title: Probabilistic risk assessment for snails, slugs, and endangered honeycreepers in diphacinone rodenticide baited areas on Hawaii, USA.
abstract: Three probabilistic models were developed for characterizing the risk of mortality and subacute coagulopathy to Poouli, an endangered nontarget avian species, in broadcast diphacinone-baited areas on Hawaii, USA. For single-day exposure, the risk of Poouli mortality approaches 0. For 5-d exposure, the mean probability of mortality increased to 3% for adult and 8% for juvenile Poouli populations. For Poouli that consume snails containing diphacinone residues for 14 d, the model predicted increased levels of coagulopathy for 0.42 and 11% of adult and juvenile Poouli populations, respectively. Worst-case deterministic risk characterizations predicted acceptable levels of risk for nonthreatened or endangered species such as northern bobwhite quail and mallards. Also, no acute toxicity was noted for snails and slugs that feed on diphacinone baits.
authors.affiliation: US Department of Agriculture (USDA)/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)/WS/National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA. john.j.johnston@aphis.usda.gov
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Pitt
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Sugihara
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Eisemann
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Primus
authors.forename: Melvin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crocker
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049851:Gastropoda; D006254:Hawaii; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010630:Phenindione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000506:poisoning; D051381:Rats; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012377:Rodentia; D012378:Rodenticides / Q000506:poisoning*; D012908:Snails; D020308:Songbirds
chemical_list: D012378:Rodenticides; C100262:diphenadione; D010630:Phenindione