title: VEGF inhibits PDGF-stimulated calcium signaling independent of phospholipase C and protein kinase C.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite advances in both open and endovascular techniques for treatment of arterial occlusive disease, restenosis because of neointimal hyperplasia continues to be a major cause of graft failure and restenosis. This phenomenon has been attributed to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) activation by several potent mitogens including platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) released at the site of injury. PDGF is known to stimulate calcium influx in VSMC that has been shown to be critical for VSMC migration and proliferation. We have previously shown that VEGF inhibits PDGF-stimulated VSMC proliferation. The objective of this set of experiments was to investigate whether VEGF modulated PDGF-stimulated Ca2+ influx in VSMC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary cultured human aortic SMC were grown to subconfluency and assigned to the following groups: no stimulation, stimulation with PDGF-BB (20 ng/ml), stimulation with VEGF165 (40 ng/ml), or a combination of PDGF-BB + VEGF165. Ca2+ influx was measured using a Fura-2 fluorescence assay. The intracellular Ca2+ fraction was assayed with the Fura-2 assay by using Ca2+-free media. Phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLCgamma1), protein kinase C (PKC), and Akt phosphorylation was assessed with standard immunoblotting techniques at 1, 5, and 10 min time points. Ca2+-calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) activity was extrapolated from the phosphorylation of Phospholamban B (PLB), a well-known protein substrate, at 1, 5, and 10 min time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PDGF stimulation resulted in a 328 +/- 9 nm total calcium influx in VSMC. The combination of VEGF + PDGF resulted in a 273 +/- 21 nm total calcium influx, an amount significantly less than with PDGF alone (P < 0.04). PDGF stimulation resulted in a 72 +/- 35 nm intracellular calcium release. The addition of VEGF to PDGF resulted in an intracellular calcium release of only 15 +/- 11 nm, a significant decrease compared to PDGF alone (P < 0.01). The phosphorylation of PLCgamma1, PKC, and Akt was equivalent at 1, 5, and 10 min between the PDGF and the PDGF + VEGF treatment groups. There was an increase in CaMKII activity at 1 and 5 min time points in both the PDGF and PDGF + VEGF treatment groups suggesting that extracellular calcium influx is sufficient for CaMKII activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VEGF inhibits PDGF-stimulated total calcium influx and, in particular, PDGF-stimulated intracellular calcium release in VSMC. The equivalent phosphorylation of PLCgamma1, PKC, and Akt suggests that the inhibitory mechanism by VEGF on calcium influx occurs downstream of these proximal mediators. The inhibition of intracellular calcium release did not inhibit CaMKII activity. VEGF may play an important role in modulating PDGF induced VSMC proliferation by specifically inhibiting intracellular calcium release in response to PDGF.
authors.affiliation: UCSD Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, San Diego, California 92103-8402, USA.
authors.forename: Ankur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Niren
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Angle
mesh_terms: D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D006801:Humans; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D010738:Type C Phospholipases