title: Effects of oximes on muscle force and acetylcholinesterase activity in isolated mouse hemidiaphragms exposed to paraoxon.
abstract: Toxicity of organophosphates (OP) is caused by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), resulting in accumulation of acetylcholine. While cholinolytics such as atropine are able to counteract muscarinic symptoms, they are unable to restore the impaired neuromuscular transmission (NMT). Here, oximes as potential reactivators of inhibited AChE may be effective. Until now, no unequivocal relation between oxime-induced increase in muscle force and reactivation has been demonstrated. To address this issue the isolated circumfused mouse hemidiaphragm was used as an experimental model. The muscle force generation upon tetanic stimuli was recorded during AChE inhibition by 1 microM paraoxon and after a wash-out period in the presence of obidoxime, pralidoxime and the experimental oximes HI 6, and HLö 7, 10 microM each. At the end of the experiments AChE activity was determined in the diaphragm homogenates by a radiometric assay. At 50-Hz stimulation, recovery was complete with obidoxime, nearly complete with HLö 7 but incomplete with HI 6 and pralidoxime. Only with obidoxime a significant increase in AChE activity was found. An increase of AChE to 10% of normal was sufficient to allow normal muscle force generation. When paraoxon was still present, obidoxime and HLö 7 were effective at 0.1 microM paraoxon, but failed so at paraoxon >1 microM. The data show different effectiveness of the oximes investigated in reactivation of muscle AChE and recovery of NMT after inhibition by paraoxon. Although an increase in muscle force by the oximes was accompanied by a measurable increase in AChE activity only in the case of obidoxime, the plot of muscle force against AChE activity as well as lacking evidence for a direct effect and adaptive processes indicate that reactivation of the enzyme is the main mechanism of NMT recovery. In agreement, in presence of AChE inhibitory concentrations of paraoxon during reactivation a reduced effectiveness of oximes was found.
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 München, Gemany. HorstThiermann@bundeswehr.org
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thiermann
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eyer
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Worek
authors.forename: Ladislaus
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Szinicz
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002801:Cholinesterase Reactivators / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D010091:Oximes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010261:Paraoxon / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002801:Cholinesterase Reactivators; D010091:Oximes; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D010261:Paraoxon