title: Combined endoscopic transmaxillary-transnasal approach to the pterygoid region, lateral sphenoid sinus, and retrobulbar orbit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The sublabial transmaxillary approach to the pterygoid region was a popular one during the Caldwell-Luc, pre-endoscopic era. It was the procedure of choice for management of lesions of the pterygopalatine space, for internal maxillary artery ligation, and for vidian neurectomy. With the introduction of endoscopic instrumentation and techniques, the Caldwell-Luc procedure is rarely performed today. Also, because vidian neurectomy is performed less frequently, and because internal maxillary artery ligation for severe epistaxis has been replaced with transnasal endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation, the sublabial transmaxillary route is rarely used. We have found that combining the use of endoscopes via the sublabial approach and the transnasal endoscopic approach is very helpful for management of extreme lateral lesions of the sphenoid sinus, as well as the pterygoid region and the posterior orbit.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of patients who underwent a combined endoscopic transmaxillary-transnasal approach between 1994 and 2002 were reviewed. Indications for the procedure included extreme lateral sphenoid and pterygoid encephalocele (3 patients), pterygoid mucocele (2 patients), orbital apex lesion (2 patients), and pterygopalatine tumor (2 patients).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine patients underwent the above-mentioned procedure. Wide and comfortable exposure of the involved region was achieved in all cases. Compared with the transnasal approach, the working distance, working comfort, and maneuverability of instruments were significantly enhanced. There were no major complications related to the approach. Because the maxillary wall opening is very small, infraorbital hypoesthesia is very limited and of short duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combining the transmaxillary and transnasal approaches for endoscopic management of pterygoid, lateral sphenoid, and retrobulbar orbit lesions provides excellent exposure and avoids the limited working angle and surgical struggle that may be associated with the use of the transnasal approach alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Gady
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Har-El
mesh_terms: D008949:Adenoma, Pleomorphic / Q000601:surgery; D004677:Encephalocele / Q000601:surgery; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000601:surgery; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000601:surgery; D009078:Mucocele / Q000601:surgery; D009442:Neurilemmoma / Q000601:surgery; D009918:Orbital Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000601:surgery; D013101:Sphenoid Sinus / Q000601:surgery