title: Utility of computerized isocentric fluoroscopy for minimally invasive spinal surgical techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the clinical utility and accuracy of intraoperative three-dimensional fluoroscopy as an adjunct for the placement of a complex spinal instrumentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Siemens Iso-C three-dimensional fluoroscopy unit in the combination with the Stealth Treon computer volumetric navigational system was used. A total of 279 spinal instrumentation screws or transpedicular cannulations were performed in 69 patients. Accuracy, operative time, and amount of fluoroscopy utilization time were assessed for transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) and kyphoplasty cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 4 percutaneous transpedicular lumbar screws out of 265 total (1.5%) were malpositioned. Average operative time for TLIF cases was 185 minutes (range 114-311 minutes) for one-level and 292.6 minutes (range 173-390 minutes) for two-level procedures. Biplanar fluoroscopy utilization time was 93 seconds (range 27-280 seconds) for one-level procedures and 216 seconds (range 80-388 seconds) for two-level procedures. Average surgery duration for kyphoplasty was 60 minutes (range 36-79 minutes) for one-level procedures and 68.5 minutes (range 65-75 minutes) for two-level cases. Biplanar fluoroscopy utilization time was 41.3 seconds per case (range 25-62 seconds).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of intraoperative three-dimensional fluoroscopy for image guidance in minimally invasive complex spinal instrumentation procedures is feasible and safe. This technique provides excellent visualization of three-dimensional relationships. This potentially results in improved accuracy of screw positioning and the ability to detect misplaced screws prior to wound closure. This technique also potentially results in a significant reduction in radiation exposure for both the patient and the staff.
authors: Boulder Neurosurgical Associates, Boulder, CO 80304, USA. atv@bnasurg.com
authors: Alan T
authors: AT
authors: Villavicencio
authors: Sigita
authors: S
authors: Burneikiene
authors: Ketan R
authors: KR
authors: Bulsara
authors: Jeffrey J
authors: JJ
authors: Thramann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000009:adverse effects; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000592:standards; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000592:standards; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed