title: Diversity, divergence, and evolution of cell-free human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vaginal secretions and blood of chronically infected women: associations with immune status.
abstract: Most human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections are believed to be the result of exposure to the virus in genital secretions. However, prevention and therapeutic strategies are usually based on characterizations of HIV-1 in blood. To understand better the dynamics between HIV-1 quasispecies in the genital tract and blood, we performed heteroduplex assays on amplified env products from cell-free viral RNA in paired vaginal secretion (VS) and blood plasma (BP) samples of 14 women followed for 1.5 to 3.5 years. Diversity and divergence were less in VS than in BP (P = 0.03 and P < 0.01, respectively), and divergence at both sites was correlated with blood CD4(+) cell levels (VS, P = 0.05; BP, P = 0.01). Evolution of quasispecies was observed in 58% of the women; the loss or gain of quasispecies in VS or BP was always accompanied by such changes at the other site. In addition, sustained compartmentalization of quasispecies in VS was found for four women, even as CD4(+) cell levels decreased to low levels (<50 cells/microl). Quasispecies changes over time were associated with fluctuations in CD4(+) cell levels; concordant increases or decreases in VS and BP divergence had greater CD4(+) cell level changes than intervals with discordant changes (P = 0.05), and women with evolving quasispecies had greater decreases in CD4(+) cell levels compared to that for women who maintained the same quasispecies (P < 0.05). Thus, diversity, divergence, and evolution of cell-free HIV-1 in VS can be different from that in BP, and dynamics between their respective quasispecies are associated with changes in CD4(+) cell levels.
authors: HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors: Sharon T
authors: ST
authors: Sullivan
authors: Usha
authors: U
authors: Mandava
authors: Tammy
authors: T
authors: Evans-Strickfaden
authors: Jeffrey L
authors: JL
authors: Lennox
authors: Tedd V
authors: TV
authors: Ellerbrock
authors: Clyde E
authors: CE
authors: Hart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005075:Biological Evolution; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D015686:Gene Products, env / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D020180:Heteroduplex Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D014621:Vagina / Q000821:virology*; D044364:Vaginal Douching; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D015686:Gene Products, env; D012367:RNA, Viral