title: Cyclosporine A induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a relatively common and sinister complication of cyclosporine A (CsA) therapy that limits its clinical use. CsA may have direct effects on renal tubular epithelial cells by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT plays an important role in embryonic development and tumourigenesis and has been described in organ remodelling during fibrogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of CsA on a human renal cell line as a model system to test the hypothesis that CsA can induce renal EMT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human renal proximal tubular cells were treated with CsA (0.42-42 microm) for periods up to 72 h. Viability was assessed by the Alamar Blue assay. Morphological changes were assessed by phase contrast microscopy. The effects on epithelial adherens molecule, beta-catenin and stress fibre protein, F-actin were analysed by indirect immunofluorescence. Reverse transcription--polymerse chain reaction was performed to measure the mRNA levels of extracellular matrix components. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta was measured by western blotting. Expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases were measured by gelatin zymography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CsA induced striking morphological changes in epithelial cells, including changes in cellular morphology, F-actin stress fibre formation, delocalization of the adherens junction protein beta-catenin and increased levels of collagen IV and fibronectin. In addition, CsA-induced EMT was associated with increased TGF-beta1 protein levels and EMT was markedly attenuated in the presence of anti-TGF-beta1 antibody. CsA-induced EMT was also associated with increased expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) suggesting that this molecule may serve as downstream mediator of TGF-beta1 pro-fibrotic activity in this setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In aggregate, these data suggest that CsA is a direct stimulus for EMT in renal tubule epithelial cells and implicate TGF-beta1 and CTGF as mediators of this response. The further delineation of the molecular components of this pro-fibrogenic response may suggest novel strategies through which to prevent CsA-induced tubulo-interstitial fibrosis in vivo.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors: Tara
authors: T
authors: McMorrow
authors: Michelle M
authors: MM
authors: Gaffney
authors: Craig
authors: C
authors: Slattery
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Campbell
authors: Michael P
authors: MP
authors: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D015820:Cadherins / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009395:Nephritis, Interstitial / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; C526317:CCN2 protein, human; D015820:Cadherins; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D016572:Cyclosporine; D004247:DNA