title: Sodium butyrate sensitizes human glioma cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis through inhibition of Cdc2 and the subsequent downregulation of survivin and XIAP.
abstract: In TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-resistant glioma cells, co-treatment with nontoxic doses of sodium butyrate and TRAIL resulted in a marked increase of TRAIL-induced apoptosis. This combined treatment was also cytotoxic to glioma cells overexpressing Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL, but not to normal human astrocytes, thus offering an attractive strategy for safely treating resistant gliomas. Cotreatment with sodium butyrate facilitated completion of proteolytic processing of procaspase-3 that was partially blocked by treatment with TRAIL alone. We also found that treatment with sodium butyrate significantly decreased the protein levels of survivin and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), two major caspase inhibitors. Overexpression of survivin and XIAP attenuated sodium butyrate-stimulated TRAIL-induced apoptosis, suggesting its involvement in conferring TRAIL resistance to glioma cells. Furthermore, the kinase activities of Cdc2 and Cdk2 were significantly decreased following sodium butyrate treatment, accompanying downregulation of cyclin A and cyclin B, as well as upregulation of p21. Forced expression of Cdc2 plus cyclin B, but not Cdk2 plus cyclin A, attenuated sodium butyrate/TRAIL-induced apoptosis, overriding sodium butyrate-mediated downregulation of survivin and XIAP. Therefore, Cdc2-mediated downregulation of survivin and XIAP by sodium butyrate may contribute to the recovery of TRAIL sensitivity in glioma cells.
authors: Institute for Medical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Wonchon-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, South Korea.
authors: Eun Hee
authors: EH
authors: Kim
authors: Hee Sue
authors: HS
authors: Kim
authors: Seung U
authors: SU
authors: Kim
authors: Eun Joo
authors: EJ
authors: Noh
authors: Jong-Soo
authors: JS
authors: Lee
authors: Kyeong Sook
authors: KS
authors: Choi
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology; D001483:Base Sequence; D020148:Butyric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D017931:DNA Primers; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000502:physiology*; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000077022:Survivin; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology*; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C107489:BIRC5 protein, human; D017931:DNA Primers; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D000077022:Survivin; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; C496866:XIAP protein, human; D020148:Butyric Acid; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2