title: Regional and institutional variation in the initiation of early do-not-resuscitate orders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders are an important step in decision making about aggressiveness of care for patients in hospitals. The use of DNR orders is known to vary with patient characteristics, but few studies have investigated the role of hospital factors or of regional variation. We examined these influences on the use of early DNR orders (written <24 hours after admission).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients 50 years and older admitted to acute-care hospitals in California in 2000 from the most prevalent medical and surgical diagnosis related groups. We performed multivariate logistic regression predicting use of DNR by hospital characteristics while accounting for patient characteristics, and estimated indirectly standardized rates of DNR use by county.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the selected diagnosis related groups, 819 686 persons were admitted to 386 hospitals. Early DNR orders varied from 2% (patients aged 50-59 years) to 17% (patients aged > or =80 years). In multivariate analyses, the odds of having early DNR orders written were significantly lower in for-profit (vs private nonprofit) hospitals, higher in the smallest (vs the largest) hospitals, and lower in academic (vs nonacademic) hospitals. Standardized rates of DNR order use varied 10-fold across counties. The highest rates were among patients from rural areas. However, variation in use did not correspond well to county population, hospital bed availability, or population density.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hospital characteristics appear to be associated with the use of DNR orders, even after accounting for differences in patient characteristics. This association reflects institutional culture, technological bent, and physician practice patterns. If these factors do not match patient preferences, then improvements in care are needed.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736, USA. dzingmond@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Zingmond
authors.forename: Neil S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Wenger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002140:California; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D016414:Resuscitation Orders; D012189:Retrospective Studies