title: Parity and body weight in the United States: differences by race and size of place of residence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In women, parity has been studied in relation to body weights. This study examined whether and how relationships between parity and body weight differ by race and size of place of residence, adjusting for sociodemographic factors (age, income, education, working status, and marital status) and health behaviors (alcohol consumption, birth control pills, diet, physical activity, and smoking).
  
  
  METHODS
  A U.S. national sample of 3398 white and black women from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used to study the relationships using multiple linear regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The parity-weight relationships varied by race and size of place of residence. After adjusting for the covariates, significant relationships between parity and body weight were found only in black women in metropolitan areas and white women in non-metropolitan areas. Compared with women with no children, white women with two children living in non-metropolitan areas tended to have lower BMIs, whereas black women in metropolitan areas with one or two children showed higher BMIs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the parity-weight relationships in these groups of women were not strong or linear. The parity-weight relationships of black women in non-metropolitan areas warrant further examination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 26 Nichol Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-2882, USA. SKLee@aesop.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Soo-Kyung
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jeffery
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sobal
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Frongillo
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Wendy S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Wolfe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D010298:Parity / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012423:Rural Health; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D014504:Urban Health; D015430:Weight Gain; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*