title: Management of suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) by D-dimer and multi-slice computed tomography in outpatients: an outcome study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A prospective outcome study designed to evaluate a simple strategy for the management of outpatients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE), based on clinical probability, D-dimer, and multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 432 consecutive patients admitted to the emergency department with suspected PE was managed by sequential non-invasive testing. Patients in whom PE was ruled out were not given anticoagulants, but were followed-up for 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normal D-dimer and low-intermediate clinical probability ruled out PE in 103 patients [24% (95% CI 20-28)]. Seventeen patients had normal D-dimer, but high clinical probability and proceeded to MSCT. All patients proved negative for PE. A total of 329 (76%) patients underwent MSCT examination. Pulmonary embolism was diagnosed in 93 patients [21.5% (95% CI 18-26)] and was ruled out by negative MSCT in 221 patients [51% (95% CI 46-56)]. MSCT scans were determined as inconclusive in 15 (4.5%) patients. No patient developed objectively verified venous thromboembolism (VTE) during the 3-month follow-up period. However, the cause of death was adjudicated as possibly related to PE in two patients, resulting in an overall 3-month VTE risk of 0.6% (95% CI 0-2.2%). The diagnostic algorithm yielded a definite diagnosis in 96.5% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This simple and non-invasive strategy combining clinical probability, D-dimer, and MSCT for the management of outpatients with suspected PE appears to be safe and effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway. waleed.ganima@so-hf.no
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ghanima
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Almaas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aballi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dörje
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Nielssen
authors.forename: L O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Holmen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Almaas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdelnoor
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sandset
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002423:Cause of Death; D019468:Disease Management; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C036309:fibrin fragment D