title: Elimination of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease from The Gambia after the introduction of routine immunisation with a Hib conjugate vaccine: a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Routine immunisation of infants in The Gambia with a Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine began in May, 1997. We investigated the effectiveness of the vaccine when delivered through the expanded programme on immunisation and the effect of national immunisation on incidence of Hib disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveillance for Hib disease was maintained in the western half of The Gambia using standard methods with an emphasis on meningitis. We estimated vaccine efficacy using the case control method, and vaccine coverage and population denominators for incidence rates using a cluster sample survey. Prevalence of Hib carriage in a sample of 1-2-year old children attending health centres for vaccination was ascertained with oropharyngeal swabs plated onto antiserum agar.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between May, 1997, and April, 2002, a total of 5984 children were examined for possible Hib infections. 49 children had Hib disease, 36 of whom had meningitis. The annual incidence rates of Hib meningitis before any use of the vaccine (1990-93) dropped from over 200 per 100,000 children aged younger than 1 year to none per 100,000 in 2002, and from 60 to no cases per 100,000 in children younger than 5 years. The prevalence of Hib carriage decreased from 12% to 0.25% (p<0.0001). Two doses of vaccine were needed for direct protection from Hib disease (vaccine efficacy 94%, 95% CI 62-99). Since most children received a protective dose after the age of greatest disease risk, indirect effects were important in reducing disease incidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Gambian Hib immunisation programme reduced the occurrence of Hib disease despite irregular vaccine supply. The effect of the programme in The Gambia has important implications for the introduction of the vaccine into routine immunisation programmes of other developing countries.
authors: Medical Research Council Laboratories, The Gambia. radegbola@mrc.gm
authors: Richard A
authors: RA
authors: Adegbola
authors: Ousman
authors: O
authors: Secka
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Lahai
authors: Nellie
authors: N
authors: Lloyd-Evans
authors: Alpha
authors: A
authors: Njie
authors: Stanley
authors: S
authors: Usen
authors: Claire
authors: C
authors: Oluwalana
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Obaro
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Weber
authors: Tumani
authors: T
authors: Corrah
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: Mulholland
authors: Keith
authors: K
authors: McAdam
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Greenwood
authors: Paul J M
authors: PJ
authors: Milligan
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003906:Developing Countries; D005714:Gambia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019741:Haemophilus influenzae type b; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008583:Meningitis, Haemophilus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015995:Prevalence; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate
chemical_list: D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; C055753:Haemophilus influenza type b polysaccharide vaccine-tetanus toxin conjugate; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate