title: Biomechanics of bone-fracture fixation by stiffness-graded plates in comparison with stainless-steel plates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the internal fixation of fractured bone by means of bone-plates fastened to the bone on its tensile surface, an on-going concern has been the excessive stress-shielding of the bone by the excessively-stiff stainless-steel plate. The compressive stress-shielding at the fracture-interface immediately after fracture-fixation delays callus formation and bone healing. Likewise, the tensile stress-shielding of the layer of the bone underneath the plate can cause osteoporosis and decrease in tensile strength of this layer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to address this problem, we propose to use stiffness-graded plates. Accordingly, we have computed (by finite-element analysis) the stress distribution in the fractured bone fixed by composite plates, whose stiffness is graded both longitudinally and transversely.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It can be seen that the stiffness-graded composite-plates cause less stress-shielding (as an example: at 50% of the healing stage, stress at the fracture interface is compressive in nature i.e. 0.002 GPa for stainless steel plate whereas stiffness graded plates provides tensile stress of 0.002 GPa. This means that stiffness graded plate is allowing the 50% healed bone to participate in loadings). Stiffness-graded plates are more flexible, and hence permit more bending of the fractured bone. This results in higher compressive stresses induced at the fractured faces accelerate bone-healing. On the other hand, away from the fracture interface the reduced stiffness and elastic modulus of the plate causes the neutral axis of the composite structure to be lowered into the bone resulting in the higher tensile stress in the bone-layer underneath the plate, wherein is conducive to the bone preserving its tensile strength.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stiffness graded plates (with in-built variable stiffness) are deemed to offer less stress-shielding to the bone, providing higher compressive stress at the fractured interface (to induce accelerated healing) as well as higher tensile stress in the intact portion of the bone (to prevent bone remodeling and osteoporosis).
authors.affiliation: iDAF Systems, Singapore. gvk@consultant.com
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Ganesh
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ramakrishna
authors.forename: Dhanjoo N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Ghista
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000379:methods; D001860:Bone Plates; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D013193:Stainless Steel; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D013193:Stainless Steel