title: Does an apple a day keep the oncologist away?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apples have commonly been described as a healthy food. To understand better their role on risk of cancer at several sites, we analyzed data from multicenter case-control studies conducted between 1991 and 2002 in Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The studies included 598 patients with incident cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 304 of the oesophagus, 460 of the larynx, 1953 of the colorectum, 2569 of the breast, 1031 of the ovary and 1294 of the prostate. The comparison group included a total of 6629 patients admitted to the same network of hospitals as cases for acute, non-neoplastic diseases. Multivariate odds ratios (OR) were obtained with allowance for age, sex, study center, education, body mass index, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, total energy intake, vegetable consumption and physical activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with subjects reporting consumption of <1 apple/day, the ORs for > or =1 apple/day were 0.79 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62-1.00] for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 0.75 (95% CI 0.54-1.03) for oesophagus, 0.80 (95% CI 0.71-0.90) for colorectum, 0.58 (95% CI 0.44-0.76) for larynx, 0.82 (95% CI 0.73-0.92) for breast, 0.85 (95% CI 0.72-1.00) for ovary and 0.91 (95% CI 0.77-1.07) for prostate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This investigation found a consistent inverse association between apples and risk of various cancers.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan. gallus@marionegri.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallus
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Talamini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giacosa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montella
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramazzotti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franceschi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D008517:Phytotherapy; D012307:Risk Factors