title: Neonatal handling increases fear and aggression in lactating rats.
abstract: Neonatal handling reduces fear in male and cycling female rats, but increases maternal aggressive behavior against intruders to the nest area. Present study aimed to analyze the effects of neonatal handling on the maternal aggressive behavior and the activity in the open field with a predator of lactating rats on the 8th and the 18th postpartum days (periods of high and low aggressiveness). As pups, animals were divided into two groups: nonhandled (no neonatal manipulation) and handled (handling for 1 min during the first 10 days after delivery). As adults, females of both groups were impregnated and tested against a male intruder for aggressive behavior and in the open field with a cat inside a wire-meshed cage. Results showed that on the 8th day frequency of aggressive behaviors of handled females was higher than that of the nonhandled ones, but on the 18th day, no significant difference was detected. Surprisingly, in the open field test, handled females showed decreased locomotion and increased freezing on the 8th day compared to the nonhandled ones. The opposite relationship between increased aggressiveness with reduced fear is observed in the nonhandled control females in early and late lactation periods. However, neonatal handling abolishes this relationship. Apparently, the increased aggressiveness in neonatal handled lactating females does not depend on a decrease in fear. Our findings support the hypothesis that long lasting effects of early life stimulation is a dynamic function depending on the behavioral system and the period of life analyzed. Moreover, they caution the relationship between aggressive behavior and fear.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Neurociências, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovenardi
authors.forename: Marcia S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: de Azevedo
authors.forename: Simone P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Erica do E S
authors.initials: Edo E
authors.lastname: Hermel
authors.forename: Carmen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Aldo B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lucion
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000374:Aggression / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006234:Handling, Psychological; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D007774:Lactation / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones