title: Immunopathogenesis of primary Sjögren's syndrome: implications for disease management and therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have broadened our understanding of the etiopathogenesis and immunopathology of primary Sjögren's syndrome. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the underlying mechanisms of the disease as well as their implications for clinical handling and therapeutic options.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It becomes increasingly apparent that certain disturbances of the immune system (i.e. B-cell hyperreactivity and enhanced levels of B-cell-activating factor/B-lymphocyte stimulator) play a central role in this entity. Whether this is a primary abnormality or the result of predisposing factors or infectious, e.g. viral, agents remains uncertain. New insights into the pathogenesis also provide candidates for better diagnosis and classification of disease severity, such as flow cytometric analysis, measurement of soluble cell surface molecules, autoantibodies, cytokines, and ligands (B-cell-activating factor/B-lymphocyte stimulator). Whether B-cell-directed therapies (i.e. blocking B-cell-activating factor/B-lymphocyte stimulator, anti-CD20 therapy) will have an impact on primary Sjögren's syndrome needs to be shown in clinical trials. Alternative therapeutic approaches such as organ-targeted gene transfer are in development but must be carefully evaluated for safety and efficacy in preclinical models that resemble human primary Sjögren's syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pathogenesis of primary Sjögren's syndrome is complex and the factors initiating and driving autoimmunity in this entity are largely unknown. Recent studies provide new insights into potential pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease and, thereby, the chance for improved strategies in disease management and therapy.
authors.affiliation: Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany. ame.hansen@charite.de
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lipsky
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dörner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*