title: Complex regional pain syndrome: which treatments show promise?
abstract: Treatments for CRPS type 1 supported by evidence of efficacy and little likelihood for harm are: topical DMSO cream (B), IV bisphosphonates (A) and limited courses of oral corticosteroids (B). Despite some contradictory evidence, physical therapy and calcitonin (intranasal or intramuscular) are likely to benefit patients with CRPS type 1 (B). Due to modest benefits and the invasiveness of the therapies, epidural clonidine injection, intravenous regional sympathetic block with bretylium and spinal cord stimulation should be offered only after careful counseling (B). Therapies to avoid due to lack of efficacy, lack of evidence, or a high likelihood of adverse outcomes are IV regional sympathetic blocks with anything but bretylium, sympathetic ganglion blocks with local anesthetics, systemic IV sympathetic inhibition, acupuncture, and sympathectomy (B).
authors: Family Medicine Center, 1401 Foulk Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA. DrQuisel@comcast.net
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Quisel
authors: James M
authors: JM
authors: Gill
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Witherell
mesh_terms: D002116:Calcitonin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009788:Occupational Therapy; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012019:Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D004164:Diphosphonates; D002116:Calcitonin