title: Assessment of myocardial function of the systemic right ventricle in patients with D-transposition of the great arteries after atrial switch operation by tissue Doppler echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The long-term follow-up of patients with D-transposition of the great arteries after atrial switch operation shows specific problems such as tricuspid valve insufficiency, rhythm disturbances and failure of the morphologic right ventricle in systemic position. Assessment of the myocardial contractility of the subaortic right ventricle by conventional echocardiography is limited. The usage of tissue Doppler echocardiography with strain combined with strain rate imaging provides a new approach for quantitative analysis of longitudinal myocardial function. The aim of this study was to assess patterns of wall motion and regional contractile function of the systemic right ventricle in patients after atrial switch operation for D-transposition of the great arteries and to compare them to those of normal subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients with Dtransposition of the great arteries after atrial switch operation with a mean age of 21.3 (range, 13 to 31) years and a postoperative period of 16.9 years were examined and compared to 22 control individuals with a mean age of 21.5 (range, 3 to 43) years. Tissue Doppler studies were obtained from apical 4- chamber view to determine regional systolic (Syst(T)) and diastolic (E(T), A(T)) velocities as well as E(T)/A(T) ratio at the basal free wall. The presystolic isovolumic contraction peak was assessed and the ratio of the presystolic peak velocity to the isovolumic acceleration time as the IVA index was calculated. Strain and peak systolic and diastolic strain rates were assessed on basal, middle and apical segments of the right ventricular free wall. Data obtained from the morphologic right systemic ventricle in patients were compared to those derived from the left and the right ventricle in controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The right ventricular free wall systolic velocities were significantly reduced in patients compared to velocities obtained from the normal right and left ventricle. On the other hand, the IVA index was only reduced in patients compared to the IVA index in the normal subpulmonary right ventricle. Compared to data obtained from the normal systemic left ventricle, the IVA index in patients was not significantly different. In contrast, strain and strain rate parameters in all analyzed segments mostly showed a highly significant reduction compared to normal right and left ventricular data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tissue Doppler echocardiography is a promising tool for the evaluation of regional myocardial contractile function of the morphologic right systemic ventricle in patients following atrial switch operation for D-transposition of the great arteries. Presystolic, systolic and diastolic regional ventricular function was reduced in the systemic right ventricle. However, further comparative studies using other quantitative parameters of global and regional myocardial function derived from cardiac catheterization or MRI should be performed in order to evaluate the reliability of tissue Doppler echocardiography for the assessment of global right ventricular function in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department for Congenital Heart Disease and Paediatric Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin and Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rentzsch
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Abd El Rahman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helweg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ewert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gutberlet
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdul-Khaliq
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D004699:Endocardium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012016:Reference Values; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right / Q000502:physiology