title: Developing a questionnaire to measure the psychosocial impact of an abnormal cervical smear result and its subsequent management: the TOMBOLA (Trial of Management of Borderline and Other Low-grade Abnormal Smears) trial.
abstract: This paper describes the process of developing and testing a new questionnaire, Process Outcome Specific Measure (POSM), including an assessment of its content validity and reliability. The questionnaire was developed within the context of Trial Of Management of Borderline and Other Low-grade Abnormal smears (TOMBOLA) to assess the psychosocial impact of a low-grade abnormal cervical smear result and the subsequent management. A literature search, focus groups and thorough pre-testing involving experts and patients resulted in a short (15-item), easily completed and understood questionnaire. Questions address issues including cancer, health, fertility and sexual concerns. Repeatability was assessed in 110 TOMBOLA recruits using weighted k; all but one of the questions showed levels of reliability near to, or above, 0.5. Cronbach's standardised alpha was 0.73, indicating acceptable internal consistency. Each POSM item was correlated with the anxiety and depression sub-scales of the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS). All except one of the questions correlated more highly with the total POSM score than with the HADS sub-scales thus indicating discriminant validity. The POSM will enable comparison of the alternative management policies for low-grade cervical smears in terms of the benefits (or otherwise) perceived by the women managed by these policies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK. n.gray@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cotton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Avis
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Philips
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whynes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Little
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000523:psychology*