title: Neutrophil cell death, activation and bacterial infection in cystic fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterised by chronic endobronchial bacterial infection and neutrophil mediated inflammation. Neutrophil apoptosis is essential for the resolution of inflammation. This study assessed the relationship between levels of neutrophil apoptosis and sputum microbiology in matched clinically stable patients with CF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sputum was induced from 34 patients (nine with no Gram negative infection, 10 colonised with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 10 with Burkholderia cenocepacia, and five with other infections). Apoptotic neutrophils measured by flow cytometric Annexin V/propidium iodide staining and morphology were similar in all groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients infected with P aeruginosa or B cenocepacia had a significantly lower percentage of viable neutrophils in the sputum than those with no Gram negative infection (Kruskal-Wallis p = 0.01, median (interquartile range (IQR)) 14.2% (9.4-21.6), 15.8% (12.3-19.5), and 48.4% (23.0-66.4); p = 0.003 and p = 0.002, respectively). They also had significantly higher levels of secondary necrotic granulocytes in sputum than patients with no Gram negative infection (Kruskal-Wallis p<0.0001, median (IQR) 55.5% (48.4-64.5), 50.4% (44.6-61.9), and 24.8% (14.4-30.5); p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively). Neutrophils (x 10(6)/g sputum) in P aeruginosa infected patients (Kruskal-Wallis p = 0.05, median (IQR) 6.3 (3.5-12.7)) and B cenocepacia infected patients (5.7 (1.5-14.5)) were significantly higher than in the group with no Gram negative infection (0.5 (0.5-4.3), p = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that cell death and clearance may be altered in patients with CF colonised with P aeruginosa and B cenocepacia compared with those with no Gram negative infection.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Research Group, The Queen's University of Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BJ, UK. a.watt@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Courtney
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ennis
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Elborn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D016923:Cell Death; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase