title: Sequential administration of irinotecan and cytarabine in the treatment of relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Based on reported synergy of the topoisomerase-I (topo-I) inhibitor irinotecan with antimetabolites, irinotecan and cytarabine (Ara-C) were administered sequentially to patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) refractory to or relapsed following high-dose Ara-C and anthracycline therapy. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies were performed with the first irinotecan dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro synergy of irinotecan followed by Ara-C was confirmed in a human AML cell line as a basis for the clinical trial. Irinotecan was administered daily for 5 days, with Ara-C 1 g/m2 12 h after each irinotecan dose. Irinotecan was initiated at 5 mg/m2, and the dose was escalated by 5 mg/m2 increments in cohorts of three patients and in individual patients. Pre-treatment samples were studied for topo-I activity and serial samples after the first irinotecan dose were analyzed for pharmacokinetics and for pharmacodynamic effects, including DNA damage and DNA synthesis rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The irinotecan dose reached 15 mg/m2 in three-patient cohorts without reaching the maximum tolerated dose, and reached 30 mg/m2 in individual patients. The AUC and Cmax of both irinotecan and its active metabolite SN38 increased linearly in proportion to dose, and the mean half-lives of irinotecan conversion to SN38 and SN38 elimination were 6.2 h (CV 171%) and 7.2 h (CV 48%). Irinotecan rapidly induced DNA damage, and DNA synthesis inhibition varied among patients and treatment cycles. All courses resulted in rapid cytoreduction, and two patients achieved complete remission. Topo-I activity did not predict response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Irinotecan can be safely administered with Ara-C. This combination is active in refractory AML and warrants further study.
authors: Leukemia Section, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA. hans.minderman@roswellpark.org
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Minderman
authors: Kieran L
authors: KL
authors: O'Loughlin
authors: Patrick F
authors: PF
authors: Smith
authors: Lakshmi
authors: L
authors: Pendyala
authors: William R
authors: WR
authors: Greco
authors: Kimberly G
authors: KG
authors: Sweeney
authors: Laurie A
authors: LA
authors: Ford
authors: Meir
authors: M
authors: Wetzler
authors: Maria R
authors: MR
authors: Baer
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004249:DNA Damage; D004264:DNA Topoisomerases, Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D000077146:Irinotecan; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D003561:Cytarabine; D000077146:Irinotecan; D004264:DNA Topoisomerases, Type I; D002166:Camptothecin