title: On-axis and off-axis viewing of images on CRT displays and LCDs: observer performance and vision model predictions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays typically are used for softcopy display of radiographs in the digital reading environment, liquid crystal displays (LCDs) currently are being used as an alternative. LCDs have many desirable viewing properties compared with a CRT, but significant image degradation can occur with off-axis viewing. This study compares observer performance and predictions from a human visual system model for on-axis and off-axis viewing for CRT displays versus LCDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A set of mammograms with different lesion contrasts (n = 400) were shown to six radiologists on CRT and LCD monitors, once on-axis and once off-axis. Observer performance was measured by using receiver operating characteristic techniques. Performance was correlated with results of a human vision model designed to predict observer performance (just noticeable difference [JND]metrix model). Two approaches were used to generate model metrics; a paired discrimination and channelized model observer approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The performance of human observers indicated that on-axis viewing with the LCD was better than with the CRT, but off-axis viewing was significantly better with the CRT than LCD (F = 8.8175; P < .0001). The paired discrimination model correctly predicted on-axis, but not off-axis, results. The channelized model observer correctly predicted both on- and off-axis results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Off-axis viewing of radiographic images on an LCD monitor degrades human observer performance significantly compared with a CRT display. Care should be taken in the clinic to avoid off-axis viewing during diagnostic interpretation.
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85724, USA. krupinski@radiology.arizona.edu
authors: Elizabeth A
authors: EA
authors: Krupinski
authors: Jeffrey
authors: J
authors: Johnson
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Roehrig
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Nafziger
authors: Jeffrey
authors: J
authors: Lubin
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D018275:Carcinoma, Lobular / Q000175:diagnosis; D003626:Data Display; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050866:Liquid Crystals; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014796:Visual Perception