title: Electrohydrodynamic comminution: a novel technique for the aerosolisation of plasmid DNA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Naked plasmid DNA (pDNA) is a potential gene transfer agent for lung gene therapies but cannot be aerosolised without degradation using conventional nebulisation devices. This study investigated the viability of an alternative nebulisation technique, electrohydrodynamic (EHD) comminution for the aerosol delivery of naked DNA in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Naked pDNA was aerosolised using jet and ultrasonic nebulisers, and by EHD comminution. Degradation associated with the aerosolisation process was investigated using gel electrophoresis and by transfection studies in cell culture. Optimised formulations for EHD aerosolisation of pDNA were developed and in vivo deposition and reporter gene expression were investigated in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unlike conventional nebulisation devices, EHD comminution of plasmids up to 15 kb in size resulted in no detectable pDNA degradation. EHD formulations containing up to 1 mg/ml pDNA were developed and shown to produce monodisperse aerosols suitable for targeted lung delivery in humans. Aerosolisation studies in vivo demonstrated detectable levels of pDNA deposition and measurable luciferase reporter gene expression in the lungs of exposed mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates for the first time that respirable aerosols of naked pDNA can be generated without plasmid degradation and that EHD comminution is an appropriate technique for the aerosolisation of delicate gene transfer agents.
authors.affiliation: GeneMedicine Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
authors.forename: Lee A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hannavy
authors.forename: Neville
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Alistair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pirrie
authors.forename: Ronald A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Coffee
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.forename: Deborah R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gill
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005260:Female; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000235:genetics; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010957:Plasmids / Q000737:chemistry*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D004247:DNA