title: Doublets and low-frequency fatigue in potentiated human muscle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that doublets compensate for low-frequency fatigue. Doublets increase force output from muscles stimulated at low frequencies. Low-frequency fatigue is a decline in the force elicited by low-frequency stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human flexor carpi radialis muscles were stimulated with 20 Hz trains with and without an initial doublet and with and without low-frequency fatigue and the resulting force response measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An initial doublet caused an increase in the maximum rate of force rise of 179.6 +/- 27.9% in rested and 242.9 +/- 37.7% in muscles with low-frequency fatigue, and a substantial enhancement in force in the first three inter-pulse intervals after the extra pulse. The magnitude and time course of the early doublet enhancement were very similar regardless of low-frequency fatigue, consistent with current theories regarding the mechanisms of the doublet effect and of low-frequency fatigue. By the end of the 1 s stimulus train, force enhancement was insignificant in rested muscles and was small and subject-dependent in muscles with low-frequency fatigue (17.3 +/- 8.1% of force without a doublet), reducing the force deficit by 25.2 +/- 5.5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The time course of doublet force enhancement implies that an initial doublet may effectively compensate for the deficit in rate of force rise in muscles with low-frequency fatigue, but may not compensate for force deficits beyond the first few inter-pulse intervals.
authors.affiliation: UCB/UCSF Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA. lbentley@cal.berkeley.edu
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lehman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*