title: Quantitative brain MRI in alcohol dependence: preliminary evidence for effects of concurrent chronic cigarette smoking on regional brain volumes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent in vivo research using magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrated that chronic cigarette smoking exacerbates regional chronic alcohol-induced brain injury. Other studies associated cigarette smoking with gray matter volume reductions in healthy adults, with greater brain atrophy in aging, and with poorer neurocognition. Although cigarette smoking is common among alcohol-dependent individuals, previous research did not account for the potential effects of chronic smoking on regional brain volumes in alcoholism.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance images from one-week-abstinent, alcohol-dependent individuals and light drinkers were automatically segmented into gray matter, white matter, and cerebral spinal fluid of lobes and subcortical structures. A brief neuropsychological test battery was used to assess cognition in alcohol-dependent individuals. The alcoholic and nondrinking groups were retrospectively divided into chronic smokers and nonsmokers, and the volumetric data were analyzed as a function of alcohol and smoking status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic alcohol dependence was associated with smaller volumes of frontal and parietal white matter, parietal and temporal gray matter, and thalami, accompanied by widespread sulcal but not ventricular enlargements. Chronic cigarette smoking was associated with less parietal and temporal gray matter and with more temporal white matter. Among alcoholics, better visuospatial learning and memory and greater visuomotor scanning speed were correlated with larger lobar white matter volumes in the nonsmoking alcohol-dependent group only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide preliminary evidence that comorbid chronic cigarette smoking accounts for some of the variance associated with cortical gray matter loss and appears to alter relationships between brain structure and cognitive functions in alcohol-dependent individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and the Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94121, USA. spg@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gazdzinski
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Durazzo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Studholme
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Banys
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Meyerhoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D015897:Comorbidity; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D013788:Thalamus / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol