title: Laparoscopic nephrectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present our experience of laparoscopic nephrectomy or nephroureterectomy performed over a 4-year period in terms of feasibility and complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 103 patients (58 females, 45 males; median age 58 years) underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy or nephroureterectomy between 1 October 1999 and 1 October 2003. The indications were renal cell cancer (n = 39), transitional cell cancer (n = 23), end-stage pyelonephritis (n = 26), end-stage hydronephrosis (n = 11) and renovascular hypertension (n = 4). Ninety-eight patients were operated on transperitoneally and five retroperitoneally. All procedures were done in the lateral position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven procedures had to be converted to open procedures for the following reasons: poor visualization of the renal hilum (n = 5); bleeding from a splenic laceration (n = 1); and difficulty finding the kidney via a retroperitoneal approach (n = 1). The median operating time was 190 min, which decreased with experience. The median blood loss was 150 ml. There were two major complications (one small bowel perforation and one port-site herniation, both necessitating re-exploration) and seven minor complications (five infections, one case of temporary hip pain and one of surgical emphysema). Conclusions. Laparoscopic nephrectomy is a technically demanding procedure with the risk of serious complications, especially in the initial learning phase. However, after gaining experience the procedure can be performed with an acceptable operating time, minimal morbidity and a short hospital stay. Laparoscopic nephrectomy should be the standard procedure in most cases, both malignant and benign, with the possible exception of tumours > 10 cm. In order to expand the use of the technique, it is important to focus specifically on laparoscopic training in the education of trainee urologists.
authors: Department of Urology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark. eup@aas.nja.dk
authors: Ejvind U
authors: EU
authors: Poulsen
authors: Ben
authors: B
authors: Eddy
authors: Johan
authors: J
authors: Poulsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome