title: Hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation: a ten year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the occurrence of hardware-related complications in patients with deep brain stimulation (DBS), over a long period of time.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients operated on with DBS at our institution between 1993 and 2002 were followed with respect to adverse events related to the implanted hardware.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and nineteen consecutive patients underwent 139 procedures with implantation of 161 electrodes. The minimum follow-up was 12 months. The follow-up time was 540 electrode-years. The rate of hardware-related complications per electrode-year was 4.3%. In total, 17 patients (15%) had 23 hardware-related complications. These included 8 electrode breakages, 4 electrode migrations, 2 stimulator migrations, 3 erosions, 2 erosions and infections, 2 infections and 2 cases of stimulator malfunction. The majority of these complications occurred during the first four years in our experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DBS is a life-long therapy that requires a life-long follow-up. Increased experience and adaptation of surgical technique are the main determinants for avoidance of hardware-related complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden. patric.blomstedt@neuro.umu.se
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blomstedt
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Hariz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012886:Skull / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome