title: Anodic plasma chemical treatment of titanium Schanz screws reduces pin loosening.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to assess the benefits of a new Anodic Plasma Chemical calcium-phosphate (APC-CaP) surface treatment on reducing pin track infection and pin loosening in comparison to anodized titanium (Ti) during external fracture fixation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tibial midshaft, transverse, 6-mm gap osteotomy was created in 17 adult female Swiss alpine sheep. The tibia was stabilized with an external fixator and 4 Schanz screws of Ti or APC-CaP-treated Ti. The sheep were examined during a 12-week observation period. Infection was assessed with weekly clinical pin track grading and microbiologic assessment at sacrifice. Pin loosening was assessed by grading for radiolucency on biweekly radiographs and by measuring extraction torque on pin removal. In vivo bending stiffness measurements were performed to determine gap healing. A qualitative histologic assessment of the tissue adjacent to pin sites was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A trend (P = 0.056) for less infection around APC-CaP pins was found at 6 weeks, but the strength of this difference diminished with time. Significantly more radiolucency was found around Ti pins after 8 (P = 0.011) and 12 (P < 0.001) weeks. At all pin sites, the extraction torque for APC-CaP pins was higher than for Ti pins (P = 0.007). No difference in the progression of gap healing was found. Histology showed bone growth at the implant surface in the form of distance osteogenesis for Ti and contact osteogenesis for APC-CaP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has shown that the APC-CaP surface improves the clinical performance of Ti pins with respect to pin loosening and pin track infection.
authors.affiliation: AO Research Institute, Davos, Switzerland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neuhoff
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Frauchiger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001858:Bone Nails; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D012756:Sheep; D014025:Titanium; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; C020243:calcium phosphate; D014025:Titanium