title: The craniofacial complex in 47, XXX females.
abstract: A study of the craniofacial complex in four 47, XXX Finnish females, or females with an extra X chromosome, was carried out using cephalometric analysis comprising linear and angular measurements. The lengths of the anterior and posterior cranial bases, the calvarium, mandibular ramus and posterior and upper anterior face heights were found to be significantly shorter than in female controls, while the angles between the foraminal and clival planes, the mandibular plane and cranial base, the maxillary and occlusal planes, the maxillary and mandibular planes and the foraminal and mandibular planes, and also the gonial angle, were significantly enlarged. The present findings of reduced linear measurements, together with the results of studies on the craniofacial complex of 47, XXY and 47, XYY males, suggest dimensional variation between these groups from the promoting effect of an extra Y chromosome and the retarding effect of an extra X chromosome on craniofacial growth.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Orthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Faculty of Odontology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Lithuania. viktesv@omni.lt
authors.forename: Viktorija
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krusinskiene
authors.forename: Viktorija
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krusinskie
authors.forename: Lassi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alvesalo
authors.forename: Antanas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sidlauskas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008445:Maxillofacial Development / Q000235:genetics*; D011859:Radiography; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations; D025064:Sex Chromosome Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014314:Trisomy