title: Implantable FES system for upright mobility and bladder and bowel function for individuals with spinal cord injury.
abstract: METHODS
  Postintervention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of the Praxis multifunctional implantable functional electrical stimulation (FES) system (Neopraxis Pty. Ltd, Lane Cove, NSW, Australia) to provide standing and stepping ability and bladder and bowel management for individuals with motor complete thoracic level spinal cord injuries (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric orthopedic hospital specializing in SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three males, ages 17 and 21 years, with motor-complete thoracic level SCI and intact lower motor neurons to the muscles targeted for stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each subject was successfully implanted with the Praxis FES system. All three subjects received electrodes for upright mobility and the first two subjects received additional electrodes for stimulated bladder and bowel management. Following training, subjects were evaluated in their ability to use FES for nine mobility activities. Acute and chronic experiments of the effect of stimulation on bowel and bladder function were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three subjects could independently stand up from the wheelchair and could walk at least 6 m using a swing through gait pattern. Two subjects were able to independently perform swing through gait for 6 min and one subject was able to independently ascend and descend stairs. Suppression of reflex bladder contractions by neuromodulation (subject 1) and stimulated contractions of the rectum (subject 2) were observed in acute experiments. When stimulation was applied over the course of several weeks, a positive effect on bowel function was measured. Stimulated bladder contractions were not achieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The feasibility of using the Praxis FES system for upright mobility and aiding aspects of bladder and bowel function was demonstrated with three subjects with thoracic level SCI.
authors: Shriners Hospitals for Children, 3551 North Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors: T E
authors: TE
authors: Johnston
authors: R R
authors: RR
authors: Betz
authors: B T
authors: BT
authors: Smith
authors: B J
authors: BJ
authors: Benda
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Mulcahey
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Davis
authors: T P
authors: TP
authors: Houdayer
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Pontari
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Barriskill
authors: G H
authors: GH
authors: Creasey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*