Xanthohumol isolated from Humulus lupulus Inhibits menadione-induced DNA damage through induction of quinone reductase.
The female parts of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) show estrogenic effects as well as cancer chemopreventive potential. We analyzed the chemopreventive mechanism of hops by studying its antioxidative activities and its effect on the detoxification of a potentially toxic quinone (menadione). The detoxification enzyme quinone reductase [(NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, QR] protects against quinone-induced toxicity and has been used as a marker in cancer chemoprevention studies. Although the hop extract was only a weak quencher of free radicals formed from 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, it demonstrated strong QR induction in Hepa 1c1c7 cells. In addition, compounds isolated from hops including xanthohumol (XH) and 8-prenylnaringenin were tested for QR induction. Among these, XH was the most effective at inducing QR with a concentration required to double the specific activity of QR (CD value) of 1.7 +/- 0.7 microM. In addition, pretreatment of Hepa1c1c7 cells with XH significantly inhibited menadione-induced DNA single-strand breaks. The QR inhibitor dicumarol reversed the protective effect of XH against menadione-induced DNA damage. Because the expression of QR and other detoxifying enzymes is known to be upregulated by binding of the transcription factor Nrf2 to the antioxidant response element (ARE), the reporter activity mediated by ARE in HepG2-ARE-C8 cells was investigated after incubation with XH for 24 h. Under these conditions, XH increased ARE reporter activity in a dose-dependent manner. One mechanism by which XH might induce QR could be through interaction with Keap1, which sequesters Nrf2 in the cytoplasm, so that it cannot activate the ARE. Using LC-MS-MS, we demonstrated that XH alkylates human Keap1 protein, most likely on a subset of the 27 cysteines of Keap1. This suggests that XH induces QR by covalently modifying the Keap1 protein. Therefore, XH and hops dietary supplements might function as chemopreventive agents, through induction of detoxification enzymes such as QR.
Dietz
Birgit M
BM
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, USA.
Kang
Young-Hwa
YH
Liu
Guowen
G
Eggler
Aimee L
AL
Yao
Ping
P
Chadwick
Lucas R
LR
Pauli
Guido F
GF
Farnsworth
Norman R
NR
Mesecar
Andrew D
AD
van Breemen
Richard B
RB
Bolton
Judy L
JL
D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism; D000478:Alkylation; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D001728:Dicumarol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000187:drug effects; D027582:Humulus / Q000737:chemistry*; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000378:metabolism; D000072019:Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone) / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D011427:Propiophenones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017368:Protein Prenylation; D020218:Response Elements; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D024483:Vitamin K 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000633:toxicity*
D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D005419:Flavonoids; D006834:Hydrazines; C117301:Keap1 protein, mouse; D000072019:Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011427:Propiophenones; D024483:Vitamin K 3; D001728:Dicumarol; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D008156:Luciferases; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); C104536:xanthohumol