title: Bloodless open heart surgery: simple and safe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of blood or blood products is routine in cardiac surgery, but is associated with various complications. Aware of this, we have always tried to avoid the use of blood products whenever possible. In this study we sought to evaluate the results of this policy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 1505 adult patients who underwent coronary (732) or valve (773) surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in 2002 and 2003 were reviewed retrospectively. Of these, 1058 were male (70.3%) and the mean age was 62.1+/-11.4 years. Mean weight was 68.5+/-10.2 kg and body surface area was 1.7+/-0.2 m2, corresponding to a blood volume of 4119.9+/-593.6 ml. Preoperative hematocrit (Hct) was 40.6+/-4.2% and the prothrombin index was 87.0+/-17.4%. A bloodless prime of the bypass circuit was used for all patients with Hct > or =36%. The prime volume was reduced to the minimum possible. Plasma was used when coagulation was deficient. All blood remaining in the CPB circuit was reinfused at the end of the procedure, either in the operating room or in the ICU. Shed mediastinal blood was retransfused in the first 6 hours in the ICU.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Operative mortality was 0.7% for coronary and 0.5% for valve patients. Blood or blood products were not used in 77.3% of the patients (88.7% of coronary and 66.5% of valve patients). Blood and/or plasma was initially added to the prime in 18.2% of cases and during CPB in 11%. Hct was 28.9+/-4.0% after initiation and 28.8+/-3.9% after discontinuation of CPB. The number of units (300 cc) of blood used was 0.25.57 per patient (1.09+/-0.73 per patient transfused). The number of units (300 cc) of plasma used was 0.24+/-0.72. Reoperation for bleeding was required in 2.4% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This blood-sparing policy is simple, effective and safe, resulting in low mortality and morbidity rates. More than three quarters of the patients did not require blood or blood products. Additional measures are possible to further decrease the use of blood products.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Cirurgia Cardiotorácica Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paiva
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Antunes
mesh_terms: D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged