title: Cigarette smoking and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma--a population-based case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologic evidence of an association between tobacco smoking and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has been conflicting. This may reflect that non-Hodgkin's lymphoma comprises several distinct disease entities with different etiologies, as some studies have indicated an association between smoking and follicular lymphoma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between cigarette smoking and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma risk, overall and by subtype.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a nationwide Danish-Swedish population-based case-control study, we interviewed 3,055 incident non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients and 3,187 population controls. All lymphomas were uniformly classified according to the WHO classification. We used unconditional logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between cigarette smoking and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cigarette smoking was not associated with the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma overall (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.87-1.08) nor with the major subgroups such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.79-1.10), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.72-1.02), or follicular lymphoma (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.85-1.24). Female smokers were at a marginally increased risk of follicular lymphoma (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.04-1.92). Men who had ever smoked had a significantly increased risk of T-cell lymphoma (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.11-2.51). No dose-response association with cigarette smoking could be established for any lymphoma subgroup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found little evidence of an association between cigarette smoking and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma risk overall. Although increased risks of follicular lymphoma in female smokers and of T-cell lymphoma in male smokers were suggested, no dose-response relationship was observed, leaving limited support for causality.
authors: Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark. CKO@SSI.dk
authors: Claudia
authors: C
authors: Schöllkopf
authors: Karin Ekström
authors: KE
authors: Smedby
authors: Henrik
authors: H
authors: Hjalgrim
authors: Klaus
authors: K
authors: Rostgaard
authors: Ole
authors: O
authors: Gadeberg
authors: Göran
authors: G
authors: Roos
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Porwit-Macdonald
authors: Bengt
authors: B
authors: Glimelius
authors: Hans-Olov
authors: HO
authors: Adami
authors: Mads
authors: M
authors: Melbye
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology