title: Stimulation of the retina with a multielectrode extraocular visual prosthesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An extraocular approach to developing a retinal prosthesis for blind patients using electrodes placed on the outer surface of the eye is suggested. Experiments were carried out to determine the feasibility of this approach, and evaluate electrode configurations and parameters for stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In anaesthetized cats, a 21-electrode extraocular retinal prosthesis (ERP) array was sutured to the sclera over the lateral surface of the eye. Electrically evoked potentials (EEP) were recorded at the visual cortex bilaterally in response to retinal stimulation with the electrode array. Bipolar stimulation of the ERP array electrodes in horizontal and vertical configurations and at different interelectrode separations was investigated with biphasic constant-current pulses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electrical stimulation of the lateral retina with an ERP elicited EEP that were higher in the ipsilateral visual cortex. The threshold for bipolar retinal stimulation was 500 microA. EEP amplitude increased with increases in stimulus pulse duration and current intensity. Retinal stimulation was slightly more effective with electrodes in a vertical as opposed to horizontal orientation. A larger interelectrode separation resulted in a higher EEP amplitude.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retinal stimulation with a prototype ERP array is demonstrated. The thresholds for retinal excitation are below safe charge-density limits for chronic neural stimulation. Ipsilateral localization of the EEP suggests that localized retinal stimulation is occurring. An ERP is a new approach to retinal prosthesis research, and might lead to the development of a low-resolution visual prosthesis for blind patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Morley
authors.forename: Minas T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Coroneo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001766:Blindness / Q000628:therapy*; D002415:Cats; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*; D012590:Sclera; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology