Improving the rates of quitting smoking for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.
OBJECTIVE
Smoking is highly prevalent and refractory among people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study aimed to improve the rate of quitting smoking for veterans with PTSD by integrating treatment for nicotine dependence into mental health care.


METHODS
Smokers undergoing treatment for PTSD (N=66) were randomly assigned to 1) tobacco use treatment delivered by mental health providers and integrated with psychiatric care (integrated care) versus 2) cessation treatment delivered separately from PTSD care by smoking-cessation specialists (usual standard of care). Seven-day point prevalence abstinence was the primary outcome, measured at 2, 4, 6, and 9 months after random assignment. Data were analyzed by using a generalized estimating equations approach following the intent-to-treat principle.


RESULTS
Subjects assigned to integrated care were five times more likely than subjects undergoing the usual standard of care to abstain from smoking across follow-up assessment intervals (odds ratio=5.23). Subjects in the integrated care condition were significantly more likely than subjects in usual standard of care to receive transdermal nicotine and nicotine gum. They also received a greater number of smoking-cessation counseling sessions. Stopping smoking was not associated with worsening symptoms of PTSD or depression.


CONCLUSIONS
Smoking-cessation interventions can be safely incorporated into routine mental health care for PTSD and are more effective than treatment delivered separately by a specialized smoking-cessation clinic. Integrating cessation treatment into psychiatric care may have the potential for improving smoking quit rates in other populations of chronically mentally ill smokers.
McFall
Miles
M
PTSD Programs (S-116 MHC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA. miles.mcfall@med.va.gov
Saxon
Andrew J
AJ
Thompson
Charles E
CE
Yoshimoto
Dan
D
Malte
Carol
C
Straits-Troster
Kristy
K
Kanter
Evan
E
Zhou
Xiao-Hua Andrew
XH
Dougherty
Cynthia M
CM
Steele
Bonnie
B
D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D015995:Prevalence; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*
D011619:Psychotropic Drugs