title: A finite element model of the bovine claw under static load for evaluation of different flooring conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To create a computer-based finite element (FE) model of the bovine claw and to use finite element analysis (FEA) to estimate stress and deformation of a physiologically-shaped model claw under static load, to visualise potential material weakness and to evaluate the effect of different flooring conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Model geometry was derived using digitalised images from a recently trimmed, sound, hind claw from a 4-year-old Austrian Fleckvieh cow. Material properties of bovine claw horn were defined from preliminary investigations and recently established material data, using a modulus of elasticity from 200 to 600 N/mm2. Meshing of the model was performed with 42,127 elements based on 116,141 nodes. Loading of the model was defined at 756 N per claw on a hard and soft surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The FE model of the bovine claw under a load of 756 N showed only minimal deformation, most of which took place at the axial wall. Highest stresses were evident in the proximal axial wall, the outer edge of the weight-bearing surface and under the heels. The claw-floor contact image showed a pressure distribution resembling the distal rim of the claw wall. On the hard surface, the maximum stresses were three times higher than those on the soft surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FEA allowed visualisation of the effects that loading on different floor surfaces have on the biomechanics of the claw. Uneven preparation of the claw sole resulted in high stresses at and close to irregularities of the sole. Consequences were more severe on harder flooring. The model supports the hypothesis that mechanical factors play a substantial role in the pathogenesis of claw lesions.
authors: Orthopaedic Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria. chri@vet-hiho.at
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Hinterhofer
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: Ferguson
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Apprich
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Haider
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Stanek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003252:Construction Materials; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000502:physiology*; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D016474:Weight-Bearing