Feeding response to host and nonhost compounds by males and females of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus in a tunneling microassay.
Research on host selection by bark and wood boring insects has concentrated on flight orientation behavior. Less is known of the factors that govern the steps successive to host landing. Here, we discuss chemical factors involved in host acceptance by bark beetles and a new microassay. Adult males and females of Ips typographus were offered an artificial diet treated with various concentrations of different plant-derived compounds (host terpenes and nonhost compounds) in a no-choice mode. Beetles were tested individually in a glass tube for 4 hr, and the length of feeding was measured and compared to a control (diet with only solvent). The first effect was diet rejection, especially when nonhost compounds were tested at high concentrations. Most compounds reduced feeding, in proportion to concentration. Females fed more readily than males after addition of both host and nonhost compounds. Diet removal was significantly affected by all the tested factors (sex, compound, dose) as well as by their interactions. With increased concentrations, males were more responsive than females to antifeedants, as all compounds (except juglone) showed clear sex differences of diet consumption. 3-Octanol, 1-hexanol, and a Green Leaf Volatile (GLV)-blend (three C6 alcohols) showed the strongest antifeedant effects, which started at a low dose (0.1%) and had a low Effective Dose 50 (ED50, 0.3-1%). In contrast, host monoterpenes, limonene and alpha-pinene, inhibited feeding at high doses (10-30%) only, with ED50 > 10%. The highest Antifeedant Indexes were shown by verbenone, carvone, and 1-hexanol (AFI = 0.90-1.00). Both host and nonhost compounds inhibited feeding at some concentration. No significant stimulation of feeding by any host compound at concentrations reported in the literature as optimal were found, with the possible exception of alpha-pinene at low concentrations in females.
Faccoli
Massimo
M
Chemical Ecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 44, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden. massimo.faccoli@unipd.it
Blazenec
Miroslav
M
Schlyter
Fredrik
F
D000818:Animals; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D001681:Biological Assay; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D000441:Hexanols / Q000032:analysis; D000077222:Limonene; D008297:Male; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D013729:Terpenes / Q000032:analysis
D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D000441:Hexanols; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013729:Terpenes; C036260:1-hexanol; C006923:carvone; C052875:verbenone; D000077222:Limonene; C005451:alpha-pinene