title: Synergistic endocrine induction by GLP-1 and TGF-beta in the developing pancreas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is known to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin production and secretion by pancreatic beta-cells. Preliminary evidence suggests that GLP-1 may also influence endocrine differentiation from pancreatic progenitor cells. Additionally, TGF-beta signaling can also control endocrine differentiation by both inhibiting proliferation and enhancing differentiation of endocrine progenitor cells to become mature beta-cells. Here we document synergy of these two signaling pathways in the differentiation of endocrine cells in the developing pancreas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Embryonic pancreas was harvested from mice at day 11.5 and cultured for six days with GLP-1 agonist, exendin-4, and/or TGF-beta1 ligand. Also, a pan-neutralizing TGF-beta isoform antibody was used alone or with exendin-4 to study TGF-beta inhibition in this system. Pancreatic cultures were processed for immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exogenous TGF-beta1 and exendin-4 each individually enhanced both insulin and glucagon differentiation dose-dependently. However, when combined there was an additive effect to a 4.5-fold increase in insulin-positive differentiation. We also saw suppression of amylase-positive differentiation. Surprisingly, TGF-beta pan-neutralizing antibody also gave an augmentation of endocrine differentiation by 1.5 to 2-fold, but no synergistic effect was seen with exendin-4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that TGF-beta isoforms have a specific synergistic role with GLP-1 pathway signaling in early pancreatic development, toward endocrine differentiation and away from acinar differentiation.
authors: Laboratory of Surgical Organogenesis, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors: Eri
authors: E
authors: Tei
authors: Sheilendra
authors: S
authors: Mehta
authors: Sidhartha S
authors: SS
authors: Tulachan
authors: Hooi
authors: H
authors: Yew
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Hembree
authors: Barry
authors: B
authors: Preuett
authors: Charles L
authors: CL
authors: Snyder
authors: Atsuyuki
authors: A
authors: Yamataka
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Miyano
authors: George K
authors: GK
authors: Gittes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004357:Drug Synergism; D000077270:Exenatide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000819:agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D046790:Pancreas, Exocrine / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014688:Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D010455:Peptides; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014688:Venoms; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D000077270:Exenatide