title: Associations between income inequality and mortality among US states: the importance of time period and source of income data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We used census data to examine associations between income inequality and mortality among US states for each decade from 1949 to 1999 and tax return income data to estimate associations for 1989.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional correlation analyses were used to assess income inequality-mortality relationships.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Census income analyses revealed little association between income inequality and mortality for 1949, 1959, or 1969. An association emerged for 1979 and strengthened for 1989 but weakened for 1999. When income inequality was based on tax return data, associations were weaker for both 1989 and 1999.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strong association between income inequality and mortality observed among US states for 1989 was not observed for other periods from 1949 through 1999. In addition, when tax return rather than census data were used, the association was weaker for 1989 and 1999. The potential for distal social determinants of population health (e.g., income inequality) to affect mortality is contingent on how such determinants influence levels of proximal risk factors and the time lags between exposure to those risk factors and effects on specific health outcomes.
authors: Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1214 South University, Ann Arbor, MI 48104-2548, USA. jwlynch@umich.edu
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Lynch
authors: Sam
authors: S
authors: Harper
authors: George A
authors: GA
authors: Kaplan
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Davey Smith
mesh_terms: D019352:Censuses; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012935:Social Justice; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D012962:Sociology, Medical; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology