Smoking cessation: techniques and potential benefits.
Smokers have a significantly greater risk of complications during and after operations. Cigarette smoke has significant effects on cardiac function, circulation, and respiratory function. Preliminary studies suggest that smoking cessation for a minimum of 6 to 8 weeks before surgery is required to reduce the perioperative and postoperative risks of smoking. Smoking cessation programs that employ advice, support groups, nicotine replacement therapy, or some anti-depressants have been used successfully in many situations and should be used to discourage smoking preoperatively. Further research is needed, however, to clarify the best approach to smoking cessation for surgical patients.
Ziedalski
Tomasz M
TM
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, H3143, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Ruoss
Stephen J
SJ
D006801:Humans; D019990:Perioperative Care; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative