title: The effects of stock crate design and stocking density on environmental conditions for lambs on road transport vehicles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of variations in stock crate design (especially ventilation) and stocking density on road transport vehicles for reducing the risk of environmental stress for lambs during long-haul transport in hot weather.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Experiment 1, lambs were transported on vehicles fitted with either a newer-design aluminium crate comprising a three-deck truck and four-deck trailer, or an older-design, more open, steel crate of a three-deck truck and three-deck trailer. In Experiment 2, lambs were transported on newer-design vehicles at either standard stocking density (0.20 m2 per 35 kg lamb) or at a 20% lower density (0.26 m2 per 35 kg lamb). In each experiment, each journey was replicated twice and consisted of travel periods and stationary periods designed to emulate conditions associated with an inter-island ferry crossing. Air ammonia concentrations and temperature and humidity were monitored within six pens on each vehicle, and the temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ammonia concentrations were variable and generally 50 ppm, and did not vary significantly with treatment. The THI increased when the vehicles were stationary, especially under conditions designed to emulate an enclosed ferry deck. The ambient temperature during Experiment 1 was moderate (up to 21 degrees C), and THI was slightly lower in the older-design crate. High ambient temperatures (up to 33 degrees C) were present during Experiment 2, and THI was significantly lower at the lower stock density. During a 3-h stationary period, the peak THI at standard stocking density was 91.0, compared with 84.9 for the low density treatment (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For standard road transport vehicles used for long-haul transport of lambs, lowered loading density may be of considerable benefit in alleviating conditions that increase the risk of lamb deaths during inter-island transport on hot days.
authors: Animal Behaviour and Welfare Research Centre, AgResearch, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand. andrew.fisher@agresearch.co.nz
authors: A D
authors: AD
authors: Fisher
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Stewart
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Tacon
authors: L R
authors: LR
authors: Matthews