title: Formation and transformation of amorphous calcium phosphates on titanium alloy surfaces during atmospheric plasma spraying and their subsequent in vitro performance.
abstract: Hydroxyapatite and 'duplex' hydroxyapatite + titania bond coat layers were deposited onto Ti6Al4V substrates by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) at moderate plasma enthalpies. From as-sprayed coatings and coatings incubated in simulated body fluid (r-SBF) electron-transparent samples were generated by focused ion beam (FIB) excavation and investigated by STEM/TEM in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), electron diffraction (ED), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Adjacent to the metal surface a thin layer of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) was deposited whose Ca/P ratio is determined by the presence or absence of the bond coat. No clear indication of a Ca-Ti oxide reaction layer was found at the interface titania bond coat/calcium phosphate. After in vitro incubation of duplex coatings for 24 weeks Ca-deficient defect apatite needles precipitated from ACP. During incubation of hydroxyapatite without a bond coat for 1 week diffusion bands were formed within the ACP of 1-2 microm width parallel to the interface metal/coating, presumably by a dissolution-precipitation sequence.
authors.affiliation: Universitätszentrum Medizintechnik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany. robert.heimann@ocean-gate.de
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Heimann
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wirth
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D001151:Arsenic / Q000737:chemistry; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry*; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; C519480:amorphous calcium phosphate; C031462:titanium alloy (TiAl6V4); C009495:titanium dioxide; D017886:Durapatite; C020243:calcium phosphate; D014025:Titanium; D001151:Arsenic