title: Shipwrecks and founder effects: divergent demographic histories reflected in Caribbean mtDNA.
abstract: During the period of the Atlantic slave trade (15th-19th centuries), millions of people were forced to move from Africa to many American destinations, changing dramatically the human landscape of the Americas. Here, we analyze mitochondrial DNA from two different American populations with African ancestry, with hitherto unknown European and Native American components. On the basis of historical records, African-Americans from Chocó (Colombia) and the Garífunas (or "Black Carib") of Honduras are likely to have had very different demographic histories, with a significant founder effect in the formation of the latter. Both the common features and differences are reflected in their mtDNA composition. Both show a minor component (approximately 16%) from Native Central/South Americans and a larger component (approximately 84%) from sub-Saharan Africans. The latter component is very diverse in the African-Americans from Chocó, similar to that of sub-Saharan Africans, but much less so in the Garífunas, with several mtDNA types elevated to high frequency, suggesting the action of genetic drift.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Genética, Instituto de Medicina Legal, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain. apimlase@usc.es
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salas
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: María-Victoria
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Lareu
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sobrino
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Mireya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matamoros
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Macaulay
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carracedo
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000208:ethnology; D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000266:history*; D003105:Colombia / Q000453:epidemiology; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000266:history*; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D005828:Genetics, Population / Q000379:methods; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006721:Honduras / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007197:Indians, Central American / Q000235:genetics / Q000266:history; D007199:Indians, South American / Q000235:genetics / Q000266:history; D012940:Social Problems / Q000208:ethnology / Q000266:history*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial