title: Cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside, a natural free-radical scavenger against aflatoxin B1- and ochratoxin A-induced cell damage in a human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2) and a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line (CaCo-2).
abstract: Recent findings have suggested that oxidative damage might contribute to the cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Induction of oxidative stress also plays an important role in the toxicity of another mycotoxin, ochratoxin A (OTA). In the present study, the protective effect of cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside (C-3-G; an anthocyanin contained in oranges, blackberries, strawberries and cranberries) against AFB1- and OTA-induced cytotoxicity was investigated in a human hepatoma-derived cell line (Hep G2) and a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line (CaCo-2). The ability of C-3-G to reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the inhibition of protein and DNA synthesis and the apoptosis caused by the two mycotoxins was also investigated in both cell lines. Our experiments proved the significant cytoprotective effect of C-3-G in vitro against OTA- and AFB1-induced cell damage. In particular, 24 h of pretreatment with 50 microm-C-3-G inhibited the cytotoxicity of 10 microm-AFB1 (by 35 %) and of 10 microm-OTA (by 25 %) in Hep G2 cells (P < 0.001) and of 10 microm-AFB1 (by 10 %, P < 0.01) and of 10 microm-OTA (by 14 %, P < 0.05) in CaCo-2 cells. Moreover, 50 microm-C-3-G attenuated ROS production induced by the two toxins in both cell lines (P < 0.05). Inhibition of DNA and protein synthesis induced by the mycotoxins was counteracted by pretreatment with the antioxidant at 50 microm. Similarly, apoptotic cell death was prevented as demonstrated by a reduction of DNA fragmentation and inhibition of caspase-3 activation. The in vitro free-radical scavenging capacity of the anthocyanin was tested with the Briggs-Rauscher oscillating reaction. This system works at pH approximately 2. The results showed good scavenging power, in accordance with the observed inhibition of ROS production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy. mcguerra@biocfarm.unibo.it
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galvano
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonsi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Speroni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Renzulli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cervellati
mesh_terms: D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000633:toxicity*; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D018938:Caco-2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000187:drug effects; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D002273:Carcinogens; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009793:Ochratoxins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; C025589:ochratoxin A; D016604:Aflatoxin B1; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases