title: Need for enforcement of ethicolegal education - an analysis of the survey of postgraduate clinical trainees.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of medical lawsuits in Japan was between 14 and 21 each year before 1998, but increased to 24 to 35 per year after 1999. There were 210 lawsuits during this 10-year period. There is a need for skills and knowledge related to ethics, which is as fundamental to the practice of medicine as basic sciences or clinical skills. In Japan education in ethics is relatively rare and its importance is not yet recognized. Establishing ethics education using legal precedents, which has already been achieved in Western countries, will be a very important issue in Japan. In the present study, a questionnaire survey was conducted among graduate intern doctors, in order to investigate whether ethics education using precedents might have a positive effect in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2002, a questionnaire survey entitled Physicians' Clinical Ethics was carried out in a compulsory orientation lecture given to trainees before they started clinical practice in our hospital. The attendees at this lecture were trainees who came from colleges in various districts of Japan. During the lecture, 102 questionnaires were distributed, completed by attendees and collected. The recovery rate was 100%. The questionnaire consisted of 22 questions (in three categories), of which 20 were answered by multiple choices, and the other two were answered by description. The time required to complete the questionnaire was about 10 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recovered questionnaires were analyzed using statistical analysis software (SPSS for Windows, Release 10.07J-1/June/2000), in addition to simple statistical analysis. answers using multiple choices for the 20 questions in the questionnaire were input into SPSS. The principal component analysis was performed for each question. As a result, the item that came to the fore was "legal precedent". Since many intern doctors were interested in understanding laws and precedents, learning about ethical considerations through education using precedents might better meet with their needs and interests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We applied a new method in which the results of principal component analysis and frequencies of answers to other questions were combined. From this we deduced that the precedent education used in Western countries was useful to help doctors acquire ethical sensitivity and was not against their will. A relationship was found between reading precedents and the influence of lawsuits, and it was thought that student participation-type precedent education would be useful for doctors in order to acquire ethical sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science Policies Division of Research Development, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan. mfsam@3m3.biz.
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mayeda
authors.forename: Kozo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takase
mesh_terms: D003479:Curriculum; D030881:Disclosure / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D004501:Education, Medical; D026690:Ethics, Clinical / Q000193:education*; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007564:Japan; D008318:Malpractice / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000639:trends; D008499:Medical Records; D026706:Paternalism; D033283:Patient Access to Records / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D013337:Students, Medical; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods; D035502:Trust; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D019366:Western World