Translation initiation by factor-independent binding of eukaryotic ribosomes to internal ribosomal entry sites.
Two exceptional mechanisms of eukaryotic translation initiation have recently been identified that differ fundamentally from the canonical factor-mediated, end-dependent mechanism of ribosomal attachment to mRNA. Instead, ribosomal 40S subunits bind in a factor-independent manner to the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) in an mRNA. These two mechanisms are exemplified by initiation on the unrelated approximately 300 nt.-long Hepatitis C virus (HCV) IRES and the approximately 200 nt.-long cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) intergenic region (IGR) IRES, respectively. Ribosomal binding involves interaction with multiple non-contiguous sites on these IRESs, and therefore also differs from the factor-independent attachment of prokaryotic ribosomes to mRNA, which involves base-pairing to the linear Shine-Dalgarno sequence. The HCV IRES binds to the solvent side of the 40S subunit, docks a domain of the IRES into the ribosomal exit (E) site and places the initiation codon in the ribosomal peptidyl (P) site. Subsequent binding of eIF3 and the eIF2-GTP/initiator tRNA complex to form a 48S complex is followed by subunit joining to form an 80S ribosome. The CrPV IRES binds to ribosomes in a very different manner, by occupying the ribosomal E and P sites in the intersubunit cavity, thereby excluding initiator tRNA. Ribosomes enter the elongation stage of translation directly, without any involvement of initiator tRNA or initiation factors, following recruitment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomal aminoacyl (A) site and translocation of it to the P site.
Pisarev
Andrey V
AV
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York, SUNY, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
Shirokikh
Nikolay E
NE
Hellen
Christopher U T
CU
D001483:Base Sequence; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010442:Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational; D010448:Peptide Initiation Factors; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014780:Viruses / Q000235:genetics*
D003062:Codon; D010448:Peptide Initiation Factors; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D014764:Viral Proteins