title: Complications of paediatric interventional catheterisation: an analysis of risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify predictive factors of complications occurring during paediatric interventional catheterisation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Interventional paediatric catheterisation is still burdened by a substantial risk. Risk factors, however, have rarely been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed prospectively 1,022 interventional procedures performed over a period of 8 years, excluding 260 procedures for atrial septostomy. We considered several patient-related variables, specifically age, weight, and gender, type of procedure, times required for fluoroscopy and the overall procedure, technical challenge, and the severity of the clinical condition. We also analysed variables linked to the environment, specifically the date of the examination, whether the operator remained in training, the novelty of the material, any breakdown in the installation, and errors made by the operator. We classified complications as those without clinical consequence, those which proved lethal, those requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation, elective or emergency surgery, hospitalisation in the intensive care unit, and those leading to recatheterisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our average incidence of complications was 4.1 per cent, which did not change significantly during the period of study. Of the patients, 4 died, 7 needed urgent surgery, 5 elective surgery, 3 hospitalisation in intensive care unit, and 8 recatheterisation. Independent risk factors for complications were technical challenge, critical clinical condition, operator in training, operator error, and breakdown of the installation. Young age was not associated with a higher risk of complications. Patients in whom no cause for complication could be found, either related to their own features or the environment, had a risk of complication of 1.4 per cent (95 per cent confidence intervals from 0.7 to 2.5 per cent).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that variables relating either to the patient or the environment of catheterisation are associated with an increased risk of procedural complications. Knowledge of the risk factors can improve the odds of paediatric interventional catheterisation.
authors: Service de Cardiologie Pédiatrique, Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France. gabriella.agnoletti@nck.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors: Gabriella
authors: G
authors: Agnoletti
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: Bonnet
authors: Younes
authors: Y
authors: Boudjemline
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Le Bihan
authors: Damien
authors: D
authors: Bonnet
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Sidi
authors: Philipp
authors: P
authors: Bonhoeffer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000628:therapy*; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology