title: Area socioeconomic status and progressive CKD: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individual-level socioeconomic status (SES) has been found to be associated inversely with progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD); the effect of area-level SES on progressive CKD is less known. We conducted a cohort study of 12,856 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study participants to examine the independent risk for progressive CKD associated with living in a low SES area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Progressive CKD is defined as a creatinine level elevation of 0.4 mg/dL or greater (> or = 35 micromol/L) during a 9-year follow-up, hospitalization for CKD, or death. Area-level SES was characterized by using measures of income, wealth, education, and occupation for 1990 US Census block groups of residence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age- and center-adjusted incidence rates (per 1,000 person-years) of progressive CKD by quartiles of area-level SES score showed increasing rates with decreasing SES for African-American women: quartile 1 (Q1; low) = 11.1, Q2 = 10.5, Q3 = 6.4, and Q4 = 7.1 and white men: Q1 = 6.6, Q2 = 4.8, Q3 = 4.0, and Q4 (high) = 3.5, but not for African-American men or white women. Cox proportional hazards models showed that living in the lowest versus the highest SES-area quartile was associated with a 60% greater risk for progressive CKD in white men after adjusting for age, center, baseline creatinine level, body mass index, and individual-level SES (hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 2.5). This risk and trend persisted after adjusting for such potential mediators as health awareness, health care access, and behavioral and physiological factors. We found no significant association of progressive CKD risk and area SES in white women, African-American women, or African-American men after adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For white men, living in a low SES area is independently associated with greater risk for progressive CKD. Future research is needed to examine this association, considering the disparate effects found by race/sex groups.
authors.affiliation: Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. smerkin@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Sharon Stein
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Merkin
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coresh
authors.forename: Ana V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Diez Roux
authors.forename: Herman A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Neil R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Powe
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006798:Housing / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009790:Occupations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012306:Risk; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine