title: Naturally occurring secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism in cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) from central Texas.
abstract: Naturally occurring secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism is described in the nestlings of two colonies of cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) from Central Texas (Bryan and San Antonio, Texas, USA). Nestlings from a third colony (Waco, Texas, USA) were collected in a subsequent year for comparison. Birds from the first two colonies consistently had severe osteopenia and associated curving deformities and folding fractures of their long bones. These birds also had reduced bone ash, increased osteoclasia, a marked decrease in osteoblast activity, variable lengthening and shortening of the hypertrophic zone of the epiphyseal cartilage, decreased and disorganized formation of new bone, and a marked hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands as compared to birds collected from the third colony. Fibrous osteodystrophy was found in all of the birds from San Antonio and Bryan. Evidence of moderate to severe calcium deficiency was also identified in 33% of the cattle egrets collected from Waco. Gut contents of affected chicks contained predominately grasshoppers and crickets; vertebrate prey items were absent from the Bryan birds. Grasshoppers and crickets collected from fields frequented by the adult egrets in 1994 had 0.12-0.28% calcium and 0.76-0.81% phosphorus. Pooled grasshoppers and crickets collected during a subsequent wet early spring averaged 0.24% calcium and 0.65% phosphorus. Although the phosphorus content of the insect prey was adequate for growth, calcium was approximately one-third the minimum calcium requirement needed for growth for other species of birds. It was postulated that cattle egrets breeding in Central Texas have expanded their range into habitat that contains less vertebrate prey, and as a result, many nestling egrets are being fed diets that contain suboptimal calcium. Therefore, in years where vertebrate prey is scarce and forage for insect prey is reduced in calcium, nestling egrets are at risk for developing secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism.
authors.affiliation: Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA. dphalen@cvm.tamu.edu
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Phalen
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Drew
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roset
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mora
mesh_terms: D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D001717:Birds; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D006961:Hyperparathyroidism / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D011859:Radiography; D013781:Texas
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium