title: Antigenic stimulation specifically reactivates the replication of archived simian immunodeficiency virus genomes in chronically infected macaques.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) diversification is a direct consequence of viral replication and occurs principally in secondary lymphoid organs where CD4(+) T cells are activated and proliferate. However, the evolution of viral quasispecies may also be driven by various nonexclusive mechanisms, including adaptation to specific immune responses and modification of viral fitness. Analysis of viral quasispecies in SIV-infected macaques subjected to repeated antigenic stimulations allowed us to demonstrate transient expansions of SIV populations that were highly dependent upon activation of antigen-specific T cells. T-cell clones expanded in response to a particular antigen were infected by a specific viral population and persisted for prolonged periods. Upon a second stimulation by encounter with the same antigen, these specific genomes were at the origin of a new burst of replication, leading to rapid but transient replacement of the viral quasispecies in blood. Finally, longitudinal analysis of SIV sequence variation during and between antigenic stimulations revealed that viral evolution is mostly constrained to periods of strong immunological activity.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Rétrovirologie Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Physiopathologue des Infections Lentivirales, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Renoux
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wain-Hobson
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hurtrel
authors.forename: Rémi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cheynier
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000502:physiology*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D014644:Genetic Variation; D007114:Immunization; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial