title: First-principles analyses and predictions on the reactivity of barrier layers of Ta and TaN toward organometallic precursors for deposition of copper films.
abstract: We present theoretical studies based on first-principles density functional theory calculations on the mechanisms of chemical vapor deposition of Cu-hexafluoracetylacetonato-trimethylvinylsilane (Cu(hfac)(tmvs)) on tantalum surfaces. This process has been used in the past to grow copper films via a disproportionation reaction and was found to exhibit adhesion problems. We show that the Ta surfaces are highly reactive and that the organic ligands in a copper precursor would undergo spontaneous decomposition upon contact with the Ta substrates. This may lead to contamination of the metal surfaces caused by the formation of carbide, fluoride, oxide species, or other fragments of the copper precursor on the barrier layer. We propose a practical solution for these adhesion problems caused by the CVD process by passivating the metal surfaces with N(2) to reduce their activity toward the precursor. Our extensive first-principles molecular dynamics simulations under typical deposition conditions predict that, for properly passivated TaN surfaces, only the copper atoms are firmly adsorbed on the surface, with loose Cu-ligand bonds. The ligands are sufficiently stable on these passivated surfaces, remaining slightly above the surface due to the repulsion between the electron-rich N-layer and the electron-rich ligand groups, and subsequently liberated upon the disproportionation reaction.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona - CSIC, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaczmarski
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ordejón
authors.forename: Diwakar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: Hansong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cheng