title: Cell sheet detachment affects the extracellular matrix: a surface science study comparing thermal liftoff, enzymatic, and mechanical methods.
abstract: This work compares the removal of bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC) monolayers via 1) low-temperature liftoff from a "smart polymer," plasma polymerized poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (ppNIPAM), 2) enzymatic digestion, and 3) mechanical dissociation from ppNIPAM surfaces. We examine the surfaces after cell removal by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), immunostaining, and cell adhesion assay. Immunoassay results indicate that low-temperature liftoff nondestructively harvests the cell sheet and most of the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM), whereas enzymatic digestion and mechanical dissociation are damaging to both the cells and ECM. XPS results indicate that amide and alcohol groups attributed to proteins in the ECM are present on postliftoff surfaces. Principal component analysis (PCA) of ToF-SIMS data indicates that molecular ion fragments of amino acids are present on postliftoff surfaces. Finally, a cell adhesion assay seeding new cells on surfaces from which an initial layer of cells was removed via each of the three methods indicates that liftoff and mechanical dissociation leave behind surfaces that better promote cell adhesion. We conclude that the removal of BAEC cells via low-temperature liftoff from ppNIPAM-treated surfaces is less damaging to the ECM proteins remaining at the surface than the other methods.
authors.affiliation: National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Box 351750, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Heather E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Canavan
authors.forename: Xuanhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Buddy D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Ratner
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Castner
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D001703:Biophysics / Q000379:methods*; D002417:Cattle; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D004798:Enzymes / Q000737:chemistry; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D007118:Immunoassay; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004798:Enzymes; D011108:Polymers; C067295:N-isopropylacrylamide