title: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the Pomurje region of Slovenia--an 18-year survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the etiology of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the north-eastern part of Slovenia (Pomurje region) together with demographic, epidemiological and clinical data on 25 patients from this region who were diagnosed and treated at the General Hospital in Murska Sobota between 1986 and 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of patients with a discharge diagnosis of HFRS who were either hospitalized or referred to an infectiologist as outpatients were included in this retrospective study. Data on demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations and laboratory parameters were collected from the patients' records. In addition, all available follow-up records were examined and information on general health, blood pressure, basic blood and biochemical examination and urine analysis was collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infection with Puumala virus (PUUV) was indicated in 23 patients and Dobrava virus (DOBV) infection in two patients. The median age of patients was 39 years; 19 were male. The patients primarily had outdoor occupations. Most of the HFRS cases occurred between May and August. The most common findings were fever, vomiting, headache, myalgia, chills, cough, back and abdominal pain, and blurred vision. The most prominent laboratory abnormalities were elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein concentration, thrombocytopenia, and leucocytosis with neutrophilia. The signs of renal dysfunction were observed in 24 of the 25 patients. Oliguric renal failure was seen in 13 of 23 (57%) PUUV-infected patients. Six of 23 (26%) patients infected with PUUV and one of two (50%) patients from the DOBV group had hypotension or developed signs of shock. Seven out of 15 (47%) patients had elevated protein concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Sinus bradycardia was documented in 7 of 17 (41%) patients with PUUV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HFRS is endemic in the north-eastern part of Slovenia; PUUV and DOBV infections coexist, with PUUV being the main causative agent of HFRS. Demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in our patients with HFRS caused by PUUV were mostly in accordance with those published previously, but the ratio of patients with sinus bradycardia, oliguric renal failure and mildly elevated CSF protein concentration was rather high.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Murska Sobota General Hospital, Murska Sobota, Slovenia. emil.pal@siol.net
authors.forename: Emil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.forename: Franc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Strle
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Avsic-Zupanc
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D003411:Arvicolinae / Q000821:virology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006476:Orthohantavirus; D006306:Health Surveys; D006480:Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice / Q000821:virology; D008875:Middle Aged; D029262:Puumala virus; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017524:Slovenia; D019371:Topography, Medical