title: Resistance pattern and assessment of phenicol agents' minimum inhibitory concentration in multiple drug resistant Chryseobacterium isolates from fish and aquatic habitats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the susceptibility of Chryseobacterium isolates of fish and aquatic habitats to antimicrobial compounds. Special attention was paid to the resistance to chloramphenicol and florfenicol, a phenicol derivative recently licensed for use in veterinary medicine and fish farming.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-seven Chryseobacterium spp. isolates and reference strains, originating mainly from different aquatic habitats, were tested using the disk-diffusion method. In addition, agar dilution was used for assessing minimum inhibitory concentration of chloramphenicol and florfenicol. In spite of (i) conditions that hampered properly standardized experiments and (ii) the heterogeneity of the isolates resulting in some aberrant values in diffusion, correlation between the two methods was confirmed. Most of the isolates exhibited considerable multiresistance to most antimicrobial drug families, and many were clearly resistant to phenicols. Molecular investigations conducted on 10 strains selected for high resistance to florfenicol did not establish the existence of floR or cmlA genes currently reported in the literature as responsible for florfenicol resistance. Nevertheless, when an efflux pump inhibitor, phenyl-arginin-beta-naphthylamide, was combined with diffusion tests, drug susceptibility to florfenicol was restored, suggesting that Chryseobacterium's resistance to this molecule is under the control of efflux mechanisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Constitutive multiresistance to antibiotics is common in chryseobacteria isolated from the aquatic environment. Although no gene related to the floR family could be detected, efflux mechanisms could partly support the resistance to phenicols.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results explain the difficulty of treatment and clearly reflect the properties previously reported in Chryseobacterium isolates of human origin. Because several species have been involved in opportunistic infections in humans, the possible role of aquatic organisms as a source of infection should be considered.
authors: Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas, Jouy-en-Josas, France. christian.michel@jouy.inra.fr
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Michel
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Matte-Tailliez
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Kerouault
authors: J-F
authors: JF
authors: Bernardet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015139:Blotting, Southern / Q000379:methods; D002701:Chloramphenicol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045247:Chryseobacterium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D017753:Ecosystem; D005399:Fishes / Q000382:microbiology*; D005784:Gene Amplification / Q000235:genetics; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D013839:Thiamphenicol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004151:Dipeptides; C419365:phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide; D002701:Chloramphenicol; C035534:florfenicol; D013839:Thiamphenicol