Comprehensive antibody epitope mapping of the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus: insight into the humoral immunity of SARS.
BACKGROUND
The epidemic outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) posed a worldwide threat to public health and economic stability. Although the pandemic has been contained, concerns over its recurrence remain. It is essential to identify specific diagnostic agents and antiviral vaccine candidates to fight this highly contagious disease.


METHODS
We generated 14 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nucleocapsid (N) protein and used these to thoroughly map the N protein antigenic determinants. We identified the immunodominant antigenic sites responsible for the antibodies in sera from SARS patients and antisera from small animals and differentiated the linear from the conformational antibody-combining sites comprising the natural epitopes by use of yeast surface display.


RESULTS
We identified 5 conformational and 3 linear epitopes within the entire N protein; 3 conformational and 3 linear epitopes were immunodominant. The antibody responses to the N protein fragments in mammalian sera revealed that 3 regions of the N protein are strong antigenic domains. We expanded the specificity of the N protein epitope and identified 4 novel conformational epitopes (amino acids 1-69, 68-213, 212-341, and 337-422).


CONCLUSIONS
The antigenic structures identified for the SARS-CoV N protein, the epitope-specific mAbs, and the serum antibody profile in SARS patients have potential use in the clinical diagnosis and understanding of the protective immunity to SARS-CoV.
Liang
Yunfei
Y
The Institute of Immunology, PLA, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China.
Wan
Ying
Y
Qiu
Li-Wen
LW
Zhou
Jingran
J
Ni
Bing
B
Guo
Bo
B
Zou
Qiang
Q
Zou
Liyun
L
Zhou
Wei
W
Jia
Zhengcai
Z
Che
Xiao-Yan
XY
Wu
Yuzhang
Y
D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000917:Antibody Formation; D002460:Cell Line; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D018604:Epitope Mapping; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D045473:Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus / Q000276:immunology*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics; D045169:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome / Q000276:immunology*
D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins