title: Pedicle anatomy in a patient with severe early-onset scoliosis: can pedicle screws be safely inserted?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With the rapid increase in the use of pedicle screws in the thoracic spine for various pathologies, knowledge of the pedicle anatomy is critical. Previous authors, in discussing pedicle morphology, have usually reported their findings in nondeformed adult specimens. More recently, the use of pedicle screws in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied the pedicle diameters in the spine of a patient with infantile idiopathic scoliosis who died at age 28 of cor pulmonale. The concave pedicles from T6 to L3 were measured both directly and with thin-section computed tomography (CT) scanning (the curve apex was T8-T11).
  
  
  RESULTS
  By direct measurement, the concave pedicle width at its narrowest point (the isthmus) ranged from 2.9 (T9) to 6.7 (L1, L3) mm. Three apical concave pedicles (T8, T9, T10) had no cancellous cavity. By CT scan measurement, the four apical concave pedicles measured 3.4 (T8), 2.8 (T9), 2.6 (T10), and 3.4 (T11) mm, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the authors confirm others' findings that the concave pedicles can be so small that pedicle screw insertion is impossible. We also found that these findings can be confirmed preoperatively with thin-section CT scanning. In such situations, extrapedicular screw placement should be considered.
authors: Center for Diagnostic Imaging, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors: Thomas J
authors: TJ
authors: Gilbert
authors: Robert B
authors: RB
authors: Winter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001863:Bone Screws; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000150:complications; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed