title: Cumulative exposure to nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors is associated with insulin resistance markers in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate insulin resistance and its relationship to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a cohort of HIV-infected persons with comparison to HIV-seronegative controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort of 533 HIV-infected and 755 HIV-seronegative men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study evaluated at 6-month intervals between 1999 and 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recent ART exposure was assessed by type of treatment in the preceding 6 months [i.e., no ART, monotherapy, combination ART, or highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with and without a protease inhibitor (PI)]. Cumulative exposure was determined for the three major ART classes and for individual medications within each class. Two endpoints, a modified QUICKI index, 100 x 1/[log10(glucose) + log10(insulin)] and fasting hyperinsulinemia (insulin > 15 microU/ml), were assessed. All statistical models were adjusted for age, body mass index, race, nadir CD4 cell count, hepatitis C serostatus and family history of diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each of the HIV-infected groups had higher odds of hyperinsulinemia and lower mean QUICKI than the HIV-seronegative men. Each additional year of exposure to nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) was associated with increased odds of hyperinsulinemia [odds ratio (OR), 1.08; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.13) and a lower QUICKI (-0.04; 95% CI, -0.07 to -0.01). Cumulative exposure to non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors or PI drugs was not associated with either insulin resistance marker. Of individual medications examined, stavudine was associated with the highest risk of hyperinsulinemia (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.2-1.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fasting surrogate markers suggest increased insulin resistance in HIV-infected men, which is related to cumulative NRTI exposure.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. tbrown27@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Todd T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Xiuhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Lawrence A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kingsley
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Palella
authors.forename: Sharon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Riddler
authors.forename: Joan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chmiel
authors.forename: Barbara R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Visscher
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Margolick
authors.forename: Adrian S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Dobs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000139:chemically induced; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors