title: Reduced anterior cingulate glutamate in pediatric major depression: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anterior cingulate cortex has been implicated in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). With single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we reported reductions in anterior cingulate glutamatergic concentrations (grouped value of glutamate and glutamine) in 14 pediatric MDD patients versus 14 case-matched healthy control subjects. These changes might reflect a change in glutamate, glutamine, or their combination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fitting to individually quantify anterior cingulate glutamate and glutamine was performed in these subjects with a new basis set created from data acquired on a 1.5 Tesla General Electric Signa (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wisconsin) magnetic resonance imaging scanner with LCModel (Version 6.1-0; Max-Planck-Institute, Gottingen, Germany).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reduced anterior cingulate glutamate was observed in MDD patients versus control subjects (8.79 +/- 1.68 vs. 11.46 +/- 1.55, respectively, p = .0002; 23% decrease). Anterior cingulate glutamine did not differ significantly between patients with MDD and control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide confirmatory evidence of anterior cingulate glutamate alterations in pediatric MDD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA. drosen@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Frank P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Macmaster
authors.forename: Yousha
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mirza
authors.forename: Janet M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Phillip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Easter
authors.forename: S Preeya
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhandari
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ivey
authors.forename: Rosemond A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Villafuerte
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Perry
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Renshaw
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine; D018698:Glutamic Acid