title: High glucose transactivates the EGF receptor and up-regulates serum glucocorticoid kinase in the proximal tubule.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serum glucocorticoid regulated kinase (SGK-1) is induced in the kidney in diabetes mellitus. However, its role in the proximal tubule is unclear. This study determined the expression and functional role of SGK-1 in PTCs in high glucose conditions. As the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is activated by both EGF and other factors implicated in diabetic nephropathy, the relationship of SGK-1 with EGFR activity was assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  mRNA and protein expression of SGK-1 and mRNA expression of the sodium hydrogen exchanger NHE3 were measured in human PTCs exposed to 5 mmol/L (control) and 25 mmol/L (high) glucose. The effects of SGK-1 on cell growth, apoptosis, and progression through the cell cycle and NHE3 mRNA were examined following overexpression of SGK-1 in PTCs. The role of EGFR activation in observed changes was assessed by phospho-EGFR expression, and response to the EGFR blocker PKI166. SGK-1 expression was then assessed in vivo in a model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus type 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 25 mmol/L glucose and EGF (10 ng/mL) increased SGK-1 mRNA (P < 0.005 and P < 0.002, respectively) and protein (both P < 0.02) expression. High glucose and overexpression of SGK-1 increased NHE3 mRNA (P < 0.05) and EGFR phosphorylation (P < 0.01), which were reversed by PKI166. SGK-1 overexpression increased PTC growth (P < 0.0001), progression through the cell cycle (P < 0.001), and increased NHE3 mRNA (P < 0.01), which were all reversed with PKI166. Overexpression of SGK-1 also protected against apoptosis induced in the PTCs (P < 0.0001). Up-regulation of tubular SGK-1 mRNA in diabetes mellitus was confirmed in vivo. Oral treatment with PKI166 attenuated this increase by 51%. No EGF protein was detectable in PTCs, suggestive of phosphorylation of the EGFR by high glucose and downstream induction of SGK-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of high glucose on PTC proliferation, reduced apoptosis and increased NHE3 mRNA levels are mediated by EGFR-dependent up-regulation of SGK-1.
authors.affiliation: Kolling Institute Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.forename: Veronica A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wassef
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poronnik
authors.forename: Darren J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pollock
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D000074083:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D000099184:Serum-Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinases
chemical_list: D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D005947:Glucose; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000074083:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D000099184:Serum-Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinases; C000613385:SLC9A3 protein, human; C000613387:Slc9a3 protein, rat