title: Mechanisms of the inhibitory effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on cultured human vascular smooth muscle cell invasion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although we recently showed that the administration of catechins reduced the neointimal formation in a rat balloon-injury model, the precise molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. In the present study, we tried to determine these mechanisms using an in vitro SMC invasion system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Boyden chamber assay was used to examine the effect of catechins on the invasive behavior of SMCs. The invasive activity of SMCs through collagen gel was restrained by EGCG in a concentration-dependent manner. The data from gelatin and collagen zymography and Western blot revealed that EGCG blocks the activation of pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 during an invasion assay and in the conditioned medium of cultured SMCs as well as the activities of MMP-2 and membrane type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP) even at 0.1 to 0.3 micromol/L of EGCG. EGCG was found to restrain MT1-MMPcat-dependent pro-MMP-2 activation. EGCG upregulated the expression of tissue inhibitor of MMP-2 (TIMP-2) protein. Reverse zymography showed that the increased TIMP-2 to expression was validated by an increased activity. The data from decreased TIMP-2 activity using its siRNA suggested that upregulation of TIMP-2 expression may be one of the major mechanisms for inhibition of SMC invasion by EGCG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that EGCG targets multiple MMP-mediated SMC cellular events and provides a new major mechanism for the SMC invasion through upregulation of TIMP-2 expression to modulate MMP activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Xian Wu
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuzuya
authors.forename: Kae
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Zexuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Di
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Mitsunaga
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.forename: Toyoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murohara
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.forename: Akihisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iguchi
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002392:Catechin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D024042:Collagen Type I; D017364:Collagenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018093:Gelatinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D024042:Collagen Type I; D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D002392:Catechin; C045651:epigallocatechin gallate; D017364:Collagenases; D018093:Gelatinases; C507079:MMP13 protein, human; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; C507083:Mmp13 protein, rat; C069860:progelatinase