title: Modeling monochloramine loss in the presence of natural organic matter.
abstract: A comprehensive model describing monochloramine loss in the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) is presented. The model incorporates simultaneous monochloramine autodecomposition and reaction pathways resulting in NOM oxidation. These competing pathways were resolved numerically using an iterative process evaluating hypothesized reactions describing NOM oxidation by monochloramine under various experimental conditions. The reaction of monochloramine with NOM was described as biphasic using four NOM specific reaction parameters. NOM pathway 1 involves a direct reaction of monochloramine with NOM (k(doc1) = 1.05 x 10(4)-3.45 x 10(4) M(-1) h(-1)). NOM pathway 2 is slower in terms of monochloramine loss and attributable to free chlorine (HOCl) derived from monochloramine hydrolysis (k(doc2) = 5.72 x 10(5)-6.98 x 10(5) M(-1) h(-1)), which accounted for the majority of monochloramine loss. Also, the free chlorine reactive site fraction in the NOM structure was found to correlate to specific ultraviolet absorbance at 280 nm (SUVA280). Modeling monochloramine loss allowed for insight into disinfectant reaction pathways involving NOM oxidation. This knowledge is of value in assessing monochloramine stability in distribution systems and reaction pathways leading to disinfection by-product (DBP) formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1527, USA. duirk.stephen@epa.gov
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Duirk
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gombert
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Croué
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Valentine
mesh_terms: D002700:Chloramines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry; D004203:Disinfection; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; D004202:Disinfectants; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002713:Chlorine; C030816:chloramine