title: Acute and chronic administration of disodium disuccinate astaxanthin (Cardax) produces marked cardioprotection in dog hearts.
abstract: Previous results from our laboratory have shown that a novel carotenoid derivative (disodium disuccinate astaxanthin; Cardax) produced dose-related reductions in myocardial infarct size (IS) in Sprague-Dawley rats when it was administered at any of three doses (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg, iv) on four consecutive days, followed by the acute infarct size study on day 5. Maximum salvage occurred at the highest dose (75 mg/kg) tested, and was shown as a 56% reduction in IS. In the present follow-up study, we used a more relevant large animal model, the dog, and looked at the effect of administering Cardax iv either acutely 2 h prior to occlusion (N = 8) or for 4 days at 50 mg/kg iv as previously done in the rat model (N = 6). The results were compared to a saline vehicle-treated group (N = 10). In all groups, dogs were subjected to 60 min of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery occlusion and 3 h of reperfusion. IS was determined using a triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTZ) histochemical stain and was expressed as a percent of the area at risk (IS/AAR). IS/AAR was 20.9 +/- 1.6 % (mean +/- S.E.M.) in controls and was reduced to 11.0 +/- 1.7% (47.3% salvage; p < 0.01) in dogs treated only once iv at 2 h prior to occlusion, and 6.6 +/- 2.8% (68.4% salvage; p < 0.001) in dogs treated for 4 days. In the chronic treatment group, two of the three dogs with plasma concentrations of non-esterified astaxanthin above 1 microM had 0% IS/AAR (100% cardioprotection). These results suggest that Cardax has marked cardioprotective properties in both rodents and canines. Thus, Cardax may be a novel and powerful new means to prevent myocardial injury and/or necrosis associated with elective and/or urgent cardiac surgical interventions such as coronary angioplasty and stenting, as well as coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG).
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors: Garrett J
authors: GJ
authors: Gross
authors: Samuel F
authors: SF
authors: Lockwood
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004285:Dogs; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013386:Succinates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D024341:Xanthophylls; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D013386:Succinates; D024341:Xanthophylls; C476770:succinic acid mono-(4-(18-(4-(3-carboxypropionyloxy)-2,6,6-trimethyl-3-oxocyclohex-1-enyl)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl)-3,5,5-trimethyl-2-oxocyclohex-3-enyl) ester; D019207:beta Carotene; C005948:astaxanthine