title: Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1-->3) beta-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measurement of (1-->3)-beta-D-Glucan (BG) has emerged as an adjunct diagnostic strategy for invasive fungal infections (IFI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects at 6 clinical sites in the United States were enrolled as either fungal infection-negative subjects (n = 170) or subjects with proven or probable IFI according to European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group criteria (n = 163). A central laboratory and 4 sites performed assays. A single sample was obtained per patient and was evaluated using an assay to detect serum BG derived from fungal cell walls (range, 0 to > 7000 pg/mL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At a cutoff of 60 pg/mL, the sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 69.9% and 87.1%, respectively, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 83.8% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 75.1%. At a cutoff value of 80 pg/mL, the sensitivity and specificity were 64.4% and 92.4%, respectively, with a PPV of 89% and an NPV of 73%. Of the 107 patients with proven candidiasis, 81.3% had positive results at a cutoff value of 60 pg/mL, and 77.6% had positive results at a cutoff value of 80 pg/mL. Of the 10 patients with aspergillosis, 80% had positive results at cutoff values of 60 and 80 pg/mL. The 3 subjects diagnosed with Fusarium species had positive results at a cutoff value of 60 pg/mL. Patients infected with Mucor or Rhizopus species (both of which lack BG) had negative results at both cutoff values, and of the 12 patients with Cryptococcus infection, 3 had positive results at a cutoff value of 60 pg/mL, and 2 had positive results at a cutoff value of 80 pg/mL. Of the subjects with proven positive results who were receiving antifungal therapy (n = 118), 72.9% had results positive for BG at a cutoff value of 60 pg/mL, and 69.5% had results positive for BG at a cutoff value of 80 pg/mL. The interlaboratory sample test r2 was 0.93.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reproducible assay results with high specificity and high PPV in a multicenter setting demonstrate that use of an assay to detect serum BG derived from fungal cell walls is a useful diagnostic adjunct for IFI.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Luis.Ostrosky-Zeichner@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ostrosky-Zeichner
authors.forename: Barbara D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kett
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vazquez
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.forename: Fumihiro
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saeki
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Ketchum
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wingard
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schiff
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Malcolm A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Finkelman
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rex
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009181:Mycoses / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011509:Proteoglycans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D011509:Proteoglycans; D047071:beta-Glucans; C010770:polysaccharide-K