title: Striking deposition of toxic eosinophil major basic protein in mucus: implications for chronic rhinosinusitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanisms by which eosinophilic inflammation damages the epithelium and contributes to recurrent acute exacerbations in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have not been fully elucidated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypotheses that eosinophils deposit toxic major basic protein (MBP) in the mucus and that MBP reaches concentrations able to damage the sinonasal epithelium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue specimens with mucus attached to the tissue were carefully collected from 22 patients with CRS and examined by using immunofluorescence staining for MBP. This immunofluorescence was digitally analyzed to determine the area covered by MBP and the intensity of the staining (estimating MBP concentration). Levels of MBP in extracts from nasal mucus were quantitated by means of RIA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heterogeneous eosinophilia was evident within tissue and mucus specimens. All tissue specimens showed intact eosinophils, but diffuse extracellular MBP deposition, as a marker of eosinophil degranulation, was rare. In contrast, all mucus specimens showed diffuse MBP throughout and abundant diffuse extracellular MBP deposition within clusters of eosinophils. Digitized analyses of MBP immunofluorescence revealed increased area coverage (P < .0001) in mucus compared with that seen in tissue. Estimated concentrations of MBP within the clusters suggested toxic levels. MBP concentrations in mucus extract reached 11.7 microg/mL; MBP was not detectable in healthy control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with CRS, eosinophils form clusters in the mucus where they release MBP, which is diffusely deposited on the epithelium, a process not observed in the tissue. Estimated MBP levels far exceed those needed to damage epithelium from the luminal side and could predispose patients with CRS to secondary bacterial infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. ponikau.jens@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Jens U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Ponikau
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sherris
authors.forename: Gail M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Kephart
authors.forename: Eugene B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Congdon
authors.forename: Cheryl R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Adolphson
authors.forename: Margaret J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Springett
authors.forename: Gerald J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gleich
authors.forename: Hirohito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kita
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015550:Cell Degranulation; D002908:Chronic Disease; D047093:Eosinophil Major Basic Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009093:Mucus / Q000378:metabolism*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase / Q000032:analysis; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D047093:Eosinophil Major Basic Protein; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase