title: Neuropsychiatric sequelae of neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
abstract: The authors review the literature on persistent sequelae of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). They highlight the clinical presentations, assessment, and management of persistent sequelae and stress the need to take preventive steps to minimize their occurrence. The authors conducted a Medline and PubMed search for papers on residual sequelae of NMS. They cross-referenced the available papers and "operationalized" the diagnostic criteria for persistent neuropsychiatric sequelae. A total of 31 cases of neuropsychiatric sequelae of NMS were identified. With reduction in mortality from NMS, persistent sequelae of NMS have assumed clinical importance. Long-term sequelae persist for weeks to months after amelioration of an acute episode. Individuals with a preexisting CNS insult are more predisposed to develop persistent sequelae. A high index of awareness for persistent sequelae is warranted because antipsychotics are widely used for psychiatric disorders besides schizophrenia. Awareness of such outcomes and the use of evidence-based strategies to minimize risk factors will help clinicians in reducing the persistent sequelae of NMS.
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia & Psychotic Disorders Program, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417, USA. adity001@umn.edu
authors.lastname: Adityanjee
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sajatovic
authors.forename: Kaizad R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Munshi
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005334:Fever / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D009459:Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents