title: Low pressure CO2 storage of raw milk: microbiological effects.
abstract: The effects of holding raw milk under carbon dioxide pressures of 68 to 689 kPa at temperatures of 5, 6.1, 10, and 20 degrees C on the indigenous microbiota were investigated. These pressure-temperature combinations did not cause precipitation of proteins from the milk. Standard plate counts from treated milks demonstrated significantly lower growth rate compared with untreated controls at all temperatures, and in some cases, the treatment was microcidal. Raw milk treated with CO2 and held at 6.1 degrees C for 4 d exhibited reduced bacterial growth rates at pressures of 68, 172, 344, and 516 kPa; and at 689 kPa, demonstrated a significant loss of viability in standard plate count assays. The 689-kPa treatment also reduced gram-negative bacteria and total Lactobacillus spp. The time required for raw milk treated at 689 kPa and held at 4 degrees C to reach 4.30 log10 cfu/mL increased by 4 d compared with untreated controls. Total coliform counts in the treated milk were maintained at 1.95 log10 cfu/mL by d 9 of treatment, whereas counts in the control significantly increased to 2.61 log10 cfu/mL by d 4 and 2.89 log10 cfu/mL by d 9. At d 8, Escherichia coli counts had not significantly changed in treated milk, but significantly increased in the control milk. Thermoduric bacteria counts after 8 d were 1.32 log10 cfu/mL in treated milk and 1.98 log10 cfu/mL in control milk. These data indicated that holding raw milk at low CO2 pressure reduces bacterial growth rates without causing milk protein precipitation. Combining low CO2 pressure and refrigeration would improve the microbiological quality and safety of raw milk and may be an effective strategy for shipping raw single strength or concentrated milk over long distances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rajagopal
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hotchkiss
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D003080:Cold Temperature; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005285:Fermentation; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007778:Lactobacillus; D007785:Lactose / Q000378:metabolism; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology*; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D011312:Pressure; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008894:Milk Proteins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D007785:Lactose