title: Gender differences in etiology and outcome of open globe injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patterns of injury and outcomes after multi-system trauma differ between men and women. Few data exist regarding the epidemiology of gender differences in severe eye trauma. We hypothesized that the incidence and patterns of open globe injuries might differ between men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Charts of 220 patients with open globe injuries presenting to the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary during a three-year period were retrospectively reviewed. The data were analyzed with respect to gender, type of open globe injury (penetrating, perforating, or rupture), and mechanism of globe injury (projectile, non-projectile, assault, fall, sports, motor vehicle crash).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority (78.6%) of patients were men. Women with open globe injuries were older (median age 73 years) than men (median age 36 years). Men were more likely to suffer from penetrating injuries (69.9%) while women were more likely to experience blunt globe rupture (68.1%). Projectile objects accounted for the majority of open globe injuries in men (54.9%) and were an infrequent cause in women (4.3%). Nearly one-third (31.8%) of the projectile injuries in men were work-related, and 19.7% occurred during home improvement projects. Compared with men, falls were more frequently responsible for globe injuries in women (55.3% versus 8.1%). Injuries limited to the cornea were more common in men than women (46.2% versus 23.4%), while more posterior globe injuries were more common among women (46.8% versus 28.3% men). Women were more likely than men to have poor visual acuity at 3 months after injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The causes and patterns of open globe injuries differ between men and women. In this series, the majority of injuries to men were caused by projectile objects related to work or home improvement projects. Open globe injuries in women were most often resulted from fall, and were more likely to cause rupture posterior to the limbus.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.forename: Mitesh K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kapadia
authors.forename: Rishi P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sheridan
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hatton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity