Show me the child at seven: the consequences of conduct problems in childhood for psychosocial functioning in adulthood.
BACKGROUND
This paper seeks to extend research into the adult sequelae of childhood conduct problems by investigating the associations between conduct problems in middle childhood and psychosocial outcomes in adulthood.


METHODS
Data were gathered during the course of a 25-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of New Zealand young people. Information was collected on: a) parent and teacher reports of child conduct problems at ages 7, 8 and 9 years; b) measures of crime, substance use, mental health, sexual/partner relationships, education/employment; c) confounding factors, including childhood, family and educational characteristics.


RESULTS
There were statistically significant associations between childhood conduct problems from 7-9 years and risks of adverse outcomes across all domains of functioning. After control for confounding factors the associations between conduct problems and education/employment outcomes became statistically non-significant. Associations persisted for other outcomes (crime, substance dependence, mental health and sexual/partner relationships). Children in the most disturbed 5% of the cohort had rates of these outcomes that were between 1.5 and 19 times higher than rates for the least disturbed 50% of the cohort. The associations between conduct problems and adult outcomes were similar for males and females.


CONCLUSIONS
Childhood conduct problems were associated with a wide range of adverse psychosocial outcomes (crime, substance use, mental health, sexual/partner relationships) even after control for confounding factors. The results reinforce the need for greater investment into interventions to address these problems.
Fergusson
David M
DM
Christchurch Health and Development Study, Christchurch School of Medicine & Health Sciences, New Zealand. david.fergusson@chmeds.ac.nz
Horwood
L John
LJ
Ridder
Elizabeth M
EM
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003710:Demography; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D012917:Social Adjustment; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*