title: Downregulated expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 augments myocardial neovascularization and reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis after acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine whether selective plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) downregulation in the acutely ischemic heart increases the myocardial microvasculature and improves cardiomyocyte (CM) survival.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Endogenous myocardial neovascularization is an important process enabling cardiac functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction. Expression of PAI-1, a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis, is induced in ischemic heart tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sequence-specific catalytic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) enzyme was used to reduce PAI-1 levels in cultured endothelial cells and in ischemic myocardium. At the time of coronary artery ligation, rats were randomized into three groups, each receiving an intramyocardial injection (IMI) of a single dose at three different sites of the peri-infarct region consisting, respectively, of DNA enzyme E2 targeting rat PAI-1 (E2), scrambled control DNA enzyme (E0), or saline. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis, capillary density, and echocardiography were studied two weeks following infarction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The E2 DNA enzyme, which efficiently inhibited rat PAI-1 expression in vitro, induced prolonged suppression (>2 weeks) of PAI-1 messenger ribonucleic acid and protein in rat heart tissues after a single IMI. At two weeks, hearts from experimental rats had over five-fold greater capillary density, 70% reduction in apoptotic CMs, and four-fold greater functional recovery compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results imply a causal relationship between elevated PAI-1 levels in ischemic hearts and adverse outcomes, and they suggest that strategies to reduce cardiac PAI-1 activity may augment neovascularization and improve functional recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. gx15@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Guosheng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: Tetsunori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seki
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Witkowski
authors.forename: Shawdee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eshghi
authors.forename: Silviu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Itescu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011336:Probability; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012016:Reference Values; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger