title: Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in oral cells after short-term stimulation and long-term usage of areca quid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Arecoline, an areca quid (AQ) component, has been shown to inhibit the secretion and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in fibroblast cultures. This study assessed whether MMP-2 expression was inhibited in the saliva samples and tumor specimens of oral tumor patients with a long-term history of AQ consumption. The net effect of crude AQ extract (AQE) on MMP-2 expression by oral cells was also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Western blot analysis, zymography, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction were used to detect MMP-2 protein and mRNA in saliva and tumor samples, as well as in the conditioned media (CM) of oral cell cultures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of MMP-2 protein was significantly higher in the saliva samples of 12 oral tumor patients who had a minimum 10-year AQ-consuming history than in those of 12 non-AQ-using healthy controls (p < 0.05). MMP-2 mRNA was expressed in 26 of 28 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) specimens. MMP-2 protein was also detectable in the tested OSCC homogenates. Short-term stimulation with 10% AQE increased the secretion of MMP-2 protein in the CM of oral epidermoid carcinoma cell Meng-1 (an OSCC cell line) and oral fibroblasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MMP-2 expression is elevated rather than inhibited in most oral tumor patients with long-term AQ usage. Short-term AQE stimulation also increases the secretion of MMP-2 by oral epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Our results suggest that AQ consumption may promote oral tumor progression through the induction of MMP-2 secretion.
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillofacial Section, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shyun-Yeu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Mei-Huei
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Shun-Chun
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Guan-Cheng
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Ching-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Wei-Fan
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Yung-Yen
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Li-Lin
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chin-Hai
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Young-Chau
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D001114:Areca; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012463:Saliva / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2