title: Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase on hepatic transforming growth factor beta1 and caspase-3 activation in hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hemorrhage initiates an inflammatory response that induces the systemic release of cytokines and sequestration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Sequestered polymorphonuclear neutrophils release proteases, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade elements of the extracellular matrix, contributing to the morbidity and mortality seen from hemorrhage. Activation of MMPs may be associated with changes in transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and caspase-3 signaling pathways. In this study, the authors examined hemorrhage-induced changes in the expression of rat hepatic MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-l), TGF-beta1, and caspase-3 activities in the presence and absence of the MMP inhibitor hydroxamate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hemorrhagic shock was induced in fasted, anesthetized, and cannulated rats by rapid phlebotomy to a mean arterial pressure level of 40 mm Hg, maintained for 90 minutes by withdrawal and infusion of blood, followed by a resuscitation period of lactated Ringer's infusion. Rats received either hydroxamate (25 mg/kg) or vehicle by gavage before hemorrhage. Twenty-four hours after resuscitation, plasma and liver samples were collected. Liver MMP-9, TGF-beta1, and caspase-3 levels were quantified by Western immunoblotting. Plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and plasma glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were determined enzymatically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma GOT, plasma GPT, and liver MMP-9, TGF-beta1, and caspase-3 levels were all significantly elevated at 24 hours postresuscitation when compared with the control values. Hepatic TIMP-1, an in vivo inhibitor of MMP-9, was unaltered at 24 hours. Hydroxamate treatment reduced GOT, GPT, MMP-9, TGF-beta1, and caspase-3 levels at 24 hours. The mortality of hemorrhaged untreated rats was 29% after 24 hours, and pretreatment with hydroxamate reduced mortality to 0%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate the beneficial effects of MMP inhibitor in preventing an increase in GOT, GPT, MMP-9, TGF-beta1, and caspase-3 activity with the potential for improvement of hepatic injury due to hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794-7400, USA. smaitra@notes.cc.sunysb.edu
authors.forename: Subir R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Maitra
authors.forename: Sikha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhaduri
authors.forename: M Raafat
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: El-Maghrabi
authors.forename: Marc J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; C508962:Tgfb1 protein, rat; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9