title: Ischemic preconditioning of skeletal muscle: duration of late-phase protection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The time course of the late phase of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) was determined in latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) flaps using viability and function as the endpoints.
  
  
  METHODS
  LDM flaps from Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into 6 groups. LDMs were preconditioned with 2 30-minute periods of ischemia separated by 10 minutes of reperfusion and subjected to a 4-hour ischemic insult after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours from IPC. LDMs were evaluated for percent necrosis and muscle contractile function and compared with controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The late phase of IPC provides significant protection against necrosis up to 72 hours. Conversely, when the end point used was muscle contractile function, the protection only lasted 48 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The time course of late-phase protection in skeletal muscle is 2-3 days. Late phase IPC appears to protect muscle flaps during the most critical time period following elevation.
authors: Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Harralson
authors: Federico V
authors: FV
authors: Grossi
authors: Edwin E
authors: EE
authors: Quan
authors: Taskin
authors: T
authors: Tecimer
authors: Gustavo
authors: G
authors: Perez-Abadia
authors: Gary
authors: G
authors: Anderson
authors: John H
authors: JH
authors: Barker
authors: Claudio
authors: C
authors: Maldonado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology*; D009336:Necrosis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*; D013997:Time Factors