title: Asthma and incident cardiovascular disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A possible association between asthma and cardiovascular disease has been described in several exploratory studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The association of self-reported, doctor diagnosed asthma and incident cardiovascular disease was examined in a biracial cohort of 45-64 year old adults (N = 13501) followed over 14 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with never having asthma, the multivariate adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of stroke (n = 438) was 1.50 (95% CI 1.04 to 2.15) for a baseline report of ever having asthma (prevalence 5.2%) and 1.55 (95% CI 0.95 to 2.52) for current asthma (prevalence 2.7%). The relative risk of stroke was 1.43 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.98) using a time dependent analysis incorporating follow up reports of asthma. Participants reporting wheeze attacks with shortness of breath also had greater risk for stroke (HR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.06) than participants without these symptoms. The multivariate adjusted relative risk of coronary heart disease (n = 1349) was 0.87 (95% CI 0.66 to 1.14) for ever having asthma, 0.69 (95% CI 0.46 to 1.05) for current asthma at baseline, and 0.88 (95% CI 0.69 to 1.11) using the time dependent analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asthma may be an independent risk factor for incident stroke but not coronary heart disease in middle aged adults. This finding warrants replication and may motivate a search for possible mechanisms that link asthma and stroke.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, 1300 South 2nd Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Schanen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iribarren
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shahar
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Punjabi
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Sorlie
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Folsom
mesh_terms: D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000209:etiology*; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology*; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology