Contraception during perimenopause.
Perimenopause marks the transition from normal ovulation to anovulation and ultimately to permanent loss of ovarian function. Fecundity, the average monthly probability of conception, declines by half as early as the mid-forties, however women during the perimenopause still need effective contraception. Issues arising at this period such as menstrual cycle abnormalities, vasomotor instability, the need for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease prevention, as well as the increased risk of gynecological cancer, should be taken into consideration before the initiation of a specific method of contraception. Various contraceptive options may be offered to perimenopausal women, including oral contraceptives, tubal ligation, intrauterine devices, barrier methods, hormonal injectables and implants. Recently, new methods of contraception have been introduced presenting high efficacy rates and minor side-effects, such as the monthly injectable system, the contraceptive vaginal ring and the transdermal contraceptive system. However, these new methods have to be further tested in perimenopausal women, and more definite data are required to confirm their advantages as effective contraceptive alternatives in this specific age group. The use of the various contraceptive methods during perimenopause holds special benefits and risks that should be carefully balanced, after a thorough consultation and according to each woman's contraceptive needs.
Kailas
N A
NA
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
Sifakis
S
S
Koumantakis
E
E
D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods*; D003270:Contraceptive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004343:Drug Implants; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007434:Intrauterine Devices; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D047648:Perimenopause / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D011275:Pregnancy, Unwanted; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013245:Sterilization, Reproductive
D003270:Contraceptive Agents; D004343:Drug Implants