title: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling to Akt promotes keratinocyte differentiation versus death.
abstract: Signaling pathways regulating the differentiation program of epidermal cells overlap widely with those activated during apoptosis. How differentiating cells remain protected from premature death, however, is still poorly defined. We show here that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is activated at early stages of mouse keratinocyte differentiation both in culture and in the intact epidermis in vivo. Expression of active Akt in keratinocytes promotes growth arrest and differentiation, whereas pharmacological blockade of PI3K inhibits the expression of "late" differentiation markers and leads to death of cells that would otherwise differentiate. Mechanistically, the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in keratinocyte differentiation depends on the activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor and Src families of tyrosine kinases and the engagement of E-cadherin-mediated adhesion. During this process, PI3K associates increasingly with cadherin-catenin protein complexes bearing tyrosine phosphorylated YXXM motifs. Thus, the PI3K signaling pathway regulates the choice between epidermal cell differentiation and death at the cross-talk between tyrosine kinases and cadherin-associated catenins.
authors.affiliation: Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. enzo.calautti@cbrc2.mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calautti
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saoncella
authors.forename: Janice L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Brissette
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Goetinck
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015820:Cadherins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000494:pharmacology; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000737:chemistry; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015820:Cadherins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D014443:Tyrosine; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D019061:src-Family Kinases; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D002118:Calcium