title: Xenon preconditioning reduces brain damage from neonatal asphyxia in rats.
abstract: Xenon attenuates on-going neuronal injury in both in vitro and in vivo models of hypoxic-ischaemic injury when administered during and after the insult. In the present study, we sought to investigate whether the neuroprotective efficacy of xenon can be observed when administered before an insult, referred to as 'preconditioning'. In a neuronal-glial cell coculture, preexposure to xenon for 2 h caused a concentration-dependent reduction of lactate dehydrogenase release from cells deprived of oxygen and glucose 24 h later; xenon's preconditioning effect was abolished by cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor. Preconditioning with xenon decreased propidium iodide staining in a hippocampal slice culture model subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation. In an in vivo model of neonatal asphyxia involving hypoxic-ischaemic injury to 7-day-old rats, preconditioning with xenon reduced infarction size when assessed 7 days after injury. Furthermore, a sustained improvement in neurologic function was also evident 30 days after injury. Phosphorylated cAMP (cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate)-response element binding protein (pCREB) was increased by xenon exposure. Also, the prosurvival proteins Bcl-2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were upregulated by xenon treatment. These studies provide evidence for xenon's preconditioning effect, which might be caused by a pCREB-regulated synthesis of proteins that promote survival against neuronal injury.
authors: Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
authors: Daqing
authors: D
authors: Ma
authors: Mahmuda
authors: M
authors: Hossain
authors: Garry K J
authors: GK
authors: Pettet
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Luo
authors: Ta
authors: T
authors: Lim
authors: Stanislav
authors: S
authors: Akimov
authors: Robert D
authors: RD
authors: Sanders
authors: Nicholas P
authors: NP
authors: Franks
authors: Mervyn
authors: M
authors: Maze
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009584:Nitrogen; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014978:Xenon / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D014978:Xenon; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D009584:Nitrogen