title: Indications for surgical fusion of the cervical and lumbar motion segment.
abstract: METHODS
  A literature review and the authors' clinical experience for the indication of fusion in the degenerative lumbar and cervical spine is provided.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish absolute and relative criteria for the indication for fusion in the degenerative cervical and lumbar spine.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Fusion in the cervical and lumbar degenerative spine is indicated under certain strict criteria. However, fusion in circumstances not meeting these criteria is controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the literature and the authors' experience concerning indication and criteria of fusion in degenerative, lumbar, and cervical spine is provided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fusion for the unstable spine related to trauma, infection, and tumors is relatively accepted. However, indications for fusion for degenerative, cervical, and lumbar spine are more controversial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lumbar and cervical fusion in the degenerative spine is frequently performed. Certain criteria have been established when a fusion should be considered. However, even these are not universally accepted. Strict prospective studies are needed to determine when a fusion of the degenerative, cervical, and lumbar spine is indicated. Patients with severe radicular pain may be considered for surgery after a comprehensive trial of conservative management. Fusion is usually necessary after a cervical discectomy, especially when spondylosis or osteophytic compression is present. Lumbar fusion is rarely indicated for routine discectomy. In patients with mechanical back or neck pain, surgery should only be considered after conservative measures have been exhausted and a radiographic abnormality is present at the symptomatic level, perhaps with pain concordant with discographic findings. Careful patient selection is the key to obtaining favorable surgical outcomes. In many cases, the goal may be a return to functionality rather than achieving a completely asymptomatic state.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Bambakidis
authors.forename: Iman
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Feiz-Erfan
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Klopfenstein
authors.forename: Volker K H
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Sonntag
mesh_terms: D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion