title: High amount of visceral fat mass is associated with multiple metabolic changes in offspring of type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relative contribution of total body fat mass (TFM) and intra-abdominal fat mass (IAFM) to metabolic consequences of obesity in offspring of type 2 diabetic parents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of 129 nondiabetic offspring of diabetic parents (59 men, 70 women, age 35.7 +/- 6.3 y, body mass index 26.2 +/- 4.6 kg/m2). Study subjects were grouped according to TFM (assessed with bioelectrical impedance) and IAFM (assessed with CT). Insulin sensitivity was assessed with the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, insulin secretion with the intravenous glucose tolerance test and energy expenditure with indirect calorimetry. Furthermore, C-reactive protein (CRP) and adiponectin levels were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin resistance, low rates of oxidative and nonoxidative glucose disposal, high rates of lipid oxidation and reduced energy expenditure during hyperinsulinemia were associated with high IAFM, independently of TFM. Adiponectin level was reduced and CRP level increased in subjects with high IAFM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The metabolic changes relating to obesity are largely attributable to high IAFM, and are present even in normal weight subjects with high IAFM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Salmenniemi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruotsalainen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vänttinen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vauhkonen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pihlajamäki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kainulainen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Punnonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laakso
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010375:Pedigree
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein