title: Disorder-specific neuroanatomical correlates of attentional bias in obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and hypochondriasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attentional bias to disease-relevant emotional cues is considered to be pathogenetically relevant in anxiety disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate functional neural correlates and disease specificity of attentional bias across different anxiety disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cognitive and emotional Stroop task, consisting of congruent and incongruent color words, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)-related and panic-related negative words, and neutral words, was used in 3 patient groups and a control group during functional magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic outpatient department for anxiety disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medication-free patients with OCD (n = 16), panic disorder (PD) (n = 15), and hypochondriasis (n = 13) and 19 controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Voxel-wise analyses of cerebral blood flow changes for contrasts of interest (incongruent vs congruent color words, OCD-related vs neutral words, and panic-related vs neutral words) within and between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During incongruent vs congruent color naming, all patient groups recruited additional posterior brain regions relative to controls, but performance was impaired only in OCD. In OCD, color naming OCD-related, but not PD-related, words correlated with increased activation of frontal-striatal and temporal regions, although performance was unimpaired. In contrast, in PD, increased frontal-striatal involvement was found during color naming both OCD-related and panic-related words. In PD, color naming panic-related words was slowed and correlated with increased activation of the right amygdala and hippocampus. Patients with hypochondriasis showed a similar activation pattern to patients with PD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the hypothesis of increased distractibility for irrelevant information in patients with OCD, PD, and hypochondriasis associated with frontal-striatal and limbic involvement compared with controls. Although patients with OCD did not display an attentional bias in behavior relative to controls, there was a clear, specific neural response during color naming OCD-related words, involving mainly ventral brain regions. In contrast, generalized emotional interference effects were found in PD and hypochondriasis, involving ventral and widespread dorsal brain regions, reflecting not only unconscious emotional stimulus processing but also increased cognitive elaboration.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. oa.vandenheuvel@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Odile A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
authors.forename: Dick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Veltman
authors.forename: Henk J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Groenewegen
authors.forename: Menno P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Witter
authors.forename: Jille
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Merkelbach
authors.forename: Danielle C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Cath
authors.forename: Anton J L M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Balkom
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Oppen
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Dyck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006998:Hypochondriasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D008032:Limbic System / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000098:blood supply; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen