title: Results of multiple-slide, blinded review of Papanicolaou slides in the context of litigation. Determining what can be detected regularly and reliably.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple-slide, blinded review has been endorsed by several cytology and pathology organizations as the most appropriate method for the review of cervicovaginal specimens in the context of litigation. This process involves review of litigation slides in a blinded manner by multiple independent cytotechnologists and the comparison of those results with those of validation cases that are comprised of known abnormalities with biopsy follow-up. To the authors' knowledge, the results of this method have not been previously published.
  
  
  METHODS
  The results of the blinded review program at the Center for Cytopathology and Molecular Research at the Medical University of South Carolina for the years 1998-2004 were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 135 litigation slides and 122 validation slides were reviewed. The interpretations of these cases were found to be significantly different (P < 0.001). Litigation cases were significantly more likely to be interpreted as either negative for intraepithelial lesion (NIL) or atypical squamous cells/atypical glandular cells (ASC/AGC) (P < 0.001). The results appeared to be independent of the individual cytotechnologists involved. Approximately 10% of litigation cases were called at least ASC/AGC by all observers and 4% were interpreted as NIL by all observers. For litigation cases, ASC/AGC was found to be just as reproducible as high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. The results demonstrated that only 10% of litigation cases are regularly and reliably identified as abnormal, whereas a single review as performed by an expert cytologist can be expected to classify 56% of cases as abnormal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This program suggests that a majority of litigation cases are not regularly and reliably identified as abnormal, and a single review will routinely overestimate the percentage of cases that are identified regularly and reliably.
authors: Department of Pathology, Baptist Hospital of Miami, Miami, Florida 33176, USA. AndrewR@bhssf.org
authors: Andrew A
authors: AA
authors: Renshaw
authors: E Blair
authors: EB
authors: Holladay
authors: Karen B
authors: KB
authors: Geils
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003585:Cell Biology / Q000592:standards; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016365:Liability, Legal; D015588:Observer Variation; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D000078329:Workforce; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis