title: Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 induces cytokinesis without chromosome segregation in an ECT2 and MgcRacGAP-dependent manner.
abstract: Cleavage furrow formation marks the onset of cell division during early anaphase. The small GTPase RhoA and its regulators ECT2 and MgcRacGAP have been implicated in furrow ingression in mammalian cells, but the signaling upstream of these molecules remains unclear. We now show that the inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)1 is sufficient to initiate cytokinesis. When mitotically synchronized cells were treated with the Cdk-specific inhibitor BMI-1026, the initiation of cytokinesis was induced precociously before chromosomal separation. Cytokinesis was also induced by the Cdk1-specific inhibitor purvalanol A but not by Cdk2/Cdk5- or Cdk4-specific inhibitors. Consistent with initiation of precocious cytokinesis by Cdk1 inhibition, introduction of anti-Cdk1 monoclonal antibody resulted in cells with aberrant nuclei. Depolymerization of mitotic spindles by nocodazole inhibited BMI-1026-induced precocious cytokinesis. However, in the presence of a low concentration of nocodazole, BMI-1026 induced excessive membrane blebbing, which appeared to be caused by formation of ectopic cleavage furrows. Depletion of ECT2 or MgcRacGAP by RNA interference abolished both of the phenotypes (precocious furrowing after nocodazole release and excessive blebbing in the presence of nocodazole). RNA interference of RhoA or expression of dominant-negative RhoA efficiently reduced both phenotypes. RhoA was localized at the cleavage furrow or at the necks of blebs. We propose that Cdk1 inactivation is sufficient to activate a signaling pathway leading to cytokinesis, which emanates from mitotic spindles and is regulated by ECT2, MgcRacGAP, and RhoA. Chemical induction of cytokinesis will be a valuable tool to study the initiation mechanism of cytokinesis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4256, USA.
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Niiya
authors.forename: Xiaozhen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Kyung S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miki
mesh_terms: D000705:Anaphase; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000737:chemistry; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D051360:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 / Q000378:metabolism; D048749:Cytokinesis; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008938:Mitosis; D008954:Models, Biological; D009154:Mutation; D015739:Nocodazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D010641:Phenotype; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D011687:Purines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D034622:RNA Interference; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C471843:6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; C480542:BMI 1026; C489850:ECT2 protein, human; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins; D010636:Phenols; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011687:Purines; D011743:Pyrimidines; C115995:mgcRacGAP; D051360:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein; D015739:Nocodazole