title: Anthocyanins induce cholesterol efflux from mouse peritoneal macrophages: the role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {gamma}-liver X receptor {alpha}-ABCA1 pathway.
abstract: It is widely accepted that stimulation of reverse cholesterol transport, the efflux of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and transferring it to the liver for biliary excretion, is becoming an important component in reducing excess cholesterol deposition in atherosclerotic plaques. The ATP-binding cassette transporter has been identified as a key regulator of macrophage cholesterol efflux and apoAI-mediated reverse cholesterol transport. In vivo studies have documented anthocyanins, a large group of naturally phenolic compounds rich in plants, possess substantial capacities in improving plasma cholesterol levels. In this study, we investigated the potential role of anthocyanins in modulating cholesterol efflux from mouse peritoneal macrophages and macrophage-derived foam cells and the possible molecular mechanism linking ABCA1 to cholesterol efflux. Incubation of the mouse peritoneal macrophages and macrophage-derived foam cells with cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucoside and peonidin-3-O-beta-glucoside led to dose-dependent (1-100 microM) induction in cholesterol efflux and ABCA1 mRNA expression, and this effect could be blocked by the ABCA1 inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, disodium salt, and a general inhibitor of gene transcription actinomycin D. Treatment of the macrophages with anthocyanins also activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, liver X receptor alpha mRNA expression, and their mediated gene expression. Addition of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate ammonium salt or GW9662 markedly inhibited the anthocyanin-induced increase of ABCA1 gene expression and apoAI-mediated cholesterol efflux. These data demonstrated that anthocyanin induces cholesterol efflux from mouse peritoneal macrophages and macrophage-derived foam cells and that stimulation of cholesterol efflux by anthocyanin is mediated, at least in part, by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-liver X receptor alpha-ABCA1 signaling pathway activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Mengjun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Huilian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Dongsheng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Pinghua
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Wenhua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ling
mesh_terms: D017878:4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005487:Foam Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000872:Anthocyanins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; C000605214:Nr1h3 protein, mouse; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D047495:PPAR gamma; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D003609:Dactinomycin; D002784:Cholesterol; D017878:4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid