title: Dietary beta-cryptoxanthin and inflammatory polyarthritis: results from a population-based prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologic studies suggest that the antioxidant potential of dietary carotenoids may protect against the oxidative damage that can result in inflammation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the hypothesis that some dietary carotenoids are associated with a reduced risk of developing inflammatory polyarthritis (IP).
  
  
  METHODS
  The European Prospective Investigation of Cancer Incidence (EPIC)-Norfolk study is a population-based, prospective study of >25,000 subjects who completed a baseline 7-d diet diary and were followed up to identify new cases of IP, which was defined as synovitis that affected > or = 2 joint groups. Dietary carotenoid intakes were computed from the diet diaries of these subjects, and a nested, case-control analysis was undertaken to compare carotenoid intake between case subjects and age- and sex-matched control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-eight incident cases of IP that occurred in the population surveyed were ascertained via the Norfolk Arthritis Register. The mean daily intakes of zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin were 20% and 40% lower, respectively, in the cases than in the 176 controls, but there were no significant differences in the intakes of either lutein or lycopene. Those subjects in the top one-third of intake of zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin were at a lower risk of developing IP than were subjects in the lowest one-third [odds ratios (95% CI): 0.48 (0.24, 0.94) and 0.51 (0.25, 1.02) for zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin, respectively]. The association with beta-cryptoxanthin was significant after adjustments were made for total energy and protein intakes and for cigarette smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data are consistent with previous evidence showing that a modest increase in beta-cryptoxanthin intake, equivalent to one glass of freshly squeezed orange juice per day, is associated with a reduced risk of developing inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research Campaign Epidemiology Unit, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Dorothy J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pattison
authors.forename: Deborah P M
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Symmons
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lunt
authors.forename: Ailsa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Sheila A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: Nicholas E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Silman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001168:Arthritis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene