title: Simpson, Semmelweis, and transformational change.
abstract: The first anesthetic for childbirth and the first recognition of the importance of hand hygiene in obstetrics coincidentally occurred within 5 months of one another in 1847. More than 150 years later, one would have thought that these milestone events would have been fully integrated into practice. However, individuals resist transformational change, which is defined as a fundamental alteration in their beliefs, attitude, and behavior, even when they are confronted with incontrovertible facts. This resistance to change may explain why, in 2005, a large percentage of health care providers still do not practice acceptable hand hygiene, and the pain of childbirth continues to be extolled by some as a necessary part of womanhood, just as pharmacologic pain relief is discouraged.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA. gilbert.grant@med.nyu.edu
authors.forename: Gilbert J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Abraham H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lockwood
mesh_terms: D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000266:history*; D001317:Austria; D005260:Female; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011645:Puerperal Infection / Q000266:history* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012606:Scotland