[The stigma of mental illness: concepts, forms, and consequences].
OBJECTIVE
Persons with mental illness frequently encounter public stigma and may suffer from self-stigma. We aim to clarify the concept of mental illness stigma and discuss important consequences for people with mental illness.


METHODS
A search of scientific literature on mental illness stigma was conducted with a focus on conceptually relevant empirical studies.


RESULTS
After giving a conceptual overview of stigma, we elaborate on the consequences of stigma, focussing on self-stigma/empowerment, coping behaviour, fear of stigma as a barrier to using health services, and on structural discrimination. Main strategies to reduce stigma -- protest, education, and contact -- are discussed.


CONCLUSIONS
Stigma is of central importance to persons with mental illness, both to how they experience their illness and its consequences and whether they use available health services. Well-designed anti-stigma initiatives will help to diminish the impact of mental illness stigma.
Rüsch
Nicolas
N
Abteilung Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Freiburg. nicolas_ruesch@psyallg.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
Angermeyer
Matthias C
MC
Corrigan
Patrick W
PW
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011287:Prejudice; D012649:Self Concept; D012803:Sick Role; D012951:Socialization; D013240:Stereotyping; D017211:Treatment Failure