title: A comparison of Espocan and Tuohy needles for the combined spinal-epidural technique for labor analgesia.
abstract: When using the needle-through-needle combined spinal-epidural (CSE) technique for labor analgesia, failure to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), paresthesias, and intrathecal or intravascular migration of the catheter are of concern. Epidural needles with spinal needle apertures, such as the back-hole Espocan (ES) needles, are available and may reduce these risks. We describe the efficacy and adverse events associated with a modified epidural needle (ES) versus a conventional Tuohy needle for CSE. One-hundred parturients requesting labor analgesia (CSE) were randomized into 2 groups: 50-ES 18-gauge modified epidural needle with 27-gauge Pencan atraumatic spinal needle, 50-conventional 18-gauge Tuohy needle with 27-gauge Gertie Marx atraumatic spinal needle. Information on intrathecal or intravascular catheter placement, paresthesia on introduction of spinal needle, failure to obtain CSF through the spinal needle after placement of epidural needle, unintentional dural puncture, and epidural catheter function was obtained. No intrathecal catheter placement occurred in either group. Rates of intravascular catheter placement and unintentional dural puncture were similar between the groups. Significant differences were noted regarding spinal needle-induced paresthesia (14% ES versus 42% Tuohy needles, P = 0.009) and failure to obtain CSF on first attempt (8% ES versus 28% Tuohy needles, P < 0.02). Use of ES needles for CSE significantly reduces paresthesia associated with the insertion of the spinal needle and is associated with more frequent successful spinal needle placement on the first attempt.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of modified epidural needles with a back hole for combined spinal-epidural technique significantly reduces paresthesia associated with the insertion of the spinal needle and is associated with more frequent successful spinal needle placement on the first attempt.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesiology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; and St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Ingrid M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Browne
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Birnbach
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: O'Gorman
authors.forename: Maxine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuroda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002404:Catheterization; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000502:physiology; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009339:Needles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010292:Paresthesia; D011247:Pregnancy