title: Neurocognitive consequences of risk-adapted therapy for childhood medulloblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This prospective, longitudinal study examined the effects of risk-adapted craniospinal irradiation (CSI) dose and the interactions of dose with age and time from diagnosis on intelligence quotient (IQ) and academic achievement (reading, spelling, and math) among patients treated for medulloblastoma (MB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients received serial neurocognitive testing spanning from 0 to 6.03 years after diagnosis (median, 3.14 years). The multi-institutional study included 111 patients, who were 3 to 20 years of age at diagnosis (median age, 7.4 years), treated for MB with risk-adapted CSI followed by four cycles of high-dose chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and vincristine) with stem-cell support. High-risk patients (HR; n = 37) received CSI to 36 to 39.6 Gy and conformal boost treatment of the primary site to 55.8 to 59.4 Gy. Average-risk patients (AR; n = 74) received CSI to 23.4 Gy and conformal boost treatment of the posterior fossa to 36.0 Gy and primary site to 55.8 Gy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate modeling revealed statistically significant declines in mean IQ (-1.59 points/yr; P = .006), reading (-2.95 points/yr; P < .0001), spelling (-2.94 points/yr; P < .0001), and math (-1.87 points/yr; P = .003) scores for the entire group. The effects of risk-adapted radiation therapy on IQ, reading, and spelling were moderated by age, with the greatest rates of decline observed for the HR patients who were younger (< 7 years old) at diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young age at diagnosis was the most prominent risk factor for neurocognitive deficits among survivors of MB despite reductions in CSI dosing and efforts to limit the boost volume. Younger patients exhibited substantial problems with the development of reading skills.
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA.
authors.forename: Raymond K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Mulhern
authors.forename: Shawna L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kocak
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brouwers
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krull
authors.forename: Murali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chintagumpala
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stargatt
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ashley
authors.forename: Vida L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Tyc
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kun
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boyett
authors.forename: Amar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gajjar
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002528:Cerebellar Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors