title: Hormone replacement therapy and cognitive performance in postmenopausal women--a review by cognitive domain.
abstract: Laboratory, animal and neuroimaging evidences suggest that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may be beneficial to human cognition. This systematic review includes 26 studies on the association between HRT and cognition and 17 studies on HRT and risk of dementia. It was hypothesised that HRT would have a positive association with cognitive speed and verbal memory and possibly visual memory but not with executive functioning, and would be associated with a decreased risk of dementia. Evidence for HRT's neuroenhancing and neuroprotective properties was also evaluated. There was significant statistical and clinical heterogeneity among studies precluding meta-analysis. Results showed no consistent relationship between HRT and performance in any cognitive domain. Cross-sectional studies tended to report more positive results than longitudinal studies and randomised-controlled trials, particularly in the areas of verbal memory and executive functioning. HRT was associated with decreased risk of dementia in observational studies, but with increased risk in one randomised-controlled trial. Cognitive improvement or maintenance are not secondary benefits of HRT.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Building 63, Eggleston road, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. lee-fay.low@anu.edu.au
authors.forename: Lee-Fay
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: Kaarin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Anstey
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D017698:Postmenopause