title: Functional electrical stimulation for neuromuscular applications.
abstract: Paralyzed or paretic muscles can be made to contract by applying electrical currents to the intact peripheral motor nerves innervating them. When electrically elicited muscle contractions are coordinated in a manner that provides function, the technique is termed functional electrical stimulation (FES). In more than 40 years of FES research, principles for safe stimulation of neuromuscular tissue have been established, and methods for modulating the strength of electrically induced muscle contractions have been discovered. FES systems have been developed for restoring function in the upper extremity, lower extremity, bladder and bowel, and respiratory system. Some of these neuroprostheses have become commercialized products, and others are available in clinical research settings. Technological developments are expected to produce new systems that have no external components, are expandable to multiple applications, are upgradable to new advances, and are controlled by a combination of signals, including biopotential signals from nerve, muscle, and the brain.
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. pxp2@case.edu
authors: P Hunter
authors: PH
authors: Peckham
authors: Jayme S
authors: JS
authors: Knutson
mesh_terms: D001698:Biomedical Engineering; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D010243:Paralysis / Q000628:therapy*; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000473:pathology; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012137:Respiratory System; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D020521:Stroke / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000628:therapy