title: A microchip CD4 counting method for HIV monitoring in resource-poor settings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More than 35 million people in developing countries are living with HIV infection. An enormous global effort is now underway to bring antiretroviral treatment to at least 3 million of those infected. While drug prices have dropped considerably, the cost and technical complexity of laboratory tests essential for the management of HIV disease, such as CD4 cell counts, remain prohibitive. New, simple, and affordable methods for measuring CD4 cells that can be implemented in resource-scarce settings are urgently needed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we describe the development of a prototype for a simple, rapid, and affordable method for counting CD4 lymphocytes. Microliter volumes of blood without further sample preparation are stained with fluorescent antibodies, captured on a membrane within a miniaturized flow cell and imaged through microscope optics with the type of charge-coupled device developed for digital camera technology. An associated computer algorithm converts the raw digital image into absolute CD4 counts and CD4 percentages in real time. The accuracy of this prototype system was validated through testing in the United States and Botswana, and showed close agreement with standard flow cytometry (r = 0.95) over a range of absolute CD4 counts, and the ability to discriminate clinically relevant CD4 count thresholds with high sensitivity and specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advances in the adaptation of new technologies to biomedical detection systems, such as the one described here, promise to make complex diagnostics for HIV and other infectious diseases a practical global reality.
authors: Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA. wrodriguez@partners.org
authors: William R
authors: WR
authors: Rodriguez
authors: Nicolaos
authors: N
authors: Christodoulides
authors: Pierre N
authors: PN
authors: Floriano
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Graham
authors: Sanghamitra
authors: S
authors: Mohanty
authors: Meredith
authors: M
authors: Dixon
authors: Mina
authors: M
authors: Hsiang
authors: Trevor
authors: T
authors: Peter
authors: Shabnam
authors: S
authors: Zavahir
authors: Ibou
authors: I
authors: Thior
authors: Dwight
authors: D
authors: Romanovicz
authors: Bruce
authors: B
authors: Bernard
authors: Adrian P
authors: AP
authors: Goodey
authors: Bruce D
authors: BD
authors: Walker
authors: John T
authors: JT
authors: McDevitt
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology*; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000821:virology; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000821:virology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000191:economics* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*