title: Characterization of pain and pharmacologic responses in an animal model of lumbar adhesive arachnoiditis.
abstract: METHODS
  The study used a small animal laminectomy model with kaolin to investigate the relationship of cauda equina pathology to pain, and the effects of systemic and intrathecal drugs to reduce pain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if higher amounts of cauda equina adhesions produce increased pain-related behavior following laminectomy and epidural kaolin application.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinically, the relationship of cauda equina pathology to pain is controversial. An established animal model produces cauda equina adhesions. The correlation of this anatomic pathology with pain-related behavior has not been examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  A laminectomy was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats at the L5-L6 vertebrae, and kaolin was applied extradurally. Sham control animals had vertebrae exposed but no laminectomy/kaolin. Animals were monitored for pain-related behavior using vocalization in response to straight leg raising. Histology was performed at 6 weeks postoperatively. Laminectomy animals were tested with systemic or intrathecal drugs to reduce straight leg raising vocalizations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In laminectomy animals, the pain response developed over 6 weeks, with vocalizations increasing from 0 to 1.65, out of 5 leg lifts. Cauda equina clumping was related to pain severity. Systemic morphine 3 mg/kg, but not 1 mg/kg, decreased vocalization to straight leg raising. Intrathecal morphine at 30 nmol, but not 10 nmol, gabapentin at 60 nmol, but not 20 nmol, decreased vocalizations. Intrathecal clonidine up to 90 nmol did not reduce vocalization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An animal model of adhesive lumbar arachnoiditis yields a quantifiable pain-related response that can be used to evaluate the effects of various analgesic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. jkroin@rush.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kroin
authors.forename: Asokumar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buvanendran
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cochran
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Tuman
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001100:Arachnoiditis / Q000150:complications*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D002420:Cauda Equina / Q000473:pathology; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077206:Gabapentin; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000150:complications; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000077206:Gabapentin; D009020:Morphine