title: Plasma and urine responses are lower for acylated vs nonacylated anthocyanins from raw and cooked purple carrots.
abstract: The bioavailability of acylated vs nonacylated anthocyanins and the effect of cooking and dose on the comparative bioavailability were investigated in a clinical feeding study using purple carrots as the anthocyanin source. Treatments were purple carrots as follows: 250 g raw (463 micromol of anthocyanins: 400 micromol acylated, 63 micromol nonacylated), 250 g cooked (357 micromol of anthocyanins: 308.5 micromol acylated, 48.5 micromol nonacylated), and 500 g cooked (714 micromol of anthocyanins: 617 micromol acylated, 97 micromol nonacylated). Four of the five carrot anthocyanins were found intact in plasma by 30 min after carrot consumption and peaked between 1.5 and 2.5 h. Acylation of anthocyanins resulted in an 11-14-fold decrease in anthocyanin recovery in urine and an 8-10-fold decrease in anthocyanin recovery in plasma. Cooking increased the recovery of nonacylated anthocyanins but not acylated anthocyanins. Large dose size significantly reduced recovery of both acylated and nonacylated anthocyanins, suggesting saturation of absorption mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
authors.forename: Anne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kurilich
authors.forename: Beverly A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Clevidence
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Britz
authors.forename: Philipp W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Janet A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Novotny
mesh_terms: D000215:Acylation; D000328:Adult; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018552:Daucus carota / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins