title: Cost-effectiveness of evidence-based pharmacotherapy or cognitive behavior therapy compared with community referral for major depression in predominantly low-income minority women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few clinical trials have evaluated interventions for major depressive disorder in samples of low-income minority women, and little is known about the cost-effectiveness of depression interventions for this population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of pharmacotherapy or cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) compared with community referral for major depression in low-income minority women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized clinical trial was conducted in 267 women with current major depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomly assigned to pharmacotherapy (paroxetine hydrochloride or bupropion hydrochloride) (n = 88), CBT (n = 90), or community referral (n = 89).
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcomes were intervention and health care costs, depression-free days, and quality-adjusted life years based on Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores and Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey summary scores for 12 months. Cost-effectiveness ratios were estimated to compare incremental patient outcomes with incremental costs for pharmacotherapy relative to community referral and for CBT relative to community referral.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the community referral group, the pharmacotherapy group had significantly lower adjusted mean Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores from the 3rd month through the 10th month (P = .04 to P<.001) of the study, and the CBT group had significantly lower adjusted mean scores from the 5th month through the 10th month (P = .03 to P = .049). There were significantly more depression-free days in the pharmacotherapy group (mean, 39.7; 95% confidence interval, 12.9-66.5) and the CBT group (mean, 25.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.04-51.50) than in the community referral group. The cost per additional depression-free day was USD 24.65 for pharmacotherapy and USD 27.04 for CBT compared with community referral.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effective treatment for depression in low-income minority women reduces depressive symptoms but increases costs compared with community referral. The pharmacotherapy and CBT interventions were cost-effective relative to community referral for the health care system.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Outcomes Research, MEDTAP Institute, 7101 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. Dennis.Revicki@unitedbiosource.com
authors.forename: Dennis A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Revicki
authors.forename: Juned
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siddique
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Joyce Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Bonnie L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krupnick
authors.forename: Manishi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miranda
mesh_terms: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016642:Bupropion / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017374:Paroxetine / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011203:Poverty / Q000191:economics*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000191:economics; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D016642:Bupropion; D017374:Paroxetine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors