title: Metabolic changes in Atlantic salmon exposed to Aeromonas salmonicida detected by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of plasma.
abstract: 1H-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance)-based chemometric methods have been applied for the first time to investigate changes in the plasma metabolite profiles of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar as a result of exposure to Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, a Gram-negative bacterium that is the etiological agent of furunculosis. Plasma samples were obtained from salmon that survived 21 d post exposure to A. salmonicida, and from a control group maintained under similar conditions. 1D 1H-NMR spectra were acquired and principal components analysis (PCA) was used to assess differences between the spectral profiles of plasma from salmon that survived an A. salmonicida challenge, and non-infected controls. PCA enables simultaneous comparison of spectra, presenting a simplified overview of the relationship between spectral data, where spectra cluster based on metabolite profile similarities and differences; information regarding the metabolite variations can therefore be readily deciphered. The major metabolite changes responsible for the spectral differences were related to modification in the lipoprotein profile and choline-based residues, with minor changes in carbohydrates, glycerol, trimethylamine-N-oxide and betaine. These changes indicated that exposure to A. salmonicida induced a characteristic biochemical response which could be used to determine the health status of salmon. This study suggests that with further development this metabolite profiling technique may be a useful tool for diagnosis of disease states in salmon and could provide a better understanding of the host-pathogen relationship which at present is poorly understood for A. salmonicida and Atlantic salmon.
authors.affiliation: National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada.
authors.forename: Kirty S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Solanky
authors.forename: Ian W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: Shawna L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: MacKinnon
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dacanay
mesh_terms: D048409:Aeromonas salmonicida; D000818:Animals; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000379:methods; D002794:Choline / Q000097:blood; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005667:Furunculosis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D020317:Salmo salar
chemical_list: D008074:Lipoproteins; D002794:Choline