title: Methodological design for economic evaluation in Public Access Defibrillation (PAD) trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective is to describe the rationale and methods for the economic analysis of the PAD trial. The objective of this analysis is to assess whether automated external defibrillators (AEDs) use by lay responders is good value for money.
  
  
  METHODS
  Design. This economic evaluation is being conducted concurrently with a randomized trial of (a) control--training to recognize arrest, access 911, and administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) while awaiting arrival of emergency medical services providers versus (b) intervention--training to recognize arrest, access 911, administer CPR, and use an AED while awaiting emergency medical services providers. Lay responders in either group were trained to deliver the study intervention. Population. Participating sites identified distinct units with a population of at least 250 people aged > or = 50 years. Outcome. The primary economic outcome is the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of intervention versus control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine hundred ninety-three units including 1260 public and residential locations were randomized. There were 30 survivors in the intervention group and 15 in the control group (P = .03). Sampling will identify program and health care costs. A societal perspective will be adopted. Incremental cost effectiveness will be estimated by using bootstrapping and decision analytic modeling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study will demonstrate whether defibrillation by lay responders improves outcomes at reasonable cost. If so, then the thousands of lives will be improved annually. If not, then limited resources can be invested in other interventions. Our methods also provide a framework for economic evaluations of other interventions for acute cardiovascular events.
authors.affiliation: Harborview Center for Prehospital Research and Training, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. nichol@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nichol
authors.forename: George Arthur
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuntz
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feeny
authors.forename: Will
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Longstreth
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mahoney
authors.forename: Clay
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Ella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Huszti
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000191:economics*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D047548:Defibrillators / Q000191:economics*; D005392:First Aid / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007326:Institutionalization / Q000191:economics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012107:Research Design; D018401:Sample Size; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014838:Volunteers