title: Ultra-low-dose naltrexone suppresses rewarding effects of opiates and aversive effects of opiate withdrawal in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultra-low-dose opioid antagonists enhance opiate analgesia and attenuate tolerance and withdrawal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether ultra-low-dose naltrexone (NTX) coadministration alters the rewarding effects of opiates or the aversive effects of opiate withdrawal.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the conditioned place preference (CPP) and conditioned place aversion (CPA) paradigms to assess whether ultra-low-dose NTX alters the acute rewarding effects of oxycodone or morphine, or the aversive aspect of withdrawal from either drug. To assess the dose response for ultra-low-dose NTX, a range of NTX doses (0.03-30 ng/kg) was tested in the oxycodone CPP experiment. In order to avoid tolerance or sensitization effects, we used single conditioning sessions and female rats, as females are more sensitive to the conditioning effects of these drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultra-low-dose NTX (5 ng/kg) blocked the CPP to morphine (5 mg/kg) and the CPA to withdrawal from chronic morphine (5 mg/kg, for 7 days). Coadministration of ultra-low-dose NTX (30 pg/kg) also blocked the CPA to withdrawal from chronic oxycodone administration (3 mg/kg, for 7 days). The effects of NTX on the CPP to oxycodone (3 mg/kg) revealed a biphasic dose response. The two lowest doses (0.03 and 0.3 ng/kg) blocked the CPP, the middle dose (3 ng/kg) was ineffective, and oxycodone combined with the highest dose (30 ng/kg) produced a trend toward a CPP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultra-low-dose NTX coadministration blocks the acute rewarding effects of analgesic doses of oxycodone or morphine as well as the anhedonia of withdrawal from chronic administration.
authors: Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada. olmstead@post.queensu.ca
authors: Mary C
authors: MC
authors: Olmstead
authors: Lindsay H
authors: LH
authors: Burns
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D009021:Morphine Dependence / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009042:Motivation; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009949:Orientation / Q000187:drug effects; D010098:Oxycodone; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012201:Reward; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009271:Naltrexone; D010098:Oxycodone