title: Rice: sulfide-induced barriers to root radial oxygen loss, Fe2+ and water uptake, and lateral root emergence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Akagare and Akiochi are diseases of rice associated with sulfide toxicity. This study investigates the possibility that rice reacts to sulfide by producing impermeable barriers in roots.
  
  
  METHODS
  Root systems of rice, Oryza sativa cv. Norin 36, were subjected to short-term exposure to 0.174 mm sulfide (5.6 ppm) in stagnant solution. Root growth was monitored; root permeability was investigated in terms of polarographic determinations of oxygen efflux from fine laterals and the apices of adventitious roots, water uptake, anatomy and permeability to Fe2+ using potassium ferricyanide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both types of root responded rapidly to the sulfide with immediate cessation of growth, decreased radial oxygen loss (ROL) to the rhizospheres and reduced water uptake. Profiles of ROL measured from apex to basal regions of adventitious roots indicated that more intense barriers to ROL than normal were formed around the apices. Absorption of Fe2+ appeared to be impeded in sulfide-treated roots. In adventitious roots, deposition of lipid material (suberisation) and thickenings of walls within the superficial cell layers were obvious within a week after lifting the treatment and could prevent the emergence of laterals and commonly result in their upward longitudinal growth within the cortex. Death of laterals sometimes occurred prior to emergence; emergent laterals eventually died. In adventitious roots, blockages formed within the vascular and aeration systems in response to the sulfide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In both adventitious and lateral roots, sulfide-induced cell wall suberization and thickening of the superficial layers were correlated with reduced permeability to O2, water and Fe2+. This study sheds light on some of the symptoms of diseases such as Akiochi. The results correlate with the authors' previous findings on the effects on roots of sulfide and lower organic acids in Phragmites and of acetic acid in rice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D018525:Germination; D012275:Oryza / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010935:Plant Diseases; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013440:Sulfides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013440:Sulfides; D014867:Water; D010100:Oxygen