title: The persisting analgesic effect of low-dose intravenous ketamine after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the analgesic effects of intrathecal fentanyl and low-dose intravenous ketamine as adjuvants to intrathecal bupivacaine for Caesarean section.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety elective Caesarean section patients were randomized into three groups. Spinal anaesthesia was performed with 15 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine in all groups. Ketamine (0.15 mg kg(-1)) or an equal volume of normal saline was given intravenously immediately after initiating spinal anaesthesia in the ketamine and control group, respectively. In the fentanyl group, 10 microg fentanyl was added to the intrathecal bupivacaine. Arterial pressures, heart rate values, adverse effects, the time of first request for postoperative analgesia, visual analogue pain scores, total analgesic consumptions at 24 and 48 h were recorded in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The time to first request for analgesia was significantly longer in the ketamine (197 min) and fentanyl (165 min) groups compared to the control group (144 min). Postoperative pain scores were significantly lower in the ketamine group than in both other groups. Although the analgesic requirements during first 24 h were significantly lower in the ketamine group, there was no significant difference between the groups during the following 24 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous low-dose ketamine combined with intrathecal bupivacaine for Caesarean section provides longer postoperative analgesia and lower postoperative analgesic consumption than bupivacaine alone suggesting a pre-emptive effect.
authors.affiliation: Adnan Menderes University, Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Aydin, Turkey. drseldasen@yahoo.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ozmert
authors.forename: O N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Baran
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Caliskan
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000328:Adult; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine; D002585:Cesarean Section; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D007649:Ketamine; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine