A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations.
BACKGROUND
Ad libitum, low-carbohydrate diets decrease caloric intake and cause weight loss. It is unclear whether these effects are due to the reduced carbohydrate content of such diets or to their associated increase in protein intake.


OBJECTIVE
We tested the hypothesis that increasing the protein content while maintaining the carbohydrate content of the diet lowers body weight by decreasing appetite and spontaneous caloric intake.


METHODS
Appetite, caloric intake, body weight, and fat mass were measured in 19 subjects placed sequentially on the following diets: a weight-maintaining diet (15% protein, 35% fat, and 50% carbohydrate) for 2 wk, an isocaloric diet (30% protein, 20% fat, and 50% carbohydrate) for 2 wk, and an ad libitum diet (30% protein, 20% fat, and 50% carbohydrate) for 12 wk. Blood was sampled frequently at the end of each diet phase to measure the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) for insulin, leptin, and ghrelin.


RESULTS
Satiety was markedly increased with the isocaloric high-protein diet despite an unchanged leptin AUC. Mean (+/-SE) spontaneous energy intake decreased by 441 +/- 63 kcal/d, body weight decreased by 4.9 +/- 0.5 kg, and fat mass decreased by 3.7 +/- 0.4 kg with the ad libitum, high-protein diet, despite a significantly decreased leptin AUC and increased ghrelin AUC.


CONCLUSIONS
An increase in dietary protein from 15% to 30% of energy at a constant carbohydrate intake produces a sustained decrease in ad libitum caloric intake that may be mediated by increased central nervous system leptin sensitivity and results in significant weight loss. This anorexic effect of protein may contribute to the weight loss produced by low-carbohydrate diets.
Weigle
David S
DS
University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA. weigle@u.washington.edu
Breen
Patricia A
PA
Matthys
Colleen C
CC
Callahan
Holly S
HS
Meeuws
Kaatje E
KE
Burden
Verna R
VR
Purnell
Jonathan Q
JQ
D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001823:Body Composition; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D054439:Ghrelin; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D012527:Satiation / Q000187:drug effects
D004044:Dietary Proteins; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D036361:Peptide Hormones