title: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in children: association between symptoms and pH monitoring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence of symptoms associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in patients with abnormal results of pH monitoring has been investigated in adults and infants. A questionnaire suitable for children between 7 and 16 years of age has been proposed, but this tool has so far not been validated. In the present study the items of the questionnaire are validated against results from an esophageal 24-h study of pH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-nine children aged from 7 to 16 years referred from two outpatient clinics for suspected GERD completed the 7-point questionnaire regarding symptoms during the week prior to a pH study. The frequency of symptoms was investigated in patients with abnormal versus normal pH (reflux index >/< 5.0). A group of healthy children (n = 284) served as controls to estimate the frequency of symptoms in the normal population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that 37/99 (37%) of patients had an abnormal pH study result. Regurgitation/vomiting yielded the best symptom discrimination, and was reported by 46% with abnormal versus 24% with normal pH-study results (p = 0.029). A weighted score including the five best discriminating symptoms was positive in 75% versus 44% (OR 3.78, CI 1.52-9.37, p = 0.006). In a comparison of children with abnormal pH studies and healthy controls, a correct diagnosis based on five symptoms could be obtained in 75% and 94%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A relatively weak association was found between reflux symptoms and a positive pH study in 7-16-year-old children referred for pH monitoring. Thus, the questionnaire is not a diagnostic tool, and its potential use is limited to epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Sykehuset Østfold Fredrikstad, Fredrikstad, Norway. ketil.stoerdal@c2i.net
authors.forename: Ketil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Størdal
authors.forename: Groa B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Johannesdottir
authors.forename: Beint S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Bentsen
authors.forename: Leiv
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sandvik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005745:Gastric Acidity Determination; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires