title: [Inhibition of proliferation of hepatic stellate cells by taurine is mediated via regulating cell cycle proteins].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the possible mechanism(s) of taurine-inhibiting the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC), this study investigated the effect of taurine on the HSC cell cycle and its regulatory protein expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay. Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell cycle regulatory protein Cyclin D1 and P21waf1 expression were determined by immunocytochemistry and image-analysis system, and real-time quantitative PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HSC proliferation was markedly inhibited when HSC were treated with taurine at concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mmol/L for 48 hours, and the inhibition rates were 6.7%, 14.4%, 23.3%, 32.2%, 36.7% and 45.6% respectively (P < 0.05-0.01). In the flow cytometry analysis, it was found that taurine could block HSC in the G0/G1 phase from entering the S phase, resulting in more cells in the G0/G1 phase and fewer in the S phase. The percentage of the cells in the G0/G1 phase and the S phase at the dosage of 40 mmol/L were 68.2%+/-1.4% and 26.2+/-1.3% respectively, which was significantly different in comparison to the controls (56.2%+/-1.7% and 38.5%+/-0.8% respectively, P < 0.01). HSC expressed cyclin D1 and P21waf1. Taurine inhibited cyclin D1 expression and induced P21waf1 expression. The cyclin D1 protein and mRNA in the HSC treated with 40 mmol/L taurine were significantly reduced compared with the controls [protein (optical density value): 0.13+/-0.02 versus 0.18+/-0.02, P < 0.01; mRNA: 5776.7+/-3345.0 versus 18,400.6+/-1374.8 copies/10(6) GAPDH, P < 0.01]; and the P21waf1 protein and mRNA were markedly increased compared with the controls [protein (optical density value): 0.19+/-0.02 versus 0.14+/-0.01, P < 0.01; mRNA: 44,866.7+/-3910.7 versus 16,933.3+/-960.9 copies/10(6) GAPDH, P less than 0.05].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyclin D1 and P21waf1 were cell cycle regulatory proteins in HSC, and taurine can inhibit the HSC cyclin D1 expression and stimulate P21waf1 expression, facilitate arresting cells in G0/G1 phase, and suppress cell proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China. chenyuexiang@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Yue-xiang
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Si-wen
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xing-rong
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Su
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wei-fen
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D051381:Rats; D013654:Taurine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D019938:Cyclin D1; D013654:Taurine