title: Mental disorders in current and former heavy ecstasy (MDMA) users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ecstasy use has often been found to be associated with psychopathology, yet this research has so far been based largely on subjective symptom ratings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether ecstasy users suffered from long-term psychopathological consequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the prevalence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM-IV) mental disorders in 30 current and 29 former ecstasy users, 29 polydrug and 30 drug-naive controls. Groups were approximately matched by age, gender and level of education. The current ecstasy users reported a life-time dose of an average of 821 and the former ecstasy users of 768 ecstasy tablets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ecstasy users did not significantly differ from controls in the prevalence of mental disorders, except those related to substance use. Substance-induced affective, anxiety and cognitive disorders occurred more frequently among ecstasy users than polydrug controls. The life-time prevalence of ecstasy dependence amounted to 73% in the ecstasy user groups. More than half of the former ecstasy users and nearly half of the current ecstasy users met the criteria of substance-induced cognitive disorders at the time of testing. Logistic regression analyses showed the estimated life-time doses of ecstasy to be predictive of cognitive disorders, both current and life-time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The motivation for ecstasy use is not likely to be self-medication of pre-existing depressive or anxiety disorders as these did not occur more frequently in the ecstasy users than in control groups or in the general population. Cognitive disorders still present after over 5 months of ecstasy abstinence may well be functional consequences of serotonergic neurotoxicity of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. thomasius@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomasius
authors.forename: K U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zapletalova
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wartberg
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zeichner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmoldt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine