title: Altered environment and risk of malaria outbreak in South Andaman, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India affected by tsunami disaster.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pools of salt water and puddles created by giant waves from the sea due to the tsunami that occurred on 26th December 2004 would facilitate increased breeding of brackish water malaria vector, Anopheles sundaicus. Land uplifts in North Andaman and subsidence in South Andaman have been reported and subsidence may lead to environmental disturbances and vector proliferation. This warrants a situation analysis and vector surveillance in the tsunami hit areas endemic for malaria transmitted by brackish water mosquito, An. sundaicus to predict the risk of outbreak.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive survey was carried out in the tsunami-affected areas in Andaman district of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India to assess the extent of breeding of malaria vectors in the habitats created by seawater flooding. Types of habitats in relation to source of seawater inundation and frequency were identified. The salinity of the water samples and the mosquito species present in the larval samples collected from these habitats were recorded. The malaria situation in the area was also analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  South Andaman, covering Port Blair and Ferrargunj sub districts, is still under the recurring phenomenon of seawater intrusion either directly from the sea or through a network of creeks. Both daily cycles of high tides and periodical spring tides continue to cause flooding. Low-lying paddy fields and fallow land, with a salinity ranging from 3,000 to 42,505 ppm, were found to support profuse breeding of An. sundaicus, the local malaria vector, and Anopheles subpictus, a vector implicated elsewhere. This area is endemic for both vivax and falciparum malaria. Malaria slide positivity rate has started increasing during post-tsunami period, which can be considered as an indication of risk of malaria outbreak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paddy fields and fallow land with freshwater, hitherto not considered as potential sites for An. sundaicus, are now major breeding sites due to saline water. Consequently, there is a risk of vector abundance with enhanced malaria transmission potential, due to the vastness of these tsunami-created breeding grounds and likelihood of them becoming permanent due to continued flooding in view of land subsidence. The close proximity of the houses and paucity of cattle may lead to a higher degree of man/vector contact causing a threat of malaria outbreak in this densely populated area. Measures to prevent the possible outbreak of malaria in this tsunami-affected area are discussed.
authors: Vector Control Research Centre, Indira Nagar, Pondicherry, India. kkrish_3@yahoo.com
authors: Kaliannagoun
authors: K
authors: Krishnamoorthy
authors: Purushothaman
authors: P
authors: Jambulingam
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Natarajan
authors: A N
authors: AN
authors: Shriram
authors: Pradeep K
authors: PK
authors: Das
authors: S C
authors: SC
authors: Sehgal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000469:parasitology; D004190:Disasters; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000469:parasitology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007195:Indian Ocean Islands / Q000453:epidemiology; D007303:Insect Vectors; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology; D012621:Seasons; D012623:Seawater; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D053833:Wetlands