title: Gonadal development of larval male Xenopus laevis exposed to atrazine in outdoor microcosms.
abstract: The potential effects of atrazine on gonadal development in metamorphs and subadults of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) were studied under conditions of natural photoperiod and temperatures in outdoor microcosms from August 2002 to June 2003 in South Africa. Triplicate 1100 L microcosms for each nominal concentration of 0.0, 1, 10, and 25 microg of atrazine/L were used. Measured atrazine concentrations varied <25% throughout the study, and no atrazine was detected in the control microcosms. Tadpoles developed well at all concentrations. On the basis of histological examination of testes of recently metamorphosed stage 66 frogs, 57% of the individuals in the reference group exhibited testicular oocytes as compared with 57, 59, and 39% of the 1, 10, and 25 microg/L atrazine groups, respectively. The average prevalence of testicular oocytes for all of the treatments including the controls was 54% in a single testis, while, in 35% of individuals, testicular oocytes were observed in both testes. The number of testicular oocytes per individual ranged from 0 to 58 with means of 9.5, 9.8, 8.5, and 11.1 forthe 0.0, 1, 10, and 25 microg of atrazine/L groups, respectively. Ten months after metamorphosis, another subset of juveniles was examined, and the maximum number of testicular oocytes observed was five in one animal. The presence of testicular oocytes was not related to exposure to atrazine and may be a natural phenomenon during ontogeny.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
authors.forename: Alarik M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jooste
authors.forename: Louis H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Du Preez
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Giesy
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kendall
authors.forename: Ernest E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Glen L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Van der Kraak
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Solomon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000633:toxicity*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological; D009865:Oocytes; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013737:Testis / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001280:Atrazine