title: Assessment of adherence measures with different stimulants among children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine adherence measures with different stimulants in children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Texas Medicaid prescription claims database.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 9549 patients aged 5-18 years with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Paid prescription claims for newly started stimulants during the 2001-2002 school year were extracted from a database; 28,344 prescriptions (9549 patients) were available for analysis. Adherence was evaluated based on the drug therapy prescribed (i.e., mixed amphetamine salts, immediate-release methylphenidate, and extended-release methylphenidate-OROS [oral-osmotic formulation]) and the age and sex of the patient. Adherence measures were persistence and medication possession ratio (MPR). Persistence was higher for extended-release methylphenidate-OROS (0.50 +/- 0.33) than for mixed amphetamine salts (0.42 +/- 0.29) or immediate-release methylphenidate (0.37 +/- 0.26; p < 0.001). The MPR was also higher for extended-release methylphenidate-OROS (0.76 +/- 0.37) than for mixed amphetamine salts (0.73 +/- 0.37) or immediate-release methylphenidate (0.69 +/- 0.37; p < 0.001). Patients aged 5-9 years had equal or better persistence and MPR than those aged 10-14 and 15-18 years (p < 0.001). No sex-related differences in adherence were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adherence measures in our study were low. Although they were significantly better for extended-release methylphenidate-OROS than the other stimulants, the clinical significance of these differences are unclear. Further research should be conducted regarding pharmaceutical products, administration methods, and clinical interventions that may enhance adherence.
authors: College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin; Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
authors: Robert J
authors: RJ
authors: Sanchez
authors: M Lynn
authors: ML
authors: Crismon
authors: Jamie C
authors: JC
authors: Barner
authors: Tawny
authors: T
authors: Bettinger
authors: James P
authors: JP
authors: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000662:Amphetamines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D008774:Methylphenidate