title: Esophagus sparing with IMRT in lung tumor irradiation: an EUD-based optimization technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate (1) the use of generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) to optimize dose escalation of lung tumors when the esophagus overlaps the planning target volume (PTV) and (2) the potential benefit of further dose escalation in only the part of the PTV that does not overlap the esophagus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The treatment-planning computed tomography (CT) scans of patients with primary lung tumors located in different regions of the left and right lung were used for the optimization of beamlet intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans. In all cases, the PTV overlapped part of the esophagus. The dose in the PTV was maximized according to 7 different primary cost functions: 2 plans that made use of mean dose (MD) (the reference plan, in which the 95% isodose surface covered the PTV and a second plan that had no constraint on the minimum isodose), 3 plans based on maximizing gEUD for the whole PTV with ever increasing assumptions for tumor aggressiveness, and 2 plans that used different gEUD values in 2 simultaneous, overlapping target volumes (the whole PTV and the PTV minus esophagus). Beam arrangements and NTCP-based costlets for the organs at risk (OARs) were kept identical to the original conformal plan for each case. Regardless of optimization method, the relative ranking of the resulting plans was evaluated in terms of the absence of cold spots within the PTV and the final gEUD computed for the whole PTV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Because the MD-optimized plans lacked a constraint on minimum PTV coverage, they resulted in cold spots that affected approximately 5% of the PTV volume. When optimizing over the whole PTV volume, gEUD-optimized plans resulted in higher equivalent uniform PTV doses than did the reference plan while still maintaining normal-tissue constraints. However, only under the assumption of extremely aggressive tumors could cold spots in the PTV be avoided. Generally, high-level overall results are obtained when optimization in the whole PTV is also associated with a second simultaneous optimization in the PTV minus overlapping portions of the esophagus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intensity modulated radiation therapy optimizations that utilize gEUD-based cost functions for the PTV and NTCP-based constraints for the OARs result in increased doses to large portions of the PTV in cases where the PTV overlaps the esophagus, while still maintaining (and confining to the overlap region) minimum dose coverage equivalent to the homogeneous PTV optimization cases.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Department of Radiation Oncology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0010, USA.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Chapet
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Marc L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: Benedick A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Fraass
authors.forename: Randall K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Ten Haken
mesh_terms: D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011859:Radiography; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*