Macrophages induce invasiveness of epithelial cancer cells via NF-kappa B and JNK.
Tumor-associated macrophages may influence tumor progression, angiogenesis and invasion. To investigate mechanisms by which macrophages interact with tumor cells, we developed an in vitro coculture model. Previously we reported that coculture enhanced invasiveness of the tumor cells in a TNF-alpha- and matrix metalloprotease-dependent manner. In this report, we studied intracellular signaling pathways and induction of inflammatory genes in malignant cells under the influence of macrophage coculture. We report that coculture of macrophages with ovarian or breast cancer cell lines led to TNF-alpha-dependent activation of JNK and NF-kappaB pathways in tumor cells, but not in benign immortalized epithelial cells. Tumor cells with increased JNK and NF-kappaB activity exhibited enhanced invasiveness. Inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway by TNF-alpha neutralizing Abs, an NF-kappaB inhibitor, RNAi to RelA, or overexpression of IkappaB inhibited tumor cell invasiveness. Blockade of JNK also significantly reduced invasiveness, but blockade of p38 MAPK or p42 MAPK had no effect. Cocultured tumor cells were screened for the expression of 22 genes associated with inflammation and invasion that also contained an AP-1 and NF-kappaB binding site. EMMPRIN and MIF were up-regulated in cocultured tumor cells in a JNK- and NF-kappaB-dependent manner. Knocking down either MIF or EMMPRIN by RNAi in the tumor cells significantly reduced tumor cell invasiveness and matrix metalloprotease activity in the coculture supernatant. We conclude that TNF-alpha, via NF-kappaB, and JNK induces MIF and EMMPRIN in macrophage to tumor cell cocultures and this leads to increased invasive capacity of the tumor cells.
Cancer Research U.K., Translational Oncology Laboratory, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom. t.hagemann@qmul.ac.uk
Thorsten
T
Hagemann
Julia
J
Wilson
Hagen
H
Kulbe
Ningfeng Fiona
NF
Li
David A
DA
Leinster
Kellie
K
Charles
Florian
F
Klemm
Tobias
T
Pukrop
Claudia
C
Binder
Frances R
FR
Balkwill
D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D051926:Basigin; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000517:prevention & control; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D034622:RNA Interference / Q000502:physiology; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology
D015703:Antigens, CD; C497886:BSG protein, human; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D051926:Basigin; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases