title: Randomized, controlled study of long-acting local anesthetic (levobupivacaine) in femoral artery sheath management during and after percutaneous coronary intervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of long-acting local anesthetic (levobupivacaine) in addition to lidocaine for the management of femoral artery sheaths during and after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Femoral artery sheaths are commonly used during PCI. Sheath removal is often delayed after the procedure by which time short-acting local anesthetic agents may no longer be effective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients were randomized to either usual care or the administration of local levobupivacaine after PCI. Patients were asked to report their pain experienced on a visual analogue score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients received additional levobupivacaine (0.5%) and 30 received standard care. There were no procedural differences between the groups, except that more patients in the control group received intravenous (IV) morphine at the time of sheath removal. There was no difference between the control group and levobupivacaine group in pain scores at the time of sheath insertion. (2.0 +/- 0.4 versus 1.8 +/- 0.3; p = 0.80). Both groups recorded low pain scores while waiting for sheath removal, and the score was slightly (but not significantly) lower in the levobupivacaine group (1.3 +/- 0.2 versus 0.8 +/- 0.2; p = 0.09). Pain scores were lower in the levobupivacaine group during sheath removal 2.2 +/- 0.4 versus 1.1 +/- 0.2; p = 0.02). There were no differences in terms of blood pressure between the groups at any time point.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levobupivacaine reduced the need for IV opiate and provided better analgesia than lidocaine alone in patients undergoing PCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom EH5 3NY.
authors.forename: Hannah M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Timlin
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Carnaffin
authors.forename: Ian R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Starkey
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Northridge
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Leslie
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000379:methods*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005263:Femoral Artery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011184:Postoperative Period; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine