title: Evidence of genetic regulation of fetal longitudinal growth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic as well as environmental factors are important determinants of fetal growth but there have been few studies of the influence of paternal factors on fetal growth.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the influence of paternal anthropometry on detailed measurements of offspring at birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study involving biochemistry, and anthropometry, of mothers and fathers at 28 weeks gestation, and detailed anthropometry of children within 24 h of birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  567 White Caucasian singleton, non-diabetic, full term pregnancies recruited from central Exeter, UK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Paternal height, but not paternal BMI, was correlated with birth weight (r = 0.19) and with birth length (r = 0.33). This was independent of potential confounders and maternal height. All measurements of fetal skeletal growth including crown-rump, knee-heel and head circumference were associated with paternal height. Maternal height showed similar correlations with birth weight (r = 0.18) and birth length (r = 0.26). Maternal BMI was correlated with birth weight (r = 0.27) and birth length (r = 0.15). In a multifactorial analysis 38% of the variance in fetal height could be explained by gestation, sex, paternal height, maternal height, maternal glucose, maternal BMI, parity and maternal smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paternal height has an independent influence on size at birth. This predominantly influences length and skeletal growth of the baby. In contrast to maternal obesity the degree of paternal obesity does not influence birth weight. This work suggests that there is genetic regulation of skeletal growth while the maternal environment predominantly alters the adiposity of the fetus.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5AX, UK.
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Beverley M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Roy J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Chittaranjan S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yajnik
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hattersley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001827:Body Height / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D006128:Growth / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors