title: Polymorphisms in inflammation genes and bladder cancer: from initiation to recurrence, progression, and survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since chronic inflammation contributes to tumorigenesis, we hypothesized that the risk and clinical outcome of bladder cancer (BC) might be modulated by genetic variations in inflammation genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the TaqMan method, we genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms in interleukin (IL) -6 (-174 G-->C), IL-8 (-251 T-->A), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha; -308 G-->A), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG; Pro12Ala), and determined their associations with BC initiation and clinical outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the IL-6 variant genotype (C/C) was associated with an increased BC risk (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.25 to 2.51). There were joint effects between the variant IL-6 genotypes and smoking status, and between the variant genotypes of IL-6 and other genes. To assess effect on recurrence, we grouped non-muscle-invasive BC patients according to intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment status: no BCG, induction BCG (iBCG), and maintenance BCG (mBCG). In the Cox proportional hazards model, the variant IL-6 genotype was associated with an increased recurrence risk (hazard ratio [HR], 4.60; 95% CI, 1.24 to 17.09) in patients receiving mBCG. The variant PPARG genotype was associated with a reduced recurrence risk (HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.86) among untreated patients. In patients with non-muscle-invasive BC, the variant IL-6 genotype was associated with an increased progression risk (HR, 1.88; 95% CI, 0.80 to 4.11). In patients with invasive BC, variant IL-6 was associated with improved 5-year overall and disease-specific survival (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.94 and HR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.15 to 1.00, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inflammation gene polymorphisms are associated with modified BC risk, treatment response, and survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leibovici
authors.forename: H Barton
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Colin P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Dinney
authors.forename: Randal E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Millikan
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: Yunfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Xifeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D047495:PPAR gamma; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha