Optical slicing of human retinal tissue in vivo with the adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope.
We present imaging results in human retinal tissue in vivo that allowed us to determine the axial resolution of the adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO). The instrument is briefly described, and the imaging results from human subjects are compared with (a) the estimated axial resolution values for a diffraction-limited, double-pass instrument and (b) the measured one for a calibrated diffuse retinal model. The comparison showed that the measured axial resolution, as obtained from optical sectioning of human retinas in vivo, can be as low as 71 microm for a 50 microm confocal pinhole after focusing a 3.5 mm beam with a 100 mm focal-length lens. The axial resolution values typically fall between the predictions from numerical models for diffuse and specular reflectors. This suggests that the reflection from the retinal blood vessel combines diffuse and specular components. This conclusion is supported by the almost universal interpretation that the image of a cylindrical blood vessel exhibits a bright reflection along its apex that is considered specular. The enhanced axial resolution achieved through use of adaptive optics leads to an improvement in the volume resolution of almost 2 orders of magnitude when compared with a conventional scanning laser ophthalmoscope and almost a factor of 3 better than commercially available optical coherence tomographic instruments.
Romero-Borja
Fernando
F
College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-2020, USA. fromero@uh.edu
Venkateswaran
Krishnakumar
K
Roorda
Austin
A
Hebert
Thomas
T
D000328:Adult; D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D019721:Ophthalmoscopes; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000166:cytology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity