The influence of occupational exposure to pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, diesel exhaust, metal dust, metal fumes, and mineral oil on prostate cancer: a prospective cohort study.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between exposure to pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), diesel exhaust, metal dust, metal fumes, and mineral oil in relation to prostate cancer incidence in a large prospective study.


METHODS
This cohort study was conducted among 58,279 men in the Netherlands. In September 1986, cohort members (55-69 years) completed a self-administered questionnaire on potential cancer risk factors, including job history. Follow up for prostate cancer incidence was established by linkage to cancer registries until December 1995 (9.3 years of follow up). The analyses included 1386 cases of prostate cancer and 2335 subcohort members. A blinded case-by-case expert exposure assessment was carried out to assign cases and subcohort members a cumulative probability of exposure for each potential carcinogenic exposure.


RESULTS
In multivariate analyses there was a significant negative association for pesticides (RR 0.60; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.95) when comparing the highest tertile of exposure to pesticides with no exposure. No association was found for occupational exposure to PAHs (RR 0.75; 95% CI 0.42 to 1.31), diesel exhaust (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.62 to 1.06), metal dust (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.72 to 1.40), metal fumes (RR 1.11; 95% CI 0.80 to 1.54), or mineral oil (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.66 to 1.48) when comparing the highest tertile of exposure with no exposure. In subgroup analysis, with respect to tumour invasiveness and morphology, null results were found for occupational exposure to pesticides, PAH, diesel exhaust, metal dust, metal fumes, and mineral oil.


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest a negative association between occupational exposure to pesticides and prostate cancer. For other carcinogenic exposures results suggest no association between occupational exposure to PAHs, diesel exhaust, metal dust, metal fumes, or mineral oil and prostate cancer.
Boers
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Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands. daisy.boers@epid.unimaas.nl
Zeegers
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Swaen
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Kant
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van den Brandt
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D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000633:toxicity*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004391:Dust; D005740:Gases / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals / Q000633:toxicity; D008875:Middle Aged; D008899:Mineral Oil / Q000633:toxicity; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012307:Risk Factors; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity
D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D004391:Dust; D005740:Gases; D008670:Metals; D010575:Pesticides; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D008899:Mineral Oil