title: Platelet adenylyl cyclase activity: a biological marker for major depression and recent drug use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adenylyl cyclase (AC) is an enzyme that can regulate the physiologic effects of numerous drugs and hormones through the production of cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP). Some studies suggest that certain measures of AC activity are lower among depressed subjects. We examined the relationship between various measures of AC activity and major depression, taking into account potential confounders, such as drug use and gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the relationship between platelet levels of AC activity and lifetime diagnosis of major depression among 1481 participants (226 subjects with a history of major depression and 1255 control subjects) in an international, cross-sectional study initiated by the World Health Organization and the International Society on Biomedical Research on Alcoholism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After accounting for recent drug use, subjects with a history of major depression had markedly lower mean levels for all measures of platelet AC activity compared with control subjects. The adjusted odds ratios for major depression comparing the bottom to the top quartile of AC activity were 2.69 for basal (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30-5.56), 3.72 for cesium fluoride-stimulated (95% CI 1.54-8.98), 6.20 for forskolin-stimulated (95% CI 2.04-18.80), and 2.20 for Gpp(NH)p-stimulated (95% CI 1.03-4.70).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with major depression have lower platelet AC activity levels, and this relationship is dramatically attenuated by various types of drug use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80045-0511, USA. Lisa.Hines@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hines
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tabakoff
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000097:blood*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000201:enzymology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases