title: Substance misuse, anxiety and depression and urgency of presentation to a public emergency department in Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the prevalence and comorbidity of substance-related problems and anxiety and depression, among ED presentations, and to compare the prevalence of these conditions among more and less urgent presentations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey of ED presentations over a 14 day period (24 h/day) at the Gold Coast Hospital Emergency Department in south-east Queensland, Australia, in October 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Usual level of alcohol consumption (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), acute alcohol and illicit drug use (during 24 h prior to interview), symptoms of anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and triage category (Australasian Triage Scale).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one per cent of the sample reported usually consuming alcohol at a hazardous or harmful level. Twenty per cent of participants reported clinically significant levels of anxiety and/or depression, which were in turn significantly associated with hazardous and harmful levels of alcohol use. Hazardous/harmful alcohol consumption was over-represented among less urgent ED presentations, whereas anxiety and depression were more prevalent among more urgent ED presentations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emergency departments in Australia are appropriate settings for the detection of both substance use and mental health problems in the wider community. The prevalence of these problems in ED settings is high and there is a need for the development of systematic screening and referral processes. The evidence of a link between urgency of presentation and these problems needs to be further explored.
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alcohol and Drug Research and Education Centre, School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia. s.kinner@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kinner
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alati
authors.forename: Kerrianne
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.forename: Jake M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Najman
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011793:Queensland / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014218:Triage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*