title: Relationship of age, sex, and ethnicity with myopia progression and axial elongation in the correction of myopia evaluation trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the baseline factors independently related to 3-year myopia progression and axial elongation in COMET.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 469 children were enrolled, randomly assigned to progressive addition lenses with a + 2.00 diopter (D) addition or to single vision lenses and observed for 3 years. Eligible children were 6 to 11 years old, with spherical equivalent myopia of - 1.25 to - 4.50 D, bilaterally. The primary and secondary outcomes, myopia progression by cycloplegic autorefraction and axial elongation by A-scan ultrasonography, were measured annually. Multiple linear regression was used to adjust for covariates, including treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Younger baseline age (6-7 vs 11 years, 8 vs 11 years, and 9 vs 11 years, P<.001; 10 vs 11 years, P = .04), female sex (P = .01), and each ethnic group compared with African Americans (Asian, P = .02; Hispanic, P = .002; mixed, P = .002; white, P = .001) were independently associated with faster 3-year progression. Children aged 6 to 7 years had the fastest progression of all age groups, progressing by a mean (+/- SD) of 1.31 D +/- 0.13 more than children aged 11 years. Females progressed 0.16 D more than the males. Children of mixed, Hispanic, Asian, and white ethnicity progressed more than African American children by 0.49 D +/- 0.16, 0.33 D +/- 0.11, 0.32 D +/- 0.13, 0.27 D +/- 0.08, respectively. Age and ethnicity, but not sex, were independently associated with axial elongation. Among these myopic children, a 0.5 mm increase in axial length was associated with 1 D of myopia progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Younger baseline age was the strongest factor independently associated with faster myopic progression and greater axial elongation at 3 years. African American children had less myopic progression and axial elongation than the other ethnic groups.
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, HSC L3 086, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. lhyman@notes.cc.sunysb.edu
authors: Leslie
authors: L
authors: Hyman
authors: Jane
authors: J
authors: Gwiazda
authors: Mohamed
authors: M
authors: Hussein
authors: Thomas T
authors: TT
authors: Norton
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Wendy
authors: W
authors: Marsh-Tootle
authors: Donald
authors: D
authors: Everett
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D002648:Child; D018450:Disease Progression; D005006:Ethnicity; D005123:Eye / Q000473:pathology*; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors