Decoding Ca2+ signals in plants.
Different input signals create their own characteristic Ca2+ fingerprints. These fingerprints are distinguished by frequency, amplitude, duration, and number of Ca2+ oscillations. Ca(2+)-binding proteins and protein kinases decode these complex Ca2+ fingerprints through conformational coupling and covalent modifications of proteins. This decoding of signals can lead to a physiological response with or without changes in gene expression. In plants, Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinases and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases are involved in decoding Ca2+ signals into phosphorylation signals. This review summarizes the elements of conformational coupling and molecular mechanisms of regulation of the two groups of protein kinases by Ca2+ and Ca2+/calmodulin in plants.
Sathyanarayanan
P V
PV
Center for Integrated Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414, USA.
Poovaiah
B W
BW
D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology*; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D020832:EF Hand Motifs / Q000502:physiology; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000502:physiology; D017136:Ion Transport; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D002118:Calcium