title: Early childhood risk factors associated with type 1 diabetes--is gender important?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of childhood diabetes is increasing in Denmark as in the rest of the world. The aim of this investigation was to study intrauterine and early childhood risk factors for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, and to evaluate gender differences in the effect of these. METHODS/MATERIAL: A number of 602 diabetic cases aged 0-14 years diagnosed 1996-1999 were identified from the Danish register of childhood diabetes. A total of 1490 non-diabetic healthy children matched by gender and date of birth were randomly selected from the Danish population register. In addition a combination of national register data and questionnaire data was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High parental age, neonatal infections and pre-eclampsia were associated with type 1 diabetes in boys, whereas being preterm was associated with an increased risk in girls. An increased risk was associated with a family history of diabetes and amniocentesis, while a decreased risk was associated with increasing birth order and maternal smoking. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, the following risk factors were significantly associated with case-control status: maternal smoking (OR: 0.6(0.4-0.9)), neonatal infection in boys (OR: 5.5(1.4-21.8)), neonatal infection in girls (OR: 0.6(0.1-3.0)), amniocentesis (OR: 1.6(1.0-2.6)), preschool siblings (OR: 0.8(0.6-1.0)), introduction of cow's milk after the age of 3 months (OR: 0.7(0.4-0.9)) and a 1st degree family member with diabetes (OR: 9.1(95% CI:5.2-16)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study showed associations between several risk factors and childhood diabetes, for some risk factors the odds ratio in boys were different from the odds ratio in girls.
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Centre, Gentofte, Denmark. JaSv@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Jannet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Bendix
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carstensen
authors.forename: Henrik B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Borch-Johnsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000649:Amniocentesis / Q000009:adverse effects; D001722:Birth Order; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007239:Infections / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth; D011897:Random Allocation; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects