title: Achieving sufficient spectral bandwidth for volumetric 1H echo-planar spectroscopic imaging at 4 Tesla.
abstract: Complete coverage of the in vivo proton metabolite spectrum, including downfield resonances, requires a spectral bandwidth of approximately 9 ppm. Spectral bandwidth of in vivo echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) is primarily limited by gradient strength of the oscillating readout gradient, gradient slew rate, and limits on peripheral nerve stimulation for human subjects. Furthermore, conventional EPSI reconstruction, which utilizes even and odd readout echoes separately, makes use of only half the spectral bandwidth. In order to regain full spectral bandwidth in EPSI, it has previously been suggested to apply an interlaced Fourier transform (iFT), which uses even and odd echoes simultaneously. However, this method has not been thoroughly analyzed regarding its usefulness for in vivo 3D EPSI. In this Note, limitations of the iFT method are discussed and an alternative, cyclic spectral unwrapping, is proposed, which is based on prior knowledge of typical in vivo spectral patterns.
authors.affiliation: Northern California Institute for Research and Education, VA Medical Center San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. ebel@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ebel
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Maudsley
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schuff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D001224:Aspartic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate