title: Are nursing home patients with dementia diagnosis at increased risk for inadequate pain treatment?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mentally impaired and demented nursing home patients are at increased risk of undertreatment for pain. We wanted to examine pain assessment and complaints and pain treatment of nursing home patients according to mental state, and with special regard to treatment of patients with dementia diagnosis and cognitively impaired patients who did not have a dementia diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional study from three nursing homes in Bergen, Norway including 125 persons (median age 84 years), living permanently in a nursing home. Diagnoses and prescribed and administered analgesic drugs were recorded. An experienced nurse interviewed nurses in charge and patients regarding presence of pain during the last week. Patients who were able to answer whether they had experienced pain during the last week were categorised as communicative. Cognitive function was assessed by means of the Abbreviated Mental Test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen percent of the patients were cognitively intact, 30% cognitively impaired and 54% had a dementia diagnosis. Forty-seven percent of communicative patients complained of pain, nurses reported pain in 67% patients. Twenty-nine percent of the patients had received scheduled analgesics during the last week, cognitively intact patients 38%, cognitively impaired 30%, demented 25% (p = 0.53). Twenty percent were given analgesics PRN: cognitively intact patients 33%, cognitively impaired 27%, demented 12% (p = 0.05). Logistic regression analyses revealed that patients with dementia diagnosis were less likely to receive PRN medication [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.22 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.06-0.76] compared to mentally impaired patients. Regarding scheduled medication there was no difference between the groups. Nurses' opinion of pain was a significant factor for receiving analgesic drugs, scheduled AOR 3.95 95% CI 1.48-10.5, PRN 3.80-95% CI 1.28-11.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A label of dementia may bias the interpretation of pain cues of demented patients, while complaints from cognitively impaired patients may be taken for granted. This may contribute to lower use of PRN medication in demented patients compared to cognitively impaired patients.
authors: Section for Geriatric Medicine, Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Norway. harald.nygaard@isf.uib.no
authors: Harald A
authors: HA
authors: Nygaard
authors: Marit
authors: M
authors: Jarland
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000082:Acetaminophen