title: Expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7 in prostate cancer presenting with generalized lymphadenopathy: report of a case, review of the literature, and analysis of chemokine receptor expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Generalized lymphadenopathy is a rare presentation of prostate cancer. We report a case and review reported cases in the literature. Because of the association of chemokine receptor expression with specific metastatic patterns, we tested for expression of chemokine receptors known to mediate migration to lymph nodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD) database search for case reports during the last 32 years using "prostate cancer," "lymphadenopathy," "metastatic to lymph nodes," and "mimicking lymphoma" as keywords. Expression of the CXCR4 and CCR7 chemokine receptors was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Laser capture microdissection and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for CXCR4 were used to exclude nonspecific binding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 153 patients with prostate cancer presenting with lymphadenopathy (LAD) described in the literature, 67 (44%) presented with supraclavicular adenopathy, 29 (19%) retroperitoneal, 22 (14%) mediastinal, 15 (10%) cervical, 9 (6%) inguinal, and 2 (1%) axillary LAD. Only 9 patients presenting with generalized LAD have been previously reported. Monoclonal antibodies to CCR7 showed intense staining in the patient's tumor epithelium. Little or no staining was observed for CXCR4. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for chemokine receptors on ribonucleic acid (RNA) recovered from the patient's sample failed to express messenger RNA for CXCR4 but did express messenger RNA for CCR1, CCR4, and CCR5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prostate cancer may present on rare occasions with generalized adenopathy. Variable expression of chemokine receptors may be associated with organ specific patterns of metastasis. In this case, expression of CCR7 may have accounted for the unusual predilection of this patient's prostate cancer for lymph nodes.
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA. GHeresi@med.miami.edu
authors: Gustavo A
authors: GA
authors: Heresi
authors: Jingcheng
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: Russell
authors: R
authors: Taichman
authors: Julio A
authors: JA
authors: Chirinos
authors: Jacinto J
authors: JJ
authors: Regalado
authors: Daniel M
authors: DM
authors: Lichtstein
authors: Joseph D
authors: JD
authors: Rosenblatt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008206:Lymphatic Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D054400:Receptors, CCR7; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: C515370:CCR7 protein, human; D054400:Receptors, CCR7; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine