title: The role of gender and other factors as predictors of not receiving reperfusion therapy and of outcome in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The standard of care for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is prompt coronary reperfusion with thrombolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention. Women have higher mortality rates than men following STEMI and fewer women are considered eligible for reperfusion therapy. We analyzed the impact of gender, and other factors, on the outcome and treatment of STEMI in the TETAMI trial and registry.
  
  
  METHODS
  This exploratory analysis included 2741 patients from Treatment with Enoxaparin and Tirofiban in Acute Myocardial Infarction (TETAMI) presenting with STEMI within 24 hours of symptom onset. The primary composite end point was the combined incidence of all-cause death, recurrent myocardial infarction, and recurrent angina, at 30 days. Three multivariate analyses were performed to determine predictors of not receiving reperfusion therapy, the composite end point, or death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The triple end point occurred in 17.8% of women versus 13.3% of men. Reperfusion therapy was utilized in 38.2% of women versus 47.3% in men. However, age > 75 years, delayed presentation, high systolic blood pressure (> 100) and region (South Africa), were significant, independent predictors of not receiving reperfusion therapy. Significant predictors of the triple end point included not receiving reperfusion therapy, age > 60 years, and higher Killip class. Predictors of death included age > 60 years, low systolic blood pressure, higher Killip class, high heart rate, delayed presentation, and region (South Africa and South America).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female gender was not an independent predictor of outcome or underutilization of reperfusion therapy. Factors more common in female STEMI patients (advanced age and delayed presentation) were associated with not receiving reperfusion therapy and adverse outcome. Increased awareness is needed to reduce delayed presentation after symptom onset, especially among women. Abbreviated abstract. In this analysis of 2741 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients in the TETAMI trial and registry, a trend was observed for women being less likely to receive reperfusion therapy and more likely to have an adverse outcome than men. This was related to factors more common in female patients (advanced age and delayed presentation), and showed that an increased awareness is needed to reduce delayed presentation after symptom onset, especially among women.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, 201 Lyons Avenue, Newark, New Jersey, 07112, USA. marcohen@sbhcs.com
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Gian Franco
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Gensini
authors.forename: Frans
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maritz
authors.forename: Enrique P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Gurfinkel
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Timerman
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santopinto
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Corsini
authors.forename: Pierfranco
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Terrosu
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Joulain
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome