title: Mental imagery. Effects on static balance and attentional demands of the elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of mental imagery in improving motor performance. However, no research has studied the effectiveness of such a technique on static balance in the elderly. This study evaluated the efficiency of a mental imagery technique, aimed at improving static balance by reducing postural oscillations and attentional demands in the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty subjects aged 65 to 90 years old, divided into two groups (8 in Control group and 12 in Experimental group) participated in the study. The experimental participants underwent daily mental imagery training for a period of six weeks. Antero-posterior and lateral oscillations, reaction times during the use of the double-task paradigm were measured, and the Berg Balance Scale, Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale, and VMIQ questionnaire were answered during both pre-test and post-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Attentional demands and postural oscillations (antero-posterior) decreased significantly in the group with mental imagery training compared with those of the Control group. Subjects in the mental imagery group became significantly better in their aptitudes to generate clear vivid mental images, as indicated by the VMIQ questionnaire, whereas no significant difference was observed for the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale or Berg Scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support psychoneuromuscular and motor coding theories associated with mental imagery.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, On, Canada.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hamel
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lajoie
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis