title: Clinical aspects and treatment of pain in children and adolescents with cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical aspects and the treatment of mild to severe pain in Brazilian children and adolescents with cancer. We evaluated the importance of classifying patients according to the phase of cancer treatment (diagnosis, treatment, recurrence, and end-of-life palliative care) and the opioid-related side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  An institutional prospective study of 184 episodes of pain in children and adolescents with cancer was conducted. Pain was classified according to its cause, physiopathology and intensity. Treatment was based on the WHO guidelines for cancer pain relief.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain scales were completed by 77% of the patients. Numerical scales were used by 49% of them. Morphine was given in 111 episodes for 2,758 patient days. Morphine doses had to be escalated when it was given to patients during end-of-life palliative care. Opioids were well tolerated with no severe side effects. Psychological dependence on morphine was found in 2% (2/111) of the cases. Pain control was satisfactory in 97% of the episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The WHO guidelines for cancer pain relief were effective in controlling pain in children and adolescents with cancer. Despite their low socioeconomic level, patients were able to quantify their pain using rating scales.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Oncologia Pediatrica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. iopepm@graacc.org.br
authors.forename: Eliana Maria
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Monteiro Caran
authors.forename: Carla Gonçalves
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seber
authors.forename: Antonio Sérgio
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Petrilli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine