Novel innate immune functions for galectin-1: galectin-1 inhibits cell fusion by Nipah virus envelope glycoproteins and augments dendritic cell secretion of proinflammatory cytokines.
Galectin-1 (gal-1), an endogenous lectin secreted by a variety of cell types, has pleiotropic immunomodulatory functions, including regulation of lymphocyte survival and cytokine secretion in autoimmune, transplant disease, and parasitic infection models. However, the role of gal-1 in viral infections is unknown. Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging pathogen that causes severe, often fatal, febrile encephalitis. The primary targets of NiV are endothelial cells. NiV infection of endothelial cells results in cell-cell fusion and syncytia formation triggered by the fusion (F) and attachment (G) envelope glycoproteins of NiV that bear glycan structures recognized by gal-1. In the present study, we report that NiV envelope-mediated cell-cell fusion is blocked by gal-1. This inhibition is specific to the Paramyxoviridae family because gal-1 did not inhibit fusion triggered by envelope glycoproteins of other viruses, including two retroviruses and a pox virus, but inhibited fusion triggered by envelope glycoproteins of the related Hendra virus and another paramyxovirus. The physiologic dimeric form of gal-1 is required for fusion inhibition because a monomeric gal-1 mutant had no inhibitory effect on cell fusion. gal-1 binds to specific N-glycans on NiV glycoproteins and aberrantly oligomerizes NiV-F and NiV-G, indicating a mechanism for fusion inhibition. gal-1 also increases dendritic cell production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, known to be protective in the setting of other viral diseases such as Ebola infections. Thus, gal-1 may have direct antiviral effects and may also augment the innate immune response against this emerging pathogen.
Levroney
Ernest L
EL
Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Aguilar
Hector C
HC
Fulcher
Jennifer A
JA
Kohatsu
Luciana
L
Pace
Karen E
KE
Pang
Mabel
M
Gurney
Kevin B
KB
Baum
Linda G
LG
Lee
Benhur
B
D001665:Binding Sites; D002459:Cell Fusion; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D037483:Galectin 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D006031:Glycosylation; D045464:Henipavirus Infections / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D045405:Nipah Virus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology
D016207:Cytokines; D037483:Galectin 1; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; C445499:LGALS1 protein, human; D011134:Polysaccharides; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins