title: The laparoscopic nephrectomy learning curve: a single centre's development of a de novo practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There has been a dramatic increase in the interest and practice of laparoscopic urology, with nephrectomy having become the commonest laparoscopic urological procedure. Compared with open nephrectomy, it results in reduced morbidity and shorter convalescence times while maintaining oncological safety. However, while these results predominately stem from institutions with well developed laparoscopic programmes, little is known about the results in centres that have newly adopted this technique. The introduction of a laparoscopic urological service at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital provided an opportunity to study these factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since the appointment in October 2000 of a urological surgeon (N Oakley) to develop the laparoscopic service, there have been over 200 laparoscopic procedures including 121 nephrectomies performed at this centre. Full details were collected for each of these cases, and in addition, compared with retrospective data for 50 open nephrectomies performed during the same time period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With increased operator experience the median operative duration, complication, transfusion, and conversion rates significantly improved. While a learning curve was evident, the overall operative complication (9%) and conversion rates (6%) were low, in addition to patient morbidity (16.5%) and mortality (0%) rates, showing that this learning curve had no deleterious effects upon patient care. The median hospital stay was four days, which reduced to three with experience and was significantly shorter than for open nephrectomy at this institution (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of a successful laparoscopic programme can be achieved with a comparatively short learning curve and without detriment to the patient provided the necessary steps are observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urological Surgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK. J.Phillips@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: J W F
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Catto
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lavin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hastie
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Oakley
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000601:surgery*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000601:surgery*; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016526:Workload