title: Narcotrend or bispectral index monitoring during desflurane-remifentanil anesthesia: a comparison with a standard practice protocol.
abstract: Bispectral Index (BIS) (Aspect Medical Systems, Newton, MA) and Narcotrend (MonitorTechnik, Bad Bramstedt, Germany) are monitoring devices that were, as others, designed to assess the depth of anesthesia. Meanwhile, a number of studies indicate that with total IV anesthesia, BIS and Narcotrend have comparable effects on drug consumption and recovery times whereas comparative clinical data for volatile anesthetics are still missing. Therefore, we designed the present prospective, randomized, and double-blinded study to compare the effects of BIS and Narcotrend monitoring during desflurane-remifentanil anesthesia and versus a standard anesthetic practice protocol. One-hundred-twenty adult patients scheduled for minor orthopedic surgery were randomized to receive a desflurane-remifentanil anesthetic controlled either by Narcotrend or by BIS or solely by clinical variables. Anesthesia was induced with 0.4 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) remifentanil and 2 mg/kg propofol. After tracheal intubation, remifentanil was infused at a constant rate of 0.2 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) whereas desflurane in 1.5 L/min O(2)/air was adjusted according to clinical variables or the following target values: during maintenance of anesthesia to a value of "D(0)" (Narcotrend) or "50" (BIS), 15 min before the end of surgery to "C(1)" (Narcotrend) or "60" (BIS), whereas in the standard protocol group, desflurane was controlled according to clinical variables, e.g., heart rate, arterial blood pressure, movements. Recovery times and desflurane consumption were recorded by a blinded investigator. The desflurane vaporizer was weighed before and after anesthesia and consumption per minute was calculated. Data are mean +/- sd. The groups were comparable for demographic data, duration of anesthesia, and mean remifentanil dosages. Compared with standard practice, patients with Narcotrend or BIS monitoring needed significantly less desflurane (standard practice 443 +/- 71 mg/min, Narcotrend 374 +/- 124 mg/min, BIS monitoring 416 +/- 99 mg/min desflurane [both P < 0.05]). However, recovery times were not significantly different between the groups, e.g., opening of eyes 4.7 +/- 2.2 versus 3.7 +/- 2.0 versus 4.2 +/- 2.1 min. During desflurane-remifentanil anesthesia, Narcotrend and BIS monitoring seem to be equally effective compared with standard anesthetic practice: BIS and Narcotrend allow for a small reduction of desflurane consumption whereas recovery times are only slightly reduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monitoring the electroencephalogram with Narcotrend or Bispectral Index during desflurane-remifentanil anesthesia only slightly reduces recovery times when compared with a standard practice protocol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, *University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar; †University of Bonn, Bonn; and ‡St.-Marien-Hospital, Lünen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kreuer
authors.forename: Jörgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruhn
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stracke
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aniset
authors.forename: Malte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silomon
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D000077335:Desflurane; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077208:Remifentanil
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D000077335:Desflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D000077208:Remifentanil