title: An evaluation of Echinacea angustifolia in experimental rhinovirus infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Echinacea has been widely used as an herbal remedy for the common cold, but efficacy studies have produced conflicting results, and there are a variety of echinacea products on the market with different phytochemical compositions. We evaluated the effect of chemically defined extracts from Echinacea angustifolia roots on rhinovirus infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three preparations of echinacea, with distinct phytochemical profiles, were produced by extraction from E. angustifolia roots with supercritical carbon dioxide, 60 percent ethanol, or 20 percent ethanol. A total of 437 volunteers were randomly assigned to receive either prophylaxis (beginning seven days before the virus challenge) or treatment (beginning at the time of the challenge) either with one of these preparations or with placebo. The results for 399 volunteers who were challenged with rhinovirus type 39 and observed in a sequestered setting for five days were included in the data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistically significant effects of the three echinacea extracts on rates of infection or severity of symptoms. Similarly, there were no significant effects of treatment on the volume of nasal secretions, on polymorphonuclear leukocyte or interleukin-8 concentrations in nasal-lavage specimens, or on quantitative-virus titer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that extracts of E. angustifolia root, either alone or in combination, do not have clinically significant effects on infection with a rhinovirus or on the clinical illness that results from it.
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. rbt2n@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Ronald B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Woelkart
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Hulsey
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Gangemi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003139:Common Cold / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D020900:Echinacea; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D017817:Nasal Lavage Fluid / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D009504:Neutrophils; D010349:Patient Compliance; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D016209:Interleukin-8; D010936:Plant Extracts