title: Trends in antibiotic prescribing for adults in the United States--1995 to 2002.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The impact of national efforts to limit antibiotic prescribing has not been fully evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze trends in outpatient visits associated with antibiotic prescription for U.S. adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of data (1995 to 2002) from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults > or =18 years with an outpatient visit to an office- or hospital-based medical practice or to an emergency department. All visits were classified into 1 of 4 diagnostic categories: (1) acute respiratory infection (ARI)-antibiotics rarely indicated, (2) ARI-antibiotics often indicated, (3) nonrespiratory infection-antibiotics often indicated, and (4) all others.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trends in: (1) Proportion of outpatient visits associated with an antibiotic prescription; (2) proportion of antibiotic prescriptions that were broad spectrum; and (3) number of visits and antibiotic prescriptions per 1,000 U.S. adults > or =18 years of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1995-1996 to 2001-2002, the proportion of all outpatient visits that generated an antibiotic prescription decreased from 17.9% to 15.3% (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.84, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.76 to 0.92). The entire reduction was because of a decrease in antibiotic prescriptions associated with visits for ARIs where antibiotics are rarely indicated from 59.9% to 49.1% (adjusted OR 0.64 95% CI 0.51 to 0.80). However, the proportion of prescribed antibiotics for these visits that were classified as broad-spectrum antibiotic prescription increased from 41.0% to 76.8%. Overall outpatient visits increased from 1693 to 1986 per 1,000 adults over the 8 years studied, but associated antibiotic prescriptions changed little, from 302 to 304 per 1,000 adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the study period, outpatient antibiotic prescribing for respiratory infections where antibiotics are rarely indicated has declined, while the proportion of broad-spectrum antibiotics prescribed for these diagnoses has increased significantly. This trend resulted in a 15% decline in the total proportion of outpatient visits in which antibiotics were prescribed. However, because outpatient visits increased 17% over this time period, the population burden of outpatient antibiotic prescriptions changed little.
authors.affiliation: VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Tennessee Valley Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. christianne.roumie@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Christianne L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Roumie
authors.forename: Natasha B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Halasa
authors.forename: Carlos G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Grijalva
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Yuwei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Dittus
authors.forename: Marie R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Griffin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000639:trends*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents