title: Breastfeeding, soluble CD14 concentration in breast milk and risk of atopic dermatitis and asthma in early childhood: birth cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast milk contains a variety of bioactive substances, among them, soluble CD14 (sCD14), which plays an important role in innate immunity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We analysed data of a large prospective birth cohort study to examine the determinants of sCD14 in breast milk, and investigated whether breastfeeding practice and sCD14 concentrations in breast milk are determinants of the risk of atopic dermatitis (AD) and asthma in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight hundred and three mothers and their newborns were included in this analysis. We measured sCD14 concentrations in breast milk samples collected 6 weeks post-partum. During a 2-year follow-up the cumulative incidences of AD and asthma were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, AD was reported for 20.6% of the 2-year-olds and asthma was reported for 19.6%. We found the lowest incidence of physician-reported AD in children of mothers without a history of atopic diseases if breastfed for 6 to less than 9 months. Furthermore, we found an inverse association between duration of breastfeeding and risk of asthma, which was especially evident in children with mothers without a history of atopic disease (P=0.01). These patterns persisted after control for other factors by multivariate analysis methods. The protective effect of breastfeeding seemed to be synergistic with sCD14 concentrations in breast milk (P for trend 0.0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this prospective birth cohort study suggest that a longer duration of breastfeeding does decrease the risk for asthma in early childhood, especially in children of mothers without a history of atopic disease. The beneficial effects of breastfeeding might be further supported by high levels of sCD14 in breast milk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, The German Centre for Research on Ageing, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rothenbacher
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weyermann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beermann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brenner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000276:immunology*; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000208:ethnology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012995:Solubility; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors