title: The lifetime prevalence, health services utilization and risk of suicide of bipolar spectrum subjects, including subthreshold categories in the São Paulo ECA study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identifying the bipolar (BP) spectrum, including the classic Bipolar I subtype (BP-I), Bipolar II (BP-II) and subthreshold bipolar disorders not meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria has raised growing interest, as these softer expressions of bipolar spectrum have been underdiagnosed in spite of clinical consequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are from the Sao Paulo Epidemiological Catchment Area Study (N=1464). Non-affective controls were compared to BP spectrum groups, based on DSM-IIIR and on the "clinical significance" criteria: Subsyndromal Hypomania (SSH) and Manic Symptoms (MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lifetime prevalence of BP subgroups was 8.3% (N=122). All BP-I and -II and around 75% of SSH and MS subjects had a lifetime depressive syndrome. Compared to controls and MS subjects, BP-I, BP-II and SSH groups searched more medical help and mental health services. SSH group displayed higher rates of clinical significance than BP-I subjects, and suicidality was higher in BP groups compared to controls. Even the softer MS group had higher rate of suicide attempts than SSH subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is a cross-sectional study and interviews were conducted by lay personnel. Replication in bigger community samples using a mood spectrum approach is necessary to confirm these findings. However, our findings were very similar to those obtained by other authors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Softer expressions of BP disorders appear in 6.6% of this community sample and have serious clinical consequences, which supports the importance of including these categories in the BP spectrum.
authors: Mood Disorders Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Rua Capote Valente, 423-Conj 35, 05409-001 São Paulo-SP, Brazil. dorismoreno@uol.com.br
authors: Doris Hupfeld
authors: DH
authors: Moreno
authors: Laura Helena
authors: LH
authors: Andrade
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013406:Suicide, Attempted