title: Control of chironomid midge larvae in wastewater stabilisation ponds: comparison of five compounds.
abstract: Chironomid midge larvae are a valuable component of wastewater stabilisation pond (WSP) ecology. However, in high numbers, adult midge swarms can be a nuisance to near-by urban areas. Improving WSP treatment by incorporating aerobic or maturation ponds or by the addition of pre-treatment to reduce organic loading also increases the availability of aerobic sediment (midge larva habitat) in the pond system and the potential for midge nuisance problems. The efficacy of Maldison, an organophosphate traditionally used to control midge larvae in New Zealand WSPs, was compared to Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti), Methoprene, Pyriproxyfen and Diflubenzuron which are all more specific to insects and have fewer adverse environmental effects. Initial laboratory trials established the concentration of each compound required to achieve 95% control of the midge population. During 21-day small-scale trials within the WSP, Bti, Diflubenzuron and Maldison reduced live larvae numbers substantially (80-89%) compared to controls and adult midge emergence was markedly reduced by all compounds (72-96%). Large-scale trials with Bti (Vectobac WG) powder (1000 microg/L) only caused a slight reduction in midge larvae numbers compared to controls and had little effect on adult emergence, however, Methoprene (Prolink XRG granules) (50 microgAI/L) reduced midge adult emergence by approximately 80% over 25 days and has been used successfully to control several midge nuisance outbreaks.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 11-115, Hamilton, New Zealand. r.craggs@niwa.co.nz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Craggs
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Golding
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clearwater
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Susarla
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Donovan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000187:drug effects; D002683:Chironomidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004132:Diflubenzuron / Q000494:pharmacology; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D008726:Methoprene / Q000494:pharmacology; D009520:New Zealand; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011725:Pyridines; C055613:pyriproxyfen; D008726:Methoprene; D004132:Diflubenzuron