title: Associations between organizational and incident factors and emotional distress in emergency ambulance personnel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the prevalence and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression among emergency ambulance personnel.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire and reminder were sent anonymously to 1029 emergency ambulance personnel in a large ambulance service.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 617 respondents, levels of PTSD symptoms did not differ according to grade, but men had a higher prevalence rate than women. Key predictors of the severity of symptoms were organizational stress, the frequency of experiencing potentially traumatic incidents, length of service, and dissociation in response to an index incident. The degree of organizational, but not incident-related, stress discriminated between 'cases' and 'non-cases'. Nine and 23% of recorded scores indicated clinical levels of depression and anxiety respectively. Several work factors were associated with these emotions, explaining 38% of anxiety and 31% of depression scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both organizational and individually based interventions may be necessary to minimize PTSD and other emotional disorders among ambulance personnel.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Wales, Swansea, UK. P.D.Bennett@swansea.ac.uk
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Bennett
authors: Yvette
authors: Y
authors: Williams
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Page
authors: Kerenza
authors: K
authors: Hood
authors: Malcolm
authors: M
authors: Woollard
authors: Norman
authors: N
authors: Vetter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000552:Ambulances; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003071:Cognition; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015279:Organizational Culture; D015995:Prevalence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*