title: Reference ranges for hemolymph chemistries from Elliptio complanata of North Carolina.
abstract: Hemolymph chemistries may be useful nonlethal measures of bivalve health. The prognostic value of hemolymph, however, depends on a comparison of chemistry results to reference ranges from healthy individuals. Currently, knowledge of expected hemolymph values in healthy and unhealthy freshwater mussels is extremely limited. The purpose of this study was to develop a set of reference ranges for clinical evaluation of hemolymph from a freshwater mussel species common to southeastern USA. We collected hemolymph from 380 Elliptio complanata from 19 apparently healthy populations from northwest of Raleigh, North Carolina, during May through July 2001. We present reference ranges for hemolymph parameters ammonia, glucose, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bicarbonate, protein and cell count, and for tissue glycogen. We compare the subpopulations of mussels from regions with an agricultural riparian buffer to those surrounded predominantly by forested lands. We further present correlations noted between hemolymph chemistries and physical or physiologic parameters. The only statistically significant differences between populations contiguous to agricultural and forested lands were in hemolymph calcium and glucose concentrations. Other statistically significant correlations identified were between gravidity and hemolymph protein concentration and tissue glycogen content, as well as between gravidity and parasite burden, and between shell length and hemolymph glucose, AST, calcium and bicarbonate concentrations. The results of this study will aid the interpretation of health measures from populations of E. complanata of similar geographic and seasonal origin.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Box 8401, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.
authors.forename: Lori L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Stoskopf
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Showers
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cope
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eads
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Linnehan
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Jay F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000469:parasitology; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D005618:Fresh Water; D005843:Geography; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000737:chemistry*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D009657:North Carolina; D012016:Reference Values; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric