title: Cardioverter-defibrillator implantation in high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are used with increasing frequency in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients of all ages for primary and secondary sudden death prevention. Concerns may arise regarding the safety of device implantation because of unique clinical and phenotypic expressions of HCM.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of ICD placement in high-risk patients with HCM.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the experience with ICDs and transvenous lead systems in 75 consecutive HCM patients at the Minneapolis Heart Institute from 1993 to 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age of the study group patients was 12 to 79 years (mean 36 +/- 16). Patients received ICDs for secondary (n = 4, after cardiac arrest) or primary prevention (n = 71, with > or = 1 risk factor). Thirty-one patients demonstrated disease features that potentially impacted methodology and safety of the implant procedure, most commonly massive left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and outflow obstruction > or = 50 mmHg. There were no procedure-related deaths; defibrillator implants were successful and uneventful in 71 of 75 patients (95%). In 3 of the 75 patients (4%), defibrillation was unsuccessful because of high thresholds, associated with extreme hypertrophy (wall thickness > 45 mm) and/or ongoing amiodarone therapy. In two of these patients, thoracotomy with epicardial lead placement achieved successful defibrillation; ICD therapy was abandoned in the other patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ICD placement in children and adults with HCM is generally safe and effective. However, in some patients with massive LV hypertrophy and/or prior administration of amiodarone, transvenous defibrillation proved difficult, and epicardial lead placement was required. High-energy ICD devices and defibrillation threshold testing are recommended for most high-risk HCM patients.
authors.affiliation: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55407, USA.
authors.forename: Adrian K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Almquist
authors.forename: Julia V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Tammy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: Barry J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Maron
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography