title: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy after the learning curve: what should we expect?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in the late 1980s was accompanied an increase in common bile duct (CBD) injuries. This retrospective analysis of 2,005 cholecystectomies performed at a single institution investigates the factors that have contributed to a record of zero CBD injuries in 1,674 consecutive LC.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 1,285 consecutive patients operated on from 7 July 1996 to 6 June 2003 were obtained. We also examined the peer review records of an additional 720 LC performed between 1 January 1990 and 7 July 1996.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no CBD injuries among 1,674 consecutive LC patients spanning the period since 1990. Of the 954 patients who underwent LC since 1996, six had a cystic duct leak and five had a duct of Luschka leak. Intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) was performed in 20.2% of cases (n = 193/954). Seventy of 157 patients who underwent cholangiography alone demonstrated one or more stones in the CBD (44.6%). In 40 patients (58.0%), endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography (ERCP) was uniformly successful in clearing intraoperatively identified stones. In36.2% of cases, the stones were removed via laparoscopic CBD exploration (CBDE) (n = 25). In 5.8% of positive cases, the stones were removed via open CBDE (n = 4). Among 761 patients who did not undergo IOC, seven patients (0.92%) returned to the hospital for retained stones. Three of these patients had elevated liver function tests (LFT) preoperatively (1.3%) and four had normal LFT (1.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injuries of the CBD can be avoided by performing an extensive dissection of the triangle of Calot and by developing a critical view of the operative field to ensure the patient's safety during LC. If all LFT are normal and IOC is not performed, the occurrence of clinically significant stones postoperatively is minimal; in this group, only four patients had retained stones. Thus, in the face of normal LFT, routine IOC is unnecessary for a low CBD injury rate, and a return to the hospital for retained bile duct stones is rarely required, regardless of the number of times ductal stones are found on routine cholangiography. This implies that the significance of the stones discovered at IOC is questionable in most cases, thereby providing an argument against routine cholangiography. Most discovered CBD stones can be treated by ERCP, thus obviating the need for the T-tube drainage associated with CBDE. The 21st century finds LC to be a mature and safe surgical procedure.
authors: Department of Surgery and the Paul Pierce Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Misra
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Schiff
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Rendon
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Rothschild
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Schwaitzberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards*; D003135:Common Bile Duct / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies