title: Obesity, shame, and depression in school-aged children: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether there is an association between adolescent obesity and depression in a nonclinical population and whether psychosocial and economic status and subjective experiences of shame (defined as experiences of being degraded or ridiculed by others) may account for such an association.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined associations between self-reported body mass index (BMI) and depression, controlling for gender, shame, parental employment, parental separation, and economy. The study was performed on a sample of 4703 adolescents (71% of the target population of 15- and 17-year-old students in 1 Swedish County) who answered the Survey of Adolescent Life in Vestmanland 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obesity was significantly related to depression and depressive symptoms among 15- and 17-year-olds. Obesity was also significantly related to experiences of shame. All significant association between BMI grouping and depression according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition disappeared when shaming experiences, parental employment, and parental separation were controlled for. Adolescents who reported many experiences of shame had an increased risk (odds ratio: 11.3; confidence interval: 8.3-14.9) for being depressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a significant statistical association between adolescent obesity and depression. Effects of experiences of shame, parental separation, and parental employment explain this association. These results suggest that clinical treatment of obesity may sometimes not just be a matter of diet and exercise but also of dealing with issues of shame and social isolation.
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Research, Central Hospital of Västerås, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. 37sjberg@telia.com
authors.forename: Rickard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sjöberg
authors.forename: Kent W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leppert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000523:psychology*; D012752:Shame; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013548:Sweden