title: The role of adjuvants in the development of mucosal vaccines.
abstract: It is well-established that most pathogens that cause infectious diseases enter the host via mucosal membranes of the respiratory, digestive and genital tracts. Some parenterally administered vaccines induce protection against mucosal pathogens. However, there is increasing evidence that mucosal protection is better afforded by mucosal vaccination, particularly for the induction of memory responses. Mucosal vaccines must pass several difficult hurdles before entering the host and inducing an effective and protective immune response. This review deals with present and past efforts in devising effective mucosal vaccines using delivery systems and immunopotentiating adjuvants for protein-based vaccines. The paper will conclude with the authors' opinion on how the field will or should progress in the future and what will be the required components of ideal future mucosal vaccines that can induce immunological memory.
authors: Chiron Vaccines, 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, USA. michael_vajdy@chiron.com
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Vajdy
authors: Manmohan
authors: M
authors: Singh
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D008050:Lipid A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000276:immunology; D008081:Liposomes; D009154:Mutation; D037121:Plant Lectins; D012503:Saponins; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D008050:Lipid A; D008081:Liposomes; D037121:Plant Lectins; D012503:Saponins; D014612:Vaccines; C034151:heat stable toxin (E coli); C078785:saponin QA-21V1; D002772:Cholera Toxin; C048436:monophosphoryl lipid A