title: The genetic and environmental contributions to oppositional defiant behavior: a multi-informant twin study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the genetic and environmental contributions to oppositional defiant behavior (ODB) from mother, father, and teacher report using the Conners Revised Short Forms in a large twin sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  ODB data were collected from 1,595 mothers, 1,114 fathers, and 793 teachers of 7-year-old twin pairs from the Netherlands Twin Registry in the 1990-1992 cohort with an 80% response rate. Models were fit for each informant to determine the genetic, environmental, gender, and informant influences on ODB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genetic analyses of the ODB quantitative scale showed additive genetic (A) by mother (55%), by father (57%), and by teacher (21% girls, 38% boys) unique environmental (E) (mother, 22%; father, 29%; teacher, 48% girls, 39% boys) and shared environmental (C) (mother, 14%; father, 23%; teacher, 31% girls, 23% boys) influences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additive genetic and unique environmental factors account for the majority of the influences on ODB for boys and girls by all informants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, USA. james.hudziak@uvm.edu
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hudziak
authors.forename: Eske M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Derks
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Althoff
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: Dorret I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Boomsma
mesh_terms: D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D005178:Faculty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005220:Fathers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009426:Netherlands; D015588:Observer Variation; D010641:Phenotype; D012931:Social Environment; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic; D014481:United States