title: Acute and subacute dermal toxicity of Break-Free CLP: a weapons cleaning and maintenance compound.
abstract: Break-Free CLP((R)) is a commercial cleaning, lubricating and preserving compound used in both the military and civilian sectors for maintenance of small- and large-caliber weapons. Like many commercial mixtures, there is very little information available on the toxicity of Break-Free CLP. Studies were conducted to characterize the biological effects of single or repeat dermal application of Break-Free CLP to the clipped backs of CD-1 mice. Break-Free CLP was applied neat, 50 microl three times of week for up to 2 weeks. Foci of epithelial ulceration were observed in skin sections from 22% of Break-Free CLP-treated animals in conjunction with markedly thickened epithelium suggesting that robust epithelial regeneration was occurring in these animals. Skin histopathology of Break-Free CLP-treated animals closely matched the histopathology from mice treated repeatedly with 2% croton oil in acetone (dermal irritation positive control). Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly (P < 0.05) lower for mice treated with Break-Free CLP, 2% croton oil or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) compared with negative and vehicle control mice. Skin nitric oxide (NO) levels were not significantly elevated for mice treated with Break-Free CLP but were significantly elevated for mice treated with dermal irritation positive control compound DMBA. The cumulative skin changes in Break-Free CLP-treated animals support conducting a subchronic dermal application study. The observed decreases in serum alkaline phosphatase activity suggest that future studies should include the liver and bone as possible target organs. Additionally, dermal penetration studies could provide key health risk assessment information for characterizing the potential health risks associated with chronic dermal exposure to Break-Free CLP.
authors: Naval Health Research Center Detachment, Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7903, USA. darryl.arfsten@wpafb.af.mil
authors: D P
authors: DP
authors: Arfsten
authors: E W
authors: EW
authors: Johnson
authors: A R
authors: AR
authors: Thitoff
authors: A E
authors: AE
authors: Jung
authors: K R
authors: KR
authors: Still
authors: W W
authors: WW
authors: Brinkley
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Schaeffer
authors: W W
authors: WW
authors: Jederberg
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Bobb
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D004890:Erythema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D007509:Irritants; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009821:Oils / Q000633:toxicity*; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010232:Paraffin / Q000633:toxicity*; D012867:Skin / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C504377:Break-Free CLP; D007509:Irritants; D009821:Oils; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010232:Paraffin; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse