Delayed but normally progressed puberty is more pronounced in artistic compared with rhythmic elite gymnasts due to the intensity of training.
BACKGROUND
Elite gymnasts are subjected to intense training, which may alter pubertal development.


OBJECTIVE
The objective of the investigation was to study the impact of gymnastics on pubertal development in rhythmic (RGs) and artistic gymnasts (AGs).


METHODS
Evaluation of somatometric parameters, pubertal stage, and intensity of training in the competition field were studied.


METHODS
The study was conducted at European and world championships of years 1997-2004.


METHODS
Subjects included 433 elite RGs and 427 AGs, aged 11-23 yr.


METHODS
There were no interventions.


METHODS
Mean chronological and bone ages of each pubertal stage and their relation to the intensity of training were measured.


RESULTS
AGs and RGs showed a delay in skeletal maturation (Delta age-bone age, 2.13 and 1.28, respectively; P < 0.001). AGs were subjected to higher levels of physical training. Thelarche occurred at 12.9 yr for RGs and 13.2 yr for AGs (P = 0.003) and pubarche at 12.5 and 12.9 yr, respectively (P = 0.002). Puberty was delayed but normally progressed. AGs entered each pubertal stage later than RGs. The delay was influenced by the amount of energy output. Menarcheal age was 14.6 yr for RGs and 14.9 yr for AGs. Menarche was influenced in AGs by bone age (b = 0.333; t = 2.521; P = 0.020), pubarche (b = 0.322; t = 2.401; P = 0.026), and body fat (b = -0.458; t = -3.412; P = 0.003) and in RGs by bone age (b = 0.378; t = 3.689; P < 0.001) and pubarche (b = 0.525; t = 6.017; P < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
In RGs and AGs, pubertal development was shifted to a later age, maintaining a normal rate of progression, which followed the bone age. AGs, who were exposed to a greater and more sustained energy output than RGs, presented a more pronounced delay in both skeletal maturation and pubertal development.
Theodoropoulou
Anastasia
A
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Patras Medical School, University Hospital, Rio-26500, Greece.
Markou
Kostas B
KB
Vagenakis
George A
GA
Benardot
Dan
D
Leglise
Michel
M
Kourounis
George
G
Vagenakis
Apostolos G
AG
Georgopoulos
Neoklis A
NA
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006173:Gymnastics; D006801:Humans; D008572:Menarche; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D011628:Puberty, Delayed; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012741:Sexual Maturation