title: Factors associated with hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in Ghana, West Africa.
abstract: Hypertension is rapidly becoming a major public health burden in sub-Saharan/Africa but awareness, treatment, and control is lagging behind. We analysed cross-sectional data from Ghana (West-Africa) to examine factors associated with awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 29.4%. Of these, 34% were aware of their condition, 28% were receiving treatment, and 6.2% were controlled below SBP/DBP <140/90 mmHg. Multivariate analysis showed that old age was independently associated with higher hypertension awareness: 35-49-year-olds (odds ratio (OR) = 2.57, 95% (confidence interval) CI: 1.26-5.22), > or =50-year-olds (OR = 6.14, CI: 2.98-12.64) compared with 16-34-year-olds. Old age: > or =50-year-olds (OR: 6.25, 95% CI: 2.87-13.62), trading (OR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.17-5.17), and overweight (OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.02, 3.34) were independently associated with pharmacological treatment of hypertension. Trading (OR = 2.51, 95% CI: 1.03-7.40) was independently associated with adequate blood pressure (BP) control but old age: > or =50-year-olds (OR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.01-0.60) was independently associated with inadequate BP control. The identified factors provide important information for improving BP control among this population. Given the high cost of hypertension medication relative to income, increasing awareness and simple preventive measures such as promotion of physical activity, normalising body weight and reduction of salt intake, present the best hope for reducing the impact of hypertension on morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Erasmus Medical Centre, Institute of Health Policy and Management, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Agyemang@bmg.eur.nl
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agyemang
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bruijnzeels
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Owusu-Dabo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001364:Awareness; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents