title: Enhanced photodynamic activity of hypericin by penetration enhancer N-methyl pyrrolidone formulations in the chick chorioallantoic membrane model.
abstract: Hypericin (HY) was examined for photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced vascular damage using the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. Clinically, plasma protein was used to solubilize HY. Upon binding to albumin, free HY available to be transported through the membrane may be limited. Hence, formulations containing a biocompatible solvent, N-Methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), have the potential to enhance HY delivery into solid tumors. At suitable concentrations, NMP and/or light irradiation did not produce antivascular damage. Hypericin-PDT effects showed to be HY and NMP concentrations-dependent. These findings indicate that NMP is a promising solvent and penetration enhancer for HY-PDT clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 117543.
authors.forename: Constance Lay Lay
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.forename: Paul Wan Sia
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Heng
authors.forename: William Wei Lim
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Khee Chee
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Soo
authors.forename: Malini
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olivo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000873:Anthracenes; D002642:Chick Embryo; D049033:Chorioallantoic Membrane / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000494:pharmacology; D008027:Light; D008954:Models, Biological; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D010569:Perylene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D004337:Drug Carriers; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D010569:Perylene; C004965:hypericin; C038678:N-methylpyrrolidone