title: Transcribed Tc1-like transposons in salmonid fish.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mobile genetic elements comprise a substantial fraction of vertebrate genomes. These genes are considered to be deleterious, and in vertebrates they are usually inactive. High throughput sequencing of salmonid fish cDNA libraries has revealed a large number of transposons, which remain transcribed despite inactivation of translation. This article reports on the structure and potential role of these genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A search of EST showed the ratio of transcribed transposons in salmonid fish (i.e., 0.5% of all unique cDNA sequences) to be 2.4-32 times greater than in other vertebrate species, and 68% of these genes belonged to the Tc1-family of DNA transposons. A phylogenetic analysis of reading frames indicate repeated transposition of distantly related genes into the fish genome over protracted intervals of evolutionary time. Several copies of two new DNA transposons were cloned. These copies showed relatively little divergence (11.4% and 1.9%). The latter gene was transcribed at a high level in rainbow trout tissues, and was present in genomes of many phylogenetically remote fish species. A comparison of synonymous and non-synonymous divergence revealed remnants of divergent evolution in the younger gene, while the older gene evolved in a neutral mode. From a 1.2 MB fragment of genomic DNA, the salmonid genome contains approximately 10(5) Tc1-like sequences, the major fraction of which is not transcribed. Our microarray studies showed that transcription of rainbow trout transposons is activated by external stimuli, such as toxicity, stress and bacterial antigens. The expression profiles of Tc1-like transposons gave a strong correlation (r2 = 0.63-0.88) with a group of genes implicated in defense response, signal transduction and regulation of transcription.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salmonid genomes contain a large quantity of transcribed mobile genetic elements. Divergent or neutral evolution within genomes and lateral transmission can account for the diversity and sustained persistence of Tc1-like transposons in lower vertebrates. A small part of transposons remain transcribed and their transcription is enhanced by responses to acute conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Kuopio, P,O,B, 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. Aleksei.Krasnov@uku.fi
authors.forename: Aleksei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krasnov
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koskinen
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Afanasyev
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mölsä
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D005399:Fishes; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015723:Gene Library; D016678:Genome; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012487:Salmonidae; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D019895:Transposases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020506:Untranslated Regions
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D020506:Untranslated Regions; D004247:DNA; C081454:Tc1 transposase; D019895:Transposases