title: Calcium gradients in conifer pollen tubes; dynamic properties differ from those seen in angiosperms.
abstract: Pollen tubes are an established model system for examining polarized cell growth. The focus here is on pollen tubes of the conifer Norway spruce (Picea abies, Pinaceae); examining the relationship between cytosolic free Ca2+, tip elongation, and intracellular motility. Conifer pollen tubes show important differences from their angiosperm counterparts; they grow more slowly and their organelles move in an unusual fountain pattern, as opposed to reverse fountain, in the tip. Ratiometric ion imaging of growing pollen tubes, microinjected with fura-2-dextran, reveals a tip-focused [Ca2+]i gradient extending from 450 nM at the extreme apex to 225 nM at the base of the tip clear zone. Injection of 5,5' dibromo-BAPTA does not dissipate the apical gradient, but stops cell elongation and uniquely causes rapid, transient increases of apical free Ca2+. The [Ca2+]i gradient is, however, dissipated by reversible perfusion of extracellular caffeine. When the basal cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration falls below 150 nM, again a large increase in apical [Ca2+]i occurs. An external source of calcium is not required for germination but significantly enhances elongation. However, both germination and elongation are significantly inhibited by the inclusion of calcium channels blockers, including lanthanum, gadolinium, or verapamil. Modulation of intracellular calcium also affects organelle position and motility. Extracellular perfusion of lanthanides reversibly depletes the apical [Ca2+]i gradient, altering organelle positioning in the tip. Later, during recovery from lanthanide perfusion, organelle motility switches direction to a reverse fountain. When taken together these data show a unique interplay in Picea abies pollen tubes between intracellular calcium and the motile processes controlling cellular organization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA. lazzarom@cofc.edu
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lazzaro
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cardenas
authors.forename: Aadra P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Justus
authors.forename: Monique S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Terena L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Holdaway-Clarke
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Hepler
mesh_terms: D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000494:pharmacology; D018525:Germination; D007811:Lanthanum / Q000494:pharmacology; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000378:metabolism*; D028222:Picea / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D011058:Pollen / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002110:Caffeine; D007811:Lanthanum; D005682:Gadolinium; D014700:Verapamil; D002118:Calcium