Development of an SPME-GC-MS/MS method for the determination of pesticides in rainwater: laboratory and field experiments.
A solid-phase microextraction -- coupled to a gas chromatography -- ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS/MS) method was developed for the quantitative determination in rainwater of 8 pesticides amongst the most used in France and 3 triazines metabolites. The main factors affecting the SPME process were studied. Using a 3 mL sample, the method developed showed good linearity for concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 50 microgL(-1) with correlation coefficients between 0.997 and 0.9999 and relative standard deviations (% RSD) below 14%. The study of matrix effects showed that rainwater was too diluted to have any significant influence on the extraction efficiency. To validate the method, a field campaign was carried out on the rain events, which occurred in Strasbourg during a one-year period. The rain concentrations showed patterns of high pesticide concentrations during spring months, which were correlated to the spraying periods of most of these substances.
Sauret-Szczepanski
Nathalie
N
Equipe de Physico-chimie de l'Atmosphere, Centre de Géochimie de la Surface, UMR 7517, 1, rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
Mirabel
Philippe
P
Wortham
Henri
H
D000081:Acetamides / Q000032:analysis; D000327:Adsorption; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D001280:Atrazine / Q000032:analysis; D002138:Calibration; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis; D006827:Hydantoins / Q000032:analysis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000032:analysis; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D011422:Propionates / Q000032:analysis; D011891:Rain / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000032:analysis; D013696:Temperature; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
D000081:Acetamides; D006540:Herbicides; D006827:Hydantoins; D010080:Oxazoles; D010575:Pesticides; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011422:Propionates; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C000188:alachlor; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C028904:isoproturon; C416661:fenoxaprop ethyl; C037565:terbutylazine; D001280:Atrazine; C033148:iprodione; C051786:metolachlor