title: End-systolic pressure/volume relationship during dobutamine stress echo: a prognostically useful non-invasive index of left ventricular contractility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (PVR) provides a robust, relatively load-insensitive evaluation of contractility and can be assessed non-invasively during exercise echo. Dobutamine might provide an exercise-independent alternative approach to assess inotropic reserve. The feasibility of a non-invasive estimation of PVR during dobutamine stress in the echo lab and its relationship with subsequent clinical events was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 137 consecutive patients referred for dobutamine stress echo. To build the PVR, the force was determined at different heart rate increments during stepwise dobutamine infusion as the ratio of the systolic pressure/end-systolic volume index. The PVR at increasing heart rate was flat-biphasic in 65 and up-sloping in 72 patients: 42 patients underwent surgery and 95 patients were treated medically (median follow-up, 18 months; interquartile range, 12-24). Events occurred in 18 patients (death in eight, acute heart failure in 10); a flat-biphasic PVR was independent predictor of events (RR=10.16, P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PVR is feasible during dobutamine stress. This index of global contractility is reasonably simple, does not affect the imaging time, and only minimally prolongs the off-line analysis time. It allows unmasking quite different, and heterogeneous, contractility reserve patterns underlying a given ejection fraction at rest. The best survival is observed in patients with up-sloping PVR, whereas flat-biphasic pattern is a strong predictor of cardiac events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Internal Medicine, Ospedali Riuniti, Bergamo, Italy.
authors.forename: Aurelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grosu
authors.forename: Tonino
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bombardini
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Senni
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Duino
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gori
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Picano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002306:Cardiac Volume / Q000502:physiology; D025401:Echocardiography, Stress / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*