title: Late preconditioning with isoflurane in cultured rat cortical neurones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We tested the hypothesis that isoflurane induces late preconditioning in cultured rat cortical neurones and preconditioning elicits changes in expression of Kir6.2 (the ion-conducting subunit of the metabolically responsive ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel) and EAAC1 (neuronal glutamate transporter).
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary cultures of rat cortical neurones were exposed to non-lethal oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), i.e. ischaemic preconditioning, for 30 min, 100 microM of diazoxide, a potent opener of the mitochondrial K(ATP) (mitoK(ATP)) channels, for 60 min or 1.4% isoflurane for 3 h. Lethal OGD was performed for 120 min 24 h after preconditioning stimuli. Neuronal injury was assessed by measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) efflux into the medium 24 h after lethal OGD, and neural viability was determined by proliferation assay. Gene and protein expression was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis 24 h after preconditioning stimuli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All preconditioning stimuli resulted in a significant decrease in LDH activity and maintained neuronal viability. These effects were abolished by 5-hydroxydecanoate, a selective inhibitor of the mitoK(ATP) channel. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis demonstrated that there was no significant difference between Kir6.2 mRNA and protein levels. All preconditioning stimuli resulted in > or =2-fold increases in EAAC1 mRNA and protein compared with control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isoflurane induced late preconditioning in cultured rat cortical neurones. Ischaemic and pharmacological preconditioning with diazoxide and isoflurane induced ischaemic tolerance in the cultured neurones via mitoK(ATP) channels without an increase in Kir6.2 expression, and induced upregulation of EAAC1 expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Fuchu Hospital, 2-9-2 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-0042, Japan. tkaneko@fuchu-hp.fuchu.tokyo.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Makita
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003981:Diazoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D050580:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D000099161:Kcnj11 Channel
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D003981:Diazoxide; D050580:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3; D007530:Isoflurane; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D015221:Potassium Channels; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D000099161:Kcnj11 Channel; C493398:Slc1a1 protein, rat; C117780:mitochondrial K(ATP) channel