title: Evolution of selenium utilization traits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The essential trace element selenium is used in a wide variety of biological processes. Selenocysteine (Sec), the 21st amino acid, is co-translationally incorporated into a restricted set of proteins. It is encoded by an UGA codon with the help of tRNASec (SelC), Sec-specific elongation factor (SelB) and a cis-acting mRNA structure (SECIS element). In addition, Sec synthase (SelA) and selenophosphate synthetase (SelD) are involved in the biosynthesis of Sec on the tRNASec. Selenium is also found in the form of 2-selenouridine, a modified base present in the wobble position of certain tRNAs, whose synthesis is catalyzed by YbbB using selenophosphate as a precursor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed completely sequenced genomes for occurrence of the selA, B, C, D and ybbB genes. We found that selB and selC are gene signatures for the Sec-decoding trait. However, selD is also present in organisms that do not utilize Sec, and shows association with either selA, B, C and/or ybbB. Thus, selD defines the overall selenium utilization. A global species map of Sec-decoding and 2-selenouridine synthesis traits is provided based on the presence/absence pattern of selenium-utilization genes. The phylogenies of these genes were inferred and compared to organismal phylogenies, which identified horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events involving both traits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide evidence for the ancient origin of these traits, their independent maintenance, and a highly dynamic evolutionary process that can be explained as the result of speciation, differential gene loss and HGT. The latter demonstrated that the loss of these traits is not irreversible as previously thought.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Organización y Evolución del Genoma, Dpto. de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, CP 11400, Uruguay. eletor@fcien.edu.uy
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Vadim N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Gladyshev
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Salinas
mesh_terms: D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D020745:Genome, Archaeal / Q000235:genetics; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D016566:Organoselenium Compounds; D010802:Phylogeny; D012643:Selenium / Q000378:metabolism*; D014529:Uridine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: C502847:2-selenouridine; D016566:Organoselenium Compounds; D012643:Selenium; D014529:Uridine