title: C-reactive protein production in term human placental tissue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of systemic inflammation. Recently, it has been shown that CRP is present in amniotic fluid and fetal urine, and that elevated levels are associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. However, the precise source of amniotic fluid CRP, its regulation, and function during pregnancy is still a matter of debate. The present in vivo and in vitro studies were designed to investigate the production of CRP in human placental tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten paired blood samples from peripheral maternal vein (MV), umbilical cord artery (UA) and umbilical vein (UV) were collected from women with elective caesarean sections at term. The placental protein accumulation capacity of hCG, hPL, leptin and CRP was compared with the dual in vitro perfusion method of an isolated cotyledon of human term placentae and quantified by ELISA. Values for accumulation (release) were calculated as total accumulation of maternal and fetal circuits normalized for tissue weight and duration of perfusion. For gene expression, RNA was extracted from placental tissue and reverse transcribed. RT-PCR and real-time PCR were performed using specific primers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median (range) CRP level was significantly different between UA and UV [50.1 ng/ml (12.1-684.6) vs. 61 ng/ml (16.9-708.1)]. The median (range) difference between UV and UA was 9.3 ng/ml (2.2-31.6). A significant correlation was found between MV CRP and both UA and UV CRP levels. Median (range) MV CRP levels [2649 ng/ml (260.1-8299)] were 61.2 (6.5-96.8) fold higher than in the fetus. In vitro, the total accumulation rates (mean+/-SD) were 31+/-13 (mU/g/min, hCG), 1.16+/-0.19 (microg/g/min, hPL), 4.71+/-1.91 (ng/g/min, CRP), and 259+/-118 (pg/g/min, leptin). mRNA for hCG, hPL and leptin was detectable using conventional RT-PCR, while CRP mRNA could only be demonstrated by applying real-time RT-PCR. In the perfused tissue the transcript levels for the four proteins were comparable to those detected in the native control tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that the human placenta produces and releases CRP mainly into the maternal circulation similarly to other analyzed placental proteins under in vitro conditions. Further studies are needed to explore the exact role of placental CRP during pregnancy.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Berne, Inselspital, KKL G3-825, 3010 Berne, BE, Switzerland. antoine.malek@dkf.unibe.ch
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Malek
authors: N A
authors: NA
authors: Bersinger
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Di Santo
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: Mueller
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Sager
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Schneider
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Ghezzi
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Karousou
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Passi
authors: G
authors: G
authors: De Luca
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Raio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism; D010920:Placenta / Q000098:blood supply / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010928:Placental Lactogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D047929:Term Birth / Q000378:metabolism*; D014469:Umbilical Arteries; D014471:Umbilical Veins
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D020738:Leptin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D010928:Placental Lactogen