title: The association between hypermetropia and essential hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the relationship between the refractive state of the eye and high blood pressure in a representative population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred twenty-one patients with essential hypertension (mean age 53.9 +/- 15.5 years) and 188 age-matched and sex-matched healthy control subjects (mean age 50.9 +/- 7.3 years) from the same regional Health Maintenance Organization were consecutively included for the study (P > .05 for age and sex). The refractive state of the eyes was identified objectively by an autorefractometer and retinoscopic examination, recording the autorefractometer values. Spherical equivalents between -0.50 (included) and +0.50 (included) diopters were regarded as emmetropia. Values below or above this interval were regarded as either myopia or hypermetropia. Mean spherical equivalents of the groups were compared using independent samples t test; distributions of refraction were compared with chi(2) test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean spherical equivalent of the patients with essential hypertension was +0.88 +/- 1.34 diopters (range -3.75 to +6.38 diopters), whereas the mean spherical equivalent of the control subjects was -0.26 +/- 1.12 diopters (range -5.00 to +3.38 diopters) (P < .0001). Whereas 61.4% of hypertensive patients were hypermetropic, 18.1% of normotensive patients were hypermetropic (P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a strong association of essential arterial hypertension with hypermetropia, which has not been previously reported. Given the findings of this study, we recommend that patients who have hypermetropia and have had no recent systemic examination should at least have their blood pressure checked.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, GATA Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Emin Onat sk 7/4, 34710 Moda-Istanbul, Turkey. koraykoray@superonline.com
authors: Koray
authors: K
authors: Karadayi
authors: Tugrul
authors: T
authors: Akin
authors: Ferda
authors: F
authors: Ciftci
authors: Cihan
authors: C
authors: Top
authors: Ozcan
authors: O
authors: Keskin
authors: Ejder
authors: E
authors: Kardesoglu
authors: Ahmet Hamdi
authors: AH
authors: Bilge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D042262:Retinoscopy