title: Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: a novel technique to quantify global left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Left ventricular (LV) mechanical dyssynchrony (LVMD) has emerged as a therapeutic target using cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in selected patients with chronic heart failure. Current methods used to evaluate LVMD are technically difficult and do not assess LVMD of the whole LV simultaneously. We developed and validated real-time 3D echocardiography (RT3DE) as a novel method to assess global LVMD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-nine healthy volunteers and 174 unselected patients referred for routine echocardiography underwent 2D echocardiography and RT3DE. RT3DE data sets provided time-volume analysis for global and segmental LV volumes. A systolic dyssynchrony index (SDI) was derived from the dispersion of time to minimum regional volume for all 16 LV segments. Healthy subjects and patients with normal LV systolic function had highly synchronized segmental function (SDI, 3.5+/-1.8% and 4.5+/-2.4%; P=0.7). SDI increased with worsening LV systolic function regardless of QRS duration (mild, 5.4+/-0.83%; moderate, 10.0+/-2%; severe LV dysfunction, 15.6+/-1%; P for trend <0.001). We found that 37% of patients with moderate to severe LV systolic dysfunction had significant dyssynchrony with normal QRS durations (SDI, 14.7+/-1.2%). Twenty-six patients underwent CRT. At long-term follow-up, responders demonstrated reverse remodeling after CRT with a significant reduction in SDI (16.9+/-1.1% to 6.9+/-1%; P<0.0001) and end-diastolic volume (196.6+/-17.3 to 132.1+/-13.5 mL; P<0.0001) associated with an increase in LV ejection fraction (17+/-2.2% to 31.6+/-2.9%; P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RT3DE can quantify global LVMD in patients with and without QRS prolongation. RT3DE represents a novel technique to identify chronic heart failure patients who may otherwise not be considered for CRT.
authors.affiliation: King's College Hospital, London, SE5 9RS, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapetanakis
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siva
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gall
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cooklin
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Monaghan
mesh_terms: D003199:Computer Systems; D004452:Echocardiography; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012016:Reference Values; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging