title: Heterosexuals' attitudes toward hate crimes and hate speech against gays and lesbians: old-fashioned and modern heterosexism.
abstract: Modern racism and sexism have been studied to examine the different ways that prejudice can be expressed; yet, little attention has been given to modern heterosexism. This study examined the extent to which modern heterosexism and old-fashioned heterosexism predict acceptance of hate crimes against gays and lesbians and perceptions of hate speech. Male (n = 74) and female (n = 95) heterosexual college students completed a survey consisting of scales that assessed modern and old-fashioned heterosexism, acceptance of violence against gays and lesbians, attitudes toward the harm of hate speech and its offensiveness, and the importance of freedom of speech. Results indicated strong negative relations between both modern and old-fashioned heterosexism and the perceived harm of hate speech. When old-fashioned heterosexism,modern heterosexism, and the importance of freedom of speech were combined to predict hate crime and hate speech attitudes, only old-fashioned heterosexism predicted acceptance of hate crimes. All three predictors contributed to the perception of the harm of hate speech. Gender differences in the role of the importance of freedom of speech in predicting attitudes toward hate crimes and hate speech are noted.
authors.affiliation: California State University, San Bernadino, CA 92407, USA. gcowan@csusb.edu
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: Becky
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heiple
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marquez
authors.forename: Désirée
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Khatchadourian
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McNevin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D003415:Crime; D005260:Female; D005610:Freedom; D006252:Hate; D020010:Heterosexuality / Q000523:psychology*; D018452:Homosexuality, Female; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011287:Prejudice; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012737:Sex Factors; D013060:Speech