title: A further examination of gender differences in alcohol-related aggression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this investigation was to replicate and extend findings from a previous study on the acute effects of alcohol on aggressive behavior in men and women in a laboratory setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 234 (111 men and 123 women) healthy social drinkers between 21 and 35 years of age. They were randomly assigned to either an alcohol or a placebo group. Aggression was measured using a modified version of the Taylor Aggression Paradigm, in which electric shocks are received from and administered to a fictitious opponent during a supposed competitive interpersonal task. Aggression was operationalized as the intensity and duration of shocks that subjects administered to their "opponent."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Provocation was a stronger elicitor of aggression than either gender or alcohol. Overall, alcohol increased aggression for men but not for women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conjunction with other laboratory investigations on alcohol-related aggression, this study suggests that alcohol increases aggression for men but not for women. This finding may be due to gender-related differences in liability thresholds for aggression as well as discrepancies in how men and women respond to different forms of provocation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 115 Kastle Hall, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA.
authors.forename: Natasha L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Gussler-Burkhardt
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Giancola
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008192:Deception; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires