title: Actively regulating bioengineered tissue and organ formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Describe current and future approaches to tissue engineering, specifically in the area of bone regeneration. These approaches will allow one to actively regulate the cellular populations participating in this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Many approaches to actively regulate cellular phenotype are under exploration, and these typically exploit known signal transduction pathways via presentation of specific receptor-binding ligands, and may also deliver mechanical information via the physical bridge formed by the receptor-ligand interactions. Cellular gene expression may also be directly modulated utilizing gene therapy approaches to control tissue regeneration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant progress has been made to date in bone regeneration using inductive molecules and transplanted cells, and FDA approved therapies have resulted. While approaches to date have focused on delivery of single stimuli (e.g. one growth factor), future efforts will likely attempt to more closely mimic developmental processes by the delivery of multiple inputs to the cells in spatially and temporally regulated fashions.
authors: Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. mooneyd@deas.harvard.edu
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Mooney
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Boontheekul
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Chen
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Leach
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D006133:Growth Substances