title: Three-dimensional, isotropic MRI: a unified approach to quantification and visualization in congenital heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current standards in magnetic resonance imaging of congenital heart disease are based mostly on anisotropic protocols to image both morphology and function. Operator-dependent acquisition planning is typically needed to obtain the desired images. We propose to instead use operator-independent, three-dimensional, isotropic imaging protocols to acquire both morphology and function (cine and flow) of the entire heart in a few standardized acquisitions. Subsequently, due to the isotropic property of the data, any desired imaging plane can be "imaged" offline by interactive planar reformatting and used for qualitative and quantitative diagnostic evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Morphological data was acquired in patients using 3D steady state free precession (SSFP) protocols, and functional data in volunteers using multislice 2D or 3D cine SSFP as well as 3D, three-component phase-contrast velocity mapping with EPI readouts. Tools to integrate morphological and functional offline image evaluation based on interactive planar reformatting, volume rendering, and corresponding quantification tools were implemented and discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We successfully acquired and integrated morphology and flow and demonstrated potential clinical applications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  User independent acquisitions of morphological and functional isotropic 3D datasets with real-time, interactive planar reformatting, volume rendering, and integration of morphology and function, have the potential to replace conventional, user dependent, anisotropic 2D imaging in patients with cardiac malformations.
authors: Center for Advanced Visualization and Interaction(CAVI), University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark. sangild@cavi.dk
authors: Thomas Sangild
authors: TS
authors: Sørensen
authors: Philipp
authors: P
authors: Beerbaum
authors: Hermann
authors: H
authors: Körperich
authors: Erik Morre
authors: EM
authors: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods*