title: Microtubule-dependent nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of Runx2.
abstract: RUNX/AML transcription factors are critical regulators of cell growth and differentiation in multiple lineages and have been linked to human cancers including acute myelogenous leukemia (RUNX1), as well as breast (RUNX2) and gastric cancers (RUNX3). RUNX proteins are targeted to gene regulatory micro-environments within the nucleus via a specific subnuclear targeting signal. However, the dynamics of RUNX distribution and compartmentalization between the cytoplasm and nucleus is minimally understood. Here we show by immunofluorescence microscopy that RUNX2 relocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm when microtubules are stabilized by the chemotherapeutic agent taxol. The taxol-dependent cytoplasmic accumulation of RUNX2 is inhibited by leptomycin B, which blocks CRM-1 dependent nuclear export, and is not affected by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Using biochemical assays, we show that endogenous RUNX2 associates with stabilized microtubules in a concentration-dependent manner and that the RUNX2 amino terminus mediates the microtubule association. In soluble fractions of cells, RUNX2 co-immunoprecipitates alpha tubulin suggesting that microtubule binding involves the alpha/beta tubulin subunits. We conclude that RUNX2 associates with microtubules and shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. We propose that nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of RUNX2 may modulate its transcriptional activity, as well as its ability to interface with signal transduction pathways that are integrated at RUNX2 containing subnuclear sites. It is possible that taxol-induced acute depletion of the nuclear levels of RUNX2 and/or other cell growth regulatory factors may represent an alternative pathway by which taxol exerts its biological effects during cancer chemotherapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
authors.forename: Shirwin M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pockwinse
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rajgopal
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Khwaja A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mujeeb
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nickerson
authors.forename: Amjad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Javed
authors.forename: Sambra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Redick
authors.forename: Jane B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.forename: Andre J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Wijnen
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Doxsey
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000494:pharmacology; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D014404:Tubulin; D017239:Paclitaxel; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide