Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and malnutrition-induced inhibition of diaphragm fiber growth in young rats.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha has been implicated in several muscle-wasting disorders, with increased levels of the cytokine reported in malnourished children. The role of TNF-alpha in mediating malnutrition-induced inhibition of diaphragm (DIA) muscle growth in young growing rats was evaluated. Three groups of rats were studied: 1) control (CTL); 2) nutritional deprivation (ND; 50% of normal food intake for 7 days); and 3) ND + rat specific anti-TNF-alpha antibody. DIA fiber cross-sectional areas were determined. Serum and muscle TNF-alpha levels were measured by real-time PCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. Body weights decreased 20% in ND rats and increased 46% in CTL animals. Anti-TNF-alpha had no effect on body weight or on DIA mass in ND animals. ND significantly reduced cross-sectional areas of all fiber types (33-46%). Anti-TNF-alpha failed to attenuate ND-induced inhibition of DIA fiber growth. Serum TNF-alpha levels increased 2.6-fold in ND animals, with levels suppressed to below CTL values with anti-TNF-alpha. DIA TNF-alpha mRNA and protein levels increased two- to threefold in ND rats. Anti-TNF-alpha antibodies suppressed muscle levels of the cytokine in ND animals to near CTL values. TNF-alpha immunoreactivity in all DIA fibers revealed similar directions of change in both ND groups. Direction and magnitude of change in DIA phosphorylated p38 MAPK (a likely second messenger of TNF-alpha) tracked those of TNF-alpha. Muscle levels of IGF-I mRNA and phosphorylated Akt were markedly reduced in ND animals with no change following anti-TNF-alpha therapy. Thus rat anti-TNF-alpha at a dose known to neutralize the cytokine failed to attenuate or reverse ND-induced inhibition of DIA fiber growth in our model.
Lewis
Michael I
MI
Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, The Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Rm. 6732, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. michael.lewis@cshs.org
Da
Xiaoyu
X
Li
Hongmei
H
Fournier
Mario
M
D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D001835:Body Weight; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000378:metabolism; D009929:Organ Size; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains