title: Time and temperature effects on body fluid loss during dives with the open hot-water suit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bodyweight (BW) losses up to 5 kg have been observed during diving with the open hot-water suit (HWS). The objective of these dives was to study the hormonal, hematological, and renal effects of dehydration during shallow HWS diving.
  
  
  METHODS
  In series 1, four divers dove for 3.5 h each day for 7 d. In series 2, 12 divers dove to 6-8 msw for 1, 2, and 4 h. Blood and urine samples, BW measurements, oral temperature, and thermal stress indices were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average deltaBW (+/- SD) for the 28 dives in series 1 was 1.5 +/- 0.8 kg, and the largest BW reductions were 3.2 and 3.0 kg, corresponding to 3.7 and 4.7% of BW. Changes in thermal stress, hemoglobin, hematocrit, aldosterone, and electrolyte excretion correlated with BW reduction. In series 2, average BW reductions were 0.46 +/- 0.27, 0.96 +/- 0.38, and 1.55 +/- 0.59 kg during 1-, 2-, and 4-h dives. BW reduction correlated significantly with thermal stress (p < 0.01). Aldosterone increased after 1 and 2 h and plasma renin activity was unchanged. Atrial natriuretic peptide increased in all dives (p < 0.01) and arginine vasopressin increased in the 4-h dives (p < 0.05). The 7.2% decrease in plasma volume, the increases in hemoglobin, hematocrit and serum proteins, and an unchanged plasma osmolality indicate an isotonic dehydration after the 4-h dives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BW loss during HWS diving is mainly caused by sweating. Dives of 4 h produce an isotonic dehydration and a break for fluid intake is, therefore, recommended.
authors: Norwegian Underwater Intervention a.s, Bergen, Norway. aho@nui.no
authors: Arvid
authors: A
authors: Hope
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Hjelle
authors: Leif
authors: L
authors: Aanderud
authors: Asbjørn
authors: A
authors: Aakvaag
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000450:Aldosterone; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000502:physiology*; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D003681:Dehydration / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010953:Plasma Volume; D011481:Protective Clothing; D012623:Seawater; D013546:Sweating / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance
chemical_list: D000450:Aldosterone; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor