Joint development in Xenopus laevis and induction of segmentations in regenerating froglet limb (spike).
In Xenopus laevis, amputation of the adult limb results in the formation of a simple (hypomorphic) spike-like structure without joints, although tadpole limb bud regenerates complete limb pattern. The expression of some joint marker genes was examined in limb development and regeneration. Bmp-4 and gdf-5 were expressed and sox-9 expression was decreased in the joint region. Although developing cartilages were well-organized and had bmp-4 expressing perichondrocytes, the spike cartilage did not have such a structure, but only showed sparse bmp-4 expression. Application of BMP4-soaked beads to the spike led to the induction of a joint-like structure. These results suggest that the lack of joints in the spike is due to the deficiency of the accumulation of the cells that express bmp-4. Improvement of regeneration in the Xenopus adult limb that we report here for the first time will give us important insights into epimorphic regeneration.
Satoh
Akira
A
Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
Suzuki
Makoto
M
Amano
Takanori
T
Tamura
Koji
K
Ide
Hiroyuki
H
D000818:Animals; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D002356:Cartilage / Q000502:physiology; D005121:Extremities / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D055428:Growth Differentiation Factor 5; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology*; D015335:Molecular Probes; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014227:Triazines; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D014982:Xenopus laevis
D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D055428:Growth Differentiation Factor 5; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins; D015335:Molecular Probes; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014227:Triazines; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C525812:bmp4 protein, Xenopus; C012842:Cibacron Blue F 3GA