title: Health measurement using the ICF: test-retest reliability study of ICF codes and qualifiers in geriatric care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) was published by the World Health Organization (WHO) to standardize descriptions of health and disability. Little is known about the reliability and clinical relevance of measurements using the ICF and its qualifiers. This study examines the test-retest reliability of ICF codes, and the rate of immeasurability in long-term care settings of the elderly to evaluate the clinical applicability of the ICF and its qualifiers, and the ICF checklist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reliability of 85 body function (BF) items and 152 activity and participation (AP) items of the ICF was studied using a test-retest procedure with a sample of 742 elderly persons from 59 institutional and at home care service centers. Test-retest reliability was estimated using the weighted kappa statistic. The clinical relevance of the ICF was estimated by calculating immeasurability rate. The effect of the measurement settings and evaluators' experience was analyzed by stratification of these variables. The properties of each item were evaluated using both the kappa statistic and immeasurability rate to assess the clinical applicability of WHO's ICF checklist in the elderly care setting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median of the weighted kappa statistics of 85 BF and 152 AP items were 0.46 and 0.55 respectively. The reproducibility statistics improved when the measurements were performed by experienced evaluators. Some chapters such as genitourinary and reproductive functions in the BF domain and major life area in the AP domain contained more items with lower test-retest reliability measures and rated as immeasurable than in the other chapters. Some items in the ICF checklist were rated as unreliable and immeasurable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reliability of the ICF codes when measured with the current ICF qualifiers is relatively low. The result in increase in reliability according to evaluators' experience suggests proper education will have positive effects to raise the reliability. The ICF checklist contains some items that are difficult to be applied in the geriatric care settings. The improvements should be achieved by selecting the most relevant items for each measurement and by developing appropriate qualifiers for each code according to the interest of the users.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Coordination, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maedashi 3-1-1 Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8586, Japan. PXU14045@nifty.ne.jp
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Okochi
authors.forename: Sakiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Utsunomiya
authors.forename: Tai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000145:classification*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006699:Home Care Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013008:Somatotypes / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology; D014944:World Health Organization