title: The frictional coefficients and associated wear resistance of novel low-shrink resin-based composites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Frictional forces play a major role in the oral wear process of dental resin-based composites (RBCs) and it would be of interest to consider how the energy from friction is dissipated at the material surface. Consequently, the micromechanical wear properties of conventional methacrylate compared with novel oxirane RBCs were assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The frictional coefficient (mu), volume loss and Vickers hardness number (VHN) of oxirane (EXL596 and H1) and methacrylate RBCs (Z100 and Filtek Z250) were evaluated. Archard's wear equation was implemented to obtain the wear coefficient (K) and expressed as a 'fraction of friction' (K/micro) to indicate the dissipation of frictional energy that resulted in wear. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to qualitatively asses the wear facets of each RBC following 50000-cycles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean frictional coefficients observed between the oxirane and methacrylate RBCs were not significantly different (P > 0.05). However, the volume loss of EXL596 and H1 (5.9 +/- 0.4 and 4.7 +/- 0.3 x 10(-2) mm(3)) was significantly increased compared with Z100 and Filtek Z250 (1.7 +/- 0.2 and 2.3 +/- 0.3 x 10(-2) mm(3)). The VHN of EXL596 and H1 was either significantly greater (P = 0.021) or similar (P = 0.089) to Filtek Z250, respectively. An increase in K/micro was reported for EXL596 and H1 (34.7 +/- 4.1 and 22.8+ /- 2.4 x 10(-4)) compared with Z100 and Filtek Z250 (8.50 +/- 0.7 x 10(-4) and 8.62 +/- 1.0 x 10(-4)) (P < 0.05). SEM images of the oxirane RBCs exhibited increased surface fatigue and delamination of the surface layers compared with the methacrylate RBC specimens following 50,000-cycles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significant decrease in wear resistance of the oxirane compared with methacrylate RBCs was unexpected since frictional coefficients and/or surface hardness were statistically similar. The decreased wear resistance of EXL596 and H1 compared with Z100 and Filtek Z250 was further explained by the increase in K/micro from wear theory and the associated increase in surface fatigue identified from SEM. The simplistic testing procedure combined with SEM utilized in the current investigation provided a greater insight into the wear mechanism by considering the effect of frictional energy at the specimen surface which may benefit the development of improved wear resistance for experimental RBC materials.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials Unit, The University of Birmingham School of Dentistry, St Chad's Queensway, UK. w.m.palin@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Palin
authors.forename: G J P
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: F J T
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Marquis
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pintado
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Douglas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D005027:Ethylene Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry; D017276:Friction; D006244:Hardness; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D012833:Siloxanes / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D015019:Yttrium / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; C479118:EXL596; C444701:Filtek Z250; D008689:Methacrylates; D011108:Polymers; D012821:Silanes; D012833:Siloxanes; C083568:Z100 composite resin; C024617:polyol; D015019:Yttrium; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D015040:Zirconium; D005027:Ethylene Oxide; D005459:Fluorides