title: Digital skin blood flow as an indicator for intravascular injection of epinephrine-containing simulated epidural test dose in sevoflurane-anesthetized adults.
abstract: I designed this study to determine the efficacy of heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and digital skin blood flow (DSBF) in detecting intravascular injection after a simulated epidural test dose containing 15 mug of epinephrine in sevoflurane-anesthetized adults. In addition, the testing threshold using DSBF was derived. Eighty patients were randomized to receive either 0.5 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) sevoflurane or 1.0 MAC sevoflurane and nitrous oxide in oxygen (n = 40 for each sevoflurane concentration). Each group of patients was further randomized to receive either 3 mL of 1.5% lidocaine containing 15 mug of epinephrine IV or 3 mL of saline IV (n = 20 each). HR, SBP, and DSBF were monitored for 5 min after injection. By using the HR (positive if >or=10 bpm increase) and SBP (positive if >or=15 mm Hg increase) criteria, a positive response rate to epinephrine was 95% for both variables during 0.5 MAC and 90% during 1.0 MAC sevoflurane anesthesia. Injection of the test dose resulted in peak DSBF decrease by 87% +/- 8% and 81% +/- 12% at 52 +/- 10 and 53 +/- 13 s in the sevoflurane 0.5 and 1.0 MAC groups, respectively. Positive DSBF criterion, as determined from peak increases during saline administration, was a decrease in DSBF >or=15%. Using this value, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 100% in both sevoflurane groups. In conclusion, DSBF was superior to conventional hemodynamic criteria for detection of an intravascular injection of epidural test dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study examined the efficacy of digital skin blood flow to detect an intravascular injection of an epinephrine-containing epidural test dose. This new variable when measured with a laser Doppler flowmeter was superior to conventional hemodynamic criteria during sevoflurane anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hany A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Mowafi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000098:blood supply; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D004837:Epinephrine