title: Markers of endothelial cell activation in elderly men at high risk for coronary heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Circulating cell adhesion molecules (CAMS) are regarded as inflammatory markers related to the process of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). In the haemostatic system, elevated levels of thrombomodulin (TM), von Willebrand factor (vWF) and tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen (tPAag) have likewise been associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of these circulating markers were investigated in a cross-sectional study including 563 men aged 70 (64-76) years characterized as hypercholesterolaemic in 1972, as related to the following clinical entities: cardiovascular morbidity (28%), diabetes (15%), hypertension (70%) and smoking habits (34%) after 24 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients presenting with CVD, significantly higher levels of tPAag were encountered (12.9 versus 12.0 ng/ml, p = 0.02). In smokers, levels of sICAM-1 were significantly higher (331 versus 298 ng/ml, p < 0.001), whereas levels of sVCAM-1 and sTM were lower compared with those in non-smokers (543 versus 582 ng/ml, p = 0.01, 40.6 versus 44.5 ng/ml, p < 0.01, respectively). In diabetics, levels of sE-selectin and tPAag were significantly higher than those in non-diabetics (55.9 versus 45.7 ng/ml, p < 0.001, 13.6 versus 12.0, p = 0.001, respectively). In subjects with hypertension, levels of TM were elevated (44.0 versus 40.8 ng/ml, p = 0.03). In multivariate regression analyses, tPAag remained significantly associated with the presence of CVD (p = 0.03), sE-selectin with diabetes (p=0.004), sTM with hypertension (p = 0.02) and sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 and sTM with smoking, (p = 0.01, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results may contribute to the understanding of the multitude of factors influencing these endothelial markers and their evaluation in various disease entities.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Research, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. elsa.hjerkinn@ulleval.no
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hjerkinn
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Seljeflot
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sandvik
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hjermann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arnesen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules