title: A retrospective follow-up study of body dysmorphic disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although research on body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is increasing, no follow-up studies of this disorder's course of illness have been published.
  
  
  METHODS
  The status of 95 outpatients with BDD treated in a clinical practice was assessed by chart review. Standard scales were used to rate subjects at baseline and the most recent clinic visit (mean duration of follow-up, 1.7 +/- 1.1; range, 0.5-6.4 years). Ratings were also done at 6-month intervals over the first 4 years of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Allowing for censoring, life table analysis estimated that the proportion of subjects who achieved full remission from BDD at the 6-month and/or 12-month assessment was 24.7%; the proportion who attained partial or full remission at 6 months and/or 12 months was 57.8%. After 4 years of follow-up, 58.2% had experienced full remission, and 83.8% had experienced partial or full remission, at one or more 6-month assessment points. Of those subjects who attained partial or full remission at one or more assessment points, 28.6% subsequently relapsed. Between baseline and the most recent assessment, BDD severity and functioning significantly improved: at the most recent assessment, 16.7% of subjects were in full remission, 37.8% were in partial remission, and 45.6% met full criteria for BDD. Greater severity of BDD symptoms and the presence of major depression or social phobia at baseline were associated with more severe BDD symptoms at study end point. All subjects received at least one medication trial, and 34.3% received some type of therapy during the follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A majority of treated patients with BDD improved, although improvement was usually partial. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to further elucidate the course of BDD.
authors.affiliation: Butler Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, USA. katharine_phillips@brown.edu
authors.forename: Katharine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Jon E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Siniscalchi
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.forename: Lawrence H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires