title: Injured rabbit ACL treated by radiofrequency. Effects of cyclic loading.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiofrequency treatment is increasingly used to treat shoulder instability. Patients are asked to restrain their physical activities after this treatment but there is no precise information concerning the necessity for the restrain.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were two groups of ten specimens each. Treatment group specimens were stretched to subfailure injury, treated by a radiofrequency probe, and then cyclically loaded. Control group specimens were stretched to the same subfailure injury, Sham treated, and then cyclically loaded. Between each step of the experiment in both groups there was a relaxation test to examine the ligament viscoelastic properties. At the end, each ligament was stretched to failure and the load-elongation curve obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relaxation forces decreased after the subfailure injury in both groups (average 76% and 81% of intact state, in treatment and control groups, respectively). In the treatment group, the relaxation forces first increased after the radiofrequency treatment (average 99% of intact state), and then decreased after the cyclic loading (average 50% of intact state). The treated ligaments failed at lower loads and smaller deformations than the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The radiofrequency treatment restored viscoelastic properties of the injured ligaments, but cyclic loading degraded these. Protection of the treated ligament is advised during the immediate post-operative period.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: A Merter
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ozenci
authors.forename: Manohar M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Panjabi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D004548:Elasticity; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011817:Rabbits; D000078702:Radiofrequency Therapy; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D012780:Short-Wave Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014783:Viscosity; D016474:Weight-Bearing