Differential effects of NF-{kappa}B and p38 MAPK inhibitors and combinations thereof on TNF-{alpha}- and IL-1{beta}-induced proinflammatory status of endothelial cells in vitro.
Endothelial cells actively participate in inflammatory events by regulating leukocyte recruitment via the expression of inflammatory genes such as E-selectin, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, IL-6, IL-8, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. In this study we showed by real-time RT-PCR that activation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) by TNF-alpha and IL-1beta differentially affected the expression of these inflammatory genes. Combined treatment with TNF-alpha and IL-1beta resulted in nonadditive, additive, and even synergistic induction of expression of VCAM-1, IL-8, and IL-6, respectively. Overexpression of dominant-negative inhibitor kappaB protein blocking NF-kappaB signaling confirmed a major role of this pathway in controlling both TNF-alpha- and IL-1beta-induced expression of most of the genes studied. Although dexamethasone exerted limited effects at 1 muM, the thioredoxin inhibitor MOL-294, which regulates the redox state of NF-kappaB, mainly inhibited adhesion molecule expression. Its most pronounced effect was seen on VCAM-1 mRNA levels, especially in IL-1beta-activated endothelium. One micromolar RWJ-67657, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK activity, diminished TNF-alpha- and IL-1beta-induced expression of IL-6, IL-8, and E-selectin but had little effect on VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. Combined treatment of HUVEC with MOL-294 and RWJ-67657 resulted in significant blocking of the expression of E-selectin, IL-6, IL-8, and COX-2. The inhibitory effects were much stronger than those observed with single drug treatment. Application of combinations of drugs that affect multiple targets in activated endothelial cells may therefore be considered as a potential new therapeutic strategy to inhibit inflammatory disease activity.
University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology, Medical Biology Section, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
Joanna M
JM
Kuldo
Johanna
J
Westra
Sigridur A
SA
Asgeirsdóttir
Robbert J
RJ
Kok
Koen
K
Oosterhuis
Marianne G
MG
Rots
Jan P
JP
Schouten
Pieter C
PC
Limburg
Grietje
G
Molema
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011392:Proline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D019040:E-Selectin; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D007093:Imidazoles; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; C468870:MOL 294; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011724:Pyridazines; D011725:Pyridines; C400277:RWJ 67657; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D014230:Triazoles; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C066229:prolinedithiocarbamate; D003907:Dexamethasone; D011392:Proline; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases