title: Imaging features of perivascular fatty infiltration of the liver: initial observations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To retrospectively identify and describe the imaging features that represent perivascular fatty infiltration of the liver.
  
  
  METHODS
  The institutional review board approved the study and waived informed consent. The study complied with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Ten patients (seven women, three men; mean age, 78 years; range, 31-78 years) with fatty infiltration surrounding hepatic veins and/or portal tracts were retrospectively identified by searching the abdominal imaging teaching file of an academic hospital. The patients' medical records were reviewed by one author. Computed tomographic (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and ultrasonographic (US) imaging studies were reviewed by three radiologists in consensus. Fatty infiltration of the liver on CT images was defined as absolute attenuation less than 40 HU without mass effect and, if unenhanced images were available, as relative attenuation at least 10 HU less than that of the spleen; on gradient-echo MR images, it was defined as signal loss on opposed-phase images compared with in-phase images; and on US images, it was defined as hyperechogenicity of liver relative to kidney, ultrasound beam attenuation, and poor visualization of intrahepatic structures. Perivascular fatty infiltration of the liver was defined as a clear predisposition to fat accumulation around hepatic veins and/or portal tracts. For multiphase CT images, the contrast-to-noise ratio was calculated for comparison of spared liver with fatty liver in each imaging phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fatty infiltration surrounded hepatic veins in three, portal tracts in five, and both hepatic veins and portal tracts in two patients. Six of the 10 patients had alcoholic cirrhosis, two reported regular alcohol consumption (one of whom had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and hepatitis B), one was positive for human immunodeficiency virus, and one had no risk factors for fatty infiltration of the liver. In three of the 10 patients, fatty infiltration was misdiagnosed as vascular or neoplastic disease on initial CT images but was correctly diagnosed on MR images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perivascular fatty infiltration of the liver has imaging features that allow its recognition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Division of Body Imaging, UCSD Medical Center San Diego, 200 W Arbor Dr, San Diego, CA 92103-8756, USA.
authors.forename: Okka W
authors.initials: OW
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.forename: Diego A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Aguirre
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casola
authors.forename: Claude B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Sirlin
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006503:Hepatic Veins; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011168:Portal System; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography