title: How predatory mites find plants with whitefly prey.
abstract: We investigated the searching behaviour of two species of predatory mites, Typhlodromips swirskii (Athias-Henriot) and Euseius scutalis (Athias-Henriot), both known to feed on immature stages of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius. When released in a greenhouse inside a circle of cucumber plants that were alternatingly clean or infested with immature whiteflies, the mites took several days to find plants. Both species were recaptured significantly more on plants with whiteflies. This suggests that the mites are able to discriminate between plants with and without whiteflies. The predators may either have been attracted to plants with whiteflies from a distance or arrested on plants with whiteflies. Typhlodromips swirskii that had previously fed on whitefly immatures on cucumber leaves were significantly attracted by volatiles from cucumber plants with whiteflies in a Y-tube olfactometer. This suggests that the mites use volatile cues to discriminate between infested and clean plants. However, this response waned rapidly; if predators, experienced as above, were starved for 3-4 h in absence of cucumber leaves, they no longer preferred volatiles of infested plants to clean plants. Furthermore, T. swirskii that had no experience with immature whiteflies on cucumber plants also did not prefer odours of infested plants to those of clean plants. Because the release experiment with this species in the greenhouse was done with inexperienced predators, this suggests that the aggregation of mites on plants with whiteflies was mainly caused by differential arrestment of mites on plants with prey and clean plants. For T. swirskii, this was in agreement with the finding that the fraction of predators on plants with prey increased with time to levels higher than 70%. A less clear trend was found for E. scutalis, for which the fraction of predators on plants with prey stabilized soon after release to levels from 54-70%. Hence, the predatory mites may find plants with prey by random searching, but they are subsequently arrested on these plants. An earlier study showed that 87% of all whiteflies released in a set-up as used here were recaptured within 1 day. Hence, the effectiveness with which predatory mites locate plants with whiteflies is low compared with that of their prey. We expect this to generate spatial patterns in the dynamics of predator and prey and this may have consequences for biological control of whiteflies with predatory mites.
authors.affiliation: IBED, Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94084, 1090 Amsterdam, GB, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nomikou
authors.forename: Ruixia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Ruud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schraag
authors.forename: Maurice W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Sabelis
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janssen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018553:Cucumis sativus / Q000469:parasitology*; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000502:physiology*; D008925:Mites / Q000502:physiology*; D009812:Odorants; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors