title: A pilot study of smoking and associated behaviors of low-income expectant fathers.
abstract: Pregnancy is considered a teachable moment for helping women who smoke to quit, yet few studies have examined smoking behavior of expectant fathers. The present study considers the possibility that pregnancy is a teachable moment for expectant fathers as well and describes smoking and associated behaviors of men during their partner's pregnancy. Participants were 138 low-income men living with their pregnant partners. Using telephone interviews, we found 63% of the men had smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. Current smoking was reported by 49.3% of expectant fathers (39.1% daily smoking; 10.2% some days). Expectant fathers' current smoking was associated with having a lower level of education (p<.0001), pregnant partner being a current smoker (p=.0002), higher quantity of alcohol consumption per day of drinking (p=.0003), and absence of smoking prohibitions inside the home (p<.0001). In the past year, 70.1% of the current smokers tried to quit. We found high rates of smoking in low-income expectant fathers, and an expectant father's smoking during his partner's pregnancy was associated with his pregnant partner continuing to smoke. A majority of expectant fathers identified as current smokers tried to quit in the past year or indicated an intention to quit in the near future. Intervention during pregnancy that targets pregnant women and expectant fathers who smoke could lead to more households without tobacco use and thus have positive implications for paternal, maternal, and family health. Further clinical and research attention is needed to address the smoking behaviors of both expectant fathers and their pregnant partners.
authors.affiliation: Family and Community Medicine, MA 306 Medical Sciences Building, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA. everettk@health.missouri.edu
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Everett
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gage
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bullock
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Geden
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Madsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005220:Fathers / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006266:Health Education / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008923:Missouri; D010332:Paternal Behavior; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control