title: [Cardiorenal syndrome in type 1 diabetes mellitus: the role of endothelial dysfunction].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the role of endothelial dysfunction in formation of cardiorenal syndrome in patients with type 1 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients with type 1 diabetes were divided according to severity of nephropathy into the following groups: with normal albuminuria (n=15), microalbuminuria (n=15), proteinuria (n=15), and chronic renal failure (n=15). Control group consisted of 15 healthy subjects of similar age and sex. Methods of investigation included assessment of brachial artery endothelium dependent dilation by duplex scanning during test with reactive hyperemia, measurement of levels of serum markers of endothelial dysfunction (endothelin-1, von-Willebrand factor), and inflammation (C-reactive protein), analysis of parameters of 24-hour blood pressure monitoring and echocardiography data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More severe diabetic nephropathy was associated with higher prevalence of cardiac pathology. Frequency of ischemic heart disease was 13 (2/15), 33 (5/15) and 53% (8/15), frequency of left ventricular concentric hypertrophy and remodeling - 33 (5/15), 40 (6/15) and 60% (9/15) among patients with microalbuminuria, proteinuria and chronic renal failure, respectively. Abnormalities of 24-hour blood pressure rhythm as well as signs of endothelial dysfunction were more pronounced in patients with more severe nephropathy. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between markers of endothelial dysfunction, parameters of renal function, blood pressure level and mass of left ventricular myocardium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with type 1 diabetes: endothelial dysfunction represents a link integrating processes of progression of nephropathy and development of cardiovascular pathology; close relationship between these processes constitutes a basis of cardiorenal syndrome; active search for cardiac pathology should be initiated on the stage of microalbuminuria.
authors: M V
authors: MV
authors: Shestakova
authors: I R
authors: IR
authors: Iarek-Martynova
authors: N S
authors: NS
authors: Ivanishina
authors: An A
authors: AA
authors: Aleksandrov
authors: I I
authors: II
authors: Dedov
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D013577:Syndrome; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology*; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019332:Endothelin-1; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D002097:C-Reactive Protein