title: The cost-effectiveness of combined androgen blockade with bicalutamide and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist in men with metastatic prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Combined androgen blockade therapy (CAB) has been shown to have a small survival advantage over luteinizing hormone releasing hormone LH-RH agonists (LH-RHa) alone in men with metastatic prostate cancer. The goal of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of CAB with bicalutamide and LH-RH agonist therapy to LH-RH agonist therapy alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  A macro-simulation model was developed to compare the cost-effectiveness of 2 interventions for stage D2 prostate cancer, 1) CAB with bicalutamide 50 mg per day and monthly dosing of an LH-RHa or 2) monthly LH-RH agonist therapy. Cost and outcomes are tabulated in 5 and 10-year time horizons. Model assumptions were taken from the published literature. Appropriate 1-way and multi-way sensitivity analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 5 years, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for CAB, when compared with LH-RHa monotherapy, was US dollars 33,677 per quality-adjusted life-year. In other words, for every additional quality-adjusted life year that a patient lived because he received CAB, it cost US dollars 33,677. At 10 years the ICER for CAB was US dollars 20,053 (well within the accepted cost-effectiveness threshold). If quality adjustment was not included, the ICER for CAB was even more favorable (US dollars 20,489 at 5 years and US dollars 13,313 at 10 years). The model was most sensitive to the estimates of effectiveness (survival) of LH-RHa therapy alone and CAB therapy. The model was also fairly sensitive to the quality of life effect of having late stage prostate cancer and the cost of bicalutamide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAB with bicalutamide is cost-effective when compared with LH-RH monotherapy in men with stage D2 prostate cancer.
authors: Department of Urology and Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA. penson@usc.edu
authors: David F
authors: DF
authors: Penson
authors: Scott
authors: S
authors: Ramsey
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Veenstra
authors: Lauren
authors: L
authors: Clarke
authors: Sanjay
authors: S
authors: Gandhi
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Hirsch
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000813:Anilides / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000819:agonists* / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009570:Nitriles; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000473:pathology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014105:Tosyl Compounds
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000813:Anilides; D009570:Nitriles; D014105:Tosyl Compounds; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; C053541:bicalutamide