title: Socioeconomic factors and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma: a nationwide Swedish case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence in developed countries remains unexplained. Although low socioeconomic status (SES) is linked to an increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the relation with adenocarcinoma is uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We addressed the importance of various socioeconomic factors in a Swedish population-based case-control study, where 189 and 262 cases of esophageal adenocarcinoma and the gastric cardia, respectively, 167 cases of esophageal SCC, and 820 control participants underwent personal interviews. Our classification of SES was derived from occupational histories. Relative risks were estimated by odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), derived from conditional logistic regression, in crude and adjusted models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of both esophageal adenocarcinoma and SCC increased with decreasing SES; unskilled workers had 3.7-fold (95% CI, 1.7-7.7) and 2.1-fold (95% CI, 1.0-4.7) increased risks, respectively, compared with age- and sex-comparable professionals. Adjustment for reflux symptoms, body mass, and tobacco smoking attenuated the excess risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma, whereas adjustment for Helicobacter pylori infection in a subset of the interviewed participants did not influence the results. Life without a partner was associated with a >2-fold increased risk of both histologic types of esophageal cancer, associations that remained even after multiple adjustments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Esophageal adenocarcinoma and SCC are both linked to low SES and a life without a partner. These associations are only partly explained by established risk factors.
authors: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 281, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. catarina.jansson@meb.ki.se
authors: Catarina
authors: C
authors: Jansson
authors: Anna L V
authors: AL
authors: Johansson
authors: Olof
authors: O
authors: Nyrén
authors: Jesper
authors: J
authors: Lagergren
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000209:etiology*; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004522:Educational Status; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009790:Occupations; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012847:Single Person; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology