title: Ozone-induced changes in the chloroplast structure of conifer needles, and their use in ozone diagnostics.
abstract: Ozone induces characteristic symptoms in the chloroplasts of the needles of several coniferous species. Chloroplasts are (1) reduced in size and (2) the stroma is electron dense. Moreover, (3) these chloroplast alterations are more pronounced in the outer mesophyll cell layers and in the upper side of the needle compared to the inner layers and lower side. The syndrome, including the three symptoms (1)-(3), is found in the green needles of Scots pine and Norway spruce not only in the experimental fumigations, but also in mature trees in the field, and has potential for diagnosis of ozone stress. For sound ozone diagnostics all three symptoms must be present in the samples studied. The symptoms in relation to needle anatomy and physiology is discussed, and recommendations for sampling and analysis are given.
authors: Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. minna.kivimaenpaa@uku.fi
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kivimäenpää
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Selldén
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Sutinen
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D010126:Ozone / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D010788:Photosynthesis; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects; D012537:Scandinavian and Nordic Countries; D064028:Tracheophyta
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D010126:Ozone