title: Are surgical scrubbing and pre-operative disinfection of the skin in orthopaedic surgery reliable?
abstract: This study attempts to establish the actual effectiveness of pre-surgical disinfection of the patient and surgeon's hands. We evaluated bacterial density and composition on the skin of 15 patients undergoing knee arthroscopy and the left hand of two surgeons after standard disinfection with povidone-iodine. Three samples were taken after the first 6-min scrub in the first surgical operation from the periungual space of the 1 degrees finger, from the interdigital space between the 2 degrees and 3 degrees fingers and from the transverse palmar crest of the left hand of two surgeons for seven consecutive surgical sessions, for a total of 42 samples, and two samples from the pre-patellar skin and from the popliteal skin of 15 patients undergoing knee arthroscopy, for a total of 30 samples. Pre-surgical handwashing and disinfection procedures were identical in each case. Pre-surgical disinfection of the patient's skin with povidone-iodine was shown to be completely effective, with 100% of samples negative. Samples taken from the interdigital space and the palmar crest (100% of samples negative) demonstrated the efficacy of disinfection of the surgeon's hands with povidone-iodine, while the periungual space was contaminated in 50% of the samples. The bacterial strains isolated belong to the staphylococcus genus in 100% of the cases, with pathogenic strains in 29.6% of the cases. Standard pre-surgical disinfection of skin in areas easily accessible to the disinfectant is sufficient in itself to guarantee thorough sanitization. Standard scrubbing of the surgeon's hands is insufficient in eliminating bacterial contamination, including pathogenic germs, in the periungual space, where it is probably difficult for the disinfectant to come into contact with the skin.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Department, University of Cagliari, Casa di Cura Polispecialistica Sant' Elena, Viale Marconi 160, 09045, Quartu SE, Cagliari, Italy. massimiliano.salvi@tin.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salvi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chelo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caputo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peddis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Velluti
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001182:Arthroscopy; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D004203:Disinfection; D006225:Hand / Q000382:microbiology*; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery; D011206:Povidone-Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology*; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D011206:Povidone-Iodine