title: Estimating the compressive strength of the porcine cervical spine: an examination of the utility of DXA.
abstract: METHODS
  The failure strength of porcine spinal units was correlated with vertebral size and bone mineralization. The accuracy of the resulting predictive equations was tested with an independent sample of spinal units.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-obtained measures of bone mineralization can be used to accurately predict the compressive tolerance of porcine spinal units.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Porcine spinal units are often used in place of cadaveric tissues, and normalization is used to improve the transferability of model results. In compressive testing, normalization can be performed to the estimated compressive strength. Bone mineralization measures have been shown to be positively correlated with compressive tolerance and have been used to predict the tolerance of human spinal units. However, the accuracy of these predictive equations has not been assessed with an independent sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty porcine cervical spinal units were scanned (DXA) to obtain measures of bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). The units were compressed to failure, and the failure loads were correlated with the measured bone mineralization and endplate area of the spinal unit. The regression equations were used to predict the compressive tolerance of an independent sample of spinal units.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BMC (P = 0.078) and BMD (P = 0.2834) were not significantly correlated to compressive strength. Endplate area was the most highly correlated variable, with an r of 0.5329. The use of a predictive equation including BMC on the second independent sample resulted in errors of estimation of 1.4 +/- 1.2 kN, corresponding to 13% of the average compressive strength. In comparison, the use of an equation employing endplate area alone resulted in estimation errors of 11%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measures of BMC/BMD did not enhance predictions of compressive strength and will not reduce errors in compressive load normalization in a porcine model. The poor correlations found between BMC and compressive strength may be due to the non-load-bearing anterior processes of the porcine cervical spine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Parkinson
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Durkin
authors.forename: Jack P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Callaghan
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008954:Models, Biological; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013552:Swine; D016474:Weight-Bearing