title: Vibrio splendidus biotype 1 as a cause of mortalities in hatchery-reared larval turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize bacteria associated with turbot larvae feeding on Artemia and identify pathogens causing mortalities in larvae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To identify bacteria associated with mortalities in larval turbot rearing, bacteria were isolated from homogenates of Artemia or from several batches of well-performing or poorly performing turbot larvae. Samples were plated onto marine agar and were characterized using biochemical tests and BIOLOG GN plates. Total culturable aerobic bacteria ranged from 1.9 x 10(5) to 1.8 x 10(6) CFU per larva and >96% of bacteria identified were vibrios. Almost all bacteria were haemolytic and clustered into two phenons represented by Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio splendidus. The bacterial flora of Artemia was almost entirely V. alginolyticus, whereas V. splendidus biotype 1 dominated the larval turbot gut flora (69/115 isolates in seven experiments) and formed four different groups based on BIOLOG GN reactions. Of 16 isolates tested for virulence towards turbot larvae, four of the 11 V. splendidus biotype 1 isolates were lethal and all belonged to the same group of V. splendidus biotype 1 isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a commercial turbot hatchery, the microbial flora of the larval gut was dominated by V. splendidus biotype 1. Four of the 11 V. splendidus biotype 1 isolates caused mortalities in larval turbot and all belonged to one group of the biotype 1 strains identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification of four isolates of V. splendidus that are pathogenic for turbot larvae from three separate batches of larval turbot will allow these to be compared with avirulent isolates to define how V. splendidus causes mortalities in larval turbot.
authors: Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Thomson
authors: H L
authors: HL
authors: Macpherson
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Riaza
authors: T H
authors: TH
authors: Birkbeck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000382:microbiology; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques / Q000379:methods; D003001:Cloning, Molecular / Q000379:methods; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D005412:Flatfishes / Q000382:microbiology*; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology; D007814:Larva / Q000382:microbiology; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D014733:Vibrio / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S