title: Characterization of upper arm synergies during reaching tasks in able-bodied and hemiparetic subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the past, several studies showed the existence of a synergistic behavior between elbow and shoulder joints during reaching movements in able-bodied subjects. The aim of this paper was to characterize the modifications of upper arm synergies during reaching induced by stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten able-bodied right-handed subjects, eight right-handed subjects with hemiparesis affecting the right (dominant) upper limb participated in the experiments. The kinematics of shoulder and elbow joints have been recorded in all the participants during selected reaching movements. From the eight-like plots characterizing the relationship between shoulder and elbow angular velocities, a topological parameter (named as C approximately ) representing the linear approximation of the synergy between the two angular velocities has been extracted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of these experiments showed that C approximately could be used as a figure of merit for the comparison of performance in able-bodied and hemiparetic persons. The hemiparetic subjects showed a significantly higher spreading of the values of C approximately for the different reaching movements when compared with the performance of able-bodied subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work showed that hemiparesis modified upper arm synergies and could provide a protocol for the assessment of upper limb function. Moreover, important applications of this method could be found in the development of biomimetic algorithms for the control of upper extremities during reaching in humanoid robots, and in the design of customized "games" in neurorehabilitation procedures implemented by using robotic and mechatronic platforms.
authors.affiliation: ARTS Lab, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Liberta' 56127, Pisa, Italy. micera@sssup.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Micera
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carpaneto
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Posteraro
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cenciotti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Popovic
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dario
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D010291:Paresis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric