title: Hand-assisted laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery (HALTS) in radical esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prove the feasibility of hand-assisted laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery (HALTS) for radical esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy to thoracic esophageal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy was performed using HALTS in 19 patients with thoracic esophageal cancer without distant metastasis. Five patients had chemo-radiotherapy prior to surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All operations were completed successfully without the need for open surgery. Mean surgical time was 476+/-58 min, and mean blood loss during surgery was 343+/-184 mL. All patients started tube feeding and were moved from the intensive care unit to the general surgery ward the day after surgery. Discharge occurred a median of 10 days after surgery. Fifteen patients could return to full time jobs from 8 to 62 days after surgery (median 22 days) and from 1 to 35 days after discharge (median 9 days). Other three could return to daily activities at home soon as well. No major complications occurred, except one anastomotic leak. In terms of lung function, %FEV(1) was not changed whereas %VC was reduced significantly 1 month after surgery. All but two recurrences have been healthy without a relapse for a mean of 289 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that HALTS may be a useful surgical technique to reduce the invasiveness of conventional radical esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urashima
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Omura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakada
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eto
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hanyu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yanaga
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000601:surgery*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome