Topographic analysis of the coronary sinus and major cardiac veins by computed tomography.
BACKGROUND
The coronary sinus (CS) and its branches may play a role in the genesis of various arrhythmias. Applications of radiofrequency energy within the CS may be necessary. Atrio-esophageal fistula has been recognized as a complication of ablation along the posterior left atrial wall.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to describe the in vivo topographic anatomy of the CS, esophagus, and coronary arteries using computed tomography (CT).


METHODS
Helical contrast CT of the heart with three-dimensional and endoscopic reconstructions was performed in 50 patients (28 men and 22 women; mean age 54 +/- 10 years). The images were reformatted to determine the relationships among the CS, adjacent blood vessels, and esophagus and to determine the nature and thickness of surrounding tissue layers.


RESULTS
Mean CS ostium diameter was 12 +/- 4 mm, and mean thickness of the periosteal fat layer was 3 +/- 2 mm. In 40 of the 50 patients (80%), the esophagus was adjacent to the CS, starting 24 +/- 9 mm from the ostium, and remained in contact for a mean length of 7 +/- 5 mm. Mean thickness of the fat layer between the esophagus and CS was 1 +/- 1 mm, and mean thickness of the anterior wall of the esophagus was 3 +/- 2 mm. In 10 patients (20%), there was no contact between the esophagus and CS. In 40 patients (80%), the right coronary artery was less than 5 mm from the CS (minimum distance 1 +/- 1 mm) over a mean length of 17 +/- 11 mm. In all patients, the circumflex artery was less than 5 mm from the CS (minimum distance 1 +/- 0.4 mm) over a mean length of 16 +/- 9 mm in patients with right-dominant coronary circulation and over a mean length of 86 +/- 11 mm in patients with left-dominant coronary circulation.


CONCLUSIONS
The CS often lies very close to the esophagus and coronary arteries. During radiofrequency energy ablation in the CS, caution should be exercised to prevent injury to surrounding structures.
Lemola
Kristina
K
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0311, USA.
Mueller
Gisela
G
Desjardins
Benoit
B
Sneider
Michael
M
Case
Ian
I
Good
Eric
E
Han
Jihn
J
Tamirisa
Kamala
K
Tschopp
David
D
Reich
Scott
S
Igic
Petar
P
Elmouchi
Darryl
D
Chugh
Aman
A
Bogun
Frank
F
Pelosi
Frank
F
Kazerooni
Ella A
EA
Morady
Fred
F
Oral
Hakan
H
D000328:Adult; D017545:Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004947:Esophagus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed