title: Expanded endonasal approach: the rostrocaudal axis. Part I. Crista galli to the sella turcica.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transsphenoidal approaches have been used for a century for the resection of pituitary and other sellar tumors. More recently, the standard endonasal approach has been expanded to provide access to other, parasellar lesions. With the addition of the endoscope, this expansion carries significant potential for the resection of skull base lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anatomical landmarks and surgical techniques used in expanded (extended) endoscopic approaches to the rostral, anterior skull base are reviewed and presented, accompanied by case illustrations of each segment (or module) of approach. The rostral half of the anterior skull base is divided into modules of approach: sellar/parasellar, transplanum/transtuberculum, and transcribriform. Case illustrations of successful resections of lesions with each module are presented and discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic, expanded endonasal approaches to rostral anterior skull base lesions are feasible and hold great potential for decreased morbidity. The effectiveness and appropriate use of these techniques must be evaluated by close examination of outcomes as case series expand.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery Center, Center for Cranial Base Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. kassamab@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kassam
authors.forename: Carl H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Snyderman
authors.forename: Arlan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mintz
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Ricardo L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Carrau
mesh_terms: D003388:Cranial Fossa, Posterior / Q000601:surgery; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000601:surgery*; D019291:Skull Base / Q000601:surgery*; D013101:Sphenoid Sinus / Q000601:surgery*