title: Safety and pharmacokinetics of the dual action Raf kinase and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor, BAY 43-9006, in patients with advanced, refractory solid tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  BAY 43-9006, a novel multikinase inhibitor, prevents tumor growth by combining two antitumor activities: inhibition of both tumor cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. This phase I, open-label, nonrandomized, noncontrolled, single-arm, dose escalation study was done to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety profile, pharmacokinetic variables, effect on biomarkers, and tumor response with BAY 43-9006 in 19 patients with advanced, refractory solid tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  BAY 43-9006 was given orally in repeated cycles of 1-week on/1-week off. The study comprised five dose levels, ranging from 100 mg twice daily (bid) to 800 mg bid. Treatment of each patient continued until unacceptable toxicity, tumor progression, or death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rash and hypertension were the dose-limiting toxicities at the 800 mg bid dose requiring study drug discontinuation; therefore, the MTD of BAY 43-9006 in this study was determined to be 600 mg bid. BAY 43-9006 was generally well tolerated, with mild to moderate toxicities. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed early absorption followed by delayed secondary peaks and slow terminal elimination. Stable disease was achieved in five patients: one patient showed reduced tumor activity (positron emission tomography scan) and reduced mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling (lower phospho-ERK); one patient remained on treatment until study end point.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirm the favorable safety profile of BAY 43-9006 and support the development of this compound for the treatment of solid tumors.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. jclark@partners.org
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Eder
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Chetan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lathia
authors.forename: Heinz-Josef
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lenz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D001706:Biopsy; D018450:Disease Progression; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011725:Pyridines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000077157:Sorafenib; D013997:Time Factors; D048490:raf Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011725:Pyridines; D009536:Niacinamide; D000077157:Sorafenib; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D048490:raf Kinases