title: Positive selection on a high-sensitivity allele of the human bitter-taste receptor TAS2R16.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During periods of human expansion into new environments, recognition of bitter natural toxins through taste may have conferred an important selective advantage. The G protein-coupled receptor encoded by TAS2R16 mediates response to salicin, amygdalin, and many bitter beta-glucopyranosides. beta-glucopyranosides are ubiquitous in nature, with many having a highly toxic cyanogenic activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined evidence for natural selection on the human receptor TAS2R16 by sequencing the entire coding region, as well as part of the 5' and 3' UTRs, in 997 individuals from 60 human populations. We detected signatures of positive selection, indicated by an excess of evolutionarily derived alleles at the nonsynonymous site K172N and two linked sites and significant values of Fay and Wu's H statistics in 19 populations. The estimated age range for the common ancestor of the derived N172 variant is 78,700-791,000 years, placing it in the Middle Pleistocene and before the expansion of early humans out of Africa. Using calcium imaging in cells expressing different receptor variants, we showed that N172 is associated with an increased sensitivity to salicin, arbutin, and five different cyanogenic glycosides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have detected a clear signal of positive selection at the bitter-taste receptor gene TAS2R16. We speculate that the increased sensitivity that is shown toward harmful cyanogenic glycosides and conferred by the N172 allele may have driven the signal of selection at an early stage of human evolution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University College London, United Kingdom. n.soranzo@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soranzo
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bufe
authors.forename: Pardis C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Sabeti
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Weale
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marguerie
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Meyerhof
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Goldstein
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000678:Amygdalin / Q000378:metabolism; D001104:Arbutin / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D001592:Benzyl Alcohols / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005960:Glucosides; D006027:Glycosides / Q000378:metabolism; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D000098706:Taste Receptors, Type 2
chemical_list: D001592:Benzyl Alcohols; D005960:Glucosides; D006027:Glycosides; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; C007173:cyanogenic glycosides; D000098706:Taste Receptors, Type 2; D000678:Amygdalin; C005696:salicin; D001104:Arbutin