title: Distribution and effect of water content on molecular mobility in poly(vinylpyrrolidone) glasses: a molecular dynamics simulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This work explores the distribution of water and its effects on molecular mobilities in poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) glasses using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  PVP glasses containing 0.5% and 10% w/w water and a small amount of ammonia and Phe-Asn-Gly were generated. Physical aging processes and associated structural and dynamic properties were monitored vs. time for periods up to 0.1 micros by MD simulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing water content from 0.5% to 10% w/w was found to reduce the Tg by about 90 K and increase the rates of volume and enthalpy relaxation. At 0.5% w/w, water molecules are mostly isolated and uniformly distributed while at 10% w/w, water distribution is markedly heterogeneous, with strands of water molecules occupying channels between the polymer chains. At 10% w/w, each water molecule has an average of 2.0 neighboring water molecules. The plasticization effects of water were revealed in diffusion coefficient increases of 3.7-, 7.3-, and 7.6-fold for water, ammonia, and the individual polyvinylpyrrolidone segments, respectively, and in shorter relaxation times (37- to 47-fold) for rotation of polymer segments with an elevation in water content from 0.5% to 10% w/w. Water diffusivity was found to linearly correlate with the number of neighboring water molecules. Rotation of the PVP segments is comprised of a fast wobble motion within a highly restrained cavity and a slow rotation over a wider angular space. Only the slow rotation was shown to be significantly affected by water content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Water distribution in the PVP glass is highly heterogeneous at 10% w/w water, reflecting the formation of water strands or small clusters rather than complete phase separation. Local enhancement of mobility with increasing water content has been demonstrated using MD simulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
authors.forename: Tian-Xiang
authors.initials: TX
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Bradley D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004058:Diffusion; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids / Q000737:chemistry; D011205:Povidone / Q000737:chemistry*; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids; D014867:Water; D011205:Povidone