title: The accuracy of urine dipsticks as a screening test for proteinuria in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proteinuria is used as a criterion in the classification system for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy including preeclampsia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of dipstick urinalysis in a single voided urine sample and in an aliquot of a 24-hour urine collection in the assessment of proteinuria in hypertensive pregnant women, using the 24-hour urine protein excretion as the gold standard.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ninety-eight women who presented with hypertension in pregnancy were recruited at the antenatal clinic at King Edward VIII Hospital in Durban, South Africa, a tertiary referral center. Exclusion criteria included women with eclampsia, urinary tract infection, and chronic renal disease. Routine dipstick urinalysis (Bayer) was performed by midwives for proteinuria, and a 24-hour urine specimen was collected for quantitative protein assessment. A laboratory technician performed urine dipstick test for protein on a mixed aliquot of the 24-hour urine specimen. This result, together with that of the screening dipstick urinalysis, was compared to the 24-hour urine protein excretion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the 198 patients were analyzed, of the total, 72 had preeclampsia. Using a value of = 0.3 g protein excretion per 24 hours (1 + to 4 + on urine dipsticks) as positive, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for dipstick urinalysis were calculated. The positive predictive value for dipstick urinalysis ranged from 64.9% (single voided urine sample) to 94.2% (24-hour urine aliquot). The negative predictive value ranged from 75.2% (single voided urine sample) to 84.2% (24-hour urine aliquot).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dipstick urinalysis is not very accurate: therefore, all women presenting with hypertension during pregnancy should have a 24-hour urine protein measurement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and MRC/UN Pregnancy Hypertension Research Unit, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gangaram
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Ojwang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moodley
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maharaj
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D046110:Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced / Q000652:urine*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D011934:Reagent Strips; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D011934:Reagent Strips