title: Contribution of a broad range polymerase chain reaction to the diagnosis of osteoarticular infections caused by Kingella kingae: description of twenty-four recent pediatric diagnoses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microbiologic diagnosis of septic arthritis and osteomyelitis in children is hindered by the less than optimal yield of blood and osteoarticular fluid cultures.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients admitted to a pediatric unit for osteoarticular infections (OAI) between January 2001 and February 2004 were enrolled in this prospective study. Osteoarticular fluid and biopsy samples that were negative by conventional culture were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with universal 16S ribosomal DNA primers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 171 children. Culture was positive in 64 cases (37.4%), yielding Kingella kingae in 9 cases. The 107 culture-negative specimens were tested by 16S ribosomal DNA PCR. Fifteen samples (14%) were positive, all for Kingella DNA sequences. K. kingae was the second cause of OAI in this population (30.4%), after Staphylococcus aureus (38%). Patients with Kingella infection diagnosed by culture (9 cases) did not differ from those diagnosed by PCR (15 cases) in terms of their clinical characteristics (including prior antibiotic therapy). The characteristics of the 24 children with arthritis (n = 17) or osteomyelitis (n = 7) were similar to those reported elsewhere. Fever (>38 degrees C) and symptom onset shortly before hospitalization (median, 4.5 days) were significantly associated with arthritis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of molecular diagnostic methods increases the identification of K. kingae in osteoarticular infections.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpital Cardiologique Louis Pradel, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Verdier
authors.forename: Angèle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gayet-Ageron
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ploton
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Benito
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Freydiere
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chotel
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bérard
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vanhems
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vandenesch
mesh_terms: D001170:Arthritis, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D017882:Kingella kingae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016870:Neisseriaceae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies