title: Young gymnasts' understanding of sport-related pain: a contribution to prevention of injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain may signal impending or actual injury, or the achievement of optimum workload to produce a physical conditioning effect. These different functions of pain present a challenge for athletes wanting to improve their skill and conditioning level in the most efficient manner without injury. As children may be particularly vulnerable to exacerbating pain and injury owing to limited knowledge, it is important to learn more about the development of their understanding of pain concepts (e.g. pain as a signal of impending injury vs. soreness from exertion).
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured interview and scoring criteria were developed to measure children's understanding of the functions of pain in sport and the consequences of pain and injury. Competitive gymnasts (6-13 years; n = 68; 63% girls) were interviewed and their responses were scored for indices of understanding of different types of pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age differences were found in: number of different types of pain identified; understanding of pain causality; understanding the value of pain; distinguishing pain from exertion; and use of pain descriptors. Analyses revealed that gymnasts responded differently to different types of pain and were aware of the need to stop their sport in some cases and to continue in others. Most did not describe social pressure to continue gymnastics while in pain. Gymnasts demonstrated an understanding that there was little they could do about chronic pain, yet appreciated that pain or damage could worsen with continued practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study was a first step in elucidating young gymnasts' understanding of sport-related pain. Further research is needed with athletes from other sports, and comparisons should be made with non-athletic children and those with pain from other sources. Within various sports, it will be important to determine the relative effects of age, sex, and number of hours spent training. Appreciation of individual differences in children's understanding of pain may contribute to prevention of injury in sport. For example, children who understand the difference between soreness from exertion and acute pain owing to injury may be able to make better decisions about pain management and continued practice.
authors.affiliation: The Toronto Western Hospital, Rehabilitation Solutions, East Wing, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Nemeth
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: von Baeyer
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Rocha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002663:Child Language; D005260:Female; D006173:Gymnastics / Q000293:injuries* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires