title: Variability in vehicle and dummy responses in rear-end collisions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to quantify the occupant response variability due to differences in vehicle and seat design in low-speed rear-end collisions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Occupant response variability was quantified using a BioRID dummy exposed to rear-end collisions in 20 different vehicles. Vehicles were rolled rearward into a rigid barrier at 8 km/h and the dynamic responses of the vehicle and dummy were measured with the head restraint adjusted to the up most position. In vehicles not damaged by this collision, additional tests were conducted with the head restraint down and at different impact speeds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite a coefficient of variation (COV) of less than 2% for the impact speed of the initial 8 km/h tests, the vehicle response parameters (speed change, acceleration, restitution, bumper force) had COVs of 7 to 23% and the dummy response parameters (head and T1 kinematics, neck loads, NIC, N(ij) and N(km)) had COVs of 14 to 52%. In five vehicles tested multiple times, a head restraint in the down position significantly increased the peak magnitude of many dummy kinematic and kinetic response parameters. Peak head kinematics and neck kinetics generally varied linearly with head restraint back set and height, although the neck reaction moment reversed and increased considerably if the dummy's head wrapped onto the top of the head restraint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study support the proposition that the vehicle, seat, and head restraint are a safety system and that the design of vehicle bumpers and seats/head restraint should be considered together to maximize the potential reduction in whiplash injuries.
authors.affiliation: MEA Forensic Engineers and Scientists, Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. gunter.siegmund@meaforensic.com
authors.forename: Gunter P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Siegmund
authors.forename: Bradley E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Heinrichs
authors.forename: Dennis D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Chimich
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lawrence
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D001336:Automobiles; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*