title: Glycine--an important neurotransmitter and cytoprotective agent.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glycine, the simplest of the amino acids, is an essential component of important biological molecules, a key substance in many metabolic reactions, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brain stem, and an anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and immune modulating substance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on available literature, we discuss some of the important biological properties of glycine. In addition, we describe some clinical disorders where glycine plays a central role, either as an essential structural element, or through its metabolism or receptors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The past few years have witnessed a broadening of glycine research. The traditional prime interest in aspects related to its role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system has been expanded to equally emphasize other organs and tissues. With the demonstration of glycine-gated chloride channels on neurons in the central nervous system, on most leukocytes, and subsequently on other cells as well, a unifying mechanism of action accounting for many of the widespread effects of glycine has been found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glycine is a simple, easily available, and inexpensive substance with few and innocuous side-effects. The diversity of biological activities is well documented in the literature. Despite this, glycine has only gained a modest place in clinical medicine.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division of Protection, Kjeller, Norway. yngvar.gundersen@ffi.no
authors.forename: R Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Gundersen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vaagenes
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Breivik
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fonnum
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Opstad
mesh_terms: D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects*; D005998:Glycine / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D005998:Glycine