title: Evaluation of a nonlethal technique for hemolymph collection in Elliptio complanata, a freshwater bivalve (Mollusca: Unionidae).
abstract: Hemolymph, the circulatory fluid of bivalves, transports nutrients, respiratory gases, enzymes, metabolic wastes, and toxicants throughout the body. Hemolymph can provide information pertinent to health assessment of animals or populations, but is not commonly used in freshwater bivalves partly because of the lack of tested, practical techniques for its nonlethal collection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of hemolymph collection on the growth and survival of Elliptio complanata, a freshwater bivalve (Unionidae). We describe a simple technique for the collection of hemolymph from the anterior adductor muscle sinus of E. complanata. To evaluate the effect of hemolymph sampling on mussel survival and growth, 30 mussels sampled using the technique and 30 unsampled controls were followed for 3 mo post collection. Nine animals were sampled 3 times over 7 mo to monitor effects of repeated sampling. No negative impacts on survival or growth were observed in either the singly or repeatedly sampled animals. We also compared the composition of hemolymph collected from the adductor muscle sinus with that collected from the ventricle of the heart. Calcium levels and cell count of hemolymph obtained from the adductor sinus and ventricle were significantly different. There was no significant difference between collection sites for magnesium, phosphorus, ammonia, protein, sodium, potassium, or chloride. We conclude that collection of hemolymph from the adductor sinus is safe for sampled E. complanata and should be explored as a relatively non-invasive, and potentially useful, approach to the evaluation of freshwater mussel health.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Box 8401, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.
authors.forename: Lori L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Stoskopf
authors.forename: Arthur E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Bogan
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Showers
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.forename: Jay F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005618:Fresh Water; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000737:chemistry*; D009657:North Carolina; D016019:Survival Analysis