title: Soluble transition metals in welding fumes cause inflammation via activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1.
abstract: We previously reported that the molecular pro-inflammatory effects of welding fumes in vitro were caused by soluble transition metals via an oxidative stress-mediated mechanism. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that transition metals in welding fume drive the in vivo inflammatory response caused by welding fume. Rats were instilled with either whole, soluble extract or washed welding fume particulates or soluble extracts pre-treated with a transition metal chelator. Markers of pulmonary inflammation were measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and nuclear translocation of transcription factor was assessed in BAL cells by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Instillation of either whole or soluble fractions of welding fume caused a significant influx of inflammatory cells and other markers of inflammation in the BALF 24 h later. MIP-2 protein in BALF and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 were significantly greater following instillation of whole and soluble fractions than in saline-instilled lungs. Chelation of the soluble fraction, to remove transition metals, abolished the ability to cause inflammation, MIP-2 increase or transcription factor translocation to the nucleus. Instillation of washed particulates alone caused no significant change in any end-point compared to saline. This study demonstrates that soluble transition metals present in welding fumes cause inflammation via activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 and confirms the validity of utilising in vitro models to assess inflammatory responses to such particles.
authors.affiliation: ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Centre for Inflammation Research, Wilkie Building, University of Edinburgh, Teviot place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: McNeilly
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Clay
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: MacNee
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Heal
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Beverland
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Donaldson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D005740:Gases; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D035165:Transcription Factors, General / Q000096:biosynthesis; D028561:Transition Elements / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D014896:Welding
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D045424:Complex Mixtures; C513296:Cxcl2 protein, rat; D005740:Gases; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D035165:Transcription Factors, General; D028561:Transition Elements