title: Influence of cervical preflaring on determination of apical file size in maxillary premolars: SEM analysis.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of cervical preflaring on the determination of the first file that binds at working length (WL) in buccal roots of maxillary premolars. Five groups (n=10) were formed at random and, after standard access cavities, the WL was determined 1 mm short from the apex. In group 1, the initial apical file was inserted without preflaring of cervical and middle thirds of the root canals. In groups 2 to 5, the cervical and middle thirds were enlarged with sizes 90 and 110 Gates-Glidden drills, K(3) Orifice Opener instruments, ProTaper instruments and LA Axxess burs, respectively. Canals were sized manually with K-files, starting with No. 08 K-files inserted passively up to the WL. File sizes were increased until a binding sensation was felt at the WL and the size of the instrument was recorded. Transversal sections of the WL regions were examined under scanning electron microscopy and the discrepancies between the canal diameter and first file to bind at the WL were assessed. Significant differences (p<0.001) were found between the groups. The major discrepancy was found without preflaring (mean 157.8 microm). LA Axxess burs produced the smallest discrepancy (mean 0.8 microm). Gates-Glidden drills and K(3) Orifice Opener instruments showed no significant differences (p>0.05) between their results (83.2 microm and 73.6 microm, respectively). The discrepancy for ProTaper instruments was 35.4 microm on average. In conclusion, the instrument binding technique for determination of the anatomical diameter at the WL was not precise. Preflaring of the cervical and middle thirds improved the determination of the anatomical diameter at the WL, and the type of instrument played a major role. Canals preflared with LA Axxess burs showed a more accurate binding of the files to anatomical diameter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Machado
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Barroso
authors.forename: Danilo M Zanello
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Guerisoli
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Capelli
authors.forename: Paulo César
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Saquy
authors.forename: Jesus Djalma
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pécora
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003762:Dental Instruments; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008437:Maxilla; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D019237:Tooth Cervix