title: An assessment of dermal exposure to semi-synthetic metal working fluids by different methods to group workers for an epidemiological study on dermatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assessment of exposure assessment to metal working fluids (MWF) has almost exclusively focused on inhalation exposure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess levels of, and factors affecting, dermal and inhalation exposure to semi-synthetic MWF, and to identify suitable dermal exposure grouping schemes among metal workers for an epidemiological survey on dermatitis of hands, forearms, and head.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was conducted in four metal working machining departments of a truck manufacturing plant, estimating dermal and inhalation exposure levels to semi-synthetic metal working fluids (SMWF) in machine operators. Dermal exposure levels to SMWF were estimated by three different methods for dermal exposure assessment (VITAE, surrogate skin pad method, and a semi-quantitative dermal exposure assessment method (DREAM)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The identified factors affecting dermal exposure were similar for the three methods, although differences were found for estimated variability in dermal exposure levels between groups, within groups (among workers), and from day to day. With the VITAE method differences in exposure levels were detected between workers that were not detected with the surrogate skin pad method, and only partly with the DREAM method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the additional effort and costs that use of the VITAE method entailed, the observational semi-quantitative DREAM method appeared to be more efficient for grouping of dermal exposure levels for the epidemiological study on dermatitis.
authors.affiliation: Risk Assessment in the Work Environment, TNO Quality of Life and IRAS, Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Wendel de Joode
authors.forename: E P B
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Bierman
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spithoven
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kromhout
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008669:Metallurgy; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry