The "ligamentization" process in human anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autogenous patellar and hamstring tendons: a biochemical study.
BACKGROUND
There is little information documenting whether the phenomenon of "ligamentization," as proposed by Amiel, occurs in the human anterior cruciate ligament after clinically effective reconstruction. To clarify this point, we analyzed biochemical differences between the native anterior cruciate ligament; the patellar, semitendinosus, and gracilis tendons; and anterior cruciate ligaments reconstructed with autografts.


METHODS
Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.


METHODS
Fifty patients who underwent arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using either semitendinosus and gracilis tendon or bone-patellar tendon-bone autografts were selected for the study. Samples of grafted tissue were collected during arthroscopy and quantitatively analyzed for collagen content and the amount of reducible and nonreducible crosslinks at 4 to 6 postoperative months in patients with semitendinosus and gracilis tendon grafts and at 11 to 13 months in all patients with semitendinosus and gracilis tendon or bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts.


RESULTS
The total collagen content and nonreducible/reducible crosslink ratios increased significantly during the postoperative period (P < .05). The dihydroxylysinonorleucine/hydroxylysinonorleucine ratio was 3.11 +/- 0.56 in the native anterior cruciate ligament, 1.21 +/- 0.47 in the patellar tendon, and 3.59 +/- 1.58 in the anterior cruciate ligaments reconstructed with bone-patellar tendon-bone autografts 1 year after surgery. The dihydroxylysinonorleucine/hydroxylysinonorleucine ratio in both semitendinosus and gracilis tendons was less than 1.0. However, in anterior cruciate ligaments reconstructed with semitendinosus and gracilis tendon autografts, it was 2.34 +/- 0.98 at 4 to 6 months and 3.43 +/- 1.61 at 11 to 13 months after the operation.


CONCLUSIONS
After anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autografts, biochemical characteristics of the graft resembled those of the native anterior cruciate ligament. These findings suggest that, regarding the amount of collagen crosslinks and their architecture, the phenomenon of ligamentization occurs in the successfully reconstructed human anterior cruciate ligament within 1 year after operation.
Marumo
Keishi
K
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan. marumo.kc@jikei.ac.jp
Saito
Mitsuru
M
Yamagishi
Tsuneo
T
Fujii
Katsuyuki
K
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D013710:Tendons / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous