title: Changes in hospitality workers' exposure to secondhand smoke following the implementation of New York's smoke-free law.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact on hospitality workers' exposure to secondhand smoke of New York's smoke-free law that prohibits smoking in all places of employment, including restaurants, bars, and bowling facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre-post longitudinal follow up design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Restaurants, bars, and bowling facilities in New York State.
  
  
  METHODS
  At baseline, 104 non-smoking workers in restaurants, bars, and bowling facilities were recruited with newspaper ads, flyers, and radio announcements. Of these, 68 completed a telephone survey and provided at least one saliva cotinine specimen at baseline. At three, six, and 12 month follow up studies, 47, 38, and 32 workers from the baseline sample of 68 completed a telephone survey and provided at least one saliva cotinine specimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  The smoke-free law went into effect 24 July 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self reported sensory and respiratory symptoms and exposure to secondhand smoke; self administered saliva cotinine specimens. Analyses were limited to subjects in all four study periods who completed a telephone survey and provided at least one saliva cotinine specimen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All analyses were limited to participants who completed both an interview and a saliva specimen for all waves of data collection (n = 30) and who had cotinine concentrations < or = 15 ng/ml (n = 24). Hours of exposure to secondhand smoke in hospitality jobs decreased from 12.1 hours (95% confidence interval (CI) 8.0 to 16.3 hours) to 0.2 hours (95% CI -0.1 to 0.5 hours) (p < 0.01) and saliva cotinine concentration decreased from 3.6 ng/ml (95% CI 2.6 to 4.7 ng/ml) to 0.8 ng/ml (95% CI 0.4 to 1.2 ng/ml) (p < 0.01) from baseline to the 12 month follow up. The prevalence of workers reporting sensory symptoms declined from 88% (95% CI 66% to 96%) to 38% (95% CI 20% to 59%) (p < 0.01); there was no change in the overall prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms (p < 0.16).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New York's smoke-free law had its intended effect of protecting hospitality workers from exposure to secondhand smoke within three months of implementation. One year after implementation, the results suggest continued compliance with the law.
authors.affiliation: RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. mcf@rti.org
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Farrelly
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nonnemaker
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hyland
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: U E
authors.initials: UE
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003367:Cotinine / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D012147:Restaurants / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine