title: Immunohistochemical analysis of orbital connective tissue specimens of patients with active Graves ophthalmopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the immune mechanism of Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) by analyzing infiltrating cells in orbital connective tissue (OCT) specimens of patients with active GO using immunohistochemical methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five OCT specimens obtained from patients with active GO and five control specimens obtained from forensic cadavers who died from nonmedical reasons were stained with anti-CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45RO, HLA-Dr, CD25, and TNF-alpha monoclonal antibodies. Positively stained cells were counted and results were interpreted as cell counts/mm2. Four of five GO patients had never been treated with any immunomodulating therapy. Only one had received oral prednisolone prior to tissue sampling, but this treatment had ceased 5 months before surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The retro-orbital tissue specimens obtained from forensic cadavers did not show any significant positive staining for any monoclonal antibody tested. However, the specimens from GO patients showed positively stained means of 36.66 +/- 4.61 HLA-Dr+, 12.8 +/- 3.42 CD8+, 11.8 +/- 1.78 CD4+, 16.6 +/- 1.81 CD3+, 21.2 +/- 3.12 CD45RO+, 10.4 +/- 2.07 TNF-alpha+, 7.2 +/- 1.48 CD25+, 3.2 +/- 1.09 CD4+CD8+, 4.6 +/- 1.67 CD4+CD45RO+, 2.8 +/- 0.83 CD8+CD45RO+, 1.6 +/- 0.89 CD4+CD25+, and 1.8 +/- 1 0.83 CD8+CD25+ cells/mm2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study supports that most of the infiltrating lymphocytic cells in the active stage of GO are T cells, and a significant proportion of them are CD45RO+ cells. Infiltration of OCT by HLA-Dr+, CD25+, and TNF-alpha cells suggests that Th1-type immune reaction with the interference of proinflammatory cytokine(s) (TNF-alpha) may be important in the pathogenesis of disease. Further studies are needed to understand the disease pathogenesis and may provide a scientific basis for future treatment alternatives for the disease (e.g., anti-cytokine treatment).
authors.affiliation: Karadeniz Technical University, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Trabzon, Turkey. avunduk@ttnet.net.tr
authors.forename: Avni Murat
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Avunduk
authors.forename: Mustafa Cihat
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Avunduk
authors.forename: Halit
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pazarli
authors.forename: Velittin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Oguz
authors.forename: Emily D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Varnell
authors.forename: Herbert E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Figen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aksoy
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000276:immunology; D003240:Connective Tissue Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000276:immunology*; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D009915:Orbit / Q000276:immunology; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015703:Antigens, CD; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha