title: Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rectal diazepam and buccal midazolam are used for emergency treatment of acute febrile and afebrile (epileptic) seizures in children. We aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of these drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicentre, randomised controlled trial was undertaken to compare buccal midazolam with rectal diazepam for emergency-room treatment of children aged 6 months and older presenting to hospital with active seizures and without intravenous access. The dose varied according to age from 2.5 to 10 mg. The primary endpoint was therapeutic success: cessation of seizures within 10 min and for at least 1 hour, without respiratory depression requiring intervention. Analysis was per protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consent was obtained for 219 separate episodes involving 177 patients, who had a median age of 3 years (IQR 1-5) at initial episode. Therapeutic success was 56% (61 of 109) for buccal midazolam and 27% (30 of 110) for rectal diazepam (percentage difference 29%, 95% CI 16-41). Analysing only initial episodes revealed a similar result. The rate of respiratory depression did not differ between groups. When centre, age, known diagnosis of epilepsy, use of antiepileptic drugs, prior treatment, and length of seizure before treatment were adjusted for with logistic regression, buccal midazolam was more effective than rectal diazepam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Buccal midazolam was more effective than rectal diazepam for children presenting to hospital with acute seizures and was not associated with an increased incidence of respiratory depression.
authors: Academic Division of Child Health, University of Nottingham, Derbyshire Children's Hospital, Uttoxeter Road, Derby DE22 3DT, UK. john.mcintyre@nhs.net
authors: John
authors: J
authors: McIntyre
authors: Sue
authors: S
authors: Robertson
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Norris
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Appleton
authors: William P
authors: WP
authors: Whitehouse
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Phillips
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Martland
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: Berry
authors: Jacqueline
authors: J
authors: Collier
authors: Stephanie
authors: S
authors: Smith
authors: Imti
authors: I
authors: Choonara
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000278:Administration, Buccal; D000285:Administration, Rectal; D000293:Adolescent; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology; D012640:Seizures / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D003975:Diazepam; D008874:Midazolam