title: [Appropriate dose of isobaric bupivacaine with fentanyl in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spinal anesthesia combined with fentanyl is commonly used for cesarean section. We studied the appropriate dose of isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia when combined with a fixed dose of 20 microg fentanyl.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven women scheduled for cesarean section were allocated into four-groups according to the dose of 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine with 20 microg fentanyl; 1.0 ml (n=5), 1.5 ml (n=11), 2.0 ml (n=11), and 2.5 ml (n=20).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The requirement of epidural anesthesia for pain relief or muscle relaxant was less in the 2.0 ml and 2.5 ml groups than the other groups. However, dyspnea due to high spinal anesthesia developed in 3 subjects out of 20 in the 2.5 ml group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two ml of 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine was the most appropriate dose for cesarean section, when combined with 20 microg of fentanyl.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Kansai Medical University Hospital, Moriguchi 570-8506.
authors.forename: Michiyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kimoto
authors.forename: Kouhei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murao
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shirane
authors.forename: Sachiyo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: Koh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shingu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine