title: Assessing risk across the spectrum of patients with the metabolic syndrome.
abstract: The metabolic syndrome represents a constellation of interrelated risk factors that identify individuals at increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular events. Currently, the major cardiovascular risk factors and validated risk-assessment tools do not adequately account for the increased cardiovascular risk that accompanies the metabolic syndrome. In prospective population studies, cardiovascular risk assessment in individuals with the metabolic syndrome is improved by measures of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle number, C-reactive protein, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels. Although adiponectin and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 may be more integrally involved in insulin resistance, the studies with these biomarkers are less extensive. Risk assessment models for patients with the metabolic syndrome should consider inclusion of LDL particle number, inflammatory markers, and levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
authors.affiliation: Preventive Cardiology Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. r-rosenson@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Rosenson
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D002097:C-Reactive Protein