Cultural influences on the bedtime behaviors of young children.
OBJECTIVE
This study was designed to assess potential relationships of race and socioeconomic status (SES) to bedtime behavior from a community sample of 2- to 7-year-old children.


METHODS
A previously validated sleep questionnaire was administered to parents of children enrolled in the Jefferson County, Kentucky school system. The sleep behavior of African-American (n=973) and Caucasian (n=2398) children was analyzed. Median annual income of residential zip codes was used as a proxy for SES.


RESULTS
Mean age was 4.8+/-1.1 years. Two composite 'sleep behavior scores' were generated related to excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep-related behavior. Children in the lower SES group had significantly more impaired 'sleep behavior scores' than those in the higher SES group, regardless of race or age. African-American children had later bedtimes than Caucasian children with similar rise times, resulting in significantly shorter sleep duration and more excessive daytime sleepiness, independent of SES and age.


CONCLUSIONS
Cultural variables impact sleep-related behavior in children. Race and SES have independent relationships with sleep behavior. Independent of SES, African-American children sleep less due to later bedtimes. SES does play a role, however, in parentally reported sleep-related behavior problems. Thus, cultural variables such as race and SES are important modifiers of sleep behaviors in children and should be addressed in sleep education programs.
McLaughlin Crabtree
Valerie
V
Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine and Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 571 S. Floyd St., Ste. 439, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. valerie.crabtree@louisville.edu
Beal Korhonen
Jessica
J
Montgomery-Downs
Hawley E
HE
Faye Jones
V
V
O'Brien
Louise M
LM
Gozal
David
D
D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012890:Sleep; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires