title: A multiplex PCR method for the detection of all five individual genes of ica locus in Staphylococcus epidermidis. A survey on 400 clinical isolates from prosthesis-associated infections.
abstract: In Staphylococcus epidermidis, ica locus encodes for the synthesis of a polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (slime or biofilm). A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of the five individual genes of ica locus was developed, with the aim to probe the set of genes in a large collection of Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates. Single representative fragments for icaR, icaA, icaD, icaB, and icaC genes were selected. Multiplex PCR was applied to two reference Staphylococcus epidermidis strains [the non-biofilm-forming ATCC 12228 and the biofilm-forming ATCC 35984 (RP62A)] and to 400 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis from orthopedic prosthesis associated infections. The gene profile was compared with the phenotypic biofilm-forming ability, evaluated by means of an optimized Congo red agar (CRA) plate test. Among the clinical isolates, 228 (57%) turned out completely ica positive and were biofilm producing. Among the 172 non-biofilm-forming strains (43%), 164 (41%) were completely ica negative and 8 strains (2%) harbored all five ica genes. The ica locus thus proves to be a cluster of strictly linked genes, without any evidence of single gene deletion.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy. carlarenata.arciola@ior.it
authors.forename: Carla Renata
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Arciola
authors.forename: Simonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gamberini
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Campoccia
authors.forename: Livia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Visai
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Speziale
authors.forename: Lucilla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baldassarri
authors.forename: Lucio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Montanaro
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D006801:Humans; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; C113579:polysaccharide intercellular adhesin