title: The effect of insulin deficiency on tau and neurofilament in the insulin knockout mouse.
abstract: Complications of diabetes mellitus within the nervous system are peripheral and central neuropathy. In peripheral neuropathy, defects in neurofilament and microtubules have been demonstrated. In this study, we examined the effects of insulin deficiency within the brain in insulin knockout mice (I-/-). The I-/- exhibited hyperphosphorylation of tau, at threonine 231, and neurofilament. In addition, we showed hyperphosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3 beta) at serine 9. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK 1) showed decrease in phosphorylation, whereas ERK 2 showed no changes. Ultrastructural examination demonstrated swollen mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, and dispersion of the nuclear chromatin. Microtubules showed decrease in the number of intermicrotubule bridges and neurofilament presented as bunches. Thus, lack of insulin brain stimulation induces JNK hyperphosphorylation followed by hyperphosphorylation of tau and neurofilament, and ultrastructural cellular damage, that over time may induce decrease in cognition and learning disabilities.
authors.affiliation: William K. Warren Medical Research Institute, University of Oklahoma Medical Health Science Center, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA. ruben.schechter@okstate.edu
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schechter
authors.forename: Delia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beju
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000172:deficiency*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016900:Neurofilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D016900:Neurofilament Proteins; D016875:tau Proteins; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3