A systematic approach to magnetic resonance imaging interpretation of sports medicine injuries of the shoulder.
Magnetic resonance imaging has developed as a useful imaging modality in the evaluation of the athlete with shoulder pain. The multiplanar capabilities of magnetic resonance imaging make it ideal for detecting the anatomical variations of the osseous outlet that may contribute to the clinical syndrome of impingement. Its superb soft tissue contrast and spatial resolution allow for accurate differentiation between tendinopathy, partial-thickness tear, and full-thickness tear of the rotator cuff and also allow for detection of the subtle lesions of the capsule and labrum that are associated with shoulder instability. However, to accurately interpret the numerous images and pulse sequences obtained in a standard magnetic resonance examination of the shoulder, it is helpful to have a systematic approach to ensure that each of the pertinent anatomical structures are evaluated. This article will provide a systematic approach to the interpretation of a magnetic resonance examination of the shoulder. The normal imaging appearance of each anatomical structure will be described, and the most useful pulse sequences and imaging planes for the evaluation of each structure will be discussed. Finally, the signs of injury will be described and illustrated.
Sanders
Timothy G
TG
Uniform Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. radmantgs@cs.com
Miller
Mark D
MD
D000174:Acromion / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis; D001284:Atrophy; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D017746:Joint Capsule / Q000473:pathology; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009408:Nerve Compression Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D012421:Rupture; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis