title: Effect of smear layer thickness and pH of self-etching adhesive systems on the bond strength and gap formation to dentin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the buffering capacity of self-etching adhesive systems and to evaluate the effect of smear layer thickness on the mean gap width (GW) and microtensile bond strength (microBS) to dentin of these self-etching adhesives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clearfil SE Bond (SE), Optibond Solo Plus Self-Etch Primer + Optibond Solo Plus (SO), Tyrian Self Priming Etchant + One Step Plus (TY) and as controls, Single Bond (SB) and ScotchBond Multi-Purpose Plus (SC) were used with Filtek Z250 Universal Restorative. The self-etching primers and 35% phosphoric acid (0.5 ml) were titrated by adding successive 0.05 ml drops of NaOH (1N). Thirty molars (n = 5) were sectioned in halves upon which thick (60-grit SiC) and thin (600-grit SiC) smear layer surfaces were produced. The adhesive application was randomized (n = 6) and a resin buildup was made. After 24 h, the resin-dentin sticks (0.8 mm2) were prepared. The GW on the sticks was measured at 400X magnification before the microtensile test (0.5 mm/min). The microtensile bond strength index was calculated including the relative failure type contribution. Data were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison. Simple linear regression was performed to determine whether correlation existed between microBS and pH, GW and pH, and microBS and GW.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only the factor "adhesive" significantly effected microBS (p = 0.001). TY had the lowest microBS values. Regarding GW, both main factors adhesive (p = 0.0001) and smear layer thickness (p = 0.03) were significant. The highest mean gap width was observed for SE and under a thick smear layer. A linear relationship was observed between the pH and GW and pH and microBS; however, a significant positive correlation was detected only between pH and GW (R = 0.99, p = 0.02). No relationship between microBS and GW was found (R = 0.04, p = 0.77).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the smear layer thickness had no effect on resin-dentin bond strength, thick smear layers adversely affected the mean gap width. The microBS values were not affected by the acidity of self-etching primers; however, more aggressive self-etching primers showed the lowest mean gap width. The etch-and-rinse adhesive systems showed higher microBS and lower mean gap widths.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kenshima
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: Ninoshka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uceda-Gomez
authors.forename: Luciane de Lima Franco
authors.initials: Lde L
authors.lastname: Tancredo
authors.forename: Leonardo Eloy Rodrigues
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Filho
authors.forename: Fernando Neves
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.forename: Allessandro Dourado
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Loguercio
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D002021:Buffers; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D018772:Dental Marginal Adaptation; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008422:Materials Testing; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D016369:Smear Layer; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; C438313:Clearfil SE Bond; D003188:Composite Resins; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; C444701:Filtek Z250; C451600:OptiBond Solo Plus; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D019279:Resin Cements; C425844:Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus; C481138:Tyrian SPE; C115612:single bond; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate