title: New QCT analysis approach shows the importance of fall orientation on femoral neck strength.
abstract: The influence of fall orientation on femur strength has important implications for understanding hip fracture risk. A new image analysis technique showed that the strength of the femoral neck in 37 males varied significantly along the neck axis and that bending strength varied by a factor of up to 2.8 for different loading directions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Osteoporosis is associated with decreased BMD and increased hip fracture risk, but it is unclear whether specific osteoporotic changes in the proximal femur lead to a more vulnerable overall structure. Nonhomogeneous beam theory, which is used to determine the mechanical response of composite structures to applied loads, can be used along with QCT to estimate the resistance of the femoral neck to axial forces and bending moments.
  
  
  METHODS
  The bending moment [My(theta)] sufficient to induce yielding within femoral neck sections was estimated for a range of bending orientations (theta) using in vivo QCT images of 37 male (mean age, 73 years; range, 65-87 years) femora. Volumetric BMD, axial stiffness, average moment at yield (M(y,avg)), maximum and minimum moment at yield (M(y,max) and M(y,min)), bone strength index (BSI), stress-strain index (SSI), and density-weighted moments of resistance (Rx and Ry) were also computed. Differences among the proximal, mid-, and distal neck regions were detected using ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  My(theta) was found to vary by as much as a factor of 2.8 for different bending directions. Axial stiffness, M(y,avg), M(y,max), M(y,min), BSI, and Rx differed significantly between all femoral neck regions, with an overall trend of increasing axial stiffness and bending strength when moving from the proximal neck to the distal neck. Mean axial stiffness increased 62% between the proximal and distal neck, and mean M(y,avg) increased 53% between the proximal and distal neck.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study show that femoral neck strength strongly depends on both fall orientation and location along the neck axis. Compressive yielding in the superior portion of the femoral neck is expected to initiate fracture in a fall to the side.
authors.affiliation: Bone and Joint Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA. rdana@stanford.edu
authors.forename: R Dana
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Beaupré
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Orwoll
authors.forename: Dennis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology; D019245:Compressive Strength; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005265:Femoral Neck Fractures / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005269:Femur / Q000473:pathology; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000473:pathology*; D017102:Fracture Healing; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000473:pathology; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012306:Risk; D012984:Software; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016474:Weight-Bearing