title: Physical and cognitive performance during long-term cold weather operations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physiological responses, physical performance, and cognitive performance were measured during military cold weather survival courses to determine the effects of long-term cold exposure on training safety and potential survival ability.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 28 males, from 5 9-d winter survival courses, who participated. Cognitive performance was evaluated through logical reasoning, planning, and vigilance. Physical performance was evaluated with tests of hand function and arm strength. Subjective cold sensation scale (CSS), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and mood indicators were quantified. Core temperature (T(core0) and HR were recorded continuously throughout the courses, and fingertip temperature (T(finger)) was also recorded during testing. Hematocrit values to indicate hydration status were obtained from blood samples taken on three occasions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean air temperature (T(air)) during the testing periods ranged from -24.4 to 4.4 degrees C among the five courses. Hydration level and T(core) remained normal throughout all courses while T(finger) decreased with decreasing T(air). Finger dexterity deteriorated by 23-28% when T(finger) decreased from 18 to 10 degrees C. Muscular strength was decreased by a small (4%) but significant amount over 6 d of testing. Cognitive function was unaffected by cold air or time on the course. Mood indicators were consistent with CSS and RPE scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under the exposure conditions and availability of basic survival equipment, including water, described herein, and in the absence of trauma, healthy fit individuals can participate in this military training without any serious decrements in cognitive and physical performance. In an actual survival situation, similarly decreased dexterity may adversely affect survival activities.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Health, Leisure, and Human Performance Research Institute, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation Studies, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marrao
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tikuisis
authors.forename: Allan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: Gordon G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Giesbrecht
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001831:Body Temperature; D003071:Cognition; D003080:Cold Temperature; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D009048:Motor Skills; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011379:Prognosis; D012449:Safety; D013534:Survival; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis