title: Population pharmacokinetic estimation of tacrolimus apparent clearance in adult liver transplant recipients.
abstract: The goal was to study the factors affecting tacrolimus apparent clearance (CL/F) in adult liver transplant recipients. Tacrolimus dose and concentration data (n = 694) were obtained from 67 liver transplant recipients (22 female and 45 male), and the data were analyzed using a nonlinear mixed-effect modeling (NONMEM) method. A 1-compartment pharmacokinetic model with first-order elimination, an absorption rate constant fixed at 4.5 hours, and first-order conditional estimation was used to describe tacrolimus disposition. The predictive performance of the final model was evaluated using data splitting and assessing bias and precision of the estimates. The population estimate of tacrolimus CL/F and apparent volume of distribution (V/F) were found to be 21.3 L/h (95% confidence interval, CI, 18.0-24.6 L/h) and 316.1 L (95% CI 133-495 L), respectively. Neither patient's age, weight, gender, nor markers of liver function influenced tacrolimus CL/F. The final model was TVCL = 21.3 + 9.8 x (1 - HEM) + 3.4 x (1 - ALB) - 2.1 x (1 - DIL) - 7.4 x (1 - FLU), where TVCL, typical estimate of apparent clearance, HEM = 0 if hematocrit <35%, otherwise 1; ALB = 0 if albumin <3.5 g/dL, otherwise 1; DIL = 0 if diltiazem is coadministered, otherwise 1; FLU = 0 if fluconazole is coadministered, otherwise 1. This study identified the factors that significantly affect tacrolimus disposition in adult liver transplant recipients during the early posttransplantation period. This information will be helpful to clinicians for dose individualization of tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients with different clinical conditions including anemia or hypoalbuminemia or in those patients receiving diltiazem or fluconazole.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA.
authors.forename: Hamim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zahir
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: McLachlan
authors.forename: Ameeta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Geof
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McCaughan
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gleeson
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akhlaghi
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D015725:Fluconazole; D011239:Prednisolone; D004110:Diltiazem; D016559:Tacrolimus