title: Development of putative GABAergic neurons in the appendicularian urochordate Oikopleura dioica.
abstract: Studying the developing brain of urochordates can increase our understanding of brain evolution in the chordate lineage. To begin addressing regional patterns of neuronal differentiation in appendicularian urochordates, we examined the development of putative GABAergic neurons in Oikopleura dioica using GABA immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization for the GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD. First, we assessed the developmental dynamics of neuron number and organization in the cerebral and caudal ganglia. We then identified and mapped the positions of putative GABAergic neurons using confocal microscopy. We found GAD mRNA-positive and GABA-immunopositive neurons in the first brain nerves and the cerebral and caudal ganglia, but not in the caudal nerve cord. In both ganglia GAD mRNA-positive and GABA-immunopositive neurons are found in the same characteristic intraganglionic locations. The differentiation of these GABAergic markers occurs first in the first brain nerves and the cerebral ganglion and then with a several-hour delay in the caudal ganglion. In all three structures GAD mRNA expression appears 2-3 hours prior to GABA expression. In general, GABA is expressed by the same number of neurons as express GAD. Several discrepancies suggest differential regulation of the GABAergic phenotype in different neurons, however. Our results show that the GABAergic phenotype has a stereotyped pattern of expression along the anteroposterior axis of the CNS. Given recent genome sequencing and developmental patterning gene studies in this species, the GABAergic neurons in O. dioica provide a good model for assessing, at the invertebrate-vertebrate transition, the molecular mechanisms that specify the GABAergic phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, Bergen High Technology Centre, N-5008 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Anne Mette
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Søviknes
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chourrout
authors.forename: Joel C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Glover
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D003001:Cloning, Molecular / Q000379:methods; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D017952:Ganglia, Invertebrate / Q000166:cytology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D005998:Glycine / Q000378:metabolism; D050841:Glycine Dehydrogenase (Decarboxylating); D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D017403:In Situ Hybridization / Q000379:methods; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism; D014561:Urochordata / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000378:metabolism; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; D050841:Glycine Dehydrogenase (Decarboxylating); D005998:Glycine