title: A new model of peripheral arterial disease: sustained impairment of nutritive microcirculation and its recovery by chronic electrical stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a model of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in rat skeletal muscle with sustained impairment of microcirculatory perfusion, and to ascertain whether increased muscle activity can reverse the impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three weeks after iliac ligation in rats, the ipsilateral femoral artery was ligated (double ligation, DL), and in some animals, muscle activity was increased by electrical stimulation for 2 weeks (10 Hz, 15 min on, 85 mins off, 7 times per day). Diameter changes of precapillary arterioles to vasoactive agonists and capillary perfusion (flow intermittency, capillary red cell velocity [V(rbc)], and diameters) were measured in extensor digitorum longus muscle and compared with 5 weeks iliac only ligation (single ligation, SL) and controls. Total muscle endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was estimated by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas single ligation increased intermittency of capillary flow with little effect on V(rbc) and shear stress, DL completely eliminated increases in V(rbc) and shear stress after muscle contractions. Arterial dilation to sodium nitroprusside was attenuated similarly in SL and DL; in SL, acetylcholine induced constriction and bradykinin an attenuated dilation, but in DL vessels were unresponsive to either. Chronic stimulation returned all microcirculatory parameters in DL to normal and increased levels of eNOS protein by 75%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Femoral artery ligation following iliac ligation impairs arteriolar vasodilator capacity, capillary perfusion, and shear-dependent function of microcirculatory endothelium more than iliac ligation alone and is more representative of long-standing ischemia in PAD. Chronic intermittent electrical stimulation can normalize these derangements.
authors: School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. m.d.brown@bham.ac.uk
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: Brown
authors: C J
authors: CJ
authors: Kelsall
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Milkiewicz
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Anderson
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Hudlicka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000503:physiopathology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014664:Vasodilation
chemical_list: D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat