Vitamin D inadequacy among post-menopausal women: a systematic review.
BACKGROUND
Vitamin D inadequacy has been studied extensively, due to concerns about ageing populations, associations with osteoporosis and other disorders (including non-musculoskeletal), and high prevalence.


OBJECTIVE
To review recent reports on the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy among post-menopausal women with and without osteoporosis and/or other musculoskeletal diseases.


METHODS
Systematic review.


METHODS
We reviewed publications in the past 10 years reporting prevalence estimates for vitamin D inadequacy, reported as serum 25(OH)D values below various levels. Thirty published studies in the English language were identified, from January 1994 through April 2004.


RESULTS
In osteoporotic populations, the prevalence of 25(OH) vitamin D concentration <12 ng/ml ranged from 12.5% to 76%, while prevalence rates reached 50% to 70% of patients with a history of fracture(s) using a cut-off of 15 ng/ml. In post-menopausal women, the prevalence of 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations <or=20 ng/ml ranged from 1.6% to 86% for community-living and institutionalized women, respectively. The most common factors associated with inadequate vitamin D levels included limited sun exposure, lack of dietary vitamin D intake, nursing home environment, wintertime, and increasing age (over 70 years).


CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of inadequate vitamin D levels appears to be high in post-menopausal women, especially in those with osteoporosis and history of fracture. Vitamin D supplementation in this group might offer scope for prevention of falls and fracture, especially in elderly and osteoporotic populations.
Gaugris
S
S
Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
Heaney
R P
RP
Boonen
S
S
Kurth
H
H
Bentkover
J D
JD
Sen
S S
SS
D000368:Aged; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D017698:Postmenopause; D015995:Prevalence; D013472:Sunlight; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage
D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D