title: The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of pimecrolimus and tacrolimus for atopic eczema: a systematic review and economic evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To consider the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of pimecrolimus for mild to moderate atopic eczema and tacrolimus for moderate to severe atopic eczema compared with current standard treatment in adults and children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases. Experts and the manufacturers of these agents were also approached for information.
  
  
  METHODS
  The systematic review was carried out using standard methodological guidelines and a stringent quality assessment strategy. A state transition (Markov) model was developed to estimate cost--utility of tacrolimus and pimecrolimus separately, compared with current standard practice with topical corticosteroids, (a) as first-line treatment and (b) as second-line treatment. Pimecrolimus was also compared to emollients only.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pimecrolimus trial reports were of varying quality; however when compared with a placebo (emollient), pimecrolimus was found to be more effective and to provide quality of life improvements. There is very little evidence available about pimecrolimus compared with topical corticosteroids. Compared with a placebo (emollient), both 0.03% and 0.1% tacrolimus were found to be more effective. Compared with a mild corticosteroid, 0.03% tacrolimus is more effective in children as measured by a 90% or better improvement in the Physician's Global Evaluation (PGE). Compared with potent topical corticosteroids, no significant difference in effectiveness is seen with 0.1% tacrolimus as measured by a 75% or greater improvement in the PGE. Minor application site adverse effects are common with tacrolimus. However, this did not lead to increased rates of withdrawal from treatment in trial populations. The PenTag economic model demonstrates a large degree of uncertainty, which was explored in both deterministic and stochastic analyses. This is the case for the cost-effectiveness of pimecrolimus and tacrolimus in first- or second-line use compared with topical steroids. In all cases immunosuppressant regimes were estimated to be more costly than alternatives and differences in benefits to be small and subject to considerable uncertainty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is limited evidence from a small number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that pimecrolimus is more effective than placebo treatment in controlling mild to moderate atopic eczema. Although greater than for pimecrolimus, the evidence base for tacrolimus in moderate to severe atopic eczema is also limited. At both 0.1% and 0.03% potencies, tacrolimus appears to be more effective than the placebo treatment and mild topical corticosteroids. However, these are not the most clinically relevant comparators. Compared with potent topical corticosteroids, no significant difference was shown. Short-term adverse effects with both immunosuppressants are relatively common, but appear to be mild. Experience of long-term use of the agents is lacking so the risk of rare but serious adverse effects remains unknown. No conclusions can be confidently drawn about the cost-effectiveness of pimecrolimus or tacrolimus compared with active topical corticosteroid comparators. Areas for further research should focus on the effectiveness and safety of the treatments through good-quality RCTs and further economic analysis.
authors: Peninsula Technology Assessment Group (PenTAG), Peninsula Medical School, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, UK.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Garside
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Stein
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Castelnuovo
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Pitt
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Ashcroft
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Dimmock
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Payne
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004643:Emollients / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008390:Markov Chains; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D004643:Emollients; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; C117268:pimecrolimus; D016559:Tacrolimus