title: Galanin-like peptide rescues reproductive function in the diabetic rat.
abstract: Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is expressed in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and is regulated by leptin and insulin. Centrally administered GALP stimulates gonadotropin secretion and sexual behavior in the rat. Type 1 diabetes is associated with reduced expression of GALP, as well as an overall decline in reproductive function. We postulated that tonic activity of GALP in the brain is required to sustain normal reproductive activity. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether central (intracerebroventricular) immunoblockade of GALP would reduce sexual behaviors and serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) in normal adult male rats. We found that GALP antibody reversibly reduced serum levels of LH and abolished male sexual behaviors (P < 0.05 and 0.001, respectively). Second, we tested whether intracerebroventricular GALP could restore normal plasma LH levels and sexual behavior in diabetic animals. We compared groups of diabetic rats that received intracerebroventricular GALP or vehicle and found that GALP increased serum levels of LH and sexual behavior. Third, we examined whether intracerebroventricular administration of affinity-purified GALP antibody could block the effect of insulin and leptin in reversing the effects of diabetes on LH and sexual behavior. We found that treatment of diabetic animals with insulin and leptin nearly normalized LH levels and sexual behaviors; however, this effect was attenuated by intracerebroventricular administration of GALP antibody (P < 0.05). These observations demonstrate that endogenous GALP provides trophic support to the neuroendocrine reproductive axis, including sexual behavior.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, 35 E. 12th St., PSC 3065, Box 9000, Biology Dept., Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, USA.
authors.forename: Angela G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Stoyanovitch
authors.forename: Marlie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Donald K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Clifton
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Fraley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001835:Body Weight; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D044089:Galanin-Like Peptide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D020738:Leptin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D001786:Blood Glucose; D044089:Galanin-Like Peptide; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin