title: A case-control study of acute respiratory tract infection in general practice patients in The Netherlands.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are responsible for considerable morbidity in the community, but little is known about the presence of respiratory pathogens in asymptomatic individuals. We hypothesized that asymptomatic persons could have a subclinical infection and thus act as a source of transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the period of 2000-2003, all patients with ARTI who visited their sentinel general practitioner had their data reported to estimate the incidence of ARTI in Dutch general practices. A random selection of these patients (case patients) and an equal number of asymptomatic persons visiting for other complaints (control subjects) were included in a case-control study. Nose and throat swabs of participants were tested for a broad range of pathogens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall incidence of ARTI was 545 cases per 10,000 person-years, suggesting that, in the Dutch population, an estimated 900,000 persons annually consult their general practitioner for respiratory complaints. Rhinovirus was most common in case patients (24%), followed by influenza virus type A (11%) and coronavirus (7%). Viruses were detected in 58% of the case patients, beta -hemolytic streptococci group A were detected in 11%, and mixed infections were detected in 3%. Pathogens were detected in approximately 30% of control subjects, particularly in the youngest age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms that most ARTIs are viral and supports the reserved policy of prescribing antibiotics. In both case and control subjects, rhinovirus was the most common pathogen. Of bacterial infections, only group A beta-hemolytic streptococci were more common in case patients than in control subjects. Furthermore, we demonstrated that asymptomatic persons might be a neglected source of transmission.
authors: Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors: Arianne B
authors: AB
authors: van Gageldonk-Lafeber
authors: Marie-Louise A
authors: ML
authors: Heijnen
authors: Aad I M
authors: AI
authors: Bartelds
authors: Marcel F
authors: MF
authors: Peters
authors: Simone M
authors: SM
authors: van der Plas
authors: Berry
authors: B
authors: Wilbrink
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003139:Common Cold / Q000453:epidemiology; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D012229:Rhinovirus; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes