title: Vascular endothelial growth factor-D induces lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in models of ductal pancreatic cancer.
abstract: The presence of lymphatic metastases is a strong indicator for poor prognosis in patients with ductal pancreatic cancer. In order to better understand the mechanisms controlling lymphatic growth and lymph node metastasis in human ductal pancreatic cancer, we analyzed the expression pattern of the vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D), its receptor VEGF-receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) and the lymphatic endothelium-specific hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1 in a panel of 19 primary human ductal pancreatic tumors and 10 normal pancreas specimens. We further addressed the biological function of VEGF-D for induction of lymphatic metastasis in a nude mouse xenograft model using two human ductal pancreatic cancer cell lines with overexpression of VEGF-D. Compared to normal human pancreas, pancreatic cancer tissue showed overexpression of VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 in conjunction with a high lymphatic vascularization as determined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Tumors derived from VEGF-D-overexpressing cells had a higher microvessel density compared to their mock-controls, as determined based on CD31 immunohistochemistry. Importantly, these tumors also revealed a significant induction of intra- and peritumoral lymphatics, as judged from immunohistochemical detection of LYVE-1 expression. This was associated with a significant increase in lymphatic vessel invasion by tumor cells and an increased rate of lymphatic metastases, as indicated by pan-cytokeratin reactive cells in lymph nodes. Our results suggest that VEGF-D plays a pivotal role in stimulating lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in human ductal pancreatic cancer, and therefore represents a novel therapeutic target for this devastating disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CVK, D-13353 Berlin, Germany. zofia.von_marschall@charite.de
authors.forename: Zofia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Von Marschall
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stacker
authors.forename: Marc G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Achen
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Frauke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schirner
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haberey
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Thierauch
authors.forename: Bertram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wiedenmann
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosewicz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D042583:Lymphangiogenesis; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D042643:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; C119248:LYVE1 protein, human; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D042643:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3