title: Aflatoxin biosynthesis gene clusters and flanking regions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the biosynthetic gene cluster sequences of the main aflatoxin (AF)-producing Aspergillus species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sequencing was on fosmid clones selected by homology to Aspergillus parasiticus sequence. Alignments revealed that gene order is conserved among AF gene clusters of Aspergillus nomius, A. parasiticus, two sclerotial morphotypes of Aspergillus flavus, and an unnamed Aspergillus sp. Phylogenetic relationships were established using the maximum likelihood method implemented in PAUP. Based on the Eurotiomycete/Sordariomycete divergence time, the A. flavus-type cluster has been maintained for at least 25 million years. Such conservation of the genes and gene order reflects strong selective constraints on rearrangement. Phylogenetic comparison of individual genes in the cluster indicated that ver-1, which has homology to a melanin biosynthesis gene, experienced selective forces distinct from the other pathway genes. Sequences upstream of the polyketide synthase-encoding gene vary among the species, but a four-gene sugar utilization cluster at the distal end is conserved, indicating a functional relationship between the two adjacent clusters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high conservation of cluster components needed for AF production suggests there is an adaptive value for AFs in character-shaping niches important to those taxa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first comparison of the complete nucleotide sequences of gene clusters harbouring the AF biosynthesis genes of the main AF-producing species. Such a comparison will aid in understanding how AF biosynthesis is regulated in experimental and natural environments.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, PO Box 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179, USA. ehrlich@srrc.ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cotty
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001231:Aspergillus flavus / Q000235:genetics; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005800:Genes, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment / Q000379:methods; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D005656:Fungal Proteins