title: Diving behaviour and decompression sickness among Galapagos underwater harvesters.
abstract: Diving conditions, dive profiles, vascular bubbles, and symptoms of decompression sickness (DCS) in a group of Galapagos commercial divers are described. They harvest sea cucumbers from small boats with surface supplied air (hookah). Dive profiles for 12 divers were recorded using dive loggers, and bubble formation was measured in the pulmonary artery. DCS symptoms were assessed by interview. A total of 380 immersions were recorded over a nine day period. The divers did on average 6.3 immersions per day, in a yo-yo pattern. Mean overall depth was 34.5 FSW. Maximum recorded depth was 107 FSW. Average bottom time per day per diver was 175 minutes. 82 % of all ascents exceeded the recommended maximum ascent rate of 30 FSW/ min. High bubble grades were observed on six occasions, but the test was unreliable. Muscle and joint pain was reported on five occasions, in three different divers. Symptoms were typically managed by analgesics, in-water recompression or not at all. The divers were extremely reluctant to seek professional help for DCS symptoms, mostly due to the high costs of treatment. We conclude that the fishermen dive beyond standard no-decompression limits, and that DCS symptoms are common.
authors.affiliation: Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Westin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Asvall
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Idrovo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Denoble
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Brubakk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D004242:Diving / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004484:Ecuador / Q000453:epidemiology; D004868:Equipment Failure; D004864:Equipment and Supplies / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors