title: Trauma patient hospital-associated infections: risks and outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trauma patients with surgical procedures, acute lung injury (ALI), systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and longer exposure to invasive devices may be at increased risk for hospital-associated infection (HAI). HAIs have been shown to affect outcome measures, but the extent is not well studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  An infection control team identified HAIs in trauma patients from 1996 through 2001. The authors evaluated the relation of HAI to surgical procedures, ALI, SIRS, and device exposure time by comparing groups with and without HAI using Fisher's exact and Mann-Whitney tests. Using multiple linear and logistic regressions, the authors evaluated associations of HAI, age, and Injury Severity Score (ISS) with length of stay (LOS), cost of care, and mortality. They used Cox proportional hazard regression to further explore the relations of HAI, age, and ISS to LOS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 501 of 5,537 trauma patients with HAI (9.1%), the percent having surgical procedures, ALI, and SIRS was significantly higher (p < 0.001). Exposure to all devices studied was significantly longer (p < 0.001) in HAI patients. When the population was controlled for age and ISS, HAI patients had longer lengths of stay (LOSs) and higher costs. Age had less effect than ISS on LOS, and the effect of increases in age was greater as ISS increased. ISS had a greater effect than HAIs on LOS. HAIs increased LOS more in patients less severely injured. When comparing patients with and without HAI, no difference in mortality rates was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study of trauma patients, ISS had the greatest effect on LOS, but increased age and presence of HAI did increase LOS and cost of care. HAI increased LOS more in the less severely injured patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma Services, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Harrison M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lazarus
authors.forename: Jolene
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Snow
authors.forename: Rajesh R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Rouett
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abouzelof
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Stevens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D014193:Trauma Centers; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications*