title: Nuclear hTERT immunohistochemical expression is associated with survival of patients with urothelial bladder cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of telomere in tumorigenesis is complex. While telomerase activation is suggested to be necessary for tumor growth, it may also help in diminishing genetic instability. The expressions of the telomerase reverse transcriptase/hTERT and the telomerase associated protein-1/hTEP-1 were investigated in relation to clinicopathological parameters and various proliferative and apoptotic biological markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The immunohistochemical method ABC/HRP was performed on paraffin sections of 132 patients with urothelial bladder carcinomas to detect the proteins hTERT, hTEP-1, Ki-67, bcl-2, p53 and caspase-3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hTEP-1 protein was localized in the cytoplasm of cancerous cells (56.6%), while the hTERT protein was detected in the nuclei and the cytoplasm of cancerous cells (57.6% and 45.5%, respectively). hTEP-1 demonstrated an association with lower stage of the disease (p = 0.036), as well as both nuclear and cytoplasmic hTERT (p = 0.018 and p = 0.0001, respectively). Cytoplasmic hTERT showed inverse correlation with the mutant p53 protein (p = 0.047), while both cytoplasmic hTERT and hTEP-1 demonstrated parallel correlation with caspase-3 (p = 0.004 and p = 0.048, respectively). Nuclear hTERT associated with improved overall survival in multivariate analysis (p = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association of the hTERT protein with low stage urothelial carcinomas and improved patients' survival is in keeping with the idea that the early activation of telomerase may protect against genetic instability and the prevalence of aggressive malignant clones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mavrommatis
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mylona
authors.forename: Hariklia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gakiopoulou
authors.forename: Constantinos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stravodimos
authors.forename: Anastasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zervas
authors.forename: Aris
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giannopoulos
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nakopoulou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D019098:Telomerase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; C104342:TEP1 protein, human; D019098:Telomerase