title: Functional polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinase-9 are associated with risk of occurrence and metastasis of lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) plays critical roles in cancer development and aggression. Nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the functional domain of the MMP-9 gene may influence substrate and inhibitor binding and contribute to cancer predisposition and aggression.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test our hypothesis that common nonsynonymous SNPs, R279Q, P574R, and R668Q, in MMP-9 are associated with lung cancer development and metastasis, we conducted a case-control study of 744 patients with incident lung cancer and 747 cancer-free controls in Southeast China. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that compared with the 279QQ genotype, the 279RR genotype was associated with significant elevated risk of lung cancer with metastasis (adjusted OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.03-3.08), whereas the 574PR heterozygote and 574PP homozygote had 1.46-fold (95% CI, 0.94-2.26) and 1.69-fold elevated risk (95% CI, 1.10-2.60), respectively, compared with the 574RR genotype. When we examined the combined effect of R279Q and P574R and used the 279R and 574P as the risk alleles, a significantly increased risk of lung cancer was associated with both the genotypes containing "1 to 2 risk alleles" (adjusted OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.30-3.59) and containing ">2 risk alleles" (adjusted OR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.48-4.03), and it was more pronounced in 290 lung cancer cases with metastasis [adjusted OR, 2.30 (95% CI, 1.09-4.85) for the 1 to 2 risk alleles subgroup and adjusted OR, 2.82 (95% CI, 1.35-5.88) for the >2 risk alleles subgroup], compared with those without any risk alleles. However, no overall significant associations were observed between R668Q and lung cancer risk in this study population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that the potentially functional polymorphisms, MMP-9 P574R and R279Q, may confer the biomarker in the occurrence and metastasis of primary lung cancer. Further functional studies including these two genetic variants are warranted to confirm our findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Zhibin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.forename: Daru
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Jiannong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yijiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Hongxia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Jingfu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Qingyi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Hongbing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9