title: [Effect of shikonin, a phytocompound from Lithospermum erythrorhizon, on rat vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation and apoptosis in vitro].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the anti-proliferation, pro-apoptosis and cell cycle blocking effects of shikonin on rat vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  VSMCs were primarily cultured by explant method from the thoracic aorta of male SD rats. Shikonin of different concentration, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, and 0 micromol/L was added. The cell viability was detected by MTT method. Cell growth curve was drawn by trypan blue exclusion method. (3)H-thymidine incorporation was used to calculate the inhibition rate of DNA synthesis. Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell cycle. Cell apoptosis was observed by fluorescence microscopy. Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of different cell apoptosis and cell cycle regulatory proteins, such as cyclin D(1) and E, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p21(waf1/cip1), p27(kip1), and p53.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with control group, shikonin had no obvious cytotoxic effect on cell viability at the concentration of 0.25-1 micromol/L (P > 0.05). While it could inhibit, both time- and dose-dependently, the growth of VSMC, which was predominant of 1 micromol/L at 72 h (1.9 x 10(5)/well vs 5.8 x 10(5)/well, P < 0.05), and DNA synthesis was also significantly inhibited in a time- and dose-dependent manner with inhibition rate varied from 33 to 98% (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). 1 micromol/L shikonin significantly blocked the cell cycle progression in proliferative VSMC, decreased S, G(2)/M phase (P < 0.05) and increased G(0)/G(1) phase (P < 0.05) to quiescent level with sub-G(1) apoptotic distribution at 48 h (10.9% +/- 0.3%). Shikohin at the concentration of 1-2 micromol/L significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner compared with control group (2.8%-23.7% vs 0.2%-0.4%, P < 0.05), and typical apoptotic nuclear morphological changes were observed. 1 micromol/L shikonin significantly down-regulated cyclin D(1), E and PCNA expression, up-regulated p21(wif1/cip1) expression, and did not obviously influence the p27(kip1) and p53 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shikonin inhibits the proliferation, promotes the apoptosis and blocks cell cycle progression of VSMC. These effects are associated with the expression changes of cell cycle regulatory proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
authors.forename: Zhuo-qi
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xi-chuan
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wen-ling
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D029684:Lithospermum / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology*; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D009285:Naphthoquinones; C016101:shikonin