title: Surface contamination of cyclophosphamide packaging and surface contamination with antineoplastic drugs in a hospital pharmacy in Sweden.
abstract: Workplaces, e.g. hospital pharmacies and hospital departments, where antineoplastic drugs are handled might be contaminated with these drugs, and pharmacy personnel and health care workers may be exposed. In this study potential sources for exposure of antineoplastic drugs were investigated. Unbroken drug vials and tablet blister packages, both containing cyclophosphamide (CP) and their outer packaging were wipe sampled. Analysis was performed by liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The result showed that almost every part of the primary packaging was contaminated with CP and ifosfamide (IF). However, the amounts of CP and IF were low, and most likely not harmful for the personnel handling these packaging in association with drug preparation. The contamination must originate from the pharmaceutical manufacturer. Different surfaces in the preparation unit of a Swedish hospital pharmacy were also investigated at two different occasions by wipe sampling. In the preparation unit CP and IF were found as contaminants on the majority of the investigated surfaces. After the first measurement the hospital pharmacy improved its routines. Lower amounts of CP and IF were detected at the second measurement. A low degree of contamination with CP and IF was also detected on the floor outside the preparation unit and this indicated a small distribution of antineoplastic drugs to the surroundings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden. maria.hedmer@med.lu.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hedmer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Georgiadi
authors.forename: E Rämme
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Bremberg
authors.forename: B A G
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eksborg
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D004349:Drug Packaging; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010594:Pharmacies; D013548:Sweden; D017132:Workplace
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D007069:Ifosfamide