title: Automated classification and analysis of the calcium response of single T lymphocytes using a neural network approach.
abstract: The gene activities in T lymphocytes that regulate immune responses are influenced by Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). The intracellular calcium signals are highly heterogeneous and vitally important in determining the immune outcome. The signals in individual cells can be measured using fluorescence microscopy but to group the cells into classes with similar signal kinetics is currently laborious. Here, we demonstrate a method for the automated classification of the responses into four categories formerly identified by an expert's inspection. This method comprises characterising the response by a second-order model, performing frequency analysis, and using derived features as inputs to two multilayer perceptron neural networks (NNs). We compare the algorithm's performance on an example data set against the human classification: it was found to classify identically more than 70% of the data, despite small sample sizes in two categories and significant overlap between the other two classes. The group characterized by an oscillating signal showed the presence of a number of frequencies, which may be important in determining gene activation. A classification threshold enables the automatic identification of patterns with a low-classification certainty. Future refinement of the algorithm may allow the identification of more classes, which may be important in different immune responses associated with disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK. sjp@robots.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Arrol
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; C028784:phytohemagglutinin-P; D002118:Calcium