Endoscopic forehead lifting.
The aging process of the face is often most drastic in the upper third of the face, with the development of forehead rhytides and brow prolapse. Traditionally, an open approach to addressing aging of the forehead has been used. The introduction of endoscopic technology to surgical correction of forehead aging has resulted in comparable results without the significant disadvantages inherent in the open approach. The success of the endoscopic technique for forehead lifting has been reflected by its immense popularity and demand by the public. The aging process, relevant surgical anatomy, patient selection and planning, surgical technique, and current controversies in fixation are reviewed.
Romo
Thomas
T
Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, NY 10003, USA. docromo@aol.com
Yalamanchili
Haresh
H
D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D005546:Forehead / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000473:pathology*