title: A high calcium-phosphate product is associated with high C-reactive protein concentrations in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An elevated CaxPO4 product and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been associated with coronary artery calcification and increased cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. However, it has not been defined, so far, whether and how both parameters are related to each other. For this reason we have evaluated in a cross-sectional and in an interventional study the possible correlation between CaxPO4 and CRP and the effect of the correction of a high CaxPO4 on CRP levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  47 uremic patients (age 65 +/- 16 years) on regular chronic HD were selected from a total population of 125 prevalent patients treated at our Institution. Patients had no clinical evidence of either acute infectious or inflammatory diseases for at least 4 weeks before the study. They were on regular bicarbonate HD for 6-329 months (median 42). CRP, hemoglobin (Hb), serum albumin (sAlb), protein catabolic rate (PCRn), serum calcium (Ca), serum phosphorus (PO4), CaxPO4, intact PTH, Kt/V, presence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and/or peripheral vascular disease (PVD) were recorded. CRP was Ln-transformed in all statistical analyses because of positive skewness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main findings were: LnCRP 2.17 +/- 0.77 mg/l, Ca 10.1 +/- 0.4 mg/dl, PO4 5.8 +/- 0.6 mg/dl, CaxPO4 59 +/- 6 mg2/dl2, andPTHint 218 +/- 195 ng/ml. 18/47 had IHD, 18/47 PVD. A significant hyperbolic correlation between CaxPO4 and CRP was observed. A piecewise linear regression model analysis identified a break-point for CaxPO4 at 55 mg2/dl2. Comparison of CRP levels after the division of the patients into two groups according to CaxPO4 break-point (group A, CaxPO4 < or = 55 mg2/dl2, n = 16 patients; group B, CaxPO4 >55 mg2/dl2, n = 31 patients) showed that CRP levels were significantly lower in patients in group A (LnCRP 1.43 +/- 0.22 mg/l) than in group B (LnCRP 2.55 +/- 0.67 mg/l, p < 0.0001). Multiple regression analysis bearing LnCRP as dependent variable confirmed CaxPO4 as the most significant variable among the other variables examined. In 22 patients with CaxPO4 > or = 60 mg2/dl2, we performed intensive lowering of the CaxPO4 product in order to reach and maintain a CaxPO4 , or =55 mg2/dl2 for 3 months. At the end of observation, a significant reduction in CaxPO4 and LnCRP was observed (CaxPO4 pre 62.8 +/- 1.9 vs. post 46.3 +/- 6.2 mg2/dl2: p < 0.0001; LnCRP pre 2.32 +/-0.36 vs. post 1.83 +/- 0.14 mg/l: p < 0.0001). No significant variation in the other biochemical parameters was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that in chronic HD patients in steady clinical conditions with no clinical evidence of either infectious or inflammatory diseases, a high CaxPO4 is associated with high CRP concentrations. Intensive lowering of CaxPO4 reduces CRP
authors.forename: Ezio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Movilli
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Feliciani
authors.forename: Corrado
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Camerini
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brunori
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zubani
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scolari
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parrinello
authors.forename: Giovanni C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Cancarini
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011073:Polyamines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D000069603:Sevelamer; D014511:Uremia / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D011073:Polyamines; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; C020243:calcium phosphate; D000069603:Sevelamer; D002119:Calcium Carbonate