title: Test performance and self-esteem in relation to experienced stress in Swedish sixth and ninth graders--saliva cortisol levels and psychological reactions to demands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study relations between test performance, academic self-esteem, self-reported stress and saliva cortisol levels in students exposed to test demands at school.
  
  
  METHODS
  46 randomly selected 6th and 9th graders voluntarily participated in an experimental school test concerning reading and mathematics skills. Cortisol saliva samples were collected at awakening, 30 min later, before test and after test. Perceived stress was registered with a visual analogue scale (VAS). A standardized self-rating questionnaire for measuring self-esteem was administered together with questions about school stress and psychological reactions when exposed to stress during a test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experienced stress during the school test was correlated to low test performance and to low self-rated evaluation of self-esteem as well as to an increase of saliva cortisol levels during the test. There were also correlations between certain psychological reactions to demands and different cortisol measures. Children who reported that they applied the procedure "I say to myself: I can solve this task" in a school test situation had a lower morning increase of saliva cortisol. Reported use of the procedure "I get worried and will have problems solving other tasks too"--when referring to a school test situation--was correlated to an increase in cortisol levels during the test situation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Test performance, academic self-esteem, perceived stress and reactions of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) are highly intertwined. Furthermore, certain school stress psychological reactions to performance demands seem to be related to different cortisol reactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden. mats.lindahl@hik.se
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindahl
authors.forename: Töres
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Theorell
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lindblad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001290:Attitude; D002648:Child; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012649:Self Concept; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone