title: Review of the liposuction, abdominoplasty, and face-lift mortality and morbidity risk literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The statistical discrepancies that exist in the mortality and morbidity risk literature are such that surgeons and patients cannot accurately assess the true risk rates associated with plastic surgery procedures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review any relevant literature published to date in which the risk rates from liposuction, abdominoplasty, and rhytidectomy are cited and to reassess these figures alongside those published for both elective and emergency general surgeries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the lack of reliable, comprehensive reporting of deaths and complications resulting from cosmetic surgeries, published data demonstrate that the risks associated with liposuction and rhytidectomy compare favorably with those from most general surgical procedures. In contrast, the morbidity and mortality rates from abdominoplasty remain unacceptably high. A significant lack of literature documenting cosmetic breast implant surgery and blepharoplasty risks is observed, which should be of concern to both patients and physicians. Liposuction and face-lift surgery data generally show that surgical centers are statistically safer than hospital operating rooms, although the data have not been standardized for the patients' American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) risk class, the health of the patient prior to surgery. General anesthesia may carry a risk roughly equivalent to or perhaps greater than cosmetic surgery, although, again, ASA class variables confound clear comparison between studies. Recent anesthesia literature refutes the many claims that general anesthesia risks are now remote: a landmark study that surveyed the entire scholarly literature showed a mortality rate of 1 in 13,000, roughly similar to overall cosmetic surgery mortality risks. Moreover, a prolonged operating time has been repeatedly implicated in other surgical literature to be related to morbidity and mortality. The latter certainly has relevance to cosmetic surgery.
authors: Department of Dermatology, Martin Luther King-Drew Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA. ryrobert@pacbell.net
authors: Robert A
authors: RA
authors: Yoho
authors: Jeremy J
authors: JJ
authors: Romaine
authors: Deborah
authors: D
authors: O'Neil
mesh_terms: D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015187:Lipectomy / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012306:Risk