title: Scaling of mammalian ethmoid bones can predict olfactory organ size and performance.
abstract: The relation between size and performance is central for understanding the evolution of sensory systems, and much interest has been focused on mammalian eyes and ears. However, we know very little about olfactory organ size (OOS), as data for a representative set of mammals are lacking. Here, we present a cranial endocast method for estimating OOS by measuring an easily accessible part of the system, the perforated part of the ethmoid bone, through which the primary olfactory axons reach the olfactory bulb. In 16 species, for which relevant data are available, the area of the perforated ethmoid bone is directly proportional to the area of the olfactory epithelium. Thus, the ethmoid bone is a useful indicator enabling us to analyse 150 species, and describe the distribution of OOS within the class Mammalia. In the future, a method using skull material may be applied to fossil skulls. In relation to skull size, humans, apes and monkeys have small olfactory organs, while prosimians have OOSs typical for mammals of their size. Large ungulates have impressive olfactory organs. Relating anatomy to published thresholds, we find that sensitivity increases with increasing absolute organ size.
authors: Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. henry.pihlstrom@helsinki.fi
authors: Henry
authors: H
authors: Pihlström
authors: Mikael
authors: M
authors: Fortelius
authors: Simo
authors: S
authors: Hemilä
authors: Roger
authors: R
authors: Forsman
authors: Tom
authors: T
authors: Reuter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D005004:Ethmoid Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008322:Mammals / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D009831:Olfactory Mucosa / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology; D013045:Species Specificity