title: Current status of establishing standards for lymphadenectomy in the treatment of bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pelvic lymph node dissection at the time of radical cystectomy is a crucial component of the surgical management of invasive bladder cancer. No established therapeutic or diagnostic guidelines regarding pelvic lymph node dissection are, however, currently available. We reviewed the past and contemporary literature to clarify the current role of pelvic lymph node dissection both as a staging modality as well as potential therapeutic intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The role of pelvic lymph node dissection has evolved over the past 60 years. Although the added benefits of radical cystectomy over simple cystectomy alone are accepted, an optimal template for pelvic lymph node dissection has not been established. Increasing evidence suggesting therapeutic and diagnostic benefits by extending the boundaries of lymphadenectomy or by increasing the number of nodes excised has been reported. Much of the recent literature, however, is based on retrospective studies, and is influenced by factors such as node count variability, inconsistencies in the quality of the surgery, and the biases in patient selection. Currently, the optimal boundaries of pelvic lymph node dissection and the minimum number of nodes to be pathologically examined remain undetermined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnostic and therapeutic benefits obtained by extending the limits of lymphadenectomy are compelling but inconclusive. Establishing standards for pelvic lymph node dissection will not only increase the consistency of staging and improve the design and interpretation of clinical trials in invasive bladder cancer but also help to identify and optimize the therapeutic benefits of lymphadenectomy. Prospective, randomized trials will be needed to properly establish the extent of lymphadenectomy required to obtain such benefits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Bernard H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Bochner
mesh_terms: D015653:Cystectomy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000592:standards*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010388:Pelvis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*