title: Recreational drugs and fetal gastroschisis: maternal hair analysis in the peri-conceptional period and during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To objectively measure individual recreational drug groups in maternal hair samples timed for the period of conception and different stages of pregnancy in expectant mothers with a diagnosis of fetal gastroschisis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary level Fetal Medicine Unit in a University teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women with a diagnosis of fetal gastroschisis (n= 22) and a control group of women (n= 25) with a normal fetus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hair samples were cut from the vertex of the head of expectant mothers with a diagnosis of fetal gastroschisis and a matched control group in whom the fetus was normal. The samples were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for individual drug groups. Confirmatory tests using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GCMS) were used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presence of recreational drug compounds in hair samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the group with fetal gastroschisis there were four proven positive cases for recreational drug abuse (18%) and there were none in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of recreational drug use in the peri-conceptional period and the first trimester by expectant mothers with a diagnosis of fetal gastroschisis is 18%. This association may be linked to the recent increase in the incidence of gastroschisis among younger mothers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College London Medical School, London, UK.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Lynn S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chitty
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peebles
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Rodeck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D020139:Gastroschisis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016742:Preconception Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs