title: Efficacy of inhaled insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes not controlled with diet and exercise: a 12-week, randomized, comparative trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Effective type 2 diabetes management requires prompt intervention if glycemic control is not achieved by nonpharmacological means. This study investigates whether inhaled insulin (INH; Exubera) can achieve target glycemic control in patients failing on diet and exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with suboptimal control on diet and exercise (HbA(1c) [A1C] 8-11%) were randomized to 3 months' treatment with either INH before meals (n = 76) or rosiglitazone 4 mg twice a day (n = 69), in conjunction with a diet and exercise regimen. The primary end point was percentage of patients achieving A1C <8.0%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The INH and rosiglitazone groups had comparable baseline A1C values (9.5 vs. 9.4%, respectively). Significantly more patients achieved A1C <8.0% (83 vs. 58%, adjusted odds ratio 7.14 [95% CI 2.48-20.58], P = 0.0003), A1C <7.0% (44 vs. 18%, 4.43 [1.94-10.12]), and A1C < or = 6.5% (28 vs. 7.5% 5.34 [1.83-15.57]) with INH. A1C decrease was greater with INH (-2.3% vs. -1.4%, adjusted treatment group difference: -0.89% [95% CI -1.23 to -0.55]) with final mean A1C values of 7.2 and 8.0% for INH and rosiglitazone, respectively. Hypoglycemia (episodes per subject-month) was higher with INH (0.7 vs. 0.05, risk ratio 14.72 [95% CI 7.51-28.83]), with no severe hypoglycemic episodes. Pulmonary function changes were small and comparable between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  INH could be an effective therapy for people with type 2 diabetes early in the course of their disease.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center, Diabetes Division, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78284, USA. albarado@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: Ralph A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: DeFronzo
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bergenstal
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Cefalu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pullman
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.forename: Bruce W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.forename: Lawrence S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D012107:Research Design; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones