title: Compliance and efficacy of hand rubbing during in-hospital practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare alcohol-based hand rubbing with hand washing using antimicrobial soap regarding antimicrobial efficacy and compliance with routine practice in hospital and intensive care units.
  
  
  METHODS
  From February to June 2003, 35 nurses were randomly selected from a nursing staff of 141 and divided into two groups: hand rubbing and hand washing groups. Hand cultures were obtained before and after health care procedures. The nurses were observed on days 1, 7 and 14 of the study, in order to determine compliance and efficacy of the hand hygiene methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 368 routine patient care activities were observed during the study period. Hand rubbing with alcohol-based solutions significantly reduced the bacterial contamination of the hands of the nurses more than hand washing with an antimicrobial soap (54 and 27%, respectively; p < 0.01). Compliance was also better in the hand rubbing group than in the hand washing group (72.5 and 15.4%, respectively; p < 0.001). Compliance with hand rubbing was markedly lower among the nurses who had experience of more than 3 years in hospital practice. Both hand rubbing and hand washing compliance were poorer among nurses working in intensive care units than among nurses working in the other hospital wards. Generally, after taking off gloves, nurses preferred hand washing to hand rubbing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that alcohol-based hand rubbing reduces mean bacterial counts on the hands of nurses more effectively than hand washing with antimicrobial soaps, and compliance rates with hand rubbing were also higher than with hand washing. Nevertheless, the compliance with hand rubbing was markedly lower in more experienced nurses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey. drkarabay@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Oguz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Karabay
authors.forename: Irfan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sencan
authors.forename: Idris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.forename: Hacer
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alpteker
authors.forename: Arzu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozcan
authors.forename: Sukru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oksuz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000438:Alcohols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006225:Hand / Q000382:microbiology; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene / Q000592:standards; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017751:Safety Management; D012915:Soaps / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D012915:Soaps