Impaired kidney growth in low-birth-weight children: distinct effects of maturity and weight for gestational age.
BACKGROUND
Low birth weight is an important risk factor for hypertension and unfavorable prognoses of a number of renal diseases. It is also associated with reduced kidney size and nephron number. A differentiation between the effects of low birth weight versus being born premature or small for gestational age has, however, not been addressed.


METHODS
The influence of weight for gestational age (percentage deviation from expected mean), gestational age, birth weight, and early diet on kidney growth was studied in 178 children born pre- or postmature and/or small or large for gestational age, comparing them to 717 mature children, birth weight appropriate for gestational age. Kidney size was determined by bilateral ultrasonography measuring length, width and depth, using the equation of an ellipsoid for volume calculation. The examinations were performed at 0, 3, and 18 months of age together with measurements of body weight, height, and skinfold thickness.


RESULTS
Weight for gestational age had a significant, positive effect on combined kidney volume at all three ages (0 months, P < 0.001; 3 months, P < 0.001; and 18 months, P < 0.001). A slight catch-up growth in kidney size was seen in the most growth-retarded infants (<10th percentile) between 0 and 18 months of age (mean Deltaz score(0-18 mo)=+0.22 SD) (P= 0.037). Premature children had smaller kidneys compared to mature at all ages (0 months, P= 0.001; 3 months, P= 0.007; and 18 months, P= 0.042), without any significant catch-up with age. Relative kidney volume was inversely correlated with weight for gestational age at birth (P= 0.007) but positively at 18 months (P= 0.008). Relative kidney growth 0 to 18 months was positively correlated to weight for gestational age (P= 0.013). Low birth weight was associated with impaired relative kidney growth in response to formula feeding.


CONCLUSIONS
Being small for gestational age is associated with small kidneys at birth and impaired kidney growth in early childhood. The present data suggest that intrauterine growth has a regulatory influence on nephron formation and renal function in humans reaching beyond the neonatal period.
Schmidt
Ida M
IM
University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. imschmidt@dadlnet.dk
Chellakooty
Marla
M
Boisen
Kirsten A
KA
Damgaard
Ida N
IN
Mau Kai
Claudia
C
Olgaard
Klaus
K
Main
Katharina M
KM
D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight / Q000254:growth & development*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development*; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D015430:Weight Gain