title: A double-blind sham-controlled trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of refractory auditory hallucinations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research suggests that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied to the temporoparietal cortex may have therapeutic benefits for patients with schizophrenia and treatment-resistant auditory hallucinations. We aimed to test this hypothesis in a randomized double-blind trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three patients with treatment-resistant auditory hallucinations entered a randomized sham-controlled, double-blind trial. rTMS was applied for 10 consecutive weekdays, for 15 minutes at 1 Hz and 90% of the resting motor threshold. We assessed clinical symptoms and cognitive function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  rTMS was safe with no adverse effects on memory and cognitive parameters assessed. Active treatment did not result in a greater therapeutic effect than sham on any measure except for the loudness of hallucinations where there was a significant reduction in the active versus the sham group over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study does not support the effectiveness of rTMS using the stimulation parameters provided. However, it does suggest that rTMS methods may have a therapeutic role and indicates the need for further exploration of alternative and more effective stimulation methods.
authors: Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University Department of Psychological Medicine, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia. paul.fitzgerald@med.monash.edu.au
authors: Paul B
authors: PB
authors: Fitzgerald
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Benitez
authors: Jeff Z
authors: JZ
authors: Daskalakis
authors: Timothy L
authors: TL
authors: Brown
authors: Natasha A U
authors: NA
authors: Marston
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: de Castella
authors: Jayashri
authors: J
authors: Kulkarni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002540:Cerebral Cortex; D003071:Cognition; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008280:Magnetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D017211:Treatment Failure