title: Color Doppler evaluation of the ocular arterial flow changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the hemodynamic changes in the extraocular orbital vessels of the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), using color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) technique, and to compare the results with those of healthy control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five patients with COPD and 17 healthy control subjects were included in this study. Patients with COPD were classified according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Fifteen patients of stage I COPD (mild airflow limitation), stage II COPD (worsening airflow limitation) or stage III COPD (severe airflow limitation) were enrolled into Group I, II and III, respectively. End tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO(2)), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO(2)), pulse rate (PR) and respiratory rate (RR) were measured by using capnograph/pulse oximeter in all patients. Measurements were performed in only one randomly chosen eye of each participant. The peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and resistance index (RI) were measured in the ophthalmic artery (OA), central retinal artery (CRA), lateral short posterior ciliary artery (LPCA) and medial short posterior ciliary artery (MPCA), using CDU technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PSV measurements of the OA were significantly higher in Groups II and III compared to control group (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively). The RI values from OA and CRA were significantly higher in Group II and III than the control group (p < 0.05). The RI values of LPCA and MPCA were also significantly higher in Group II than the control subjects (p < 0.05). When RI values were compared, mean values of LPCA and MPCA were significantly lower in Group III than in Group II (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between Group I and control patients about PSVs, EDVs and RI values of all arteries Statistically significant correlations were found for the EtCO(2) with PSV (r = 0.53, p < 0.01) and EDV (r = 0.51, p < 0.01) of the OA. Statistically significant correlations were also found for the SpO2 with RI (r = -0.34, p < 0.05) in the OA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that COPD is associated with impaired retrobulbar hemodynamics, especially in the ophthalmic artery. Moreover, central retinal and posterior ciliary arteries with increased resistance are also found to be affected when compared with healthy control eyes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Karaelmas University, School of Medicine, Tip Fakültesi, Radyoloji AD, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey. ozertulay@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Tulay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozer
authors.forename: Remzi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Altin
authors.forename: Suat Hayri
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ugurbas
authors.forename: Yetkin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozer
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mahmutyazicioglu
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kart
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019842:Ciliary Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009880:Ophthalmic Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color