title: Mechanistic similarities between oxidation of hydroethidine by Fremy's salt and superoxide: stopped-flow optical and EPR studies.
abstract: We have previously shown that superoxide radical anion (O2.-) reacts with hydroethidine (HE) to form a product that is distinctly different from ethidium (E+) (Zhao et al., Free Radic. Biol. Med. 34:1359; 2003). The structure of this product was recently determined as the 2-hydroxyethidium cation (2-OH-E+) (Zhao et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:5727; 2005). In this study, using HPLC and mass spectrometry techniques, we show that 2-OH-E+ is formed from the reaction between HE and nitrosodisulfonate radical dianion (NDS) or Fremy's salt. The reaction kinetics and mechanism were determined using steady-state and time-resolved optical and EPR techniques. Within the first 50 ms, an intermediate was detected. Another intermediate absorbing strongly at 460 nm and weakly at 670 nm was detected within a second. The structure of this species was assigned to an imino quinone derivative of HE. The stoichiometry of the reaction indicates that two molecules of NDS were needed to oxidize a molecule of HE. We postulate that the first step of the reaction involves the hydrogen atom abstraction from HE to form an aminyl radical that reacts with another molecule of NDS to form an adduct that decomposes to an imino quinone derivative of HE. A similar mechanism has been proposed for the reaction between HE and O2.-. The reaction between HE and the Fremy's salt should provide a facile route for the synthesis of 2-OH-E+, a diagnostic marker product of the HE/O2.- reaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, P.O. Box 26509, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zielonka
authors.forename: Hongtao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yingkai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kalyanaraman
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003903:Deuterium; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D004996:Ethidium / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D007700:Kinetics; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009603:Nitroso Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D010617:Phenanthridines / Q000737:chemistry*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013481:Superoxides / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C506392:2-hydroxyethidium; D009603:Nitroso Compounds; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D010617:Phenanthridines; D013481:Superoxides; C001259:Fremy's salt; C058428:hydroethidine; D003903:Deuterium; D004996:Ethidium