title: Effects of perioperative parenteral glutamine-dipeptide supplementation on plasma endotoxin level, plasma endotoxin inactivation capacity and clinical outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated perioperative plasma endotoxin, plasma soluble CD14 molecule (sCD14), plasma endotoxin inactivation capacity (EIC) changes and clinical outcome after glutamine was provided in parenteral feedings to patients on whom gastrointestinal operations were performed using a prospective, randomized, double-blind study design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients undergoing gastrointestinal operations were randomized into two groups, each had 20 patients. One group received standard parenteral nutrition and the other received the same formulation but supplemented with the dipeptide alanyl-glutamine, the two groups were isonitrogenous. The infusion was started from 1 day before operation to the 3rd day after operation for 5 days. Blood samples were collected on the morning of 1 day before operation, 3h after operation, and on the morning of 1, 4 and 7 days after operation and analyzed for plasma endotoxin level, plasma sCD14 level and EIC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences between the two groups on plasma endotoxin level. After surgery a rapid reduction in plasma EIC was observed in both groups, a significant restoration of the plasma EIC was observed on the morning of 1 and 4 days after surgery in the study group (0.12+/-0.02 and 0.078+/-0.022 EU/mL, respectively, P < 0.01). A significant rise in plasma sCD14 level was found in the study group on the morning of 1 and 4 days after surgery (14.32+/-1.69 and 10.34+/-1.14 microg/mL, respectively, P < 0.01). Shortened hospital stay was observed in the study group (11.7+/-2.0 days in the control group and 10.6+/-1.2 days on the study group respectively, P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perioperative parenteral nutrition supplemented with dipeptide alanyl-glutamine ameliorated postoperative immunodepression without direct effect on endotoxemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, 1095# Jiefang Grand Road, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China. gxyao@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Guo-Xiang
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Xin-Bo
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Zhu-Ming
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Nai-Fa
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Wilmore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000601:surgery*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D004731:Endotoxins; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D005973:Glutamine