title: [Changes of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha of right atrial appendages in patients with rheumatic valvular disease complicated with chronic atrial fibrillation].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether atrial expression of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) of right atrial appendages are altered in patients with rheumatic valvular disease during chronic atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 48 patients with rheumatic heart disease were included. 27 patients had no history of atrial fibrillation, 21 patients had atrial fibrillation. Atrial tissue was obtained from the right atrial appendage during open heart surgery. The protein expression of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha was detected by immunohistochemistry method. The fibrosis of right atrial appendage was detected by Masson staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fibrosis of right atrial appendage was significantly increased in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. The protein expression of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were significantly increased in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The protein expression of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were significantly increased in patients with rheumatic valvular disease during chronic atrial fibrillation. Inflammation may be one of the mechanisms for the development and persistence of atrial fibrillation.
authors.affiliation: Center of Cardiovascular Disease, Tongren Hospital, Affiliate of Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China.
authors.forename: Chang-hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Da-yi
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Chu-zhong
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Ming-ying
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yun-qing
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.forename: Jian-gang
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Hong-wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Qi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012214:Rheumatic Heart Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha