title: Cholesterol content regulates acrosomal exocytosis by enhancing Rab3A plasma membrane association.
abstract: The acrosome is an exocytic granule that overlies the spermatozoan nucleus. In response to different stimuli, it undergoes calcium-regulated exocytosis. Freshly ejaculated mammalian sperm are not immediately capable of undergoing acrosome reaction. The acquisition of this ability is called capacitation and involves a series of still not well-characterized changes in the sperm physiology. Plasma membrane cholesterol removal is one of the sperm modifications that are associated with capacitation. However, how sterols affect acrosomal exocytosis is unknown. Here, we show that short incubations with cyclodextrin, a cholesterol removal agent, just before stimulation promote acrosomal exocytosis. Moreover, the effect was also observed in permeabilized cells stimulated with calcium, indicating that cholesterol plays a direct role in the calcium-dependent exocytosis associated with acrosome reaction. Using a photo-inhibitable calcium chelator, we show that cholesterol affects an early event of the exocytic cascade rather than the lipid bilayers mixing. Functional data indicate that one target for the cholesterol effect is Rab3A. The sterol content does not affect the Rab3A activation-deactivation cycle but regulates its membrane anchoring. Western blot analysis and immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that cholesterol efflux facilitates Rab3A association to sperm plasma membrane. Our data indicate that the cholesterol efflux occurring during capacitation optimizes the conditions for the productive assembly of the fusion machinery required for acrosome reaction.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Casilla de Correo 56, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Belmonte
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Roggero
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: De Blas
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Tomes
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Mayorga
mesh_terms: D000177:Acrosome / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D003505:Cyclodextrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron; D020692:rab3 GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003505:Cyclodextrins; D002784:Cholesterol; D020692:rab3 GTP-Binding Proteins; D002118:Calcium