title: Gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a multisystem disease, the pathogenesis of which remains undetermined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that there are reproducible abnormalities of gene expression in patients with CFS compared with normal healthy persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  To gain further insight into the pathogenesis of this disease, gene expression was analysed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 25 patients with CFS diagnosed according to the Centers for Disease Control criteria and 25 normal blood donors matched for age, sex, and geographical location, using a single colour microarray representing 9522 human genes. After normalisation, average difference values for each gene were compared between test and control groups using a cutoff fold difference of expression > or = 1.5 and a p value of 0.001. Genes showing differential expression were further analysed using Taqman real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in fresh samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of microarray data revealed differential expression of 35 genes. Real time PCR confirmed differential expression in the same direction as array results for 16 of these genes, 15 of which were upregulated (ABCD4, PRKCL1, MRPL23, CD2BP2, GSN, NTE, POLR2G, PEX16, EIF2B4, EIF4G1, ANAPC11, PDCD2, KHSRP, BRMS1, and GABARAPL1) and one of which was downregulated (IL-10RA). This profile suggests T cell activation and perturbation of neuronal and mitochondrial function. Upregulation of neuropathy target esterase and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G1 may suggest links with organophosphate exposure and virus infection, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that patients with CFS have reproducible alterations in gene regulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, St Marys Campus, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kaushik
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fear
authors.forename: S C M
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Nuwaysir
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kellam
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: D A J
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Tyrrell
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Holgate
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kerr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods; D015673:Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D005810:Multigene Family; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods