title: Genomic sequence correction by single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides: role of DNA synthesis and chemical modifications of the oligonucleotide ends.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Single-stranded oligonucleotides (ssODN) can induce site-specific genetic alterations in selected mammalian cells, but the involved mechanisms are not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  We corroborate the potential of genomic sequence correction by ssODN using chromosomally integrated mutated enhanced green fluorescent protein (mEGFP) reporter genes in CHO cell lines. The role of integration site was studied in a panel of cell clones with randomly integrated reporters and in cell lines with site-specific single copy integration of the mEGFP reporter in opposite orientations. Involvement of end modification was examined on ssODN with unprotected or phosphorothioate (PS) protected ends. Also ssODN containing octyl or hexaethylene glycol (HEG) end blocking groups were tested. The significance of DNA synthesis was investigated by cell cycle analysis and by the DNA polymerases alpha, delta and epsilon inhibitor aphidicolin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correction rates of up to 5% were observed upon a single transfection of ssODN. Independent of the mEGFP chromosomal integration site and of its orientation towards the replication fork, antisense ssODN were more effective than sense ssODN. When ssODN ends were blocked by either octyl or HEG groups, correction rates were reduced. Finally, we demonstrate a dependence of the process on DNA synthesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that, on a chromosomal level, the orientation of the replication fork towards the targeted locus is not central in the strand bias of ssODN-based targeted sequence correction. We demonstrate the importance of accessible ssODN ends for sequence alteration. Finally, we provide evidence for the involvement of DNA synthesis in the process.
authors: Department for Cellular and Genetic Therapy, Institute for Microbiology, Rikshospitalet, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
authors: Petter Angell
authors: PA
authors: Olsen
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Randøl
authors: Luisa
authors: L
authors: Luna
authors: Tom
authors: T
authors: Brown
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Krauss
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016590:Aphidicolin / Q000494:pharmacology; D001483:Base Sequence / Q000235:genetics*; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D017931:DNA Primers; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000235:genetics*; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed / Q000379:methods*; D015739:Nocodazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D009841:Oligonucleotides; C485184:enhanced green fluorescent protein; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D016590:Aphidicolin; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D015739:Nocodazole