title: Regulation of interleukin-6 promoter activation in gastric epithelial cells infected with Helicobacter pylori.
abstract: The regulation of Helicobacter pylori induced interleukin (IL)-6 in the gastric epithelium remains unclear. Primary gastric epithelial cells and MKN28 cells were cocultured with H. pylori and its isogenic cag pathogenicity island (PAI) mutant and/or oipA mutants. H. pylori infection-induced IL-6 mRNA expression and IL-6 protein production, which was further enhanced by the cag PAI and OipA. Luciferase reporter gene assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that full IL-6 transcription required binding sites for nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), cAMP response element (CRE), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), and activator protein (AP)-1. The cag PAI and OipA were involved in binding to NF-kappaB, AP-1, CRE, and C/EBP sites. The cag PAI activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways; OipA activated the p38 pathway. Transfection of dominant negative G-protein confirmed roles for Raf, Rac1, and RhoA in IL-6 induction. Overall, the cag PAI-related IL-6 signal transduction pathway involved the Ras/Raf/MEK1/2/ERK/AP-1/CRE pathway and the JNK/AP-1/CRE pathway; the OipA-related pathway is p38/AP-1/CRE and both the cag PAI and OipA appear to be involved in the RhoA/Rac1/NF-kappaB pathway. Combination of different pathways by the cag PAI and OipA will lead to the maximum IL-6 induction.
authors: Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Lu
authors: Jeng Yih
authors: JY
authors: Wu
authors: Takahiko
authors: T
authors: Kudo
authors: Tomoyuki
authors: T
authors: Ohno
authors: David Y
authors: DY
authors: Graham
authors: Yoshio
authors: Y
authors: Yamaoka
mesh_terms: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000378:metabolism*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D015398:Signal Transduction; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins