title: Contrast response properties of magnocellular and parvocellular pathways in retinitis pigmentosa assessed by the visual evoked potential.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the contrast response of the visual system in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) under conditions designed to emphasize the parvocellular (PC) and magnocellular (MC) pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were measured in 10 patients with RP and in 10 age-equivalent control subjects with normal visual acuity and color vision, by using an array of isolated checks that were presented against a steady yellow background. The checks were modulated sinusoidally, either in isoluminant chromatic contrast (5.6 Hz), to favor the chromatic PC pathway, or in luminance contrast (5.6 and 11.2 Hz), to favor the MC pathway. Response amplitude and phase at the stimulus (fundamental) frequency were derived from Fourier analysis, and contrast response functions were fit with a Michaelis-Menten equation to derive R(max), the maximum response amplitude, and sigma, the contrast necessary to produce R(max)/2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the control subjects, the mean amplitude function for chromatic modulation increased approximately linearly with increasing contrast, whereas the function for luminance modulation increased sharply at low contrasts and saturated at contrasts above approximately 30% for both temporal frequencies, as expected. The patients with RP showed primarily a reduction in R(max) with little change in sigma in all testing conditions. The reduction in R(max) was equivalent for chromatic modulation and luminance modulation at 5.6 Hz, but was substantially lower for luminance modulation at 11.2 Hz.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast processing was impaired within both the MC and PC pathways in these patients with RP, but the degree of impairment within the MC pathway depended on temporal frequency. These VEP results are in general agreement with recent psychophysical studies of contrast sensitivity losses in patients with RP, and further they characterize contrast processing deficits in these patients at suprathreshold levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. kennalex@uic.edu
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Aruna S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rajagopalan
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Seiple
authors.forename: Vance M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Zemon
authors.forename: Gerald A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Fishman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology*; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005829:Geniculate Bodies / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012174:Retinitis Pigmentosa / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology*