title: Anti-inflammatory effects of troglitazone in nondiabetic obese subjects independent of changes in insulin sensitivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is characterised by insulin resistance and by elevated levels of proinflammatory markers. We investigated whether, in the absence of changes in glucose, thiazolidinediones (TZDs) have anti-inflammatory effects and whether improvement of insulin sensitivity correlates with suppression of inflammatory markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study with troglitazone (400 mg daily for eight weeks) in 15 normoglycaemic obese subjects. We measured plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) after each of the two treatment periods and in 13 age- and sex-matched lean individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obese subjects were insulin resistant (decreased glucose infusion rate (GIR) during euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp) and had higher plasma levels of hsCRP, IL-6, leptin, tPA, and PAI-1 compared with lean subjects. TNF-alpha also tended to be higher. Troglitazone improved insulin sensitivity (mean increase in whole body glucose uptake 23.1 +/- 10.5% (p = 0.047)) and normalised plasma concentrations of hsCRP, tPA and TNF-alpha, whereas it did not significantly change IL-6, leptin and PAI-1. Changes in GIR did not correlate with changes in inflammatory markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Troglitazone induces suppression of some of the inflammatory markers that are elevated in normoglycaemic obese subjects. The suppression of inflammatory markers, however, does not correlate with improvement in insulin sensitivity, suggesting involvement of partially differential mechanisms in these effects of TZDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands. B.vantits@aig.umcn.nl
authors.forename: L J H
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: van Tits
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arioglu-Oral
authors.forename: C G J
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Sweep
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: A F H
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Stalenhoef
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Tack
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002839:Chromans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077288:Troglitazone
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002839:Chromans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007328:Insulin; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077288:Troglitazone