title: Interleukin-1 may link helplessness-hopelessness with cancer progression: a proposed model.
abstract: A model of the relations between psychological factors and cancer progression should include brain and systemic components and their link with critical cellular stages in cancer progression. We present a psychoneuroimmunological (PNI) model that links helplessness-hopelessness (HH) with cancer progression via interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). IL-1beta was elevated in the brain following exposure to inescapable shock, and HH was minimized by antagonizing cerebral IL-1beta. Elevated cerebral IL-1beta increased cancer metastasis in animals. Inescapable shock was associated with systemic elevations of IL-1beta and peripheral IL-1beta was associated with escape from apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Involvement of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are discussed. Future studies need to identify the role of additional factors in this PNI pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Argaman
authors.forename: Yori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gidron
authors.forename: Shmuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ariad
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000502:physiology; D011379:Prognosis; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1