Prevalence and variance of shoulder injuries in elite collegiate football players.
BACKGROUND
Shoulder injuries are the fourth most common musculoskeletal injury encountered in American football players. There is little information in the literature on the role of playing position in the type of shoulder injuries seen.


OBJECTIVE
There is a high prevalence of shoulder injuries in elite collegiate American football players, with type of injury varying by playing position.


METHODS
Cohort study (prevalence); Level of evidence, 3.


METHODS
A total of 336 elite collegiate American football players were invited to the National Football League Combine for physical testing and medical evaluation. Current and historical data were evaluated for the purpose of this study, and all players underwent radiographic examinations, including plain radiographs and/or magnetic resonance imaging when necessary. All shoulder pathological conditions and shoulder surgical procedures were recorded. Players were categorized by position for the analysis of position-specific trends.


RESULTS
Of the players, 50% had a history of shoulder injuries, with a total of 226 shoulder injuries (1.3 injuries per player injured); 56 players (34%) had a total of 73 surgeries. The most common injuries were acromioclavicular separation (41%), anterior instability (20%), rotator cuff injury (12%), clavicle fracture (4%), and posterior instability (4%). The most common surgeries performed were anterior instability reconstruction (48%), Mumford/Weaver-Dunn surgery (15%), posterior instability surgery (10%), and rotator cuff surgery (10%). Shoulder injuries were more common in quarterbacks and defensive backs. Surgery was more common in linebackers or linemen. A history of anterior instability was more common in defensive players, with surgery required 76% of the time. Linemen had more rotator cuff injuries and posterior instability than players in other positions.


CONCLUSIONS
Shoulder injuries are common injuries in elite collegiate football players, with one-third undergoing surgical procedures. There are definitive trends in the types of injuries per player position.
Kaplan
Lee D
LD
University of Wisconsin Hospital & Clinics, 600 Highlands Avenue, K4/731, Madison, WI 53792-7375, USA. kaplan@surgery.wisc.edu
Flanigan
David C
DC
Norwig
John
J
Jost
Patrick
P
Bradley
James
J
D000173:Acromioclavicular Joint / Q000293:injuries*; D000328:Adult; D005538:Football; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*