title: Association of socioeconomic position with insulin resistance among children from Denmark, Estonia, and Portugal: cross sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between socioeconomic position and insulin resistance in children from three countries in northern Europe (Denmark), eastern Europe (Estonia), and southern Europe (Portugal) that have different physical, economic, and cultural environments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  3189 randomly selected schoolchildren aged 9 and 15 years from Denmark (n = 933), Estonia (n = 1103), and Portugal (n = 1153).
  
  
  METHODS
  Insulin resistance (homoeostasis model assessment).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Family income and parental education were inversely associated with insulin resistance in Danish children but were positively associated with insulin resistance in Estonian and Portuguese children. Among Danish children, insulin resistance was 24% lower (95% confidence interval -38% to -10%) in those whose fathers had the most education compared with those with the least education. The equivalent results were 15% (2% to 28%) higher for Estonia and 19% (2% to 36%) higher for Portugal. These associations remained after adjustment for a range of covariates: -20% (-36% to -5%) for Denmark, 10% (-4% to 24%) for Estonia, and 18% (-1% to 31%) for Portugal. Strong statistical evidence supported differences between the associations in Denmark and those in the other two countries in both unadjusted and adjusted models (all P < 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among Danish children, those with the most educated and highest earning parents had least insulin resistance, whereas the opposite was true for children from Estonia and Portugal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR. d.a.lawlor@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Debbie A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lawlor
authors.forename: Maarike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harro
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wedderkopp
authors.forename: Lars Bo
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Luis B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Sardinha
authors.forename: Chris J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Riddoch
authors.forename: Angie S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Page
authors.forename: Sigmund A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Anderssen
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Froberg
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stansbie
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davey Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003718:Denmark; D004522:Educational Status; D004957:Estonia; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D011174:Portugal; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class