title: Co-morbidity of smoking in patients with psychiatric and substance use disorders.
abstract: This article reviews cigarette smoking in patients with psychiatric disorders (PD) and substance use disorders (SUD). Rates of smoking are approximately 23% in the U.S. population but approximately two- to four-fold higher in patients with PD and SUD. Many remaining smokers have had repeated smoking cessation failures, possibly due to the presence of co-morbid PD and SUDs. There is modest, evidence-based support for effective treatment interventions for nicotine addiction in PD and SUD. Further research is needed to increase our understanding of nicotine addiction in PD and SUD and develop more effective treatment interventions.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Kalman
authors: Sandra Baker
authors: SB
authors: Morissette
authors: Tony P
authors: TP
authors: George
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents