title: Cost-effectiveness in Italy of preventive treatment with ramipril in patients at high risk of cardiovascular events.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted in Italy of preventive treatment with ramipril (an angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitor) compared to no treatment in patients at high risk of cardiovascular death. The analysis was based on data extracted from the HOPE trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current life table method was used in order to model a lifetime time horizon for outcomes and costs. The cohorts used were 1000 subjects on ramipril, and 1000 subjects on placebo enrolled in the HOPE trial. Kaplan-Meier curves at 5 years of the clinical study were fitted using an exponential model over a lifetime horizon, the outcome variables being myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization and death. Total direct medical costs have been considered from a third-party payer's perspective--the Italian National Health Service. Resources involved in each event/activity were estimated using the modified Delphi technique with a panel of six clinicians. Types of resources reported included drug therapies, laboratory and imaging tests, physician visits, outpatient and inpatient rehabilitation, as well as medical and surgical hospital admissions. The incremental cost per life year gained was the main measure of the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ICER (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio) decreases with the length of the treatment period. After the first year the ICER is 55,062 euros and subsequently decreases to about 12,770 euros at 5 years, 5945 euros at 10 years and 3726 euros at 20 years. The two ways sensitivity analysis showed that at 5 years ICERs range from a saving of 4059 euros to a cost of 22,929 euros (at 20 years they are 1814 euros and 4434 euros), mainly depending on the cost of drug and cost of events. Previous analyses in other countries based on the HOPE study obtained ICER values which are comparable with our results, when taking into account the different cost structure of the health care systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of these results, the use of ramipril is likely to represent an efficient use of public health expenditure in the Italian healthcare system.
authors: CREMS Centre for Research on Health Economics and Management, Cattaneo University-LIUC, Castellanza, Italy. scapri@liuc.it
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Capri
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Perlini
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003697:Delphi Technique; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010919:Placebos; D017257:Ramipril / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D010919:Placebos; D017257:Ramipril