title: New statistical software for intralaboratory and interlaboratory quality control in clinical cytology. Validation in a simulation study on clinical samples.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To design a statistical software package to provide automated calculations of normal and weighted and 3 indices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prompted by the lack of commonly available software to compute weighted kappa and the nonproportionate workload needed to calculate our 3 variability indices manually, the new statistical software package was designed. To demonstrate the performance of the new CONQUISTADOR software, a simulation study (both intralaboratory and interlaboratory) was designed using 5,000 clinical samples randomly selected from a data file of > or = 200,000 conventional Pap smears and programmed to become "analyzed" by 12 cytologists in 5 imaginary laboratories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A representative set of both complete and partial outputs provided by the software, in Excel format (Microsoft, Redmond, Washington, U.S.A.) are shown to illustrate the different functions of the program. In the interlaboratory mode, the software calculates accuracy indicators (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and their 95% CI), which are not common features of regular statistical packages; kappa and weighted kappa; and their 95% CI (comparison of single laboratories to all laboratories and pairwise comparisons between single laboratories). The 3 diagnostic variability indices can be computed separately for all samples or for only the positive samples. In the intralaboratory mode, the software calculates the same indices for individual cytologists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CONQUISTADOR statistical package has properties that are useful in monitoring cytologic laboratory quality in both intralaboratory and interlaboratory settings. The software will be distributed by the National Institute of Health, Rome, for the delivery costs only.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Cytopathology, Center of Epidemiology, Surveillance and Promotion of Health, and Service of Data Analysis, National Institute of Health, and Engineering Progetti Speciali, Rome, Italy. mbranca@iss.it
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Branca
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morosini
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Severi
authors.forename: Mojca
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erzen
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Benedetto
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Syrjänen
mesh_terms: D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003581:Cytodiagnosis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D011786:Quality Control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology