title: Validation of statistical methods to compare cancellation rates on the day of surgery.
abstract: We investigated the validity of several statistical methods to monitor the cancellation of electively scheduled cases on the day of surgery: chi(2) test, Fisher's exact test, Rao and Scott test, Student's t-test, Clopper-Pearson confidence intervals, and Chen and Tipping modification of the Clopper-Pearson confidence intervals. Discrete-event computer simulation over many years was used to represent surgical suites with an unchanging cancellation rate. Because the true cancellation rate was fixed, the accuracy of the statistical methods could be determined. Cancellations caused by medical events, rare events, cases lasting longer than scheduled, and full postanesthesia or intensive care unit beds were modeled. We found that applying Student's two-sample t-test to the transformation of the numbers of cases and canceled cases from each of six 4-wk periods was valid for most conditions. We recommend that clinicians and managers use this method in their quality monitoring reports. The other methods gave inaccurate results. For example, using chi(2) or Fisher's exact test, hospitals may erroneously determine that cancellation rates have increased when they really are unchanged. Conversely, if inappropriate statistical methods are used, administrators may claim success at reducing cancellation rates when, in fact, the problem remains unresolved, affecting patients and clinicians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Operating room cancellation rates can be monitored statistically by considering the number of canceled and performed cases during each 4-week period, performing a transformation of each period's cancellation rate, and then applying Student's t-test. Methods such as the Fisher's exact test and {chi}2 test should be avoided for this application because they can give erroneous results.
authors.affiliation: *Division of Management Consulting and Departments of †Anesthesia and ‡Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa, Iowa City; §Department of Industrial Maintenance, Jean Monnet University, Roanne Cedex, France; and ∥Department of Anesthesiology, Jefferson Medical College.
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dexter
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marcon
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ledolter
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001071:Appointments and Schedules; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009873:Operating Rooms; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results