title: Use of quantitative two-dimensional color tissue Doppler imaging for assessment of left ventricular radial and longitudinal myocardial velocities in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine left ventricular free wall (LVFW) radial and longitudinal myocardial contraction velocities in healthy dogs via quantitative 2-dimensional color tissue Doppler imaging (TDI).
  
  
  METHODS
  100 dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  TDI was used by a single trained observer to measure radial and longitudinal myocardial movement in the LVFW. Radial myocardial velocities were recorded in segments in the endocardial and epicardial layers of the LVFW, and longitudinal velocities were recorded in segments at 3 levels (basal, middle, apical) of the LVFW.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LVFW velocities were higher in the endocardial layers than in the epicardial layers. Left ventricular free wall velocities were higher in the basal segments than in the middle and apical segments. Radial myocardial velocity gradients, defined as the difference between endocardial and epicardial velocities, were (mean +/- SD) 2.5 +/- 0.8 cm/s, 3.8 +/- 1.5 cm/s, and 2.3 +/- 0.9 cm/s in systole, early diastole, and late diastole, respectively. Longitudinal myocardial velocity gradients, defined as the difference between basal and apical velocities, were 5.9 +/- 2.2 cm/s, 6.9 +/- 2.5 cm/s, and 4.9 +/- 1.7 cm/s in systole, early diastole, and late diastole, respectively. A breed effect was detected for several systolic and diastolic TDI variables. In all segments, systolic velocities were independent of fractional shortening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LVFW myocardial velocities decreased from the endocardium to the epicardium and from base to apex, thus revealing intramyocardial radial and longitudinal velocity gradients. These indices could enhance conventional echocardiographic analysis of left ventricular function in dogs. Breed-specific reference intervals should be defined.
authors: Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors: Valerie
authors: V
authors: Chetboul
authors: Carolina Carlos
authors: CC
authors: Sampedrano
authors: Didier
authors: D
authors: Concordet
authors: Renaud
authors: R
authors: Tissier
authors: Thierry
authors: T
authors: Lamour
authors: Jacques
authors: J
authors: Ginesta
authors: Vassiliki
authors: V
authors: Gouni
authors: Audrey P
authors: AP
authors: Nicolle
authors: Jean-Louis
authors: JL
authors: Pouchelon
authors: Hervé P
authors: HP
authors: Lefebvre
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology / Q000662:veterinary; D001835:Body Weight; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000662:veterinary*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*