title: Passive coping is a risk factor for disabling neck or low back pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite evidence suggesting that coping is an important concept in the study of pain, its role in predicting the development of disabling pain has not been previously studied. To assess the relationship between coping and the development of disabling pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  From a random sample of adults, we formed a cohort of individuals with non-disabling neck and/or low back pain (n=571). Participants were followed 6 and 12 months after the index survey. Coping was measured with the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory. The Chronic Pain Questionnaire was used to measure the presence of disabling neck and/or low back pain. We used Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to investigate the role of passive coping in the development of disabling pain while controlling for confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Passive coping was a strong, independent risk factor for disabling neck and/or back pain. Those using moderate to high levels of passive coping strategies were at an over five-fold increased risk of developing disabling pain (Moderate: HRR=5.19, 95% CI=1.78-15.1; High: HRR=6.80, 95% CI=2.36-19.6). Active coping was not found to be a significant risk factor for disabling neck and/or back pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Passive coping is a strong and independent predictor of disabling neck and/or back pain. This strong relationship identifies passive coping as a marker for risk of disability and can allow for the identification of individuals at risk and in need of intervention to aid in improving their overall adjustment.
authors.affiliation: FIT for Active Living Program, 8th Floor, Saskatoon City Hospital, 701 Queen Street, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7K 0M7. annalyn.mercado@saskatoonhealthregion.ca
authors.forename: Annalyn C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mercado
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Côté
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003710:Demography; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires