title: Intranasal fentanyl is an equivalent analgesic to oral morphine in paediatric burns patients for dressing changes: a randomised double blind crossover study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ideal analgesic agent for burns wound dressings in paediatric patients would be one that is easy to administer, well tolerated, and produces rapid onset of analgesia with a short duration of action and minimal side-effects to allow rapid resumption of activities and oral intake. We compared our current treatment of oral morphine to intranasal fentanyl in an attempt to find an agent closer to the ideal.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised double blind two-treatment crossover study comparing intranasal administration of fentanyl (INF) to orally administered morphine (OM). Children with burn injury aged up to 15 years and weighing 10-75 kg were included. Primary end-point was pain scores. Secondary end-points were time to resumption of age-appropriate activities, time to resumption of fluid intake, sedation and cooperation. Routine observations and vital signs were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four patients were studied with a median age of 4.5 years (interquartile range 1.8-9.0 years) and a median weight of 18.4 kg (interquartile range 12.9-33.2kg). Mean pain difference scores (OM-INF) ranged from -0.500 (95% CI=-1.653 to 0.653) at baseline to -0.625 (05% CI=-1.863 to 0.613) for a retrospective rating of worst pain experienced during the dressing procedure. All measurements were within a pre-defined range of equivalent efficacy. The median time to resumption of fluid intake was 108 min (range 44-175 min) with OM and 140 min (range 60-210 min) with INF. These differences were not statistically significant. Fewer patients experienced mild side-effects with INF compared to OM (n=5 versus n=10). No patients experienced depressed respirations or oxygen saturations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intranasal fentanyl was shown to be equivalent to oral morphine in the provision of analgesia for burn wound dressing changes in this cohort of paediatric patients. It was concluded that intranasal fentanyl is a suitable analgesic agent for use in paediatric burns dressing changes either by itself or in combination with oral morphine as a top up titratable agent.
authors: Emergency Department, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, GPO Box D184, Perth, WA 6840, Australia. Meredith.Borland@health.wa.gov.au
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Borland
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Bergesio
authors: E M
authors: EM
authors: Pascoe
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Turner
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Woodger
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001458:Bandages; D002056:Burns / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine; D005283:Fentanyl