title: The impact of diabetes on patient outcomes after ankle fracture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ankle fracture is one of the most common injuries treated by orthopaedic surgeons, and the presence of diabetes complicates treatment and recovery from this injury. Although a higher prevalence of adverse postoperative events has been found in small series of diabetic patients with an ankle fracture, we are not aware of any large national series with specific documentation of the outcomes following ankle fracture in patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database for the years 1988 through 2000. Information regarding the hospitalizations of 160,598 adult patients with an ankle fracture who underwent subsequent surgical procedures was extracted from the database. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to ascertain whether patients with diabetes mellitus were more likely than patients without diabetes mellitus to die while in the hospital, to have in-hospital postoperative complications, to stay longer in the hospital, to have a higher incidence of non-routine discharge, and to have a higher total cost associated with the hospital stay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant increases in in-hospital mortality, the rate of in-hospital postoperative complications, the length of hospital stay, the rate of non-routine discharge, and the total charges were found in the diabetic patient group (p < 0.001). Specifically, we found that diabetic patients across all levels of fracture severity (closed unimalleolar, closed bimalleolar or trimalleolar, and dislocated or open fractures) stayed in the hospital for about one additional day (mean, 4.7 compared with 3.6 days) and incurred more than dollar 2000 in increased charges (mean, dollar 12,898 compared with dollar 10,794).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This nationally representative study of inpatients in the United States provides evidence that diabetic patients with an operatively treated ankle fracture are likely to have worse results than non-diabetic patients with regard to postoperative complications, mortality, rate of non-routine discharge, length of hospital stay, and total hospital charges.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA. ganes001@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Shanti P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Ganesh
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pietrobon
authors.forename: William A C
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Cecílio
authors.forename: Deng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lightdale
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nunley
mesh_terms: D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male