title: Acute castration and/or tailing distress and its alleviation in lambs.
abstract: PURPOSES AND APPROACH: Acute castration and/or tailing distress in lambs has been examined extensively during the last decade. At least 59 different approaches to assessing and alleviating this distress have been reported so that the literature is quite complex. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the literature on castration and/or tailing distress, where the distress was assessed using acute changes in plasma cortisol concentrations. A method of analysis involving the integrated cortisol response (i.e. the areas under the cortisol curves while the plasma concentration is above pretreatment values) to each treatment and using treatments which were common to different studies as reference points, allowed meaningful comparison within and between studies. A 6-point ranking scale emerged, where rank 1 represented the least distress and rank 6 the most distress.
  This analysis revealed the following major points. Surgical methods of castration and/or tailing cause the greatest cortisol responses (rank 5 or 6). Most ring and ring plus clamp methods of castration plus tailing or castration, used without a local anaesthetic or systemic analgesic, cause rank 4 responses. One form of ring plus clamp castration (i.e. applying the clamp for 10 s across the full width of the scrotum distal to the ring in lambs aged no more than 1 week) reduces the cortisol response to rank 1. When these lambs are also tailed by applying a ring and clamp in a similar manner to the tail, they also exhibit a rank 1 response. Local anaesthetic given 10-20 or 12 min or 10-15 s before or immediately after ring only castration and/or tailing can virtually abolish the cortisol response (rank 1), depending on the site(s) of injection. For ring or ring plus clamp castration, the most effective sites (as judged by cortisol responses) are the neck of the scrotum or the testes. Delivery of local anaesthetic to achieve successful nerve blockade can be by needle, high-pressure needleless administration or, for the tail only, by an aerosol spray. Local anaesthetic injected into the scrotal neck, spermatic cords and/or testes has little effect on the overall cortisol response to clamp castration. Reductions in cortisol responses to clamp castration or to ring tailing can occur after administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Most tailing methods elicit cortisol responses that are several ranks lower than those caused by castration plus tailing or castration alone. Although tailing by most methods elicits rank 1 cortisol responses, the use of local anaesthetic or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce the response within the rank 1 range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Farmers should be encouraged to choose the lowest ranked method that is economically and practically feasible for them. Specific methods such as surgical castration should be discouraged.
authors: Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Mellor
authors: K J
authors: KJ
authors: Stafford