title: Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries of the lower limbs in Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate risk factors for injury to musculoskeletal structures of the lower fore- and hind-limbs of Thoroughbred horses training and racing in New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study analysed by logistic regression was used to compare explanatory variables for musculoskeletal injuries (MSI) in racehorses. The first dataset, termed the Training dataset, involved 459 first-occurrence cases of lower-limb MSI in horses in training, and the second, the Starting dataset, comprised a subset of those horses that had started in at least one trial or race in the training preparation that ended with MSI (n=294). All training preparations for horses that did not suffer from MSI for which complete data were available were used in the analyses as controls, and provided 2,181 and 1,639 preparations for the Training and Starting datasets, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate risk factors, and results were reported as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Horses aged > or =5 years were at higher risk of injury than 2-year-olds. Elevated odds of MSI occurred in horses in the Starting dataset that were training in the 1997-1998 year compared with the 1999-2000 year, and in those horses where trials comprised >20% of all starts in a preparation. Training preparations that ended in winter, and horses in their third or later training preparation, had lower odds of MSI compared with those ending in other seasons or the first preparation, respectively. Reduced odds of MSI were observed in preparations in which starts occurred compared with those that had no starts, and in the Starting dataset, preparations that included more than one start had a reduced likelihood of MSI compared with preparations that had only one start. In the Training dataset, preparations longer than 20 weeks were associated with reduced odds of MSI compared with those shorter than 20 weeks. Cumulative racing distance in the last 30 days of a training preparation was best modelled with linear and quadratic terms. Results indicated that increasing cumulative racing distances were associated with an initial reduction in the odds of MSI that then levelled out and finally appeared to increase again as the explanatory variable continued to increase. The risk of MSI varied significantly between trainers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identified intrinsic (age) and extrinsic risk factors for MSI in training and racing Thoroughbreds in New Zealand. The risk of MSI initially decreased, then increased, as cumulative racing distance increased. Significant variation between trainers indicated management and training methods influence the risk of MSI.
authors: EpiCentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. nigel@ausvet.com.au
authors: N R
authors: NR
authors: Perkins
authors: S W J
authors: SW
authors: Reid
authors: R S
authors: RS
authors: Morris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb / Q000293:injuries; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000293:injuries; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006736:Horses / Q000293:injuries*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000293:injuries*; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires