title: Patterns of HIV prevalence among injecting drug users in the cross-border area of Lang Son Province, Vietnam, and Ning Ming County, Guangxi Province, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To assess patterns of injecting drug use and HIV prevalence among injecting drug users (IDUs) in an international border area along a major heroin trans-shipment route.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional surveys of IDUs in 5 sites in Lang Son Province, Vietnam (n = 348) and 3 sites in Ning Ming County, Guangxi Province, China (n = 308). Respondents were recruited through peer referral ("snowball") methods in both countries, and also from officially recorded lists of IDUs in Vietnam. A risk behavior questionnaire was administered and HIV counseling and testing conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants in both countries were largely male, in their 20s, and unmarried. A majority of subjects in both countries were members of ethnic minority groups. There were strong geographic gradients for length of drug injecting and for HIV seroprevalence. Both mean years injecting and HIV seroprevalence declined from the Vietnamese site farthest from the border to the Chinese site farthest from the border. 10.6% of participants in China and 24.5% of participants in Vietnam reported crossing the international border in the 6 months prior to interview. Crossing the border by IDUs was associated with (1) distance from the border, (2) being a member of an ethnic minority group, and (3) being HIV seropositive among Chinese participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reducing the international spread of HIV among IDUs will require programs at the global, regional, national, and "local cross border" levels. At the local cross border level, the programs should be coordinated on both sides of the border and on a sufficient scale that IDUs will be able to readily obtain clean injection equipment on the other side of the border as well as in their country of residence.
authors.affiliation: Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. Dcdesjarla@aol.com
authors.forename: Don C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Des Jarlais
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Friedmann
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kling
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Doan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ngu
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tran V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donghua
authors.forename: Ly K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Van
authors.forename: Nguyen D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Tung
authors.forename: Kieu T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Binh
authors.forename: Theodore M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hammett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012309:Risk-Taking; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology