title: Complications of contemporary open nephron sparing surgery: a single institution experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Open nephron sparing surgery (NSS) is now the standard of care for small renal tumors irrespective of overall renal function. More recently laparoscopic NSS with hilar clamping has emerged, albeit with relatively longer ischemic times. We reviewed our experience with contemporary open NSS, comparing complication rates to those of historical controls and updating data for comparison with minimally invasive procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1985 to 2001, 823 open NSSs were performed at our institution. Early (within 30 days of NSS) and late (30 days to 1 year) complications were compared using the chi-square and Wilcoxon rank sum tests between procedures performed in 1985 to 1995 (control group of 343 patients) and 1996 to 2001 (contemporary group of 480).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the control vs the contemporary group there were significant decreases in intraoperative blood loss (median 550 vs 350 cc, p <0.001), chronic renal insufficiency/failure (14.6% vs 8.1%, p = 0.003), dialysis need (7.0% vs 2.1%, p <0.001) and any early (13.4% vs 6.9%, p = 0.002) or late (32.4% vs 24.6%, p = 0.014) complication. In the contemporary group 50% of patients did not require pedicle clamping, 32% underwent warm ischemia (median 12 minutes) and 18% underwent cold ischemia (median 27 minutes). In addition, patients with a warm ischemia time of 20 minutes or less had fewer early complications than patients with greater than 20 minutes of ischemia, although this did not attain statistical significance (3.8% vs 13.6%, p = 0.063).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complications resulting from open NSS have significantly decreased with time. Contemporary open NSS is associated with minimal morbidity, and decreases the need for pedicle clamping and overall ischemia time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Mayo Medical School and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. thompson.robert@mayo.edu
authors.forename: R Houston
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Bradley C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Leibovich
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lohse
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zincke
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Blute
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009399:Nephrons / Q000601:surgery*; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013525:Surgical Instruments