title: Anabolic ergogenic substance users in fitness-sports: a distinct group supported by the health care system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anabolic ergogenic substance use, in particular the use of anabolic androgenic steroids, is a serious problem in general. Nevertheless, it is subject to debate whether ergogenic substance users exhibit similar features as multiple substance users or whether they constitute a discrete group.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand eight hundred and two standardized, anonymous questionnaires were distributed among visitors of 113 fitness centers. Questions were asked concerning biometric parameters, social indicators, physical fitness, use of natural stimulants, general illicit drugs and ergogenic substances. With logistic regression analysis, multivariate odds ratios were estimated to investigate the association of anabolic ergogenic substance or general illicit drug use with other parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  13.5% of all participants confessed to having used anabolic ergogenic substances at some point in time. Anabolic ergogenic substance use was positively related with cocaine use, training years, training frequency, negatively related to the level of education, alcohol intake and less frequently used by Germans than by non-Germans. General illicit drug use, however, was positively related with alcohol intake, smoking and a university degree and negatively with having children. In addition, anabolic ergogenic substance use was significantly related with the use of general illicit drugs based on the strong relation with the use of cocaine, which is an ergogenic substance itself. The health care system supplies 48.1% of the anaolic ergogenic substance users with their substances and 32.1% are even monitored by a physician.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study strengthen the notion that anabolic ergogenic substance users constitute a specific body-oriented substance user group. Uncommon for general illicit drug use, the health care system is a major sponsor of anabolic ergogenic substance users. These findings suggest the need for alternative approaches for successful prevention and intervention programs.
authors: Department Sports Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Silchertrasse 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany. heiko.striegel@uni-tuebingen.de
authors: Heiko
authors: H
authors: Striegel
authors: Perikles
authors: P
authors: Simon
authors: Steffen
authors: S
authors: Frisch
authors: Kai
authors: K
authors: Roecker
authors: Klaus
authors: K
authors: Dietz
authors: Hans-Hermann
authors: HH
authors: Dickhuth
authors: Rolf
authors: R
authors: Ulrich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000600:supply & distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004300:Doping in Sports / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D020446:Fitness Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014600:Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D013287:Illicit Drugs