Preterm infants with congenital heart disease and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: postoperative course and outcome after cardiac surgery.
OBJECTIVE
Success in treatment of premature infants has resulted in increased numbers of neonates who have bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and require surgical palliation or repair of congenital heart disease (CHD). We sought to investigate the impact of BPD on children with CHD after heart surgery.


METHODS
This was a retrospective, multicenter study of patients who had BPD, defined as being oxygen dependent at 28 days of age with radiographic changes, and CHD and had cardiac surgery (excluding arterial duct ligation) between January 1991 and January 2002. Forty-three infants underwent a total of 52 cardiac operations. The median gestational age at birth was 28 weeks (range: 23-35 weeks), birth weight was 1460 g (range: 431-2500 g), and age at surgery was 2.7 months (range: 1.0-11.6 months). Diagnoses included left-to-right shunts (n = 15), conotruncal abnormalities (n = 13), arch obstruction (n = 6), univentricular hearts (n = 4), semilunar valve obstruction (n = 3), Shone syndrome (n = 1), and cor triatriatum (n = 1).


RESULTS
Thirty-day survival was 84% with 6 early and 6 late postoperative deaths. Survival to hospital discharge was 68%. There was 50% mortality for patients with univentricular hearts and severe BPD. The median duration of preoperative ventilation was 76 days (range: 2-244 days) and of postoperative ventilation was 15 days (range: 1-141 days). The median duration of cardiac ICU stay was 7.5 days (range: 1-30 days) and of hospital stay was 115 days (range: 35-475 days). Current pulmonary status includes on room air (n = 14), O2 at home (n = 4), and ventilated at home (n = 4) or in hospital (n = 4), and 5 patients were lost to follow-up.


CONCLUSIONS
BPD has significant implications for children who have CHD and undergo cardiac surgery, leading to prolonged ICU and hospital stays, although most survivors are not O2 dependent. Postoperative mortality was highest among patients with univentricular hearts and severe BPD. Optimal timing of surgery and strategies to improve outcome remains to be delineated.
McMahon
Colin J
CJ
Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA. colin.mcmahon@olhsc.ie
Penny
Daniel J
DJ
Nelson
David P
DP
Ades
Anne M
AM
Al Maskary
Salim
S
Speer
Michael
M
Katkin
Julie
J
McKenzie
E Dean
ED
Fraser
Charles D
CD
Chang
Anthony C
AC
D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D010166:Palliative Care; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012086:Reoperation; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome