title: BMI, physical activity, and health care utilization/costs among Medicare retirees.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of physical activity (PA) and BMI on health care utilization and costs among Medicare retirees.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was based on 42,520 Medicare retirees in a U.S.-wide manufacturing corporation who participated in indemnity/preferred provider and one health risk appraisal during the years 2001 and 2002. Participants were assigned into one of the three weight groups: normal weight, overweight, and obese. PA behavior was classified into three levels: sedentary (0 time/wk), moderately active (1 to 3 times/wk), and very active (4+ times/wk).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Generalized linear models revealed that the moderately active retirees had US 1456 dollars, US 1731 dollars, and US 1177 dollars lower total health care charges than their sedentary counterparts in the normal-weight, overweight, and obese groups, respectively (p < 0.01). The very active retirees had US 1823 dollars, US 581 dollars, and US 1379 dollars lower costs than the moderately active retirees. Health care utilization and specific costs showed similar trends with PA levels for all BMI groups. The total health care charges were lower with higher PA level for all age groups (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular PA has strong dose-response effects on both health care utilization and costs for overweight/obese as well as normal-weight people. Promoting active lifestyle in this Medicare population, especially overweight and obese groups, could potentially improve their well-being and save a substantial amount of health care expenditures. Because those Medicare retirees are hard to reach in general, more creative approaches should be launched to address their needs and interests as well as help reduce the usage of health care system.
authors.affiliation: Health Management Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI , USA. feifeiw@umich.edu
authors.forename: Feifei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reffitt
authors.forename: Dee W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Edington
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D009765:Obesity; D050177:Overweight; D012179:Retirement; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States