title: The endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide, induces cell death in colorectal carcinoma cells: a possible role for cyclooxygenase 2.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is upregulated in most colorectal cancers and is responsible for metabolism of the endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide, into prostaglandin-ethanolamides (PG-EAs). The aims of this study were to determine whether anandamide and PG-EAs induce cell death in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells, and whether high levels of COX-2 in CRC cells could be utilised for their specific targeting for cell death by anandamide.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the effect of anandamide on human CRC cell growth by measuring cell growth and cell death, whether this was dependent on COX-2 protein expression or enzyme activity, and the potential involvement of PG-EAs in induction of cell death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anandamide inhibited the growth of CRC cell lines HT29 and HCA7/C29 (moderate and high COX-2 expressors, respectively) but had little effect on the very low COX-2 expressing CRC cell line, SW480. Induction of cell death in HT29 and HCA7/C29 cell lines was partially rescued by the COX-2 selective inhibitor NS398. Cell death induced by anandamide was neither apoptosis nor necrosis. Furthermore, inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase potentiated the non-apoptotic cell death, indicating that anandamide induced cell death was mediated via metabolism of anandamide by COX-2, rather than its degradation into arachidonic acid and ethanolamine. Interestingly, both PGE2-EA and PGD2-EA induced classical apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest anandamide may be a useful chemopreventive/therapeutic agent for colorectal cancer as it targets cells that are high expressors of COX-2, and may also be used in the eradication of tumour cells that have become resistant to apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Colorectal Tumour Biology Group, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Patsos
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: R R H
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dobson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greenhough
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Woodman
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paraskeva
mesh_terms: D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000502:physiology*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D006801:Humans; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000099252:Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases
chemical_list: D000581:Amidohydrolases; D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D015232:Dinoprostone; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D000099252:Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases; C107684:prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide; C078814:anandamide