title: A positron emission tomographic study in spontaneous migraine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional brain imaging in acute migraine has proved challenging because of the logistic problems associated with an episodic condition. Since the seminal observation of brainstem activation in migraine, there has been only a single case substantiating this finding.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that brainstem activation could be detected in migraine and to refine the anatomic localization with higher-resolution positron emission tomography than previously used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using positron emission tomography with radioactive water (H(2)15O), we studied acute migraine attacks occurring spontaneously. Five patients underwent imaging in ictal and interictal states, and the differences were analyzed by means of statistical parametric mapping.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six volunteers with episodic migraine were recruited from advertisements in migraine newsletters. One patient was excluded because of use of preventive medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brainstem activation during migraine state vs interictal state.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients had a typical migrainous aura before the onset of the headache. All of the attacks studied fulfilled standard diagnostic criteria for migraine. Comparing the migraine scans with interictal scans, there was significant activation in the dorsal pons, lateralized to the left (small volume correction, P = .003). Activation was also seen in the right anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, cerebellum, thalamus, insula, prefrontal cortex, and temporal lobes. There was an area of deactivation in the migraine phase also located in the pons, lateralized to the right.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings provide clear evidence of dorsal pontine activation in migraine and reinforce the view that migraine is a subcortical disorder modulating afferent neural traffic.
authors.affiliation: Headache Group, Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, England.
authors.forename: Shazia K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.forename: Nicola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Giffin
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaube
authors.forename: Karl J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Friston
authors.forename: Nick S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Richard S J
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Frackowiak
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Goadsby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D011149:Pons / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D013788:Thalamus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology