title: Dietary levels of all-trans retinol affect retinoid nuclear receptor expression and skeletal development in European sea bass larvae.
abstract: European sea bass larvae were fed different dietary vitamin A levels. Growth, skeletal development and the expression of genes involved in larval morphogenesis were evaluated. From 7 to 42 d post-hatching, larvae were fed five isoproteic and isolipidic compound diets with graded levels of retinyl acetate (RA; RA0, RA10, RA50, RA250 and RA1000, containing 0, 10, 50, 250 and 1000 mg RA/kg DM, respectively), resulting in an incorporation of 12, 13, 31, 62 and 196 mg all-trans retinol/kg DM. Larvae fed extreme levels of RA had weights 19 % and 27 % lower than those of the RA50 group. The RA1000 diet induced a fall in growth with an increase of circulating and storage retinol forms in larvae, revealing hypervitaminosis. High levels of RA affected maturation of the pancreas and intestine. These data indicated that the optimal RA level was close to 31 mg/kg DM. Inappropriate levels of dietary RA resulted in an alteration of head organisation characterised by the abnormal development of the splanchnocranium and neurocranium, and scoliotic fish. Of the larvae fed RA1000, 78.8 % exhibited skeletal abnormalities, whereas the RA50 group presented with 25 % malformations. A linear correlation between vitamin A level and malformation percentage was observed and mainly associated with an upregulation of retinoic acid receptor-gamma expression in the RA1000 group during the 2 first weeks after hatching. The expression of retinoid X receptor-alpha decreased during normal larval development when that of the retinoic acid receptors increased. This work highlights the involvement of retinoid pathways in the appearance of dietary-induced skeletal malformations during post-hatching development in sea bass.
authors: Unité Mixte de Nutrition des Poissons IFREMER-INRA, IFREMER, Plouzané, France. lvillene@ifremer.fr
authors: Laure
authors: L
authors: Villeneuve
authors: Enric
authors: E
authors: Gisbert
authors: Hervé
authors: H
authors: Le Delliou
authors: Chantal L
authors: CL
authors: Cahu
authors: Jose L
authors: JL
authors: Zambonino-Infante
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000626:Aminopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001492:Bass / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities*; D004032:Diet; D004224:Diterpenes; D005787:Gene Frequency; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D047490:Retinoid X Receptor alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D014357:Trypsin / Q000378:metabolism; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000520:alpha-Glucosidases / Q000378:metabolism; D000097768:Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma
chemical_list: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000626:Aminopeptidases; D000975:Antioxidants; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D004224:Diterpenes; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047490:Retinoid X Receptor alpha; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D014357:Trypsin; D014801:Vitamin A; D000520:alpha-Glucosidases; D000097768:Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma; C014794:retinol palmitate