title: Relevance of philosophy of life and optimism for psychological distress among individuals in a stage where death is approaching.
abstract: The purpose was to investigate the relevance of philosophy of life as well as optimism for the psychological distress among Swedish individuals in a stage where death is approaching. Sixty-nine persons were included; of these were 42 patients newly diagnosed with advanced gastrointestinal cancer and 26 were partners to these patients. The participants' philosophy of life was studied through a semi-structured interview. The interview statements were subjected to content analysis. Optimism was measured by the Life Orientation Test and psychological distress by the Hospitality and Depression Scale. The results showed that optimistic respondents had less psychological distress. Two aspects of philosophy of life had relevance for such distress. These were wondering about why the cancer had occurred and having a feeling of being able to live a good life having or living near a person with advanced cancer. In conclusion, the above-mentioned aspects of philosophy of life as well as optimism have relevance for psychological distress among these individuals, which stress the importance that health-care staff address both patients' and their partners' concerns about their philosophy of life.
authors.affiliation: Section of Caring Sciences, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala Science Park, 751 83, Uppsala, Sweden. jeanette.winterling@pubcare.uu.se
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winterling
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wasteson
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sidenvall
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sidenvall
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Glimelius
authors.forename: Per-Olow
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Sjödén
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nordin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000145:classification*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010684:Philosophy; D013548:Sweden; D019452:Terminally Ill / Q000523:psychology*