title: Clinical correlates of bipolar disorder in a large, referred sample of children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the prevalence, clinical correlates, and comorbidity among children and adolescents with bipolar disorder (BPD) assessed in the early 1990s (first cohort) with those evaluated over the last 7 years (second cohort).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were consecutively referred children (N=108) and adolescents (N=197) with a DSM-III-R BPD diagnosis, referred to a child psychiatry service and evaluated with identical structured assessment methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mania was identified in 16% of referred youth in both age groups and cohorts; in both age groups and cohorts, the clinical picture was predominantly irritable and mixed, and the course was chronic. Youth with BPD in both age groups and cohorts frequently had comorbidity with ADHD, psychosis and anxiety disorders. They also had high rates of psychiatric hospitalization and evidence of severely impaired psychosocial functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The consistency of clinical features of bipolar disorder seen across age groups (children vs. adolescents) and cohorts (early and late cohorts) over the past decade supports the hypothesis that BPD in the young is a severe condition afflicting a sizeable minority of referred youth. These findings replicate and extend our previous characterization of an early onset mania, which may represent a developmental subtype of BPD.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. jbiederman@partners.org
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Biederman
authors: Stephen V
authors: SV
authors: Faraone
authors: Janet
authors: J
authors: Wozniak
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Mick
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Kwon
authors: Gabrielle A
authors: GA
authors: Cayton
authors: Sarah V
authors: SV
authors: Clark
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology