title: Lime treatment of keratinous materials for the generation of highly digestible animal feed: 1. Chicken feathers.
abstract: Chicken feather keratin was treated with lime (calcium hydroxide) to obtain a liquid product rich in amino acids and polypeptides that can be used as an animal feed supplement. The effect of treatment conditions and the properties of the soluble keratin were studied. At high temperatures (150 degrees C), 80% of feather keratin was solubilized within 25 min, whereas a relatively longer reaction time (300 min) is needed at moderate temperatures (100 degrees C). After 3h of hydrolysis at 150 degrees C, 95% of feather keratin was digested. For the recommended conditions (100 degrees C, 300 min, and 0.1g Ca(OH)(2)/g dry feather), after lime treatment, about 54% of calcium can be recovered by carbonating. In rumen fluid, ammonia production from soluble keratin was similar to that of soybean and cottonseed meals and was greatly less than that of urea, indicating that no ammonia toxicity will result from cattle being fed soluble keratin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, United States.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coward-Kelly
authors.forename: Vincent S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Frank K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Agbogbo
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Holtzapple
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D002645:Chickens; D005241:Feathers / Q000737:chemistry*; D007633:Keratins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; D011506:Proteins; D007633:Keratins; C016538:lime