title: Markers of disease severity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diagnosis and assessment of treatment effect in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have relied primarily on the examination of a complex set of symptoms and the use of spirometry. However, these methods require long periods of assessment to determine whether patients show clinically relevant improvements after intervention. We therefore wanted to determine how existing clinical and laboratory measures change with COPD severity and identify disease markers that can serve as better endpoints for diagnosis and assessment of COPD progression and treatment effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using standard COPD keywords and terms, we searched PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Review databases for retrospective and prospective clinical studies published since 1966. We identified 652 studies (n = 146,255) from 1978 to September 2003 based on the availability of spirometric and demographic data, investigation of possible markers, absence of acute exacerbations and co-morbidities, and the withdrawal of standard COPD medication. Central tendencies and dispersions of subject baseline measures were collected according to study sample size, smoking status, and mild, moderate and severe COPD stages. A fixed effect meta-analysis was then conducted on each measure at various disease stages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Arterial oxygen tension, sputum neutrophils and IL-8, and serum TNF-alpha and C-Reactive Protein showed a trend toward separation between COPD stages. Other measures such as pack-years and St George's Respiratory Questionnaire only distinguished between disease and disease-free states.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed little separation between disease stages for many measures used in COPD diagnosis and clinical trials. This demonstrates the poor sensitivity of such endpoints to define a patient's clinical status and to quantify treatment effect. Therefore, we recommend that longitudinal studies and disease modelling be the primary methods for assessing whether potential markers of disease progression can be used for COPD diagnosis and clinical trials.
authors: Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands. l.franciosi@lacdr.leidenuniv.nl
authors: Luigi G
authors: LG
authors: Franciosi
authors: Clive P
authors: CP
authors: Page
authors: Bartolome R
authors: BR
authors: Celli
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Cazzola
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Walker
authors: Meindert
authors: M
authors: Danhof
authors: Klaus F
authors: KF
authors: Rabe
authors: Oscar E
authors: OE
authors: Della Pasqua
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology; D039781:PubMed; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000379:methods; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein