Predictors of depression in very young children--a prospective study.
BACKGROUND
There have been only a few previous population-based studies of symptoms of depression in young children. There are no previous population-based studies which examine the factors which might be casually associated with depression in very young children.


METHODS
Data are from a cohort study of pregnant women who gave birth to a live singleton baby in a large public hospital in Brisbane, Australia. The Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) involves a 5-year follow-up, with mothers completing a short form of Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) describing the mental health of their child. Five groups of variables (socio-demographic, pre- and perinatal, maternal mental health, maternal lifestyle and maternal attitude to the child) were used to predict CBCL depression scores at the 5-year follow-up.


RESULTS
There are many factors associated with maternal reports of symptoms of depression in 5-year-old children. These include marital partner changes, mother's health problems in pregnancy, child health over the first six months of life, maternal anxiety and marital satisfaction early in the child's development and the mother's attitude towards caregiving. A multiple risk factor model indicates higher rates of depression for children experiencing multiple exposures to risk. While a number of exposures are associated with increased risk, many of those children perceived to be depressed appear to lack any measured exposures.


CONCLUSIONS
Many children as young as 5 years of age are observed to experience multiple symptoms of depression. The majority of children exposed to high levels of risk do not appear to become depressed; they appear to be resilient. The majority of children who experience multiple symptoms of depression appear to lack any known exposures to risk.
Najman
Jake M
JM
School of Population Health, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
Hallam
Dorothy
D
Bor
W Bill
WB
O'Callaghan
Michael
M
Williams
Gail M
GM
Shuttlewood
Greg
G
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D015984:Causality; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D011793:Queensland; D012307:Risk Factors