title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion genotype, exercise, and physical decline.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical performance in response to exercise appears to be influenced by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion (I)/deletion (D) genotype in young adults, but whether this relationship could help explain variation in older individuals' response to exercise has not been well studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the ACE genotype interacts with significant physical activity to affect the incidence of mobility limitation in well-functioning older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Health Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Cohort Study, conducted in the metropolitan areas of Memphis, Tenn, and Pittsburgh, Pa. A total of 3075 well-functioning community-dwelling adults aged 70 through 79 years were enrolled from 1997 to 1998 and had a mean of 4.1 years of follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incident mobility limitation defined as the report of difficulty walking a quarter of a mile (0.4 km) or walking up 10 steps on 2 consecutive semiannual interviews (n = 1204).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physically active participants (those reporting expending > or =1000 kcal/wk in exercise, walking, and stair climbing) were less likely to develop mobility limitation regardless of genotype. However, activity level interacted significantly with the ACE genotype (P = .002). In the inactive group, the ACE genotype was not associated with limitation (P = .46). In the active group, those with the II genotype were more likely to develop mobility limitation after adjusting for potential confounders compared with those with ID/DD genotypes (adjusted rate ratio, 1.45, 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.94). The gene association was especially strong among participants reporting weightlifting. Exploration of possible physiological correlates revealed that among active participants, those with the II genotype had higher percentage of body fat (P = .02) and more intermuscular thigh fat (P = .02) but had similar quadriceps strength as those with ID/DD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among older individuals who exercised, those with the ACE DD or ID genotypes were less likely to develop mobility limitation than those with the II genotype. Regardless of genotype, individuals who exercised were less likely to develop mobility limitation than those who did not exercise.
authors.affiliation: The Sticht Center on Aging and Center for Human Genomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. skritche@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kritchevsky
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Nicklas
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Eleanor M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Simonsick
authors.forename: Anne B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Tamara B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Ethan M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Brenda W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Penninx
authors.forename: Bret H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Goodpaster
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Satterfield
authors.forename: Lisa H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Colbert
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pahor
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models
chemical_list: D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A