title: Cortisol production rates in preterm infants in relation to growth and illness: a noninvasive prospective study using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whereas intrauterine growth and maturation depend on low cortisol levels, an adrenal stress response postnatally is thought to be mandatory in preterm infants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to determine cortisol production rates (CPRs) in preterm infants during early life with extreme illness and, thereafter, during extrauterine growth and maturation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe a longitudinal observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at a university neonatal intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen well (27.9 +/- 1.8 wk) and 44 ill (27.3 +/- 1.6 wk) preterm infants were classified by the Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology. Glucocorticoid metabolites were profiled by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in 24-h urinary samples. Urine was collected noninvasively using cellulose nappies and extracted by hydraulic press.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medians of CPRs (microg kg(-1) d(-1) mg creatinine) in ill (well) preterm infants were as follows: at d 1, 35 (40); d 2, 35 (40); d 3, 48 (53); d 5, 47 (41); wk 2, 72 (48); wk 3, 73 (37); wk 4, 54 (26). Regression analysis revealed a significant inverse influence of gestational age (P < 0.005) on the maximum of CPRs but not of severity of illness (Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology; P = 0.72). A mature adrenal response was found in only 12 of 44 (27%) ill preterm infants, who had CPRs higher than the 3-fold median of CPRs of well infants. This mature adrenal response was associated with a significantly higher incidence of cerebral bleeding: 9 of 12 (75%) vs. 8 of 32 (25%) without such a response (P = 0.003). During growth, CPRs of ill (well) preterm infants decreased: at month 2, 30 (18); month 3, 18 (22); correlation between weight gain and decrease of CPRs in ill infants between wk 4 and month 3, r = -0.48 (P = 0.027).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severity of illness did not have a significant influence on CPRs in preterm infants. However, the highest CPRs were associated with a significantly higher incidence of cerebral bleeding. During growth, CPRs decreased significantly, suggesting that preterm infants have the ability to regulate cortisol production. CPRs in ill preterm infants might reflect inadequate stress reaction, but this could also reveal persistence of fetal protective mechanisms against high catabolic cortisol concentrations.
authors: Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Justus Liebig University, 35385 Giessen, Germany. Matthias.Heckmann@paediat.med.uni-giessen.de
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Heckmann
authors: Michaela F
authors: MF
authors: Hartmann
authors: Birgit
authors: B
authors: Kampschulte
authors: Heike
authors: H
authors: Gack
authors: Rolf-Hasso
authors: RH
authors: Bödeker
authors: Ludwig
authors: L
authors: Gortner
authors: Stefan A
authors: SA
authors: Wudy
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000502:physiology; D002585:Cesarean Section; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006128:Growth / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000378:metabolism*; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D007700:Kinetics; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone