title: A tale of 2 epidemics: the intersection between obesity and HIV infection in Philadelphia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity and HIV infection are ongoing epidemics in the United States. Obesity predisposes to diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which are complications also associated with HIV and/or its treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and risk factors for overweight and obesity in HIV-infected individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cross-sectional study in which 1689 patients enrolled in the University of Pennsylvania Center for AIDS Research Adult/Adolescent Database at 1 university hospital clinic, 2 affiliated practices, and 1 Veterans Administration clinic in Philadelphia had demographic, social, and medical data collected prospectively since 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Body mass index (BMI) data were available for 1669 HIV-infected subjects: 78% were men, and 60% were African American. The median CD4 count was 381 cells/microL, 47% of subjects had a viral load <400 copies/mL, and 9% of subjects were treatment naive.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence and risk factors for overweight (BMI: 25-29.9 kg/m) and obesity (BMI>or=30 kg/m) in HIV-infected subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obesity and overweight were more prevalent than wasting (14%, 31%, and 9%, respectively; P<0.0005), but they were not more common than in the general population. Although women and men were equally overweight (30% vs. 31%), women were more obese than men (28% vs. 11%; P<0.001). Among women, African American race (odds ratio [OR]=1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-2.9) and a CD4 count>or=200 cells/microL (OR=2.8, 95% CI: 1.6-4.9) were associated with overweight and obesity. Among men, only a CD4 count>or=200 cells/microL (OR=1.6, 95% CI: 1.04-2.4) was associated with increased BMI. In men and women, smoking was associated with decreased obesity and overweight (OR=0.59, 95% CI: 0.47-0.74 and OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.43-0.98, respectively). Age, income, employment, education, past or current intravenous drugs, being on HIV treatment, and viral load were not associated with obesity in the multivariate model. There was a positive correlation between BMI and total cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obesity is more common than wasting in this therapeutic era. Women, particularly those of African American race, are at high risk. Obesity might add to metabolic abnormalities associated with HIV or its treatment and contribute to morbidity, as patients with HIV live longer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA.
authors.forename: Valerianna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Amorosa
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Synnestvedt
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Harvey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Rob Roy
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: MacGregor
authors.forename: Debie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gudonis
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tebas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents