title: Comparison of neutron activated and radiolabeled microsphere methods for measurement of transmural myocardial blood flow in dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 'gold standard' radioactive microsphere (RM) technique for measurement of organ blood flow under various experimental conditions is inaccessible to many researchers due to increasing environmental concerns regarding safety and disposal of low-level radioactive waste materials. A new method using neutron activated microspheres (NAM) has recently been described.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared regional myocardial blood flows using the new formulation STERIspheres (NAM; 15.0 +/- 0.1 [SD] microm; density 1.5 gr/mL) with RM (15.0 +/- 0.1 [SD] microm; density 1.5 gr/mL) under different experimental conditions during acute ischemia-reperfusion injury in dogs. Random paired combinations of four different RM and NAM were co-injected into the left atrium during autoregulation, coronary occlusion and flow-mediated hyperemia (reperfusion) in the same animal. The left ventricle was divided into non-ischemic and ischemic regions and further subdivided into endocardial, mid-myocardial and epicardial portions. After gamma-counting, blood and myocardial tissue samples (n = 180) were dried and then shipped to a core facility for neutron activation and analysis. NAM-RM blood flow data were directly compared by ANOVA and regression analysis; Bland and Altman analysis was also performed to assess mean differences in blood flow with NAM-RM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A direct relation for blood flow between NAM-RM was observed; the slope of the relation (1.17 RM +/- 0.04 [SEE]) was different from unity but the intercept (0.06 +/- 0.06 [SEE]) was not different from the origin. Intermethod mean differences were minimal between NAM-RM in the low to normal range of blood flow and were increased at the higher blood flow levels the latter being of minor physiological consequence. A direct relation for endo/epicardial blood flow ratios between NAM-RM was also observed; the slope of the relation (0.98 RM +/- 0.04 [SEE]) and the intercept (0.03 +/- 0.06 [SEE]) were not different from unity or the origin, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RESULTS show that in addition to limiting production of radioactive waste materials, NAM accurately measure myocardial blood flow, endocardial/epicardial and ischemic/non-ischemic blood flow distributions over a wide range. We compared myocardial blood flows using paired combinations of neutron activated (NAM) and the 'gold standard' radiolabeled microspheres (RM) co-injected during autoregulation, coronary occlusion and flow-mediated hyperemia in an in situ canine ischemia-reperfusion preparation. A direct relation for blood flow and endo/epicardial blood flow ratios between NAM-RM was observed; intermethod mean differences between NAM-RM were minimal in the low to normal blood flow range but increased at higher blood flow levels. These results indicate that NAM accurately measure myocardial blood flow and its transmural distribution in addition to limiting unnecessary production of radioactive laboratory waste products.
authors.affiliation: Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, G1K 7P4. john.kingma@med.ulaval.ca
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kingma
authors.forename: Denys
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simard
authors.forename: Jacques R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rouleau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003947:Diagnostic Techniques, Radioisotope / Q000592:standards*; D004285:Dogs; D006439:Hemodynamics; D008722:Methods; D008863:Microspheres; D009502:Neutrons; D011868:Radioisotopes; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D015427:Reperfusion Injury
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes