title: Heat shock inhibits NF-kB activation in a dose- and time-dependent manner.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The heat shock response (HSR) attenuates NF-kappaB mediated activation of the acute inflammatory response by inhibiting IkB degradation. The HSR also confers a protective phenotype upon cells through production of heat shock proteins (HSP). However, the exact conditions that induce the HSR and stimulate the production of protective HSP are poorly defined. Consequently, we hypothesized that the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation through the HSR is dependent both on the degree of cellular injury and the length of the recovery period from the heat shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were heated to 43 degrees C for 15 (mild heat shock), 45 (moderate heat shock), or 90 min (severe heat shock), allowed to recover at 37 degrees C for 0 to 24 h, and then exposed to 100 ng/ml of Escherichia coli (055:B5) lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cellular viability, HSP expression, and the activation of NF-kappaB after LPS exposure were determined by alamarBlue assay, immunoblot, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transient attenuation of NF-kappaB activation and IkappaB preservation was observed only with moderate heat shock and 1 h of recovery. Mild heat shock had no effect on LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation or IkappaB degradation. Severe heat shock completely inhibited NF-kappaB activation and preserved IkappaB protein levels. Heat shock proteins were detectable 30 min after moderate heat shock, with maximal and sustained levels 2 to 24 h after heat shock.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The attenuation of NF-kappaB activation after heat shock is both dose- and time-dependent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0104, USA.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Schell
authors.forename: Austin L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Spitzer
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hobart W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D004926:Escherichia coli; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018869:Heat-Shock Response / Q000502:physiology*; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007249:Inflammation; D007700:Kinetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B