title: The use of a medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine combination to enable blood sampling in young pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the suitability of a reversible, injectable anaesthetic combination including medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine to produce the degree of immobilisation required to allow blood sampling in young pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty 6-week-old crossbred, intact male pigs were sedated with an intramuscular (I/M) injection of 80 microg/kg medetomidine, 200 microg/kg butorphanol and 25 microg/kg atropine. Heart and respiratory rates and rectal temperatures were monitored. Excessive salivation, gagging, laryngeal reflex, presence of pedal reflex and deep and surface analgesia were noted. Time of injection and the time when pigs reached mild and full sedation were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mild sedation was produced in 90% of pigs after 5.6 (SEM 0.96) min (n = 18; median 5, range 2-16 min), and full sedation (lateral recumbency and loss of jaw tone) in 60% of pigs after 12.5 (SEM 2.14) min (n = 12; median 10, range 5-28 min). The depth and duration of sedation were very variable and most animals were easily aroused. Ninety percent of the animals required the administration of halothane by mask to allow blood sampling, but the amount of halothane required was small. Heart and respiratory rates decreased (p < 0.001) but remained within the normal range. Rectal temperature was above normal at the time of sedation and at the time of blood sampling when the ambient temperature was 29 degrees C but not when the ambient temperature was reduced to 25 degrees C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine at these doses produced sedation of variable depth and duration that was insufficient on its own to allow blood sampling in the majority of pigs. Hyperthermia can occur in temperature-controlled environments when using medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine in pigs. Reduction of stress and a quieter environment may improve the effects of the anaesthetic combination.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. C.E.Ugarte@massey.ac.nz
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ugarte
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Flaherty
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001285:Atropine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D020926:Medetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013552:Swine / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D001285:Atropine; D020926:Medetomidine; D002077:Butorphanol