title: Increase of fungal endocarditis in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare and feared infection that mainly occurs in patients with underlying cardiac disease or altered function of the immune system. Recent epidemiological data on both sepsis and nosocomial infections indicate a rise in gram-negative bacterial and fungal infection, particularly in patients requiring critical care support. This study sought to characterize the change in the spectrum of IE encountered in a single pediatric tertiary care center during the last 18 years, to evaluate emergence of fungal IE and to identify contributing factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of all cases of IE diagnosed between January 1986 and August 2003 at a single university children's hospital. Patients were distributed between two equal time periods and compared according to the era of IE diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 43 patients, 44 episodes of IE were identified with most cases occurring in children with congenital or acquired heart disease. The annual number of diagnosed cases fluctuated during the study (mean 2.4 cases/year). Blood or specimen cultures were positive in 34 cases (77%) with gram-positive organisms most frequently observed (n=20, 44.4%). Fungal IE cases (n=9, 20%) occurred preferentially during the second period (p<0.03), and were more common in children with noncardiac diseases (p=0.023). Factors associated with fungal IE were the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics (p<0.001) and the presence of an infected central venous catheter (p=0.01). Overall mortality did not differ between the two eras.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of fungal IE seems to have significantly increased in more recent years. Use of broadspectrum antibiotics for prolonged time or/and central venous catheters were identified as predisposing factors to fungal infective endocarditis.
authors.affiliation: Medical ICU laboratory, Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU-Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. Pierre.Tissieres@medicine.unige.ch
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tissières
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Jaeggi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beghetti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gervaix
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016638:Critical Illness; D004696:Endocarditis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009181:Mycoses / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents