title: Double-blind, randomized controlled pilot study of bilateral cerebellar stimulation for treatment of intractable motor seizures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The efficacy and safety of cerebellar stimulation (CS) was reevaluated in a double-blind, randomized controlled pilot study on five patients with medically refractory motor seizures, and especially generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilateral modified four-contact plate electrodes were placed on the cerebellar superomedial surface through two suboccipital burr holes. The implanted programmable, battery-operated stimulator was adjusted to 2.0 microC/cm(2)/phase with the stimulator case as the anode; at this level, no patient experienced the stimulation. Patients served as their own controls, comparing their seizure frequency in preimplant basal phase (BL) of 3 months with the postimplant phases from 10 months to 4 years (average, eight epochs of 3 months each). During the month after implantation, the stimulators were not activated. The patient and the evaluator were blinded as to the next 3-month epoch, as to whether stimulation was used. The patients were randomized into two groups: three with the stimulator ON and two with the stimulator OFF. After a 4-month postimplantation period, all patients had their stimulator ON until the end of the study and beyond. Medication was maintained unchanged throughout the study. EEG paroxysmal discharges also were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Generalized tonic-clonic seizures: in the initial 3-month double-blind phase, two patients were monitored with the stimulation OFF; no change was found in the mean seizure rate (patient 1, 100%, and patient 5, 85%; mean, 93%), whereas the three patients with the stimulation initially ON had a reduction of seizures to 33% (patient 2, 21%; patient 3, 46%; patient 4, 32%) with a statistically significant difference between OFF and ON phase of p = 0.023. All five patients then were stimulated and monitored. At the end of the next 6 months of stimulation, the five patients had a mean seizure rate of 41% (14-75%) of the BL. The second patient developed an infection in the implanted system, which had to be removed after 11 months of stimulation; the seizures were being reduced with stimulation to a mean of one per month from a mean of 4.7 per month (BL level) before stimulation. At the end of 24 months, three patients were monitored with stimulation, resulting in a further reduction of seizures to 24% (11-38%). Tonic seizures: four patients had these seizures, which at 24 months were reduced to 43% (10-76%). Follow-up surgery was necessary in four patients because of infection in one patient and lead/electrode displacement needing repositioning in three patients. The statistical analysis showed a significant reduction in tonic-clonic seizures (p < 0.001) and tonic seizures (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The superomedial cerebellar cortex appears to be a significantly effective and safe target for electrical stimulation for decreasing motor seizures over the long term. The effect shows generalized tonic-clonic seizure reduction after 1-2 months and continues to decrease over the first 6 months and then maintains this effectiveness over the study period of 2 years and beyond.
authors: Unit of Sterèotactic, Functional Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery, Hospital General de Mexico, Unit of Medical Research in Neurophysiology, National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico. slanfe@prodigy.net.mx
authors: Francisco
authors: F
authors: Velasco
authors: José D
authors: JD
authors: Carrillo-Ruiz
authors: Francisco
authors: F
authors: Brito
authors: Marcos
authors: M
authors: Velasco
authors: Ana Luisa
authors: AL
authors: Velasco
authors: Irma
authors: I
authors: Marquez
authors: Ross
authors: R
authors: Davis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020938:Epilepsy, Partial, Motor / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D004830:Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016896:Treatment Outcome