title: Serum levels of macrophage colony stimulating, vascular endothelial, and placenta growth factor in relation to later clinical onset of pre-eclampsia and a small-for-gestational age birth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The multisystem disorder of pre-eclampsia (PE) becomes manifest in late gestation, but the pathology originates in early pregnancy by the deleterious action of placental substances to the maternal endothelial system. These factors were searched for in the attempt to identify, as early as possible, the pregnancies with an increased risk of developing pre-eclampsia. The literature is equivocal regarding the usefulness of various markers including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Results are often confounded by a varying fraction of pregnancies affected by foetal growth restriction (FGR) amongst the case and control groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a nested case-control study we compared the serum levels of M-CSF, VEGF, and placenta growth factor (PLGF) in 23 pregnancies with subsequent mild PE without FGR and nine FGR pregnancies without PE with 40 matched controls at 17, 25, and 33 weeks of gestation cross-sectionally and longitudinally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEGF levels were reduced in FGR but not in subsequently pre-eclamptic pregnancies at 17, 25, and 33 weeks. In contrast, PLGF was reduced in the PE but not in the FGR group. M-CSF did not differ between the three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depending on which growth factor is found to be reduced, an early distinction can be made in terms of an increased risk for PE or FGR. Inconsistencies in the literature may reflect differences in PE disease severity between studies and the presence of a varying fraction of cases with FGR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Berne, Switzerland. nick.bersinger@dkf.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Nick A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bersinger
authors.forename: Rønnaug A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ødegård
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age / Q000097:blood*; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000097:blood*; D036801:Parturition / Q000097:blood; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; C000608036:PGF protein, human; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor