Specific accumulation of organochlorines in human breast milk from Indonesia: levels, distribution, accumulation kinetics and infant health risk.
This study determined concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine compound (OC) pesticides in the milk samples of women from the general population in four locations of Indonesia. The most prevalent residues of OCs were DDTs, PCBs and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), whereas other OCs such as chlordane compounds (CHLs), tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane and hexachlorobenzene were lower. The levels of OCs varied between locations and individuals, with DDTs higher in suburban and rural areas than urban localities, may be due to the differences in food habits and sources between the individuals and locations. Data from Purwakarta site indicated continuing DDT exposure, which may confirm recent usage of DDT in Indonesia. A positive correlation was observed between concentration of OCs in human milk and age of mothers, primiparas women having higher OCs than multiparas, suggesting these parameters play an important role influencing the OC burdens in lactating women. Some individuals accumulated DDTs and HCHs in breast milk close to or even higher than the TDI (tolerable daily intake) guidelines proposed by Health Canada.
Center for Marine Environmental Studies, CMES, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
Agus
A
Sudaryanto
Tatsuya
T
Kunisue
Natsuko
N
Kajiwara
Hisato
H
Iwata
Tussy A
TA
Adibroto
Phillipus
P
Hartono
Shinsuke
S
Tanabe
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects; D002706:Chlordan / Q000032:analysis; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007214:Indonesia; D007223:Infant; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis; D007536:Isomerism; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010298:Parity; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011247:Pregnancy; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012423:Rural Health; D018881:Suburban Health; D014504:Urban Health
D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D002706:Chlordan; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane; D003634:DDT; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls