title: Formation of organelle-like N2-fixing symbiosomes in legume root nodules is controlled by DMI2.
abstract: In most legume nodules, the N2-fixing rhizobia are present as organelle-like structures inside their host cells. These structures, named symbiosomes, contain one or a few rhizobia surrounded by a plant membrane. Symbiosome formation requires the release of bacteria from cell-wall-bound infection threads. In primitive legumes, rhizobia are hosted in intracellular infection threads that, in contrast to symbiosomes, are bound by a cell wall. The formation of symbiosomes is presumed to represent a major step in the evolution of legume-nodule symbiosis, because symbiosomes facilitate the exchange of metabolites between the two symbionts. Here, we show that the genes, which are essential for initiating nodule formation, are also actively transcribed in mature Medicago truncatula nodules in the region where symbiosome formation occurs. At least one of these genes, encoding the receptor kinase DOES NOT MAKE INFECTIONS 2 (DMI2) is essential for symbiosome formation. The protein locates to the host cell plasma membrane and to the membrane surrounding the infection threads. A partial reduction of DMI2 expression causes a phenotype that resembles the infection structures found in primitive legume nodules, because infected cells are occupied by large intracellular infection threads instead of by organelle-like symbiosomes.
authors: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Erik
authors: E
authors: Limpens
authors: Rossana
authors: R
authors: Mirabella
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Fedorova
authors: Carolien
authors: C
authors: Franken
authors: Henk
authors: H
authors: Franssen
authors: Ton
authors: T
authors: Bisseling
authors: René
authors: R
authors: Geurts
mesh_terms: D017931:DNA Primers; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006652:Histological Techniques; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D046913:Medicago truncatula / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012231:Rhizobium; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D016962:Sinorhizobium meliloti / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases