title: Use of fourth arm in da Vinci robot-assisted extraperitoneal laparoscopic prostatectomy: novel technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The da Vinci robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is a relatively new approach that is revolutionizing the surgical treatment of localized prostate cancer. Since its introduction, several improvements have been made in the robot design model, as well as in the surgical technique for prostatectomy. One of the more recent advances in this technology has been the introduction of a four-arm robot model. This modified system allows the operating surgeon to use the fourth arm for key steps and maneuvers during the operation, thereby decreasing the reliance on advanced assistant laparoscopic skills. In this report, we describe our modifications for the extraperitoneal approach for laparoscopic removal of the prostate using the four-arm da Vinci surgical system.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 24-month period, 154 consecutive patients with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent extraperitoneal robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy using the four-arm da Vinci robot system. All cases were videotaped and subsequently reviewed. Important factors regarding extraperitoneal access, patient positioning, port placement, and assistant role with or without the fourth arm were defined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experience has revealed that the extraperitoneal approach allows for a more natural patient position during the operation and avoids intraperitoneal organ injury. The addition of the fourth arm to the da Vinci robot provides the operating surgeon with a great deal of independence, which facilitates all aspects of robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. It allows the operating surgeon to retract tissue during critical steps in this challenging operation and reduces the reliance on highly trained laparoscopic assistants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey 07601, USA. mikevino@aol.com
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Pedram
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ilbeigi
authors.forename: Mutahar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lanteri
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D020706:Laparoscopes; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*