title: VPAC1 expression is regulated by FXR agonists in the human gallbladder epithelium.
abstract: Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor-1 (VPAC1) is the high-affinity receptor of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a major regulator of bile secretion. To better define the level at which VPAC1 stimulates bile secretion, we examined its expression in the different cell types participating in bile formation (i.e., hepatocytes, bile duct, and gallbladder epithelial cells). Because VPAC1 expression was previously shown to be regulated by nuclear receptors, we tested the hypothesis that it may be regulated by the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses of cell isolates indicated that VPAC1 is expressed in all three cell types lining the human biliary tree, with predominant expression in the gallbladder. In primary cultures of human gallbladder epithelial cells, VIP induced cAMP production and chloride secretion. Analysis of the VPAC1 gene revealed the presence of potential FXR response element sequences, and both FXR and RXRalpha expressions were detected in gallbladder epithelial cells. In these cells, the FXR pharmacological agonist GW4064 upregulated VPAC1 expression in a dose-dependent manner, and this effect was antagonized by the RXRalpha ligand, 9-cis retinoic acid. Chenodeoxycholate activated endogenous FXR in gallbladder epithelial cells, as ascertained by electromobility shift assay and upregulation of the FXR target gene, small heterodimer partner. Chenodeoxycholate also provoked an increase in VPAC1 mRNA and protein content in these cells. In conclusion, FXR agonists may increase gallbladder fluid secretion through transcriptional activation of VPAC1, which may contribute to the regulation of bile secretion by bile salts and to a protective effect of FXR pharmacological agonists in gallstone disease.
authors.affiliation: Inserm, Paris, France, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chignard
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mergey
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Barbu
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Finzi
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tiret
authors.forename: Annick
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Housset
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002635:Chenodeoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics; D051236:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D051238:Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated
chemical_list: D002635:Chenodeoxycholic Acid; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007555:Isoxazoles; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D051236:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D051238:Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated; C495506:VIPR1 protein, human; C412815:GW 4064