title: Early invasive diagnostic techniques in pregnant women who are infected with the HIV: a multicenter case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies that mostly were conducted before the widespread use of combination antiretroviral treatments have reported that antenatal invasive procedures markedly increase the risk of human immunodeficiency virus vertical transmission. We aimed to evaluate the vertical transmission rate and other maternal and neonatal complications among women who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus who underwent antenatal invasive procedures during the second trimester of pregnancy and who were delivered after the advent of antiretroviral regimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a multicenter case series of women who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus who underwent amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling or cordocentesis during the second trimester of pregnancy and who were delivered after January 1, 1997.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-three of 775 recruited women (8.1%) had performed early invasive diagnostic techniques . This rate has improved progressively from 4% in 1997 to 14%. Two of 60 viable infants (3.3%; 95% CI, 0.6%-10.1%) were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. This rate did not differ significantly from the transmission rate that was observed in women who did not undergo antenatal invasive techniques (1.7%; P = .30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current risk of human immunodeficiency virus vertical transmission that is associated with early invasive diagnostic techniques is lower than previously reported.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Neonatology, L. Mangiagalli Hospital, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Edgardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Somigliana
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bucceri
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tibaldi
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alberico
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ravizza
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Savasi
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matrone
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pardi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000649:Amniocentesis; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015193:Chorionic Villi Sampling; D017218:Cordocentesis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents