title: Discrepancy between viable counts and light output as viability measurements, following ciprofloxacin challenge of self-bioluminescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To utilize bioluminescence to follow the effect of ciprofloxacin challenge on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Sorbarod continuous perfusion culture system was used for the cultivation of biofilms of a self-bioluminescent strain of P. aeruginosa PAO1. Biofilms were challenged with ciprofloxacin (5 mg/L) in the perfusing medium for 3 h and allowed to recover to pre-challenge population levels before initiation of a second 3 h challenge. In addition to determining eluate and biofilm cell survival by conventional viable plate counts, light output was monitored via a luminometer and a low-light-level ICCD camera, to give an indication of metabolism. The effect of drug challenge on biofilm structure was investigated using an environmental scanning electron microscope, which allowed discernment of changes to the three-dimensional biofilm architecture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On challenge with ciprofloxacin, eluate light output measurements declined to a lesser extent than viable counts for the same samples and also indicated that post-challenge recovery of the biofilm metabolism did not occur as rapidly as suggested by viable count data. Photon detection by ICCD camera allowed real-time, non-invasive imaging of metabolic activity within intact biofilms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of a bioluminescent reporter strain to biofilm research provides valuable real-time positional data on the efficacy of anti-biofilm treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
authors.forename: Cláudia N H
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Vyvyan C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Salisbury
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greenman
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Bowker
authors.forename: Shona M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049449:Luminescence; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin