title: Calling emergency medical services for acute stroke: a study of 9-1-1 tapes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To obtain a better understanding of how stroke events are communicated to 9-1-1 telecommunicators, and how telecommunicators and emergency medical services (EMS) personnel respond to such calls.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors identified 104 patients with a hospital discharge diagnosis of stroke or transient ischemic attack who were transported to hospital by ambulance in two North Carolina counties during 1999 and 2000. Ambulance call reports were abstracted and linked to 9-1-1 call center audiotapes, which were transcribed and verified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 104 calls, 44 were made by medical personnel, 38 by a family member, eight by a bystander or neighbor, five undetermined, and three by other nonmedical personnel. In only six instances (6%) was the call placed by the patient. The most common symptoms reported were altered mental status (40%), trouble walking (32%), impaired speech (27%), and abnormal breathing (27%). Although the word "stroke" was often used (45%), 9-1-1 telecommunicators classified the calls as a stroke in only 31% of cases. However, in the majority of cases (79%), paramedics were dispatched at the highest priority. The median time from dispatch of EMS to patient arrival at the hospital was 41 minutes, approximately half of which was spent at the scene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although typical stroke symptoms are commonly described, calls are often not classified as "strokes" by telecommunicators. Nevertheless, because of the symptoms reported during the calls, the majority of cases are treated as high priority by telecommunicators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA. wayne_rosamond@unc.edu
authors.forename: Wayne D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Rosamond
authors.forename: Kelly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Evenson
authors.forename: Emily B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: Dexter L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Jane H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Brice
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004631:Emergency Medical Service Communication Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D005392:First Aid / Q000379:methods*; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D013689:Telephone; D013997:Time Factors; D017749:Total Quality Management; D014187:Transportation of Patients