title: Osteoarthritis and meniscus disorders of the knee as occupational diseases of miners.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether kneeling or squatting for prolonged periods is sufficiently causally associated with an increased risk of injury or degenerative disease of the knee joint as to meet the classic criteria to be considered an occupational disease of coal miners for whom these are or have been routine working postures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic literature searches were made for studies relating to kneeling and squatting as part of the working environment of coal mines and the role of these postures in causation of knee disorders in coal miners, analogous occupations, populations, and communities. The working environment and potentially damaging forces on the knee when kneeling or squatting were described. Papers on the incidence or prevalence of knee disorders in occupational and other groups were scored against five criteria independently by each author, and from this a single consensus score representing the overall strength of evidence given by the research was awarded. The evidence was then weighed against the criteria for an occupational disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen published papers were scored, the majority of which focussed on osteoarthritis as the outcome of interest. Few of the studies found focussed specifically on miners, and those that did tended to involve small numbers of subjects and were carried out before 1960, when the mining population was at its largest but epidemiological evidence of the risk factors for knee disorders was not well established. The non-mining studies in the review represent groups of workers with a similar or lesser kneeling content in their work.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The papers reviewed provide sufficient evidence to conclude that work involving kneeling and/or squatting is causally associated with an increased risk of osteoarthritis of the knee. In some of the more recent epidemiologically sound studies, frequent or prolonged kneeling or squatting doubles the general risk of osteoarthritis of the knees found in the general population. This may be of particular importance in welfare and medico-legal situations. There was also evidence to suggest that lifting, in combination with kneeling/squatting, an activity also performed by miners in the course of their work, is associated with an excess risk of osteoarthritis above that attributed to kneeling/squatting alone.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. GHGM@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McMillan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nichols
mesh_terms: D002357:Cartilage Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003031:Coal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D008592:Menisci, Tibial; D008906:Mining / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011187:Posture; D011312:Pressure; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003031:Coal