title: An auditory brain-computer interface based on the self-regulation of slow cortical potentials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Communication support for severely paralyzed patients with visual impairment is needed. Therefore, the feasibility of a brain-computer interface (BCI) using auditory stimuli alone, based on the self-regulation of slow cortical potentials (SCPs), was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Auditory stimuli were used for task and feedback presentation in an SCP self-regulation paradigm. Voluntarily produced SCP responses and measures of communication performance were compared between 3 groups (total of N = 59) of visual, auditory, and cross-modal visual-auditory modality. Electroencephalogram recordings and training from Cz-mastoids were carried out on 3 consecutive sessions. Data of 1500 trials per subject were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Best performance was achieved for the visual, followed by the auditory condition. The performance deficit of the auditory condition was partly due to decreased self-produced positivity. Larger SCP response variability also accounted for lower performance of the auditory condition. Cross-modally presented stimuli did not lead to significant learning and control of SCP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain-computer communication using auditory stimuli only is possible. Smaller cortical positivity achieved in the auditory condition, as compared to the visual condition, may be a consequence of increased selective attention to simultaneously presented auditory stimuli. To optimize performance, auditory stimuli characteristics may have to be adapted. Other suggestions for enhancement of communication performance with auditory stimuli are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. mirko.pham@uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: Thilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hinterberger
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kübler
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hofmayer
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grether
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: Jean-Jacques
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Vatine
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Birbaumer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D003143:Communication Devices for People with Disabilities; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D014584:User-Computer Interface