title: Ethnic differences in prenatal growth and the association with maternal and fetal characteristics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to determine ethnic differences in prenatal growth and to examine their association with differences in maternal and fetal characteristics such as maternal height, weight, age, parity and fetal gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1494 women from Rotterdam, The Netherlands, with a low-risk pregnancy who participated in a population-based cohort study, the Generation R Study, were offered three ultrasound examinations during pregnancy. Multilevel modeling was applied to determine ethnic differences in (estimated) fetal weight (including birth weight) and in the separate biometric variables that were used to calculate the estimated fetal weight (abdominal circumference, head circumference and femur length). Additionally the association of ethnic differences with maternal and fetal characteristics (i.e. maternal weight, height, age, parity and fetal gender) was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Turkish, Cape Verdian, Surinamese-Creole and Surinamese-Hindustani women had on average smaller fetuses than the native Dutch women. The differences became more pronounced towards term. In the Turkish group the differences were no longer statistically significant when adjusted for maternal weight, height, age, parity and fetal gender. In the Cape Verdian, Surinamese-Creole and Surinamese-Hindustani groups the differences decreased after adjustment (31%, 16% and 39%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that there are ethnic differences in fetal growth, which to a large extent may be attributed to differences in maternal weight, height, age and parity. For some ethnic groups, however, additional factors are involved, as differences remain significant after correction for fetal and maternal characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Drooger
authors.forename: J W M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Troe
authors.forename: G J J M
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Borsboom
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mackenbach
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: R J M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Snijders
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.forename: J C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Witteman
authors.forename: E A P
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Steegers
authors.forename: I M A
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Joung
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D020567:Fetal Weight / Q000208:ethnology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008423:Maternal Age; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods