Smoking in pregnancy: the role of the transtheoretical model and the mother's attachment to the fetus.
This study investigated whether pregnant smokers demonstrated cognitive and behavioural patterns hypothesised to underpin the different stages of change (SOC) and whether fetal attachment varied according to this process. A cross-sectional design with women categorised by SOC was used and the sample was recruited from hospital maternity services in the U. K at their booking clinics with a mean gestation of 14 weeks. Experiential and behavioural processes together with self-efficacy and attachment to the fetus were measured in 637 women. As predicted by the transthoretical model experiential processes were used mostly by women in contemplation and preparation; behavioural processes mostly by women in preparation and action. However, self-efficacy remained constant between pre-contemplation, contemplation and preparation, but women in action showed significantly higher levels. Women in preparation were significantly more attached to the fetus than women in pre-contemplation and never smokers. The relevance of the transtheoretical model with pregnant smokers is supported. Foetal attachment may be differentially associated with different SOC in smoking cessation and yield potential for the development of new interventions.
Clinical Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TP, UK. p.slade@sheffield.ac.uk
Pauline
P
Slade
Martha
M
Laxton-Kane
Helen
H
Spiby
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009769:Object Attachment; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology