title: Glycemic control, atherosclerosis, and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glycemic control (HbA(1c) [A1C]) is strongly associated with microvascular disease in individuals with diabetes, but its relation to macrovascular disease and atherosclerosis is less clear. This study examines the relationship between A1C, carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), and traditional cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 2,060 people with diagnosed and undiagnosed (unrecognized) diabetes in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LDL and HDL cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, and waist-to-hip ratio were significantly associated with A1C after multivariable adjustment. African Americans with undiagnosed and diagnosed diabetes had significantly elevated A1C values compared with whites, even after adjustment for potentially confounding factors. There was a graded association between A1C and carotid IMT. In a fully adjusted model in individuals with undiagnosed diabetes, the odds ratio (OR) of being in the highest quartile of IMT versus the lowest was 2.46 (95% CI 1.16-5.03, comparing the highest quartile of A1C to the lowest). In people with diagnosed diabetes, the comparable OR was 2.62 (1.36-5.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identified several important associations between A1C and known risk factors for cardiovascular disease and suggested that A1C is independently related to carotid IMT. Chronically elevated glucose levels may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis in people with diabetes, independent of other risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 2024 E. Monument St., Suite 2-600, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. lselvin@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Selvin
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coresh
authors.forename: Sherita H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Golden
authors.forename: Lori L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Boland
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Brancati
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Steffes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D044469:Racial Groups; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin