title: Slow breathing improves arterial baroreflex sensitivity and decreases blood pressure in essential hypertension.
abstract: Sympathetic hyperactivity and parasympathetic withdrawal may cause and sustain hypertension. This autonomic imbalance is in turn related to a reduced or reset arterial baroreflex sensitivity and chemoreflex-induced hyperventilation. Slow breathing at 6 breaths/min increases baroreflex sensitivity and reduces sympathetic activity and chemoreflex activation, suggesting a potentially beneficial effect in hypertension. We tested whether slow breathing was capable of modifying blood pressure in hypertensive and control subjects and improving baroreflex sensitivity. Continuous noninvasive blood pressure, RR interval, respiration, and end-tidal CO2 (CO2-et) were monitored in 20 subjects with essential hypertension (56.4+/-1.9 years) and in 26 controls (52.3+/-1.4 years) in sitting position during spontaneous breathing and controlled breathing at slower (6/min) and faster (15/min) breathing rate. Baroreflex sensitivity was measured by autoregressive spectral analysis and "alpha angle" method. Slow breathing decreased systolic and diastolic pressures in hypertensive subjects (from 149.7+/-3.7 to 141.1+/-4 mm Hg, P<0.05; and from 82.7+/-3 to 77.8+/-3.7 mm Hg, P<0.01, respectively). Controlled breathing (15/min) decreased systolic (to 142.8+/-3.9 mm Hg; P<0.05) but not diastolic blood pressure and decreased RR interval (P<0.05) without altering the baroreflex. Similar findings were seen in controls for RR interval. Slow breathing increased baroreflex sensitivity in hypertensives (from 5.8+/-0.7 to 10.3+/-2.0 ms/mm Hg; P<0.01) and controls (from 10.9+/-1.0 to 16.0+/-1.5 ms/mm Hg; P<0.001) without inducing hyperventilation. During spontaneous breathing, hypertensive subjects showed lower CO2 and faster breathing rate, suggesting hyperventilation and reduced baroreflex sensitivity (P<0.001 versus controls). Slow breathing reduces blood pressure and enhances baroreflex sensitivity in hypertensive patients. These effects appear potentially beneficial in the management of hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, IRCCS Ospedale S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Chacko N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Porta
authors.forename: Gaia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casucci
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Casiraghi
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maffeis
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernardi
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017704:Baroreflex; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001945:Breathing Exercises; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003971:Diastole; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013599:Systole