title: Antituberculosis drug resistance and anonymous HIV surveillance in tuberculosis patients in Botswana, 2002.
abstract: Two surveys undertaken in Botswana in the 1990s have recorded low rates of antituberculosis drug resistance, despite a three-fold rise in tuberculosis since 1989. We undertook a third survey to determine both trends since 1995 and HIV prevalence in tuberculosis patients in Botswana. Sputum specimens were obtained from patients nationwide in 2002 who also underwent anonymous, rapid HIV testing by use of Oraquick. Of 2200 sputum smear-positive patients and 219 previously treated patients with suspected recurrent tuberculosis, 1457 (60%) were infected with HIV. Resistance to at least one drug in new patients rose from 16 (3.7%) isolates in 1995 to 123 (10.4%; p<0.0001) in 2002. Interventions for tuberculosis control are urgently needed in Botswana to prevent further emergence of drug resistance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. LBN9@CDC.GOV
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Talbot
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mwasekaga
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Ngirubiu
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mwansa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Notha
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001902:Botswana / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*