title: Isthmus organizer for midbrain and hindbrain development.
abstract: Classical transplantation studies showed that the isthmus has an organizing activity upon the tectum and cerebellum. Since Fgf8 is expressed in the isthmus and mimics functionally isthmic grafts, it is accepted that Fgf8 plays pivotal role in the isthmic organizing activity. The fate of brain vesicles is determined by the combinations of transcription factors. The neural tube region where Otx2, Pax2, and En1 are expressed early on acquires midbrain identity. Pax3/7 forces the midbrain to differentiate into tectum. En1/2, Pax2/5, and Fgf8 form a positive feedback loop for their expression, thus misexpression of one of these molecules turns on the loop and forces presumptive diencephalon to differentiate into tectum. The isthmic organizer signal, Fgf8, stabilizes or changes the expression of the transcription factors in mid/hindbrain region. A strong Fgf8 signal activates the Ras-ERK signaling pathway, which in turn activates Irx2 in a rostrodorsal part of the hindbrain, and forces this tissue to differentiate into cerebellum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences and Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 4-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan. nakamura@idac.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Harukazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katahira
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning; D051524:Fibroblast Growth Factor 8; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology*; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000196:embryology*; D020897:Organizers, Embryonic / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D012249:Rhombencephalon / Q000196:embryology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D014157:Transcription Factors; D051524:Fibroblast Growth Factor 8; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors