title: Comorbidity in severe developmental language disorders: neuropediatric and psychological considerations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore possible patterns of comorbidity in children with severe developmental language disorders (DLD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective investigation of the clinical records of 28 children relating to oral motor and language problems, psychological profiles, medical history and EEG findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  36% of all the children had pure expressive language problems, 64% had combined expressive-receptive language problems and 57% had additional oral motor problems. Girls predominated in expressive-receptive problems, while boys predominated in oral motor problems. Children with expressive-receptive disorders were over-represented at the lower end of normal full-scale IQ (p = 0.015). Lower verbal than non-verbal IQ levels were almost as common as equal levels, but a lower non-verbal IQ than verbal IQ was also found. Pre/perinatal problems were found in 21%, and heredity for developmental language problems or dyslexia in 39%. There was a higher proportion of attention and motor problems, EEG abnormalities, and epileptic syndromes than in the general population (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In severe DLD, both pure expressive and mixed expressive-receptive problems are found, and oral motor problems are common. Gender differences regarding symptoms are present. Receptive language ability is associated with the full-scale IQ level. A high proportion of EEG abnormalities and epilepsy is found. There is a complex pattern of comorbidity between speech-language symptoms, psychological characteristics, heredity and EEG findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Sweden. gunilla.rejno-habte-selassie@vgregion.se
authors.forename: Gunilla Rejnö-Habte
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Selassie
authors.forename: Mårgareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jennische
authors.forename: Mårten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kyllerman
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Viggedal
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hartelius
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001184:Articulation Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000150:complications; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors