title: Differential and synergistic effects of platelet-derived growth factor-BB and transforming growth factor-beta1 on activated pancreatic stellate cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cytokines platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 are major factors influencing the transformation from the quiescent to the activated phenotype of pancreatic stellate cells (PSC), a process involved in the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis. Albeit much effort has been made to study the effects of PDGF and TGF-beta1 on PSCs, their interaction is still unclear, because these cytokines show both differential and synergistic effects as outlined by this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Culture-activated PSCs of rats were treated with PDGF-BB and TGF-beta1. Subsequent changes of cell proliferation and migration were determined by cell counting, (+)-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine enzyme-linked immunosarbant assay (ELISA), and migration assay. Gene expression, synthesis of proteins, and activation of kinases were further studied by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, real-time polymerase chain reaction, ELISA, and Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PDGF-BB increased PSC proliferation and migration, accompanied by elevated expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-13 and MMP-3. The mRNA amount of procollagen alpha2(I), alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, and TGF-beta1 was also increased by PDGF-BB. In contrast, PDGF-BB reduced collagen type I in culture medium and synthesis of alpha-SMA. Treatment of PSC with TGF-beta1 decreased proliferation, had no significant effect on migration and MMP expression, but increased expression and synthesis of procollagen alpha2(I) and alpha-SMA. Both cytokines induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 and p38, but only PDGF-BB activated the protein kinase B signaling pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PDGF-BB augments effects of TGF-beta1 on the mRNA level presumably because of up-regulation of TGF-beta1 synthesis and common signaling pathways of the 2 cytokines. However, at the protein level, PDGF-BB impairs typical TGF-beta1 effects such as increased synthesis of collagen (type I) and alpha-SMA. Moreover, PDGF-BB facilitates degradation of extracellular matrix proteins by enhancement of MMP synthesis, but MMP activity was probably limited because of elevated tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 expression.
authors: Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Claus
authors: C
authors: Kordes
authors: Stefanie
authors: S
authors: Brookmann
authors: Dieter
authors: D
authors: Häussinger
authors: Hanne
authors: H
authors: Klonowski-Stumpe
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077214:Becaplermin; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000235:genetics; D017364:Collagenases / Q000235:genetics; D004357:Drug Synergism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000235:genetics; D010179:Pancreas / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000235:genetics; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D000925:Anticoagulants; D024042:Collagen Type I; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C508962:Tgfb1 protein, rat; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D000077214:Becaplermin; D017364:Collagenases; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; C507083:Mmp13 protein, rat; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3