title: Fate of synthetic musks in a domestic wastewater treatment plant and in an agricultural field amended with biosolids.
abstract: Synthetic musks are widely used as fragrance ingredients in personal care products, and they enter domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) through discharges into municipal sewage systems. Samples of aqueous sewage and biosolids collected from the Peterborough Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), Ontario, Canada were analyzed for 11 synthetic musk compounds using GC/MS. The results showed that 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-cyclopenta[g]-2-benzopyrane (HHCB, 173.1+/-43.4 ng/L) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN, 41.6+/-15.8 ng/L) were the dominant fragrances in sewage, but other polycyclic musks and nitro musks were present at lower concentrations. The concentrations of HHCB and AHTN in the aqueous phase of the sewage were highly correlated with both BOD5 and TOC. The overall removal efficiency of synthetic musks from the aqueous sewage in the WWTP ranged from 43.3% to 56.9%, but removal occurred mainly by partitioning into the biosolids. Based on a mass balance model, the daily input and output of HHCB and AHTN in the Peterborough WWTP were 47 g and 46 g, respectively. In an agricultural field amended with biosolids from the Peterborough WWTP, HHCB and AHTN were detected in soil immediately after application at mean concentrations of 1.0 and 1.3 mug/kg, respectively, but concentrations declined relatively rapidly over the next 6 weeks, post-application.
authors.affiliation: Water Quality Center, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8. jyang@trentu.ca
authors.forename: Jian-Jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Chris D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000032:analysis; D002170:Canada; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008420:Manufactured Materials; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010476:Perfume / Q000032:analysis*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes / Q000032:analysis; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D001578:Benzopyrans; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D010476:Perfume; D012722:Sewage; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C008563:musk; D002244:Carbon; D010100:Oxygen