title: Xenon and the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass in the rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of xenon on the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  After surgical preparation, rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: (1) SHAM rats were cannulated but did not undergo cardiopulmonary bypass; (2) cardiopulmonary bypass rats were subjected to 60 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass using an oxygenator receiving a 30% O(2), 65% N(2), and 5% CO(2) gas mixture; (3) MK801 rats received MK801 (0.15 mg/kg intravenous) 15 minutes before 60 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass with the same gas mixture; and (4) xenon rats underwent 60 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass receiving a 30% O(2), 60% xenon, 5% N(2), and 5% CO(2) gas mixture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All bypass groups showed elevations in both cytokines compared with the SHAM-operated group. However, the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass in the group receiving xenon was no different from the other bypass groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Xenon appears to have no effect on the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass, making its previously described neuroprotective effect during cardiopulmonary bypass likely independent of any inflammation modulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Daqing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: H Mayumi
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Homi
authors.forename: Mervyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maze
authors.forename: Hilary P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Grocott
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000379:methods*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014978:Xenon / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D014978:Xenon