title: Pressure gradients in the brain in an experimental model of hydrocephalus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this investigation was to establish whether pressure gradients exist between the ventricles, brain tissue, and subarachnoid space when acute or chronic hydrocephalus develops. Such gradients are hypothesized by many models of hydrocephalus, but considerable controversy continues about their existence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stereotactic frame was used for surgery in dogs to implant pressure sensors within the right lateral ventricle, the frontal lobe, and forward in the subarachnoid space. The dogs were allowed to recover for 10 to 14 days postoperatively. Then, 800 mg of sterile kaolin in water was injected into the cisterna magna region by using a percutaneous approach. Both real-time and long-term intracranial pressures were measured. Of the six dogs, one experienced an intracranial hemorrhage, one dog displayed status epilepticus after a second injection of kaolin and was killed, one experienced acute hydrocephalus, and three experienced mild chronic hydrocephalus. No consistent pressure differences were found in any dog between the ventricle, brain, and subarachnoid space before kaolin administration or afterward when hydrocephalus developed. In addition, no pulse pressure gradients occurred between the brain and the ventricle or subarachnoid space.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Precise monitoring of pressure before and during the development of hydrocephalus did not detect pressure gradients between the ventricle, brain, and subarachnoid space. This was true for long-term measurements over weeks and for real-time measurements that allowed accurate assessment of pulse pressures. Theories predicting pressure gradients greater than the resolution of these sensors (0.5 mm Hg) across brain tissue have to be reevaluated in light of these findings.
authors: Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Hospitals and Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. rpenn@surgery.bsd.uchicago.edu
authors: Richard D
authors: RD
authors: Penn
authors: Max C
authors: MC
authors: Lee
authors: Andreas A
authors: AA
authors: Linninger
authors: Keith
authors: K
authors: Miesel
authors: Steven Ning
authors: SN
authors: Lu
authors: Lee
authors: L
authors: Stylos
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000502:physiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D007616:Kaolin; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D013346:Subarachnoid Space / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007616:Kaolin