title: Intervertebral neck injury criterion for simulated frontal impacts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Intervertebral Neck Injury Criterion (IV-NIC) is based on the hypothesis that dynamic intervertebral motion beyond physiological limits may injure soft tissues. In contrast, the Neck Injury Criterion (NIC) hypothesizes that sudden change in spinal fluid pressure may cause neural injuries. The goals of this study, using the biofidelic whole human cervical spine model with muscle force replication, were to determine the IV-NIC injury threshold due to frontal impact at each intervertebral level, and to compare the IV-NIC and NIC in determining injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a bench-top apparatus, frontal impacts were simulated at 4, 6, 8, and 10 g horizontal accelerations of the T1 vertebra. Pre- and post-trauma flexibility testing measured the soft tissue injury; that is, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in neutral zone or range of motion at any intervertebral level, above the corresponding physiological limit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that the soft tissue injury occurred due to flexion mode of injury and its threshold was 8 g. The average IV-NIC injury threshold (95% confidence interval) was 2.0 (1.2-2.8) at C4-C5 and 2.3 (1.6-3.0) at C6-C7, while the average NIC injury threshold was 18.4 (17.9-19.0) m(2)/s(2). The NIC injury threshold was reached significantly earlier than all the IV-NIC injury thresholds, demonstrating that the NIC may be unable to predict facet and soft tissue injury caused by non-physiologic inververtebral rotation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Present results suggest that IV-NIC is an effective tool for determining soft tissue neck injuries by identifying the intervertebral level, mode, time, and severity of injury.
authors: Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors: Paul C
authors: PC
authors: Ivancic
authors: Shigeki
authors: S
authors: Ito
authors: Manohar M
authors: MM
authors: Panjabi
authors: Adam M
authors: AM
authors: Pearson
authors: Yasuhiro
authors: Y
authors: Tominaga
authors: Jaw-Lin
authors: JL
authors: Wang
authors: S Elena
authors: SE
authors: Gimenez
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D015170:Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D019838:Neck Injuries; D018583:Pliability; D012399:Rotation; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices