title: The Depression Intensity Scale Circles (DISCs): a first evaluation of a simple assessment tool for depression in the context of brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the validity, responsiveness, and test-retest reliability of DISCs (Depression Intensity Scale Circles) as a simple screening tool for depression in patients with cognitive or communicative deficits following acquired brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort analysis of consecutive patients entered into an integrated care pathway for screening and management of depression in the context of rehabilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regional neurological rehabilitation service in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  114 patients with complex disabilities caused by acquired brain injury (mean (SD) age, 42.8 (14.5) years).
  
  
  METHODS
  DISCs (a graphic rating scale depicting six circles with increasing proportion of dark shading), Numbered Graphic Rating Scale (NGRS), Yale single question ("Do you often feel sad or depressed"), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), DSM-IV criteria for depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At initial assessment the DISCs correlated with total BDI-II scores (Spearman rho = 0.66, p < 0.001), NGRS (rho = 0.87, p<0.001), and DSM-IV (rho = 0.59, p<0.001). A DISCs score > or =2 identified depression (major or minor) according to DSM-IV criteria with 60% sensitivity, 87% specificity, 75% positive predictive value, and 77% negative predictive value. Test-retest reliability after 24 hours (n = 66) showed "excellent" level of agreement (weighted kappa = 0.84). In 45 patients who received intervention for depression, the DISCs showed a significant change in response to treatment (Wilcoxon; p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DISCs had acceptable convergent validity, reliability, and responsiveness as a simple graded tool for screening and assessment of depression in patients with complex disabilities following acquired brain injury. It warrants further investigation in patients with more profound language and cognitive deficits for which it is primarily intended.
authors.affiliation: Regional Rehabilitation Unit, Northwick Park Hospital, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, UK. lynne.turner-stokes@dial.pipex.com
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Turner-Stokes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalmus
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hirani
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Clegg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013064:Speech Disorders