title: Whole genome sequence of Staphylococcus saprophyticus reveals the pathogenesis of uncomplicated urinary tract infection.
abstract: Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a uropathogenic Staphylococcus frequently isolated from young female outpatients presenting with uncomplicated urinary tract infections. We sequenced the whole genome of S. saprophyticus type strain ATCC 15305, which harbors a circular chromosome of 2,516,575 bp with 2,446 ORFs and two plasmids. Comparative genomic analyses with the strains of two other species, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, as well as experimental data, revealed the following characteristics of the S. saprophyticus genome. S. saprophyticus does not possess any virulence factors found in S. aureus, such as coagulase, enterotoxins, exoenzymes, and extracellular matrix-binding proteins, although it does have a remarkable paralog expansion of transport systems related to highly variable ion contents in the urinary environment. A further unique feature is that only a single ORF is predictable as a cell wall-anchored protein, and it shows positive hemagglutination and adherence to human bladder cell associated with initial colonization in the urinary tract. It also shows significantly high urease activity in S. saprophyticus. The uropathogenicity of S. saprophyticus can be attributed to its genome that is needed for its survival in the human urinary tract by means of novel cell wall-anchored adhesin and redundant uro-adaptive transport systems, together with urease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
authors.forename: Miyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumano
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higashide
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inose
authors.forename: Kimio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matoba
authors.forename: Hidehiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toh
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuhara
authors.forename: Masahira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: Toshiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D001483:Base Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D006384:Hemagglutination; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010957:Plasmids; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012756:Sheep; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014510:Urease / Q000378:metabolism; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D037521:Virulence Factors
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors; D014510:Urease