Risk of cancer after low doses of ionising radiation: retrospective cohort study in 15 countries.
OBJECTIVE
To provide direct estimates of risk of cancer after protracted low doses of ionising radiation and to strengthen the scientific basis of radiation protection standards for environmental, occupational, and medical diagnostic exposures.


METHODS
Multinational retrospective cohort study of cancer mortality.


METHODS
Cohorts of workers in the nuclear industry in 15 countries.


METHODS
407 391 workers individually monitored for external radiation with a total follow-up of 5.2 million person years.


METHODS
Estimates of excess relative risks per sievert (Sv) of radiation dose for mortality from cancers other than leukaemia and from leukaemia excluding chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, the main causes of death considered by radiation protection authorities.


RESULTS
The excess relative risk for cancers other than leukaemia was 0.97 per Sv, 95% confidence interval 0.14 to 1.97. Analyses of causes of death related or unrelated to smoking indicate that, although confounding by smoking may be present, it is unlikely to explain all of this increased risk. The excess relative risk for leukaemia excluding chronic lymphocytic leukaemia was 1.93 per Sv (< 0 to 8.47). On the basis of these estimates, 1-2% of deaths from cancer among workers in this cohort may be attributable to radiation.


CONCLUSIONS
These estimates, from the largest study of nuclear workers ever conducted, are higher than, but statistically compatible with, the risk estimates used for current radiation protection standards. The results suggest that there is a small excess risk of cancer, even at the low doses and dose rates typically received by nuclear workers in this study.
Cardis
E
E
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyons, France. cardis@iarc.fr
Vrijheid
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Blettner
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Gilbert
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Hakama
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Hill
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C
Howe
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G
Kaldor
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J
Muirhead
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CR
Schubauer-Berigan
M
M
Yoshimura
T
T
Bermann
F
F
Cowper
G
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Fix
J
J
Hacker
C
C
Heinmiller
B
B
Marshall
M
M
Thierry-Chef
I
I
Utterback
D
D
Ahn
Y-O
YO
Amoros
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Ashmore
P
P
Auvinen
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A
Bae
J-M
JM
Solano
J Bernar
JB
Biau
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A
Combalot
E
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Deboodt
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Diez Sacristan
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A
Eklof
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Engels
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Engholm
G
G
Gulis
G
G
Habib
R
R
Holan
K
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Hyvonen
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H
Kerekes
A
A
Kurtinaitis
J
J
Malker
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H
Martuzzi
M
M
Mastauskas
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Monnet
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A
Moser
M
M
Pearce
M S
MS
Richardson
D B
DB
Rodriguez-Artalejo
F
F
Rogel
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A
Tardy
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H
Telle-Lamberton
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Turai
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Usel
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Veress
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D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000401:mortality*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D011210:Power Plants; D018570:Risk Assessment; D000078329:Workforce