title: Trial of a disease management program to reduce hospital readmissions of the chronically critically ill.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients requiring prolonged periods of intensive care and mechanical ventilation are termed chronically critically ill. They are prone to continued morbidity and mortality after hospital discharge and are at high risk for hospital readmission. Disease management (DM) programs have been shown to be effective in improving both coordination and efficiency of care after hospital discharge for populations with single-disease diagnoses, but have not been tested with patients with multiple-disease diagnoses, such as the chronically critically ill.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the effect of a DM program on hospital readmission patterns of chronically critically ill patients during the first 2 months after hospital discharge and to estimate the cost-effectiveness of the DM program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic medical center, extended care facilities, and participant homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred thirty-four consenting adults from one academic medical center who underwent > 3 days of mechanical ventilation and survived to hospital discharge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred thirty-one patients in the experimental group received care coordination, family support, teaching, and monitoring of therapies from a team of advanced-practice nurses, a geriatrician, and a pulmonologist for 2 months post-hospital discharge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rehospitalization rate, time-to-first rehospitalization, duration of rehospitalization, mortality during rehospitalization, and associated costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients who received DM services had significantly fewer mean days of rehospitalization (11.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.3 to 12.6) compared with the control group (16.7 days; 95% CI, 12.5 to 21.0; p = 0.03). There were no other significant differences between experimental and control groups, although all measures of rehospitalization risk for the experimental group were in a positive direction. Total cost savings associated with the intervention were approximately $481,811 for the 93 subjects who were readmitted to the hospital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic critical illness may have a natural trajectory of continued morbidity following hospital discharge that is not affected by the provision of additional care coordination services. Nevertheless, given the high cost of rehospitalization and the additional burden it imposes on patients and families, interventions that can reduce the duration of rehospitalization are cost-effective and merit continued testing.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106-4904, USA. bjd4@case.edu
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: Sara L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: Carol Genet
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'toole
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Montenegro
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D013997:Time Factors