title: IgE-mediated sensitisation, rhinitis and asthma from occupational exposures. Smoking as a model for airborne adjuvants?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Airborne pollutants with adjuvant effect, called airborne adjuvants, may promote IgE-sensitisation and development of allergic airway diseases. Smoking and occupational allergen exposures were reviewed to establish a general and verified framework for hazard identification and risk assessment of adjuvant effects of airborne pollutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relative risks and the attributable risks of adjuvant effect of smoking were determined for co-exposures with green coffee and castor beans, ispaghula, senna, psyllium, flour and grain dust, latex, laboratory animals, seafood, enzymes, platinum salts, organic anhydrides, or reactive dyes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjuvant effects of smoking depended on the types of allergen, but not on whether sensitisation or allergy was promoted by atopy-the hereditarily increased ability to increase IgE formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Promotion of IgE sensitisation in humans and in animals may serve for hazard identification of adjuvant effects. Risk assessment has been based mainly on epidemiological studies, which are sensitive to confounding factors. This highlights the need to develop appropriate animal models for risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Occupational Health Denmark, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. gdn@ami.dk
authors.forename: Gunnar D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Søren T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Martinus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Løvik
authors.forename: Lars K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Glue
authors.forename: Nanna P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Brandorff
authors.forename: Pia J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000276:immunology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D007073:Immunoglobulin E