title: Experiences of anticholinesterase pesticide poisonings in an Australian tertiary hospital.
abstract: There is limited information regarding the management and outcomes of patients presenting with anticholinesterase pesticide poisoning in Australia. Patients presenting to a tertiary referral hospital with anticholinesterase exposures were identified by discharge coding. The medical records of each patient were retrospectively reviewed. Based on clinical outcome, patients were classified as severe or non-severe poisonings. Forty-one presentations were noted between 1990 and 2003. Eight patients (20%) had severe poisoning of which tachycardia, fasciculations with weakness and metabolic acidosis were common manifestations. The diagnosis was delayed in four patients due to the absence of a clear history, which did not influence patient outcomes or put hospital staff at risk of nosocomial poisoning. The median length of hospital stay was prolonged in severe poisonings (20 days) compared to 12 hours in other patients. Two cases of intermediate syndrome were attributed to fenthion and diazinon, and one case of delayed polyneuropathy to trichlorfon. Cholinesterase activities were performed in only 49% of presentations. The overall mortality was 2.4% (1 death) and the mortality in patients with severe poisoning was 12.5%. The incidence of anticholinesterase poisoning in Australia is low. These outcomes were favourable and comparable with other published data. Measures to enhance the knowledge of medical staff supplemented by validated treatment protocols should be developed. For less significant exposures, an emphasis on adequate documentation of cholinergic signs and cholinesterase activities is necessary for rapid triage and may also have potential forensic implications if not performed.
authors.affiliation: Australian National University Medical School, Australian Capital Territory.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Venkatesh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase / Q000097:blood; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000506:poisoning*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010575:Pesticides / Q000506:poisoning*; D011041:Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011793:Queensland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D010575:Pesticides; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase