title: Prognosis of airway obstruction and feeding difficulty in the Robin sequence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the course and prognosis of airway obstruction and feeding difficulty in the Pierre Robin sequence (PRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of 60 patients with PRS between 1993 and 2002 at the University of California, Davis Medical Center. Patients were placed into diagnostic subgroups: (1) Isolated PRS; (2) Syndromic PRS (known syndrome with PRS); (3) Unique PRS (unique anomalies with PRS). Data regarding severity, duration, and management of airway obstruction and feeding difficulty were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Airway obstruction requiring intervention beyond positional therapy was seen in 28% isolated, 42% syndromic, and 58% unique PRS. One-third of patients who failed positional therapy were temporarily stabilized with a nasopharyngeal airway or endotracheal intubation. The remaining two-thirds of patients, who failed positional therapy required a surgical airway procedure. Four patients underwent mandibular distraction osteogenesis, resulting in successful decannulation or avoidance of tracheostomy. Thirteen patients underwent tracheostomy; mean duration of tracheostomy-dependence was 17.0 months in Isolated PRS and 31.7 months in Unique PRS (p < 0.01). Successful decannulation by age of 3 years was confirmed in 85% of patients who underwent tracheostomy. Tube feeding was required in 53% Isolated, 67% Syndromic, and 83% Unique PRS. Forty-two percent of PRS patients with a successful positional airway still demonstrated feeding difficulty. Short-term (0-3 months) and intermediate (4-18 months) tube feeding was more commonly required in Isolated and Syndromic PRS, while long-term (beyond 18 months) gastrostomy tube feeding was more commonly required in Unique PRS (p < 0.01). By 3 years of age, a successful oral diet was seen in 91% Isolated, 92% Syndromic, and 78% Unique PRS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diagnostic subgroups based on the presence of additional anomalies help families and physicians in understanding the severity and duration of feeding and airway difficulty in PRS. Two-thirds of PRS patients who fail positional therapy may ultimately require a surgical airway procedure. Feeding difficulty can be present in the absence of clinically significant airway obstruction. Families and physicians should be encouraged that by 3 years of age, most patients were successfully taking an oral diet without airway obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, 52242, USA. mark-smith-1@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Craig W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Senders
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction; D010855:Pierre Robin Syndrome / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014139:Tracheostomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome