title: An algorithm to screen long-term care residents at risk for accidental falls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The process applied to identify fall risks in frail elderly persons remains a matter of debate. We intended to develop a fall screening instrument for clinically defined subgroups of long-term care residents, to be administered by nursing staff.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fall risk indicators were selected by multiple logistic regression in three pre-defined subgroups. The first consisted of residents who were not able to transfer, defined as a change from sit-to-stand position, without physical assistance (NAT). The second subgroup comprised residents who were able to transfer, but who had had a recent fall during the last 6 months (AT-F). Residents who were able to transfer but had had no recent fall (AT-NF) were in the third subgroup. The prospective observational study included 472 long-stay residents (mean age 84 years, 79% female) from three community nursing homes, with a follow-up period of 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fall incidence was highest in the AT-F subgroup: 6066 per 1000 resident years. The risk indicators identified included a positive fall history and restraint use in the NAT group, transfer assistance in the AT-F group, and urinary incontinence and visual impairment in the AT-NF group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification of different risk indicators in the subgroups indicates that specific strategies may be more appropriate to improve the effectiveness of fall prevention in long-term care, than the application of one strategy to all residents. The identification of incontinence, visual impairment, and restraints as risk indicators stresses the need for intervention studies which specifically address these items.
authors.affiliation: Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Department of Geriatric Rehabilitation, Stuttgart, Germany. clemens.becker@rbk.de
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loy
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nikolaus
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rissmann
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kron
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016330:Frail Elderly; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D014549:Urinary Incontinence; D014786:Vision Disorders