title: Chronic rhinosinusitis in congenital craniofacial malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review developmental abnormalities and iatrogenic alterations in sinus anatomy that may predispose patients with congenital craniofacial malformations to chronic rhinosinusitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven patients with craniofacial malformations who were surgically treated by the senior author were included in the study. All were diagnosed with chronic rhinosinusitis refractory to medical management. Four patients had undergone previous corrective craniofacial surgery, and three of these patients developed iatrogenic sinus disease. Demographic data, diagnoses and anatomical abnormalities were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormal sinus anatomy was present in all patients, most commonly skull base abnormalities and dehiscent lamina papyracea. All patients underwent successful endoscopic surgical management (n = 7) for their chronic rhinosinusitis. Two patients had adjuvant external procedures. There were no complications and no recurrences after a mean follow up time of 15 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Otolaryngologists should be aware of the possibility of chronic rhinosinusitis in patients with craniofacial malformations. Careful preoperative evaluation of radiographic studies should be performed as most of these patients will have abnormal sinus anatomy. In addition, patients who undergo surgery to correct their craniofacial malformations are susceptible to altered sinus anatomy that may predispose them to the development of iatrogenic chronic rhinosinusitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Bradford A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Woodworth
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meetze
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schlosser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed