title: Number-concentration of nanoparticles in liposomal and polymeric multiparticulate preparations: empirical and calculation methods.
abstract: The actual number of particles in formulations of nanoparticles (NP) is of importance for quality assurance, comprehensive physicochemical characterization, and pharmacodynamics. Some calculation methods that have been previously employed are limited because they rely on several assumptions and are not applicable for certain preparations. Currently there are no validated experimental methods for determining the particle number-concentration (Nc) of liposomal and polymeric nanoparticulate preparations (<500 nm). This study examines a new empirical method for counting the number of particles in nanoparticulate formulations including drug-containing liposomes and polymeric NP. In the new method, suspended NP are nebulized to form aerosol droplets which are dried and counted using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Experiments were conducted with three different preparations, empty liposomes (200 and 400 nm), drug-loaded liposomes (200 nm), and polymeric NP (150 nm). It was verified that no detrimental morphological or structural changes of the formulations have been induced by the SMPS technique, and that the obtained Nc values represent the original particles. It is concluded that nano-formulations with concentrations of up to 10(7) particles per 1 cm3 air, corresponding to approximately 10(12) particles per 1 ml solution, can be directly counted within the size range of 30-900 nm. The measured values are compared to newly developed theoretical calculations to assess the viability of these calculations.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
authors.forename: Hila
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Afergan
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moise
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Yinon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rudich
authors.forename: Gershon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Golomb
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003102:Colloids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008081:Liposomes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008832:Microchemistry / Q000379:methods*; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D008970:Molecular Weight; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D011108:Polymers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014462:Ultrafiltration / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids; D008081:Liposomes; D011108:Polymers