title: Inhibition of the cerebral ischemic injury by ethyl pyruvate with a wide therapeutic window.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ethyl pyruvate (EP) is a pyruvate derivative that has been reported recently to prevent lethality in mice with established lethal sepsis and systemic inflammation. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effect of EP in a rat cerebral ischemia model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 1 hour of MCAO, and EP was administered at various time points before or after MCAO. The changes in the brain infarction, neurological deficits, microglia activation, and proinflammatory cytokine expression were evaluated. BV2 microglial cells were also used to access the anti-inflammatory effect of EP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The administration of EP intraperitoneally at 30 minutes before or at 4 or 12 hours after MCAO reduced the infarct volume to 10.3+/-3.4% (n=6; P<0.05), 21.5+/-2.7% (n=6; P<0.05), and 44.3+/-4.0% (n=6; P<0.05), respectively, of that of the control group. The significant reduction in infarct volume was accompanied by the suppression of the clinical manifestations associated with cerebral ischemia, including motor impairment and neurological deficits, microglial activation, and proinflammatory cytokine expression. The neuroprotective effect of EP was yet evident when it was administered as late as 24 hours after MCAO/reperfusion (76.5+/-4.70%; n=6; P<0.05). EP suppressed lipopolysaccharide induced activation of BV2 cells, as was evidenced by a reduction in NO release and the accompanying induction of proinflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that EP affords the strong protection of the delayed cerebral ischemic injury with a wide therapeutic window.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, 400-712, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jung-Bin
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kang-Woo
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seong Yun
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Pyung-Lim
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Ja-Kyeong
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000628:therapy; D007511:Ischemia; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D011773:Pyruvates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018805:Sepsis / Q000628:therapy; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D011773:Pyruvates; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; C046522:ethyl pyruvate; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C009591:triphenyltetrazolium