title: [Pain assessment in cognitively impaired elderly patients].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain assessment in nursing home patients is often challenging because of cognitive failure. Demented patients receive less optimal pain treatment than those who are cognitively intact. Inappropriate pain assessment is likely to be an important reason for problems with proper diagnosis and treatment of pain in the cognitively impaired. Self-report of pain by standardized questionnaires is recommended for those with mild cognitive failure. For those who are unable to self-report, observational assessment is an alternative.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured pain assessment tools are reviewed, with emphasis on their feasibility in cognitively impaired patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several assessment tools for observational pain assessment are available, but none of them is satisfactory validated. Observational tools are used by a trained observer who rates behaviour indicative of pain according to pre-defined clues. The Checklist of Non-verbal Pain Indicators (CNPI) and the Doloplus-2 are both observational tools that are translated into Norwegian. The Norwegian CNPI is in an early phase of validation, while the Doloplus-2 is tested in a Norwegian pilot validation study with promising results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is important to establish a common standard for systematic pain assessment in the cognitively impaired, both clinically and in research. Further validation of the CNPI and the Doloplus-2 is recommended.
authors: Det medisinske fakultet, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet.
authors: Silje
authors: S
authors: Songe-Møller
authors: Ingvild
authors: I
authors: Saltvedt
authors: Jacob Christian
authors: JC
authors: Hølen
authors: Jon Håvard
authors: JH
authors: Loge
authors: Stein
authors: S
authors: Kaasa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires