title: Moderate alcohol consumption and lower levels of inflammatory markers in US men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with substantially lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We assessed the relationship between alcohol intake and inflammatory markers to partially explain this beneficial effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From two large prospective studies, we sampled 959 healthy male and 473 healthy female health professionals with reported alcohol intake. Markers of inflammation were soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors 1 and 2 (sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). We found significant inverse linear trends for sTNF-R1 (p-trend<0.001 men; 0.03 women) and sTNF-R2 (p-trend=0.002 men; 0.08 women) with increasing alcohol intake. Compared to non-drinkers, men who consumed on average 1-2 drinks/day had 26% lower CRP (-0.66 mg/L, p=0.13), and 36% lower IL-6 (-1.12 pg/ml, p=0.02) levels. Among women, a similar though stronger association was observed at half drink per day. Compared to non-drinkers, both men and women who consumed 1-2 drinks/drinking day had significantly lower sTNF-R1 (-9% in men, -6% in women) and sTNF-R2 (-7% in men, -6% in women) levels as well as lower CRP (-10% in men, -32% in women) and IL-6 (-45% in men, -27% in women) levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol in moderation is associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers and may lower risk of CVD through these mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. jpai@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hankinson
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thadhani
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rifai
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pischon
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers