Microbial and immunological responses relative to high-altitude exposure in mountaineers.
OBJECTIVE
High-altitude exposure is often associated with gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation, and an increased risk of infection. We suspected microbial and immunological responses to high-altitude exposure in mountaineers resulting from changes in the balance of the intestinal microflora.


METHODS
We investigated fecal samples and serum of seven mountaineers who took part in a 47-d German expedition to the Nepalese Himalayas in 2002, for microbial response by changes in different fecal bacterial population groups (fluorescent in situ hybridization), immune response by serum levels of IgG-, IgM-, and IgA anti-LPS (E. coli J5), and inflammatory response by serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) (ELISA). In addition, measurements of body temperature, pulse rate, arterial oxygen saturation, and questionnaire (Lake Louise score for altitude illness) were performed.


RESULTS
The data indicate a distinct alteration in the composition of the fecal microflora relative to high-altitude exposure above 5000 m. Bifidobacteria and species belonging to the Atopobium, Coriobacterium, and Eggerthella lenta group decreased, whereas potential pathogenic bacteria of the gamma subdivision of Proteobacteria and specific Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli increased. Possible endotoxemia resulting from the increase of the latter Gram-negative bacteria was indirectly indicated by the reduction in serum levels of IgM- and/or IgA anti-LPS. CRP was elevated relative to high-altitude exposure. The Lake Louise score correlated with the changes in CRP, IgA-, and IgM anti-LPS but did not correlate with the bacterial alterations.


CONCLUSIONS
Changes in the composition of intestinal microbiota may be associated with indicators of an immunological challenge and may result in an increased health risk of mountaineers during exposure to very high altitude.
Kleessen
Brigitta
B
Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. b.kleessen@gmx.de
Schroedl
Wieland
W
Stueck
Marcus
M
Richter
Andreas
A
Rieck
Olaf
O
Krueger
Monika
M
D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000097:blood*; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D009051:Mountaineering; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
D007136:Immunoglobulins; D002097:C-Reactive Protein