title: Trans-Tenon's retrobulbar triamcinolone acetonide infusion for refractory diabetic macular edema after vitrectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of trans-Tenon's retrobulbar triamcinolone acetonide (TA) infusion for the treatment of refractory diabetic macular edema (DME) after vitrectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  After topical anesthesia, 20 eyes from 20 patients with persistent DME after pars plana vitrectomy were treated with trans-Tenon's retrobulbar infusion of 40 mg TA through an inferotemporal approach. The mean duration (+/-SD) between vitrectomy and trans-Tenon's retrobulbar TA infusion was 11.4+/-7.9 months. The mean follow-up period (+/-SD) after trans-Tenon's retrobulbar TA infusion was 13.3+/-2.8 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1 week after trans-Tenon's retrobulbar TA infusion, the mean central retinal thickness (+/-SD) measured by optical coherence tomography was 381+/-99 mum, which was a statistically significant decrease in comparison with the preoperative thickness (555+/-112 mum) (P<0.001). Additional trans-Tenon's retrobulbar TA infusions were performed in ten eyes (50%), due to the recurrence of DME at 6.6+/-3.0 months after the first TA infusion. At the final examination, macular edema resolved in 13 (65%), improved in four (20%), and remained unchanged in three (15%) of the 20 eyes. At 1 month after trans-Tenon's retrobulbar TA infusion, the mean laser flare value (+/-SD) was 9.6+/-3.0 photon/ms, which was a statistically significant decrease in comparison with the preoperative value (15.5+/-5.9 photon/ms) (P<0.01). Furthermore, in ten eyes (50%) with recurrent DME, re-elevated laser flare values were observed prior to the recurrence of DME. The final best-corrected Snellen visual acuity improved by two or more lines in nine eyes (45%), and remained unchanged in 11 eyes (55.0%). IOP elevation equal to or higher than 21 mmHg was observed in three (15%) of the 20 eyes with TA infusion, and was controlled by topical medications. No other injection-related complications were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trans-Tenon's retrobulbar TA infusion is an effective and safe method for the treatment of refractory DME, which is present even after vitrectomy.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan.
authors: Tomoyo
authors: T
authors: Koga
authors: Yuki
authors: Y
authors: Mawatari
authors: Junko
authors: J
authors: Inumaru
authors: Mikiko
authors: M
authors: Fukushima
authors: Hidenobu
authors: H
authors: Tanihara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014821:Vitrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014823:Vitreous Hemorrhage / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide