title: Quality of life, depression and fatigue among persons co-infected with HIV and hepatitis C: outcomes from a population-based cohort.
abstract: The objective of the study was to describe the additional burden generated by hepatitis C (HCV) infection among HIV-infected individuals as measured by self-reported quality of life, depression and fatigue. The provincial HIV/AIDS Drug Treatment Program (DTP) distributes all antiretroviral medication in the province of British Columbia. Eligibility for accessing antiretrovirals is based on published guidelines commensurate with the International AIDS Society. Each participant is asked to complete a self-administered mailed questionnaire that includes patient sociodemographic information, quality of life measures (Medical Outcomes Study-Short Form (MOS-SF), mental health issues (Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CESD) and fatigue information. HIV-HCV co-infected individuals were compared to HIV mono-infected individuals using parametric and nonparametric methods. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the impact of hepatitis C on quality of life, depression and fatigue, after controlling for sociodemographics and HIV-specific clinical characteristics. Of the 4,134 individuals who were sent a HIV/AIDS DTP survey in 1999, 2000 or 2001, 484 participants both returned one and had an HCV-antibody test result on file. Of the 484 participants eligible for this analysis, 105 (22%) were HCV-positive. In comparison to the 379 (78%) patients testing negative for HCV, a larger proportion of co-infected patients were female (18% versus 3%, p<0.001), aboriginal (20% versus 3%, p<0.001), had ever injected drugs (79% versus 5%, p<0.001), were unemployed (91% versus 49%, p<0.001) and lived in unstable housing (19% versus 1%, p<0.001) at the time they completed the survey. Co-infected patients reported more symptoms consistent with depression, increased fatigue and poorer quality of life. However, using multivariate modeling, it was determined that the impact of HCV on quality of life, depression and fatigue was better explained by the sociodemographic factors related to poverty and injection drug use, than by HCV itself. In conclusion, individuals co-infected with HIV and HCV represent a patient population with significant physical and mental health challenges. Although these patients experience poorer quality of life, increased depression and fatigue, this experience appears to be primarily related to socio-economic issues rather than HCV infection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Population Health, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada. paulab@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Braitstein
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Montessori
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: J S G
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Montaner
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Schechter
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: O'Shaughnessy
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hogg
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000523:psychology*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires