title: Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation in humans: results in 59 consecutive patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) reconstruction with valved conduits in infancy and childhood leads to reintervention for pulmonary regurgitation and stenosis in later life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with pulmonary regurgitation with or without stenosis after repair of congenital heart disease had percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI). Mortality, hemodynamic improvement, freedom from explantation, and subjective and objective changes in exercise tolerance were end points. PPVI was performed successfully in 58 patients, 32 male, with a median age of 16 years and median weight of 56 kg. The majority had a variant of tetralogy of Fallot (n=36), or transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect with pulmonary stenosis (n=8). The right ventricular (RV) pressure (64.4+/-17.2 to 50.4+/-14 mm Hg, P<0.001), RVOT gradient (33+/-24.6 to 19.5+/-15.3, P<0.001), and pulmonary regurgitation (PR) (grade 2 of greater before, none greater than grade 2 after, P<0.001) decreased significantly after PPVI. MRI showed significant reduction in PR fraction (21+/-13% versus 3+/-4%, P<0.001) and in RV end-diastolic volume (EDV) (94+/-28 versus 82+/-24 mL.beat(-1).m(-2), P<0.001) and a significant increase in left ventricular EDV (64+/-12 versus 71+/-13 mL.beat(-1).m(-2), P=0.005) and effective RV stroke volume (37+/-7 versus 42+/-9 mL.beat(-1).m(-2), P=0.006) in 28 patients (age 19+/-8 years). A further 16 subjects, on metabolic exercise testing, showed significant improvement in VO2max (26+/-7 versus 29+/-6 mL.kg(-1).min(-1), P<0.001). There was no mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PPVI is feasible at low risk, with quantifiable improvement in MRI-defined ventricular parameters and pulmonary regurgitation, and results in subjective and objective improvement in exercise capacity.
authors.affiliation: Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK. khambs@gosh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Sachin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khambadkone
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Coats
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Younes
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Boudjemline
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Derrick
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Muthurangu
authors.forename: Sanjeet R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hegde
authors.forename: Reza S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Razavi
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pellerin
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deanfield
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonhoeffer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002648:Child; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D004452:Echocardiography; D015444:Exercise; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D011665:Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome