title: Potential irritation of lysine derivative surfactants by hemolysis and HaCaT cell viability.
abstract: Surfactants represent one of the most common constituents in topical pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications or cleansers. Since adverse skin and ocular reactions can be caused by them, it is important to evaluate damaging effects. Amino acid-based surfactants deserve particular attention because of their low toxicity and environmental friendly properties. New lysine derivative surfactants associated with heavy and light counterions were tested. The ocular irritancy was assessed by hemolysis, and photohemolysis was employed to evaluate their phototoxicity. Cytotoxicity on HaCaT cells was determined by neutral red uptake and MTT assay to predict skin irritation. All lysine derivative surfactants were less hemolytic and thus less eye-irritating than the commercial surfactants used as model irritants. No phototoxic effects were found. All surfactants presented cytotoxic effects as demonstrated by decrease of neutral red uptake and reduction of MTT salt, with clear concentration-effect profiles. However, the rates of cytotoxicity on HaCaT for the new surfactants suggested that they were less cytotoxic and then, less skin-irritating than the reference ones; surfactants with heavy counterions were the less cytotoxic. The anionic surfactants investigated in the present work may constitute a promising class of surfactants given their low irritancy potential for pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mitjans
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Infante
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Vinardell
mesh_terms: D001622:Betaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D000077286:Cetrimonium; D002593:Cetrimonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007509:Irritants / Q000494:pharmacology; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009499:Neutral Red / Q000737:chemistry; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000737:chemistry; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002593:Cetrimonium Compounds; D007509:Irritants; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D009499:Neutral Red; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D001622:Betaine; C065099:Tego-Betain; C022616:thiazolyl blue; D008239:Lysine; D000077286:Cetrimonium