title: Alveolar macrophage-epithelial cell interaction following exposure to atmospheric particles induces the release of mediators involved in monocyte mobilization and recruitment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies from our laboratory have shown that human alveolar macrophages (AM) and bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) exposed to ambient particles (PM10) in vitro increase their production of inflammatory mediators and that supernatants from PM10-exposed cells shorten the transit time of monocytes through the bone marrow and promote their release into the circulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study concerns co-culture of AM and HBEC exposed to PM10 (EHC-93) and the production of mediators involved in monocyte kinetics measured at both the mRNA and protein levels. The experiments were also designed to determine the role of the adhesive interaction between these cells via the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 in the production of these mediators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AM/HBEC co-cultures exposed to 100 microg/ml of PM10 for 2 or 24 h increased their levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), M-CSF, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1beta, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, interleukin (IL)-6 and ICAM-1 mRNA, compared to exposed AM or HBEC mono-cultures, or control non-exposed co-cultures. The levels of GM-CSF, M-CSF, MIP-1beta and IL-6 increased in co-cultured supernatants collected after 24 h exposure compared to control cells (p < 0.05). There was synergy between AM and HBEC in the production of GM-CSF, MIP-1beta and IL-6. But neither pretreatment of HBEC with blocking antibodies against ICAM-1 nor cross-linking of ICAM-1 on HBEC blocked the PM10-induced increase in co-culture mRNA expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that an ICAM-1 independent interaction between AM and HBEC, lung cells that process inhaled particles, increases the production and release of mediators that enhance bone marrow turnover of monocytes and their recruitment into tissues. We speculate that this interaction amplifies PM10-induced lung inflammation and contributes to both the pulmonary and systemic morbidity associated with exposure to air pollution.
authors.affiliation: James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada. hishii2@mac.com
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Shizu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hogg
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Yukinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Noriho
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mukae
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Stephan F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: van Eeden
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D002449:Cell Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008863:Microspheres; D010316:Particle Size; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators