title: How pain and analgesics disturb sleep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical experiences as well as specific investigations show that pain and sleep disturbances are closely correlated. The aims of this review are first to describe sleep disturbances related to painful medical diseases and analgesics and secondly to propose management possibilities for these sleep disturbances.
  
  
  METHODS
  The viewpoints presented were based mainly on objective rest activity and sleep studies using actigraphy and polysomnography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polysomnographic and actigraphic studies have described significant sleep disturbances in patients suffering from different pain disorders. These disturbances are: reduced sleep efficiency and altered sleep architecture characterized by increased wakefulness and stage 1 non-rapid eye movement sleep, associated with diminished slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep. Sleep disturbances may be related to pain and to the analgesic or sedative medications administered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If many factors, including pain, disease process per se, as well as medication, could disturb sleep, sleep disturbances may also adversely affect the natural course of the painful disease. Improving sleep quantity and quality in patients with painful disorders may break this vicious circle and as consequence enhance the patients' overall health and quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital A. Charial, Francheville, France. hakki.onen@chu-lyon.fr
authors.forename: S Hakki
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Onen
authors.forename: Fannie
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Onen
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Courpron
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dubray
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics