title: Neuro-orthopedic management of the dysfunctional extremity in upper motor neuron syndromes.
abstract: Orthopedic surgery can help restore extremity function to many patients with upper motor neuron syndromes (UMN). Impairments are divided into those that cause problems with the active function of the extremity versus those that impede passive function. Limb deformities commonly result from both dynamic (spastic) and static (contractural) components. Clinical examination supplemented with dynamic electromyographic studies provides the optimal information for planning the most effective surgical procedures. In the upper extremity, selective lengthening of the shoulder adductors and extensors combined with elbow flexor lengthening can improve forward reach. Lengthening of the forearm pronators and finger flexors will improve hand use. In the lower extremity, standing balance is improved with widening the base of support by correcting hip adduction contractures and equinovarus foot deformities. Improvement of knee flexion during swing phase by a rectus femoris to gracilis transfer will enhance the fluidity and efficiency of walking. Correction of hip and knee flexion contractures will allow a upright posture and dramatically decrease the energy requirement of walking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hebela
authors.forename: M A E
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Keenan