title: Blunt cardiac injury associated with cardiac valve insufficiency: trauma links to chronic disease?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac injury has been well recognised as a complication of blunt chest trauma. Its clinical spectrum ranges from blunt cardiac injury (BCI) to complete rupture of cardiac tissues, with cardiac valvular injury often being overlooked.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether hospitalised BCI is associated with increased risk of cardiac valve insufficiency in a large multi-state hospitalised population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases with BCI and cardiac valve insufficiency were identified based on discharge diagnoses in 1997 statewide hospital discharge data from 19 states. Four valvular outcomes were studied: (1) mitral valve insufficiency, incompetence, regurgitation (MVIIR); (2) aortic valve insufficiency, incompetence, regurgitation, stenosis (AVIIRS); (3) tricuspid valve insufficiency, incompetence, regurgitation, stenosis (TVIIRS); and (4) pulmonary valve insufficiency, incompetence, regurgitation, stenosis (PVIIRS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1,051,081 injury discharges, 2709 (0.26%) people had BCI; 13,087 (1.25%) had MVIIR; 9811 (0.93%) had AVIIRS; 1338 (0.13%) had TVIIRS; 178 (0.02%) had PVIIRS. Independent of potential confounding factors, discharge for BCI was associated with a 12-fold increased risk for TVIIRS and a 3.4-fold increased risk for AVIIRS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiac valve insufficiency has been well recognised as an important risk factor for congestive heart failure. With the findings that BCI is associated with an increased risk of specific valvular disorders, it is possible that trauma may play an important and heretofore largely unrecognised role in a portion of the burden of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, P.O. Box 19122, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. rovshani@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Rovshan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ismailov
authors.forename: Harold B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Roberta B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Ted R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications*