title: Drug administration errors and their determinants in pediatric in-patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  . To quantify the type and frequency of drug administration errors to pediatric in-patients and to identify associated factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective direct-observation study of drug administration errors from April 2002 to March 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four clinical units in a pediatric teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve observers accompanied nurses giving medications and witnessed the preparation and administration of all drugs to all patients on all weekday mornings.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Discrepancies between physicians' orders and actual drug administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 1719 observed administrations to 336 patients by 485 nurses, 538 administration errors were detected, involving timing (36%), route (19%), dosage (15%), unordered drug (10%), or form (8% form). These errors occurred for 467 (27%) of the 1719 administrations. Intravenous drugs (OR = 0.28; CI = 0.16-0.49; versus miscellaneous) were associated with fewer errors. Error rates were higher for cardiovascular (OR = 3.38; CI = 1.24-9.27; versus miscellaneous) and central nervous system drugs (OR = 2.65; CI = 1.06-6.59; versus miscellaneous); unspecified dispensing system (OR = 2.06; CI = 1.29-3.29; versus store in the unit); non-intravenous non-oral administration (OR = 4.44; CI = 1.81-10.88; versus oral administration); preparation by the pharmacy (OR = 1.66; CI = 1.10-2.51); and administration by a hospital pool nurse, temporary staffing agency nurse, or nurse intern (OR = 1.67; CI = 1.04-2.68; versus registered full-time nurse). Each additional management procedure in the patient increased the risk of error (OR = 1.22; CI = 1.01-1.48).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk factors identified in our study should prove useful for designing preventive strategies, thereby improving the quality of care.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Unit, Hôpital Robert Debré AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prot
authors.forename: Jean Eudes
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fontan
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alberti
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bourdon
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Farnoux
authors.forename: Marie Alice
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Macher
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Foureau
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faye
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beaufils
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gottot
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brion
mesh_terms: D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010297:Paris; D010371:Pediatric Nursing / Q000592:standards*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors