title: An investigation of the safety of oral calcium formate in dairy cows using clinical, biochemical and histopathological parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the safety of orally administered calcium formate in dairy cows fed adequate amounts of good quality pasture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve mixed-age pasture-fed lactating dairy cows were randomly allocated to three groups (n=4 cows/ group). Group 1 served as untreated controls. Group 2 was treated orally with 400 ml of 13.4% (w/w) calcium as calcium chloride gel, four times at approximately 12-h intervals. Group 3 was treated orally with 350 ml of 11.4 % (w/w) calcium as a 48.6% aqueous suspension of calcium formate, four times at approximately 12-h intervals. Cows grazed good quality autumn ryegrass and white clover pasture throughout the trial. All cows were examined clinically each evening and a blood sample collected. Cows were slaughtered 75 h after the last treatment and viscera examined visually for lesions. Samples from the mid-fundic area of the abomasum of each cow were collected for histopathological examination. Blood samples collected pre and 90-h post-first treatment were analysed for serum haptoglobin and pepsinogen concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No evidence of abnormality was detected by observation or clinical examination in any of the trial cows. Serum haptoglobin concentrations were basal for all groups pre-treatment and remained basal for Groups 1 and 3 post-treatment, but were elevated post-treatment for Group 2 (p=0.016). No differences in serum pepsinogen concentrations were detected between sampling times or treatment groups. One cow from Group 2 had several small (5 mm) abomasal ulcers present at necropsy. Another cow from the same group had histopathology suggestive of thrombosis and re-endothelialisation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral administration of calcium formate (350 ml of 48.6% aqueous suspension) administered on four occasions at 12-h intervals had no adverse effects on the four cows examined, and as such is considered a safe form of calcium supplementation in adult dairy cows.
authors: GlobalVet Ltd, PO Box 1502, Nelson, New Zealand. lachlan@globalvet.co.nz
authors: L H
authors: LH
authors: McIntyre
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: Weston