title: Current status of therapeutic vaccines for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Therapeutic vaccines targeting B cell lymphoma idiotype have reached an advanced stage of clinical development, with three multicenter randomized clinical trials ongoing. This review describes the rationale and development of this immunotherapeutic approach, the design of current phase III trials, and other active vaccination approaches likely to move forward into clinical testing for lymphomas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several groups have achieved promising results in phase II trials of patient-specific idiotype vaccines, with very few side effects noted. Anti-idiotype antibodies, in addition to cytotoxic T cells, are now believed to be important effectors of antitumor immunity after idiotype vaccination. The manufacturing of autologous tumor idiotype proteins is being rapidly refined by the use of molecular technologies. Two trials involving more than 1000 patients are now under way, which use idiotype vaccination after induction chemotherapy; one trial completed accrual in early 2004. A third trial opened in 2004, using rituximab followed by idiotype vaccine with maintenance booster vaccines continuing throughout the period of normal B cell recovery. In accordance with the United States Food and Drug Administration, progression-free survival serves as the accepted primary efficacy endpoint in these studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lymphoma idiotype vaccination represents a promising immunotherapeutic approach targeting a patient-specific tumor antigen. The results of pivotal phase III trials for three first-generation idiotype vaccines will become available in the next several years. Advanced manufacturing techniques should permit application of this tailor-made treatment to large numbers of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Health Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hurvitz
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Timmerman
mesh_terms: D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017321:Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007130:Immunoglobulin Idiotypes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000639:trends; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D007130:Immunoglobulin Idiotypes; D019444:Vaccines, DNA