title: Vesicle-mediated transport and release of CCL21 in endangered neurons: a possible explanation for microglia activation remote from a primary lesion.
abstract: Whenever neurons in the CNS are injured, microglia become activated. In addition to local activation, microglia remote from the primary lesion site are stimulated. Because this so-called secondary activation of microglia is instrumental for long-term changes after neuronal injury, it is important to understand how microglia activity is controlled. The remote activation of microglia implies that the activating signals are transported along neuronal projections. However, the identity of these signals has not yet been identified. It is shown here that glutamate-treated neurons rapidly express and release the chemokine CCL21. We also provide evidence that neuronal CCL21 is packed in vesicles and transported throughout neuronal processes to reach presynaptic structures. Chemotaxis assays show that functional CCL21 is released from endangered neurons and activate microglia via the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Based on these findings, we suggest that neuronal CCL21 is important in directed neuron-microglia signaling and that this communication could account for the remote activation of microglia, far distant from a primary lesion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eiko K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Ineke M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hensens
authors.forename: Nieske
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: Machteld
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Amerongen
authors.forename: Robert S B
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Liem
authors.forename: Hendrikus W G M
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Boddeke
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Biber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054421:Chemokine CCL21; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D013572:Synaptic Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C515478:CCL21 protein, human; C515479:Ccl21c protein, mouse; D054421:Chemokine CCL21; D019742:Chemokines, CC