title: Fracture patterns and bone healing in recurrent mandibular fractures: a clinical study of 13 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recurrent fractures of the previously treated fractured mandible are rare.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective study, 13 cases of repeated mandibular fractures were evaluated according to age, sex, cause, fracture localizations and patterns, treatment modalities, and complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the patients were men, with a mean age of 27.5 years and 32 years for the first and the subsequent fractures, respectively. The mean time interval between fractures was 4.3 years. In 10 cases, the cause for the second fracture was an assault, with 90 percent related to alcohol intake. Angle, body, and parasymphysis region of the mandible were the most common sites to be involved in the first occasion. In 10 cases, an internal rigid fixation procedure was performed for the treatment. In the recurrent injuries, none of the fractures occurred at exactly the same anatomical site. Fractures were either in the neighboring side or the contralateral side of the previously healed area of mandible. On the second occasion, angle fractures were common and body and subcondylar fracture rates increased. At second presentation, the complication rate increased from 23.1 percent to 53.8 percent and most commonly involving malocclusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that assault is the major etiologic factor for recurrent mandible fractures and that these fractures occur in different locations from the original injury. They necessitate a cautious approach for the prevention of unfavorable outcomes. Further retrospective clinical and experimental studies are necessary to elucidate the fracture patterns and bone-healing quality of these recurrent mandible fractures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey. agirhakan@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Agir
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: Neil R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cooter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017102:Fracture Healing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008337:Mandibular Fractures / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies