title: In vitro analysis of matrix proteins and growth factors in dedifferentiating human chondrocytes for tissue-engineered cartilage.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  With ongoing culture and dedifferentiation of chondrocytes, significant changes in the expression patterns of various collagens and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor were detected. The latter could play an important role in the differentiation of human chondrocytes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Tissue engineering represents a promising method for the construction of autologous chondrogenic grafts for reconstructive surgery. So far, little is known about the expression of markers for cell proliferation and differentiation in cultured chondrocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human chondrocytes were isolated from septal cartilage (n=5) and held in primary cell culture. Cells were harvested after 24 h and 6 days. Proliferation was analyzed using an Alamar Blue assay. The differentiation of the cells was investigated using bright field microscopy, the expression patterns of various proteins using immunohistochemistry and the expression of distinct genes using a microarray technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The chondrocytes showed strong proliferation (Day 0: 16.7+/-0.7 fluorescent units; Day 5: 52.4+/-2.2 fluorescent units) from the third day of cell culture in medium without growth factors. From this point onwards, a dedifferentiation of the chondrocytes could be observed. In cell culture, the chondrocytes expressed collagen 1 and 10 without expression of collagen 3. After 6 days of cell culture, they expressed collagen 2. The chondrocytes showed constant low expression of the fibroblast growth factor-2 receptor, but constant high expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9. The cells never expressed the epidermal growth factor receptor. The proportion of IGF receptor-expressing cells diminished significantly during cell culture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Germany. ullrich.goessler@hno.ma.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Ulrich Reinhart
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Goessler
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bugert
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bieback
authors.forename: Haneen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sadick
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Verse
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baisch
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hörmann
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Riedel
mesh_terms: D002356:Cartilage / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002469:Cell Separation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000032:analysis; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000032:analysis; D024061:Collagen Type III / Q000032:analysis; D024121:Collagen Type X / Q000032:analysis; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000032:analysis; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000032:analysis; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000032:analysis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000166:cytology; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1 / Q000032:analysis; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D024043:Collagen Type II; D024061:Collagen Type III; D024121:Collagen Type X; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D006133:Growth Substances; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9