title: Emergent properties from organisms to ecosystems: towards a realistic approach.
abstract: More realistic approaches are needed to understand the complexity of ecological systems. Emergent properties of real systems can be used as a basis for a new, neither reductionist nor holistic, approach. Three systems, termed here BUBBLEs, WAVEs and CRYSTALs, have been identified as exhibiting emergent properties. They are non-hierarchical assemblages of individual components, with amplification and connectedness being two main principles that govern their build-up, maintenance and mutual relationships. Examples from various fields of biological and ecological science are referred to, ranging from individual organisms to landscapes.
authors.affiliation: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 5176, 4 avenue du Petit-Chateau, 91800 Brunoy, France. jean-francois.ponge@wanadoo.fr
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ponge
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D008954:Models, Biological; D008962:Models, Theoretical