title: Observations of leptospirosis in farmed deer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Slaughterhouse and on-farm surveys were undertaken to investigate some aspects of leptospirosis (Leptospira interrogans) in farmed deer in the lower North Island of New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples and kidneys were collected at slaughter from 601 l-year and older red and red X Wapiti stags and 21 adult hinds from 53 farms (10 or 12 deer per farm). Serum samples were analysed for up to seven Leptospiral serovars. Gross and histological examinations of kidneys were undertaken. Kidneys from 202 deer were cultured for leptospires. A follow-up postal questionnaire (68% response) indicated one herd had been vaccinated prior to the survey. Serological analyses were also carried out on serum bank samples from a previous on-farm survey involving male and female weaner, yearling and adult red deer from 16 commercial deer farms in March and November.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serological reactions at titres > or = 96 to serovar hardjo were present in 73.6%, pomona in 41.5%, copenhageni in 11.3% and tarassovi in 15.1% of farms from the slaughterhouse survey. Antibodies to serovars australis, ballam and balanica were present in three, one and four of six herds studied, respectively. Titre prevalence to hardjo was higher than that of pomona and other serovars within farms. Cultures for Leptospira were positive in 10 stags from six lines with similar prevalence across age groups. Histological examination showed many gross lesions were associated with mild interstitial cellular infiltration characteristic of subclinical Leptospiral infections. Some sections from culture-positive kidneys contained spirochetes in renal tubules. The on-farm survey showed a 10-30% within-herd prevalence of pomona and hardjo titres in 56% of 3-month-old deer herds, but by 11 months of age, 100% of herds were titre-positive with high prevalences to one or both serovars. Concurrently, herds of 1-year-old and adult deer on the same farms were all seropositive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has shown that Leptospiral infections are common in farmed deer in the survey area.
authors: Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors: P R
authors: PR
authors: Wilson
authors: J
authors: J
authors: McGhie
authors: R B
authors: RB
authors: Marshall
authors: L J
authors: LJ
authors: Audigé
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Collins-Emerson
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Quankai
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Alley