title: Gender and the treatment of heart disease in older persons in the United States, France, and England: a comparative, population-based view of a clinical phenomenon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gender disparities in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD) have been extensively documented in studies from the United States. However, they have been less well studied in other countries and, to our knowledge, have not been investigated at the more disaggregated spatial level of cities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study tests the hypothesis that there is a common international pattern of gender disparity in the treatment of CAD in persons aged > or =65 years by analyzing data from the United States, France, and England and from their largest cities-New York City and its outer boroughs, Paris and its First Ring, and Greater London.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an ecological study based on a retrospective analysis of comparable administrative data from government health databases for the 9 spatial units of analysis: the 3 countries, their 3 largest cities, and the urban cores of these 3 cities. A simple index was used to assess the relationship between treatment rates and a measure of CAD prevalence by gender among age-adjusted cohorts of patients. Differences in rates were examined by univariate analysis using the Student t test for statistical differences in mean values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite differences in health system characteristics, including health insurance coverage, availability of medical resources, and medical culture, we found consistent gender differences in rates of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting across the 9 spatial units. The rate of interventional treatment in women with CAD was less than half that in men. This difference persisted after adjustment for the prevalence of heart disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A consistent pattern of gender disparity in the interventional treatment of CAD was seen across 3 national health systems with known differences in patterns of medical practice. This finding is consistent with the results of clinical studies suggesting that gender disparities in the treatment of CAD are due at least in part to the underdiagnosis of CAD in women.
authors.affiliation: World Cities Project, International Longevity Center--USA, New York, NY 10028, USA. danielw@ilcusa.org
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weisz
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gusmano
authors.forename: Victor G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Rodwin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States; D016387:Women's Health