title: The quality of communication between parents and adolescent children in the case of parental cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was designed to investigate: (i) parent-adolescent communication in families of cancer patients; (ii) relationships between parent-adolescent communication and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in adolescent children; and (iii) associations between parents' illness characteristics and parent-adolescent communication.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 212 adolescents completed the Impact of Event Scale and Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents communicated less openly with mothers with cancer than controls with mothers; this was the only significant difference with the reference group. Daughters communicated more openly with ill parents than with healthy parents. More open communication with healthy parents was related to fewer PTSS in daughters. More problem communication with both parents was related to more PTSS in both sons and daughters. Sons reported more problems in communication with ill parents in case of more intensive treatment or recurrent disease. Daughters experienced less open communication with both parents when ill parents received more intensive treatment. Time since diagnosis was not related to parent-adolescent communication. Multivariate analyses showed that communication patterns specifically affected PTSS of daughters. Problem communication with the healthy parent was the strongest predictor of intrusion while problem communication with the ill parents was the strongest predictor of avoidance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parent-adolescent communication in families of cancer patients differs little from that in families not confronted with parental cancer. Problem communication outweighed lack of openness with respect to development of PTSS. Recurrent disease and intensive treatment regimens affected parent-adolescent communication negatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Psychology, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Huizinga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: W T A
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: van der Graaf
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: J E H M
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hoekstra-Weebers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires