title: Exposure to the mass media, body shape concerns, and use of supplements to improve weight and shape among male and female adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence and correlates of products used to improve weight and shape among male and female adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted of 6212 girls and 4237 boys who were 12 to 18 years of age and enrolled in the ongoing Growing Up Today Study. The outcome measure was at least weekly use of any of the following products to improve appearance, muscle mass, or strength: protein powder or shakes, creatine, amino acids/hydroxy methylbutyrate (HMB), dehydroepiandrosterone, growth hormone, or anabolic/injectable steroids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 4.7% of the boys and 1.6% of the girls used protein powder or shakes, creatine, amino acids/HMB, dehydroepiandrosterone, growth hormone, or anabolic/injectable steroids at least weekly to improve appearance or strength. In multivariate models, boys and girls who thought a lot about wanting more defined muscles (boys: odds ratio [OR]: 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-2.2; girls: OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.2-3.2) or were trying to gain weight (boys: OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 2.0-4.6; girls: OR: 4.3; 95% CI: 1.6-11.4) were more likely than their peers to use these products. In addition, boys who read men's, fashion, or health/fitness magazines (OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.9) and girls who were trying to look like women in the media (OR: 2.9; 95% CI: 1.4-4.0) were significantly more likely than their peers to use products to improve appearance or strength, but hours per week watching television, watching sports on television, and participation in team sports were not independently associated with using products to improve appearance or muscle mass.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Girls and boys who frequently thought about wanting toned or well-defined muscles were at increased risk for using potentially unhealthful products to enhance their physique. These results suggest that just as girls may resort to unhealthful means to achieve a low body weight, girls and boys may also resort to unhealthful means to achieve other desired physiques.
authors.affiliation: Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Alison.Field@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Alison E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: S Bryn
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: C Barr
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Ruth H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Striegel-Moore
authors.forename: Keith J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Loud
authors.forename: Graham A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Colditz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001828:Body Image; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008402:Mass Media; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects; D013008:Somatotypes; D014631:Valerates
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D014631:Valerates; C004961:beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone