title: Head-body righting reflex from the supine position and preparatory eye movements.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Saccular and utricular maculae can provide information on the supine static position, considering that both have pronounced curved structures with hair cells having a variety of polarization vectors that enable them to sense an inverted position and thus direct the righting reflex.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The vestibular system is essential for the structuring of motor behaviour, senses linear and angular acceleration and has a strong influence on posture and balance at rest, during locomotion and in head body righting reflexes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using guinea pigs in the supine position with a symmetrical head and trunk position, the ocular position was analysed to ascertain whether any ocular movement that occurred would adopt a spatial deviation indicative of the subsequent head and body righting. The characteristics of the righting reflex (direction, latency, duration and velocity) were analysed in guinea pigs from position signals obtained from search coils implanted in the eye, head and pelvis. The animals were kept in a supine position for a few seconds or even minutes with the eyes in a stable primary position and the head and body symmetrical and immobile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The righting reflex took place either immediately or after a slow deviation of the eyes. In both cases the righting sequence (eyes, head, body) was stereotyped and consistent. The direction of head and body righting was along the longitudinal axis of the animal and was either clockwise or anticlockwise and the direction of righting was related to the direction of the eye deviation. The ocular deviation and the direction of deviation that initiated and determined the direction of the righting reflex could be explained by possible otolithic activation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Physiology, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy. d.troiani@rm.unicatt.it
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Troiani
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferraresi
authors.forename: Ermanno
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Manni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture; D012021:Reflex, Abnormal; D016683:Supine Position; D013997:Time Factors