Biomechanics of the shoulder in youth baseball pitchers: implications for the development of proximal humeral epiphysiolysis and humeral retrotorsion.
BACKGROUND
The effects of repetitive throwing on the shoulders of developing athletes are not well understood because of the paucity of data describing the biomechanics of youth pitchers and the plasticity of the developing skeleton.


OBJECTIVE
The direction and magnitude of the stresses that exist at the proximal humeral physis during the fastball pitching motion are consistent with the development of proximal humeral epiphysiolysis (Little League shoulder) and/or humeral retro-torsion.


METHODS
Descriptive laboratory study.


METHODS
A total of 14 elite youth baseball pitchers (mean age, 12.1 +/- 0.4 years) were filmed from the front and dominant side while throwing fastballs in a simulated game. The net force and torque acting on the humerus throughout the throwing motion were calculated using standard biomechanical techniques.


RESULTS
The external rotation torque about the long axis of the humerus reached a peak value of 17.7 +/- 3.5 N.m (2.7% +/- 0.3% body weight x height) just before maximum shoulder external rotation. A shoulder distraction force of 214.7 +/- 47.2 N (49.8% +/- 8.3% body weight) occurred at, or just after, ball release.


CONCLUSIONS
Shear stress arising from the high torque late in the arm-cocking phase is large enough to lead to deformation of the weak proximal humeral epiphyseal cartilage, causing either humeral retrotorsion or proximal humeral epiphysiolysis over time. The stresses generated by the external rotation torque are much greater than those caused by distraction forces generated during the pitching motion of youth baseball pitchers.


CONCLUSIONS
The motion of throwing fastballs by youth baseball pitchers results in force components consistent with proposed mechanisms for 2 clinical entities.
Sabick
Michelle B
MB
Steadman-Hawkins Sports Medicine Foundation, 181 West Meadow Drive, Suite 1000, Vail, Colorado 81657, USA.
Kim
Young-Kyu
YK
Torry
Michael R
MR
Keirns
Michael A
MA
Hawkins
Richard J
RJ
D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D004839:Epiphyses, Slipped / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D019415:Torque; D014102:Torsion Abnormality