title: Enhanced coronary calcification determined by electron beam CT is strongly related to endothelial dysfunction in patients with suspected coronary artery disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronary artery calcification determined by electron beam CT (EBCT) is strongly associated with total plaque burden but is not related to systemic vascular inflammation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to test the hypothesis that enhanced coronary artery calcification, a marker of atherosclerosis and plaque burden, was related to endothelial dysfunction in patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred twenty-four subjects with suspected CAD were enrolled. Coronary artery calcification was detected by EBCT. A noninvasive method of brachial ultrasound was used to measure endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) and endothelium-independent nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilation (NMD). Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels were also determined. Of the 124 patients, the calcium scores ranged from 0 to 4,394. All subjects were classified into three groups according to coronary calcium scores: group 1, score 0 (n = 26); group 2, scores 1 to 199 (n = 50); group 3, scores > or = 200 (n = 48). There was an inverse association between the degree of coronary artery calcification and the endothelium-dependent FMD in the three groups (6.9 +/- 0.6% vs 5.3 +/- 0.3% vs 3.7 +/- 0.3%, respectively; p < 0.001) but not the endothelium-independent NMD. Besides, no significant difference in serum levels of hsCRP and MCP-1 were found among the three groups. However, both the serum levels of hsCRP and MCP-1 were correlated significantly with endothelium-dependent FMD (r = - 0.211, p = 0.019; and r = - 0.188, p = 0.037, respectively). By multivariate analysis, enhanced coronary calcification was a strong independent predictor of endothelial dysfunction (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhanced coronary artery calcification strongly predicted endothelial dysfunction in patients with suspected CAD. Also, serum levels of hsCRP and MCP-1 were significantly correlated with endothelial function. These findings suggested that both calcium deposition and inflammation were involved in endothelial dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Rd, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Po-Hsun
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Lung-Ching
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hsin-Bang
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Leu
authors.forename: Philip Yu-An
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Jaw-Wen
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tao-Cheng
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Shing-Jong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000502:physiology*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000502:physiology*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D002097:C-Reactive Protein