title: [Environmental tobacco smoke and children: assessment of exposure and health effects].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess prospectively 1) concentrations of metals and progesterone in placental tissue related to cigarette smoking; 2) the effect of parental smoking on the susceptibility to colds in preadolescent children during winter months.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first study comprised healthy parturients with median age 28 years, 29 non-smokers and 27 women who smoked during pregnancy and/or within one year before last pregnancy. Placentas were collected after delivery at term and metals (by atomic absorption spectrometry) and placental progesterone (by specific radioimmunoassay) were analysed. A comparative study in 337 school children, second graders, was undertaken in central urban and suburban area. Information on children and families and on parental smoking was collected. During the six-month period incidence of acute respiratory diseases was followed-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In placentas of smoking vs. non-smoking women a twofold increase in cadmium concentration, a decrease in iron and a half of progesterone concentration as a biomarker of effect of tobacco smoke exposure were found. Nearly 59 percent of Croatian children live in the household with at least one smoker. The incidence of colds in children was 25%. The study demonstrates an exposure-response relationship between the parental smoking and the reporting rates for doctor-diagnosed upper respiratory illness; in children exposed to both parents' smoke odds ratio was 2.03 and in children from the family with one smoker odds ratio was 1.65.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results support the established association of tobacco smoke exposure with increased placental cadmium concentration, and concomitant reduction of placental progesterone is a new evidence on health risk for mother and foetus. The higher risk of frequent colds in children related to environmental tobacco smoke is a relevant public health problem.
authors.affiliation: Institut za medicinska istrazivanja i medicinu rada, Zagreb.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piasek
authors.forename: Milica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gomzi
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D010920:Placenta / Q000737:chemistry; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011374:Progesterone / Q000032:analysis; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D011374:Progesterone