title: Nicotine increases alcohol self-administration in non-dependent male smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol and tobacco are commonly co-administered, yet little is known about the effects of acute nicotine administration on alcohol consumption in humans. This study sought to determine how nicotine delivered by tobacco smoke influences alcohol intake in humans using a double-blind placebo controlled repeated measures design.
  
  
  METHODS
  During two randomized 120 min sessions 15 male occasional smokers smoked four nicotine-containing or four de-nicotinized cigarettes at 30 min intervals. Throughout the session, subjects could earn units of their preferred alcoholic beverage and glasses of water using a progressive-ratio (PR) task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wilcoxon signed-rank tests indicated that nicotine increased alcohol self-administration in a significant proportion of participants (P<or=0.03) without affecting water consumption (P>or=0.16). A two-way ANOVA supported this observation further, and, compared to de-nicotinized cigarettes, the nicotine-containing cigarettes increased PR breakpoints for alcohol but not water, as reflected by a Cigarettex Beverage interaction (P<or=0.055).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data suggest that acute nicotine administration increases alcohol consumption in at least a subset of smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada H3A 1B1. Sean.Barrett@dal.ca
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tichauer
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leyton
authors.forename: Robert O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Pihl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012646:Self Administration; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine