title: Patient reminder and patient recall systems to improve immunization rates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunization rates for children and adults are rising, but coverage levels have not reached optimal goals. As a result of low immunization rates, vaccine-preventable diseases still occur. In an era of increasing complexity of immunization schedules, rising expectations about the performance of primary care and large demands on primary care physicians, it is important to understand and promote interventions that work in primary care settings to increase immunization coverage. A common theme across immunization programs in all nations involves the challenge of determining the denominator of eligible recipients (e.g. all children who should receive the measles vaccine) and identifying the best strategy to ensure high vaccination rates. Strategies have focused on patient-oriented interventions (e.g., patient reminders), provider interventions and system interventions. One intervention strategy involves patient reminder and recall systems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of patient reminder and recall systems in improving immunization rates and compare the effects of various types of reminders in different settings or patient populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search was performed for the initial review using MEDLINE (1966-1998) and four other bibliographic databases: EMBASE, PsychINFO, Sociological Abstracts, and CAB Abstracts. Authors also performed a search of The Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) register in April 2001 to update the review. Two authors reviewed the lists of titles and abstracts and used the inclusion criteria to mark potentially relevant articles for full review. The reference lists of all relevant articles and reviews were back searched for additional studies. Publications of abstracts, proceedings from scientific meetings and files of study collaborators were also searched for references. In December 2004 the EPOC register was searched to identify relevant articles to update the review.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials (RCT), controlled before and after studies (CBA) and interrupted time series (ITS) studies written in English.
  
  
  METHODS
  Health care personnel who deliver immunizations and children (birth to 18 years) or adults (18 years and up) who receive immunizations in any setting.
  Any intervention that falls within the EPOC scope (See Group Details) and that includes patient reminder or recall systems, or both, in at least one arm of the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunization rates or the proportion of the target population up-to-date on recommended immunizations. Outcomes were acceptable for either individual vaccinations (e.g. influenza vaccination) or standard combinations of recommended vaccinations (e.g. all recommended vaccinations by a specific date or age).
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  Each study was read independently by two reviewers. Disagreements between reviewers were resolved by a formal reconciliation process to achieve consensus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Results are presented for individual studies as relative rates for randomized controlled trials and as absolute changes in percentage points for controlled before and after studies. Pooled results for RCTs only were presented using the random effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five new studies were added for this update. Increases in immunization rates due to reminders were in the range of 1 to 20 percentage points. Reminders were effective for childhood vaccinations (OR = 1.45, 95% CI =1.28, 1.66), childhood influenza vaccinations (OR = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.65, 4.98), adult pneumococcus, tetanus, and Hepatitis B (OR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.21, 3.99), and adult influenza vaccinations (OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.31, 2.09). All types of reminders were effective (postcards, letters, telephone or autodialer calls), with telephone being the most effective but most costly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient reminder and recall systems in primary care settings are effective in improving immunization rates within developed countries.
authors: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Dept. of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Ground floor, Neurosciences Hospital, CB 7600, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7600, USA. jvann@med.unc.edu
authors: Julie C
authors: JC
authors: Jacobson Vann
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Szilagyi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000458:organization & administration; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D017010:Reminder Systems