title: Effectiveness of innovations in nurse led chronic disease management for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review of evidence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of innovations in management of chronic disease involving nurses for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of randomised controlled trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  24 electronic databases searched for English or Dutch language studies published between January 1980 and January 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included studies described inpatient, outpatient, and community based interventions for chronic disease management that were led, coordinated, or delivered by nurses. Hospital at home and early discharge schemes for acute exacerbations of COPD were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified nine relevant randomised controlled trials, most of which had some potential methodological flaws. All the interventions seemed to be variations on a case management model. The interventions described could be divided into brief (one month) and longer term (around a year) or more intensive interventions. Only two studies examined the effect of brief interventions, these found little evidence of any benefit. Meta-analysis of the long term interventions failed to detect any influence on mortality at 9-12 months' follow-up (Peto odds ratio 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.58 to 1.26). There was evidence that the long term interventions had not improved patients' health related quality of life, psychological wellbeing, disability, or pulmonary function. The evidence on whether long term interventions reduced readmissions to hospital was equivocal, but the only study exclusively directed at patients on long term oxygen therapy reported a reduction in readmission. We identified several outcomes where little or no evidence was available; these included patients' satisfaction, self management skills, adherence with treatment recommendations, the likelihood of smoking cessation, and the effect of the interventions on carers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is little evidence to date to support the widespread implementation of nurse led management interventions for COPD, but the data are too sparse to exclude any clinically relevant benefit or harm arising from such interventions.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AT. s.j.c.taylor@qmul.ac.uk
authors.forename: Stephanie J C
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Candy
authors.forename: Rosamund M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bryar
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.forename: Hubertus J M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Vrijhoef
authors.forename: Glenda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Esmond
authors.forename: Jadwiga A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wedzicha
authors.forename: Chris J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Griffiths
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000451:nursing*; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome