Dermal and bronchial symptoms in children: are they caused by PAH containing parquet glue or by passive smoking?
OBJECTIVE
In 1997 a new source of potential polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure was discovered: very high levels of (PAHs) and benzo-a-pyrene (BaP) were detected in household dust from former American Forces housing in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, built in 1955/1956. This contamination was caused by a parquet glue containing coal tar, the use of which was formerly a standard building practice in Germany. Children were considered to be at special risk for exposure to PAHs when playing on the floor via mouthing. Therefore, the children's symptoms and complaints were analysed for association with PAH contamination in parquet glue and household dust as well as with internal exposure to PAHs via determination of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine samples.


METHODS
Two hundred and eighty seven children <6 years of age living more than 12 months in the former US-housing estates are enrolled in this analysis, representing 22.3% of the children <6 years of age living there. Their spot urine samples were analysed for 1-hydroxypyrene. The level of BaP in parquet glue and in household dust was available in the homes of 215 and 212 children, respectively. There were no hints for differences in PAH contamination in parquet glue or in household dust of the participants' flats compared to the flats of the non responders. In 246 cases data on environmental tobacco smoke exposure at home was known as well. Data on symptoms and complaints observed by their parents during the preceding 12 months (1-year prevalence) were obtained using the ISAAC questionnaire (modified).


RESULTS
The following 1-year prevalences were reported: 15% itching eczema in elbows, 10% itching and urticaria, 6% itching in the palate and throat, 20% sneezing and running nose or stuffed nose, 15% nosebleed; 25% wheezing, 42% dry cough, and 60% frequent infectious disease. No consistent associations between symptoms and BaP in parquet glue or in household dust or urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene in the children could be found. However, associations between symptoms and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home were to be seen, significant for dermal and bronchial symptoms.


CONCLUSIONS
Informed about PAHs in parquet glue and household dust many parents demanded for total redevelopment of their flats. According to statistical evaluation of the children's symptoms, observed by their parents, no hints for an association with exposure via BaP in parquet glue or household dust were found. However, significant associations between symptoms and the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke were observed, especially bronchial and dermal symptoms. Therefore instead of redevelopment of flats with parquet glue containing coal tar, intensified information on the harmful effects of passive smoking in childhood seems to be mandatory.
Heudorf
U
U
Public Health Services of the City of Frankfurt on the Main, Braubachstr. 18-22, 60311, Frankfurt/M, Germany. ursel.heudorf@stadt-frankfurt.de
Schümann
M
M
Angerer
J
J
Exner
M
M
D000269:Adhesives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003877:Dermatitis, Contact / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000032:analysis*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000652:urine; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D014934:Wood
D000269:Adhesives; D004391:Dust; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; C033146:1-hydroxypyrene