title: Role of adenosine receptors in volatile anesthetic preconditioning against neutrophil-induced contractile dysfunction in isolated rat hearts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors tested the hypothesis that adenosine receptors in polymorphonuclear neutrophils and the heart mediate the preconditioning effects of volatile anesthetics against neutrophil-induced contractile dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were conducted in buffer-perfused and paced isolated rat hearts. Left ventricular developed pressure served as index of contractility. Neutrophils and platelet-activating factor were added to perfusate for 10 min followed by 30 min of recovery. The effect of selective pretreatment of the neutrophils and the hearts with 1.0 minimum alveolar concentration isoflurane or sevoflurane on the neutrophil-induced contractile dysfunction was assessed. Studies were performed in the absence and presence of the nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline (10 microM). Neutrophil retention was determined from difference between those administered and collected in coronary effluent and from myeloperoxidase concentration in myocardial samples. Superoxide production of neutrophils was measured by spectrophotometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under control conditions (no anesthetic pretreatment), activated neutrophils caused marked and persistent reductions in left ventricular developed pressure, associated with increases in neutrophil retention and myeloperoxidase activity. Pretreatment of the neutrophils or the heart with either isoflurane or sevoflurane abolished these effects. Pretreatment of the neutrophils also reduced the platelet-activating factor-induced increase in superoxide production by 29 and 33%, respectively. 8-Phenyltheophylline blunted the effects of anesthetic pretreatment of the neutrophils, whereas it did not alter the effects of anesthetic pretreatment of the heart.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An activation of adenosine receptors in neutrophils, but not in the heart, plays a role in the preconditioning effects of volatile anesthetics against neutrophil-induced contractile dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60657-5193, USA.
authors.forename: Guochang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: M Ramez
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Crystal
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000502:physiology*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D015221:Potassium Channels; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; D013481:Superoxides; D009195:Peroxidase