The quality of antimalarials available in Yemen.
BACKGROUND
Malaria has always been a major public health problem in Yemen. Several studies in developing countries have demonstrated ineffective and poor quality drugs including antimalarials. Therefore, quality assessment of antimalarial drugs is of crucial importance. This study aimed to assess the quality of antimalarials (chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine) available in Yemen and to determine whether the quality of these products was related to the level of the distribution chain at which the samples were collected or related to the manufacturers.


METHODS
Four samples from each antimalarial product were collected from each of the various levels of the distribution chain. One sample was kept with the research team. Two were tested at Sana'a and Aden Drug Quality Control Laboratories. The fourth was sent to the Centre for Quality Assurance of Medicines in Potchefstroom, South Africa, for analysis. Quality indicators measured were the content of the active ingredient and dissolution rate (for tablets only) in comparison to standard specifications for these products in the relevant pharmacopoeia.


RESULTS
The results identified several problems of sub-standard products within the drug distribution chain. They included high and low failures in ingredient content for chloroquine tablets and chloroquine syrup. There was some dissolution failure for chloroquine tablets, and high sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine tablets dissolution failures. Failures with the dissolution of the pyrimethamine were found at most of the collection points. No clear relationship neither between the quality products and the level of the distribution chain, nor between locally manufactured and imported products was observed.


CONCLUSIONS
There are sub-standard antimalarial products circulating within the drug distribution chains in the country, which will have serious implications on the reduced therapeutic effectiveness and on the development of drug resistance. This appears to be due to non-compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice guidelines by manufacturers in the production of the antimalarials.
Abdo-Rabbo
Ahmed
A
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sana'a, Republic of Yemen. ABDORABBO@Y.NET.YE
Bassili
Amal
A
Atta
Hoda
H
D000962:Antimalarials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards* / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards* / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D004304:Dosage Forms; D004338:Drug Combinations; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards* / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D011786:Quality Control; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards* / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D015006:Yemen
D000962:Antimalarials; D004304:Dosage Forms; D004338:Drug Combinations; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D002738:Chloroquine; D011739:Pyrimethamine