title: A spinal cord injured animal model of lower urinary tract function: observations using direct bladder and pelvic plexus stimulation with model microstimulators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microstimulators are new devices that should be considered for management of lower urinary tract problems following spinal cord injury (SCI) such as urinary retention. These devices are small (less than 25 mm by 5 mm) with the electrodes located on the ends of the stimulator. However, it is not known whether the small electrodes on these devices would be effective in stimulating the plexus of nerves that innervate the bladder. The aim of the present study was to provide preliminary observations with model microstimulators (M-Micro) for inducing bladder contractions in an SCI animal model. Bladder wall and pelvic plexus stimulation sites were compared. Additional investigations evaluated parameters such as stimulation polarity, frequency, and period as well as bladder filling volume.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an initial survival surgery, bilateral M-Micros were implanted on the bladder wall and the pelvic plexus along the urethra in 3 female cats. A second survival surgery was conducted 3 to 5 weeks later to produce a T1 0 SCI. Studies are reported following the second survival surgery. These studies included the effects of stimulation and bladder filling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The postmortem location of the implanted pelvic plexus M-Micro was previously described as near the bladder neck. Therefore, the pelvic plexus location is described in this report as "pelvic plexus (bladder neck)" stimulation. The observations showed effective stimulation with pelvic plexus (bladder neck) stimulation and voiding in some cases. Stimulation was limited by side effects of increased abdominal pressure and leg movement. Other factors also affected the response to stimulation, including the initial bladder volume and stimulating parameters. Fluoroscopy showed that when stimulation did not induce voiding the striated urethral sphincter was closed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case series of 3 SCI animals showed that the small electrodes on the M-Micro could be used to stimulate the bladder with contractions and voiding in some cases. The pelvic plexus (bladder neck) location for the M-Micro may be a better location than higher on the bladder wall. Limiting side effects of stimulation included leg movement and increased abdominal pressure. Additional important factors included the stimulation parameters, initial bladder volume, and the function of the skeletal urethral sphincter.
authors.affiliation: Research Service Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. Hospital, Hines, Illinois 60141, USA. James.Walter@med.va.gov
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Mary Pat
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McDonnell
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Wurster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D007001:Hypogastric Plexus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014554:Urination; D014563:Urodynamics