title: Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue levels of levonorgestrel after administration of a single 1.5-mg dose by the oral and vaginal route.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue levels of levonorgestrel when taken as a single dose of 1.5 mg either orally or vaginally by healthy women in the periovulatory phase of their menstrual cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic research institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty women with regular cycles allocated to control (n = 5), oral (n = 13), and vaginal (n = 12) groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were drawn before (0 time) and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48, and 168 hours after levonorgestrel administration. Endometrial samples were collected 24 and 168 hours after levonorgestrel administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma and endometrial tissue levels of levonorgestrel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma concentrations of levonorgestrel were significantly greater during the first 48 hours after oral administration. However, 7 days after levonorgestrel administration, the plasma levels were similar for both treatments (3-5 nmol/L). Compared with vaginal administration, oral administration resulted in higher peak plasma concentrations (Cmax 64 vs. 10.7 nmol/L), with a shorter time to reach the maximal concentrations (Tmax 1.4 vs. 6.6 hours) and with a greater AUC (509 vs. 175 nmol/L). Interestingly, the half-life of levonorgestrel was shorter after oral administration (25 hours vs. 32.6 hours). Levonorgestrel tissue concentrations were not related to the plasma levels. Levonorgestrel values tended to be higher in endometrial tissue after vaginal administration. The ratio between plasma and endometrial concentrations of levonorgestrel differed significantly between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that orally administered levonorgestrel achieves higher plasma levels sooner than vaginally administered levonorgestrel. However, plasma levels after vaginal administration are more sustained and were likely to be sufficient for ovarian suppression. Therefore, the vaginally administered levonorgestrel could be considered as an alternative option for emergency contraception.
authors: Instituto de Investigaciones Materno Infantil, Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecologia, Medical Faculty, Hospital San Borja Arriaran, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. ldevoto@med.uchile.cl
authors: Luigi
authors: L
authors: Devoto
authors: Ariel
authors: A
authors: Fuentes
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Palomino
authors: Alejandra
authors: A
authors: Espinoza
authors: Paulina
authors: P
authors: Kohen
authors: Sirpa
authors: S
authors: Ranta
authors: Helena
authors: H
authors: von Hertzen
mesh_terms: D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D016912:Levonorgestrel