title: Brain regions associated with the expression and contextual regulation of anxiety in primates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A key to successful adaptation is the ability to regulate emotional responses in relation to changing environmental demands or contexts.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-resolution PET 18fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) scanning in rhesus monkeys was performed during two contexts (alone, and human intruder with no eye contact) during which the duration of anxiety related freezing behavior was assessed. Correlations between individual differences in freezing duration and brain activity were performed for each of the two conditions, as well as for the contextual regulation between the two conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both conditions, activity in the basal forebrain, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the nucleus accumbens were correlated with individual differences in freezing duration. In contrast, individual differences in the ability to regulate freezing behavior between contexts were correlated with activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, the thalamus and the dorsal raphe nucleus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate differences in the neural circuitry mediating the expression compared to the contextual regulation of freezing behavior. These findings are relevant since altered regulatory processes may underlie anxiety disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719-1176, USA. nkalin@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Ned H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Kalin
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Terrence R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Oakes
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Davidson
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000523:psychology*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D046352:Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D012931:Social Environment
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18