Molecular prostate cancer pathology: current issues and achievements.
Recent developments in the field of molecular techniques have provided new tools that have led to the discovery of many new promising biomarkers for prostate cancer. These biomarkers may be instrumental in the development of new tests that will have a high specificity for the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer. A biomarker is defined as a molecular test that provides additional information to currently available clinical and pathological tests. Biomarkers should be reproducible (both within and between institutes) and have an impact on clinical management. For diagnostic purposes it is important that potential biomarkers are tested in terms of tissue specificity and their discrimination potential between prostate cancer, normal prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia. The results of (multiple) biomarker-based assays may enhance the specificity of cancer detection. There is an urgent need for molecular prognostic biomarkers for predicting the biological behavior and outcome of cancer.
Schalken
Jack A
JA
Department of Experimental Urology, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. j.schalken@uro.umcn.nl
Bergh
Anders
A
Bono
Aldo
A
Foster
Christopher
C
Gospadarowicz
Mary
M
Isaacs
William B
WB
Rubin
Mark
M
Schröder
Fritz
F
Tribukait
Bernhard
B
Tsukamotot
Taiji
T
Wiklund
Peter
P
D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D050699:E2F3 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics; D000071221:Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005819:Genetic Markers; D015894:Genome, Human / Q000235:genetics; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008745:Methylation; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D063151:Polycomb Repressive Complex 2; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000235:genetics; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics; D019098:Telomerase / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050699:E2F3 Transcription Factor; C098319:E2F3 protein, human; D005819:Genetic Markers; C411762:RASSF1 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C479341:prostate cancer antigen 3, human; C498409:EZH2 protein, human; D000071221:Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein; D063151:Polycomb Repressive Complex 2; C496556:GSTP1 protein, human; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D019098:Telomerase; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; C421305:TMPRSS2 protein, human; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases; C108352:alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase