title: Pseudoephedrine-induced hemorrhage associated with a cerebral vascular malformation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sympathomimetic-related intracerebral hemorrhage is well-documented. Most cases are associated with phenylpropanolamine use.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report a case of intracerebral hemorrhage occurring in a middle-aged man who suffered from chronic sinusitis and had been ingesting pseudoephedrine daily for one year. This patient was previously well with no known cardiovascular risk factors. Clinical examination revealed no evidence of vasculitis nor coagulopathy and initial neuroimaging (i.e., computed tomography, angiography, magnetic resonance imaging) demonstrated no features consistent with aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation (AVM), cavernoma, nor cerebral metastases. A follow-up cerebral angiogram demonstrated a small AVM arising off a branch of the pericallosal artery and a small arteriovenous fistula arising off the costal marginal branch. The AVM was embolized without incident, however, the AVF was not accessible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sympathomimetics have long been associated with intracerebral hemorrhage. Since 1979, over 30 published case reports have documented the relationship between phenylpropanolamine and stroke. Only one report links phenylpropanolamine consumption to an intracerebral hemorrhage in a patient with an AVM. There is a paucity of literature etiologically inculpating other ephedra alkaloids in the causation of intracerebral hemorrhage. This is a case of pseudoephedrine-induced intracerebral hemorrhage in a patient with an underlying vascular malformation.
authors: Department of Medicine (Neurology & Rehabilitation), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Steven K
authors: SK
authors: Baker
authors: Jamie E
authors: JE
authors: Silva
authors: Ken K S
authors: KK
authors: Lam
mesh_terms: D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015984:Causality; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D015897:Comorbidity; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020299:Intracranial Hemorrhage, Hypertensive / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000188:drug therapy; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D013566:Sympathomimetics; D004809:Ephedrine