title: Rho GTPases regulate rhabdom morphology in octopus photoreceptors.
abstract: In the cephalopod retina, light/dark adaptation is accompanied by a decrease/increase in rhabdom size and redistribution of rhodopsin and retinochrome. Rearrangements in the actin cytoskeleton probably govern changes in rhabdom size by regulating the degradation/formation of rhabdomere microvilli. Photopigment movements may be directed by microtubules present in the outer segment core cytoplasm. We believe that rhodopsin activation by light stimulates Rho and Rac signaling pathways, affecting these cytoskeletal systems and their possible functions in controlling rhabdom morphology and protein movements. In this study, we localized cytoskeletal and signaling proteins in octopus photoreceptors to determine their concurrence between the lighting conditions. We used toxin B from Clostridium difficile to inhibit the activity of Rho/Rac and observed its effect on the location of signaling proteins and actin and tubulin. In both lighting conditions, we found Rho in specific sets of juxtaposed rhabdomeres in embryonic and adult retinas. In the light, Rho and actin were localized along the length of the rhabdomere, but, in the dark, both proteins were absent from a space beneath the inner limiting membrane. Rac colocalized with tubulin in the outer segment core cytoplasm and, like Rho, the two proteins were also absent beneath the inner limiting membrane in the dark. The distribution of actin and Rho was affected by toxin B and, in dark-adapted retinas, actin and Rho distribution was similar to that observed in the light. Our results suggest that the Rho/Rac GTPases are candidates for the regulation of rhabdomere size and protein movements in light-dark-adapted octopus photoreceptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, 90747, USA.
authors.forename: Aria M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Freddi I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Zuniga
authors.forename: Gina H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Ochoa
authors.forename: Shaunte
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Shannon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Robles
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000221:Adaptation, Ocular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D049831:Octopodiformes; D017956:Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D014404:Tubulin; C010781:acute-phase protein rho; C031815:toxB protein, Clostridium difficile; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins