title: Kruppel-like factor 2 as a novel mediator of statin effects in endothelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are known to modulate endothelial function, the transcriptional mechanisms underlying these effects are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that Lung-Kruppel-like factor (LKLF/KLF2), a novel and potent regulator of endothelial gene expression, may mediate the downstream effects of statins. Here we report that statin-induced expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and thrombomodulin is KLF2 dependent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  KLF2 mRNA was induced by treatment with multiple statins in a concentration-dependent manner. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that this induction is dependent on inhibition of the Rho pathway and requires de novo transcription. Furthermore, promoter deletion and mutational analyses suggest that mevastatin induced KLF2 promoter activity through a single myocyte enhancer factor binding site. Finally, small-interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of KLF2 strongly attenuated the ability of mevastatin to increase eNOS and thrombomodulin accumulation in endothelial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these observations indicate that statin-dependent induction of eNOS and thrombomodulin requires KLF2 and thereby provides a novel molecular target for modulating endothelial function in vascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Sucharita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sen-Banerjee
authors.forename: Samy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mir
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamik
authors.forename: G Brandon
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Atkins
authors.forename: Hiranmoy
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Pallab
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Mukesh K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Jain
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection; D014471:Umbilical Veins
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; C096161:KLF2 protein, human; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D018180:Thrombomodulin; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III