title: Time to positivity in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: possible correlation with the source and outcome of infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia often persists and causes metastatic infections. It is unknown whether the time between blood culture incubation and growth detection (i.e., the time to positivity) in a continuously monitored system--a probable surrogate marker of bacteremia severity--correlates with outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective, observational study involving adult inpatients who had S. aureus bacteremia between 1 January 2002 and 30 June 2003 at a 600-bed teaching hospital. Measurements included time to positivity in initial blood culture series, duration of bacteremia, rate of metastatic infection, and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 376 S. aureus bacteremias (> or = 1 positive blood culture result) were reported for 357 patients aged 18-103 years (median age, 59 years); 64 bacteremias were excluded because blood was drawn after antibiotic therapy was started (n = 59) or through an intravascular catheter (n = 5). The source of infection was identified in 244 series (78.2%). Metastatic infection was detected in 25 bacteremias (8.0%). The mortality rate was 25.6%. The duration of bacteremia (determined in 251 series) was 1-59 days (median duration, 1 day; 70th percentile, 3 days). The time to positivity ranged from 4.2 to 98.2 h (median time to positivity, 15.5 h) and was significantly shorter for patients with an endovascular source of infection (14.9+/-5.4 vs. 19.5+/-10.6 h; P < .0005), extended duration (i.e., > or = 3 days) of bacteremia (14.1+/-4.2 vs. 18.6+/-9.2 h; P < .0005), and metastatic infection (12.9+/-5.9 vs 18.0+/-9.3 h; P = .007). Analysis of a range of cutoff values demonstrated that a time to positivity of < or = 14 h yielded the best sensitivity and specificity for predicting the source and outcome of infection. Logistic regression analyses revealed that a time to positivity of < or = 14 h was an independent predictor of an endovascular source of infection (P < .0005), extended bacteremia (P < .0005), metastatic infection (P < .0005), and attributable mortality (P = .017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Time to positivity in S. aureus bacteremia may provide useful diagnostic and prognostic information. Growth of S. aureus within 14 h after the initiation of incubation may identify patients with a high likelihood of endovascular infection sources, delayed clearance, and complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, St. John Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48236, USA. riad.Khatib@stjohn.org
authors.forename: Riad
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khatib
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Riederer
authors.forename: Sajjad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: Leonard B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Mohamad G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fakih
authors.forename: Mamta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: M Shamse
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Tabriz
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khosrovaneh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents