title: [An experimental study on renal microvascular perfusion in dogs with acute cardiac insufficiency].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the changes and the effects of captopril on the renal blood flow and microvascular perfusion in dogs with acute cardiac insufficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acute cardial insufficiency was induced by combining occlusion of the left anterior descending artery with right ventricular pacing in 12 mongrel dogs. The ascending aorta and left kidney were dissected and ultrasonic flow probes were placed on ascending aorta and renal artery to monitor cardiac output (CO) and renal blood flow (RBF). Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the kidney was performed as CO was reduced to 25% (LCO25%) and 50% (LCO50%) from the basic measurement and microvascular flow velocity (beta), microvascular volume (A) and microvascular blood flow (renal cortex) were observed. After CO reduced to 50%, captopril 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg were injected successively and contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the kidney were performed again before and after injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, CO, RBF, CXbeta (beta of renal cortex), A and A x beta were (1.46 +/- 0.16) ml/min, (107.5 +/- 35.7) ml/min, 1.39 +/- 0.14, 120.3 +/- 14.8 and 167.4 +/- 25.0, respectively. After the LCO25% was reached, RAF, CXbeta, A and A x beta decreased to (72.50 +/- 32.4) ml/min, 0.87 +/- 0.082, 117.6 +/- 13.1, and 102.6 +/- 15.5, respectively. The corresponding values after the LCO50% was reached were (44.1 +/- 17.2) ml/min, 0.61 +/- 0.039, 106.9 +/- 12.0, and 64.7 +/- 8.83, respectively. It is suggested that the volume of the renal microvasculature remained stable until the LCO50% was reached. When captopril 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg were injected successively at LCO50%, MAP decreased from (85.4 +/- 7.8) mm Hg to (78.7 +/- 7.3) mm Hg and to (69.1 +/- 6.3) mm Hg (P < 0.05), respectively, while CO increased from 0.73 +/- 0.084 to 0.83 +/- 0.065 and to 0.9 +/- 0.054 (P < 0.05), respectively. RBF increased from (44.1 +/- 17.2) ml/min to 60.3 +/- 17.8 and to 79.4 +/- 17.8 (P < 0.05), respectively. After captopril 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg were injected, the increased flow ratios with CO were 0.15 +/- 0.084 and 0.31 +/- 0.011, respectively, and with RBF were 0.29 +/- 089 and 0.522 +/- 0.040, respectively. The increased renal blood flow ratio was higher than that of CO after captopril was used. The corresponding increases were from 0.61 +/- 0.039 to 0.75 +/- 0.020 and to 0.86 +/- 0.027 for CX beta, from 106.9 +/- 11.9 to 115.4 +/- 11.1 and to 116.6 +/- 8.9 for A, from 64.7 +/- 8.83 to 87.0 +/- 8.6 and to 100.6 +/- 8.9 for A x beta, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The renal microvasculature plays a role by keeping its volume stable in the protection against renal ischemia when acute cardiac output decreases slightly. The role of captopril to improve renal microvascular perfusion is independent of increased total cardiac output or increased systemic blood pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, First Military Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
authors.forename: Jin-guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Yi-li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Dao-gang
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Zha
authors.forename: Jian-ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bin
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ping-sheng
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002216:Captopril / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D010477:Perfusion; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002216:Captopril