title: Gastroesophageal reflux strictures in children, management and outcome.
abstract: Esophageal reflux (GER) strictures are frequently diagnosed late and require a prolonged management programme depending on the severity of the stricture. Management protocols include medical therapy, bouginage, fundoplication, stricture resection and even interposition grafting. Our preferred method is to delay the anti-reflux surgery until the esophagitis is medically controlled, adequate enteral intake with weight gain is achieved and the oesophageal narrowing adequately dilated. We review the results of the approach over a 27-year period (1977-2004).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one children were treated (mean age at diagnosis 35 months). Diagnosis of GERD was made on barium meal and confirmed by pH studies, gastroesophageal scintigraphy and oesophagoscopy. Stenosed site, its length and nature (i.e. response to dilatation) were documented. Dilatations were carried by prograde, balloon and string-guided techniques. Three fundoplication techniques were used (Boix-Ochoa, Toupet and Nissen).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two strictures were in the lower third, seven in the mid-third and two in the upper third of the oesophagus. Thirteen (42%) had associated hiatus hernia (HH). Twenty (64%) had a stricture length>3 cm. Twelve strictures were so severe (tight) as to require gastrostomy and string-guided dilatation. An average 5.5 dilatations were required prior to surgery. Only six children did not require post-surgery dilatation. Twelve required more than five post-operative dilatations. Reasons for stricture persistence were identified as failed reflux surgery in seven, candida oesophagitis in two, HIV infection in one and severity of fibrosis in three (two requiring stricture resection). At average follow-up of 5 years, all patients have restored growth without further symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strictures are a major complication of GER requiring prolonged and intensive management in most cases. Reasons for persistence of stricture after anti-reflux surgery can be identified and require early intervention. Long-term follow-up is essential but results have been good in our hands.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Red Cross Children's Hospital, Klipfontein Rd., Rondebosch, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa. anuman@ich.uct.ac.za
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Numanoglu
authors.forename: A J W
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Millar
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rode
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D016896:Treatment Outcome