title: The analgesic efficacy of intravenous versus oral tramadol for preventing postoperative pain after third molar surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic efficacy of single-dose preoperative intravenous versus oral tramadol for preventing pain after third molar surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two patients undergoing elective third molar surgery were randomized to receive either intravenous (n = 36) or oral (n = 36) tramadol 50 mg. The intravenous group received an oral placebo capsule followed by intravenous tramadol 50 mg preoperatively. The oral tramadol group received a 50-mg oral tramadol capsule followed by intravenous placebo saline preoperatively. In both groups, a standard intravenous sedation technique was administered and the impacted third molars were removed under local anesthesia. The difference in postoperative pain was assessed by 4 primary end points: hourly pain intensity as measured by a 100-mm visual analog scale for 8 hours, time to rescue analgesic, postoperative acetaminophen consumption, and a 5-point global assessment scale (0 = poor, 1 = fair, 2 = good, 3 = very good, and 4 = excellent).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Throughout the 8-hour investigation period, patients reported significantly lower pain intensity scores in the intravenous versus oral group (15.9 +/- 9.6 mm versus 36.9 +/- 17.2 mm, P = .03). Patients also reported significantly longer time to rescue analgesic (7.0 hours versus 3.5 hours, P = .00001), lesser postoperative acetaminophen consumption (1,823 +/- 1,266 mg versus 3,558 +/- 1,418 mg, P = .000006), and better global assessment (2.6 +/- 0.9 versus 1.1 +/- 0.8, P = .01) for the intravenous versus oral group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that preoperative intravenous tramadol is superior to oral tramadol for preventing postoperative pain following third molar surgery. However, it should be noted that there is a difference in the bioavailability between the 2 formulations of up to 30%, which may explain the findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore. cliffong@pacific.nat.sg
authors.forename: Cliff K S
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lirk
authors.forename: Juliana M H
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Belle W Y
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Sow
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000601:surgery*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010919:Placebos; D011292:Premedication; D014081:Tooth Extraction / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000601:surgery; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D010919:Placebos; D000082:Acetaminophen; D014147:Tramadol