title: Papillary thyroid carcinoma in children: risk factors and complications of disease recurrence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Optimal treatment of recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in children remains controversial. We reviewed our experience with recurrent PTC to better identify children diagnosed with it.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors, optimal treatment, complications, and prognosis of recurrent PTC in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective review of all thyroid resections for children aged 18 years or younger who have PTC at a single institution from 1987 to 1999.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six children, 7 boys (19%) and 29 girls (81%), underwent initial cervical exploration for PTC. Lymph node involvement was noted in 25 patients (69%); however, there was no distal disease. An equal number of children underwent subtotal thyroidectomy (n = 18) and total (n = 18) thyroidectomy as their initial operation. Papillary thyroid carcinoma recurrences developed in 17 patients (47%) a median of 7 months (range, 1-43 months) after their initial operation. Recurrence was more common for patients with lymph node involvement (P < .01) and multiple nodules (P < .05) at presentation. Recurrence developed in 5 patients after subtotal thyroidectomy and in 12 patients after total thyroidectomy. Sixteen children with recurrent PTC had a second operation and 6 required a third operation. Total operative complications included 2 patients with permanent hypocalcemia and 1 patient with permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, all of whom had a total thyroidectomy. No patient died; however, 3 continue to harbor disease. Mean follow-up for patients with PTC was 65 months (range, 15 to 144 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thyroid resection combined with selective use of radioactive iodine ablation is a safe and effective treatment for recurrent PTC in children. The best predictors of this recurrent disease are lymph node involvement and multiple thyroid nodules at presentation.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Abdalla E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Zarroug
authors.forename: Rainer N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Poley
authors.forename: Joshua P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kollars
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Moir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020209:Cranial Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006996:Hypocalcemia / Q000209:etiology; D007456:Iodine Isotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061224:Laryngeal Nerve Injuries; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D037981:Neck Dissection; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D013965:Thyroidectomy / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D007456:Iodine Isotopes