title: Phase II study of oral capecitabine in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Currently available treatment for hormone refractory prostate cancer is limited in efficacy and associated with significant toxicity. This phase II study was performed to assess the efficacy of the oral fluoropyrimidine capecitabine in advanced prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who had a rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) despite androgen withdrawal, but who remained free from cancer-related symptoms. In total, 14 patients received oral capecitabine 1250 mg/m2 twice daily for two weeks of a three-week cycle. Tumour response was assessed using serum PSA measurement at 3-weekly intervals and, where present, imaging of soft tissue metastases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One of 14 patients experienced a partial response as assessed by both PSA and imaging of liver metastases. In seven other patients (50%), treatment decreased the rate of PSA rise. The duration of PSA stabilisation was generally short, but in 5/14 patients (36%) was sustained beyond 18 weeks, and in one patient to 24 weeks. Toxicity was significant but manageable, the most common adverse events being nausea, mucositis and hand-foot syndrome, each occurring in 50% of patients. Other common side effects were diarrhoea and lymphopenia. All toxicities were grade 1 or 2, except for grade 3 hand-foot syndrome occurring in one patient, and no dose reduction was required because of toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Capecitabine has limited activity as a single agent in prostate cancer, but appears to modulate tumour biology. Considering the added convenience of oral administration, these results support further evaluation of combinations containing capecitabine in hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spicer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Plunkett
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Somaiah
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kendall
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bolunwu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pandha
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000069287:Capecitabine; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000069287:Capecitabine; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D005472:Fluorouracil