title: Complementary feeding with cow's milk alters sleeping metabolic rate in breast-fed infants.
abstract: Although it is widely accepted that energy expenditure in infants is a function of feeding pattern, the mechanism behind this is not well understood. The objectives of this observational study were as follows: 1) to compare minimal observable energy expenditure (MOEE) between 2 subgroups of breast-fed infants, a BM group in which breast milk was the only source of milk and a BCM group given cow's milk in addition to breast milk; and 2) to identify potential mediators of a feeding pattern effect. For this purpose, infants were classified by feeding group on the basis of a mother's recall. Respiration calorimetry was used to measure MOEE in 62 infants (n = 35 BM, n = 27 BCM) aged 8.7 mo in Pelotas, southern Brazil. Breast-milk intake was measured using deuterium oxide, complementary food intake by 1-d food weighing, total energy expenditure and total body water using doubly labeled water; anthropometric indices were calculated. MOEE was 1672 +/- 175 kJ/d in BM compared with 1858 +/- 210 kJ/d in BCM infants (P < 0.001). Mass-specific MOEE was 201 +/- 24.6 and 216 +/- 31.9 kJ/(kg . d) in BM and BCM infants, respectively (P = 0.041). MOEE (kJ/d) was mediated by protein intake and fat-free mass (R(2) = 41.4%). We conclude that complementary feeding with cow's milk alters the sleeping metabolic rate in breast-fed infants. These findings deserve attention in relation to "metabolic programming" and the development of obesity later in life.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Medicina Social, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. h.haisma@biol.rug.nl
authors.forename: Hinke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haisma
authors.forename: Jonathan C K
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: W Andrew
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Coward
authors.forename: Danton Duro
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Filho
authors.forename: Cesar G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Victora
authors.forename: Roel J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Vonk
authors.forename: Antony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: G Henk
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Visser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001481:Basal Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D001724:Birth Weight; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002151:Calorimetry; D002417:Cattle; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008892:Milk; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*