title: Survey of the migration of melamine and formaldehyde from melamine food contact articles available on the UK market.
abstract: The migration of melamine and formaldehyde, monomers used in the production of melamine-ware food contact articles, has been determined from 50 retail articles purchased in the UK. The food simulant 3% aqueous acetic acid was used as this is the most aggressive simulant towards melamine plastics. The test conditions used were repeated exposure to the simulant for 2 hours at 70 degrees C, since the articles were all intended for general use including contact with hot foods and beverages. Melamine migrated from 43 of the 50 samples tested and formaldehyde migrated from all 50 samples. Directive 2002/72/EC specifies migration limits for both of these monomers in foods and food simulants. Melamine is restricted by a specific migration limit (SML) of 30 mg/kg (equivalent to 5 mg/dm(2)) and formaldehyde, along with hexamethylenetetramine expressed as formaldehyde, is restricted by a total (T) SML(T) of 15 mg/kg (equivalent to 2.5 mg/dm(2)). In all cases the migration of melamine was much lower than the SML for this monomer. The migration of formaldehyde exceeded the SML(T) for 5 of the 50 samples tested. The failure to comply with the SML(T) was accompanied by a number of visible surface effects including discolouration and/or pitting of the simulant contact surface and cracking of the articles. Similar surface effects were observed when one of the samples was exposed to fruit juice which confirmed the suitability of the exposure conditions and 3% acetic acid as a simulant for the articles tested. The ratio of specific migration to overall migration was consistent with, but did not prove, the hypothesis that high formaldehyde migration could be due to the use of excessive hexamethylenetetramine in the polymer formulation. All illegal products were voluntarily removed from the market by the product suppliers.
authors: Central Science Laboratory, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Sand Hutton, York, UK. e.bradley@csl.gov.uk
authors: E L
authors: EL
authors: Bradley
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Boughtflower
authors: T L
authors: TL
authors: Smith
authors: D R
authors: DR
authors: Speck
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Castle
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis; D004058:Diffusion; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D018857:Food Packaging; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000737:chemistry*; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000737:chemistry; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D012117:Resins, Synthetic; D014227:Triazines; D014867:Water; D005557:Formaldehyde; C011907:melamine; D019342:Acetic Acid