title: An anti-inflammatory and antioxidant nutritional supplement for hypoalbuminemic hemodialysis patients: a pilot/feasibility study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A low serum albumin concentration < 3.8 g/dL, a marker of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome, is observed in approximately half of all maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients in the United States and is strongly associated with increased mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that a novel oral nutritional intervention with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties taken during routine dialysis sessions is well tolerated and corrects hypoalbuminemia in MHD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  An outpatient dialysis facility affiliated with a tertiary care community medical center with six equally distributed hemodialysis shifts and 163 MHD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among all MHD outpatients of three selected HD shifts (n = 81 patients), 21 subjects had a serum albumin level < 3.8 g/dL. One patient who was hospitalized before the intervention was excluded. The other three dialysis shifts, with 82 MHD outpatients including 20 hypoalbuminemic subjects, were observed as concurrent controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  The nutritional intervention included one can of Oxepa and one can of Nepro to be taken together orally during each routine hemodialysis session for 4 weeks. Each can contains 237 mL fluid. Oxepa provides 355 calories and 14.8 g protein per can, includes maltodextrin, medium-chain triglycerides, borage oil, and refined and deodorized fish oil, and is designed for critically ill patients with inflammation and oxidative stress. Each can of Oxepa includes 1,020 mg gamma-linolenic acid, 3,100 mg caprylic acid, 1,080 mg eicosapentaenoic acid, 75 mg taurine, 2,840 IU vitamin A activity, 75 IU vitamin E, and 200 mg vitamin C. Nepro provides 475 calories and 16.7 g protein per can; includes high-oleic safflower oil, corn syrup solids, and fructo-oligosaccharides; and is tailored for the nutritional needs of MHD patients. Oxepa and Nepro also contain L-carnitine, 43 mg and 62 mg, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum albumin pretrial and posttrial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studied outpatients (12 men and 8 women) were aged 60.4 +/- 13.0 (SD) years. Three patients had started MHD treatment between 1.5 and 3 months before the intervention. Nine patients were diabetic. Preintervention serum albumin, 3.44 +/- 0.34 g/dL (mean +/- SD) increased to 3.68 +/- 0.34 g/dL (P = .001) 4 weeks after the start of the intervention. In 16 patients, serum albumin level increased by 0.2 to 1.3 g/dL, whereas in 4 patients the serum albumin level decreased by 0.2 to 0.6 g/dL. Three patients reported diarrhea, and one diabetic patient had increased serum glucose values. No other side effects were noted. In 20 control outpatients not receiving nutritional intervention, serum albumin did not change from 3.46 +/- 0.20 to 3.47 +/- 10.44 g/dL (P = .47).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In hypoalbuminemic MHD patients, a short-term in-center nutritional intervention with one can of Nepro and one can of Oxepa during HD is practical, convenient, well-tolerated, and associated with a significant increase in serum albumin level. Well-designed randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials are needed to verify the safety and effectiveness of this nutritional intervention and its impact on clinical outcome in hypoalbuminemic MHD patients.
authors: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Los Angeles Biomedical Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509-2910, USA. kamkal@ucla.edu
authors: Kamyar
authors: K
authors: Kalantar-Zadeh
authors: Amy
authors: A
authors: Braglia
authors: Joanne
authors: J
authors: Chow
authors: Osun
authors: O
authors: Kwon
authors: Noriko
authors: N
authors: Kuwae
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Colman
authors: David B
authors: DB
authors: Cockram
authors: Joel D
authors: JD
authors: Kopple
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005526:Food, Formulated; D006801:Humans; D034141:Hypoalbuminemia / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D010865:Pilot Projects; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D008903:Minerals; D012709:Serum Albumin; D014815:Vitamins; C082131:Ensure formulated food