Short and long-term effects of cigarette smoking independently influence exhaled nitric oxide concentration in asthma.
BACKGROUND
The fractional concentration of nitric oxide in exhaled breath (FeNO) is elevated in asthma. FeNO measurement has been proposed as a noninvasive index of disease activity. Cigarette smoking suppresses FeNO, which limits its use in smokers.


OBJECTIVE
To identify and model short-term and long-term influences of cigarette smoking on FeNO.


METHODS
The smoking history, FeNO, and fractional concentration of carbon monoxide in exhaled breath (FeCO) were measured in 53 subjects with asthma and 51 control subjects. A mathematical model of the short-term and long-term effects of cigarette smoking on FeNO was derived.


RESULTS
Subjects with asthma had higher FeNO than controls ( P < .001). Smokers had increased FeCO ( P < .001). The short-term effect (hours since last cigarette) was associated with increased FeNO ( P < .01) and decreased FeCO ( P < .05). The long-term effect (years smoked) was associated with decreasing FeNO only in the subjects with asthma ( r = -0.62; P = .005). These short-term and long-term effects were independent and were combined in a model predicting FeNO, predicted log 10 FeNO = 1.23 - 0.58 e -0.34t - 0.00000103 x (lifetime cigarettes), where t = hours since the last cigarette. This gave a convincing prediction of FeNO ( r = 0.83; P < .0001).


CONCLUSIONS
Short-term and long-term effects of smoking influenced the measurement of FeNO. We defined a model that describes these effects. The use of this formula may improve the value of FeNO measurements in smokers with asthma.
Department of Immunology, Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom. cms4q@clinmed.gla.ac.uk
Charles P
CP
McSharry
Ian C
IC
McKay
Rekha
R
Chaudhuri
Eric
E
Livingston
Iona
I
Fraser
Neil C
NC
Thomson
D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001944:Breath Tests; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013147:Spirometry; D013997:Time Factors
D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide