title: Paying research participants: a study of current practices in Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine current research payment practices and to inform development of clearer guidelines for researchers and ethics committees.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exploratory email based questionnaire study of current research participant reimbursement practices. A diverse sample of organisations and individuals were targeted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Contacts in 84 key research organisations and select electronic listservers across Australia. A total of 100 completed questionnaires were received with representations from a variety of research areas (for example, market, alcohol and drug, medical, pharmaceutical and social research).
  
  
  METHODS
  Open-ended and fixed alternative questions about type of research agency; type of research; type of population under study; whether payment is standard; amounts and mechanisms of payment; factors taken into account when deciding on payment practices; and whether payment policies exist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reimbursement practice is highly variable. Where it occurs (most commonly for drug dependent rather than health professional or general population samples) it is largely monetary and is for time and out-of-pocket expenses. Ethics committees were reported to be often involved in decision making around reimbursement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research subject payment practices vary in Australia. Researchers who do provide payments to research participants generally do so without written policy and procedures. Ethics committees have an important role in developing guidelines in this area. Specific guidelines are needed considering existing local policies and procedures; payment models and their application in diverse settings; case study examples of types and levels of reimbursement; applied definitions of incentive and inducement; and the rationale for diverse payment practices in different settings.
authors.affiliation: Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre Inc., 54-62 Gertrude St, Melbourne VIC 3065, Australia. craig.fry@turningpoint.org.au
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gardiner
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jenkinson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D033061:Ethics Consultation; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D032984:Ethics, Research; D006805:Human Experimentation; D009042:Motivation; D011640:Public Policy