title: Inosine improves islet xenograft survival in immunocompetent diabetic mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation is likely to be one of the factors responsible for early islet xenograft rejection. In this study, we have used a novel anti-inflammatory compound, inosine, to investigate the role of anti-inflammatory blockade in protecting rat pancreatic islets from xenograft rejection in diabetic balb/c mice. Inosine is a safe, naturally occurring purine, which appears to be nontoxic to humans, that has recently been shown to be an immunomodulator and anti-inflammatory agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the transplantation model rat islets were placed under the renal capsule of streptozotocin diabetic balb/c mice and inosine -- (200 mg kg (-1) d (-1) or vehicle- treatment started the day of islet transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vehicle-treated mice rat islet xenografts were rejected within 2 - 11 days after transplantation. In contrast, in inosine-treated mice graft survival was markedly prolonged for up to 3 weeks. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry and morphometric analyses revealed that early islet graft infiltration by leukocytes (CD45(+)) is significantly reduced in the grafts from inosine-treated diabetic mice compared to vehicle-treated mice. As suggested from the graft survival data, inosine-treated mice had also a significantly better preserved beta-cell mass.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results clearly demonstrate that inosine treatment markedly reduced the early inflammatory reaction elicited by an islet xenograft and substantially prolongs the graft survival. Therefore, such an approach may form an important future component of therapeutic regimens applied in clinical islet xenotransplantation.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department I, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, University of Bochum, Bürkle de la Camp Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany. Stephan.Schneider@ruhr-uni-bochum.de
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D007121:Immunocompetence / Q000187:drug effects*; D007288:Inosine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007288:Inosine