title: Alpha-galactosylceramide-induced liver injury in mice is mediated by TNF-alpha but independent of Kupffer cells.
abstract: NKT cells expressing phenotypic markers of both T and NK cells seem to be pivotal in murine models of immune-mediated liver injury, e.g., in Con A-induced hepatitis. Also alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer), a specific ligand for invariant Valpha14 NKT cells, induces hepatic injury. To improve the comprehension of NKT-cell mediated liver injury, we investigated concomitants and prerequisites of alpha-GalCer-induced hepatitis in mice. Liver injury induced by alpha-GalCer injection into C57BL/6 mice was accompanied by intrahepatic caspase-3 activity but appeared independent thereof. alpha-GalCer injection also induces pronounced cytokine responses, including TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6. We provide a detailed time course for the expression of these cytokines, both in liver and plasma. Cytokine neutralization revealed that, unlike Con A-induced hepatitis, IFN-gamma is not only dispensable for alpha-GalCer-induced hepatotoxicity but even appears to exert protective effects. In contrast, TNF-alpha was clearly identified as an important mediator for hepatic injury in this model that increased Fas ligand expression on NKT cells. Whereas intrahepatic Kupffer cells are known as a pivotal source for TNF-alpha in Con A-induced hepatitis, they were nonessential for alpha-GalCer-mediated hepatotoxicity. In alpha-GalCer-treated mice, TNF-alpha was produced by intrahepatic lymphocytes, in particular NKT cells. BALB/c mice were significantly less susceptible to alpha-GalCer-induced liver injury than C57BL/6 mice, in particular upon pretreatment with d-galactosamine, a hepatocyte-specific sensitizer to TNF-alpha-mediated injury. Finally, we demonstrate resemblance of murine alpha-GalCer-induced hepatitis to human autoimmune-like liver disorders. The particular features of this model compared with other immune-mediated hepatitis models may enhance comprehension of basic mechanisms in the etiopathogenesis of NKT cell-comprising liver disorders.
authors: Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Biburger
authors: Gisa
authors: G
authors: Tiegs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005699:Galactosylceramides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D013045:Species Specificity; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005699:Galactosylceramides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C493154:alpha-galactosylceramide; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases