title: Radiation exposure to the hands from mini C-arm fluoroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the level of radiation exposure to the hands of hand surgeons using intraoperative mini C-arm fluoroscopy and to compare the actual level of exposure with predicted levels and acceptable limits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hand surgeons were given ring dosimeters to measure radiation exposure to their hands during surgery of the finger, hand, and wrist. A total of 81 rings were analyzed. After the clinical study a phantom was used to measure scatter at close range from the mini C-arm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgeons' hands were exposed to an average +/- SD of 20 +/- 12.3 mrem/case. For comparison a chest x-ray results in approximately 20 mrem exposure to the patient. Radiation exposure for the group of hand surgeons ranged from 5 to 80 mrem. Surgeons used an average of 51 +/- 36.9 seconds of fluoroscopy time per case. Exposure time for the group ranged from 6 to 170 seconds. The radiation scatter rate decreases precipitously outside the beam or beyond the radius of the intensifier. An average exposure to the hands of 20 mrem/case suggests that surgeons' hands must be entering the beam and getting direct exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hand surgeons work close to the beam and as a result their hands potentially are exposed to a nontrivial amount of radiation. We recommend that surgeons who use the mini C-arm use precautions to minimize radiation exposure, particularly to their hands.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Kaiser Permanente, Denver, CO 80205, USA. gordobrig@aol.com
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singer
mesh_terms: D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006225:Hand / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D009985:Orthopedics; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D011835:Radiation Protection; D012307:Risk Factors