title: Bond strength of composite luting cement to zirconia ceramic surfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the bond strength of dental resin agent to zirconia ceramic after surface pre-treatment with different techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specimens of hot isostatic pressed yttrium-oxide-partially-stabilized zirconia blocks (ZF) were fabricated (Procera Zircon, Nobel Biocare, Sweden) and compared to glossy dense zirconia blocks (ZG). Four groups of specimens with different surface treatment were prepared. Group I: ZF (n = 5) and ZG (n = 5) without any pre-treatment, Group II: ZF-s (n = 5) and ZG-s (n = 5) treated with silane solution, Group III: ZF-P (n = 10) and ZG-P (n = 10) treated with RF plasma spraying (hexamethyldisiloxane) using a reactor (Plasma Electronic, Germany), Group IV: ZF-p (n = 10) and ZG-p (n = 10) treated with micro pearls of low fusing porcelain (720 degrees C) on the surfaces. Composite cylinders (Charisma, Hereus Kulzer, Dormagen, Germany) were luted with Variolink II (Ivoclar-Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) to the test specimens. The specimens were then stored in air for 1 h before shear loading in a universal testing machine (LRX, Lloyd Instruments, Farnham, England) until failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistical difference was found between the untreated ZF and ZG specimens (Group I) neither between the specimens treated with silane (Group II). Plasma spraying treatment improved bond strength by a factor of three (p < 0.001). Treatment with low fusing porcelain micro pearls increased the bond strength by a factor of 10 compared to untreated surfaces (p < 0.001). No significant difference was seen between the surfaces treated ZF-p and ZG-p specimens. The thickness of the glass pearls layer did not exceed 5 microm. SEM showed dense grain borders of ZF and a flat glossy texture of ZG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of zirconia ceramic surfaces with plasma spraying or a low fusing porcelain pearl layer significantly increased the bond strength of resin cement to the ceramic surface.
authors: Dental Technology and Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Sweden. tore.derand@od.mah.se
authors: Tore
authors: T
authors: Derand
authors: Margareta
authors: M
authors: Molin
authors: Ketil
authors: K
authors: Kvam
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry; D012833:Siloxanes / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D015019:Yttrium / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C084111:Charisma composite resin; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003188:Composite Resins; D019279:Resin Cements; D012821:Silanes; D012833:Siloxanes; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C103502:Variolink; D015019:Yttrium; D015040:Zirconium; C015917:hexamethyldisiloxane; C028541:zirconium oxide; C091417:yttria