title: Roentgen-cephalometric standards for a Swedish population. A longitudinal study between the ages of 5 and 31 years.
abstract: This study was performed to establish age- and gender-specific cephalometric normative data for a Swedish population. The material comprised 469 lateral cephalograms from two groups of subjects of Swedish origin between 5 and 31 years of age. All subjects (males and females) were diagnosed as 'normal' according to specified criteria and with no history of orthodontic treatment. Lateral cephalograms and body height measurements were taken at 5, 7, 10 and 13 years of age in one group (group E) (longitudinal follow-up). The same registrations were made in the other group (group U) at 7, 10 and13 years of age (mixed longitudinal type). Those 13 year olds were re-examined at 16, 19 and 31 years of age (longitudinal follow-up). No significant differences between age groups in the two samples were found. Therefore, subjects of the same age were combined. The study is hence regarded as a longitudinal follow-up from 5 to 31 years of age. The subjects were also grouped into dental development stages to widen the applicability of the cephalometric data.The craniofacial distances were constantly larger in males than in females, while no statistical differences as regards angular measurements were seen between genders. Distances as well as angular measurements varied with the different developmental periods. The results clearly verify that facial pattern changes existed during the observation period, with a growth acceleration of most distances between the 13 and 16 year recordings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Göteborg, Sweden. birgit.thilander@odontologi.gu.se
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thilander
authors.forename: Maurits
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Adolfsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007568:Jaw / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008445:Maxillofacial Development / Q000502:physiology*; D011859:Radiography; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013548:Sweden; D014716:Vertical Dimension