title: Polyploidy and cellular mechanisms changing leaf size: comparison of diploid and autotetraploid populations in two species of Lolium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Growth and development of plant organs, including leaves, depend on cell division and expansion. Leaf size is increased by greater cell ploidy, but the mechanism of this effect is poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, the role of cell division and expansion in the increase of leaf size caused by polyploidy was examined by comparing various cell parameters of the mesophyll layer of developing leaves of diploid and autotetraploid cultivars of two grass species, Lolium perenne and L. multiflorum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three cultivars of each ploidy level of both species were grown under pot conditions in a controlled growth chamber, and leaf elongation rate and the cell length profile at the leaf base were measured on six plants in each cultivar. Cell parameters related to division and elongation activities were calculated by a kinematic method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tetraploid cultivars had faster leaf elongation rates than did diploid cultivars in both species, resulting in longer leaves, mainly due to their longer mature cells. Epidermal and mesophyll cells differed 20-fold in length, but were both greater in the tetraploid cultivars of both species. The increase in cell length of the tetraploid cultivars was caused by a faster cell elongation rate, not by a longer period of cell elongation. There were no significant differences between cell division parameters, such as cell production rate and cell cycle time, in the diploid and tetraploid cultivars.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrated clearly that polyploidy increases leaf size mainly by increasing the cell elongation rate, but not the duration of the period of elongation, and thus increases final cell size.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan. sugi@cc.hirosaki-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shu-Ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
mesh_terms: D049628:Body Size; D048429:Cell Size; D008129:Lolium / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification / Q000166:cytology* / Q000235:genetics*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics*; D011003:Ploidies