title: Lateral interactions in the visual cortex of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schizophrenia is associated with perceptual organization deficits and abnormal neuronal connectivity has been described in early visual areas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional integrity of lateral connections in early visual areas of patients with schizophrenia and type I bipolar disorder with a history of psychosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four out-patients with schizophrenia, 22 out-patients with bipolar disorder, and 20 healthy control subjects participated in the study. Using a computer-assisted psychophysical test, contrast thresholds were measured for centrally presented target stimuli (Gabor patches), which were surrounded by two collinear flankers. Target-to-flanker distances were 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9 and 122. Psychophysical measures were contrast threshold changes at each target-to-flanker distance compared with baseline thresholds determined for isolated targets with no flankers. Clinical measures included IQ, positive, negative, and depressive symptoms. Results. In patients with schizophrenia, flankers did not facilitate contrast detection for target stimuli at 2-6 lambda distances compared to controls [effect size (Cohen's d): 1.25-1.42]. The inhibitory effect of flankers (0 and 1lambda) and contrast thresholds in the absence of flankers were spared. Patients with bipolar disorder did not differ from the controls. Medicated and non-medicated patients displayed similar performances. Positive and negative symptoms and depression did not correlate with contrast threshold values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excitatory lateral connections in early visual cortex are specifically impaired in patients with schizophrenia, which may contribute to perceptual disorders such as unclear seeing, partial or skewed sight, disrupted rectilinearity, and abnormal figure-ground segregation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary. szkeri@phys.szote.u-szeged.hu
authors.forename: Szabolcs
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kéri
authors.forename: Oguz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kelemen
authors.forename: György
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benedek
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Janka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception