title: Myocardial injury, neurohormonal activation and inflammation after internal atrial defibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of patient-activated atrial defibrillation on subclinical myocardial injury are unknown. Using biochemical markers, this study assessed the effect of a single internal atrial shock delivered by the implantable atrial defibrillator on myocardial damage, neurohormonal activation and inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients were implanted with a dual chamber defibrillator for the sole indication of drug refractory symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). All had maximum defibrillation energy programmed to maximise the first shock success rate. Creatine kinase isoenzyme, troponin T, cortisol, catecholamines, C-reactive protein and brain natriuretic peptide were measured (i) during sinus rhythm, (ii) 8 h after onset of spontaneously occurring AF (before cardioversion) and (iii) 8 h following successful patient activated cardioversion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no change in creatine kinase, troponin T, cortisol or C-reactive protein during AF or following internal cardioversion. Brain natriuretic peptide levels rose from a median value of 56 pg/ml during sinus rhythm (inter-quartile range 14-92 pg/ml) to 133 pg/ml during AF (30-262 pg/ml), p=0.002. There was a decrease 8 h after cardioversion to baseline (52 and 40-189 pg/ml), p=0.01. There were increases in serum adrenaline and noradrenaline levels during AF from 0.43 (0.12-0.61) to 0.58 pg/ml (0.39-0.80 pg/ml), p=0.002 and from 2.06 (1.61-2.59) to 2.83 nmol/l (2.43-3.46 nmol/l), p=0.02, respectively. These figures reverted to baseline levels 8 h post-cardioversion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Internal atrial defibrillation does not result in myocardial injury. The onset of AF results in sympathetic activation and increased brain natriuretic peptide levels, which resolve following restoration of sinus rhythm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Eastbourne General Hospital, East Sussex, UK. lboodhoo@aol.com
authors.forename: Lana Elizabeth
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Boodhoo
authors.forename: Andrew Robert John
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sulke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood*; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007118:Immunoassay; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020107:Troponin T / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002395:Catecholamines; D020107:Troponin T; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D006854:Hydrocortisone