Depression and diabetes: a large population-based study of sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors associated with depression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with depression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes and test whether these differ from factors associated with depression in the nondiabetic population.


METHODS
In an unselected population study comprising 60,869 individuals, potential sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors were investigated in participants with and without diabetes. The associations between hyperglycemia and depression in types 1 and 2 diabetes were also studied. The levels of depression were self-rated by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.


RESULTS
Several factors were correlated with depression in types 1 and 2 diabetes. However, these factors were not different from those of the nondiabetic population. Comorbid chronic somatic diseases were associated with depression in type 2 but not type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, those without comorbidity had the same odds of depression as the nondiabetic population with no chronic somatic diseases. No significant associations were found for hyperglycemia in relation to depression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.


CONCLUSIONS
Type 2 diabetes without other chronic somatic diseases did not increase the risk of depression. Factors associated with depression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes were shared with the nondiabetic population.
Engum
Anne
A
Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Verdal, Norway. anne.engum@hnt.no
Mykletun
Arnstein
A
Midthjell
Kristian
K
Holen
Are
A
Dahl
Alv A
AA
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003710:Demography; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012907:Smoking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires