title: Expression of alpha-expansin and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase genes associated with shoot elongation enhanced by anoxia, ethylene and carbon dioxide in arrowhead (Sagittaria pygmaea Miq.) tubers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Shoot elongation of arrowhead tubers (Sagittaria pygmaea Miq.) is stimulated by anoxia, ethylene and CO2. The aim of this study was to characterize anoxic elongation by comparison with elongation stimulated by ethylene and CO2.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of the inhibitors aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) as an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) as a potent inhibitor of ethylene action, and pyrazol, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, on shoot elongation were examined. Moreover, the effects of these gaseous factors on expression of genes possibly involved in modification of cell wall architecture were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In air, promotion by 5% CO2 and 5 microL L-1 ethylene of shoot elongation occurred. At 1% O2, ethylene also stimulated shoot elongation but CO2 did not. Pyrazol inhibited shoot elongation in hypoxia but not in normoxia, suggesting that alcohol fermentation contributes to elongation enhanced by hypoxia. AVG and 1-MCP partially prevented shoot elongation both in normoxia and in hypoxia, but they did not have significant effects in anoxia, suggesting that endogenous ethylene acts as a stimulator of shoot elongation in normoxia and in hypoxia but not in anoxia. Ethylene is not involved in anoxia-enhanced elongation. We cloned four cDNAs (SpEXPA1, 2, 3 and 4) encoding alpha-expansin (EXPA) and five cDNAs (SpXTH1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) encoding xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) from shoots of arrowhead tubers. The transcript levels of SpEXPA1 and 2 were increased by anoxia and those of SpEXPA2 were increased by 5% CO2. Ethylene slightly elevated the level of SpEXPA4 transcripts. Anoxia enhanced the transcript levels of SpXTH1 and 4; neither ethylene nor CO2 had any effect. CO2 enhanced transcript levels of SpXTH3 and depressed those of SpXTH5. Ethylene decreased transcript levels of SpXTH5. These results suggest that four SpEXPA genes and five SpXTH genes are differently responsive to anoxia, CO2 and ethylene. Enhancement of SpEXPA1 and 2, and SpXTH1 and 4 transcript levels suggests that these gene products are involved in anoxic shoot elongation through modification of cell wall architecture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryuto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ookawara
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Toshihito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: Kimiharu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishizawa
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D016695:Glycosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics*; D000860:Hypoxia; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D034903:Sagittaria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D005030:Ethylenes; D010940:Plant Proteins; C095825:expansin protein, plant; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C036216:ethylene; D016695:Glycosyltransferases; C473049:xyloglucan - xyloglucosyltransferase