title: Reliability and validity of the Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills (Non-Motor)--Revised for Chinese preschoolers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The reliability and validity of the Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills (Non-Motor)-Revised (TVPS-R) were examined for its usefulness on Hong Kong Chinese preschoolers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Content validity was evaluated by six experts. Test-retest reliability, construct validity, and criterion validity were examined on 66 typically developing preschoolers while concurrent validity was examined on these preschoolers plus 52 preschoolers with visual-perception difficulties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Test-retest reliability was high for the total score (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] =.88), but not for all subtests (ICC ranged .38 to .77) or for individual items (mean kappa = 0.32). The standard error of measurement (SEM; 1.53) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .90) were satisfactory. Evidence supporting the test's validity included a significant developmental trend (F = 4.99, p < .001), a lack of gender bias (F = .04, p = .84), and positive known-group differentiation (Wilks's lambda = 52.42, p < .001). The correlation between the Motor-Free Visual-Perceptual Test-Revised composite score and the TVPS-R composite was moderate at r = .60.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When based on the total scores, the TVPS-R was reliable and valid. The use of subtest scores and item scores for decision making or treatment planning is not recommended.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Therapy Department, Kowloon Hospital, Mong Kok, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Phoebe L C
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Susanna M K
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chow
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D032921:Consensus; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D009788:Occupational Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000145:classification*