title: ER-associated protein degradation is a common mechanism underpinning numerous monogenic diseases including Robinow syndrome.
abstract: Correct folding of nascent polypeptide chains within the ER is critical for function, assembly into multi-subunit complexes and trafficking through the exocytic pathway for secretory and cell surface proteins. This process is rather inefficient, and a substantial proportion of nascent polypeptides is rejected by an ER quality control system and targeted for degradation. In some cases, only a minor fraction of nascent chains is correctly folded, and the smallest alteration to polypeptide primary structure (i.e. point mutation) can result in the complete loss of function with inherent pathological consequences; cystic fibrosis and emphysema result from such mutations. We have taken a bioinformatic approach to parse a large database of known disease susceptibility genes for candidates whose disease-associated alleles are likely prone to misfolding in the ER. Surprisingly, we find that proteins with ER-targeting signals are over represented in this database when compared with all predicted proteins in the human genome (45 versus 30%). We selected a subgroup of proteins that were positive for both an ER-targeting signal and a membrane-anchoring domain and thereby identified several ER-associated degradation diseases candidates. To determine whether our analysis had identified new ER-degradation substrates, we established that ER retention is indeed the mechanism underlying Robinow syndrome (RRS), one of the identified candidates. Specifically, mutant alleles of ROR2 that are associated with RRS are retained within the ER, whereas wild-type and non-pathogenic alleles are exported to the plasma membrane. These data both uncover a major pathogenic factor for RRS and indicate that misfolding of secretory proteins is likely to significantly contribute to human disease and morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Bellamy
authors.forename: Miguel C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Seabra
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: Bassam R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D006801:Humans; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017510:Protein Folding; D057050:Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; C078717:ROR2 protein, human; D057050:Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors