title: Relation between duration of smoking cessation and bronchial inflammation in COPD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with airway inflammation. Although smoking cessation improves symptoms and the decline in lung function in COPD, it is unknown whether bronchial inflammation in patients with established COPD varies with the duration of smoking cessation.
  
  
  METHODS
  114 patients (99 men) with COPD of mean (SD) age 62 (8) years, a median (IQR) smoking history of 42 (31-55) pack years, no inhaled or oral corticosteroids, all current or ex-smokers (n = 42, quit >1 month, median cessation duration 3.5 years), post-bronchodilator FEV(1) 63 (9)% predicted, and FEV(1)/IVC 48 (9)% were studied cross sectionally. The numbers of subepithelial T lymphocytes (CD3, CD4, CD8), neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, and plasma cells were measured in bronchial biopsy specimens (median (IQR)/0.1 mm(2)) using fully automated image analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ex-smokers with COPD had higher CD3+, CD4+, and plasma cell numbers than current smokers with COPD (149 (88-225) v 108 (61-164), p = 0.036; 58 (32-90) v 40 (25-66), p = 0.023; and 9.0 (5.5-20) v 7.5 (3.1-14), p = 0.044, respectively), but no difference in other inflammatory cells. Short term ex-smokers (<3.5 years) had higher CD4+ and CD8+ cell numbers than current smokers (p = 0.017, p = 0.023; respectively). Conversely, long term ex-smokers (quit > or =3.5 years) had lower CD8+ cell numbers than short term ex-smokers (p = 0.009), lower CD8/CD3 ratios than both current smokers and short-term ex-smokers (p = 0.012, p = 0.003; respectively), and higher plasma cell numbers than current smokers (p = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With longer duration of smoking cessation, CD8 cell numbers decrease and plasma cell numbers increase. This indicates that bronchial T lymphocyte and plasma cell counts, but not other inflammatory cells, are related to duration of smoking cessation in patients with COPD.
authors.affiliation: Lung Function Laboratory, Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P O Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. t.s.lapperre@lumc.nl
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Lapperre
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Postma
authors.forename: M M E
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gosman
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Snoeck-Stroband
authors.forename: N H T
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: ten Hacken
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Hiemstra
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Timens
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sterk
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mauad
mesh_terms: D001991:Bronchitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010950:Plasma Cells / Q000473:pathology; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000473:pathology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000473:pathology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology