title: Demographic pattern and clinical characteristics of patients with smear- positive pulmonary tuberculosis in kuwait.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to document various clinical factors that are likely to be of help in the control of tuberculosis in Kuwait.
  
  
  METHODS
  Details of patients with sputum positive for acid-fast bacilli in the period from January 1998 to December 2000 were collected retrospectively from the case records and population statistics from government sources. The data were then tabulated and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 526 cases, 83.5% were expatriates and 16.5% Kuwaiti; 373 (70.9%) were male. Of the expatriates, 66.7% were from Asia and the Far East, 5.7% were > or =60 years. The annual incidence was 8.34 per 100,000 population. The lowest incidence was observed in the Jahrah governorate with an overall incidence of 5 (2.0 among Kuwaitis and 6.4 among expatriates) per 100,000 population. The highest incidence overall (10.2) and among Kuwaitis (4.1) was observed in the Farwaniya governorate, while the highest incidence among expatriates was seen in the Capital governorate (13.4). Radiologically, 94 (19.5%) had minimal, 246 (51.5%) had moderately advanced and 141 (29.3%) far-advanced disease. The majority of the patients (72%) had only + status for AFB in the smear. Hypercalcemia (25.7%), hyponatremia (22.15%) and hyperglycemia (29.9%) were common in the patients. Mean serum albumin was low (28.7 +/- 5.5 g/l). Two hundred and forty-seven (47.2%) were declared cured while 116 (22.2%) completed treatment. Comparison between nationals and expatriates showed a significant difference only for age, smoking status, defaulter rate and place of residence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lowest regional incidence was found in the Jahrah governorate. Both biochemical abnormalities and radiologically advanced presentations were common. Disease pattern and response to treatment was purely individual and did not differ with respect to nationality or race.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait. drjayakrish@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Adnan T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Abal
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jayakrishnan
authors.forename: Shahid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parwer
authors.forename: Abdul Salam
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: El Shamy
authors.forename: Mousa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khadadah
authors.forename: Adel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayed
authors.forename: Alia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al Alawi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003710:Demography; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D007730:Kuwait / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012042:Registries; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*