title: Biodegradability of the X-ray contrast compound diatrizoic acid, identification of aerobic degradation products and effects against sewage sludge micro-organisms.
abstract: Pharmaceuticals and contrast media have been detected in hospital effluents, sewage treatment plants, surface water, and ground water. Only little is known about their elimination during sewage treatment and effects of possible biotransformation products against bacteria. The modified Zahn-Wellens test (ZWT, OECD 302 B) and a test simulating biological sewage treatment (modified OECD 303 A test) were used to assess the biodegradability of the widely used ionic iodinated contrast agent diatrizoic acid (diatrizoate). Effects against sewage sludge bacteria were studied in the two test systems by monitoring the biomarkers quinones, polyamines, phospholipids and adenosine triphosphate. Diatrizoate was biotransformed into 2,4,6-triiodo-3,5-diamino-benzoic acid in the ZWT. 2,4,6-Triiodo-3,5-diamino-benzoic acid was stable under the test conditions of the ZWT. Diatrizoate was not eliminated in the OECD 303 A simulation test. It was not adsorbed by the sewage sludge. No effects of the test compound or its aerobic transformation products against the bacteria present in the sewage sludge were detected using phospholipids, quinones, polyamines, and adenosine triphosphate as biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine and Hospital Epidemiology, Hugstetter Strasse 55, D-79102 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haiss
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kümmerer
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000187:drug effects*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001711:Biotransformation; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000032:analysis*; D003973:Diatrizoate / Q000032:analysis*; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003973:Diatrizoate