title: Detection, quantification and genotyping of Herpes Simplex Virus in cervicovaginal secretions by real-time PCR: a cross sectional survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Genital Ulcer Disease (GUD) is an important public health problem, whose interaction with HIV results in mutually enhancing epidemics. Conventional methods for detecting HSV tend to be slow and insensitive. We designed a rapid PCR-based assay to quantify and type HSV in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) fluid of subjects attending a Genito-Urinary Medicine (GUM) clinic. Vaginal swabs, CVL fluid and venous blood were collected. Quantitative detection of HSV was conducted using real time PCR with HSV specific primers and SYBR Green I. Fluorogenic TaqMan Minor Groove Binder (MGB) probes designed around a single base mismatch in the HSV DNA polymerase I gene were used to type HSV in a separate reaction. The Kalon test was used to detect anti-HSV-2 IgG antibodies in serum. Testing for HIV, other Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) and related infections was based on standard clinical and laboratory methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy consecutive GUM clinic attendees were studied. Twenty-seven subjects (39%) had detectable HSV DNA in CVL fluid; HSV-2 alone was detected in 19 (70%) subjects, HSV-1 alone was detected in 4 (15%) subjects and both HSV types were detected in 4 (15%) subjects. Eleven out of 27 subjects (41%) with anti-HSV-2 IgG had detectable HSV-2 DNA in CVL fluid. Seven subjects (10%) were HIV-positive. Three of seven (43%) HIV-infected subjects and two of five subjects with GUD (40%) were secreting HSV-2. None of the subjects in whom HSV-1 was detected had GUD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quantitative real-time PCR and Taqman MGB probes specific for HSV-1 or -2 were used to develop an assay for quantification and typing of HSV. The majority of subjects in which HSV was detected had low levels of CVL fluid HSV, with no detectable HSV-2 antibodies and were asymptomatic.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia. earyee@mrc.gm
authors.forename: Esther A N
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Aryee
authors.forename: Robin L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Angels
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Natividad-Sancho
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D012634:Bodily Secretions / Q000821:virology*; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000821:virology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D003959:Diamines; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011804:Quinolines; D018139:Simplexvirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014621:Vagina / Q000821:virology*; D044364:Vaginal Douching
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D003959:Diamines; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D011804:Quinolines; C098022:SYBR Green I