title: Surgical closure of the left atrial appendage - a beneficial procedure?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Closure of the fibrillating left atrial appendage (LAA) has been recommended during valve surgery to decrease the risk of arterial embolism. However, patients undergoing surgical LAA closure have not systematically been reevaluated for complete LAA obliteration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a 12-month period, we studied 6 consecutive patients with paroxysmal (n = 3) or permanent (n = 3) atrial fibrillation who underwent surgical LAA closure at the time of valve surgery. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) performed 23-159 days (mean 51) postoperatively demonstrated complete LAA closure in only 1 patient. In 5 patients, incomplete LAA closure was found due to disruption of the closure line. The size of the residual LAA orifice ranged from 3 to 20 mm. There was a high flow velocity at the LAA orifice (0.33-2.2 m/s), whereas flow in the LAA body was low (<0.2 m/s). Spontaneous echocardiographic contrast (SEC) in the LAA had newly developed (n = 3) or was much more intense than preoperatively (n = 2). Despite therapeutic anticoagulation 2 patients showed a LAA thrombus which had not been present on the preoperative TEE, and 1 patient with SEC suffered a stroke 4 weeks after attempted LAA closure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical LAA closure was incomplete in most patients, resulting in blood stagnation and an increased likelihood of clot formation. Incomplete surgical LAA closure, therefore, may promote rather than reduce the risk of stroke. Intraoperative TEE is mandatory to verify complete LAA obliteration.
authors.affiliation: Klinik fur Kardiologie, Sana Kliniken Lubeck GmbH, Deutschland. b.schneider@sana-luebeck.de
authors.forename: Birke
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stollberger
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Sievers
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020517:Atrial Appendage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004617:Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome