Caudal additives in pediatrics: a comparison among midazolam, ketamine, and neostigmine coadministered with bupivacaine.
Single-shot "kiddie caudal" with bupivacaine alone is losing popularity because of its duration of 4-8 h. In a prospective randomized double-blind clinical study, we assessed and compared the efficacy of ketamine, midazolam, and neostigmine coadministered with bupivacaine in a caudal epidural to provide intraoperative and postoperative pain relief. Eighty children (ASA status I) aged 5-10 yr undergoing unilateral inguinal herniotomy were allocated randomly in equal numbers (n = 20) into 4 groups to receive a caudal injection of 0.25% bupivacaine (1 mL/kg) with or without ketamine (0.5 mg/kg), midazolam (50 microg/kg), and neostig-mine (2 microg/kg), after the induction of standardized general anesthesia without premedication. Monitoring for pain, sedation, postoperative nausea/vomiting, dizziness, and pruritus was performed by anesthesiologists blinded to the study allocation. The time to first analgesic administration (paracetamol syrup) was longer (P < 0.05) in the bupivacaine-neostigmine group and the bupivacaine-midazolam group than in the other groups. Undesirable effects, such as emesis, pruritus, and dizziness, were comparable in all groups. However, the incidence of hallucination was more frequent in the bupivacaine-ketamine group compared with the other groups. This study shows that single-shot caudal coadministration of bupivacaine-neostigmine and bupivacaine-midazolam was associated with an extended duration of postoperative pain relief.
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Department of Anaesthesiology, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, India. dr_palashkumar@yahoo.com
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D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal / Q000009:adverse effects; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000009:adverse effects; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000009:adverse effects; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009388:Neostigmine / Q000009:adverse effects; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology
D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D009388:Neostigmine; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam; D002045:Bupivacaine