title: Symptom clusters as predictors of late response to antidepressant treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While there is some indication from studies in the acute phase of antidepressant treatment that there are differences in the timing of improvement in symptoms, relatively little work has explored the patterns of change for specific symptom clusters and the predictability of these changes to signal eventual response during the acute phase of treatment. This article investigates the use of clusters of symptoms on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D-17) to define the pattern of late response versus nonresponse to antidepressant medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using principal component analysis, the HAM-D-17 was divided into 4 symptom clusters (mood, sleep/psychic anxiety, appetite, and somatic anxiety/weight). Data for 996 patients with major depressive disorder (DSM-III-R criteria), who participated in a 12-week acute phase study with nefazodone, were subjected to a post hoc analysis of changes in symptom cluster scores. Patients were divided into 3 groups: early responders (< 4 weeks), late responders (4-12 weeks), and nonresponders (> 12 weeks) as defined by < 50% reduction in HAM-D-17 scores from baseline. The late-responder and nonresponder groups were subjected to the principal component analysis. Data were collected from October 1992 to November 1994.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences in the pattern of symptom change on the mood cluster (weeks 3-4) (p < .0001), the sleep/psychic anxiety cluster (weeks 3-4) (p < .003), and the somatic anxiety/weight cluster (weeks 3-4) (p < .01) for the late responders compared to the nonresponders. Using change scores, a discriminant function analysis correctly assigned 127 of the 182 late responders and 85 of the 133 nonresponders, or 70% of the late responders and 64% of the nonresponders, to their final response groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monitoring changes in symptom clusters from the HAM-D-17 during this crucial early stage (first 4 weeks) can be used to distinguish late responders (after week 4) from nonresponders. Successful identification of nonresponders based on symptom cluster change in the first 4 weeks would facilitate a shortening of an ineffective treatment trial and allow for necessary changes in treatment strategy, helping physicians more closely follow treatment guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390-9119, USA. madhukar.trivedi@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Madhukar H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Grannemann
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahadi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010879:Piperazines; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014230:Triazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D010879:Piperazines; D014230:Triazoles; C051752:nefazodone