title: Characterization of nicotine's ability to serve as a negative feature in a Pavlovian appetitive conditioning task in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pavlovian feature negative discriminations have been widely used to understand inhibitory conditioning processes using exteroceptive stimuli. Comparatively little is known about inhibitory conditioning processes using a drug state as a negative feature. A negative feature signals that presentation of a conditional stimulus (CS) will not be paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present research examined whether nicotine served as a negative feature and started characterizing its properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In acquisition, rats received intermixed saline and nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, base) sessions. On saline sessions, a 15-s light CS was paired with 4-s access to sucrose; the CS was presented on nicotine sessions, but sucrose was withheld. The discrimination was acquired with more goal tracking during the CS on saline sessions. Nicotine's inhibition of this conditioned response (CR) was sensitive to nicotine dose (ED50=0.225) and injection to testing interval (CR returned at 200 min). Mecamylamine pretreatment, but not hexamethonium, produced a loss of inhibitory control by nicotine suggesting a role for central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Amphetamine, bupropion, arecoline, and chlordiazepoxide, but not caffeine, substituted for the nicotine feature. However, in locomotor tests, amphetamine and bupropion increased activity; arecoline and chlordiazepoxide decreased activity. For this reason, the motor effects of these ligands could not be dissociated from substitution via shared stimulus properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This feature negative task provides a preclinical model for studying how drug states inhibit responding, although identifying the process(es) mediating CR inhibition will require further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA. rbevins1@unl.edu
authors.forename: Rick A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bevins
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: Matthew I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Palmatier
authors.forename: Hannah L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Siebert
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wiltgen
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001115:Arecoline / Q000494:pharmacology; D001245:Association Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D016642:Bupropion / Q000494:pharmacology; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002707:Chlordiazepoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000187:drug effects*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D018738:Hexamethonium / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008464:Mecamylamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000187:drug effects; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D013395:Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D016642:Bupropion; D018738:Hexamethonium; D002110:Caffeine; D001115:Arecoline; D013395:Sucrose; D008464:Mecamylamine; D009538:Nicotine; D002707:Chlordiazepoxide; D000661:Amphetamine