title: Percutaneous intraspinal navigation for access to the subarachnoid space: use of another natural conduit for neurosurgical procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this paper was to demonstrate the usefulness of various fiberoptic endoscopes for percutaneous intraspinal navigation of the spinal canal, posterior fossa, and ventricular system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fresh, unembalmed cadavers were used, in which lumbar punctures were made for access to the subarachnoid space (in the case of larger [3.8- and 5-mm-diameter] endoscopes, small laminotomies were performed). Static and video images of pertinent structures were acquired for comparison among devices. Endoscopes were compared for their maneuverability, durability, field of view, and image quality. Seven sizes and types of endoscopes were considered. Overall, the devices offering a tip-deflecting mechanism were superior in maneuverability. Endoscopes in which a charged couple display chip was used at the tip of the scope for image acquisition offered improved image quality and field of view. Larger scopes, although more durable, were more rigid and may be limited in application. Multiple images from multiple devices are presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous intraspinal navigation offers a promising neurosurgical approach to the spinal canal, the posterior fossa, and the ventricular system. Concerns regarding safety, management of complications, and the lack of adjunctive tools for intervention through the endoscopes or for use under fluoroscopic guidance represent areas that warrant further investigation and development.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Mobility Foundation Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8896, USA. phillip.purdy@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Phillip D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Purdy
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Replogle
authors.forename: Brian P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013346:Subarachnoid Space / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*