title: Analgesic effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, and morphine in a mouse model of bone cancer pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bone metastasis is one of the major causes of cancer-related pain, and not all bone cancer pain can be effectively treated. Recently, a mouse model of bone cancer pain was introduced. To test the analgesic effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on bone cancer pain, the authors examined the effects of oral administration of a cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) selective inhibitor (SC560), a COX-2 selective inhibitor (celecoxib), and a nonselective COX inhibitor (indomethacin) on bone cancer pain and compared these effects to the effect of orally administered acetaminophen and morphine.
  
  
  METHODS
  An animal model of bone cancer pain was induced by injecting osteolytic murine sarcoma cells in the mouse femur. Drugs were administered orally 2 weeks after tumor-cell implantation, and the level of bone cancer pain was assessed 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min after drug administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral administration of acetaminophen, indomethacin, and morphine, but not of SC560 or celecoxib, produced an analgesic effect on bone cancer pain. Co-administration of a subanalgesic does of morphine with acetaminophen enhanced the analgesic effect of acetaminophen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that bone cancer pain is effectively treated by oral administration of indomethacin, acetaminophen, and morphine and that the co-administration of acetaminophen and an opioid provides a beneficial effect when treating of bone cancer pain.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
authors: Osamu
authors: O
authors: Saito
authors: Tomohiko
authors: T
authors: Aoe
authors: Tatsuo
authors: T
authors: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D000082:Acetaminophen; D009020:Morphine; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496512:Ptgs1 protein, mouse