title: Oh8dG induces G1 arrest in a human acute leukemia cell line by upregulating P21 and blocking the RAS to ERK signaling pathway.
abstract: We reported previously that KG-1, a human acute leukemia cell line, has mutational loss of 8-oxoguanine (8-hydroxyguanine; oh8Gua) glycosylase 1 (OGG1) activity and undergoes apoptotic death after treatment with 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodeoxyguanosine, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; oh8dG). In our present study, we further characterized the effects of oh8dG in KG-1 cells and found that, in addition to apoptosis, oh8dG induced the arrest of KG-1 at the G1 phase. Simultaneously, oh8dG-treated KG-1 showed an increase in the oh8Gua content of DNA, upregulation of p21 (an inhibitor of cdk), and Ras inactivation. Moreover, the upregulation of p21 was followed by the inactivations of cdk4 and cdk2, the hypophosphorylation of Rb, and a marked decline in the expression of c-myc (a gene regulated by E2F that is a transcription factor whose activity is suppressed when it is bound to hypophosphorylated Rb). Ras inactivation was also followed by the inactivation of ERK kinase (MEK) and the inactivation of AP-1, a downstream target of the Ras signaling pathway. The specific MEK inhibitors, PD98059 and U0126, also induced G1 arrest. These findings suggest that p21 upregulation and Ras inactivation contribute to G1 arrest. An increase of oh8Gua content in DNA does not seem to be a principal contributor to G1 arrest, however, because the kinetics of increases of oh8Gua content in DNA and of G1 cell number did not coincide. We report that oh8dG induces the arrest of KG-1 growth at the G1 phase mainly by upregulating p21 and inactivating Ras.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Applied Radiological Science Research Institute, Cheju National University, Jeju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.forename: Sun Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Younsil
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Chang Soo
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Jin Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hee Sun
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Su Jae
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yun Sil
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ho Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Myung-Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects*; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000473:pathology*; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; C024829:8-hydroxyguanine; D006147:Guanine; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)