title: Distinctive inhibitory mechanisms of age and relative visceral adiposity on growth hormone secretion in pre- and postmenopausal women studied under a hypogonadal clamp.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aging, body composition, and sex steroids jointly determine GH production. However, the actions of any given factor are confounded by the effects of the other two.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Age and abdominal visceral fat (AVF) mass govern GH secretion via individually distinctive mechanisms, which can be unmasked by short-term sex steroid deprivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a university setting, healthy pre- and postmenopausal volunteers underwent GnRH agonist-induced down-regulation for 6 wk to deplete ovarian sex steroids. GH secretion was evaluated by frequent blood sampling, saline vs. dual secretagogue infusions, an irregularity statistic, variable waveform deconvolution analysis, and a simplified feedback model. Computerized tomography was used to estimate AVF mass. OUTCOMES/MEASURES: In the sex steroid-deficient milieu, postmenopausal compared with premenopausal women exhibited 1) lower concentrations of IGF-I (P = 0.028) and GH (P < 0.05); 2) reduced pulsatile, but elevated basal, GH secretion (P < 0.05); 3) more irregular GH patterns (P = 0.027); 4) an attenuated GH response to simultaneous GHRH/GH-releasing peptide-2 stimulation (P < 0.01); and 5) more rapid onset of GH release within secretory bursts (P < 0.01). In contrast, AVF negatively forecast GH responses to L-arginine/GH-releasing peptide-2 (r2= 0.45; P < 0.001) and L-arginine/GHRH (r2= 0.57; P = 0.007). From these marked contrasts, model-based analyses predicted distinguishable mechanisms by which aging and AVF alter pulsatile GH production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under limited confounding by sex steroids, age and body composition modulate GH secretion via highly selective peptidyl pathways in healthy women.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, General Clinical Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. veldhuis.johannes@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Johannes D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Veldhuis
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: Kristi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mielke
authors.forename: Leon S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Farhy
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: Cyril Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Bowers
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000378:metabolism*; D017697:Premenopause / Q000378:metabolism*; D014781:Viscera
chemical_list: D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone; D001120:Arginine