title: Recent developments in immunomodulatory peptides in juvenile rheumatic diseases: from trigger to dimmer?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current therapy for juvenile rheumatic diseases is based on general immune suppression or blocking inflammatory pathways. These treatments do not induce long-term disease remission and have a risk of side effects; this is especially unfavorable in children. It is better to focus on induction of tolerance mechanisms than on suppression of inflammation. This promotes epitope specific immunotherapy as a possible safe treatment option.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the search for specific peptides for immunotherapy in autoimmunity, the focus is shifting from purported triggers of disease to peptides that regulate the ongoing inflammation. These so-called 'immunomodulatory peptides' are important in every healthy immune system. Several juvenile rheumatic diseases have been linked to certain immunomodulatory peptides. In juvenile dermatomyositis, peptides from human skeletal myosin play a role in the perpetuation of the disease. In systemic lupus erythematosus, the focus is mostly on DNA-derived peptides and peptides from anti-DNA antibodies. In juvenile idiopathic arthritis, heat shock proteins have been shown to contain important immunomodulatory epitopes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunomodulatory peptides play an important role in juvenile rheumatic diseases. Promising candidates for immunotherapy have been identified. This opens the possibility of clinical testing in rheumatic diseases of childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0731, USA.
authors.forename: Eva C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Koffeman
authors.forename: Berent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Prakken
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Albani
mesh_terms: D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000276:immunology*; D010455:Peptides / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D010455:Peptides