Immunity to tetanus is protective against the development of multiple sclerosis.
Following allegations that Hepatitis B vaccination causes or triggers multiple sclerosis (MS), several epidemiological studies have been conducted to evaluate the association between MS and vaccination. In one study conducted in the US, a significant protective effect on the development of MS was observed for tetanus immunization. We reviewed the medical literature and found two additional recent studies, as well as several older studies, which also observed a significant protective effect of tetanus immunization on the development or progression of MS. Furthermore, decreased humoral and cellular immunity to tetanus toxoid has been observed among MS patients. We postulate that naturally acquired or vaccine-induced immunity to tetanus has a protective effect against the development and progression of MS. We also postulate that this link to tetanus is in part responsible for the gender, age, geographic and socio-economic distribution of MS, as well as its pattern among migrants. The biological basis for this protective effect could be an unspecific boost of bystander suppression of auto-immunity as shown for other infections. Our hypothesis can be tested in several ways. The simplest approach would be to compare tetanus exposure and MS occurrence on a population level. Stronger support would come from the re-analysis of previous studies that have information at the individual level on both tetanus exposure, whether induced or natural, and on the development of MS. Laboratory evidence could be sought by testing the effect of tetanus toxoid on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, the experimental animal model of MS.
Verstraeten
T
T
Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) Program, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Altanta, GA, USA. tvbelgium@hotmail.com
Davis
R
R
DeStefano
F
F
D024201:Bystander Effect / Q000276:immunology*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D015994:Incidence; D038622:Internationality; D018448:Models, Immunological; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D015995:Prevalence; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
D013745:Tetanus Toxoid