title: Flagellin enhances NK cell proliferation and activation directly and through dendritic cell-NK cell interactions.
abstract: Flagellin, the principal component of bacterial flagella, is a ligand for Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) or TLR11 and contributes to systemic inflammation during sepsis through activation of dendritic cells (DCs) and other cells of the innate immune system. Here, we report that flagellin and the TLR4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induced phenotypic and functional maturation of murine bone marrow-derived DCs and enhanced DC accumulation in the draining popliteal lymph node following their footpad injection. It is interesting that flagellin injection enhanced myeloid (CD8alpha(-1)) and plasmacytoid (plasmacytoid DC antigen(+) B220(+)) DC subsets, whereas LPS only increased myeloid DCs in the draining lymph node. In addition, the footpad injection of flagellin or LPS induced significant CD4(+) T cell activation in the draining popliteal lymph node, as judged by increased CD69 or CD25 expression. We illustrate, for the first time, that flagellin also increases natural killer (NK) cell number and activation status in the draining lymph node after footpad injection. Using coculture with enriched carboxy-fluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester-labeled NK cells, flagellin-treated DCs induce significant NK cell proliferation and activation. In fact, direct treatment of NK cells with flagellin induces a greater increase in cell proliferation than treatment with LPS. In contrast, flagellin treatment of NK cells was not a strong inducer of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production, indicating that NK cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production may be regulated differentially. These data suggest that flagellin is a capable maturation agent for murine myeloid-derived DCs, and flagellin-activated DCs and flagellin itself are potent inducers of NK cell proliferation.
authors: Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0286, USA.
authors: Hironori
authors: H
authors: Tsujimoto
authors: Takefumi
authors: T
authors: Uchida
authors: Philip A
authors: PA
authors: Efron
authors: Philip O
authors: PO
authors: Scumpia
authors: Amrisha
authors: A
authors: Verma
authors: Tadashi
authors: T
authors: Matsumoto
authors: Sven K
authors: SK
authors: Tschoeke
authors: Ricardo F
authors: RF
authors: Ungaro
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Ono
authors: Shuhji
authors: S
authors: Seki
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Clare-Salzler
authors: Henry V
authors: HV
authors: Baker
authors: Hidetaka
authors: H
authors: Mochizuki
authors: Reuben
authors: R
authors: Ramphal
authors: Lyle L
authors: LL
authors: Moldawer
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002452:Cell Count; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005408:Flagellin / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D005408:Flagellin; D007371:Interferon-gamma