title: A behaviour study on the potential for direct transmission of tuberculosis from possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) to alpacas (Lama pacos), and the converse from alpacas to possums.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the potential for the direct transmission of tuberculosis from possums to alpacas, and vice versa.
  
  
  METHODS
  A field study was conducted on an alpaca farm in Northland, New Zealand on 7 January 1999. Observations were recorded on the interaction of one group of male alpacas with a simulated dead possum, one male and one female alpaca group with a simulated terminally tuberculous possum, and one group of male alpacas with a normal possum in an enclosure from which the animals could not escape. The possum was sedated with ketamine as hydrochloride to simulate death (inactive; no movement), and terminal illness (active, inco-ordinated movement around the paddock). The observations were based on the focal animal sampling technique, they were un-replicated, and recorded visually and manually with intermittent still photography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both male and female alpacas showed strongly inquisitive interaction with the possum. They clustered around the possum (focal animal) very soon after it was observed by the first member of the group. The interest of the majority of both sex groups remained high for the observation periods of approximately 30 minutes, and most individuals remained within 5 metres of the possum for that time. Approximately 50% of the alpacas were within possible aerosol transmission distance of 2 metres from the sedated, erratically mobile possum with their heads towards it for approximately 50% of the two observation periods. Aggressive behaviour was recorded for a young male with stamping on the moving possum. Similar, but more vigorous and prolonged stamping behaviour was recorded for a female with a young (<1 week) offspring (cria). The stamping behaviour was accompanied by very close nose to nose contact of the alpaca and possum. At one point the female threw the possum approximately 1.5 metres in the air with her teeth. The group of male alpacas placed in an enclosure with an unsedated normal possum generally moved away from the possum during its rapid active attempts to escape. When it became inactive their approaches were cautious and only once elicited a defence reaction from the possum, from which they recoiled. One male made one attempt to stamp on the active possum. Soon after the possum became inactive in a small loose hay pile, the alpacas lost interest in it.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The alpaca / possum behavioural interactions show there is potential for direct aerosol transmission of tuberculosis from possums to alpacas, but probably not from alpacas to possums.
authors: AgriQuality New Zealand Limited, Whangarei.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Black
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Simper
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Bloom
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Bloom