title: Children at high risk for overweight: a classification and regression trees analysis approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early identification of children at high risk for childhood overweight is a major challenge in fighting the obesity epidemic. We tried to identify the most powerful set of combined predictors for childhood overweight at school entry.
  
  
  METHODS
  A classification and regression trees analysis on risk factors for childhood overweight in 4289 children 5 to 6 years of age participating in the obligatory school entry health examination 2001/2002 in Bavaria, Germany, was performed. Parental questionnaires asked for children's weight at birth and 2 years, breastfeeding history, maternal smoking in pregnancy, parental education, parental overweight/obesity, nationality, and number of older siblings. Overweight was defined according to sex- and age-specific BMI cut-points proposed by the International Obesity Task Force.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of overweight was 11% among the entire study population. Although high early weight gain >10,000 grams was found in about one-half of the overweight children, its positive predictive value reached only 25%, indicating that one of four children with a high early weight gain is overweight at school entry. The best reliable set of predictors included high early weight gain and obese parents and accounted for a likelihood ratio of 3.6, with a corresponding positive predictive value of 40%, and was found in 4% of all children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of predictors available at 2 years of age could improve predictability of overweight at school entry. However, corresponding low positive predictive values indicate a precision of the prediction that might be insufficient for targeting intervention programs for identified high-risk children.
authors.affiliation: Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Institute of Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Epidemiology, Heiglhofstr. 63, 81377 Munich, Germany. toschke@biostats.info
authors.forename: André Michael
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Toschke
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beyerlein
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: von Kries
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D010290:Parents; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015430:Weight Gain