title: Blood flow in stented arteries: a parametric comparison of strut design patterns in three dimensions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Restenosis after stent implantation varies with stent design. Alterations in secondary flow patterns and wall shear stress (WSS) can modulate intimal hyperplasia via their effects on platelet and inflammatory cell transport toward the wall, as well as direct effects on the endothelium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed flow characteristics were compared by estimating the WSS in the near-strut region of realistic stent designs using three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD), under pulsatile high and low flow conditions. The stent geometry employed was characterized by three geometric parameters (axial strut pitch, strut amplitude, and radius of curvature), and by the presence or lack of the longitudinal connector.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stagnation regions were localized around stent struts. The regions of low WSS are larger distal to the strut. Under low flow conditions, the percentage restoration of mean axial WSS between struts was lower than that for the high flow by 10-12%. The largest mean transverse shear stresses were 30-50% of the largest mean axial shear stresses. The percentage restoration in WSS in the models without the longitudinal connector was as much as 11% larger than with the connector The mean axial WSS restoration between the struts was larger for the stent model with larger interstrut spacing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that stent design is crucial in determining the fluid mechanical environment in an artery. The sensitivity of flow characteristics to strut configuration could be partially responsible for the dependence of restenosis on stent design. From a fluid dynamics point of view, interstrut spacing should be larger in order to restore the disturbed flow; struts should be oriented to the flow direction in order to reduce the area of flow recirculation. Longitudinal connectors should be used only as necessary, and should be parallel to the axis. These results could guide future stent designs toward reducing restenosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 768 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Nandini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duraiswamy
authors.forename: Andreas O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004548:Elasticity; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D015607:Stents; D013314:Stress, Mechanical