title: Ultra-low-dose naloxone suppresses opioid tolerance, dependence and associated changes in mu opioid receptor-G protein coupling and Gbetagamma signaling.
abstract: Opiates produce analgesia by activating mu opioid receptor-linked inhibitory G protein signaling cascades and related ion channel interactions that suppress cellular activities by hyperpolarization. After chronic opiate exposure, an excitatory effect emerges contributing to analgesic tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Ultra-low-dose opioid antagonist co-treatment blocks the excitatory effects of opiates in vitro, as well as opioid analgesic tolerance and dependence, as was demonstrated here with ultra-low-dose naloxone combined with morphine. While the molecular mechanism for the excitatory effects of opiates is unclear, a switch in the G protein coupling profile of the mu opioid receptor and adenylyl cyclase activation by Gbetagamma have both been suggested. Using CNS regions from rats chronically treated with vehicle, morphine, morphine+ultra-low-dose naloxone or ultra-low-dose naloxone alone, we examined whether altered mu opioid receptor coupling to G proteins or adenylyl cyclase activation by Gbetagamma occurs after chronic opioid treatment. In morphine-naïve rats, mu opioid receptors coupled to Go in striatum and to both Gi and Go in periaqueductal gray and spinal cord. Although chronic morphine decreased Gi/o coupling by mu opioid receptors, a pronounced coupling to Gs emerged coincident with a Gbetagamma interaction with adenylyl cyclase types II and IV. Co-treatment with ultra-low-dose naloxone attenuated both the chronic morphine-induced Gs coupling and the Gbetagamma signaling to adenylyl cyclase, while increasing Gi/o coupling toward or beyond vehicle control levels. These findings provide a molecular mechanism underpinning opioid tolerance and dependence and their attenuation by ultra-low-dose opioid antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, City University of New York Medical School, 138th Street and Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA. hywang@sci.ccny.cuny.edu
authors.forename: H-Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Olmstead
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Burns
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D020875:Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)- / Q000494:pharmacology; D044385:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits / Q000378:metabolism; D044387:GTP-Binding Protein beta Subunits / Q000502:physiology*; D044388:GTP-Binding Protein gamma Subunits / Q000502:physiology*; D016244:Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate) / Q000378:metabolism; D006358:Hot Temperature; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000187:drug effects*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000187:drug effects*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; C118981:G-protein Beta gamma; D044385:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits; D044387:GTP-Binding Protein beta Subunits; D044388:GTP-Binding Protein gamma Subunits; D007527:Isoenzymes; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D020875:Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-; D009270:Naloxone; D016244:Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate); D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases