title: Retinal haemorrhages in premature infants: a pathogenetic alternative diagnosis to child abuse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the occasional observation of retinal haemorrhages in premature babies, as a diagnostic alternative to those observed as part of shaken baby syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out an observational study on 11 infants in whom retinal and/or vitreous haemorrhages had been observed within their first months of life. Ten infants were under surveillance for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), with gestational ages and birth weights in the ranges of 27--34 weeks and 790--1665 g, respectively. One infant was diagnosed with Zellweger's syndrome and one received substitution therapy for coagulation factor II deficiency. The last child had been delivered at 38 weeks, weighing 2070 g; he died on day 5 from severe brain oedema with incarceration and extensive bilateral fundus bleeding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four of the 11 infants had some evidence of ROP, and two later received retinal ablation therapy. Contrary to the quick absorption (<1-2 weeks only) usually seen in most newborn term infants, the ocular bleeding in preterms was generally longstanding. A quick increase in intracranial pressure probably played a role in the lethal case with delivery near term, and one infant received lung physiotherapy for pneumonia at the age of 6 months. Some bleeding appeared to be truly postnatal (i.e. it was observed as a new occurrence during the course of surveillance).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the series under study there was no suspicion of child abuse. In term infants, retinal haemorrhages are extremely rare except when due to shaking, but other diseases should be ruled out, coagulopathies in particular. We suggest that prematurity as such is added to the list of possibly underlying causes when retinal bleedings are evaluated in very small infants and shaken baby mechanisms are suspected.
authors: Rigshospitalet, Eye Department, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark. rh03217@fh.dk
authors: Hans C
authors: HC
authors: Fledelius
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D038642:Shaken Baby Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014823:Vitreous Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology