title: Aspirin plus warfarin compared to aspirin alone after acute coronary syndromes: an updated and comprehensive meta-analysis of 25,307 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In patients recovering from acute coronary syndromes (ACS) the role of oral anticoagulation (and its intensity) in addition to aspirin remains controversial. We conducted a specific meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing aspirin plus warfarin (A+W) with aspirin alone in such patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MEDLINE and Cochrane databases yielded 14 (of 148 potentially relevant) articles enrolling 25 307 patients. Follow-up ranged from 3 months to 5 years. Irrespective of International normalized ratio (INR), A+W did not significantly affect the risk of major adverse events (MAE: all cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and non-fatal thrombo-embolic stroke) when compared with aspirin alone [OR 0.96 (0.90-1.03), P=0.30], but increased the risk of major bleeds (MB): OR 1.77 (1.47-2.13), P<0.00001. However, in studies with INR of 2-3, A+W was associated with a significant reduction of MAE [OR 0.73 (0.63-0.84), P<0.0001, number needed to treat to avoid one MAE=33], albeit at an increased risk of MB [OR 2.32 (1.63-3.29), P<0.00001; number needed to harm by causing one MB=100]. In both analyses, intracranial bleeding was not significantly increased by A+W when compared with aspirin alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients recovering from ACS, a combined strategy of A+W at INR values of 2-3 doubles the risk of MB, but is nonetheless superior to aspirin alone in preventing MAE. Whether this combined regimen is also superior to a 'double' anti-platelet strategy or to newer evolving treatments warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University, Largo F. Vito, 00168, Rome, Italy. felicita.andreotti@iol.it
authors.forename: Felicita
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Andreotti
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.forename: Giuseppe G L
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Biondi-Zoccai
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Crea
mesh_terms: D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D014859:Warfarin; D001241:Aspirin