Vaccine criticism on the World Wide Web.
BACKGROUND
The incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases is directly related to the number of unvaccinated children. Parents who refuse vaccination of their children frequently express concerns about vaccine safety. The Internet can influence perceptions about vaccines because it is the fastest growing source of consumer health information. However, few studies have analyzed vaccine criticism on the Web.


OBJECTIVE
The purposes of this paper are to examine vaccine criticism on the Internet and to analyze the websites in order to identify common characteristics and ethical allegations.


METHODS
A structured Web search was conducted for the terms "vaccine," "vaccination," "vaccinate," and "anti-vaccination" using a metasearch program that incorporated 8 search engines. This yielded 1138 Web pages representing 750 sites. Two researchers reviewed the sites for inclusion/exclusion criteria, resulting in 78 vaccine-critical sites, which were then abstracted for design, content, and allegations.


RESULTS
The most common characteristic of vaccine-critical websites was the inclusion of statements linking vaccinations with specific adverse reactions, especially idiopathic chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis, autism, and diabetes. Other common attributes (> or = 70% of websites) were links to other vaccine-critical websites; charges that vaccines contain contaminants, mercury, or "hot lots" that cause adverse events; claims that vaccines provide only temporary protection and that the diseases prevented are mild; appeals for responsible parenting through education and resisting the establishment; allegations of conspiracies and cover-ups to hide the truth about vaccine safety; and charges that civil liberties are violated through mandatory vaccination.


CONCLUSIONS
Vaccine-critical websites frequently make serious allegations. With the burgeoning of the Internet as a health information source, an undiscerning or incompletely educated public may accept these claims and refuse vaccination of their children. As this occurs, the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases can be expected to rise.
Zimmerman
Richard K
RK
Department of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. zimmer@pitt.edu
Wolfe
Robert M
RM
Fox
Dwight E
DE
Fox
Jake R
JR
Nowalk
Mary Patricia
MP
Troy
Judith A
JA
Sharp
Lisa K
LK
D002908:Chronic Disease; D003254:Consumer Advocacy; D004340:Drug Contamination; D006266:Health Education / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007255:Information Services / Q000592:standards*; D020407:Internet; D010290:Parents; D016312:Treatment Refusal; D014612:Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects*
D014612:Vaccines