title: Estrogens and the skin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A review of the medical literature concerning the effect of the menopause and its hormonal treatment on the skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive Medline and Pubmed internet search utilizing the key words: collagen, elastin, estrogen, hormone replacement therapy, skin and aging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature review demonstrated a wide array of research ranging from basic science work to clinical implications of the effects of the menopause and its treatment on the skin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estrogen loss at menopause has a profound influence on skin. Estrogen treatment in postmenopausal women has been repeatedly shown to increase collagen content, dermal thickness and elasticity, and data on the effect of estrogen on skin water content are also promising. Further, physiologic studies on estrogen and wound healing suggest that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may play a beneficial role in cutaneous injury repair. Results on the effect of HRT on other physiologic characteristics of skin, such as elastin content, sebaceous secretions, wrinkling and blood flow, are discordant. Given the responsiveness of skin to estrogen, the effects of HRT on aging skin require further examination, and careful molecular studies will likely clarify estrogen's effects at the cellular level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Malta Medical School, St. Luke's Hospial, Guardamangia, Malta.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Brincat
authors.forename: Y Muscat
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Galea
mesh_terms: D000152:Acne Vulgaris; D003094:Collagen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004548:Elasticity; D004549:Elastin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000502:physiology; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects*; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D003094:Collagen; D004549:Elastin