title: Molecular events associated with arsenic-induced malignant transformation of human prostatic epithelial cells: aberrant genomic DNA methylation and K-ras oncogene activation.
abstract: Numerous studies link arsenic exposure to human cancers in a variety of tissues, including the prostate. Our prior work showed that chronic arsenic exposure of the non-tumorigenic, human prostate epithelial cell line, RWPE-1, to low levels of (5 microM) sodium arsenite for 29 weeks resulted in malignant transformation and produced the tumorigenic CAsE-PE cell line. The present work focuses on the molecular events occurring during this arsenic-induced malignant transformation. Genomic DNA methylation was significantly reduced in CAsE-PE cells. A time course experiment showed that during malignant transformation DNA methyltransferase activity was markedly reduced by arsenic. However, DNA methyltransferase mRNA levels were not affected by arsenic exposure. Microarray screening showed that K-ras was highly overexpressed in CAsE-PE cells, a result further confirmed by Northern blot and Western blot analyses. Since ras activation is thought to be a critical event in prostate cancer progression, further detailed study was performed. Time course experiments also showed that increased K-ras expression preceded malignant transformation. Mutational analysis of codons 12, 13, and 61 indicated the absence of K-ras mutations. The K-ras gene can be activated by hypomethylation, but our study showed that CpG methylation in K-ras promoter region was not altered by arsenic exposure. Arsenic metabolism studies showed RWPE-1, CAsE-PE, and primary human prostate cells all had a very poor capacity for arsenic methylation. Thus, inorganic arsenic-induced transformation in human cells is associated with genomic DNA hypomethylation and K-ras overexpression. However, overexpression of K-ras occurred without mutations and through a mechanism other than promoter region hypomethylation.
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, NCI at NIEHS, MD F0-09, 111 Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Lamia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benbrahim-Tallaa
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Waterland
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Styblo
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Achanzar
authors.forename: Mukta M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Webber
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Waalkes
mesh_terms: D018053:Arsenites / Q000633:toxicity*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects*; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015870:Gene Expression; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009154:Mutation; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011467:Prostate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D018053:Arsenites; D017670:Sodium Compounds; C017947:sodium arsenite; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9