title: [Quantitative and qualitative investigations of salivary gland function in dependence on irradiation dose and volume for reduction of xerostomia in patients with head-and-neck cancer].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiation treatment of head-and-neck tumors mostly leads to a damage to the salivary glands and a consequential permanent loss of saliva. The aim of this investigation was to establish a modern three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) to show a decrease in severe xerostomia in contrast to the proven conventional technique (K-RT) with photons and electrons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between April 2002 and September 2003, 32 patients (25 male, seven female, mean age: 58 years) with malignant tumors of the head and neck were included-after surgery or in case of inoperability with curative intent-in a prospective, nonrandomized study. 10/32 patients (31%) received K-RT with photons and electrons, and 22/32 patients (69%) 3D-CRT (six to eight photon portals). The quantity of saliva was measured as stimulated saliva flow rate (ml/5 min) prior to treatment, at the end, and 1, 6, and 12 months after termination of treatment. To find out the resulting mean dose of both parotid glands for every patient in Gray (D(mean) doses), the D(mean) doses of the ipsilateral and the contralateral parotid gland, determined by dose-volume histograms (DVHs), were averaged over. For calculation of the NTCP (normal tissue complication probability), the logistic model was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the trend the stimulated salivary flow rates were higher in the group with 3D-CRT than in the group with K-RT during the whole observation period (at 10 weeks after the start of radiotherapy 3D-CRT vs. K-RT with 1.56 +/- 1.6 vs. 0.82 +/- 1.2 ml/5 min; p < 0.1). The patients treated with the K-RT had, on average, significantly higher averaged D(mean) values than those irradiated with 3D-CRT (p < 0.012). Patients, who were irradiated with 3D-CRT for tumors of the larynx or hypopharynx, showed, on average, significantly lower D(mean) values than patients, who were treated with 3D-DRT because of oral cavity or oropharynx carcinomas or with K-RT irrespective of the primary tumor site (p < 0,003). The resulting dose for 50% complication probability (TD(50)) of the salivary glands was 36.9 Gy (30.9-43.5 Gy; 95% confidence interval). The gradient k of the curve located in point TD(50) was 7.7 (4.8-15.8; 95% confidence interval).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Basically, 3D-CRT seems to be suitable as a standard for all patients with carcinomas of the oral cavity, oro- and hypopharynx. Especially in patients with tumors located in the larynx and hypopharynx, averaged D(mean) doses of both parotids during irradiation can be reached, to conserve salivary flow rates, which are similar to baseline flow rates.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Strahlentherapie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle. thomas.kuhnt@medizin.uni-halle.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuhnt
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jirsak
authors.forename: Arndt Christian
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pelz
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gernhardt
authors.forename: Hans-Günter
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janich
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gerlach
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dunst
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012984:Software; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*