title: Urological complications in renal transplantation from cadaveric donor grafts: a retrospective analysis of 20 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study is a retrospective analysis of ureteral complications and their management from a monocenter series of 277 consecutive renal transplantations.
  
  
  METHODS
  From September 1979 to June 1999, 277 renal transplantations (cadaveric origin) were performed in 241 patients. The ureter from the kidney graft was inserted into the bladder according to the technique of extravesical implantation described by Lich-Gregoir and Campos-Freire. The study analyzed the time of occurrence and the type of complications observed. The different procedures to restore the transplanted urinary tract are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complications occurred in 43/277 renal transplantations (15.5%). Anastomotic urine leakage or ureteral stricture were the most frequent. The time to appearance of these complications was either short (<1 month) or late (>1 month) in a similar number of cases. Most cases were managed surgically: 33/43 cases (76.7%). The most frequent surgical repair was ureterovesical reimplantation (n=13), followed by: ureteroureteral end-to-end anastomosis (native ureter-ureter transplant, n=5); pyeloureteral anastomosis (native ureter-renal pelvis transplant, n=5); simple revision of ureterovesical implantation (n=4); resection and end-to-end anastomosis of the transplant ureter (n=2); calico-vesicostomy (graft-bladder, n=1); implantation according to Boari (n=1); pyelovesicostomy with bipartition of bladder (n=1), and pyeloileocystoplasty with detubularized ileal graft (n=1). No deaths related to any of the urological complications were reported. However, 2 consecutive vesico-renal refluxes led to the loss of the kidney graft in the long-term.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of complications observed in this retrospective analysis is similar to the experience of other studies, ranging from 2 to 20%. If the classical extravesical ureteral bladder implantation is to remain an attractive technique due to its simplicity, the surgical team at the training center should be aware of all the means to prevent any ureteral complications, such as the choice of another implantation technique and/or insertion of a transient ureteral stent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland. Valentin.Praz@hospvd.ch
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Praz
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Leisinger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pascual
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jichlinski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D014019:Tissue Donors; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology