title: Effect of fore-aft seat position on shoulder demands during wheelchair propulsion: part 1. A kinetic analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The highly repetitive and weight-bearing nature of wheelchair (WC) propulsion has been associated with shoulder pain among persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Manipulation of WC seat position is believed to reduce the overall demand of WC propulsion. The objective of this investigation was to document the effect of fore-aft seat position on shoulder joint kinetics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen men with complete motor paraplegia propelled a test WC in 2 fore-aft seat positions during free, fast, and graded conditions. The seat-anterior position aligned the glenohumeral joint with the wheel axle and the seat-posterior position moved the glenohumeral joint 8 cm posteriorly. The right wheel of the test chair was instrumented to measure forces applied to the pushrim. An inverse dynamics algorithm was applied to calculate shoulder joint forces, external moments, and powers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all test conditions, the superior component of the shoulder joint resultant force was significantly lower in the seat-posterior position. During graded propulsion, the posterior component of the shoulder joint force was significantly higher with the seat posterior. Peak shoulder joint moments and power were similar during free and fast propulsion. During graded propulsion, the seat-posterior position displayed increased internal rotation moment, decreased sagittal plane power absorption, and increased transverse plane power generation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This investigation provides objective support that a posterior seat position reduces the superior component of the shoulder joint resultant force. Consequently, this intervention potentially diminishes the risk for impingement of subacromial structures.
authors.affiliation: Pathokinesiology Laboratory, Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, 7601 E. Imperial Highway, Building 800, Room 33, Downey, CA, 90242, USA.
authors.forename: Sara J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mulroy
authors.forename: Craig J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Newsam
authors.forename: Dee D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Gutierrez
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Requejo
authors.forename: JoAnne K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Gronley
authors.forename: Lisa Lighthall
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Haubert
authors.forename: Jacquelin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perry
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014910:Wheelchairs