title: Prehospital pain management: a comparison of providers' perceptions and practices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the knowledge of emergency medical technicians-paramedics (EMT-Ps) and compare their practice perceptions with actual pain management interventions in adults and pediatric patients (adolescents and children) with chest pain (CP), extremity injuries, or burns.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included a cross-sectional survey of EMT-Ps and review of the emergency medical services (EMS) system patient care database. EMT-Ps were surveyed for: 1) knowledge of pain treatment protocol; 2) estimated number of CP, extremity injury, or burn encounters and the frequency of morphine administration; and 3) barriers to providing morphine. Data on patients transported with any above conditions and those who received morphine were abstracted from the EMS patient care database. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 202 EMT-Ps, 155 (77%) completed the survey. Eighty-two percent reported knowledge of pain treatment protocol for both adults and pediatric patients. For adults, EMT-Ps estimated they administered morphine to 37% with CP (95% CI 35, 40), 24% with extremity injuries (95% CI 17, 30), and 89% with burns (95% CI 52, 99). In children and adolescents, inability to assess pain (93%) was the most common reason for withholding morphine. According to the EMS database, 5% of adults with CP (95% CI 4, 5), 12% extremity injuries (95% CI 8, 15), and 14% burns (95% CI 8, 20) received morphine. In children and adolescents, 3% with extremity injuries (95% CI 1, 5) and 9% with burns (95% CI 0, 26) received morphine. Pain score was documented in 67.0% of adult patients, compared with only 4.0% in pediatric patients (Delta = 63.0%, 95% CI: 60, 65).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant disparity exists between EMT-Ps' perceptions of acute pain assessment and the frequency of providing analgesia and their actual practice. Children and adolescents had less documentation of pain assessment and received less analgesic interventions compared with adults. Inability to assess pain may be an important barrier to the provision of analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Emergency Medicine Section, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA. hhennes@mail.mcw.edu
authors.forename: Halim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hennes
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pirrallo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002056:Burns / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002985:Clinical Protocols / Q000592:standards*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011336:Probability; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine