title: Determining the plasma concentration of ketamine that enhances epidural bupivacaine-and-morphine-induced analgesia.
abstract: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists enhance opioid-induced analgesia. The plasma concentration of ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist that enhances epidural morphine-and-bupivacaine-induced analgesia, is not known. We examined 24 patients with lung carcinoma or metastatic lung tumor who underwent video-assisted thoracic surgery in a placebo-controlled, double-blind manner 4 h after emergence from anesthesia. The morphine + ketamine group (n = 8) and morphine + placebo group (n = 8) received 5 mL volume of 2.5 mg morphine and 0.25% bupivacaine and the placebo + ketamine group (n = 8) received 5 mL volume of saline and 0.25% bupivacaine epidurally at the end of skin closure. Four hours after this anesthesia, in the morphine + ketamine and placebo + ketamine groups, ketamine was administered to successively maintain a stable plasma ketamine concentration of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ng/mL by a target-controlled infusion device, and patients assessed the levels of pain at rest, pain on coughing, somnolence (drowsiness), and nausea using a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS). In the morphine + placebo group, a placebo (saline) was similarly administered instead of ketamine. In the morphine + ketamine group, the VAS scores for pain at rest and pain on coughing significantly decreased on ketamine administration at a plasma concentration of 20 ng/mL or larger compared with the respective baseline VAS scores (P < 0.05 each). In the placebo + ketamine group, the VAS scores for pain at rest and pain on coughing did not significantly change at any plasma concentration of ketamine as compared to the morphine + placebo group. In the morphine + ketamine group, a plasma concentration of ketamine larger than 20 ng/mL did not further reduce VAS scores for pain at rest and pain on coughing. The VAS scores for drowsiness were comparable among the three groups at any plasma concentration of ketamine. Ketamine at a plasma concentration of 20 ng/mL or larger may enhance epidural morphine-and-bupivacaine-induced analgesia. As an adjunct with epidural morphine-and-bupivacaine and considering the safety of small doses, the minimal plasma concentration of ketamine given IV may be approximately 20 ng/mL.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Anesthesiology, †Department of Surgery, Second Hospital Nippon Medical School, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Manzo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kikutani
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Toshiichiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inagi
authors.forename: Kikuzo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haraguchi
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hisayoshi
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine; D003371:Cough / Q000150:complications; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D007649:Ketamine; D009020:Morphine; D002045:Bupivacaine