title: Jewish gynecologists in Germany in the first half of the twentieth century.
abstract: The political changes in Germany of 1933 led to discrimination, expulsion and emigration of Jewish doctors. This article addresses the memory of gynecologists who were eminent physicians or made fundamental discoveries. Short biographies of Ludwig Fraenkel, Selmar Aschheim, Bernhard Zondek, Ludwig Adler, Robert Meyer and Paul Ferdinand Strassmann highlight their work and their links to the Gynecological Society in Berlin and to the German Society of Gynecology, the foundation of the latter being inspired by Wilhelm Alexander Freund from Strasbourg.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rudloff
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ludwig
mesh_terms: D005858:Germany; D006176:Gynecology / Q000266:history*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007585:Jews / Q000266:history*