title: Cognitive control under contingencies in anxious and depressed adolescents: an antisaccade task.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emotion-related perturbations in cognitive control characterize adult mood and anxiety disorders. Fewer data are available to confirm such deficits in youth. Studies of cognitive control and error processing can provide an ideal template to examine these perturbations. Antisaccade paradigms are particularly well suited for this endeavor because they provide exquisite behavioral measures of modulation of response errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A new monetary reward antisaccade task was used with 28 healthy, 11 anxious, and 12 depressed adolescents. Performance accuracy, saccade latency, and peak velocity of incorrect responses were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance accuracy across all groups was improved by incentives (obtain reward, avoid punishment). However, modulation of saccade errors by incentives differed by groups. In incentive trials relative to neutral trials, inhibitory efficiency (saccade latency) was enhanced in healthy, unaffected in depressed, and diminished in anxious adolescents. Modulation of errant actions (saccade peak velocity) was improved in the healthy group and unchanged in both the anxious and depressed groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide grounds for testing hypotheses related to the impact of motivation deficits and emotional interference on directed action in adolescents with mood and anxiety disorders. Furthermore, neural mechanisms can now be examined by using this task paired with functional neuroimaging.
authors: Section of Developmental and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Jazbec
authors: Erin
authors: E
authors: McClure
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Hardin
authors: Daniel S
authors: DS
authors: Pine
authors: Monique
authors: M
authors: Ernst
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000628:therapy*; D001245:Association Learning / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*