title: Esophageal melanosis, an endoscopic finding associated with squamous cell neoplasms of the upper aerodigestive tract, and inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 in alcoholic Japanese men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Esophageal melanosis is often observed in alcoholic Japanese men, in whom the prevalence of squamous cell dysplasia and carcinoma (SCC) in the upper aerodigestive tract are high. This study evaluated the associations of esophageal melanosis with these neoplasms, and the factors contributing to the development of esophageal melanosis in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endoscopic screening was combined with esophageal iodine staining in 1535 alcoholic Japanese men (aged 40-79 years), of whom 1007 underwent aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) genotyping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty patients (3.3%) were diagnosed with esophageal melanosis, which had a higher incidence in those with noncancerous distinct iodine-unstained lesions (DIULs; 16/268; 6.0%), esophageal SCC (9/66; 13.6%), and oropharyngolaryngeal SCC (4/19; 21.1%) than in cancer- and DIUL-free controls (24/1182; 2.0%). The presence of esophageal melanosis was associated with higher risks for noncancerous DIULs, esophageal SCC, and oropharyngolaryngeal SCC (odds ratios, 2.81, 6.54, and 14.77, respectively). Men with the inactive ALDH2*1/2*2 genotype had a higher risk for esophageal melanosis (2.66-fold), as well as for DIULs and SCCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of esophageal melanosis in alcoholic Japanese men could indicate a high risk for DIULs and SCCs in the upper aerodigestive tract. The high incidence of esophageal melanosis may be partially linked to high acetaldehyde exposure, a consequence of drinking alcohol in persons with inactive ALDH2.
authors.affiliation: National Hospital Organization Kurihama Alcoholism Center, 5-3-1 Nobi, Yokosuka, 239-0841, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Tai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Omori
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizukami
authors.forename: Sachio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: Hiromasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hibi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071396:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004067:Digestive System Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008548:Melanosis / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000473:pathology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C096127:ALDH2 protein, human; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D000071396:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial