title: Genotypic variation in Pneumocystis jirovecii isolates in Britain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pneumocystis jirovecii is the cause of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in immunosuppressed humans. Asymptomatic colonisation with P jirovecii may occur in patients with minor immunosuppression or chronic lung disease. The aim of this study was to describe the molecular epidemiology of P jirovecii in Britain over a period of 12.5 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1989 and July 2001 161 samples of P jirovecii were obtained from patients with PCP (n = 119), patients colonised by P jirovecii (n = 35), and from air spora (n = 6). Genotyping of samples was performed at the mitochondrial large subunit rRNA (mt LSU rRNA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genotype 1 (38%) was the most frequently identified genotype: genotypes 2 (26.6%), 3 (20.3%), and 4 (5%) were less common. Mixed infection (more than one genotype) was identified in 10% of samples. While genotype 1 was the most frequently detected type in both patients with PCP and those colonised by P jirovecii (38% and 42%, respectively), these groups differed in the relatively lower rate of detection of genotype 4 (2% v 17%) and the higher detection of mixed infection in those with PCP (13% v 3%). Detection of specific genotypes of P jirovecii was associated with the patient's place of residence (p = 0.02). There was no association between specific genotypes and severity of PCP as measured by arterial oxygen tension (p = 0.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence of clustering of specific genotypes with patient's postcode of residence is consistent with the hypothesis of person to person transmission of P jirovecii via the airborne route. The lack of association between specific mt LSU rRNA genotypes and severity of PCP suggests that this locus is not implicated in the virulence of the organism.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Mortimer Market Centre, London WC1E 6AU, UK. rmiller@gum.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Lindley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Copas
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Ambrose
authors.forename: R J O
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wakefield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000382:microbiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D008297:Male; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; D045363:Pneumocystis carinii / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology