title: Using protein microarray as a diagnostic assay for non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity of lung cancer likely precludes the identification of a single predictive marker and suggests the importance of identifying and measuring multiple markers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We describe the use of a fluorescent protein microarray to identify and measure multiple non-small cell lung cancer-associated antibodies and show how simultaneous measurements can be combined into a single diagnostic assay.
  
  
  METHODS
  T7 phage cDNA libraries of non-small cell lung cancer were first biopanned with plasma samples from normal subjects and patients with non-small cell lung cancer to enrich the component of tumor-associated proteins, and then applied to microarray slides. Two hundred twelve immunogenic phage-expressed proteins were identified from roughly 4,000 clones, using high-throughput screening with patient plasmas and assayed with 40 cancer and 41 normal plasma samples. Twenty patient and 21 normal plasma samples were randomly chosen and used for statistical determination of the predictive value of each putative marker. Statistical analysis identified antibody reactivity to seven unique phage-expressed proteins that were significantly different (p < 0.01) between patient and normal groups. The remaining 20 patient and 20 normal plasma samples were used as an independent test of the predictive ability of the selected markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurements of the 5 most predictive phage proteins were combined in a logistic regression model that achieved 90% sensitivity and 95% specificity in prediction of patient samples, whereas leave-one-out statistical analysis achieved 88.9% diagnostic accuracy among all 81 samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that antibody profiling is a promising approach that could achieve high diagnostic accuracy for non-small cell lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Chandler Medical Center, K528 Kentucky Clinic, 740 S. Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA. lzhon2@uky.edu
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Giovanna E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
authors.forename: Arnold J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stromberg
authors.forename: Nada H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Khattar
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jett
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hirschowitz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor