title: Complementary stimulation of hepatobiliary transport and detoxification systems by rifampicin and ursodeoxycholic acid in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rifampicin (RIFA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) improve symptoms and biochemical markers of liver injury in cholestatic liver diseases by largely unknown mechanisms. We aimed to study the molecular mechanisms of action of these drugs in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty otherwise healthy gallstone patients scheduled for cholestectomy were randomized to RIFA (600 mg/day for 1 week) or UDCA (1 g/day for 3 weeks) or no medication before surgery. Routine biochemistry, lipids, and surrogate markers for P450 activity (4beta-hydroxy cholesterol, 4beta-OH-C) and bile acid synthesis (7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, C-4) were measured in serum. Bile acids were analyzed in serum, urine, and bile. A wedge liver biopsy specimen was taken to study expression of hepatobiliary ABC transporters as well as detoxification enzymes and regulatory transcription factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RIFA enhanced bile acid detoxification as well as bilirubin conjugation and excretion as reflected by enhanced expression of CYP3A4, UGT1A1, and MRP2. These molecular effects were paralleled by decreased bilirubin and deoxycholic acid concentrations in serum and decreased lithocholic and deoxycholic acid concentrations in bile. UDCA on the other hand stimulated the expression of BSEP, MDR3, and MRP4. UDCA became the predominant bile acid after UDCA treatment and lowered the biliary cholesterol saturation index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RIFA enhances bile acid detoxification as well as bilirubin conjugation and export systems, whereas UDCA stimulates the expression of transporters for canalicular and basolateral bile acid export as well as the canalicular phospholipid flippase. These independent but complementary effects may justify a combination of both agents for the treatment of cholestatic liver diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden. hanns-ulrich.marschall@medhs.ki.se
authors.forename: Hanns-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Marschall
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Gernot
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zollner
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fickert
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Diczfalusy
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gumhold
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Silbert
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fuchsbichler
authors.forename: Lisbet
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benthin
authors.forename: Rosita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grundström
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Staffan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sahlin
authors.forename: Curt
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Einarsson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trauner
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D002780:Cholestasis, Intrahepatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D008102:Liver Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D012016:Reference Values; D012293:Rifampin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid; D012293:Rifampin