title: Prediction of pregnancy complications by first-trimester maternal serum PAPP-A and free beta-hCG and with second-trimester uterine artery Doppler.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have shown an association between low first trimester maternal serum free beta-hCG and PAPP-A and subsequent development of pregnancy complications. Similarly, uterine artery Doppler in the late second trimester has shown that high impedance to flow is associated with increased risk for preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. The objective of this study is to determine whether there is an association between the maternal serum concentration of PAPP-A and free beta-hCG at 11-13(+6) weeks with the uterine artery pulsatility index (PI) at 22-24 weeks, and secondly, to compare the screening characteristics of the two methods in the prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal serum PAPP-A and free beta-hCG at 11-13(+6) weeks and uterine artery PI at 22-24 weeks were measured in 4390 women with singleton pregnancies. Pregnancies with chromosomal defects or fetal anomalies were excluded. The biochemical and Doppler measurements were compared between those with normal outcome and those resulting in spontaneous preterm delivery, pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction (FGR). Detection rates using a combination of the biochemical and Doppler measurements were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the pregnancies resulting in pre-eclampsia (n = 64) and FGR (n = 172), the median PAPP-A was lower (0.844 and 0.813 MoM), the median uterine artery mean PI was higher (1.56 and 1.18) but the median free betahCG was not significantly different (0.923 and 0.933 MoM) than in the normal outcome group. In the preterm delivery group (n = 159), the median free beta-hCG (0.944 MoM) and uterine artery mean PI (1.06) were not significantly different from normal but the median PAPP-A (0.928 MoM) was significantly lower than normal. In screening for pre-eclampsia, the detection rate, for a 5% false-positive rate, was 14.1% for PAPP-A, 54.7% for uterine artery mean PI and 62.1% for a combination of PAPP-A and uterine artery mean PI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal serum PAPP-A at 11-13(+6) of gestation is significantly lower in adverse pregnancy outcomes. The combination of first trimester serum PAPP-A and uterine artery mean PI at 22-24 weeks improves the screening efficacy for the prediction of pre-eclampsia.
authors.affiliation: Prenatal Screening Unit, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Harold Wood Hospital, Essex, UK. KevinSpencer1@Aol.com
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Christina K H
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cowans
authors.forename: Chineze
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Otigbah
authors.forename: Kypros H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Nicolaides
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001158:Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000453:epidemiology; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A / Q000032:analysis*; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply*
chemical_list: D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A