title: Visual outcome after fireworks injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The epidemiology and prognosis of fireworks-related injuries treated at a tertiary eye care center in less developed nations remain unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective observational study that enrolled all consecutive eyes with fireworks-related ocular injury visiting our trauma clinic during a 1-year period. Eyes were graded by ocular trauma classification and followed for 6 months at least. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 6 months was considered the final visual outcome. Data were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five (96%) of a total of 26 patients enrolled during study period were male patients and 13 (50%) were younger than 15 years. The type of fireworks involved was a bottle rocket in 38.5%. Factors significantly associated with better final visual outcome were better BCVA at presentation (p = 0.041), absence of bottle rocket injury (p = 0.028), closed globe injury (p = 0.028), absence of relative afferent pupillary defect (p = 0.019), absence of intraocular foreign body (p = 0.026), and absence of endophthalmitis (p = 0.006). Besides poor visual outcome, bottle rocket injuries were more frequently associated with facial lacerations, intraocular foreign body, and endophthalmitis development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fireworks-related ocular injuries commonly affect young male subjects of northern India. Visual outcome is better in eyes having better initial BCVA or closed globe injury and if relative afferent pupillary defect, bottle rocket injury, intraocular foreign body, and endophthalmitis are absent.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Deependra Vikram
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Yog Raj
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Raj Vardhan
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Azad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005126:Eye Burns / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005129:Eye Foreign Bodies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*