title: Long-term anticoagulation therapy and thromboembolic complications after the Fontan procedure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The necessity for chronic anticoagulation of Fontan patients remains controversial. We determined the prevalence of thromboembolic complications after the Fontan procedure in relation to different long-term anticoagulation strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical outcomes, postoperative anticoagulation strategies and occurrence of thromboembolic complications in 102 ethnic Chinese patients who had undergone Fontan procedure between 1980 and 2002 were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The early and late surgical mortalities, all unrelated to thromboembolism, were 10.8% (11/102) and 5.8% (6/104), respectively. Of the 85 survivors, 46 (54%) were maintained on long-term warfarin therapy, 8 (9%) on aspirin prophylaxis while 31 (37%) were not on chronic anticoagulation. Four (4.5%) patients, two with and two without warfarin prophylaxis, developed thromboembolic complications at 0.14 to 7.7 years after the Fontan procedure (0.74%/patient-year). Three had a grossly dilated right atrium after atriopulmonary connection, two of whom had atrial fenestrations. The other had atrial tachycardia. Freedom from development of thromboembolic complications (mean+/-S.E.) at 1, 5 and 10 years after surgery was 97+/-19%, 96+/-2.5% and 92+/-4.2%, respectively. When compared with those on long-term warfarin therapy, patients without chronic anticoagulation were followed-up longer (p=0.001), more likely to have undergone atriopulmonary connection (p<0.001), less likely to have fenestrations (p=0.02) and cardiac arrhythmias (p=0.02) but not predisposed to increased risk of thromboembolism (p=1.00).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study supports the contention that chronic anticoagulation may not be required for majority of ethnic Chinese Fontan patients. Nonetheless, it may perhaps be considered in those with grossly dilated right atrium, cardiac arrhythmias and residual right-to-left shunts.
authors: Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Grantham Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Aberdeen, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. xfcheung@hkucc.hku.hk
authors: Y F
authors: YF
authors: Cheung
authors: George W
authors: GW
authors: Chay
authors: Clement S W
authors: CS
authors: Chiu
authors: L C
authors: LC
authors: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin