title: Anatomical study of the cutaneous perforator arteries and vascularisation of the biceps femoris muscle.
abstract: We present an anatomical study that describes the distribution of the cutaneous perforators (CP) of both heads of the biceps femoris muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we dissected 18 legs from nine cadavers. The study was centered on the biceps femoris muscle and musculocutaneous perforator arteries from both muscular heads. Only perforator arteries with comitant vein diameters of over 0.5 mm were selected. The vascular origin and length were also studied. In all cases, measurements were taken from the bicondyle line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measurements taken from the muscle bellies of the biceps gave the following results; for the long head 33.91 cm as medium length (SD = 2.70) and for the short head 23.85 cm as medium length (SD = 2.96). The total number of perforator arteries obtained from the two muscle bellies was 139, with the greatest percentage located in the lower half of the thigh. The majority follow an intramuscular route (80.48%) and less frequently they are septals (19.52%). The lengths of perforator arteries from its origin in the axial vessel of the muscle to the subcutaneous fat were, for the short head 5.01+/-1.33 (3.0-10.0), whereas the same measurement, in the long head was 4.54+/-1.36 (2.5-9.0). The principal vascular origin of the perforator arteries was the popliteal artery in both muscle bellies, whilst the second arterial vessel in importance was the first and second profunda perforator artery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the results obtained in our work, we can deduce that it is always possible to locate perforator arteries in both muscle bellies; most frequently they have intramuscular distribution and are located in the proximity of the vascular septum. Their most common origins are the popliteal artery and first and second profunda perforator artery. Finally, it is possible to design pedicle and free flaps, with less morbidity and more versatility than musculocutaneous flaps.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Human Anatomy, University Miguel Hernandez School of Medicine, Crta. Nacional Alicante-Valencia, Km-332, s/n San Juan, 03550 Alicante, Spain. josesalvador@eresmas.com
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Salvador-Sanz
authors.forename: A Novo
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: F Terol
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Calpena
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sanz-Gimenez-Rico
authors.forename: S Carnero
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: E Lorda
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Barraquer
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D011150:Popliteal Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014650:Vasa Nervorum / Q000033:anatomy & histology