title: Cholestasis in acute stroke: an investigation on its prevalence and etiology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Liver cholestatic enzymes and/or bilirubin occasionally occur in acute stroke and are usually, but not always, ascribed to comorbid conditions. We investigated the frequency and possible etiology of this phenomenon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective evaluation of post-admission biochemical cholestasis of all patients hospitalized with acute stroke was conducted during a 21-month period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 169 consecutive patients, 18 (10.7%) developed cholestasis. In 7 of the patients (4.1%; 4 M, 3 F, median age 70 years, range 57-82 years) no apparent cause of cholestasis could be found, and they were further evaluated (Group A). These patients were compared with 21 randomly selected stroke patients without cholestasis, matched for age and gender, and who acted as controls (Group B). Group A patients were in a deeper coma than the controls (Glasgow Coma Scale 3.4 +/- 0.8 versus 1.9 +/- 0.7, p < 0.001), associated with severe autonomic and hypothalamic involvement, while no such manifestations were present in Group B (p < 0.001). Cholestasis started on the 3rd-6th day and lasted up to the 11th-25th day, with maximum median levels of gamma-GT and serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) of up to 4.38 (range 2.33-8.25) and 1.49 (range 0.63-2.56) times the upper limit of normal, respectively. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), total and direct bilirubin increased in Group A but not in Group B. The common bile duct was significantly wider in Group A than in Group B (7.7 +/- 0.5 versus 4.7 +/- 0.6 mm, p < 0.001) and within Group A during and after cholestasis (7.7 +/- 0.5 versus 4.7 +/- 0.5 mm, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transient cholestasis may occur in 4.1% of patients following acute stroke. Cholestasis is associated with deeper coma, autonomic and hypothalamic involvement and common bile duct dilatation without obstruction, possibly related to inordinate hypertonia of the sphincter of Oddi.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sevastos
authors.forename: Savvas P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Savvas
authors.forename: Petros I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Rafailidis
authors.forename: Emanuel K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Manesis
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002765:Cholecystography / Q000379:methods; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015996:Survival Rate