title: Validation of the English version of the KINDL generic children's health-related quality of life instrument for an Asian population--results from a pilot test.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the psychometric properties of the KINDL questionnaire in an Asian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and healthy subjects were recruited to complete the English KINDL questionnaire. The inclusion criteria for patients were age 8-16 years, English-speaking, diagnosed with DM and absence of co-morbid conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty children with DM (mean age: 10.7 +/- 1.35 years; 11 M) and 39 healthy subjects (mean age: 10.6 +/- 1.23 years, 17M) completed the child version whereas 31 adolescents with DM (mean age: 14.5 +/- 1.48 years; 15M) and 32 healthy subjects (mean age: 14.3 +/- 0.87 years, 16M) completed the adolescent version. Overall, children with DM reported better HRQoL than healthy children. Although this appeared counter-intuitive, several explanations are possible: (1) the development of resilience to the disease over time, (2) our subjects are well-managed, (3) response shift, (4) the provision of high quality medical care, (5) compared to normal children, diabetic subjects and their family pay greater attention to health issues. The reliability coefficients were (overall, scales): KINDL-Kid DM (0.79, 0.44-0.65), KINDL-Kid Healthy (0.71,0.60-0.80), KINDL-Kiddo DM (0.77, 0.37-0.74) and KINDL-Kiddo Healthy (0.84, 0.21-0.79).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The KINDL questionnaire appeared promising for use in Asian children. However, further validation in a sample more representative of the general population is required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Wee
authors.forename: W W R
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ravens-Sieberer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erhart
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012846:Singapore; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014177:Translations