title: Human thyroid in the population exposed to high environmental pollution by organochlorinated pollutants for several decades.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study possible effects of long-time exposure of chemical factory employees and population of surrounding polluted area to polychlorinated biphenyls and pesticides on the thyroid volume and function as compared to the population from the area of background pollution.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 461 adults consisting of 239 men and 222 women was examined and divided into four groups according to their permanent domicile as related to the level of environmental pollution, e.g. SR (area of background pollution, n = 207), SI (slightly polluted area, n = 59), MI (polluted city of Michalovce, n = 94) and CH (employees of chemical factory subjected to high PCB exposure, n = 101), combined first three groups being also called LPA (less polluted areas, n = 360). Thyroid volume (ThV) and echogenicity were measured by real time sonography. The level of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and pesticides (hexachlorbenzene--HCB, DDE (2,2'-2-bis(4-chlorobiphenyl)- 1,1-dichloroethylene), p,p'-DDT (2,2'-bis(4-chlorophenyl)- 1,1,1-trichloroethane) and alpha-, beta- and gamma-hexachlorcyclohexane--HCH) was estimated by congener specific analysis using HP 5890 gas chromatograph with a 63Ni electron capture detector. Serum levels of thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO) were measured by specific sensitive immunoassays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The association of very high PCB level (e.g. 7300 +/- 871 ng/g lipid; mean +/- S.E.) with increased ThV (e.g. 16.3 +/- 0.73 ml) in CH has been found, the values being significantly higher than these of 360 subjects in LPA (e.g. 2045 +/- 147 ng/g, p < 0.001 for PCB and 14.0 +/- 0.32 ml, p < 0.001 for ThV). In 23 subjects from CH with PCB level > 10000 ng/g the ThV was 18.7 +/- 2.32 ml, while that in 251 subjects from LPA with PCB level of < 2000 ng/g was 13.8 +/- 0.35 ml (p < 0.05). In addition, ThV as well as PCB levels were strikingly increasing with age. In parallel with PCB levels, also the levels of other organochlorines estimated (namely these of DDE) were increasing. Although the participation of these substances in the development of adverse effects cannot yet be defined, it cannot be excluded. The association of increased levels of episodic congener PCB 101 with increased ThV appeared to be more pronounced than that of stable congeners PCB 153 and 180. Finally, significant increase in the frequency of thyroid hypoechogenicity by ultrasound, ThV > 20.0 ml and thyroperoxidase antibodies in CH area was observed as compared to LPA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several associations of high PCB and pesticides level with characteristics of thyroid disorders (e.g. increased thyroid volume, frequency of hypoechogenicity and frequency of positive thyroperoxidase antibodies level in blood) were observed in the area with heavy industrial pollution by PCB.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska, Slovakia. pavel.langer@savba.sk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kocan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tajtakova
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petrik
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chovancova
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Drobna
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jursa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pavuk
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Trnovec
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Seböková
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Klimes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D002617:Chemical Industry; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000633:toxicity*; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010575:Pesticides / Q000097:blood; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010575:Pesticides; D013972:Thyrotropin; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase