title: Treatment of dysphagia and dysphonia following skull base surgery.
abstract: This article provides an overview of considerations in the evaluation and treatment of lower cranial nerve deficits, specifically in cranial nerves IX, X, and XII, in the context of skull base tumors and their treatment.
authors: Voice and Swallowing Clinic, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1100 Ninth Avenue, P.O. Box 900, Seattle, WA 98111, USA. otoklp@vmmc.org
authors: K Linnea
authors: KL
authors: Peterson
authors: Joanne
authors: J
authors: Fenn
mesh_terms: D001193:Arytenoid Cartilage / Q000601:surgery; D020209:Cranial Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D003679:Deglutition; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy; D005930:Glossopharyngeal Nerve / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D019291:Skull Base / Q000601:surgery*; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000601:surgery; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*