title: Bladder exstrophy in the newborn: a snapshot of contemporary practice patterns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use a large nationwide database to investigate and describe practice patterns in the contemporary management of bladder exstrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample (1988 to 2000) was queried to identify infants with bladder exstrophy hospitalized during the first week after birth. Admission and disposition patterns, resource utilization and length of stay, surgical repair trends, and factors associated with in-hospital death were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 426 hospital admissions of newborns with exstrophy. Most patients (75%) were transferred in from, or out to, other facilities; this was a fundamental feature of early exstrophy care. Racial differences were evident, with Hispanics less likely to be transferred (19% versus 60%, P = 0.001). Among newborns who were not transferred, many (46%) were discharged without bladder surgery. Surgical repair was usually done in a hospital other than the birth hospital; the mean hospital charges for surgery were 75,742 dollars. Of the 5 patients who died after repair, all had undergone surgery at "low-volume" hospitals. The length of stay did not change significantly during the study period, helping to keep resource utilization high in this population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study provide a "snapshot" of bladder exstrophy practice patterns during the newborn period between 1988 and 2000. Additional research should investigate whether newborns with exstrophy are receiving optimal care, including appropriate timing of surgery, equitable transfers to tertiary centers, and reconstruction at centers with adequate volume and experience.
authors.affiliation: Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. cpnelson7@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Caleb P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: Rodney L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010360:Patient Transfer; D014163:Transfer, Psychology