title: A randomized trial of two postexposure prophylaxis regimens to reduce mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in infants of untreated mothers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Single-dose nevirapine (NVP) prophylaxis to mother and infant is widely used in resource-constrained settings for preventing mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1. Where women do not access antenatal care or HIV testing, postexposure prophylaxis to the infant may be an important preventative strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This multicentre, randomized, open-label clinical trial (October 2000 to September 2002) in South Africa compared single-dose NVP with 6 weeks of zidovudine (ZDV), commenced within 24 h of delivery among 1051 infants whose mothers had no prior antiretroviral therapy. HIV-1 infection rates were ascertained at birth, and at 6 and 12 weeks of age. Kaplan-Meier survival methods were used to estimate HIV-1 infection rates in an intention-to-treat analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 6 week and 12 week MTCT probability was 12.8% [95% confidence interval (CI),10.5-15.0] and 16.3% (95% CI,13.4-19.2), respectively. At 12 weeks, among infants who were not infected at birth, 24 (7.9%) infections occurred in the NVP arm and 41 (13.1%) in the ZDV arm (log rank P = 0.06). Using multivariate analysis, factors associated with infection following birth were ZDV use [odds ratio (OR), 1.8; 95% CI,1.1-3.2; P = 0.032), maternal CD4 cell count < 500 x 10(6) cells/l (OR, 2.5; 95% CI,1.3-5.0; P = 0.007), maternal viral load > 50 000 copies/ml (OR, 3.6; 95% CI,2.0-6.2; P < 0.0001) and breastfeeding (OR, 2.2; 95% CI,1.3-3.8; P = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single-dose of NVP given to infants offers protection against HIV-1 infection and should be a strategy used in infants of mothers with untreated HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg South Africa. gray@pixie.co.za
authors.forename: Glenda E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.forename: Matthew F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Chersich
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bolton
authors.forename: Ronelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Niekerk
authors.forename: Avy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Violari
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McIntyre
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001903:Bottle Feeding; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018743:Perinatal Care / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015215:Zidovudine; D019829:Nevirapine