title: Naturally occurring spore particles at planar fluid interfaces and in emulsions.
abstract: We have investigated the potential of utilizing naturally occurring spore particles of Lycopodium clavatum as sole emulsifiers of oil and water mixtures. The preferred emulsions, prepared from either oil-borne or aqueous-borne dispersions of the monodispersed particles of diameter 30 microm, are oil-in-water. The particles act as efficient stabilizers for oils of different polarity. Droplets as large as several millimeters are stable to coalescence indefinitely, despite the low coverage of interfaces by particles observed microscopically. Consistent with the emulsion findings, we discover that particles spontaneously adsorb to bare oil-water interfaces of single drops from oil dispersions, whereas adsorption is less spontaneous and extensive from aqueous dispersions. Monolayers of the spore particles at both air-water and oil-water planar interfaces contain particles in an aggregated state forming clusters and chains. The influence of particle concentration, oil/water ratio, and additives in the aqueous phase is studied.
authors.affiliation: Surfactant and Colloid Group, and Sporomex Ltd., Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom. b.p.binks@hull.ac.uk
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Binks
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Clint
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simcock
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Whitby