title: The levator aponeurosis consists of two layers that include smooth muscle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the two-fold structure of the levator aponeurosis, which is partly composed of independent smooth muscles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen upper eyelids of 12 Asian postmortems, with age at death ranging from 72 to 91 years, were examined. In 9 eyelids, posterior lamella tissue of the upper eyelid was removed to observe the stratified structures of the levator aponeurosis. Six full-thickness eyelids were used to observe the attachment site or the continuity between the levator aponeurosis and its surrounding tissues. The eyelids were incised perpendicularly in the center of the eyelid; samples were stained with Masson trichrome and antismooth muscle actin antibody and examined microscopically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Masson trichrome staining demonstrated the two-layered nature of the levator aponeurosis. The anterior layer was characterized by thick, robust fibrous tissue, and the posterior by thinner fibrous tissue. Although both layers contained muscle structures, the posterior layer contained more than the anterior. Immunostaining with antismooth muscle actin antibody revealed that the muscle in both layers was smooth muscle. The anterior layer continued to the orbital septum and the submuscular fibroadipose tissue; the posterior layers, located in front of Müller muscle and its tendon, attached to the anterior inferior one-third of the tarsus. Part of the anterior layer went through the orbicularis oculi muscle and attached to the subcuticular tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The levator aponeurosis is stratified, consisting of two layers than contain smooth muscle components in their proximal portions. It pulls mainly the preaponeurotic fat and anterior eyelid lamella. This partially regulates the tension of the eyelid and contributes to the ordered movement of the upper eyelid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute-cho, Aichi-gun, Aichi-ken, 480-1195, Japan. cosme@d1.dion.ne.jp
authors.forename: Hirohiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kakizaki
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zako
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asamoto
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Miyaishi
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwaki
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D005143:Eyelids / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008022:Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins