title: Three-dimensional in vivo imaging of the mouse intraocular vasculature during development and disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aberrant growth of blood vessels in the eye is a major cause of vision loss, occurring as a complication of diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinal vascular occlusions, among others. Whereas in humans, in vivo angiography is routinely used to image such diseases, many animal models of ocular vascular disease and development rely on dissected tissues that may not accurately represent in vivo conditions and require enucleation of the eye, the death of the animal, or both.
  
  
  METHODS
  A method of three-dimensional imaging of blood vessels was used in the living mouse eye that involved scanning laser confocal microscopy and computer-aided image reconstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This minimally invasive technique was used to collect three-dimensional images of intraocular vessels in vivo during development. The retinal and choroidal vasculature was studied during development and disease, in models of retinal degeneration, central retinal vein occlusion, and oxygen-induced retinopathy. To aid in investigations into cell-based therapies for retinal disease, two-color imaging was used to localize transplanted cells in relation to the vasculature. This technique was used to perform serial imaging of the ocular vasculature over time, when developmental regression of vessels was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This in vivo vascular imaging approach is valuable in monitoring normal development, disease progression, and efficacy of experimental treatments in mouse models of ocular vascular disease and may have broader applications to the field of angiogenesis by using the readily visualized ocular vascular bed as a surrogate to test pro- and antiangiogenic compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Banin
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scheppke
authors.forename: Hannele
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uusitalo-Jarvinen
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friedlander
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002829:Choroid / Q000098:blood supply*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005123:Eye / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D010100:Oxygen / Q000633:toxicity; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012170:Retinal Vein Occlusion / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen