title: Effects of nitrogen deficiency on photosynthetic traits of maize hybrids released in different years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  New maize (Zea mays) hybrids outperformed old ones even at reduced N rates. Understanding the mechanisms of the differences in performance between newer and older hybrids under N deficiency could provide avenues for breeding maize cultivars with large yield under N deficiency, and reduce environmental pollution caused by N fertilizers.
  
  
  METHODS
  N deficiency effects on grain weight, plant weight, harvest index, leaf area and photosynthetic traits were studied in the field for six maize hybrids released during the past 50 years to compare their tolerance and to explore their physiological mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  N deficiency decreased grain yield and plant weight in all hybrids, especially in the older hybrids. However, there was no significant difference in harvest index, rate of light-saturated photosynthesis (Psat) 20 d before flowering, leaf area or plant weight at flowering between the N-deficient and control plants of all hybrids. Dry matter production after flowering of the N-deficient plants was significantly lower than that of the control plants in all hybrids, especially in the older hybrids, and was mostly due to differences in the rate of decrease in photosynthetic capacity during this stage. The lower Psat of the older hybrids was not due to stomatal limitation, as there was no significant difference in stomatal conductance (gs) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) between the hybrids. N deficiency accelerated senescence, i.e. decreased chlorophyll and soluble protein contents, after anthesis more for the earlier released hybrids than for the later ones. N deficiency decreased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) activity significantly more in older hybrids than newer hybrids, and affected the maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) only in the old hybrids and at the late stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with older (earlier released) hybrids, newer (later released) hybrids maintained greater plant and grain weight under N deficiency because their photosynthetic capacity decreased more slowly after anthesis, associated with smaller non-stomatal limitations due to maintenance of PEPCase activity, and chlorophyll and soluble protein content.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Quantitative Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, 100093 Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D008027:Light; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D002734:Chlorophyll; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009584:Nitrogen