title: Width of the extended facial recess: a numerical study of ultrahigh-resolution computed tomography and its implications in minimally invasive otologic surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methods of minimally invasive computer-assisted otologic surgery lag behind other fields. The reason seems to be the extremely small dimensions of the corridors between important structures in the temporal bone and the fact that these structures are encased in bony frameworks, are obscured before drilling, and are not movable. The extended facial recess is a surgical pass to the tympanic cavity. It is bounded medially by the facial nerve and laterally by the tympanic annulus, and varies among individuals. For computer-assisted, minimally invasive temporal bone surgery, high-resolution definition is critically important.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the width of the extended facial recess and evaluate the computerized findings as a pre- and intraoperative aid to otologic surgery planning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilateral temporal bone high-resolution computed tomographic images of 100 male and 100 female patients were measured twice at five levels (caudal to cephalic), first using a window-independent algorithm (extended facial recess, full-width at half-maximum), implemented in a computed tomographic image-processing workstation, and then manually with calipers on the same axial computed tomographic images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, the extended facial recess, full-width at half-maximum method yielded the widest values superiorly (4.15 +/- 0.41 mm in the female patients and 4.32 +/- 0.54 mm in the male patients). From this level down, the extended facial recess, full-width at half-maximum method yielded values that tapered gradually to 2.50 +/- 0.56 mm in the female patients and 2.42 +/- 0.46 mm in the male patients at the most interior level. The manual method (extended facial recess, computed tomographic images) yielded a significantly higher value than that obtained with the objective, window-independent method at all levels, and at some levels was higher by as much as one-third. At Level 2, which corresponded roughly to the round window, the extended facial recess was 4.00 +/- 0.65 in the female study group and 4.11 +/- 0.67 mm in the male study group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Image processing methods such as extended facial recess, full-width at half-maximum method might lead to fine tuning and thus improvement of computer-assisted otologic surgery. Before clinical application and complete dependence on these automated methods during otologic surgery, their reliability should be further validated.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
authors: C B
authors: CB
authors: Teszler
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Ruimi
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Bar-Meir
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Luntz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D013506:Otologic Surgical Procedures; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods