title: Gene-induced chondrogenesis of primary mesenchymal stem cells in vitro.
abstract: Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into various connective tissues such as cartilage and bone following stimulation with certain growth factors. However, less is known about the capacity of these cells to undergo chondrogenesis when these proteins are delivered via gene transfer. In this study, we investigated chondrogenesis of primary, bone marrow-derived MSCs in aggregate cultures following genetic modification with adenoviral vectors encoding chondrogenic growth factors. We found that adenoviral-mediated expression of TGF-beta1 and BMP-2, but not IGF-1, induced chondrogenesis of MSCs as evidenced by toluidine blue metachromasia and immunohistochemical detection of type II collagen. Chondrogenesis correlated with the level and duration of expressed protein and was strongest in aggregates expressing 10-100 ng/ml transgene product. Transgene expression in all aggregates was highly transient, showing a marked decrease after 7 days. Chondrogenesis was inhibited in aggregates modified to express >100 ng/ml TGF-beta1 or BMP-2; however, this was found to be partly due to the inhibitory effect of exposure to high adenoviral loads. Our findings indicate that parameters such as these are important functional considerations for adapting gene transfer technologies to induce chondrogenesis of MSCs.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Orthopaedics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Glyn D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steinert
authors.forename: Arnulf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascher
authors.forename: Elvire
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gouze
authors.forename: Jean-Noel
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Gouze
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Betz
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ghivizzani
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae; D000328:Adult; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019902:Chondrocytes; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D046508:Culture Techniques; D015870:Gene Expression; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D010012:Osteogenesis; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D019076:Transgenes / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I