title: Duplication of Xq26.2-q27.1, including SOX3, in a mother and daughter with short stature and dyslalia.
abstract: Duplications of the distal long arm of the X chromosome are rare and carrier females are usually phenotypically normal. We report on a 14-year-old short statured (height and weight <3rd centile) girl with dup(X)(q26.2q27.1) inherited from a short mother. The proband has minor dysmorphic features, lordosis, lack of menarche, late signs of puberty, low prepuberal levels of gonadotrophins and steroids, but borderline low IGF-1 and normal IGF-Bp3 serum levels. Both the proposita and her mother have severe speech problems with stuttering and dyslalia. The 44-year-old mother with a strikingly aged face and a prominent nose, had menarche at 15 years. Both maternal sisters and the grandmother of the proposita are also short. Karyotyping revealed an additional band at Xq26 in all metaphases from the proband, her mother, and two maternal aunts. Molecular cytogenetic investigations revealed an Xq26.2-q27.1 direct duplication of approximately 7.5 Mb that encompasses or disrupts the SOX3 gene, which maps at the distal border of the duplicated segment. A similar chromosomal duplication was reported recently in five families and in each was associated with an abnormal phenotype in males with short stature [Hol et al., 2000; Solomon et al., 2002, 2004]. Using an androgen-receptor (HUMARA) gene methylation assay and FISH, we show that despite preferential inactivation of the dup(Xq) chromosome a significant proportion of lymphocytes in both mother and daughter carry an active duplicated X chromosome. Our findings further suggest that a dosage effect of SOX3 may to be responsible for a speech disorder in addition to short stature secondary to hypopituitarism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. pawels@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stankiewicz
authors.forename: Hannelore
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thiele
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schlicker
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cseke-Friedrich
authors.forename: Sylva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bartel-Friedrich
authors.forename: Svetlana A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Yatsenko
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lupski
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hansmann
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002871:Chromosome Banding; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020440:Gene Duplication; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000473:pathology*; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D007621:Karyotyping; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D010375:Pedigree; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000473:pathology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C410798:AR protein, human; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; C527785:SOX3 protein, human; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I