title: Alcohol and adiposity: effects of quantity and type of drink and time relation with meals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that the effects of alcohol on body weight and fat distribution may be influenced by the quantity and type of drink and may differ according to whether the alcohol is consumed with meals or not.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We have examined the cross-sectional association between alcohol intake, patterns of drinking and adiposity (body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC) and percentage body fat (%BF)).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 3327 men aged 60-79 y with no history of myocardial infarction, stroke or diabetes drawn from general practices in 24 British towns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BMI, WHR, WC and %BF increased significantly with increasing alcohol intake even after adjustment for potential confounders (all P < 0.0001), although the effects were stronger for WC and WHR (measures of central adiposity). Men who consumed > or = 21 units/week showed higher levels of central adiposity (WHR, WC) and general adiposity (BMI, %BF) than nondrinkers and lighter drinkers, irrespective of the predominant type of drink consumed (wine, beer, spirits or mixed). The positive association was most clearly seen in beer and spirit drinkers; positive but weaker associations were seen for wine. Among drinkers, a positive association was seen between alcohol intake and the adiposity variables irrespective of whether the alcohol was drunk with or separately from meals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher alcohol consumption (> or = 21 units/week) is positively associated with general and to a greater extent with central adiposity, irrespective of the type of drink and whether the alcohol is drunk with meals or not.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK. goya@pcps.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Wannamethee
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Shaper
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Whincup
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011897:Random Allocation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio