title: A 700 MHz 1H-NMR study reveals apoptosis-like behavior in human K562 erythroleukemic cells exposed to a 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study cell damage and possible apoptosis in K562 human erythroleukemic cells exposed for 2 h to an extremely low frequency (ELF) 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field with a magnetic induction of either 1 or 5 mT using high resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-dimensional 1H-NMR spectra were obtained on whole K562 cells and perchloric acid extracts of these cells. In addition, two-dimensional 1H-NMR spectra were also acquired. Cell damage was examined by lactate dehydrogenase release and changes in cell growth were monitored by growth curve analyses, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and Ki67 antigen localization. Cell death (necrosis and apoptosis) were also studied by using the chromatin dye Hoechst 33258.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The variations in numerous metabolites observed with 1H-NMR reveal apoptosis-like behavior in response of K562 cells to ELF fields.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1H-NMR can be extremely useful in studying the effects of ELF fields on cells. In particular, the variations in metabolites which suggest apoptosis-like behavior occur when the cells are not identifiable as apoptotic by more traditional techniques.
authors: Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. santini@iss.it
authors: M T
authors: MT
authors: Santini
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Ferrante
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Romano
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Rainaldi
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Motta
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Donelli
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Vecchia
authors: P L
authors: PL
authors: Indovina
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000528:radiation effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004560:Electricity / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D011522:Protons