title: VEGF -460 genotype plays an important role in progression to chronic kidney disease stage 5.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in renal vasculature, with vascular and interstitial fibrosis, are hallmarks of progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic and vascular permeability factor. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) plays a critical role in promoting extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and fibrosis. This study investigates whether genetic polymorphisms of VEGF or TGF-beta1 are associated with (i) progressive decline in renal function in patients with glomerular disorders (cohort 1) and (ii) predisposition to CKD stage 5 in a separate group of renal transplant recipients with various primary diseases (cohort 2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two patient groups were studied. Cohort 1 comprised 91 patients with biopsy-proven glomerular disease who were followed-up for 5 years before categorization as either non-progressors (with stable serum creatinine or < or =30% increase over 5 years, n = 39) or progressors (requiring dialysis, transplantation or whose serum creatinine increased by >30% over 5 years, n = 52). Cohort 2 comprised 107 patients with various primary renal diseases, who had reached CKD stage 5 and undergone renal transplantation at the time of study. All patients were genotyped for the VEGF polymorphisms at positions -460 (C/T) and +405 (G/C). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was established using EHplus. SNPHAP was used to estimate haplotype frequency and to infer haplotypes to all patients. Cohort 1 patients were genotyped for the TGF-beta1 polymorphisms at positions -800, -509, codons 10 and 25. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In cohort 1, there was a significant increase in frequency of the -460 VEGF CC genotype 30.8 vs 5.1%, P = 0.008; odds ratio (OR), CC vs TT 10.67, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.94-58.72 and C allele 56.7 vs 37.2%, P = 0.009; OR 2.22, 95% CI, 1.21-4.04, in the progressor patients when compared with the non-progressors. In cohort 2, there was a significant increase in the VEGF -460 CC genotype when compared with healthy volunteers 37 vs 20.8%, P = 0.011; OR CC vs TT 1.59, 95% CI, 0.72-3.51. The -460 and +405 polymorphisms were in LD P < 0.00007. There were significant differences in diplotype (haplotype pair) frequencies in cohort 1 and 2, P = 0.018, which confirmed the importance of the -460C allele. There were no associations between the VEGF +405 or TGF-beta1 polymorphisms and progressive renal disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we have demonstrated an association between the VEGF -460 polymorphism and progression to CKD stage 5. The function of this polymorphism remains unclear although previous evidence suggests that promoter constructs containing this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) have been associated with increased activity. Clearly there is a role for TGF-beta1 in chronic kidney disease. However, this study found no associations with four TGF-beta1 polymorphisms in this cohort.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Research, Manchester Institute of Nephrology and Transplantation, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WL, UK. Angela.Summers@cmmc.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: Beatrice M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Coupes
authors.forename: Mary Frances
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Shirley A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ralph
authors.forename: Colin D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: Paul E C
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Brenchley
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D004247:DNA