title: ERK phosphorylation and FosB expression are associated with L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The dopamine precursor 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (L-DOPA) is currently the most efficacious noninvasive therapy for Parkinson's disease. A major complication of this therapy, however, is the appearance of the abnormal involuntary movements known as dyskinesias. We have developed a model of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in mice that reproduces the main clinical features of dyskinesia in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dyskinetic symptoms were triggered by repetitive administration of a constant dose of L-DOPA (25 mg/kg, twice a day, for 25 days) in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned mice. Mice were examined for behavior, expression of FosB, neuropeptides, and externally regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dyskinetic symptoms appear toward the end of the first week of treatment and are associated with L-DOPA-induced changes in DeltaFosB and prodynorphin expression. L-DOPA also induces activation of ERK1/2 in the dopamine-depleted striatum. Interestingly, elevated FosB/DeltaFosB expression occurs exclusively within completely lesioned regions of the striatum, displaying an inverse correlation with remaining dopaminergic terminals. Following acute L-DOPA treatment, FosB expression occurs in direct striatal output neurons, whereas chronic L-DOPA also induces FosB expression in nitric oxide synthase-positive striatal interneurons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model provides a system in which genetic manipulation of individual genes can be used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development and expression of dyskinesia.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pavón
authors.forename: Ana B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.forename: Ainhoa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mendialdua
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moratalla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D020820:Dyskinesias / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D017403:In Situ Hybridization / Q000379:methods; D007980:Levodopa / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D016627:Oxidopamine; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D004745:Enkephalins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007980:Levodopa; D016627:Oxidopamine; C033660:preproenkephalin; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D004298:Dopamine