title: Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis: a biomechanical assessment of stability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Combined ankle and subtalar (tibiotalocalcaneal) arthrodesis is a procedure that can be used to successfully treat disabling foot and ankle arthropathy and is a reasonable salvage alternative to amputation for the treatment of nonbraceable neuropathic, diabetic, degenerative, or rheumatoid joints. Although many methods of tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis have been described in the literature, the most popular current methods involve the use of crossed cancellous bone screws, plates, or a locked retrograde intramedullary rod. Fusion in these patients can be difficult, with significant complications including infection, malunion, and nonunion. A persistent nonunion can lead to failure of the hardware and recurrent deformity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We biomechanically tested the stability and micromotion in four methods of TTC arthrodesis using liquid metal strain gauges and Instron (Norwood, MA) material testing systems. Anatomically identical synthetic bones with properties very similar to human bone were instrumented and tested. Four instrumentation techniques were tested: 1) three crossed 6.5-mm cancellous screws, 2) two crossed 6.5-mm cancellous screws, 3) locked retrograde intramedullary rod, and 4) locked retrograde intramedullary rod augmented with a single anteromedial bone staple. Six separate specimens for each technique were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three crossed cancellous screw technique provided the greatest stability with respect to micromotion (p < 0.05). The addition of a tibiotalar staple to the locked intramedullary rod conferred stability nearly equal to that of the three crossed cancellous screw fixation (p < 0.05). The locked intramedullary rod group and the two crossed cancellous screw group allowed significant micromotion at the arthrodesis sites, which was a full order of magnitude higher (p < 0.05) than in the three crossed cancellous screw group and the staple augmented intramedullary rod group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biomechanically, a staple augmented locked intramedullary rod for TTC arthrodesis confers excellent stability nearly equal to the three crossed cancellous screw technique for TTC arthrodesis.
authors.affiliation: Crystal Clinic, Inc., OSI, Akron, OH 44333, USA. gbennortho@aol.com
authors.forename: Gordon L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Njus
authors.forename: Marnie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kay
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D001174:Arthrodesis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001858:Bone Nails; D001863:Bone Screws; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009038:Motion; D013380:Subtalar Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D013537:Sutures