title: Biochemical indicators of B vitamin status in the US population after folic acid fortification: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mandatory folic acid fortification of cereal-grain products was introduced in the United States in 1998 to decrease the risk that women will have children with neural tube defects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine the effect of folic acid fortification on concentrations of serum and red blood cell (RBC) folate, serum vitamin B-12, and plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) and methylmalonic acid (MMA) in the US population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood was collected from a nationally representative sample of approximately 7300 participants aged > or = 3 y in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 1999-2000 and was analyzed for these B vitamin-status indicators. The results were compared with findings from the prefortification survey NHANES III (1988-1994).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reference ranges (5th-95th percentiles) were 13.1-74.3 nmol/L for serum folate, 347-1167 nmol/L for RBC folate, and 179-738 pmol/L for serum vitamin B-12. For plasma tHcy and MMA, the reference ranges for serum vitamin B-12-replete participants with normal serum creatinine concentrations were 3.2-10.7 mumol/L and 60-210 nmol/L, respectively. The prevalence of low serum folate concentrations (<6.8 nmol/L) decreased from 16% before to 0.5% after fortification. In elderly persons, the prevalence of high serum folate concentrations (>45.3 nmol/L) increased from 7% before to 38% after fortification; 3% had marginally low serum vitamin B-12 concentrations (<148 pmol/L) and 7% had elevated plasma MMA concentrations (>370 nmol/L). Seventy-eight percent of the US population had plasma tHcy concentrations <9 micromol/L.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Every segment of the US population appears to benefit from folic acid fortification. Continued monitoring of B vitamin concentrations in the US population is warranted.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. cpfeiffer@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: Samuel P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Caudill
authors.forename: Elaine W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Gunter
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Osterloh
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Sampson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008764:Methylmalonic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D008764:Methylmalonic Acid; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12