title: Factors associated with "do not resuscitate" orders and rates of withdrawal from hemodialysis in the international DOPPS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Worldwide statistics on practice patterns regarding "do not resuscitate" (DNR) orders and patient withdrawal from hemodialysis have not been uniformly collected or analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data concerning adult hemodialysis patients randomly selected from 308 representative dialysis facilities in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States participating in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study, DNR orders were tabulated at study entry from a prevalent cross-section of patients (N = 8615), using multivariate logistic regression to investigate characteristics associated with DNR status, Cox models to identify risk factors for withdrawal from hemodialysis, and scores from the mental component summary (MCS) and physical component summary (PCS) of the SF-36 to assess health-related quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The United States had the highest prevalence of DNR orders (7.5%) and rate of withdrawal from hemodialysis (3.5 per 100 patient-years). Significant and independent associations with higher odds ratio (OR) of DNR were observed for older age (OR 1.16 per 10 years higher, P = 0.03) and nursing home residence (OR 2.34, P = 0.003), and with higher relative risk (RR) of withdrawal from dialysis (RR 2.38, P < 0.001). Patients who withdrew from hemodialysis died within a mean of 7.8 days and a median of 6.0 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher prevalence of DNR and rate of withdrawal from hemodialysis in the United States are consistent with its greater legal and cultural emphasis on patient autonomy. By showing characteristics associated with these outcomes, this study contributes to our understanding of why hemodialysis patients request DNR or withdraw from treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105-2303, USA. dopps@urrea.org
authors.forename: Rachel B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Fissell
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bragg-Gresham
authors.forename: Antonio Alberto
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: José Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Shunichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukuhara
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.forename: Wendy Weinstock
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Marcia L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Keen
authors.forename: Friedrich K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Port
authors.forename: Eric W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000401:mortality*; D016414:Resuscitation Orders; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology