title: Association of heparin-dependent antibodies and adverse outcomes in hemodialysis patients: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether some adverse outcomes of hemodialysis could be explained by subclinical heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Platelet factor 4 (PF4)-heparin antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay In a population-based cohort of hemodlalysis patients. Participants were then followed up prospectively for thromboembollc events, cardiovascular events, or death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 59 hemodialysis patients residing In Olmsted County, Minnesota, 57 (97%) agreed to study participation. The mean +/- SD age of the patients was 64 +/- 17 years (median hemodialysis duration, 23 months), and 27 (47%) were women. The enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay was positive for PF4-heparin antibodies in 2 patients (3.5%). The PF4-heparin antibody content varied over a 10-fold range and was not associated with the duration of hemodialysis (P = .99). During a median follow-up of 798 days, 16 thrombotic events, 37 cardiovascular events, and 23 deaths (Including 13 cardiovascular deaths) occurred. After adjusting for the Framingham risk score, the all-cause mortality rate was significantly higher for patients with the highest tertile of PF4-heparln antibody content compared with patients in the lower tertilles (hazard ratio, 2.47; P = .03). Furthermore, 8 (73%) of deaths in this tertile were due to cardiovascular causes (hazard ratio, 4.14; P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite repetitive heparin exposure, the prevalence of HIT In patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis is no greater than that anticipated for other patient populations. However, to our knowledge, this is the first study to show an association between elevated PF4-heparin antibodies and Increased mortality rates in hemodlalysis patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pena de la Vega
authors.forename: Randal S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Benda
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grill
authors.forename: Matthew G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: McBane
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000906:Antibodies / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010978:Platelet Factor 4 / Q000276:immunology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000925:Anticoagulants; D010978:Platelet Factor 4; D006493:Heparin