title: Evaluation of surgical and non-surgical periodontal therapies, and immunological status, of young Down's syndrome patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals with Down's syndrome (DS) differ in their oral condition compared with the healthy population. Periodontal disease in persons with DS under the age of 30 years is very high. Immune deficiencies are also present. For dental practitioners it is difficult to decide on a particular course of treatment. In this study, patients with DS were selected in order to 1) evaluate the effectiveness of surgical and non-surgical periodontal therapies and 2) assess their immunological status.
  
  
  METHODS
  The population consisted of 14 DS patients (14 to 30 years old). Surgical and non-surgical periodontal therapies were compared in a split-mouth design. Clinical measurements of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment levels (CAL) were taken at baseline, posttreatment, 6 months, and 1 year. Immunomodulatory activity of neutrophils was analyzed in vitro by chemotaxis (Boyden migration chamber), phagocytic activity, and production of super-oxide anion (NBT reduction) tests and compared between DS patients and healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both surgical and non-surgical therapies showed a significant improvement in all the clinical parameters compared to baseline. There were no differences between surgical and nonsurgical therapy in PI or GI. There was a significant PD reduction with the non-surgical therapy at 1 to 3 mm PD. However in PD >3 mm the surgical therapy, although not statistically significant, showed better results. Neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytic activity, and production of super-oxide anion were significantly decreased in the DS patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After a year, both surgical and non-surgical therapies have similar periodontal clinical improvement in DS patients. There is partial impairment of immunological functions in DS individuals which does not seem to affect the clinical response to therapy.
authors: Postgraduate Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Gonzalitos 235, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México.
authors: R M
authors: RM
authors: Zaldivar-Chiapa
authors: A Y
authors: AY
authors: Arce-Mendoza
authors: M
authors: M
authors: De La Rosa-Ramírez
authors: R G
authors: RG
authors: Caffesse
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Solis-Soto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; D003646:Debridement; D017742:Dental Care for Chronically Ill; D012534:Dental Scaling; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D010587:Phagocytosis; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D013481:Superoxides