title: [Utilizing optical coherence tomography (OCT) for visualization of urothelial diseases of the urinary bladder].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The technique of optical coherence tomography (OCT) has significantly improved over the last few years. This new diagnostic procedure allows imaging of tissue structure of the bladder wall during cystoscopy with high resolution.
  
  
  METHODS
  The penetration depth of OCT is limited to 2.5 mm. The resolution is approximately 15 microm. Fifty patients with different clinical conditions of the bladder were examined. Altogether 488 OCT images were generated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OCT of normal bladder mucosa clearly shows a differentiation between urothelium, lamina propria, and smooth muscle. Cystitis and metaplasia are characterized by blurring of the laminated structure and thickening of the epithelial layer. In malignant areas there is complete loss of the regular layered tissue structure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OCT improves the diagnosis of flat lesions of the urothelium. It has the potential for facilitating intraoperative staging of malignant areas in the bladder.
authors.affiliation: Urologische Klinik der Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Schumannstrasse 20-21, 10117 Berlin. dmitri.daniltchenko@charite.de
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Daniltchenko
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: König
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lankenau
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kristiansen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huettmann
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schnorr
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000473:pathology*