title: Risk of irritable bowel syndrome and depression in women with interstitial cystitis: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the risk of irritable bowel syndrome and depression in women with interstitial cystitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases consisted of 46 women with newly diagnosed interstitial cystitis. The control group consisted of 46 women presenting for an annual gynecologic examination. Data were collected using standardized, validated questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2 groups were similar with respect to age, race, parity, previous pelvic surgery and postmenopausal hormone use. Compared with controls patients with interstitial cystitis were more likely to be diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome (OR 11, 95% CI 2.7 to 52, p <0.001) and depression (OR 3.97, 95% CI 1.17 to 14.1, p <0.05). In the interstitial cystitis group when we compared women with and without depression, we noted that women with depression were significantly more likely to complain of bladder pain, nocturia, abdominal pain and other bowel symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association of irritable bowel syndrome and depression appears to be greater in women with interstitial cystitis than in controls. Additionally, it appears that pain of bladder or bowel origin is a significant cause of depression in women with interstitial cystitis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA. jnovi@obgyn.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Novi
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jeronis
authors.forename: Sindhu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.forename: Radhika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Lily A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Arya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010414:Pennsylvania; D012306:Risk; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires