title: Interactive effects of anger expression and ET-1 Lys198Asn polymorphism on vasoconstriction reactivity to behavioral stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ineffective anger expression has been associated with essential hypertension (EH) and with blood pressure (BP) reactivity to stress. The ET-1/Lys198Asn polymorphism has been associated with increased resting BP and exaggerated vasoconstrictive mediated BP reactivity. African Americans (AAs) are at particular risk for development of EH, report greater anger difficulties, and exhibit greater vasoconstrictive reactivity than their European American (EA) counterparts.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective is to investigate a gene-environment model of stress reactivity in which anger expression, particularly in combination with ET-1 T allele carrier status and AA ethnicity, would be associated with the greatest vasoconstrictive reactivity in response to a behavioral stressor.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ninety-one AA and 197 EA normotensive young adults (M age=18.8+/-2.5 years) participated in the study. Total peripheral resistance index (TPRI) reactivity was assessed during a 10-min video game challenge. Anger expression was measured using Spielberger's Anger Expression Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A multiple regression model with TPRI reactivity as the dependent variable revealed a three-way interaction effect for anger management (i.e., AM=anger control minus anger out scores), ethnicity, and ET-1 polymorphism. Specifically, AA carriers of the ET-1 polymorphism with poor AM skills exhibited the greatest TPRI reactivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with a genetic predisposition for exaggerated vasoconstriction who also display low AM skills may be at particular risk for development of stress-induced EH. Such individuals may particularly benefit from anger management training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Prevention Institute, Augusta 30912, USA.
authors.forename: Kristen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rabineau
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Treiber
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ludwig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D004777:Environment; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014661:Vasoconstriction
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1