title: Effects of metal and organophosphate mixtures on Ceriodaphnia dubia survival and reproduction.
abstract: The toxicity of mixtures of copper, zinc, and diazinon were determined for Ceriodaphnia dubia using 7-d survival and reproduction tests. Fifteen treatments, including combinations of the chemicals at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of their individual median lethal concentrations, adding up to one toxic unit (TU) were tested. The TU was then used to classify each mixture response as additive, greater than additive, or less than additive. For survival, additive responses occurred in the 75% zinc plus 25% diazinon and the 50% copper plus 25% zinc plus 25% diazinon treatments. For reproduction, additive responses occurred in the 75% copper plus 25% zinc, 75% copper plus 25% diazinon, and 75% zinc plus 25% diazinon treatments. Copper and zinc played a greater role in toxicity than diazinon did. Less-than-additive interactions were found in all remaining mixtures, perhaps because of differences in mode of action between diazinon and metals. Consideration of dose-response curves can help to explain inconsistencies regarding toxic response in treatments with different ratios of the same chemicals. As TU percentages changed, mixture components were taken from different locations on differently shaped dose-response curves. Because most responses were less than additive, however, water-quality criteria based on individual concentrations probably are protective for most metal-organophosphate mixtures.
authors.affiliation: Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, Rubenstein Ecosystem Science Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mahar
authors.forename: Mary C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Watzin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003445:Crustacea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008670:Metals / Q000633:toxicity*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds