title: Etiological and clinical patterns of childhood urolithiasis in Iraq.
abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the etiological and clinical characteristics of urolithiasis in Iraqi children. From 1999 to 2004, 204 children with renal calculi were evaluated. The age range of the patients was 4 months to 14 years, 61.3% of the patients were under 5 years. Male to female ratio was 2.8:1. The mean age at onset of symptoms was 3.2 years, and stone disease was diagnosed at a mean of 3.5 years. Hematuria (44.6%) and pain (28.4%) were the main clinical presentation. Of the 204 patients 45.1% had a family history of stones. Consanguinity was recorded in 72%; 75.5% had metabolic disorders. Stones were located at multiple sites in 80 patients, or 39.2%; 58 of these 80, or 72.5%, had metabolic disorders. Multiple stones were present in 47 (23%); 72.3% were related to metabolic disorders. In 126 patients, or 61.8%, both kidneys were involved equally. Bladder stones were found in 11.3%. Staghorn calculi occurred in 29 patients, or 14.2%; 27 of these had recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI). Nephrocalcinosis was diagnosed in 7, or 3.4%; all had metabolic disorders. Etiology of stone formation was established in 189 patients, or 92.6%, whereas 15, or 7.4%, had idiopathic stones. Metabolic disorders were the commonest cause in 106 patients (52%); 52 patients were classified as infective (25.5%). Anatomical defects were present in 25 (12.2%) and 6 children (2.9%) with primary endemic bladder calculi. Coexisting UTI was common (36.8%) in the metabolic group. We concluded that urolithiasis is a serious problem among Iraqi children, with early onset of presentation. Metabolic disorders were the major causes, but can be masked by associated UTI. Proper management of UTI with a careful metabolic assessment of young stone formers is valuable in combating urolithiasis.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, P.O. Box 70074, Baghdad, Iraq. shathah666@yahoo.com
authors: Shatha Huusain
authors: SH
authors: Ali
authors: Usama Nihad
authors: UN
authors: Rifat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003241:Consanguinity; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007493:Iraq / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000150:complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011512:Proteus Infections / Q000150:complications; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000150:complications