title: Pediatric parenting stress among parents of children with type 1 diabetes: the role of self-efficacy, responsibility, and fear.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Parents of children with type 1 diabetes are crucial to promoting positive disease adaptation and health outcomes among these youngsters, yet this success may come at some consequence to parents' own well-being. Little research has examined the stress faced by parents, or explored the psychological and behavioral correlates of their stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and thirty-four parents of children with type 1 diabetes completed measures of diabetes self-efficacy, responsibility for diabetes management, fear of hypoglycemia, and a recently developed measure of pediatric parenting stress (the Pediatric Inventory for Parents [PIP]; R. Streisand, S. Braniecki, K. P. Tercyak, & A. E. Kazak, 2001).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bivariate analyses suggest that pediatric parenting stress is multifaceted; the frequency of parenting stress is negatively related to child age and family socioeconomic status and positively related to single parent status and regimen status (injections vs. insulin pump). Difficulty of parenting stress is negatively related to child age and positively related to regimen status. In multivariate analyses, a significant portion of the variance in stress frequency (32%) and difficulty (19%) are associated with parent psychological and behavioral functioning, including lower self-efficacy, greater responsibility for diabetes management, and greater fear of hypoglycemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Each area of parent functioning associated with pediatric parenting stress is amenable to behavioral intervention aimed at stress reduction or control and improvement of parent psychological and child-health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, Federal District of Columbia 20010, USA. rstreis@cnmc.org
authors.forename: Randi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Streisand
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Swift
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wickmark
authors.forename: Rusan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Clarissa S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Holmes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*