title: Modulation of memory and visuospatial processes by biperiden and rivastigmine in elderly healthy subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The central cholinergic system is implicated in cognitive functioning. The dysfunction of this system is expressed in many diseases like Alzheimer's disease, dementia of Lewy body, Parkinson's disease and vascular dementia. In recent animal studies, it was found that selective cholinergic modulation affects visuospatial processes even more than memory function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the current study, we tried to replicate those findings. In order to investigate the acute effects of cholinergic drugs on memory and visuospatial functions, a selective anticholinergic drug, biperiden, was compared to a selective acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting drug, rivastigmine, in healthy elderly subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, cross-over study was performed in 16 healthy, elderly volunteers (eight men, eight women; mean age 66.1, SD 4.46 years). All subjects received biperiden (2 mg), rivastigmine (3 mg) and placebo with an interval of 7 days between them. Testing took place 1 h after drug intake (which was around Tmax for both drugs). Subjects were presented with tests for episodic memory (wordlist and picture memory), working memory tasks (N-back, symbol recall) and motor learning (maze task, pursuit rotor). Visuospatial abilities were assessed by tests with high visual scanning components (tangled lines and Symbol Digit Substitution Test).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Episodic memory was impaired by biperiden. Rivastigmine impaired recognition parts of the episodic memory performance. Working memory was non-significantly impaired by biperiden and not affected by rivastigmine. Motor learning as well as visuospatial processes were impaired by biperiden and improved by rivastigmine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results implicate acetylcholine as a modulator not only of memory but also of visuospatial abilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry (333), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, P.O. 9101, 6500, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. E.Wezenberg@psy.umcn.nl
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wezenberg
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Verkes
authors.forename: B G C
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Sabbe
authors.forename: G S F
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ruigt
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hulstijn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D001712:Biperiden / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009949:Orientation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000187:drug effects*; D048448:Phenylcarbamates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000187:drug effects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D000068836:Rivastigmine; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; D001712:Biperiden; D000068836:Rivastigmine