title: Cell line-dependent differences in uptake and retention of the hypoxia-selective nuclear imaging agent Cu-ATSM.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cu-diacetyl-bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) [Cu-ATSM] is a potential marker for tumor hypoxia that has been under evaluation for clinical use. In this study, we examined the mechanisms underlying the uptake of (64)Cu in cells incubated with (64)Cu-ATSM.
  
  
  METHODS
  The in vitro uptake of (64)Cu was determined as a function of oxygenation conditions and incubation time with (64)Cu-ATSM using four and two tumor cell lines of human origin and rodent origin, respectively. Additionally, the rate of (64)Cu efflux and Cu-ATSM metabolism was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (64)Cu accumulation is rapid during the first 0.5-1 h of incubation. It is highest in anoxic cells but is also significant in normoxic cells. After this initial period, the level of intracellular (64)Cu varies depending on the cell line and the oxygenation conditions and, in some circumstances, may decrease. During the first 0.5-1 h, the ratio of (64)Cu levels between anoxic and normoxic cells is approximately 2:10 and that between hypoxic (0.5% O(2)) and normoxic cells is approximately 1:2.5, depending on the cell line. These ratios generally decrease at longer times. The (64)Cu-ATSM compound was found to be metabolized during incubation in a manner dependent on oxygenation conditions. Within 2 h under anoxic conditions, (64)Cu-ATSM could no longer be detected, although 60-90% of the amount of (64)Cu added as (64)Cu-ATSM was present in the medium. Non-ATSM (64)Cu was taken up by the cells, albeit at a much slower rate. Efflux rates of (64)Cu were found to be cell line dependent and appeared to be inversely correlated with the final (64)Cu uptake levels under anoxic conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The uptake and retention of (64)Cu and their relation to oxygenation conditions were found to be cell line dependent. Given the complexities in the oxygen dependence and cell line-dependent kinetics of uptake and retention of Cu following exposure to Cu-ATSM, the clinical utility of this compound may be disease site specific.
authors: Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. burgmanp@mskcc.org
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Burgman
authors: Joseph A
authors: JA
authors: O'Donoghue
authors: Jason S
authors: JS
authors: Lewis
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Welch
authors: John L
authors: JL
authors: Humm
authors: C Clifton
authors: CC
authors: Ling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D056831:Coordination Complexes; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism*; D003301:Copper Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D051381:Rats; D013882:Thiosemicarbazones / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D056831:Coordination Complexes; D003301:Copper Radioisotopes; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D013882:Thiosemicarbazones; C089548:copper (II) diacetyl-di(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone); D003300:Copper; D010100:Oxygen