title: Major risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the young are modifiable.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), we examined data from the Hemorrhagic Stroke Project (HSP), a case-control study of hemorrhagic stroke among men and women aged 18 to 49 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case subjects for the HSP were recruited from 44 hospitals in the United States. Eligibility criteria included an ICH within 30 days preceding enrollment, no history of stroke or known brain lesion. For this report, we focused on patients with primary ICH, defined as not associated with an aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation or other structural lesion. Two control subjects were sought for each case subject. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine risk factors for primary ICH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1714 patients with hemorrhagic stroke were identified for participation in the HSP. Of these, 217 cases met the criteria for primary ICH. Cases with primary ICH were matched to 419 controls. Independent risk factors for ICH included hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 5.71; 95% CI, 3.61 to 9.05), diabetes (adjusted OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.15 to 5.01), menopause (adjusted OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.06 to 5.88), current cigarette smoking (adjusted OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.44), alcoholic drinks> or =2/day (adjusted OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.16 to 4.32), caffeinated drinks> or =5/day (adjusted OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.79), and caffeine in drugs (adjusted OR, 3.55; 95% CI, 1.24 to 10.20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among young men and women, the major risk factors for primary ICH can be modified, suggesting that this type of stroke may be preventable. Our findings for caffeine and menopause warrant further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Brown Medical School, 110 Lockwood St, Providence, RI 02903, USA. EFeldmann@lifespan.org
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Feldmann
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Broderick
authors.forename: Walter N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Kernan
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Viscoli
authors.forename: Lawrence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Brass
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brott
authors.forename: Lewis B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
authors.forename: Janet Lee
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wilterdink
authors.forename: Ralph I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Horwitz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000783:Aneurysm / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking