title: Changes in waste stabilisation pond performance resulting from the retrofit of activated sludge treatment upstream: part I--water quality issues.
abstract: This paper describes changes in effluent quality occurring before and after an upgrade to the Bolivar Wastewater Treatment Plant in South Australia. Trickling filters (TF) were replaced with an activated sludge (AS) plant, prior to tertiary treatment using waste stabilisation ponds (WSPs). The water quality in the WSPs following the upgrade was significantly improved. Reductions in total and soluble BOD, COD, TKN, suspended solids and organic nitrogen were recorded and the predominant form of inorganic nitrogen changed from NH(4)-N to NO(2)/NO(3)-N. The reduction in ammonium and potentially toxic free ammonia removed a control upon the growth of zooplankton, which may have contributed to decreases in algal biomass in the final ponds and consequently lower dissolved oxygen. Additionally, changes in inorganic nitrogen speciation contributed to a slightly elevated pH which reduced numbers of faecal coliforms in WSPs. The AS pretreated influent recorded significantly lower inorganic molar N:P ratio (10-4:1) compared to those fed with TF effluent (17-13:1). Algae within the WSPs may now be nitrogen limited, a condition which may favour the growth of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. The decrease in algal biomass and in dissolved oxygen levels may enhance sedimentary denitrification, further driving the system towards nitrogen limitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia. nancy.cromar@flinders.edu.au
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cromar
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Fallowfield
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018533:Biomass; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009573:Nitrites / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D015048:Zooplankton / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D009573:Nitrites; D012722:Sewage; D000641:Ammonia; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen