title: Relationship between mitral annular calcification and severity of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with symptomatic ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many studies have reported the association between mitral annular calcification (MAC) and stroke. MAC has been speculated to be a direct embolic source of stroke. Recently, the association between MAC and atherosclerosis in the coronary artery, aorta, and carotid artery has been reported. This prospective study investigated the association between MAC and severity of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with symptomatic ischemic cerebral disease to evaluate the association between MAC and atherosclerosis as a cause of stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 377 patients with ischemic cerebral disease (253 men, 124 women, mean age 68 +/- 11 years) who underwent echocardiography to determine the presence of MAC and carotid ultrasonography to determine the severity of carotid atherosclerosis. Plaque score was the sum of the maximum intimamedia thickness in the common carotid region, the bifurcation bulb region, and the internal carotid artery region, including both right and left arteries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MAC was found in 86 patients, and was more frequent in women, the elderly, and patients with diabetes or hyperlipidemia (p < 0.05). Plaque score was higher in patients with than without MAC (8.3 +/- 5.8 vs 5.2 +/- 5.2 mm, p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis identified MAC (r = 0.26, p < 0.0001), female sex (r = -0.12, p = 0.03), and age (r = 0.23, p < 0.0001) as independently associated with plaque score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MAC is independently associated with severity of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with symptomatic ischemic cerebral disease. This association suggests MAC may be indirectly related to cerebrovascular disease as a marker of the presence of progressive arteriosclerosis for thromboemboli causing stroke.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki. yo-seo@md.tsukuba.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishimitsu
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishizu
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakane
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Keishi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamezaki
authors.forename: Shigeyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Iwao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography