title: 'Smart' delivery systems for biomolecular therapeutics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a strong need for drug delivery systems that can deliver biological signals from biomaterials and tissue engineering scaffolds, and a particular need for new delivery systems that can efficiently deliver biomolecules to intracellular targets. Viruses and pathogens have evolved potent molecular machinery that sense the lowered pH gradient of the endosomal compartment and become activated to destabilize the endosomal membrane, thereby enhancing protein or DNA transport to the cytoplasmic compartment. A key feature of many of these biological delivery systems is that they are reversible, so that the delivery systems are not directly toxic. These delivery systems have the ability to change their structural and functional properties and thus display remarkable 'smart' material properties. The objective of this presentation is to review the initial development of smart polymeric carriers that mimic these biological delivery systems and combine similar pH-sensitive, membrane-destabilizing activity for the delivery of therapeutic biomolecules.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have developed new 'smart' polymeric carriers to more effectively deliver and broaden the available types of biomolecular therapeutics. The polymers are hydrophilic and stealth-like at physiological pH, but become membrane-destabilizing after uptake into the endosomal compartment where they enhance the release of therapeutic cargo into the cytoplasm. They can be designed to provide a range of pH profiles and membrane-destabilizing activities, allowing their molecular properties to be matched to specific drugs and loading ranges. A versatile set of linker chemistries is available to provide degradable conjugation sites for proteins, nucleic acids, and/or targeting moieties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The physical properties of several pH-responsive polymers were examined. The activity and pH profile can be manipulated by controlling the length of hydrophobic alkyl segments. The delivery of poly(propyl acrylic acid) (PPAA)-containing lipoplexes significantly enhanced wound healing through the interconnected effects of altered extracellular matrix organization and greater vascularization. PPAA has also been shown to enhance cytoplasmic delivery of a model protein therapeutic. Polymeric carriers displaying pH-sensitive, membrane-destabilizing activity were also examined. The pH profile is controlled by the choice of the alkylacrylic acid monomer and by the ratio of the carboxylate-containing alkylacrylic acid monomer to alkylacrylate monomer. The membrane destabilizing activity is controlled by the lengths of the alkyl segment on the alkylacrylic acid monomer and the alkylacrylate monomer, as well as by their ratio in the final polymer chains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The molecular mechanisms that proteins use to sense and destabilize provide interesting paradigms for the development of new polymeric delivery systems that mimic biological strategies for promoting the intracellular delivery of biomolecular drugs. The key feature of these polymers is their ability to directly enhance the intracellular delivery of proteins and DNA, by destabilizing biological membranes in response to vesicular compartment pH changes. The ability to deliver a wide variety of protein and nucleic acid drugs to intracellular compartments from tissue engineering and regenerative scaffolds could greatly enhance control of important processes such as inflammation, angiogenesis, and biomineralization.
authors: Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2255, USA. stayton@u.washington.edu
authors: P S
authors: PS
authors: Stayton
authors: M E H
authors: ME
authors: El-Sayed
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Murthy
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Bulmus
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Lackey
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Cheung
authors: A S
authors: AS
authors: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D011108:Polymers / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D023822:Tissue Engineering
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011108:Polymers