title: Attenuation of HIV-1 infection by other microbial agents.
abstract: Although potentiation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) infection has been known to occur in coinfection with a variety of pathogens and types of vaccination, there are emerging data on specific infectious agents that may attenuate HIV-1 infection. New literature suggests that certain pathogens are capable of inhibiting HIV-1 replication. These include GB virus C, measles virus, Orientia tsutsugamushi, and human T lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2. In addition, there are conflicting data on the effects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on the replication of HIV-1, with some suggesting that this organism may inhibit HIV-1 replication. Also remaining controversial are the possible protective effects of HIV type 2 against HIV-1 infection. In this review, we summarize and critically discuss the body of emerging literature concerning infections that may have the ability to attenuate HIV-1 infection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and Environmental Medicine, Center for Human Virology and Biodefense, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Saman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kannangara
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: DeSimone
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Pomerantz
mesh_terms: D018450:Disease Progression; D018178:Flaviviridae Infections / Q000150:complications*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D015490:HTLV-I Infections / Q000150:complications*; D015491:HTLV-II Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008457:Measles / Q000150:complications*; D012612:Scrub Typhus / Q000150:complications*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications; D014779:Virus Replication