title: Risk factors for faecal sand excretion in Icelandic horses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sandy soil is often mentioned as a risk factor in the development of sand-related gastrointestinal disease (SGID) in the horse. There are other variables, but few studies confirm any of these.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate soil type, pasture quality, feeding practice in the paddock, age, sex and body condition score as risk factors for sand intake in the horse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Faeces were collected from 211 Icelandic horses on 19 different studs in Denmark together with soil samples and other potential risk factors. Sand content in faeces determined by a sand sedimentation test was interpreted as evidence of sand intake. Soil types were identified by soil analysis and significance of the data was tested using logistic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of horses included in the study, 56.4% showed sand in the faeces and 5.7% had more than 5 mm sand as quantified by the rectal sleeve sedimentation test. Soil type had no significant effect when tested as main effect, but there was interaction between soil type and pasture quality. Significant interactions were also found between paddock feeding practice and pasture quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To evaluate the risk of sand intake it is important to consider 3 variables: soil type, pasture quality and feeding practice. Pasture quality was identified as a risk factor of both short and long grass in combination with sandy soil, while clay soil had the lowest risk in these combinations. Feeding practice in the paddock revealed feeding directly on the ground to be a risk factor when there was short (1-5 cm) or no grass. Also, no feeding outdoors increased the risk on pastures with short grass, while this had no effect in paddocks with no grass. More than 50% of all horses investigated in this study had sand in the faeces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification of risk factors is an important step towards prevention of SGID. Further research is necessary to determine why some horses exhibit more than 5 mm sand in the sedimentation test and whether this is correlated with geophagic behaviour.
authors: Department of Large Animal Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Dyrlaegevej 88, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Husted
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Andersen
authors: O K
authors: OK
authors: Borggaard
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Houe
authors: S N
authors: SN
authors: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D003718:Denmark; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006736:Horses / Q000378:metabolism*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D006109:Poaceae / Q000254:growth & development; D012307:Risk Factors; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012822:Silicon Dioxide