title: Thyroid gland tumor diagnosis at US elastography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively evaluate the elastographic appearance of thyroid gland tumors and explore the potential sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonographic (US) elastography for differentiating benign and malignant tumors, with histopathologic analysis as the reference standard.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was institutional review board approved, and each patient gave written informed consent. Fifty-two thyroid gland lesions (22 malignant, 30 benign) in 31 consecutive patients (six men, 25 women; mean age, 49.7 years +/- 14.7 [standard deviation]) were examined with real-time elastography in the elasticity imaging mode implemented on a clinical US scanner modified for research. In addition, the radiofrequency echo data stored during US were exported from the scanner and used for off-line strain image reconstruction. All elastograms were evaluated for the lesion visibility, relative brightness, and margin regularity and definition by using a four-point scale. In addition, normal thyroid gland tissue and thyroid gland tumor strains were measured on off-line processed elastograms, and the thyroid gland-to-tumor strain ratio (ie, strain index) was calculated. The potential of elastographic criteria for the diagnosis of thyroid gland cancer was evaluated with univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Qualitative variables were compared by using the chi2 test, and quantitative variables were compared by using the Mann-Whitney U test. P < .05 was considered to indicate significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A strain index value greater than 4 on off-line processed elastograms was the strongest independent predictor of thyroid gland malignancy (P < .001); this criterion had 96% specificity and 82% sensitivity. Two other elastographic criteria, which were evaluated on real-time elastograms--a margin regularity score higher than 3 (88% specificity, 36% sensitivity) and a tumor area ratio higher than 1 (92% specificity, 46% sensitivity)--also were associated with malignancy (P < .05). However, the usefulness of these criteria was not considered to be high because of their low sensitivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elastography is a promising imaging technique that can assist in the differential diagnosis of thyroid cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. lyshchik@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lyshchik
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higashi
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Asato
authors.forename: Shinzo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Juichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Jerome J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pellot-Barakat
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Insana
authors.forename: Aaron B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Brill
authors.forename: Tsuneo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saga
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiraoka
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Togashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003560:Cysts / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography