title: Contribution of canalicular glutathione efflux to bile formation. From cholestasis associated alterations to pharmacological intervention to modify bile flow.
abstract: At least one third of the bile flow is driven osmotically by the amount of hepatic glutathione excreted into canalicular spaces. Beyond the importance of this secretory mechanism for bile formation, the excretion of glutathione is an important way to discharge toxic anionic compounds deriving from liver metabolism of exogenous and endogenous substances. Thus, biliary secretion of glutathione and its conjugates really works as a major detoxification system for the hepatocytes. Derangement of hepatic and/or biliary glutathione status can occur in several experimental animal models of liver injury and in human diseases. In the present review, we will focus on mechanisms of bile glutathione efflux and changes associated with cholestatic conditions. Novel findings on the role of water channels and of the multidrug resistant proteins in bile salt-independent bile formation, will also be discussed. New routes of intervention to modify bile flow for therapeutic purposes are considered.
authors.affiliation: Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Public Medicine, University Medical School of Bari, Italy. i.grattagliano@semeiotica.uniba.it
authors.forename: Ignazio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grattagliano
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Portincasa
authors.forename: Vincenzo O
authors.initials: VO
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palasciano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001648:Bile Canaliculi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D005978:Glutathione