title: Pulmonary infections after bone marrow transplantation: high-resolution CT findings in 111 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to review the high-resolution CT findings in patients with pulmonary infection after bone marrow transplantation and to determine distinguishing features among the various types of infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 111 consecutive bone marrow transplant recipients who had documented pulmonary infection, high-resolution CT of the chest performed within 24 hr of the beginning of symptoms, and proven diagnosis within 1 week of the onset of symptoms. Two radiologists analyzed the CT scans and reached final decisions regarding the findings by consensus. Statistical analysis was performed using the Fisher's exact test and multivariate analysis; a p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pulmonary infections were due to viruses (n = 57), bacteria (n = 26), fungi (n = 21), and protozoa (n = 1). Six patients had more than one organism responsible for the infection. Nodules that were 1 cm or more in diameter were seen in 13 (62%) of 21 patients with fungal pneumonia, five (19%) of 26 patients with bacterial pneumonia (p = 0.0059), three (10%) of 30 with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia (p = 0.0001), and three (14%) of 22 with cytomegalovirus pneumonia (p = 0.0016). The halo sign was present in 10 of 21 patients with fungal pneumonia, two of 26 with bacterial pneumonia (p = 0.0026), three of 30 with RSV pneumonia (p = 0.0036), and one of 22 with cytomegalovirus pneumonia (p = 0.0015). There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of the other CT patterns including small nodules, ground-glass attenuation, and air-space consolidation among viral, bacterial, and fungal infections (all p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of large nodules and visualization of the halo sign are most suggestive of fungal infection. Other high-resolution CT patterns are not helpful in distinguishing among the various types of infection seen in bone marrow transplant recipients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, the University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dante L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Escuissato
authors.forename: Emerson L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Gasparetto
authors.forename: Edson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marchiori
authors.forename: Gabriela de Melo
authors.initials: Gde M
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pasquini
authors.forename: Nestor L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000382:microbiology*; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*