title: The inhibitory effect of alendronate, a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate on the PI3K-Akt-NFkappaB pathway in osteosarcoma cells.
abstract: 1 Bisphosphonates are inhibitors of tumor cell growth as well as of bone resorption by inducing cell apoptosis. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms by which the drug induces cell apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of alendronate, one of the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates on the phoshoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-NFkappaB pathway, the major cell survival pathway. 2 The PI3K-Akt-NFkappaB pathway was activated in the osteosarcoma cell line MG-63 treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha or insulin. Saos-2 was also used in some experiments. This was assessed by the production of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)), increased PI3K activity, phosphorylation of Akt at serine 473 and threonine 308, increase in activity of the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB (IkappaB) kinase (IKK) and finally phosphorylation of IkappaB and its subsequent degradation. 3 Pretreatment with alendronate at 100 microM for 24 h prior to the stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha or insulin partially inhibited the IkappaB phosphorylation and degradation. These events were more clearly observed in the presence of inhibitors of proteasomes, which are responsible for the degradation of IkappaB. The drug also partially inhibited the activity of IKK, but almost fully inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and the production of PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3). 4 The inhibitory effect of alendronate on IkappaB phosphorylation and degradation was not attenuated by the exogenous addition of geranylgeraniol to replenish the cytosolic isoprenyl lipid substrate. 5 The present findings demonstrate that alendronate inhibited the PI3K-Akt-NFkappaB cell survival pathway at the point of PI3K activation, thus indicating the presence of new targets of alendronate.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science and Station for Collaborative Research, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Nori-aki
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Matsuki
authors.forename: Gao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanematsu
authors.forename: Kihachiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirata
mesh_terms: D019386:Alendronate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019386:Alendronate