title: An investigation to show the effect of lung fluid on impedance cardiac output in the anaesthetized dog.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accumulation of lung fluid in the critically ill patient is believed to attenuate impedance cardiac output (CO(IC)) measurements. However, this phenomenon has never been shown experimentally.
  
  
  METHODS
  In eight anaesthetized and ventilated dogs (weight 15-22 kg) a high-precision flow probe was placed on the ascending aorta via a left thoracotomy incision and the direct cardiac output (CO(FP)) was measured. Simultaneous CO(IC) measurements were made using a RheoCardioMonitor (ACMA, Singapore). Lung oedema was induced by intravenous oleic acid 0.1 mg kg(-1). Lung fluid was assessed by the decrease in basal thoracic impedance (Z(b)). Percentage errors between the two methods (CO(IC)-CO(FP)) were calculated and compared as Z(b) decreased at 1 Omega intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the experiment mean Z(b) decreased from 35.9 (sd 5.2) to 27.8 (6.5) Omega (P=0.0037). This occurred over a period of 225 (range 112-338) min and Z(b) decreased by 1 Omega every 51 (22-68) min. The presence of excessive lung fluid was confirmed at post-mortem. Before lung oedema was induced, CO(IC) was 1.5 (0.6) litre min(-1) and the corresponding value of CO(FP) was 1.5 (0.7) litre min(-1) (data from eight dogs). As Z(b) decreased, and lung fluid accumulated, the error between CO(IC) and CO(FP) widened (P<0.0001, anova for repeated measures). Eventually, CO(IC) decreased to 0.7 (0.3) litre min(-1) and the corresponding value of CO(FP) was 1.2 (0.3) litre min(-1) (DeltaZ(b)=5 Omega, data from six dogs). Mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure and systemic vascular resistance were kept constant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of lung fluid attenuates CO(IC) measurements with respect to CO(FP).
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin.
authors.forename: Z-Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: L A H
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Critchley
authors.forename: B S P
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Fok
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000503:physiopathology; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002307:Cardiography, Impedance; D004285:Dogs; D006439:Hemodynamics; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D019301:Oleic Acid; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D019301:Oleic Acid