title: Ethnic differences predicting ketonuria in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Ketonuria occurs more frequently than ketoacidosis does in patients with Type 2 diabetes and may portend serious future events. We studied the correlates of ketonuria among African American and Hispanic/Latino patients with Type 2 diabetes who did not have ketoacidosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients referred for diabetes education from the emergency department or the urgent care clinic of a large, public, urban hospital from 2001 until 2003. Eligible patients had newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes or diabetes diagnosed within 15 years but without treatment for the previous 2 months. Using logistic regression analysis, we analyzed the predictors of ketonuria and assessed whether they varied by ethnic group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 228 adult African American and Hispanic/Latino patients, 112 (49%) had ketonuria. Independent predictors of ketonuria were younger age (OR: 2.3), higher hemoglobin A(1c) (OR: 3.0), and a history of substance abuse (OR: 1.9) (for all: P<.05). Among Hispanic/Latino patients, ketonuria was also independently associated with low HDL-cholesterol (adjusted OR: 6.6; 95% CI: 2-20), but this relationship was not seen in African American patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketonuria is common among newly diagnosed or untreated patients with Type 2 diabetes in a public hospital serving a predominantly minority population. Some correlates of ketonuria differ among ethnic groups, suggesting potential ethnic differences in ketogenesis. Prospective identification and study of patients with ketonuria may have important implications for appropriate therapy, especially if it is shown that ketonuria is a predictor of symptomatic ketoacidosis.
authors.affiliation: John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, 1900 W. Polk Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. rasa_kazlauskaite@rush.edu
authors.forename: Rasa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kazlauskaite
authors.forename: Arthur T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mazzone
authors.forename: Leon A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Fogelfeld
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D000465:Algorithms; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007657:Ketone Bodies / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007657:Ketone Bodies