title: Impaired lung vascular endothelial growth factor in extremely premature baboons developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preterm infants exposed to O2 with mechanical ventilation often develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a form of chronic lung disease (CLD). The pathogenesis of BPD/CLD involves dysmorphic microvasculature and disrupted alveolarization. This may be due to impaired vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  To examine the ontogeny of VEGF and VEGF receptors in baboon lungs from 125 to 185 (term) days gestation and to determine whether exposure to O2 and mechanical ventilation alter these ontogenic profiles, we examined lung specimens from three O2-exposed groups: (1) animals delivered at 125 days gestation and exposed to O2 for 14 days as needed; (2) animals delivered at 140 days gestation and exposed to O2 for 10 days as needed; and (3) animals delivered at 140 days gestation and exposed to 100% O2 for 10 days. Lungs from gestational age-matched controls were also examined at 125, 140, 160, 175, and 185 (term) days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEGF189 was the most abundant splice variant in the lungs at all stages of development. Extremely premature baboons developing BPD/CLD had higher lung VEGF121 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression. However, transcripts for VEGF189, VEGF165, and VEGF receptors (Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 [Flt-1], kinase-insert domain receptor [KDR]/fetal liver kinase-1 [Flk-1], and neuropilin 1) were suppressed in the BPD models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that impaired VEGF and VEGF receptor mRNA expression in lungs from extremely premature baboons developing BPD/CLD may contribute to dysmorphic microvasculature and disrupted alveolarization.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tambunting
authors.forename: Kay D A
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Beharry
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waltzman
authors.forename: Houchang D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Modanlou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005865:Gestational Age; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008168:Lung / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008992:Monkey Diseases; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D010215:Papio; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D010100:Oxygen