title: Defects in ProTaper S1 instruments after clinical use: longitudinal examination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate defects in ProTaper shaping instrument S1 after a defined schedule of clinical use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among all ProTaper files discarded from an endodontic clinic at a stomatological school in China over a period of 17 months, 122 S1 instruments were collected. They were ultrasonically cleaned, autoclaved and then examined in the laboratory. Any instrument separation was noted; the average length involved was determined. The 0.5 mm region on either side of this length of discarded but intact instruments was examined circumferentially by scanning electron microscope. The region adjacent to the broken end of the fractured instruments was also examined in the same way.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One specimen was lost during processing. Of the remaining 121 instruments, 27 were separated with a mean fracture length of 3.67 mm from the tip. Of these, two files showed macroscopically torsional fracture and the others showed signs of flexural fatigue. Only one file that had not fractured showed visible unwinding defects. Examination of the 3.1-4.1 mm region of other unfractured instruments revealed the presence of microcracks, surface debris, pitting and/or wear of their cutting edges. Some debris particles seemed to have been trapped in crack-like structures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple use of ProTaper S1 pre-disposed the instrument to microcrack formation and wear of the cutting edges. There was a low prevalence of plastic deformation and most ProTaper S1 instruments failed without discernible sign of unwinding of the flutes. Further studies should address the mode of failure and the role of debris particles in the fracture mechanism.
authors: Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Peng
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Shen
authors: G S P
authors: GS
authors: Cheung
authors: T J
authors: TJ
authors: Xia
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry*; D018583:Pliability; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012399:Rotation; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium