title: Biphasic surface amorphous layer lubrication of articular cartilage.
abstract: The biphasic nature of articular cartilage has been acknowledged for some time and is known to play an important role in many of the biomechanical functions performed by this unique tissue. From the lubrication point of view however, a simple biphasic model is unable to account for the extremely low friction coefficients that have been recorded experimentally, particularly during start-up. In addition, research over the last decade has indicated the presence of a surface amorphous layer on top of articular cartilage. Here, we present results from a finite element model of articular cartilage that includes a thin, soft, biphasic surface amorphous layer (BSAL). The results of this study show that a thin BSAL, with lower elastic modulus, dramatically altered the load sharing between the solid and liquid phases of articular cartilage, particularly in the near-surface regions of the underlying bulk cartilage and within the surface amorphous layer itself where the fluid load support exceeded 85%. By transferring the load from the solid phase to the fluid phase, the biphasic surface layer improves lubrication and reduces friction, whilst also protecting the underlying cartilage surface by 'shielding' the solid phase from elevated stresses. The increase in lubrication effectiveness is shown to be greatest during short duration loading scenarios, such as shock loads.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. S.Graindorge@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Graindorge
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ferrandez
authors.forename: Zhongmin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ingham
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Twigg
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001703:Biophysics / Q000379:methods*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004548:Elasticity; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint; D008153:Lubrication; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008954:Models, Biological; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013582:Synovial Fluid; D013997:Time Factors; D016474:Weight-Bearing