title: Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Zygomycosis is an increasingly emerging life-threatening infection. There is no single comprehensive literature review that describes the epidemiology and outcome of this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed reports of zygomycosis in the English-language literature since 1885 and analyzed 929 eligible cases. We included in the database only those cases for which the underlying condition, the pattern of infection, the surgical and antifungal treatments, and survival were described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of patients was 38.8 years; 65% were male. The prevalence and overall mortality were 36% and 44%, respectively, for diabetes; 19% and 35%, respectively, for no underlying condition; and 17% and 66%, respectively, for malignancy. The most common types of infection were sinus (39%), pulmonary (24%), and cutaneous (19%). Dissemination developed in 23% of cases. Mortality varied with the site of infection: 96% of patients with disseminated disease died, 85% with gastrointestinal infection died, and 76% with pulmonary infection died. The majority of patients with malignancy (92 [60%] of 154) had pulmonary disease, whereas the majority of patients with diabetes (222 [66%] of 337) had sinus disease. Rhinocerebral disease was seen more frequently in patients with diabetes (145 [33%] of 337), compared with patients with malignancy (6 [4%] of 154). Hematogenous dissemination to skin was rare; however, 78 (44%) of 176 cutaneous infections were complicated by deep extension or dissemination. Survival was 3% (8 of 241 patients) for cases that were not treated, 61% (324 of 532) for cases treated with amphotericin B deoxycholate, 57% (51 of 90) for cases treated with surgery alone, and 70% (328 of 470) for cases treated with antifungal therapy and surgery. By multivariate analysis, infection due to Cunninghamella species and disseminated disease were independently associated with increased rates of death (odds ratios, 2.78 and 11.2, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Outcome from zygomycosis varies as a function of the underlying condition, site of infection, and use of antifungal therapy.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Maureen M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Roden
authors.forename: Theoklis E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Zaoutis
authors.forename: Wendy L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.forename: Tena A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: Tatyana A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Sarkisova
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Schaufele
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sein
authors.forename: Tin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sein
authors.forename: Christine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.forename: Jaclyn H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Dimitrios P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Kontoyiannis
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D020096:Zygomycosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents