title: Anaemia in systemic lupus erythematosus: from pathophysiology to clinical assessment.
abstract: Haematological abnormalities are common in systemic lupus erythematosus. Anaemia is found in about 50% of patients, with anaemia of chronic disease being the most common form. Impaired erythropoietin response and presence of antibodies against erythropoietin may contribute to the pathogenesis of this type of anaemia. Patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia usually belong to a distinct category, which is associated with anticardiolipin antibodies, thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and renal disease, often in the context of secondary antiphospholipid syndrome. Autoantibodies, T lymphocytes, and deregulation of the cytokine network can affect bone marrow erythropoiesis, leading to anaemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National University of Athens, M. Asias 75, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giannouli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Voulgarelis
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Ziakas
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Tzioufas
mesh_terms: D000744:Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006410:Hematopoiesis; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin