title: Scopolamine patch to prevent seasickness: clinical response vs. plasma concentration in sailors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scopolamine is highly effective for the treatment of seasickness. Nevertheless, transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) scopolamine, despite high compliance on the part of persons treated by the drug, fails to provide protection against seasickness in 26-38% of patients. To the best of our knowledge, the correlation between scopolamine levels in plasma and its therapeutic effect under sailing conditions in the open sea is investigated for the first time in the present study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 61 crewmembers of naval vessels treated by TTS scopolamine. The therapeutic response at sea was documented by questionnaire. During a period ashore, a TTS scopolamine patch was applied in the same subjects. Blood samples were taken and an adverse effects questionnaire completed 8 h after scopolamine patch application. Scopolamine levels were determined using an established radio-receptor assay procedure. To verify the reproducibility of these measurements, blood samples were taken twice from most subjects, on separate days after different patch applications. Subjects were divided into "responders," who reported at least a moderate decrease in seasickness severity compared with their previous experience at sea without TTS scopolamine therapy, and "non-responders," who had only slight symptomatic relief or no relief at all.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean scopolamine concentration in the plasma of the 37 responders (156.77 +/- 77.03 pg x ml(-1)) was significantly higher than the mean level in the 24 non-responders (97.03 +/- 73.34 pg x ml(-1); p = 0.005, simple t-test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Attempts to increase scopolamine levels in plasma by increasing the drug dosage or improving transdermal absorption should be considered for the treatment of "non-responders".
authors.affiliation: Israel Naval Medical Institute, IDF Medical Corps, Haifa, Israel. gilefr@bezeqint.net
authors.forename: Amnon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: Zohar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Nachum
authors.forename: Shlomit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dachir
authors.forename: Shira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Aharon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Avi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shupak
authors.forename: Yochai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Adir
authors.forename: Dror
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tal
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D012601:Scopolamine