title: Minichromosome maintenance proteins 2 and 5 expression in muscle-invasive urothelial cancer: a multivariate survival study including proliferation markers and cell cycle regulators.
abstract: Evaluation of cell cycle regulators has gained special interest in the effort to increase the amount of prognostic information in malignant tumors. Minichromosome maintenance proteins (MCMs) drive the formation of prereplicative complexes, which is the first key event during G1 phase. Therefore, altered MCM expression may be a hallmark of cell cycle deregulation, which is supposed to be the most essential mechanism in the development and progression of bladder cancer. Our aim was to investigate the value of MCMs as proliferation markers and prognostic indicators in detrusor muscle-invasive urothelial bladder carcinomas. We analyzed immunohistochemically the expression of MCM-2 and MCM-5 in 65 patients with detrusor muscle-invasive urothelial bladder carcinomas in relation with clinicopathologic parameters, patients' overall and disease-free survival, and the expression of the conventional proliferation index Ki-67 and other cell cycle modulators (p53, pRb, p21(WAF1), and p27(Kip1)). The levels of MCM-2 and MCM-5 were significantly higher in high-grade (P < .0001), advanced-stage (P = .001), and nonpapillary tumors (P < .0001). The expression of MCM-2 and MCM-5 significantly associated with the conventional proliferation index Ki-67 (P = .0001 for each protein). The expression of MCM-2 or MCM-5 positively correlated with p53 labeling index (P = .014 and P = .009, respectively). Also, median p21(WAF1) labeling index was higher in MCM-5 high expressors (P = .028). Finally, both MCM-2 and MCM-5 associated significantly with adverse patients' outcome in both univariate (P = .0072 and P = .0074, respectively) and multivariate (P = .0001) analysis. In conclusion, MCM-2 and MCM-5 appear to be reliable proliferation indexes and useful prognostic markers in patients with muscle-invasive urothelial bladder carcinomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Athens University, Medical School, GR 115 27 Athens, Greece. pkorkol@cc.uoa.gr
authors.forename: Penelope
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Korkolopoulou
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Givalos
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saetta
authors.forename: Athina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goudopoulou
authors.forename: Hariklia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gakiopoulou
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Thymara
authors.forename: Euphemia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thomas-Tsagli
authors.forename: Efstratios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patsouris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019042:Muscle Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C085711:mcm5 protein, S pombe; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27