title: Delay of transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap reconstruction improves flap reliability in the obese patient.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since its introduction in 1982, the transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap has been a mainstay of breast reconstruction. However, in certain high-risk individuals, such as the obese, smokers, and irradiated patients, flap reliability is decreased, which leads to a higher rate of flap complications. The authors hypothesized that although the nonflap complication rate is increased in the obese patient, flap complications are not increased in those who undergo a delayed TRAM procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1995 to 2003, 107 consecutive patients who underwent a delayed TRAM procedure were examined in a retrospective study. The delayed TRAM procedures were all performed by the senior author (Georgiade) at a single institution. Patients were classified by their body mass index (weight in kilograms and height in square meters).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No patient had complete loss of her flap regardless of body mass index. Patients with an index of 30 kg/m2 and under had a partial fat necrosis rate of 11.4 percent (10 of 88 patients), whereas two of 19 patients (10.5 percent) with an index of greater than 30 kg/m2 had partial fat necrosis of their flap (not significant). The average body mass index of the group with flap complications was 27.8 +/- 4.3 kg/m2, whereas that of the group with no flap complications was 26.5 +/- 4.3 kg/m2 (not significant). The rate of non-flap-related complications, such as deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, was 8 percent (seven of 88 patients) for those with a body mass index of less than 30 kg/m2 and 31.6 percent (six of 19 patients) for those with an index greater than 30 kg/m2 (p = 0.0112). The average body mass index of the group with nonflap complications was 29.9 +/- 4.9 kg/m2, compared with 26.3 +/- 4.0 kg/m2 for the group with no non-flap-related complications (p = 0.031). Of note, patients with a history of smoking and those who had received radiation therapy did not show a statistically significant increase in flap complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a progressively increasing overall complication rate for patients with a higher body mass index, there was not a similar trend for flap-related complications. The authors' data support the idea that the delayed TRAM procedure is a safe and reliable technique for obese and morbidly obese patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic, Reconstructive, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Howard T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tristan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hartzell
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Olbrich
authors.forename: Detlev
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Erdmann
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Georgiade
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000453:epidemiology