title: Synthesis of degradable poly(L-lactide-co-ethylene glycol) porous tubes by liquid-liquid centrifugal casting for use as nerve guidance channels.
abstract: Biodegradable nerve guidance channels are advantageous, obviating the need for their removal after regeneration; however, most channels lack the appropriate mechanical properties for soft tissue implantation and/or degrade too quickly, resulting in reduced regeneration and necessitating the need for the design of polymers with tunable degradation profiles and mechanical properties. We designed a series of biodegradable polymeric hydrogel tubes consisting of L-lactide (LLA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) where both the ratio of LLA to PEG and PEG molar mass were varied. By adjusting the PEG:LLA ratio and the molecular weight of the PEG oligomer we were able to control degradation and mechanical properties of our polymers. By incorporating methacrylate (MA) groups on both termini of the linear oligomers, porous tubes were synthesized by a redox-initiated free radical mechanism during a liquid-liquid centrifugal casting process. The tube wall had a bead-like morphology, as determined by SEM, which was reminiscent of previous porous hydrogel tubes synthesized by the same method. Tubes swelled with degradation to 160 vol%, or 640 wt%, and an increased radius calculated at 1.26 times. Those tubes with greater PEG content and PEG molar mass degraded faster than those with greater LLA content, as was expected. Interestingly, the wall morphology changed with degradation to a fiber-like structure and the mechanical properties decreased with degradation. By correlating the accelerated degradation study to a physiologic one, these porous hydrogel tubes were stable for an equivalent of 1.5 months, after which the mechanical properties began to deteriorate. This study demonstrates how porous hydrogel tubes can be designed to meet tissue regeneration criteria by tuning the formulation chemistry and specifically how the ratio of hydrophobic/crystalline LLA and hydrophilic/amorphous PEG impact tube properties.
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 3E5.
authors: Alex
authors: A
authors: Goraltchouk
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Freier
authors: Molly S
authors: MS
authors: Shoichet
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002498:Centrifugation; D048091:Guided Tissue Regeneration / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009474:Neurons / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D012038:Regeneration; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D008689:Methacrylates; D011108:Polymers; D014867:Water; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols