title: A long-term outcome study of intersex conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical management of intersex conditions is controversial because the available evidence is limited and conflicting, with no long-term population based studies comparing matched controls.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the long-term psychological, sexual and social outcomes of patients with intersex compared with two matched control populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three different aged-matched (18-32 years) patient groups completed a self-administered questionnaire of established quality of life and well-being inventories measuring physical' health, psychological adjustment and sexuality, following a mail-out to all identified patients. The intersex group (n = 50) and the Hirschsprung disease, a congenital disorder, control group (n = 27), were patients who had attended the Royal Children's Hospital, a tertiary centre, for their clinical care. The insulin dependent diabetes mellitus control group was recruited from an adult tertiary hospital. The study was conducted at the hospital-based Murdoch Childrens Research Institute.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychological, sexual and social outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intersex group did not differ from controls on physical or mental health, depression, state anxiety, neuroticism, psychoticism or stressful life events. Intersex participants were satisfied with their overall body appearance, although intersex males were less satisfied than controls with the size (p <0.05) and appearance (p <0.01) of their sex organs. The intersex group was less likely to experience orgasm (p <0.05), tended to experience more pain during intercourse (p = 0.06), had more difficulties with penetration (p <0.01) and were less likely to have sexual activity several times or more a week (p <0.05) than the combined control groups. Intersex participants did not differ from controls in level of sexual desire or enjoyment of sexual activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients with intersex had positive psychosocial and psychosexual outcomes, although some problems were reported with sexual activity. These results overall suggest that a model of care including early genital surgery carried out at a centre of excellence with a multidisciplinary team can minimize long-term complication rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. garry.warne@rch.org.au
authors.forename: Garry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Warne
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hutson
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Northam
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006627:Hirschsprung Disease / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage; D011788:Quality of Life; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012919:Social Behavior; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome