title: Influence of the application time on the penetration of different dental adhesives and a fissure sealant into artificial subsurface lesions in bovine enamel.
abstract: Sealing of approximal enamel lesions by infiltration with low viscous resins seems to be a promising approach in non-operative dentistry and should bear advantages compared to remineralization or invasive treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the penetration ability of five dental adhesives and a fissure sealant into initial enamel lesions for an application time of either 15 s or 30 s.
  
  
  METHODS
  In each of 54 specimens of bovine enamel, three windows were demineralized for 14 days. Subsequently, two windows were etched with phosphoric acid for 5s in order to degrade the surface layer, whereas one window served as untreated control. The specimens were randomly divided into six groups and a fissure sealant as well as five different adhesives were applied onto the subsurface lesions and allowed to penetrate for either 15 or 30 s. Overlying material was wiped away and the resins were light cured. To visualize the penetrated resins and the remaining pore structures, the specimens were infiltrated with a low viscous fluorescent resin and studied using a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For Helioseal, Heliobond, Resulcin Monobond, and Excite an application time of 30s resulted in significantly higher (p < 0.05; t-test) penetration depths (47-105 microm) compared to 15s (29-49 microm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Helioseal, Heliobond, Resulcin Monobond, and Excite are suitable for sealing artificial subsurface enamel lesions in vitro. After an application time of 30 s a significant deeper penetration could be observed for these materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University School of Dental Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Assmannshauserstr. 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meyer-Lueckel
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paris
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cölfen
authors.forename: Andrej M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kielbassa
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000179:Acrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000473:pathology*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010895:Pit and Fissure Sealants / Q000737:chemistry*; D011897:Random Allocation; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D012235:Rhodamines; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; C420130:Excite cement; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008689:Methacrylates; D010895:Pit and Fissure Sealants; C408584:Prompt L-Pop; D019279:Resin Cements; D012235:Rhodamines; C425825:Solobond M; C059908:Helioseal; C040415:heliobond; C027755:rhodamine isothiocyanate