title: Effect of pulsed ultrasound in combination with gentamicin on bacterial viability in biofilms on bone cements in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to investigate whether pulsed ultrasound (US) in combination with gentamicin yields a decreased viability of bacteria in biofilms on bone cements in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacterial survival on bone cement in the presence and absence of ultrasound was compared in a rabbit model. Two bone cement samples with an Escherichia coli ATCC 10798 biofilm were implanted in a total of nine rabbits. In two groups bone cement discs loaded with gentamicin, freshly prepared and aged were used, and in one group unloaded bone cement discs in combination with systemically administered gentamicin. Pulsed ultrasound with a frequency of 28.48 kHz and a maximum acoustic intensity of 500 mW cm(-2) was applied continuously from 24 h till 72 h postsurgery on one of the two implanted discs. After euthanization and removal of the bacteria from the discs, the number of viable bacteria were quantified and skin samples were analysed for histopathological examination. Application of ultrasound, combined with gentamicin, reduced the viability of the biofilms in all three groups varying between 58 and 69% compared with the negative control. Histopathological examinations showed no skin lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound resulted in a tendency of improved efficacy of gentamicin, either applied locally or systemically. Usage of ultrasound in this model proved to be safe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study implies that ultrasound could improve the prevention of infection immediately after surgery, especially because the biomaterials, gentamicin and ultrasound used in this model are all in clinical usage, but not yet combined in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Ensing
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Roeder
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: van Horn
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: van der Mei
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Busscher
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Pitt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D001843:Bone Cements; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D011817:Rabbits; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001843:Bone Cements; D005839:Gentamicins