title: Ethnic differences in parent preference to be present for painful medical procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine ethnic differences between white, black, and Hispanic (English-speaking and Spanish-speaking) parents in their desire to remain present during their children's painful medical procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of parents from each of 4 ethnic groups (black, white, and Hispanic [divided into English-speaking Hispanic and Spanish-speaking Hispanic]) was surveyed regarding their preferences for remaining present for 5 hypothetical painful procedures: venipuncture, laceration repair, lumbar puncture, fracture reduction, and critical resuscitation. For each procedure, a short description of the procedure was read to the parent, and a picture of the procedure was shown. The effect of ethnicity on parental desire to stay was examined by using the chi2 test and multivariate logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete data on 300 parents, 72 to 79 from each ethnic group, were obtained. There were no significant demographic differences between groups except that English-speaking Hispanic parents were younger, and black parents were relatively well educated, whereas Spanish-speaking Hispanic parents were relatively less well educated. Overall, the percentages of those who would wish to remain with their child during the procedures were 94% (venipuncture), 88% (laceration repair), 81% (lumbar puncture), 81% (fracture reduction), and 81% (critical resuscitation). The only significant ethnic difference was that English-speaking Hispanic parents were less likely to want to remain present during a critical resuscitation (P = .01). Black parents were less likely, and English-speaking Hispanic parents were more likely, to want physicians to decide for them whether they should remain present. Parents generally preferred to actively participate during the procedure by coaching and soothing their child rather than to just observe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found few ethnic differences in parents' desire to be present during their child's painful medical procedures. Overall, the vast majority of parents would prefer to remain present even for highly invasive procedures.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qazi
authors.forename: Kelly D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D001290:Attitude; D002648:Child; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000628:therapy; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D018962:Phlebotomy; D012151:Resuscitation; D013129:Spinal Puncture; D013537:Sutures; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology