title: An evaluation of resonance frequency analysis for the determination of the primary stability of orthodontic palatal implants. A study in human cadavers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The primary stability of short orthodontic implants is important for anchorage.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this study 14 cadaveric human heads were used. The stability of orthodontic implants (Straumann) with lengths of 4 and 6 mm and different localization (palatal suture or paramedially) were evaluated. The implants with length of 6 mm were only placed in the suture and primary stability was non-invasively determined with the resonance frequency (Osstell). The invasive method for the analysis of the morphometric parameters of the implant/bone contact was carried out by means of histological and radiological examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 6 mm implants have significant better primary stability in the palatal suture as 4 mm implants paramedially (P<0.05). No differences were found between 6 and 4 mm implants in the palatal suture and between 4 mm implants in palatal suture to paramedially. The histological and radiological results demonstrate the ability to measure the implant stability by investigation of the bone offer and density around the implant. Bone structure, especially the pore size in the trabecular bone and the precision of placement may influence the stability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that the short implant gives sufficient bone fixation, independently of placement. The quality of implantation and bone structure are more important than the length of the orthodontic implant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Technical University, Dresden, Germany. gedrange@rcs.urz.tu-dresden.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gedrange
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hietschold
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nicklisch
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Harzer
mesh_terms: D015519:Bone Density; D002102:Cadaver; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D015921:Dental Implants; D006801:Humans; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D010159:Palate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011859:Radiography; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014732:Vibration
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants