title: Limonene, a citrus extract, for control of mealybugs and scale insects.
abstract: In a series of bioassays with mealybugs, aqueous solutions of 1% limonene were tested that used from 0.50 to 1.50% all purpose spray adjuvant (APSA)-80 as an emulsifier/surfactant. The two ingredients were added to water or to 0.1% Silwet L-77, an agricultural surfactant. Using 1% limonene, 0.75% APSA-80 and 0.1% Silwet L-77, a semitransparent mixture (primarily a microemulsion) was obtained that was safe for most plants and provided good control of mealybugs when sprayed or used in 1-min dips. Used at half strength, this mixture controlled > or =99% of whiteflies, whereas the full-strength mixture controlled from 69 to 100% of mealybugs and scales, including > or =93% control of root mealybugs. In side-by-side greenhouse tests, this mixture was superior to a 2% solution of insecticidal soap or a 2% solution of horticultural spray oil. Mortality of green scales on potted gardenia plants averaged 95, 89, and 88% on plants sprayed with limonene, insecticidal soap, or horticultural oil, respectively. In a related test, these same sprays killed 44.1, 22.7, or 12.5% of third and fourth instar clustering mealybugs, respectively. Limonene has promise as a safe, natural pesticide for insect pests on tolerant plants. Although 1% limonene solutions damaged certain species of ferns, gingers and delicate flowers, they caused no damage to ornamentals with thick, waxy leaves, such as palms, cycads, and orchids.
authors: U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, P.O. Box 4459, Hilo, HI 96720, USA. rholling@pbarc.ars.usda.gov
authors: Robert G
authors: RG
authors: Hollingsworth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D004655:Emulsions; D006430:Hemiptera; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D000077222:Limonene; D010944:Plants / Q000187:drug effects; D012996:Solutions; D013729:Terpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D053138:Cyclohexenes; D004655:Emulsions; D012996:Solutions; D013729:Terpenes; D000077222:Limonene