title: The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of childhood intracranial germinoma: long-term survival and late effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present report was to evaluate the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of childhood intracranial germinoma in view of long-term survival and functional outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine children with histologically verified intracranial germinomas treated in Slovenia between 1983 and 1995 were reviewed. The four boys and five girls were 8.8-16.9 years old (median, 11.3 years). Five tumors were suprasellar, three were in the pineal region, and one patient had bifocal disease. Two patients had disseminated tumor. All patients received radiotherapy: six to the tumor bed, one to the whole brain, and two to the whole central nervous axis (CNA). The doses to the tumor bed ranged from 30 to 46 Gy (median, 44 Gy) and to the CNA were 24 and 34.5 Gy. Five patients received neoadjuvant cyclophosphamide and three patients, all with beta-human chorionic gonadotropin secreting tumors, received neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six patients are alive 12.8-21.8 years (median, 19 years) from diagnosis. The causes of death in three patients were disseminated disease, toxicity of salvage chemotherapy, and secondary etoposide-induced leukemia. All patients with suprasellar tumors presented with overt endocrinopathy. Results of psychological evaluation were subnormal in one out of five patients tested. Estimate of mental deterioration due to therapy ranged from 0% to 30% (median, 15%). Emotional disorder was registered in four patients and psycho-organic syndrome in three.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results on long-term survival and functional outcome confirm the efficacy and relative safety of limited-field and reduced-dose radiotherapy for childhood intracranial germinoma when supplemented with chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia. pstrojan@onko-i.si
authors.forename: Primoz
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Strojan
authors.forename: Lorna Zaletel
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Zadravec
authors.forename: Jozica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anzic
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Korenjak
authors.forename: Berta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jereb
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D018237:Germinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012449:Safety; D016019:Survival Analysis