title: Synergistic effects of combining morphological and molecular data in resolving the phylogeny of butterflies and skippers.
abstract: Phylogenetic relationships among major clades of butterflies and skippers have long been controversial, with no general consensus even today. Such lack of resolution is a substantial impediment to using the otherwise well studied butterflies as a model group in biology. Here we report the results of a combined analysis of DNA sequences from three genes and a morphological data matrix for 57 taxa (3258 characters, 1290 parsimony informative) representing all major lineages from the three putative butterfly super-families (Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea), plus out-groups representing other ditrysian Lepidoptera families. Recently, the utility of morphological data as a source of phylogenetic evidence has been debated. We present the first well supported phylogenetic hypothesis for the butterflies and skippers based on a total-evidence analysis of both traditional morphological characters and new molecular characters from three gene regions (COI, EF-1alpha and wingless). All four data partitions show substantial hidden support for the deeper nodes, which emerges only in a combined analysis in which the addition of morphological data plays a crucial role. With the exception of Nymphalidae, the traditionally recognized families are found to be strongly supported monophyletic clades with the following relationships: (Hesperiidae+(Papilionidae+(Pieridae+(Nymphalidae+(Lycaenidae+Riodinidae))))). Nymphalidae is recovered as a monophyletic clade but this clade does not have strong support. Lycaenidae and Riodinidae are sister groups with strong support and we suggest that the latter be given family rank. The position of Pieridae as the sister taxon to nymphalids, lycaenids and riodinids is supported by morphology and the EF-1alpha data but conflicted by the COI and wingless data. Hedylidae are more likely to be related to butterflies and skippers than geometrid moths and appear to be the sister group to Papilionoidea+Hesperioidea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. niklas.wahlberg@zoologi.su.se
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wahlberg
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Braby
authors.forename: Andrew V Z
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Brower
authors.forename: Rienk
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Ming-Min
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sören
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nylin
authors.forename: Naomi E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: Felix A H
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Sperling
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vila
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Evgueni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zakharov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002080:Butterflies / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D002965:Classification / Q000379:methods*; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins