Personal, social and environmental factors regarding fruit and vegetable intake among schoolchildren in nine European countries.
OBJECTIVE
Children in Europe are consuming less fruit and vegetables than recommended. Knowledge about the potential determinants of fruit and vegetable intake is vital to understand discrepancies in intake and to guide interventions. The aim of the present study was to assess personal, social and environmental factors regarding fruit and vegetable intake among 11- to 12-year-old children in Europe.


METHODS
A cross-sectional survey was undertaken, with nationally or regionally representative samples of in total 13,305 children (mean age 11.4 years) from nine European countries. Pupils in the classroom completed a self-administered questionnaire measuring fruit and vegetable intake and personal, social and environmental factors during one school lesson. Age-adjusted covariance analyses were carried out by gender, for the full sample and for each country separately. Proportions responding positively to the constructs are presented.


RESULTS
Overall, European children held a positive attitude towards fruit and vegetable intake. For some constructs, large between-country differences were found. Children had a more positive attitude towards fruit than towards vegetables, and girls were on average more positive than boys. The children perceived their social environment as supportive towards fruit and vegetable intake. They reported good to very good availability of fruit and vegetables at home. However, availability at school and during leisure time activities seemed to be low, both for fruit and for vegetables.


CONCLUSIONS
A large majority of the children reported positively to the personal and social factors regarding fruit and vegetable intake. As regards availability of fruit and vegetables at school and leisure time, and accessibility of fruit and vegetables at home, there is room for improvement.
Sandvik
Camilla
C
Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. camilla.sandvik@iuh.uib.no
De Bourdeaudhuij
Ilse
I
Due
Pernille
P
Brug
Johannes
J
Wind
Marianne
M
Bere
Elling
E
Pérez-Rodrigo
Carmen
C
Wolf
Alexandra
A
Elmadfa
Ibrahim
I
Thórsdóttir
Inga
I
Vaz de Almeida
Maria Daniel
MD
Yngve
Agneta
A
Klepp
Knut-Inge
KI
D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004777:Environment; D005060:Europe; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012574:Schools; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables