Epidemiology of MDMA and associated club drugs in the Seattle area.
Club drug use, MDMA in particular, appeared as a growing problem in the Seattle area in the late 1990s. To understand more about the patterns of MDMA use and to evaluate the current state of MDMA use, multiple data sources were examined. The seven data sources utilized included local community-based club drug surveys collected in 2003 at raves, treatment agencies, and gay-oriented bars and sex clubs; school surveys (collected in 2002); mortality data (deaths between 2000 and 2002); data from the sexually transmitted disease clinic (October 2002 to October 2003); focus groups (2003) with men who have sex with men; emergency department drug mentions (1995 to 2002); and drug treatment admissions (1999 to 2003). Taken together, these data indicate moderate levels of MDMA use and relatively low levels of mortality and acute morbidity. However, there are several areas of concern including possible mental health effects and high levels of suspected adulteration of MDMA. Some data point to a relationship between MDMA use and risky behaviors including unprotected sex. Implications for prevention, intervention, and treatment are discussed.
Banta-Green
Caleb
C
Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA. calebbg@u.washington.edu
Goldbaum
Gary
G
Kingston
Susan
S
Golden
Matthew
M
Harruff
Richard
R
Logan
Barry K
BK
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006716:Homosexuality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012574:Schools; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases; D014861:Washington
D006213:Hallucinogens; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine