title: Etiology of community acquired pneumonia among adult patients requiring hospitalization in Taiwan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There has not been a comprehensive multi-center study investigating the microbial profile of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study of adult CAP patients requiring hospitalization between December 2001 and April 2002 was carried out in 13 hospitals in Taiwan. Etiology was determined based on laboratory data from blood and sputum cultures plus serology from paired serum and urine antigen detection tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Etiology was assigned to 99 (58.9%) of the 168 patients having the most complete data for etiology determination, with mixed infection in 21 (12.5%) patients. More than half (51.8%) of the patients were>60 years and 63.7% of the patients were males. The most common etiologic agent was Streptococcus pneumoniae (40, 23.8%), the majority (60%, 24 cases) of which was detected by positive urine antigen test. Other common agents included Mycoplasma pneumoniae (24, 14.3%), Chlamydia pneumoniae (12, 7.1%), Influenza A virus (11, 6.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8, 4.8%) and Haemophilus influenzae (8, 4.8%). The prevalence of S. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae was highest in patients>60 years (25/87, 28.7%), and<44 years (12/59, 19%), respectively; while K. pneumoniae comprised a larger proportion (4/22, 18%) in the 45-59 years group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S. pneumoniae was the most common etiology agent in adult patients hospitalized due to CAP in Taiwan and the spectrum of other major pathogens was similar to studies conducted elsewhere in the world. Empiric treatment recommendations developed in other parts of the world may be appropriately adapted for local use after taking into account local resistance profiles. Our data also support the recommendation that urine antigen test be added as an adjunct to adult CAP etiology diagnosis protocol.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tsai-Ling
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lauderdale
authors.forename: Feng-Yee
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Ren-Jy
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ben
authors.forename: Hsiao-Chuan
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Yuen-Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Jen-Wen
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Shu-Hsing
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Jann-Tay
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yung-Ching
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yan-Wan
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Shu-Ting
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chang-Phone
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: Yin-Ching
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: Hsiao-Pei
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Daniel C T
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Chieh-Ju
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: I-Wen
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Che-Lun
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Chin-Fu
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.forename: Monto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000453:epidemiology; D011024:Pneumonia, Viral / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology