title: Structural basis for the activation of cholera toxin by human ARF6-GTP.
abstract: The Vibrio cholerae bacterium causes devastating diarrhea when it infects the human intestine. The key event is adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation of the human signaling protein GSalpha, catalyzed by the cholera toxin A1 subunit (CTA1). This reaction is allosterically activated by human ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), a family of essential and ubiquitous G proteins. Crystal structures of a CTA1:ARF6-GTP (guanosine triphosphate) complex reveal that binding of the human activator elicits dramatic changes in CTA1 loop regions that allow nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to bind to the active site. The extensive toxin:ARF-GTP interface surface mimics ARF-GTP recognition of normal cellular protein partners, which suggests that the toxin has evolved to exploit promiscuous binding properties of ARFs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Claire J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: O'Neal
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Jobling
authors.forename: Randall K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Wim G J
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Hol
mesh_terms: D000089982:ADP-Ribosylation Factor 6; D020727:ADP-Ribosylation Factors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D019281:Dimerization; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006153:Guanosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary
chemical_list: D000089982:ADP-Ribosylation Factor 6; D009243:NAD; D006153:Guanosine Diphosphate; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D002772:Cholera Toxin; D020727:ADP-Ribosylation Factors; C000715348:ARF6 protein, human