title: Toll-like receptor 2 expression is decreased on alveolar macrophages in cigarette smokers and COPD patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoke exposure including biologically active lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the particulate phase of cigarette smoke induces activation of alveolar macrophages (AM) and alveolar epithelial cells leading to production of inflammatory mediators. This represents a crucial mechanism in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respiratory pathogens are a major cause of exacerbations leading to recurrent cycles of injury and repair. The interaction between pathogen-associated molecular patterns and the host is mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRR's). In the present study we characterized the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)- 2, TLR4 and CD14 on human AM compared to autologous monocytes obtained from patients with COPD, healthy smokers and non-smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 14 COPD patients without evidence for acute exacerbation, 10 healthy smokers and 17 healthy non-smokers stratified according to age. The expression of TLR2, TLR4 and CD14 surface molecules on human AM compared to autologous monocytes was assessed ex vivo using FACS analysis. In situ hybridization was performed on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells by application of the new developed HOPE-fixative.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of TLR2, TLR4 and CD14 on AM from COPD patients, smokers and non-smokers was reduced as compared to autologous monocytes. Comparing AM we detected a reduced expression of TLR2 in COPD patients and smokers. In addition TLR2 mRNA and protein expression was increased after LPS stimulation on non-smokers AM in contrast to smokers and COPD patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest a smoke related change in the phenotype of AM's and the cellular response to microbial stimulation which may be associated with impairment of host defenses in the lower respiratory tract.
authors: Medical Clinic, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany. ddroemann@fz-borstel.de
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Droemann
authors: Torsten
authors: T
authors: Goldmann
authors: Thorsten
authors: T
authors: Tiedje
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Zabel
authors: Klaus
authors: K
authors: Dalhoff
authors: Bernhard
authors: B
authors: Schaaf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D012907:Smoking / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000276:immunology*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4