title: Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor is a secreted cytokine-like protein from the human amniotic epithelium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor is a secreted cytokine in the human amnion and to study its chemotaxic and antiapoptotic properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor secretion was studied from amniotic epithelial-like WISH cells and primary amniotic epithelial cells that were seeded on squares of immobilon-P membrane and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or tumor necrosis factor-alpha, respectively. The pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor protein was detected both intracellularly and after secretion, as bound to the membrane, by immunostaining and densitometry. Medium and cell lysates that were obtained from WISH cells that were treated with lipopolysaccharide alone or together with a pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor antisense oligonucleotide to block pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor translation were also analyzed for secreted pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor by Western blotting and densitometry. A chemotaxic effect of pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor on human neutrophils was compared with the chemoattractants interleukin-8 and N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe methyl ester in a rapid fluorescence-based neutrophil migration assay. Apoptosis was induced in primary amniotic epithelial cells and fibroblasts by actinomycin D (1 microg/mL); the antiapoptotic effects of pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor on early apoptosis were measured by the annexin V assay, and the late effects were determined by measurement of nuclear matrix protein in the media.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of amnion cells that adhered to immobilon-P membrane to induce the secretion of pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor showed significantly (P<.05) more pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor protein surrounding the cells compared with the controls. Although the addition of lipopolysaccharide to cultured WISH cells caused the secretion of pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor into the medium, co-treatment with an antisense oligonucleotide to pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor obliterated it. Analysis of the cell lysates showed no significant change, which suggests that most of the pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor protein had been secreted. No significant chemotaxic effects of pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor were observed; however, pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor treatment (100 ng/mL), together with actinomycin D, cancelled the early induction of apoptosis, although there was a dose-dependent and significant late antiapoptotic effect on primary amnion epithelial cells (P<.001) and fibroblasts (P<.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor is a secreted protein from amniotic epithelial cells. Although it had no chemotaxic effects, it was antiapoptotic for both amniotic epithelial cells and fibroblasts and may protect these cells against apoptosis that is induced by chronic distension, labor, or infection.
authors: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96822, USA.
authors: Simona
authors: S
authors: Ognjanovic
authors: Tercia L
authors: TL
authors: Ku
authors: Gillian D
authors: GD
authors: Bryant-Greenwood
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase; D020320:Oligoribonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D020320:Oligoribonucleotides, Antisense; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase; C085455:nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, human