title: The effects of age, weaning, drench volume and yarding on ruminoreticulum bypass in sheep, with reference to the anthelmintic efficacy of benzimidazole drenches.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of ruminoreticulum bypass in lambs before and after weaning, following drenching with anthelmintic-equivalent volumes of fluid; to investigate the influence of withholding feed for 24 hours before drenching on the incidence of ruminoreticulum bypass; and to investigate the hypothesis that ruminoreticulum bypass occurs more frequently following drenching with large than with low volumes. The relationship between these factors and the efficacy of benzimidazole anthelmintic drenches has been widely promoted in New Zealand and Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Video-taped fluoroscopy, using barium sulphate suspension with a specific gravity of 1.38 as a contrast medium, was used to study closure of the reticular groove and ruminoreticulum bypass in sheep.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When lambs were drenched with 3 ml of barium sulphate suspension/10 kg liveweight soon after removal from pasture, ruminoreticulum bypass only occurred before weaning and during the first 8 weeks after weaning. However, when a low volume drench (1 ml/10 kg) was used in lambs soon after removal from pasture during the same period, ruminoreticulum bypass was not observed. When recently weaned lambs were yarded for 24 hours before drenching with barium sulphate suspension, substantial (> or = 20%) ruminoreticulum bypass occurred in 25-58% of the animals. When 8-9 month-old hoggets were yarded for 24 hours before drenching, substantial ruminoreticulum bypass occurred in 35% of the animals. Ruminoreticulum bypass was not observed in the same group of hoggets when drenched soon after removal from pasture, in a reversed crossover experiment. This effect of withholding feed for 24 hours on ruminoreticulum bypass was significant (p < 0.0001). In hoggets which had been yarded for 24 hours before drenching with barium sulphate suspension, the incidence of ruminoreticulum bypass was significantly lower (p = 0.0026) following the use of a low volume (1 ml/10 kg) when compared to high volume (3 ml/ 10 kg) of drench. Thus, the effect of withholding feed for 24 hours on ruminoreticulum bypass was largely overcome when the low volume drench was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the use of low volume formulations of benzimidazole drenches for New Zealand pasture-fed lambs less than 6 months old. The results indicate that, in order to obtain the optimum efficacy of benzimidazole anthelmintics in New Zealand pasture-fed sheep, which have been yarded for 24 hours, low volume drench formulations should be used.
authors: Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors: N D
authors: ND
authors: Sargison
authors: K J
authors: KJ
authors: Stafford
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: West