title: Clinical characterization of breakthrough bacteraemia: a survey of 392 episodes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few data are available on the clinical features of patients who develop breakthrough bacteraemia, understood as positive blood cultures despite appropriate antibiotic therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the clinical significance and outcome of a large series of breakthrough bacteraemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two university-affiliated hospitals in Catalonia, Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 392 individuals who suffered an episode of breakthrough bacteraemia recorded between 1997 and 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic characteristics, underlying diseases, origin of infection, sources of infection, microorganisms isolated, McCabe and Jackson prognostic criteria, and mortality were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breakthrough bacteraemia was detected in 392 of 6324 (6.1%) episodes of bacteraemia. Eighty per cent of episodes were nosocomial. The most frequent source of infection in breakthrough bacteraemia was endovascular (70%). Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most significant microorganisms involved. Nosocomial acquisition together with selected sources (central venous catheter, endocarditis and other endovascular foci), underlying conditions (neutropenia, polytraumatism, allogenic bone marrow and kidney transplantation), and particular microbial aetiologies (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and polymicrobial) were independently associated with increased risk for developing breakthrough bacteraemia. Crude mortality rate was greater in patients with breakthrough bacteraemia (16% vs. 12.3%; P<0.05), and this condition was an independent predictor of death (OR 1.4, 95% CI, 1-1.9; P=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In view of a case of breakthrough bacteraemia it is mandatory to search for an endovascular focus. Empiric treatment should be directed to cover S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci and nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli. Breakthrough bacteraemia is an independent predictor of death.
authors: Servei de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain. jmld@comt.es
authors: M
authors: M
authors: López Dupla
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Martinez
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Vidal
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Almela
authors: J
authors: J
authors: López
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Marco
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Soriano
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Richart
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Mensa
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents