title: Effects of N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA), a novel thiol antioxidant against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in neuronal cell line PC12.
abstract: Oxidative stress plays an important role in neuronal cell death associated with many different neurodegenerative conditions such as cerebral ischemia and Parkinson's disease. Elevated levels of glutamate are thought to be responsible for CNS disorders through various mechanisms causing oxidative stress induced by a nonreceptor-mediated oxidative pathway which blocks cystine uptake and results in depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH). The newly designed amide form of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA), was assessed for its ability to protect PC12 cells against oxidative toxicity induced by glutamate. NACA was shown to protect PC12 cells from glutamate (Glu) toxicity, as evaluated by LDH and MTS assays. NACA prevented glutamate-induced intracellular GSH loss. In addition, NACA restored GSH synthesis in a Glu (10 mM) plus buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO) (0.2 mM)-treated group, indicating that the intracellular GSH increase is independent of gamma-GSC (gamma-glutamylcysteinyl synthetase). The increase in levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by glutamate was significantly decreased by NACA. Measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) showed that NACA reduced glutamate-induced elevations in levels of lipid peroxidation by-products. These results demonstrate that NACA can protect PC12 cells against glutamate cytotoxicity by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and scavenging ROS, thus preserving intracellular GSH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Rolla, 1870 Miner Circle, 142 Schrenk Hall, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
authors.forename: Suman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Penugonda
authors.forename: Suneetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mare
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: Nuran
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ercal
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004347:Drug Interactions; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D016716:PC12 Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C487056:N-Acetylcysteinamide; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D000111:Acetylcysteine