title: Proliferation of estrogen receptor-alpha-positive mammary epithelial cells is restrained by transforming growth factor-beta1 in adult mice.
abstract: Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 is a potent inhibitor of mammary epithelial proliferation. In human breast, estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha cells rarely co-localize with markers of proliferation, but their increased frequency correlates with breast cancer risk. To determine whether TGF-beta1 is necessary for the quiescence of ER-alpha-positive populations, we examined mouse mammary epithelial glands at estrus. Approximately 35% of epithelial cells showed TGF-beta1 activation, which co-localized with nuclear receptor-phosphorylated Smad 2/3, indicating that TGF-beta signaling is autocrine. Nuclear Smad co-localized with nuclear ER-alpha. To test whether TGF-beta inhibits proliferation, we examined genetically engineered mice with different levels of TGF-beta1. ER-alpha co-localization with markers of proliferation (ie, Ki-67 or bromodeoxyuridine) at estrus was significantly increased in the mammary glands of Tgf beta1 C57/bl/129SV heterozygote mice. This relationship was maintained after pregnancy but was absent at puberty. Conversely, mammary epithelial expression of constitutively active TGF-beta1 via the MMTV promoter suppressed proliferation of ER-alpha-positive cells. Thus, TGF-beta1 activation functionally restrains ER-alpha-positive cells from proliferating in adult mammary gland. Accordingly, we propose that TGF-beta1 dysregulation may promote proliferation of ER-alpha-positive cells associated with breast cancer risk in humans.
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Division, Bldg. 74-355, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth B R
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Ewan
authors.forename: Hellen A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Oketch-Rabah
authors.forename: Shraddha A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ravani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shyamala
authors.forename: Harold L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Moses
authors.forename: Mary Helen
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Barcellos-Hoff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D004971:Estrus / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006579:Heterozygote; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497783:Smad2 protein, mouse; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1