title: The use of a head-mounted display for visualization in neuroendoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical use of a head-mounted display (HMD) for visualization in all neuroendoscopic procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated all endoscopic and endoscope-controlled procedures in which the HMD was used in our department between July 1999 and June 2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 269 endoscopic procedures were performed. In 147 cases intraventricular endoscopic procedures were carried out, mostly third ventriculocisternostomies, for which a fiberscope was used exclusively. Thirty intracranial cysts were fenestrated or removed (colloid cysts) with the help of various endoscopes. A total of 87 endoscopic transsphenoidal surgeries were performed with a lensscope. In only one case was it necessary to abandon use of the HMD due to inferior visualization; in all other cases visualization by the HMD was thought to be sufficient. Fatigue of the surgeon due to wearing the helmet did not occur. All surgeons had the impression that visual strain was decreased in comparison to looking at a monitor from a distance. The working position was considered to be more comfortable when wearing the HMD, and eye-hand coordination was improved. No technical problems occurred with the system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HMD is a new visualization tool in neurosurgery that may improve the ergonomics of neuroendoscopic and endoscope-controlled procedures.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgical Department, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. e.vanlindert@umcn.nl
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: van Lindert
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Grotenhuis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beems
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006804:Ergonomics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010465:Perception; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013523:Surgical Equipment