title: RPGR is mutated in patients with a complex X linked phenotype combining primary ciliary dyskinesia and retinitis pigmentosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare disease classically transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and characterised by recurrent airway infections due to abnormal ciliary structure and function. To date, only two autosomal genes, DNAI1 and DNAH5 encoding axonemal dynein chains, have been shown to cause PCD with defective outer dynein arms. Here, we investigated one non-consanguineous family in which a woman with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) gave birth to two boys with a complex phenotype combining PCD, discovered in early childhood and characterised by partial dynein arm defects, and RP that occurred secondarily. The family history prompted us to search for an X linked gene that could account for both conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found perfect segregation of the disease phenotype with RP3 associated markers (Xp21.1). Analysis of the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator gene (RPGR) located at this locus revealed a mutation (631_IVS6+9del) in the two boys and their mother. As shown by study of RPGR transcripts expressed in nasal epithelial cells, this intragenic deletion, which leads to activation of a cryptic donor splice site, predicts a severely truncated protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide the first clear demonstration of X linked transmission of PCD. This unusual mode of inheritance of PCD in patients with particular phenotypic features (that is, partial dynein arm defects and association with RP), which should modify the current management of families affected by PCD or RP, unveils the importance of RPGR in the proper development of both respiratory ciliary structures and connecting cilia of photoreceptors.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U. 654, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Escudier
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamalet
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pelosse
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marlin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clément
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Geremek
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Delaisi
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bridoux
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coste
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Duriez
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amselem
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002923:Cilia / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D040181:Genetic Diseases, X-Linked / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007619:Kartagener Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012174:Retinitis Pigmentosa / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; C099929:RPGR protein, human