title: Warfarin plus aspirin after myocardial infarction or the acute coronary syndrome: meta-analysis with estimates of risk and benefit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After the acute coronary syndrome, adding warfarin to standard aspirin therapy decreases myocardial infarction and stroke but increases major bleeding.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the risks and benefits of warfarin therapy after the acute coronary syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE from 1990 to October 2004. Additional data were obtained from study authors. Clinical risk factors were used to classify hypothetical patients into cardiovascular and bleeding risk groups on the basis of published data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized trials comparing intensive warfarin therapy (international normalized ratio > 2.0) plus aspirin with aspirin alone after the acute coronary syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently selected studies and extracted data on study design; quality; and clinical outcomes, including myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization, death, and major and minor bleeding. Rate ratios for outcomes were calculated and pooled by using the method of DerSimonian and Laird.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten trials involving a total of 5938 patients (11,334 patient-years) met the study criteria. Compared with aspirin alone, warfarin plus aspirin was associated with a decrease in the annual rate of myocardial infarction (0.022 vs. 0.041; rate ratio, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.46 to 0.69]), ischemic stroke (0.004 vs. 0.008; rate ratio, 0.46 [CI, 0.27 to 0.77]), and revascularization (0.115 vs. 0.135; rate ratio, 0.80 [CI, 0.67 to 0.95]). Warfarin was associated with an increase in major bleeding (0.015 vs. 0.006; rate ratio, 2.5 [CI, 1.7 to 3.7]). Mortality did not differ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two large studies provided most of the data. Studies did not include coronary stenting, and results should not be applied to patients with stents. Relative risk reductions may not be consistent across risk groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients with the acute coronary syndrome who are at low or intermediate risk for bleeding, the cardiovascular benefits of warfarin outweigh the bleeding risks.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts 01199, USA. Michael.Rothberg@bhs.org
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Rothberg
authors.forename: Carmel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Celestin
authors.forename: Louis D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lawler
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D013577:Syndrome; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D014859:Warfarin; D001241:Aspirin