Lung cancer and indoor pollution from heating and cooking with solid fuels: the IARC international multicentre case-control study in Eastern/Central Europe and the United Kingdom.
Exposure to fuel from cooking and heating has not been studied in Europe, where lung cancer rates are high and many residents have had a long tradition of burning coal and unprocessed biomass. Study subjects included 2,861 cases and 3,118 controls recruited during 1998-2002 in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, and the United Kingdom. The odds ratio of lung cancer associated with solid fuel use was 1.22 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.44) for cooking or heating, 1.37 (95% CI: 0.90, 2.09) for solid fuel only for cooking, and 1.24 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.47) for solid fuels used for both cooking and heating. Risk increased relative to the percentage of time that solid fuel was used for cooking (p(trend) < 0.0001), while no risk increase was detected for solid fuel used for heating. The odds ratio of lung cancer in whole-life users of solid cooking fuel was 1.80 (95% CI: 1.35, 2.40). Switching to nonsolid fuels resulted in a decrease in risk. The odds ratio for the longest duration of time since switching was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.63, 0.92). The data suggest a modest increased risk of lung cancer related to solid-fuel use for cooking rather than heating.
Lissowska
Jolanta
J
Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention, Cancer Center and M. Sklodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland. lissowsj@coi.waw.pl
Bardin-Mikolajczak
Alicja
A
Fletcher
Tony
T
Zaridze
David
D
Szeszenia-Dabrowska
Neonila
N
Rudnai
Peter
P
Fabianova
Eleonora
E
Cassidy
Adrian
A
Mates
Dana
D
Holcatova
Ivana
I
Vitova
Vera
V
Janout
Vladimir
V
Mannetje
Andrea't
A
Brennan
Paul
P
Boffetta
Paolo
P
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003296:Cooking; D004522:Educational Status; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D006361:Heating; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
D005579:Fossil Fuels