title: Distal protection improved reperfusion and reduced left ventricular dysfunction in patients with acute myocardial infarction who had angioscopically defined ruptured plaque.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Distal protection, in the Saphenous Vein Graft Angioplasty Free of Emboli (SAFER) trial, is demonstrated to prevent distal embolism in the percutaneous coronary intervention of saphenous vein graft. However, in the Enhanced Myocardial Efficacy and Recovery by Aspiration of Liberated Debris (EMERALD) trial, it was not effective in the percutaneous coronary intervention of native coronary arteries in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We hypothesized that its effectiveness would be determined by lesion characteristics. Therefore, we classified the type of culprit lesion by angioscopy and examined its influence on the effectiveness of distal protection, comparing patients with AMI treated with and without distal protection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consecutive patients with AMI treated without distal protection (n=110) from July 2000 to July 2002 and those treated with distal protection (n=81) from July 2002 to July 2004 were included. Patients in each group were subdivided according to whether or not they had angioscopically defined ruptured plaque at culprit lesion. Among those groups, incidence of no-reflow phenomenon, ST-segment resolution, myocardial blush grade, and left ventricular ejection fraction at 6 months were compared. Aspirated samples by distal protection were semiquantitatively and histologically analyzed and compared between patients with and without ruptured plaque. No-reflow phenomenon was most frequently (P<0.05) observed in patients with ruptured plaque treated without distal protection. ST-segment resolution (68+/-15% versus 40+/-21%, P<0.001), myocardial blush grade (2.6+/-0.5 versus 1.8+/-0.3, P<0.001), and left ventricular ejection fraction (47.2+/-6.7% versus 41.0+/-9.7%, P<0.01) were improved by distal protection among patients with ruptured plaque but not among patients without ruptured plaque. Aspirated samples >1 mm were detected more frequently (97.3% versus 78.5%, P<0.05) in patients with ruptured plaque than those without ruptured plaque. Histologically, aspirated samples contained plaque debris (95.3% versus 31.1%, P<0.05) more frequently in patients with ruptured plaque than in those without ruptured plaque.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Distal protection reduced microcirculation damage and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with AMI who had angioscopically defined ruptured plaque. Distal embolization of plaque debris was detected more frequently in patients with ruptured plaque. These results suggest that microcirculation damage and left ventricular dysfunction are increased mainly by distal embolization of plaque debris rather than of thrombus.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Osaka Police Hospital, Osaka, 543-0035, Japan.
authors.forename: Isamu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mizote
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Tomohito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohtani
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Yasuharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsujimoto
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.forename: Masatsugu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.forename: Kazuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kodama
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000473:pathology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000379:methods*; D011859:Radiography; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*