title: Influence of radiotherapy on the latest generation of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiotherapy can influence the functioning of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). ICDs offer the same functionality as pacemakers, but are also able to deliver a high-voltage shock to the heart if needed. Guidelines for radiotherapy treatment of patients with an implanted rhythm device have been published in 1994 by The American Association of Physicists in Medicine, and are based only on experience with pacemakers. Data on the influence of radiotherapy on ICDs are limited. The objective of our study is to determine the influence of radiotherapy on the latest generation of ICDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven modern ICDs have been irradiated in our department. The irradiation was performed with a 6-MV photon beam. The given dose was fractionated up to a cumulative dose of 120 Gy. Two to 5 days passed between consecutive irradiations. Frequency, output, sensing, telemetry, and shock energy were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensing interference by ionizing radiation on all ICDs has been demonstrated. For four ICDs, this would have caused the inappropriate delivery of a shock because of interference. At the end of the irradiation sessions, all devices had reached their point of failure. Complete loss of function was observed for four ICDs at dose levels between 0.5 Gy and 1.5 Gy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of radiation therapy on the newest generation of ICDs varies widely. If tachycardia monitoring and therapy are functional (programmed on) during irradiation, the ICD might inappropriately give antitachycardia therapy, often resulting in a shock. Although most ICDs did not fail below 80 Gy, some devices had already failed at doses below 1.5 Gy. Guidelines are formulated for the treatment of patients with an ICD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Coen.Hurkmans@cze.nl
authors.forename: Coen W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hurkmans
authors.forename: Egon
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scheepers
authors.forename: Bob G F
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Springorum
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uiterwaal
mesh_terms: D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000592:standards