title: The fog of war: decrements in cognitive performance and mood associated with combat-like stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anecdotal reports from military conflicts suggest cognitive performance and mood are severely degraded by the stress of combat. However, little objective information is available to confirm these observations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our laboratory had several unique opportunities to study cognitive function in warfighters engaged in exercises designed to simulate the stress of combat. These studies were conducted in different environments with two different types of military volunteers. In one study, subjects were officers, with an average 9 yr of military service, who were members of an elite U.S. Army unit, the Rangers. In the other study, participants were younger, mostly enlisted, trainees with only 3 yr of military experience on average, in training to determine if they would qualify for an elite U.S. Navy unit, the SEALS. We administered a variety of identical, computer-based cognitive tests to both groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both groups, during stressful combat-like training, every aspect of cognitive function assessed was severely degraded compared with baseline, pre-stress performance. Relatively simple cognitive functions such as reaction time and vigilance were significantly impaired, as were more complex functions, including memory and logical reasoning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The deficits observed were greater than those typically produced by alcohol intoxication, treatment with sedating drugs, or clinical hypoglycemia. Undoubtedly, such decrements would severely degrade operational effectiveness. Furthermore, it is likely such cognitive decrements would be greater during actual combat. War planners, doctrine developers, and warfighters, especially leaders, need to be aware that combat stress will result in extensive and severe deficits in cognitive performance.
authors: Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760-5007, USA. harris.lieberman@na.amedd.army.mil
authors: Harris R
authors: HR
authors: Lieberman
authors: Gaston P
authors: GP
authors: Bathalon
authors: Christina M
authors: CM
authors: Falco
authors: Charles A
authors: CA
authors: Morgan
authors: Philip J
authors: PJ
authors: Niro
authors: William J
authors: WJ
authors: Tharion
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001143:Arousal; D001288:Attention; D003071:Cognition; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D011930:Reaction Time; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014857:Warfare