title: Faecal incontinence and mode of first and subsequent delivery: a six-year longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of persistent and long term postpartum faecal incontinence and associations with mode of first and subsequent deliveries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternity units in Aberdeen, Birmingham and Dunedin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four thousand two hundred and fourteen women who returned postal questionnaires three months and six years postpartum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptom data were obtained from both questionnaires and obstetric data from case-notes for the index birth and the second questionnaire for subsequent births. Logistic regression investigated the independent effects of mode of first delivery and delivery history.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incontinence to bowel motions three months and six years after index birth. For delivery history, the outcome was incontinence only at six years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of persistent faecal incontinence was 3.6%. Almost 90% of these women reported no symptoms before their first birth. The forceps delivery of a first baby was independently predictive of persistent symptoms (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.40-3.04). A caesarean section first birth was not significantly associated with persistent symptoms (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.64-1.81). Delivering exclusively by caesarean section also showed no association with subsequent symptoms (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.72-1.50) but ever having forceps was significantly predictive (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.18-1.87). Other factors independently associated with persistent faecal incontinence were older maternal age, increasing number of births and Asian ethnic group. Birthweight and long second stage were not significantly associated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of persistent faecal incontinence is significantly higher after a first delivery by forceps. We found no evidence of a lower risk of subsequent faecal incontinence for exclusive caesarean section deliveries.
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Macarthur
authors.forename: Charis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Glazener
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lancashire
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herbison
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008423:Maternal Age; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D009772:Obstetrical Forceps / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology