title: Associations of depressive symptoms with gender, body mass index and dyspnea in primary care COPD patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that severe COPD is associated with depressive symptoms, possibly linked to exacerbations, dyspnea and hospitalisation. However, scarce data are available in primary care where most patients suffer from mild or moderate disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to reveal associations of depressive symptoms with demographic and clinical characteristics in mild to moderate COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data on lung function measurements, exacerbation frequency, dyspnea, comorbidity, smoking behaviour, body mass index (BMI), age, gender and depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory) of 147 primary care patients were assessed in multiple logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients suffered from mild to moderate obstruction (FEV1 63.6% pred, range 45.1% to 82.1%). Female gender (OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.1 to 10.8), BMI > 25 (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2 to 0.8) and current smoking (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.01 to 5.3) were univariately associated with depressive symptoms, while in a multivariate logistic model only female gender (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.6 to 9.9), BMI > 25 (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.7) and dyspnea (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.9) were independently associated with depressive symptoms. Conclusion. These data suggest that in primary care depressive symptoms in COPD seem to be related with female gender, BMI and dyspnea. In this study, lung function, exacerbation rate, smoking behaviour, age and comorbidity are not independently associated with depressive symptoms in COPD of mild to moderate severity.
authors: Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: N H
authors: NH
authors: Chavannes
authors: M J H
authors: MJ
authors: Huibers
authors: T R J
authors: TR
authors: Schermer
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Hendriks
authors: C
authors: C
authors: van Weel
authors: E F M
authors: EF
authors: Wouters
authors: C P
authors: CP
authors: van Schayck
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004417:Dyspnea; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009313:National Health Programs; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011320:Primary Health Care; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology*