title: Psychological, behavioral, and family characteristics of pediatric patients with chronic pain: a 1-year retrospective study and cluster analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There has been a longstanding recognition that adult patients with chronic pain are not a homogenous population and that there are subgroups of patients who report high levels of distress and interpersonal difficulties as well as subgroups of patients who report little distress and high functioning. The purpose of the present study was to attempt to identify similar subgroups in a pediatric chronic pain population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 117 children with chronic pain and their parents who were assessed in a multidisciplinary pain clinic during 2001. Participants completed a set of psychologic self-report questionnaires, as well as demographic and pain characteristic information. A cluster analysis was conducted to identify 3 distinct subgroups of patients to replicate similar studies of adult chronic pain sufferers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, mean scores were within population norms on measures of distress and family functioning, with somatic symptoms at a level of clinical significance. The cluster analysis identified the 3 subgroups that were strikingly similar to those identified in adult chronic pain populations: one with high levels of distress and disability, another with relatively low scores on distress and disability, and a third group that scored in between the other 2 on these measures but with marked low family cohesion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The similarity of these subgroups to the adult chronic pain population subgroups as well as implications for future studies are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Pain Treatment Service, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, and Department of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scharff
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Langan
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rotter
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scott-Sutherland
authors.forename: Clorinda
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schenck
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tayor
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McDonald-Nolan
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Masek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015897:Comorbidity; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors