5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside: a novel immunomodulator with therapeutic efficacy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, is a Th1-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. AMP-activated protein kinase was reported recently to have anti-inflammatory activities by negatively regulating NF-kappaB signaling. In this study, we investigated the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of an AMP-activated protein kinase activator, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR), in active and passive EAE induced by active immunization with PLP(139-151) or MOG(35-55) and in adoptive transfer of PLP(139-151)-sensitized T cells, respectively. In vivo treatment with AICAR exerted both prophylactic and therapeutic effects on EAE, attenuating the severity of clinical disease. The anti-inflammatory effects of AICAR were associated with the inhibition of the Ag-specific recall responses and inhibition of the Th1-type cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, whereas it induced the production of Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10. Treatment of PLP(139-151)-specific T cells in vitro with AICAR decreased their expression of T-bet in response to IL-12, a Th1 transcription factor, whereas in response to IL-4, it induced the expression and phosphorylation of Th2 transcription factors GATA3 and STAT6, respectively. Moreover, treatment of APCs in vitro with AICAR inhibited their capability to present the proteolipid protein peptide to PLP(139-151)-specific T cells. In an irrelevant Th1-mediated, OT-2 TCR transgenic mouse model, AICAR impaired in vivo Ag-specific expansion of CD4(+) T cells. Together, these findings show for the first time that AICAR is a novel immunomodulator with promising beneficial effects for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other Th1-mediated inflammatory diseases.
Nath
Narender
N
Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
Giri
Shailendra
S
Prasad
Ratna
R
Salem
Mohamad Labib
ML
Singh
Avtar K
AK
Singh
Inderjit
I
D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D018991:Myelin Proteolipid Protein / Q000276:immunology; D063308:Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000276:immunology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D012265:Ribonucleotides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000098815:T-bet Transcription Factor
D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor; C494749:GATA3 protein, human; C494748:Gata3 protein, mouse; D006023:Glycoproteins; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D018991:Myelin Proteolipid Protein; D063308:Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D012265:Ribonucleotides; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; D000098815:T-bet Transcription Factor; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; C445081:myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55); C435023:myelin proteolipid protein (139-151); D016753:Interleukin-10; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; C031143:AICA ribonucleotide