title: Cognition, blinks, eye-movements, and pupillary movements during performance of a running memory task.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blinks, saccades, and pupil diameter changes are studied for their application as tools to unobtrusively monitor aspects of performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects performed a running memory task for a 60-min period. To evaluate changes in the relationship of blinks to saccades as a function of time on task, the ratio of blinks occurring with and without saccade was calculated for the second following stimulus termination plus the last 0.2 s of stimulus presentation, and also the second preceding stimulus onset plus the initial 0.2 s of stimulus presentation. Changes in pupil diameter following blinks with and without saccades were measured at the beginning, middle, and late in the experiment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blink frequency increased during both periods as a function of time on task (p < 0.0001). The ratio of blinks concurrent with saccades during the post-stimulus period increased as a function of time on task (p < 0.0001). Pupil diameter increased following blink termination (p < 0.05), regardless of time on task, blink duration, or the presence of a saccade during the blink.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the increase in blinking associated with saccades as a function of time on task, and the pupillary dilation following a blink are associated with aspects of information processing. These results provide a framework for future studies assessing higher-order cognitive function in operational environments based on measurements of blink, pupil, and saccades.
authors: Department of Human Development and Education, Fukuoka Prefectural University, Tagawa, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: Kyosuke
authors: K
authors: Fukuda
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Stern
authors: Timothy B
authors: TB
authors: Brown
authors: Michael B
authors: MB
authors: Russo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis