title: Penetrating civilian craniocerebral gunshot wounds: a protocol of delayed surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several factors have led to our unique approach of delayed definitive débridement. We wanted to evaluate the effectiveness of our management and compare it with the existing data in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of 194 patients presenting between January 1996 and October 2003 with penetrating craniocerebral gunshot wounds. After exclusion criteria, 125 patients qualified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the patients, 88.8% were male. The mean age was 24.9 +/- 10.9 years. In 70.4% of patients, the presenting Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score was 3 to 8. Only 38 (30.4%) of the 125 patients survived, with poor outcome in 2 and good outcome in 36. Bilaterally fixed and dilated pupils and bihemispheric tract on computed tomographic scan were significantly related to poor outcome. There were 49 surgical procedures performed on 27 of the patients, with a mortality rate of 7.4%. Of the 38 survivors, 13 underwent no surgery. Average time to surgery was 11.04 days. Total rate of infection was 8%, and it did not influence outcome. No patient presenting with a GCS score of 3 or 4 survived. Seventeen patients attended follow-up, for a total of 3609 days (average, 212 d) and very few late complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our supportive care of patients is not optimal. We should have saved more of our patients who presented with GCS scores of 14 and 15 who subsequently died. We have been able to report unconventionally late surgical management of two-thirds of survivors, with no surgery in one-third of survivors. Despite a high rate of infectious complications, infection did not lead to death or disability. Our protocol rarely leads to patients surviving in a permanently vegetative state. In the future, we would perform early surgery for patients who present awake and continue our current management for poor-grade patients. In this way, we will improve the number of good outcomes without increasing the population of severely damaged and dependent survivors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hurstwood Park Neurological Centre, West Sussex, England. adriaanlieb@gmail.com
authors.forename: W Adriaan
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Liebenberg
authors.forename: Andreas K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Demetriades
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hankins
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hardwidge
authors.forename: Bennie H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hartzenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D020197:Head Injuries, Penetrating / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*