title: Long-term course of adolescent schizophrenia.
abstract: Our study investigated premorbid functioning, course, and outcome in early-onset schizophrenia. All inpatients with DSM-III-R diagnoses of schizophrenia (n = 101) consecutively admitted between 1983 and 1988 to the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the University of Marburg in Germany were included. To assess premorbid adaptation and precursor symptoms, we administered the Instrument for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset of Schizophrenia, which we modified to assess children and adolescents. Symptomatology was measured by the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. In addition, the Global Assessment of Functioning was applied. Followup data for 81 patients (80.2%) were available. The mean duration of schizophrenia at followup was 9.5 +/- 2.2 years. Assessment of the highest level of adaptive functioning revealed very good or good outcome in 19.8 percent of the patients, fair or poor outcome in 38.2 percent, and very poor outcome and gross impairment in 42.0 percent. Premorbid adjustment was the best predictor of outcome in our schizophrenia sample. A poor prognosis was found in patients with premorbid developmental delays and those who were introverted and withdrawn before their psychotic state.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hauptstr. 8, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. fleischhaker@psyallg.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fleischhaker
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tepper
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hennighausen
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Remschmidt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000628:therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012919:Social Behavior; D016896:Treatment Outcome