title: Fecal incontinence: an up-to-date critical overview of surgical treatment options.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgery is the last resort for patients suffering from severe fecal incontinence. The armamentarium of surgical options for this condition has increased impressively during the last decade. Nevertheless, this fact seems to make neither patients nor surgeons feel more comfortable. Treatment of fecal incontinence still remains a challenge to modern medicine due to many specific sides of this problem.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article gives an up-to-date overview of existing operative treatment options.
  
  
  METHODS
  An unbiased review of relevant literature was performed to assess the role of all methods of surgical treatment for fecal incontinence available nowadays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent studies have shown poor late results after primary sphincter repair and low predictive value for most preoperative diagnostic tests. New surgical options such as artificial devices and electrically stimulated muscle transpositions are doomed by low success rates and unacceptably frequent complications. That is why current attention has focused on non- or minimally invasive therapies such as sacral nerve stimulation and temperature-controlled radio-frequency energy delivery to the anal canal. However, all these innovative techniques remain experimental till enough high-evidence data are gathered for their objective evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Careful and detailed preoperative assessment to exactly determine the etiology of incontinence and individual approach remain the cornerstones of surgical treatment of fecal incontinence nowadays.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Orlin
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Belyaev
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deska
authors.forename: Ansgar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chromik
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weyhe
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Uhl
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004564:Electrocoagulation; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D018579:Patient Selection; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D011788:Quality of Life