title: Level of proinsulin in association with cardiovascular risk factors and sleep snoring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the relationship between the level of proinsulin with cardiovascular risk factors and sleep snoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on the random stratified sampling principle, 1 193 Chinese residents in Pizhou City, Jiangsu Province (530 males and 663 females, aged 35-59 years with an average age of 46.69 years) were recruited. Their sleep snoring habits were investigated. Biotin-avidin based double mAbs ELISA was used to detect specific insulin and proinsulin, and a risk factor score was established to evaluate the individuals according to the number of their risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of Spearman correlation analysis and covariate ANOVA analysis after age and sex were controlled, indicated that not only the level of proinsulin (r = 0.156, P = 0.000, F = 5.980 P = 0.000), but also cardiovascular risk factors score (r = 0.194, P = 0.000, F = 11.135, P = 0.000) significantly associated with the frequency of sleep snoring, and the significant relationship between true insulin and frequency of sleep snoring was only shown in the covariate ANOVA analysis (F = 2.868, P = 0.022). The result of multivariate stepwise logistic regression after age, sex, body mass index, waist circumference and true insulin were controlled showed that proinsulin (division by interval of quartile) was an independent risk factor for sleep snoring (OR = 1.220, 95%CI: 1.085-1.373, P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The interaction of cardiovascular risk factors clustering, high proinsulin level and sleep breathing disorder may be a syndrome, which has not been recognized in human beings so far.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China. enzhijia@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: En-Zhi
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Zhi-Jian
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Shi-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Guang-Yao
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Chun-Fa
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Jian-Feng
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Jing-Xin
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhen-Zhen
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wei-Chong
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Hai-Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wen-Zhu
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011384:Proinsulin / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012913:Snoring / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011384:Proinsulin