title: Comparison of N-acetylcysteine and fenoldopam for preventing contrast-induced nephropathy (CAFCIN).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  N-acetylcysteine and fenoldopam are commonly prescribed for prevention of contrast mediated nephropathy, however, comparative superiority of either agent is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, randomized, parallel-group trial, adult cardiac catheterization patients at the university and veterans' hospitals with pre-existing stable renal insufficiency were randomized to N-acetylcysteine 600 mg orally twice daily for 4 doses or fenoldopam 0.1 mcg/kg/min intravenously for a minimum of 8 h. All patients received intravenous hydration with normal saline (5% dextrose in normal saline for diabetics on insulin). Randomization was stratified for diabetes. The primary endpoint was mean change in Scr at 72 h. Secondary endpoint was the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (25% increase above baseline Scr or absolute increase of 0.5 mg/dL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study termination occurred after ninety-five patients (mean age 68+/-10 years, female 25%, diabetic 42%, mean baseline Scr 1.5+/-0.4 mg/dL) were randomized, with 84 completing follow-up (44 N-acetylcysteine, 40 fenoldopam). Overall, there were no significant differences in mean change in Scr at 72 h (N-acetylcysteine 0.20+/-0.72 vs. fenoldopam 0.08+/-0.48 mg/dL, p=0.4) or incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (N-acetylcysteine 5 vs fenoldopam 8, p=0.4). No differences were detected in subgroup analyses for diabetes, baseline Scr >1.7 or 2.0 mg/dL, gender, age >70 years, or contrast volume >150 mL. Results were similar after multivariate adjustment for diabetes, contrast volume, heart failure and gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our randomized comparison failed to demonstrate a significant difference in the abilities of N-acetylcysteine and fenoldopam to prevent the decline in renal function or the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy during cardiac catheterization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986045 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6045, USA. tienng@usc.edu
authors.forename: Tien M H
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Shurmur
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: Lindsay R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Nissen
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Rigmaiden
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cieciorka
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Beata A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ineck
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Puumala
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D018818:Fenoldopam / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D018818:Fenoldopam; D000111:Acetylcysteine