title: The effects of mobile phones on pacemaker function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The electromagnetic field generated by different systems have well-recognized adverse effects on pacemaker functions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the adverse effects of mobile phones on pacemaker functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 679 patients with permanent pacemakers were enrolled in this study. The study was performed in two steps. Pacemaker lead polarity was unipolar in the first step and bipolar in the second step. Pacemaker sensitivity was first at nominal values, it was then reduced to the minimal value for that pacemaker and tested again. Two mobile phones were symmetrically located on both sides of the pacemaker pocket with the antennas being equidistant at 50, 30, 20 and 10 cm and in close contact with the pocket. The tests were performed when both mobiles were opened, on stand-by, were receiving a call, during the call and were closed. Thirty-seven patients with pacemakers were adversely affected (5.5%) (33 VVI-R pacemakers were converted to asynchronous mode, and 3 were inhibited, 1 DDD-R pacemaker developed ventricular triggering). When the lead polarity was unipolar, the rate of adverse effect was higher when compared to the bipolar state (4.12% and 1.40%, p<0.01). The increase in sensitivity was not an independent factor on the rate of being affected (p>0.05). The rate of observing an adverse effect increased as the pacemaker got older (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mobile phones might have adverse effects on pacemaker functions under certain conditions. This does not result in any symptoms other than the inhibition of pacemakers, and pacemaker functions return to normal when the mobile phones are removed away from the patient.
authors.affiliation: University of Cumhuriyet, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Sivas, Turkey. izzet@tandogan.tr.tc
authors.forename: Izzet
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tandogan
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Temizhan
authors.forename: Ertan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yetkin
authors.forename: Yesim
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guray
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ileri
authors.forename: Erdal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Duru
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sasmaz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D040421:Cell Phone; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004868:Equipment Failure; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies