Role of actin polymerization in bending of the early heart tube.
During cardiac c-looping, the heart transforms from a straight tube into a c-shaped tube, presenting the first evidence of left-right asymmetry in the embryo. C-looping consists of two primary deformation components: ventral bending and dextral rotation. This study examines the role of actin polymerization in bending of the heart tube. Exposure of stage 9-11 chick embryos to low concentrations of the actin polymerization inhibitors cytochalasin D (5 nM-2.0 microM) and latrunculin A (LA; 25 nM-2.0 microM) suppressed looping in a stage- and concentration-dependent manner in both whole embryos and isolated hearts. Local exposure of either the dorsal or ventral sides of isolated hearts to LA also inhibited looping, but less than global exposure, indicating that both sides contribute to the bending mechanism. Taken together, these data suggest that ongoing actin polymerization is required for the bending component of cardiac c-looping, and we speculate that polymerization-driven myocardial cell shape changes cause this deformation.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
Kimberly S
KS
Latacha
Mathieu C
MC
Rémond
Ashok
A
Ramasubramanian
Amy Y
AY
Chen
Elliot L
EL
Elson
Larry A
LA
Taber
D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic / Q000494:pharmacology; D002642:Chick Embryo; D015638:Cytochalasin D / Q000494:pharmacology; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000139:chemically induced; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D053778:Thiazolidines
D000199:Actins; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; D013844:Thiazoles; D053778:Thiazolidines; D015638:Cytochalasin D; C037067:latrunculin A