiety), cardiovascular (heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)) and biochemical (adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, prolactin) measures were assessed.


RESULTS
High-frequency abusers demonstrated a significantly greater drug craving, anxiety and associated cardiovascular and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response to both stress and drug-cue exposure as compared to low-frequency abusers.


CONCLUSIONS
Increased frequency of recent cocaine and alcohol use is associated with an enhanced stress and cue-induced drug craving and arousal response that appears to be similar to the effects of cocaine, and one that may increase the vulnerability to drug-seeking behavior and relapse in drug dependent individuals.
Fox
Helen C
HC
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Substance Abuse Center, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, 06519, USA. helen.fox@yale.edu
Talih
Makram
M
Malison
Robert
R
Anderson
George M
GM
Kreek
Mary Jeanne
MJ
Sinha
Rajita
R
D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D001143:Arousal; D001245:Association Learning; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003463:Cues; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D007092:Imagination; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D012008:Recurrence; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*