title: Effect of urea on degradation of terbuthylazine in soil.
abstract: Pesticide and nitrate contamination of soil and groundwater from agriculture is an environmental and public health concern worldwide. The herbicide terbuthylazine (CBET) has replaced atrazine in Italy and in many other countries because the use of the latter has been banned because of its adverse environmental impacts. Unlike atrazine, knowledge about the fate of CBET in soil is still not extensive, especially regarding its transformation products, but recent monitoring data show its occurrence and that of its main metabolite, desethyl-terbuthylazine (CBAT), in groundwater above the limit of 0.1 microg/L established by European Union Directive and Italian legislation. The objective of this work was to investigate if the presence of the fertilizer urea affects CBET degradation in the soil. Laboratory CBET degradation experiments in the presence/absence of urea were performed with microbiologically active soil and sterilized soil. Terbuthylazine degradation rates under the different experimental conditions were assessed, and the formation, degradation, and transformation of the metabolite CBAT were also studied. Terbuthylazine degradation was affected by the presence of urea, in terms both of a higher disappearance time of 50% of the initial concentration and of a lower amount of CBAT formed. These findings have practical implications for the real-life assessment of the environmental fate of triazine herbicides in agricultural areas since these herbicides are frequently applied to soils receiving ureic fertilizers.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerca sulle Acque, Via Reno 1, 00198 Roma, Italy. caraccio@irsa.rm.cnr.it
authors.forename: Anna Barra
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Caracciolo
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giuliano
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grenni
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cremisini
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ciccoli
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ubaldi
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental / Q000187:drug effects; D005308:Fertilizers; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D013997:Time Factors; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D014508:Urea / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D006540:Herbicides; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014227:Triazines; D014508:Urea; C037565:terbutylazine