title: Semi disposable reactor biosensors for detecting carbamate pesticides in water.
abstract: Two flow-injection biosensor systems using semi disposable enzyme reactor have been developed to determine carbamate pesticides in water samples. Acetylcholinesterase was immobilized on silica gel by covalent binding. pH and conductivity electrodes were used to detect the ionic change of the sample solution due to hydrolysis of acetylcholine. Carbamate pesticides inhibited acetylcholinesterase and the decrease in the enzyme activity was used to determine these pesticides. Parameters influencing the performance of the systems were optimized to be used in the inhibition procedure. Carbofuran and carbaryl were used to test these systems. Detection limits for the potentiometric and conductimetric systems were both at 10% inhibition corresponding to 0.02 and 0.3 ppm of carbofuran and carbaryl, respectively. Both systems also provided the same linear ranges, 0.02-8.0 ppm for carbofuran, and 0.3-10 ppm for carbaryl. The analysis of pesticides was done a few times before the reactor was disposed. Percentages of inhibition obtained from different reactors were reproducible, therefore, no recalibration was necessary when changing the reactor. The biosensors were used to analyze carbaryl in water samples from six wells in a vegetable growing area. Both systems could detect the presence of carbaryl in the samples and provided good recoveries of the added carbaryl, i.e., 80-106% for the potentiometric system and 75-105% for the conductimetric system. The presence of carbaryl in water samples analyzed by the biosensors was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric system. These biosensors do not require any sample preconcentration and are suitable for detecting pesticides in real water samples.
authors.affiliation: Biophysics Research Unit: Biosensors and Biocurrents, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
authors.forename: Siriwan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suwansa-ard
authors.forename: Proespichaya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kanatharana
authors.forename: Punnee
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Asawatreratanakul
authors.forename: Chusak
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Limsakul
authors.forename: Booncharoen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wongkittisuksa
authors.forename: Panote
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thavarungkul
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000737:chemistry*; D019149:Bioreactors; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002219:Carbamates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry; D004209:Disposable Equipment; D004566:Electrodes; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D017022:Flow Injection Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D010575:Pesticides; D014873:Water Pollutants; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase