title: The presence of allele D of angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism is associated with diabetic nephropathy in patients with less than 10 years duration of Type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy (DN) in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) taking into consideration the known duration of DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study with 982 patients categorized according to urinary albumin excretion (UAE) into normoalbuminuria (UAE < 20 microg/min or < 17 mg/l, 24-h timed urine or spot random sterile urine, respectively), incipient DN (UAE 20-199 microg/min or 17-174 mg/l) and overt DN (UAE > 200 microg/min or > 174 mg/l or dialysis). Patients were further grouped regarding presence of the D allele (DD/ID vs. II) and DM duration (< or = 10 years or > 10 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incipient DN was diagnosed in 17.3% (n = 170), and 20.7% (n = 203) had overt DN (macroalbuminuria, n = 129; dialysis, n = 74). Genotype distribution (DD/ID/II) was similar in patients with incipient (49/92/29) or overt DN (77/89/37) if compared with patients without DN (181/308/120, P = 0.172). In patients with DM < or = 10 years, having the D allele (DD/ID) resulted in an odds ratio (OR) of 2.66 (95% CI: 1.12-6.58, P = 0.015) for incipient DN, and 3.19 (95% CI: 1.18-9.30, P = 0.012) for overt DN. In patients with longer DM duration, the D allele did not increase the risk for incipient (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.36-1.29, P = 0.206) or overt DN (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.39-1.17, P = 0.138).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DD/ID genotypes were associated with incipient or overt DN in patients with DM < or = 10 years.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Canani
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Crispim
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gonçalves Dos Santos
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roisenberg
authors.forename: H R K
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Lisbôa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sarturi Tres
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gross
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000235:genetics; D000483:Alleles; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A