title: Effects of opioids and sedatives on survival in an Australian inpatient palliative care population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether opioid and sedative medication use affects survival (from hospice admission to death) of patients in an Australian inpatient palliative care unit.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Retrospective audit. Newcastle Mercy Hospice--a tertiary referral palliative care unit. All patients who died in the hospice between 1 February and 31 December 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Length of survival from hospice admission to death, and the median and mean doses of opioids and sedatives used in the last 24 h of life. Comparison of these with published studies outside of Australia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, the use of opioids, benzodiazepines and haloperidol did not have an association with shortened survival and the only statistical significant finding was an increased survival in patients who were on 300 mg/day or more of oral morphine equivalent (OME). The proportion of patients requiring greater than or equal to 300 mg OME/day (at 28%) was higher than published studies, but the mean dose of 371 mg OME/day was within the range of other studies. The proportion of patients receiving sedatives (94%) was higher than other studies, but the median dose of parenteral midazolam equivalent of 12.5 mg per 24 h was lower than other studies from outside Australia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no association between the doses of opioids and sedatives on the last day of life and survival (from hospice admission to death) in this population of palliative care patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Palliative Care, Newcastle Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia. Phillip.Good@mater.health.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Good
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Ravenscroft
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cavenagh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017051:Hospice Care; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D019452:Terminally Ill
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009294:Narcotics