title: Incidence of hepatitis A in Israel following universal immunization of toddlers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Israel, the mean annual incidence of hepatitis A disease was 50.4 per 100 000 during 1993-1998. A 2-dose universal hepatitis A immunization program aimed at children aged 18 and 24 months (without a catch-up campaign) was started in 1999.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To observe the impact of toddlers-only universal vaccination on hepatitis A virus disease in Israel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ongoing passive national surveillance of hepatitis A cases in Israel has been conducted since 1993 by the Ministry of Health. An active surveillance program in the Jerusalem district in 1999-2003 provided validation for the passive program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of reported hepatitis A disease, 1993-2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall vaccine coverage in Israel in 2001-2002 was 90% for the first dose and 85% for the second dose. A decline in disease rates was observed before 1999 among the Jewish but not the non-Jewish population. After initiation of the program, a sharp decrease in disease rates was observed in both populations. The annual incidence of 2.2 to 2.5 per 100 000 during 2002-2004 represents a 95% or greater reduction for each year with respect to the mean incidence during 1993-1998 (P<.001). For children aged 1 through 4 years, a 98.2% reduction in disease was observed in 2002-2004, compared with the prevaccination period (P<.001). However, a sharp decline was also observed in all other age groups (84.3% [<1 year], 96.5% [5-9 years], 95.2% [10-14 years], 91.3% [15-44 years], 90.6% [45-64 years], and 77.3% [>or=65 years]). Among the Jewish population in the Jerusalem district, in whom the active surveillance program was successfully conducted, a more than 90% reduction of disease was demonstrated. Of the 433 cases reported nationwide in 2002-2004 in whom vaccination status could be ascertained, 424 (97.9%) received no vaccine and none received 2 doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This universal toddlers-only immunization program in Israel demonstrated not only high effectiveness of hepatitis A vaccination but also marked herd protection, challenging the need for catch-up hepatitis A vaccination programs.
authors: Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. rdagan@bgu.ac.il
authors: Ron
authors: R
authors: Dagan
authors: Alex
authors: A
authors: Leventhal
authors: Emilia
authors: E
authors: Anis
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Slater
authors: Yaffa
authors: Y
authors: Ashur
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Shouval
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006506:Hepatitis A / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines