Application of Geographical Information Systems and Remote Sensing technologies for assessing and monitoring malaria risk.
Despite over 30 years of scientific research, algorithm development and multitudes of publications relating Remote Sensing (RS) information with the spatial and temporal distribution of malaria, it is only in recent years that operational products have been adopted by malaria control decision-makers. The time is ripe for the wealth of research knowledge and products from developed countries be made available to the decision-makers in malarious regions of the globe where this information is urgently needed. This paper reviews the capability of RS to provide useful information for operational malaria early warning systems. It also reviews the requirements for monitoring the major components influencing emergence of malaria and provides examples of applications that have been made. Discussion of the issues that have impeded implementation on a global scale and how those barriers are disappearing with recent economic, technological and political developments are explored; and help pave the way for implementation of an integrated Malaria Early Warning System framework using RS technologies.
Ceccato
P
P
International Research Institute for Climate Prediction, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964-8000, USA. pceccato@iri.columbia.edu
Connor
S J
SJ
Jeanne
I
I
Thomson
M C
MC
D000330:Aedes / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000502:physiology; D044822:Biodiversity; D002980:Climate; D003657:Decision Making; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D040362:Geographic Information Systems / Q000295:instrumentation; D006077:Government Agencies; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology; D007391:International Cooperation; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D010944:Plants; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000502:physiology; D012306:Risk; D012621:Seasons; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013696:Temperature; D019371:Topography, Medical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States