title: Contamination by arsenic and other trace elements in tube-well water and its risk assessment to humans in Hanoi, Vietnam.
abstract: Concentrations of As and other trace elements and their association were examined in groundwater (n = 25) and human hair (n = 59) collected at Gia Lam District and Thanh Tri District, suburban areas of Hanoi, Vietnam, in September 2001. Concentrations of As in the groundwater ranged from <0.10 to 330 microg/l, with about 40% of these exceeding WHO drinking water guideline of 10 microg/l. Also, 76% and 12% of groundwater samples had higher concentrations of Mn and Ba than WHO drinking water guidelines, respectively. Arsenic concentrations in hair of residents in Gia Lam and Thanh Tri Districts (range 0.088-2.77 microg/g dry wt.) were lower than those in other As-contaminated areas of the world, but were higher than those of people in non-contaminated areas. Concentrations of As and Mn in hair of some individuals from the Gia Lam and Thanh Tri Districts exceeded the level associated with their toxicity and, therefore, a potential health risk of As and Mn is a concern for the people consuming the contaminated water in this area. Cumulative As exposure was estimated to be lower than the threshold levels at the present, which might explain the absence of manifestations of chronic As poisoning and arsenicosis in the residents of Gia Lam and Thanh Tri Districts. To our knowledge, this study revealed for the first time that the residents are exposed not only to As but also Mn and Ba from groundwater in the Red River Delta, Vietnam.
authors: Center for Marine Environmental Studies, CMES, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
authors: Tetsuro
authors: T
authors: Agusa
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Kunito
authors: Junko
authors: J
authors: Fujihara
authors: Reiji
authors: R
authors: Kubota
authors: Tu Binh
authors: TB
authors: Minh
authors: Pham Thi
authors: PT
authors: Kim Trang
authors: Hisato
authors: H
authors: Iwata
authors: Annamalai
authors: A
authors: Subramanian
authors: Pham Hung
authors: PH
authors: Viet
authors: Shinsuke
authors: S
authors: Tanabe
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D001464:Barium / Q000032:analysis; D004326:Drinking; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000032:analysis; D011891:Rain / Q000737:chemistry; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D018881:Suburban Health; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*; D014744:Vietnam; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001464:Barium; D008345:Manganese; D007501:Iron; D001151:Arsenic