title: Household based treatment of drinking water with flocculant-disinfectant for preventing diarrhoea in areas with turbid source water in rural western Kenya: cluster randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effect on prevalence of diarrhoea and mortality of household based treatment of drinking water with flocculant-disinfectant, sodium hypochlorite, and standard practices in areas with turbid water source in Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cluster randomised controlled trial over 20 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family compounds, each containing several houses, in rural western Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  6650 people in 605 family compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Water treatment: flocculant-disinfectant, sodium hypochlorite, and usual practice (control).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of diarrhoea and all cause mortality. Escherichia coli concentration, free residual chlorine concentration, and turbidity in household drinking water as surrogates for effectiveness of water treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In children < 2 years old, compared with those in the control compounds, the absolute difference in prevalence of diarrhoea was -25% in the flocculant-disinfectant arm (95% confidence interval -40 to -5) and -17% in the sodium hypochlorite arm (-34 to 4). In all age groups compared with control, the absolute difference in prevalence was -19% in the flocculant-disinfectant arm (-34 to -2) and -26% in the sodium hypochlorite arm (-39 to -9). There were significantly fewer deaths in the intervention compounds than in the control compounds (relative risk of death 0.58, P = 0.036). Fourteen per cent of water samples from control compounds had E coli concentrations < 1 CFU/100 ml compared with 82% in flocculant-disinfectant and 78% in sodium hypochlorite compounds. The mean turbidity of drinking water was 8 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) in flocculant-disinfectant households, compared with 55 NTU in the two other compounds (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In areas of turbid water, flocculant-disinfectant was associated with a significant reduction in diarrhoea among children < 2 years. This health benefit, combined with a significant reduction in turbidity, suggests that the flocculant-disinfectant is well suited to areas with highly contaminated and turbid water.
authors.affiliation: Foodborne and Diarrhoeal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS A-38, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. jcrump@cdc.gov
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Crump
authors.forename: Peter O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Otieno
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Slutsker
authors.forename: Bruce H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Keswick
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: R Michael
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vulule
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Luby
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004202:Disinfectants; D005260:Female; D005427:Flocculation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012423:Rural Health; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite