title: Depressive symptoms in mothers of infants identified as genetically at risk for type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study describes maternal depression associated with newborn genetic screening for type 1 diabetes after risk notification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers of at-risk infants (n = 192), identified through newborn genetic screening as part of the Prospective Assessment of Newborns for Diabetes Autoimmunity study, were administered a structured telephone interview assessing maternal depressive symptoms 1 and 3.5 months after risk notification. Statistical analyses were conducted to examine predictors and correlates of maternal depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the total sample, maternal depressive symptoms in response to infant risk status were not elevated at 1 and 3.5 months after risk notification. However, at the first interview, mothers from ethnic minority backgrounds (P < 0.002), with limited education (P < 0.001), and with postpartum depression symptomatology (P < 0.001) reported significantly more depressive symptoms in response to risk notification (r2 = 0.354). At the second interview, postpartum depression symptomatology remained a powerful predictor of depressive symptoms in response to risk notification (P < 0.001). In addition, certain coping styles (wishful thinking, self-blame, and seeking social support) were associated with increased depressive symptoms. A history of major depression was a correlate of both postpartum depressive symptomatology (r = 0.26) and maternal depressive response to risk notification (r = 0.21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the most part, mothers of infants genetically at risk for type 1 diabetes do not appear to evidence elevated depressive symptoms. This suggests that most mothers are resilient when notified of infant risk. However, certain maternal characteristics such as ethnic minority status, less than a high school education, postpartum depression symptomatology, a history of major depression, and certain coping strategies (wishful thinking, self-blame, and seeking social support) appear to be associated with a more difficult maternal response to the news of an infant's increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric & Adolescent Unit, Genetics and Epidemiology Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02115, USA. korey.hood@joslin.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Korey K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Hood
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bennett Johnson
authors.forename: Stacy K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.forename: Lori M B
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Laffel
authors.forename: Jin-Xiong
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: She
authors.forename: Desmond A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schatz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D004522:Educational Status; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017533:Marital Status; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010298:Parity; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors