title: A-type cranberry proanthocyanidins and uropathogenic bacterial anti-adhesion activity.
abstract: Clinical, epidemiological and mechanistic studies support the role of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) in maintaining urinary tract health. Cranberry proanthocyanidins contain A-type linkages and have been associated with preventing adhesion of P-fimbriated uropathogenic Escherichia coli to uroepithelial cells. It is not known if the presence of the A-type linkage is a prerequisite for anti-adhesion activity. Other commercial sources of proanthocyanidins with all B-type linkages have not previously been screened for this activity. The goals of this study were to compare the in vitro anti-adhesion activity of A-linked proanthocyanidins from cranberry juice cocktail with the anti-adhesion activities of B-linked proanthocyanidins from commercial grape and apple juices, green tea and dark chocolate, and determine if anti-adhesion activity is detectable in human urine following consumption of single servings of each commercial food product. Structural heterogeneity and presence of the A-type linkage in cranberry proanthocyanidins was confirmed utilizing MALDI-TOF/MS and DI/ESI MS, as was the presence of all B-type linkages in the proanthocyanidins from the other commercial products. The isolated A-type proanthocyanidins from cranberry juice cocktail elicited in vitro anti-adhesion activity at 60 microg/ml, the B-type proanthocyanidins from grape exhibited minor activity at 1200 microg/ml, while other B-type proanthocyanidins were not active. Anti-adhesion activity in human urine was detected following cranberry juice cocktail consumption, but not after consumption of the non-cranberry food products. Results suggest that presence of the A-type linkage in cranberry proanthocyanidins may enhance both in vitro and urinary bacterial anti-adhesion activities and aid in maintaining urinary tract health.
authors.affiliation: Marucci Center for Blueberry Cranberry Research, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ 08019, USA. ahowell@aesop.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Amy B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: Jess D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Christian G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: Ranee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Winterbottom
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Marge
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leahy
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000652:urine; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology*; D029799:Vaccinium macrocarpon / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D044945:Proanthocyanidins