title: Is there an association between ACE and CKMM polymorphisms and cycling performance status during 3-week races?
abstract: In this paper, we examine the association between polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and muscle-specific creatine kinase (CKMM) genes, and the actual performance status observed in professional cyclists capable of completing a classic tour stage race such as the Giro d'Italia, Tour de France, or Vuelta a España. To accomplish this, we compared the frequencies of the ACE and CKMM genotypes/alleles in 50 top-level Spanish professional cyclists that have completed at least one of these events to 119 sedentary controls, and 27 elite (Olympic-class) Spanish runners. The genetic polymorphism at the CK-MM locus was detected with the NcoI restriction endonuclease. The results of our study showed that the proportion of the DD genotype was higher in cyclists (50.0 %) than in the other two groups (p<0.05), the proportion of the ID genotype was higher in controls (46.2 %) than in the other two groups (p<0.05), and the proportion of the II genotype was higher in runners (40.7 %) than in the other two groups (p<0.05). The proportion of the D allele was higher in both cyclists (65.0 %) and controls (57.6 %) than in runners (46.3 %) (p<0.001), whereas the proportion of the I allele was higher in runners than in the other two groups (p<0.001). No statistical differences were found for CKK-MM- NcoI. We conclude that in top-level professional cyclists capable of completing a classic 3-wk tour race, the frequency distribution of the D allele and the DD genotype seems to be higher than in other endurance athletes such as elite runners (in whom the I allele is especially frequent).
authors.affiliation: Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. alejandro.lucia@mrfs.cisa.uem.es
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lucía
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gómez-Gallego
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chicharro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoyos
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Celaya
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Córdova
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barriopedro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Earnest
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012016:Reference Values; D012083:Renin / Q000235:genetics*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
chemical_list: D012083:Renin