title: Oral contraceptives and periodontal diseases: rethinking the association based upon analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Historic evidence suggests that use of high-dose combined oral contraceptives (OCs) (containing >50 microg of estrogen and>or=1mg progestin) places women at increased risk for periodontal diseases. Since the mid-1970s, OC formulations have dramatically changed. This study investigated the association between OC use and periodontal diseases among 4,930 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I and 5,001 NHANES III premenopausal U.S. women, aged 17 to 50 years, before and after the reduction of hormone levels in OCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for this cross-sectional study came from the first (NHANES I, 1971 to 1974) and third (NHANES III, 1988 to 1994) NHANES studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of OC use in the U.S. premenopausal female population in NHANES I was 22% and in NHANES III, 20%. Using multivariable logistic regression, a protective association between current OC use and gingivitis was suggestive but not significant in both NHANES I (odds ratio [OR]=0.65; 95% con- fidence interval [CI]: 0.42 to 1.01) and NHANES III (OR=0.80; 95% CI: 0.61 to 1.02) surveys. Current OC use was also associated with a decreased risk of periodontal disease in NHANES I (OR=0.36; 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.96) and a non-significant association in NHANES III (OR=0.73; 95% CI: 0.50 to 1.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis failed to validate the theory that earlier high- or current low-dose OC use is associated with increased levels of gingivitis or periodontitis and suggests an important reexamination of the perceived association between OC use and periodontal diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Prevention, and Geriatrics, University of Michigan Dental School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. hipolite@umich.edu
authors.forename: L Susan
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Taichman
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Eklund
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined