title: Fragmentation of wastewater sludge floc by planar ice front.
abstract: Floc size has substantial impact on sludge dewaterability, which might be increased or reduced after freezing and thawing. It is commonly assumed that floc size would be increased by low-speed freezing, with a planar ice front rejecting most flocs ahead of it to form large aggregates. We demonstrate in this work that an advancing planar ice front can not only engulf an activated sludge floc of size 3030 mum, but also fragment it. During floc freezing, when the ice engulfed a thin layer of floc, the latter would be pulled apart vertically by the action of the former. This particular portion of floc was then axially elongated and fixed in the frozen layer, with accumulated force pushing upward. In the present test the floc's vertical length was increased by over 92% and its width decreased by 37% over freezing. The force measurement and floc morphology tracking revealed that the force gradient that pulled apart the floc was 0.0027 N/m. The floc under investigation was fragmented at the point where the normal stress acting on the interior network exceeded 8 Pa.
authors.affiliation: Thermal Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: X F
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lee