Maternal methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency and low dietary folate lead to adverse reproductive outcomes and congenital heart defects in mice.
BACKGROUND
Genetic or nutritional disturbances in folate metabolism may affect embryonic development because of the critical role of folate in nucleotide synthesis and methylation reactions. The possible role of a mild deficiency in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and low dietary folate in pregnancy outcomes and heart morphogenesis requires further investigation.


OBJECTIVE
We investigated the effect of mild MTHFR deficiency, low dietary folate, or both on resorption rates, on length and weight, and on the incidence of heart malformations in murine embryos.


METHODS
Female Mthfr +/+ and +/- mice were fed a control diet (CD) or a folic acid-deficient diet (FADD) before mating with male Mthfr +/- mice. On gestational day 14.5, implantation and resorption sites were recorded and viable embryos were examined for gross malformations, growth delay, and congenital heart defects.


RESULTS
Plasma homocysteine in Mthfr +/- dams and in FADD-treated dams was significantly higher than that in Mthfr +/+ dams and CD-treated dams, respectively. A significantly higher rate of resorption and greater developmental delay were observed in hyperhomocysteinemic mice than in CD-treated +/+ dams. Heart defects were identified in 4 of 11, 5 of 10, and 4 of 10 litters from CD-treated +/-, FADD-treated +/+, and FADD-treated +/- dams, respectively, but not in any of those from CD-treated +/+ dams (0/11 litters).


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that mild MTHFR deficiency, low dietary folate, or both in the dams increase the incidence of fetal loss, intrauterine growth retardation, and heart defects. These data support the benefit of folic acid supplementation in pregnant women, particularly in those with MTHFR deficiency.
Department of Human Genetics, McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.
Deqiang
D
Li
Laura
L
Pickell
Ying
Y
Liu
Qing
Q
Wu
Jeffrey S
JS
Cohn
Rima
R
Rozen
D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000209:etiology*; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005494:Folic Acid Deficiency / Q000150:complications*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D008715:Methionine / Q000097:blood; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D011247:Pregnancy
D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D008715:Methionine; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)