title: Thrombin-stimulated glutamate uptake in human platelets is predominantly mediated by the glial glutamate transporter EAAT2.
abstract: Glutamate toxicity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases. Glial glutamate transporters play a key role in the regulation of extracellular glutamate levels in the brain by removing glutamate from the extracellular fluid. Since human blood platelets possess an active glutamate uptake system, they have been used as a peripheral model of glutamate transport in the central nervous system (CNS). The present study is aimed at identifying the glutamate transporter on blood platelets, and to asses the influence of platelet activation on glutamate uptake. Platelets from healthy donors showed Na+-dependent glutamate uptake (Km, 3.5+/-0.9 microM; Vmax, 2.8+/-0.2 pmol glutamate/75 x 10(6)platelets/30 min), which could be blocked dose-dependently by the EAAT specific inhibitors DL-threo-E-benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA), L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (tPDC) and high concentrations of the EAAT2 inhibitor dihydrokainate (DHK). Analysis of platelet homogenates on Western blots showed EAAT2 as the predominant glutamate transporter. Platelet activation by thrombin caused an increase in glutamate uptake, which could be inhibited by TBOA and the EAAT2 inhibitor DHK. Kinetic analysis showed recruitment of new transporters to the membrane. Indeed, Western blot analysis of subcellular fractions revealed that alpha-granules, which fuse with the membrane upon thrombin stimulation, contained significant EAAT2 immunoreactivity. Inhibition of the second messengers involved in alpha-granule secretion (protein kinase C, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase) inhibited thrombin-stimulated uptake, but not basal uptake. These data show that the glial EAAT2 is the predominant glutamate transporter on blood platelets and suggest, that thrombin increases glutamate uptake capacity by recruiting new transporters (EAAT2) from alpha-granules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoogland
authors.forename: I W M
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kupper
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Willigen
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Spierenburg
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: van Nieuwenhuizen
authors.forename: P N E
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: de Graan
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002469:Cell Separation; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D027342:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2 / Q000502:physiology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012964:Sodium / Q000502:physiology; D013917:Thrombin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D027342:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D012964:Sodium; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D013917:Thrombin