title: Thyroid hormone controls multiple independent programs required for limb development in Xenopus laevis metamorphosis.
abstract: Thyroid hormone (TH) is required for limb development in Xenopus laevis. Specific cell types in the growing limb were targeted for expression of a dominant negative form of the TH receptor by sperm-mediated transgenesis. Limb muscle development, the innervation of muscle from the spinal cord, and cartilage growth can be inhibited without affecting patterning of the limb or differentiation of other cell types. Remodeling of the skin occurs late in metamorphosis after the limb has formed. The coordination of these independent programs is affected in part by the control that TH exerts over DNA replication in all cell types of the limb.
authors.affiliation: Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. brown@ciwemb.edu
authors.forename: Donald D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Liquan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Biswajit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marsh-Armstrong
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: Rejeanne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Juste
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D004261:DNA Replication; D005121:Extremities / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008297:Male; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D013963:Thyroid Hormones