title: Deficits in social cognition and response flexibility in pediatric bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about neuropsychological and social-cognitive function in patients with pediatric bipolar disorder. Identification of specific deficits and strengths that characterize pediatric bipolar disorder would facilitate advances in diagnosis, treatment, and research on pathophysiology. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that youths with bipolar disorder would perform more poorly than matched healthy comparison subjects on measures of social cognition, motor inhibition, and response flexibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty outpatients with pediatric bipolar disorder and 22 comparison subjects (no differences in age, gender, and IQ) completed measures of social cognition (the pragmatic judgment subtest of the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language, facial expression recognition subtests of the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy Scale, the oral expression subtest of the Test of Language Competence), inhibition and response flexibility (stop and stop-change tasks), and motor inhibition (continuous performance tasks).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pediatric bipolar disorder patients performed more poorly than comparison subjects on social-cognitive measures (pragmatic judgment of language, facial expression recognition) and on a task requiring response flexibility. These deficits were present in euthymic patients. Differences between patients and comparison subjects could not be attributed to comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings of impaired social cognition and response flexibility in youths with pediatric bipolar disorder suggest continuity between pediatric bipolar disorder and adult bipolar disorder. These findings provide a foundation for neurocognitive research designed to identify the neural mechanisms underlying these deficits.
authors.affiliation: Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, NIMH, 15K North Dr., Room 102, MSC 2670, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. erin.mcclure@nih.gov
authors.forename: Erin B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: Julia E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Treland
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Snow
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmajuk
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Dickstein
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Towbin
authors.forename: Dennis S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Charney
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pine
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leibenluft
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D007807:Language Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012938:Social Perception; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis