title: Decrease of enteric micro-organisms from rural sewage sludge during their composting in straw mixture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the decrease of enteric micro-organisms including viable nematode eggs, enteroviruses, faecal indicators (Escherichia coli and enterococci) and pathogenic bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp. and Clostridium perfringens) of a rural sewage sludge when it is composted for 7 months in mixture with straw.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Numbers of the test organisms and the physico-chemical parameters were measured on a monthly basis on the mixture, on the compost after being turned, and on the pile in three positions representing the part by which air is incoming, the bottom of the pile and the part through which air is outgoing. The lowest temperature in the pile was observed at the bottom, where it did not exceed 50 degrees C against 66 degrees C in the two other areas. There were no significant differences between the three areas in terms of micro-organism survival. Infectious enteroviruses were inactivated rapidly and were not found after the first turning whereas some genomes were detected until after the third turning. Escherichia coli and enterococci presented a similar survival rate and their number decreased by 4 log(10) whereas Salmonella decayed at a greater rate than L. monocytogenes. The numbers of C. perfringens decreased gradually to reach a final concentration in the mature compost of about 10(2) CFU g(-1) dry matter (d.m.), which was similar to that of the faecal indicators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hygienic effect of sludge composting in mixture with straw results in a significant reduction of enteric micro-organisms, the concentration of the faecal indicators in the final product being < 64 most probable number g(-1) d.m. The concentrations of Salmonella, enteroviruses and viable nematode eggs in the final product were not detectable which is in accordance with the French legislation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results which pointed out the different behaviour of the test micro-organisms reflect the difficulty to propose a relevant indicator of hygienization. Otherwise, they show that composting is an efficient means for hygienization of sludge of rural wastewater treatment, where the straw is available close to their place of production.
authors.affiliation: UMR MA. 105, UFR Sciences, Paysages et Biodiversité, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement et de l'Aménagement, Université d'Angers, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France. pourcher@univ-angers.fr
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pourcher
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morand
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Picard-Bonnaud
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Billaudel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Monpoeho
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Federighi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ferré
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moguedet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005285:Fermentation; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008087:Listeria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009348:Nematoda / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D012423:Rural Health; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013696:Temperature; D014908:Triticum
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen