title: Synaptically driven endocannabinoid release requires Ca2+-assisted metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 to phospholipase Cbeta4 signaling cascade in the cerebellum.
abstract: Endocannabinoids mediate retrograde signaling and modulate synaptic transmission in various regions of the CNS. Depolarization-induced elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration causes endocannabinoid-mediated suppression of excitatory/inhibitory synaptic transmission. Activation of G(q/11)-coupled receptors including group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) also causes endocannabinoid-mediated suppression of synaptic transmission. However, precise mechanisms of endocannabinoid production initiated by physiologically relevant synaptic activity remain to be determined. To address this problem, we made whole-cell recordings from Purkinje cells (PCs) in mouse cerebellar slices and examined their excitatory synapses arising from climbing fibers (CFs) and parallel fibers (PFs). We first characterized three distinct modes to induce endocannabinoid release by analyzing CF to PC synapses. The first mode is strong activation of mGluR subtype 1 (mGluR1)-phospholipase C (PLC) beta4 cascade without detectable Ca2+ elevation. The second mode is Ca2+ elevation to a micromolar range without activation of the mGluR1-PLCbeta4 cascade. The third mode is the Ca2+-assisted mGluR1-PLCbeta4 cascade that requires weak mGluR1 activation and Ca2+ elevation to a submicromolar range. By analyzing PF to PC synapses, we show that the third mode is essential for effective endocannabinoid release from PCs by excitatory synaptic activity. Furthermore, our biochemical analysis demonstrates that combined weak mGluR1 activation and mild depolarization in PCs effectively produces 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), a candidate of endocannabinoid, whereas either stimulus alone did not produce detectable 2-AG. Our results strongly suggest that under physiological conditions, excitatory synaptic inputs to PCs activate the Ca2+-assisted mGluR1-PLCbeta4 cascade, and thereby produce 2-AG, which retrogradely modulates synaptic transmission to PCs.
authors: Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Maejima
authors: Saori
authors: S
authors: Oka
authors: Yuki
authors: Y
authors: Hashimotodani
authors: Takako
authors: T
authors: Ohno-Shosaku
authors: Atsu
authors: A
authors: Aiba
authors: Dianqing
authors: D
authors: Wu
authors: Keizo
authors: K
authors: Waku
authors: Takayuki
authors: T
authors: Sugiura
authors: Masanobu
authors: M
authors: Kano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D005989:Glycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D054799:Phospholipase C beta; D011689:Purkinje Cells / Q000502:physiology; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000378:metabolism*; D013569:Synapses / Q000378:metabolism; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D005989:Glycerides; D007527:Isoenzymes; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; C104077:metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1; C094503:glyceryl 2-arachidonate; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D054799:Phospholipase C beta; C518043:Plcb4 protein, mouse; D002118:Calcium