Sex differences in the associations among psychological factors and pain report: a novel psychophysical study of patients with chronic low back pain.
Previous studies have consistently suggested that there are sex differences in pain report, but there is no consensus regarding sex differences in the associations among psychological factors and pain report. This cross-sectional study used a novel, clinically relevant, psychophysical pain-induction technique to examine sex differences between sensory and affective pain report and sex differences in the association of depression, pain related anxiety, and catastrophizing with pain report. Patients with chronic low back pain (N = 53) were recruited from an outpatient spine clinic, and those consenting completed self-report measures of pain-related anxiety, depression, pain catastrophizing, and pain. A measure of induced low back pain was obtained by having study participants perform a protocol on the MedXtrade mark Low-Back Exercise Apparatus. Our results indicated that no sex differences were detected in psychological factors and self-reported or induced low back pain. However, the relationships between pain related anxiety and self-report of low back pain (z = 2.51, P < .05) and between pain-related anxiety and induced low back pain (z = 3.00, P < .05) were significantly stronger in men than women. These findings suggest that anxiety was linked to self-reported and induced low back pain for men, but not for women.


CONCLUSIONS
Results of this study suggest that pain-related anxiety has a stronger association with psychophysical and clinical reports of low back pain for men.
Center for Pain Research and Behavioral Health, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA. merobin@ufl.edu
Michael E
ME
Robinson
Erin A
EA
Dannecker
Steven Z
SZ
George
John
J
Otis
James W
JW
Atchison
Roger B
RB
Fillingim
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D011584:Psychology; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics