title: Image-guided endoscopy: description of technique and potential applications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuroendoscopic approaches to lesions of the central nervous system and spine are limited by the loss of stereoscopic vision and high-fidelity image quality inherent in the operating microscope. Image-guided endoscopy (IGE) and image-guided surgery (IGS) have the potential to overcome these limitations. The goal of this study was to evaluate IGE for its potential applications in neurosurgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine the feasibility of IGE, a rigid endoscope was tracked using an IGS system that provided navigational data for the endoscope tip and trajectory as well as a computer-generated, three-dimensional, virtual representation of the image provided by the endoscope. The IGE procedure was successfully completed in 14 patients (nine with pituitary adenomas, one with a temporal cavernous malformation, and four with unruptured aneurysms). No complications could be attributed to the procedure. Compared with direct microscopy performed using anatomical landmarks, registration of the endoscope, and virtual image were highly accurate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This procedure offers many potential advantages for central nervous system and spinal endoscopy. Advances in IGE may enable its application to regions outside the central nervous system as well.
authors.affiliation: Seattle Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA. marc.mayberg@swedish.org
authors.forename: Marc R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mayberg
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: LaPresto
authors.forename: Edwin J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Cunningham
mesh_terms: D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D019291:Skull Base / Q000601:surgery*; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted