title: Citrullination of fibronectin in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Citrullination, catalysed by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD), is the post-translational modification of peptidylarginine to citrulline, which is intimately involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Fibronectin (Fn), a large glycoprotein, is expressed at high levels in arthritic joints and it mediates various physiological processes through interactions with cell-surface integrin receptors and growth factors. We investigated the citrullination of Fn and its potential contribution to the pathogenesis of RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  We localized Fn expression and citrullination in RA synovial tissue by immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation and western blotting. We also determined levels of citrullinated Fn in plasma from RA patients using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After incubating Fn with rabbit skeletal muscle PAD, we examined the binding ability of citrullinated Fn to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and integrin beta1 using a solid-phase receptor binding assay as well as the effect of the citrullinated Fn on apoptosis using cultured HL-60 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemistry and western blotting analysis indicated that Fn formed extracellular aggregates that were specifically citrullinated in RA synovial tissue. No Fn deposits were observed in synovial tissues of osteoarthritis (OA). Sandwich ELISA detected higher levels of citrullinated Fn in plasma from patients with RA than from healthy controls or those with systemic lupus erythematosus. Following citrullination in vitro, the affinity of Fn for VEGF increased, but binding activity to integrin beta1 decreased and Fn no longer stimulated the apoptosis of monocytes induced from cultured HL-60 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the citrullination of Fn is a specific event for RA synovium, although others have detected citrullinated total proteins in inflamed synovial tissue of RA and non-RA patients. Citrullination of Fn could alter interactions between Fn and its receptors and growth factors, consequently contributing to mechanisms of RA pathogenesis such as perturbed angiogenesis and apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: The Laboratory for Rheumatic Diseases, SNP Research Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 1-7-22 Suehiro, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan. changxt@126.com
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kochi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002956:Citrulline / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D019012:Integrin beta1 / Q000378:metabolism; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000378:metabolism; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005353:Fibronectins; D019012:Integrin beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D002956:Citrulline