title: Urothelial carcinoma in a child.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder occurs rarely in the first 2 decades of life. We report a case of a 12 year-old child that presented with a Ta grade II/III urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe its clinical presentation and diagnostic procedures as well as treatment and follow-up. Finally, we review the literature to analyze the etiology, treatment, and surveillance of urothelial carcinoma in the pediatric population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since 1950, there are less than 100 cases of urothelial carcinoma reported in patients less than 30 years, and even less in children and adolescents. Most of the small series describe these tumors as being characteristically superficial and low grade (I-ll). This child presented with silent macroscopic hematuria and an MRI revealed a solid and papillary mass measuring 2.7 cm. A cystoscopy and resection of the tumor confirmed the diagnosis. A re-resection at two months confirmed no residual tumor in the bladder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no established criteria for the etiology, treatment, and surveillance of urothelial carcinoma in the pediatric population. Children with gross hematuria as the presenting complaint should undergo a complete evaluation to rule out the presence of urothelial carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, Tampa 33612-9497, USA. RodrigAr@moffitt.usf.edu
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burday
authors.forename: Wade
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sexton
authors.forename: Nazeel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Julio M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pow-Sang
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D003558:Cystoscopy; D006417:Hematuria / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery