title: Promoter hyper-methylation of calcium binding proteins S100A6 and S100A2 in human prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  S100A6 and S100A2 are members of the S100 family of calcium binding proteins, which are down regulated in prostate cancer, however the molecular mechanism(s) underlying their loss of expression is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  The promoter and exon 1 region of the S100A6 and S100A2 genes was sequenced in bisulfite modified DNA from non-malignant, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), malignant and metastatic prostate tissues and in cell lines. Immunohistochemistry was performed to correlate S100A2 expression with methylation status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S100A6 methylation was absent or occurred at isolated sites in 14/14 cases of non-malignant epithelium and 5/5 cases of BPH tissues, whereas methylation was seen in 14/27 (52%) cases of prostatic cancer (P<0.0001), 2/2 cases of metastatic cancer and in the CWR22 prostatic cancer xenograft. Critical CpG sites within the S100A2 promoter were methylated in LNCaP, LNCaP-LN3, and CWR22 cells but not in Du145, PC3 or BPH45 cells. In tissues, S100A2 methylation was seen in 32/34 (94%) cases of adenocarcinoma and 5/5 cases of metastatic cancer. However, S100A2 methylation was also seen in 9/12 (75%) cases of non-malignant tissues and in 5/5 cases of BPH. Immunostaining, showed absent S100A2 expression all 41 cases of prostatic cancer, whereas staining was seen in the basal cells of non-malignant epithelium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loss of S100A6 and S100A2 proteins is frequent in human prostatic cancer. A major mechanism underlying the loss of S100A6 expression appears to involve promoter hyper-methylation. However, mechanisms other than methylation of the known promoter are involved in silencing S100A2 in the prostate.
authors: Academic Urology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences South, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom, and Service d'Urologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France. i.rehman@sheffield.ac.uk
authors: Ishtiaq
authors: I
authors: Rehman
authors: Simon S
authors: SS
authors: Cross
authors: James W F
authors: JW
authors: Catto
authors: Aaron
authors: A
authors: Leiblich
authors: Abir
authors: A
authors: Mukherjee
authors: Abdel-Rahmene
authors: AR
authors: Azzouzi
authors: Hing Y
authors: HY
authors: Leung
authors: Freddie C
authors: FC
authors: Hamdy
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000075383:S100 Calcium Binding Protein A6; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002630:Chemotactic Factors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000075383:S100 Calcium Binding Protein A6; D009418:S100 Proteins; C098997:S100A2 protein, human; C055351:S100A6 protein, human