title: Statins prevent pulsatile stretch-induced proliferation of human saphenous vein smooth muscle cells via inhibition of Rho/Rho-kinase pathway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pulsatile forces regulate vascular remodeling and trigger vascular diseases such as saphenous vein graft disease. The saphenous vein is exposed to high pressure and pulsatility only after implantation. Statins have been proved to reduce the incidence of vein graft failure. Thus, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of pulsatile stretch-induced saphenous vein smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and potential beneficial effects of statins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human saphenous vein SMCs were subjected to cyclic stretch (60 cycles/min) in Flex I plates. Cerivastatin and simvastatin significantly prevented stretch-induced increase in SMC proliferation. Stretch induced the membrane accumulation of Rho A and Rho kinase inhibitors (Y-27632 and hydroxyfasudil) and dominant negative Rho A mutant significantly prevented stretch-induced SMC proliferation. In addition, stretch increased the levels of both p44/42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and Akt phosphorylation. MAP kinase kinase (MEK)1/2 inhibitor U0126, phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase inhibitors (wortmannin and LY294002), and dominant negative Akt mutant significantly prevented stretch-induced SMC proliferation. Cerivastatin significantly prevented stretch-induced membrane accumulation of Rho A. On the other hand, stretch-induced phosphorylation of p44/42 MAP kinase and Akt was not prevented by cerivastatin. Mevalonate restored the preventive effect of cerivasatain on stretch-induced Rho A membrane accumulation. Stretch induced hyperphosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb), which was prevented by cerivastatin and the Rho kinase inhibitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statins prevent stretch-induced saphenous vein SMC proliferation via inhibition of the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway. This may explain the beneficial effects of this class of drug, especially for patients after coronary artery bypass grafting.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kozai
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eto
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimokawa
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lüscher
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002458:Cell Fractionation; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012501:Saphenous Vein; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011725:Pyridines; C086276:cerivastatin; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins