title: Azo dye reduction by mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic consortia.
abstract: The reduction of the azo dye model compounds Reactive Red 2 (RR2) and Reactive Orange 14 (RO14) by mesophilic (30 degrees C) and thermophilic (55 degrees C) anaerobic consortia was studied in batch assays. The contribution of fermentative and methanogenic microorganisms in both temperatures was evaluated in the presence of the fermentative substrate glucose and the methanogenic substrates acetate, H2/CO2, methanol, and formate. Additionally, the effect of the redox mediator riboflavin on electron shuttling was assessed. We concluded that the application of thermophilic anaerobic treatment is an interesting option for the reductive decolorization of azo dyes compared to mesophilic conditions. The use of high temperature may decrease or even take the place of the need for continuous redox mediator dosage in bioreactors, contrarily to the evident effect of those compounds on dye reduction under mesophilic conditions. Both fermenters and methanogens may play an important role during reductive decolorization of dyes, in which mediators are important not only for allowing the different microbes to participate more effectively in this complex reductive biochemistry but also for assisting in the competition for electrons between dyes and other organic and inorganic electron acceptors.
authors.affiliation: Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands. andre.dossantos@wur.nl
authors.forename: André B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.forename: Marta P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: de Madrid
authors.forename: Alfons J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stams
authors.forename: Jules B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: van Lier
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Cervantes
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000378:metabolism; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D007218:Industrial Microbiology / Q000379:methods*; D017013:Methanobacteriaceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D000432:Methanol / Q000378:metabolism; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013696:Temperature; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates; D014227:Triazines; C098610:reactive red 2; C053575:reactive orange 14; D005947:Glucose; D012256:Riboflavin; D000432:Methanol