Vitamin D and type 1 diabetes mellitus: state of the art.
Recent evidence suggests a role for vitamin D in pathogenesis and prevention of diabetes mellitus. Active vitamin D, 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3), prevents type 1 diabetes in animal models, modifies T-cell differentiation, modulates dendritic cell action and induces cytokine secretion, shifting the balance to regulatory T cells. High-dose vitamin D supplementation early in life protects against type 1 diabetes. 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) activity is mediated through its receptor, and targets include transcriptional regulators; therefore, 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) influences gene transcription. 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) also affects pancreatic beta-cell function. Genomic variations of vitamin D metabolism and target cell action predispose to type 1 diabetes. Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy probably increases the incidence of autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, in genetically predisposed individuals. Pharmacotherapy with 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogues might help prevent and treat diabetes.
Mathieu
Chantal
C
Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. chantal.mathieu@med.kuleuven.ac.be
Badenhoop
Klaus
K
D000818:Animals; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications
D014807:Vitamin D