title: Metabolic perioperative management: novel concepts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review summarizes novel information regarding the role of metabolic control in the perioperative period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Managing perioperative metabolism has recently been shown to be an important way to improve outcomes in surgical care. In particular, postoperative insulin resistance and hyperglycemia have been linked to many common complications. Recent studies have explored the toxicity of hyperglycemia and suggest a causal relation between insulin resistance and complications in the postoperative state. Controlling glucose concentrations with insulin has been shown to also improve protein balance and fat metabolism. In addition, insulin may affect other hormones including insulinlike growth factor-I during surgical stress. Lastly, recent data suggest that hyperglycemia plays an important role in aggravating the inflammatory response, in that overflow of substrates in the mitochondria causes the formation of excess free oxygen radicals and may also alter gene expression to enhance cytokine production. Although overcoming insulin resistance by insulin infusion is one way of combating hyperglycemia, prevention of its development can also be achieved by using epidural blockade to reduce the release of adrenal stress hormones and to control pain, by preoperative carbohydrates instead of overnight fasting, and by minimal invasive surgical techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minimizing the effects of insulin resistance has been shown to substantially improve outcome after surgical stress.
authors: Department of Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge Centre for Gastrointestinal Disease, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. olle.ljungqvist@ersta.se
authors: Olle
authors: O
authors: Ljungqvist
authors: Jonas
authors: J
authors: Nygren
authors: Mattias
authors: M
authors: Soop
authors: Anders
authors: A
authors: Thorell
mesh_terms: D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin