title: Morphometry of the ear in Down's syndrome subjects. A three-dimensional computerized assessment.
abstract: The three-dimensional coordinates of 13 soft-tissue landmarks on the ears were obtained by a computerized digitizer in 28 subjects with Down's syndrome aged 12-45 years, and in 449 sex, age and ethnic group matched controls. From the landmarks, left and right linear distances (ear width and length), ratios (ear width-to-ear length), areas (ear area), angles (angle of the auricle versus the facial midplane) and the three-dimensional symmetry index were calculated. For both males and females, all linear dimensions and areas were significantly (Analysis of Variance, P < 0.001) larger in the reference subjects than in the subjects with Down's syndrome. All values significantly increased as a function of age (P < 0.05); the increment was larger in the reference subjects than in the subjects with Down's syndrome. On both sides of the face, the subjects with Down's syndrome had larger ear width-to-ear length ratios, and larger angles of the auricle versus the facial midplane than the reference subjects. The three-dimensional symmetry index was significantly larger in the reference subjects and in the older persons. In conclusion, ear dimensions, position and shape significantly differed in subjects with Down's syndrome when compared to sex, age and ethnic group matched controls. Some of the differences were sex and age related.
authors.affiliation: Functional Anatomy Research Center (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana, via Mangiagalli 31, I-20133 Milano, Italy. farc@unimi.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sforza
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dellavia
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Tartaglia
authors.forename: V F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Ferrario
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000473:pathology*; D004431:Ear, External / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors