64Cu-labeled folate-conjugated shell cross-linked nanoparticles for tumor imaging and radiotherapy: synthesis, radiolabeling, and biologic evaluation.
Long-circulating nanoparticles functionalized with ligands for receptors overexpressed by tumor cells have promising applications for active and passive tumor targeting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate 64Cu-radiolabeled folate-conjugated shell cross-linked nanoparticles (SCKs) as candidate agents to shuttle radionuclides and drugs into tumors overexpressing the folate receptor (FR).


METHODS
SCKs were obtained by cross-linking the shell of micelles obtained from amphiphilic diblock copolymers. SCKs were then functionalized with folate, fluorescein thiosemicarbazide (FTSC), and 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (TETA). The specific interaction of SCK-folate with the FR was investigated on KB cells. The biodistributions of 64Cu-TETA-SCK and 64Cu-TETA-SCK-folate were evaluated in athymic mice bearing small-size KB cell xenografts (10-100 mg), whereas the intratumor distributions were investigated by autoradiography in 0.3- to 0.6-g KB cell xenografts.


RESULTS
A global solution-state functionalization strategy has been introduced for attaching optimum numbers of targeting and imaging agents onto the SCKs for increasing the efficiency of interaction with cell-surface receptors. Epifluorescence microscopy confirmed the specific interaction of FTSC-SCK-folate with the FR in vitro. 64Cu labeling of TETA-SCKs led to the radiolabeled compounds with 15%-20% yield and >95% radiochemical purity. The biodistribution results demonstrated high accumulation of 64Cu-labeled SCKs in organs of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) (56.0 +/- 7.1 %ID/g and 45.7 +/- 3.5 %ID/g [percentage injected dose per gram] in liver at 10 min after injection for folated and nonfolated SCKs, respectively) and a prolonged blood circulation. No increase of SCK tumor uptake deriving from folate conjugation was observed (5.9 +/- 2.8 %ID/g and 6.0 +/- 1.9 %ID/g at 4 h after injection for folated and nonfolated SCKs, respectively). However, tumor accumulation was higher in small-size tumors, where competitive block of SCK-folate uptake with excess folate was observed. Autoradiography results confirmed the extravasation of radiolabeled SCKs in vascularized areas of the tumor, whereas no diffusion was observed in necrotic regions.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite high RES uptake, the evaluated 64Cu-labeled SCKs exhibited long circulation in blood and were able to passively accumulate in tumors. Furthermore, SCK-folate uptake was competitively blocked by excess folate in small-size solid tumors, suggesting interaction with the FR. For these reasons, functionalized SCKs are promising drug-delivery agents for imaging and therapy of early-stage solid tumors.
Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
Raffaella
R
Rossin
Dipanjan
D
Pan
Kai
K
Qi
Jeffrey L
JL
Turner
Xiankai
X
Sun
Karen L
KL
Wooley
Michael J
MJ
Welch
D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003301:Copper Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D043942:Nanotubes; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014018:Tissue Distribution
D003301:Copper Radioisotopes; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D005492:Folic Acid