title: Control of gene expression and assembly of chromosomal subdomains by chromatin regulators with antagonistic functions.
abstract: Epigenetic regulation of higher-order chromatin structure controls gene expression and the assembly of chromosomal domains during cell division, differentiation, and development. The proposed "histone code" integrates a complex system of histone modifications and chromosomal proteins that establish and maintain distinctive types of chromatin, such as euchromatin, heterochromatin, and centromeric (CEN) chromatin. The reversible nature of histone acetylation, phosphorylation, and (most recently discovered) methylation are mechanisms for controlling gene expression and partitioning the genome into functional domains. Many different regions of the genome contain similar epigenetic marks (histone modifications), raising the question as to how they are independently specified and regulated. In this review, we will focus on several recent discoveries in chromatin and chromosome biology: (1) identification of long-elusive histone "de-methylating" enzymes that affect chromatin structure, and (2) assembly and maintenance of chromatin domains, specifically heterochromatin and euchromatin, through a dynamic equilibrium of modifying enzymes, histone modifications, and histone variants identified biochemically and genetically.
authors: Department of Genetics and Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, E-645, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
authors: Ai Leen
authors: AL
authors: Lam
authors: Dorothy E
authors: DE
authors: Pazin
authors: Beth A
authors: BA
authors: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin