title: Hyperemesis gravidarum, a literature review.
abstract: Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a condition causing severe nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy often resulting in hospital admission. The incidence of HG is approximately 0.5% of live births, said to be higher in multiple pregnancies, hydatidiform mole and other conditions associated with increased pregnancy hormone levels. Both the aetiology and pathogenesis of HG remain unknown. We conducted a literature review (1966-now) to summarize the current evidence on the aetiology and pathogenesis of HG. The potential role of pregnancy-related hormones such as progesterone, estrogen and HCG has been widely studied; however, various other hormones such as leptin, placental growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid and adrenal cortical hormones have been implicated in the aetiology of HG. In addition to endocrinological hypotheses, the rationale and evidence considering infectious, immunological, psychological, metabolic and anatomical causes for HG have been analysed here. Many studies suffer from the low number of patients included, the variable definition used for HG and varying assay methodology used in studies of hormone measurement. This review highlights the need for more extensive studies addressing the pathogenesis and aetiology of HG.
authors: Academic Unit of Reproductive Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, UK.
authors: M F G
authors: MF
authors: Verberg
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Gillott
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Al-Fardan
authors: J G
authors: JG
authors: Grudzinskas
mesh_terms: D000302:Adrenal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000097:blood; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D049630:Esophageal Sphincter, Lower / Q000378:metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000097:blood; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006939:Hyperemesis Gravidarum / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D004798:Enzymes; D004967:Estrogens; D020738:Leptin; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D014131:Trace Elements; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D011374:Progesterone; D011388:Prolactin