title: Dissolution kinetics of iron-, manganese-, and copper-containing synthetic hydroxyapatites.
abstract: Micronutrient-substituted synthetic hydroxyapatite (SHA) is being evaluated by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Advanced Life Support (ALS) Program for crop production on long-duration human missions to the International Space Station or for future Lunar or Martian outposts. The stirred-flow technique was utilized to characterize Ca, P, Fe, Mn, and Cu release characteristics from Fe-, Mn-, and Cu-containing SHA in deionized (DI) water, citric acid, and diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA). Initially, Ca and P release rates decreased rapidly with time and were controlled by a non-SHA calcium phosphate phase(s) with low Ca/P solution molar ratios (0.91-1.51) relative to solid SHA ratios (1.56-1.64). At later times, Ca/P solution molar ratios (1.47-1.79) were near solid SHA ratios and release rates decreased slowly indicating that SHA controlled Ca and P release. Substituted SHA materials had faster dissolution rates relative to unsubstituted SHA. The initial metal release rate order was Mn >> Cu > Fe which followed metal-oxide/phosphate solubility suggesting that poorly crystalline metal-oxides/phosphates were dominating metal release. Similar metal release rates for all substituted SHA (approximately 0.01 cmol kg-1 min-1) at the end of the DTPA experiment indicated that SHA dissolution was supplying the metals into solution and that poorly crystalline metal-oxide/phosphates were not controlling metal release. Results indicate that non-SHA Ca-phosphate phases and poorly crystalline metal-oxide/phosphates will contribute Ca, P, and metals. After these phases have dissolved, substituted SHA will be the source of Ca, P, and metals for plants.
authors.affiliation: Dep. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA. bsutter@mail.arc.nasa.gov
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sutter
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Hossner
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Ming
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D019343:Citric Acid; D003300:Copper / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003470:Culture Media / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D006882:Hydroxyapatites / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007501:Iron / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008021:Life Support Systems; D008345:Manganese / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004369:Pentetic Acid; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D013026:Space Flight; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D006882:Hydroxyapatites; D014867:Water; D010758:Phosphorus; D019343:Citric Acid; D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D004369:Pentetic Acid; D007501:Iron; D002118:Calcium