Ebstein's anomaly - review of a multifaceted congenital cardiac condition.
Ebstein's anomaly (EA) is a rare but fascinating congenital heart disorder accounting for <1% of all congenital heart defects. Since its description in 1866, dramatic advances in diagnosis and therapy have been made. In this review, we describe current diagnostic criteria and classification, natural history, clinical features, and prognosis, typical echocardiographic features and pathologic findings, and the spectrum of associated cardiac malformations including left heart anomalies associated with EA. Differences between Ebstein-like changes associated with congenitally corrected transposition and EA are described. The spectrum of typical ECG and conduction system changes, arrhythmias including accessory pathways and ectopic atrial tachycardias related to EA are also reviewed. Differential diagnosis of EA is discussed including tricuspid valve dysplasia and prolapse as well as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. The review describes management options in EA including catheter interventions, indication for operation and surgical options including tricuspid valve repair and replacement. Overall, EA is a complex congenital anomaly with a broad pathologic-anatomical and clinical spectrum and no two patients are alike. Therefore, precise knowledge of the different anatomic and hemodynamic variables, associated malformations and management options are essential. Management of EA patients is complex. Thus it is important that these patients are regularly seen by a cardiologist with expertise in congenital heart disease.
Cardio Vascular Center Zurich, Switzerland.
C H
CH
Attenhofer Jost
H M
HM
Connolly
W D
WD
Edwards
D
D
Hayes
Carole A
CA
Warnes
G K
GK
Danielson
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004437:Ebstein Anomaly / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000002:abnormalities