title: The NORSE (new-onset refractory status epilepticus) syndrome: defining a disease entity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To characterise a homogeneous group of patients with new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE syndrome).
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a descriptive, semiprospective review of all cases of NORSE syndrome seen between 2000 and 2004 at a tertiary care public hospital in Singapore. A review of the literature was performed to identify possible additional similar cases for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven patients with NORSE syndrome were identified. Characterising features were female gender, young age, previous good health, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis (in 4), antecedent febrile illness (in 5), extraordinarily prolonged status epilepticus (average 32 days), failure of extensive investigations to reveal an underlying cause, catastrophic outcome as well as temporal lobe and leptomeningeal abnormality on brain magnetic resonance imaging. A review of the literature identified 12 similar patients, comprising both adults and children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our patients and those described in the literature, we characterise the NORSE syndrome. Increased recognition of this clinical entity is needed to help delineate the underlying aetiology of this unique severe illness.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore. mdcwse@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: E P V
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Wilder-Smith
authors.forename: E C H
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Teoh
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: J J H
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: B P L
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: B K C
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Ong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines