title: Orofacial Pain--Part II: Assessment and management of vascular, neurovascular, idiopathic, secondary, and psychogenic causes.
abstract: Chronic orofacial pain is a common health complaint faced by health practitioners today and constitutes a challenging diagnostic problem that often requires a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment. The previous article by the same authors in this issue discussed the major clinical characteristics and the treatment of various musculoskeletal and neuropathic orofacial pain conditions. This second article presents aspects of vascular, neurovascular, and idiopathic orofacial pain, as well as orofacial pain due to various local, distant, or systemic diseases and psychogenic orofacial pain. The emphasis in this article is on the general differential diagnosis and various therapeutic regimens of each of these conditions. An accurate diagnosis is the key to successful treatment of chronic orofacial pain. Given that for many of the entities discussed in this article no curative treatment is available, current standards of management are emphasized. A comprehensive reference section has been included for those who wish to gain further information on a particular entity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Pathology, Brotman Facial Pain Center, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201-1586, USA. ens002@dental.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sarlani
authors.forename: Birute A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Balciunas
authors.forename: Edward G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Grace
mesh_terms: D000784:Aortic Dissection / Q000150:complications; D002054:Burning Mouth Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003027:Cluster Headache / Q000150:complications; D003323:Coronary Aneurysm / Q000150:complications; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D013700:Giant Cell Arteritis / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D014098:Toothache / Q000150:complications; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D014653:Vascular Headaches / Q000150:complications