title: Global differences in blood pressure control and clinical outcomes in the INternational VErapamil SR-Trandolapril STudy (INVEST).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The INternational VErapamil SR-Trandolapril Study (INVEST), a prospective, randomized, antihypertensive trial, found that two different medication regimens produced similar blood pressure (BP) control with equivalent cardiovascular (CV) outcomes (death from any cause, nonfatal myocardial infarction [MI], or nonfatal stroke).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study was undertaken to investigate whether differences exist by global regions in demographics, treatment, and outcomes in the INVEST trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed for 22,576 patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) enrolled in INVEST. We investigated differences in patient characteristics, treatment approaches, BP control, and clinical outcomes by creating three global regions based on geographical location: Northern Americas (NA), Caribbean (CA), and Eurasia (EA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed significant regional differences in patient characteristics, treatment patterns, BP control, and CV outcomes. At baseline, patients from NA were older and had greater body mass index, higher rates of diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, and coronary revascularization, but lower rates of MI or left ventricular hypertrophy than patients in CA and EA. At 24 months, there were regional differences in both study and nonstudy antihypertensive drug use. Despite having higher mean baseline BP, patients from CA and EA achieved lower mean systolic BP throughout study follow-up. Furthermore, patients from both CA and EA had lower rates of all-cause mortality, fatal or nonfatal MI, fatal or nonfatal stroke, and newly diagnosed diabetes than patients from NA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In INVEST, regional differences in medication utilization, BP control, and CV outcomes were identified. These disparities warrant further investigation to define appropriate care for patients with hypertension and stable CAD from an international public health perspective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Issam
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zineh
authors.forename: Rhonda M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cooper-Dehoff
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Wessel
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Arant
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sleight
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Geiser
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pepine
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014700:Verapamil / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D007211:Indoles; C052035:trandolapril; D014700:Verapamil