title: Cardiorenal disease: a clinical intersection.
abstract: This review focuses on the association between renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease and discusses therapeutic options. Although the association of chronic renal insufficiency and cardiovascular risk was first shown in patients with end-stage renal disease, even minor renal dysfunction has now been established as an independent risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and statins can reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with renal insufficiency. Coronary revascularization improves the prognosis in patients with renal dysfunction, but there is still an underutilization of coronary revascularization procedures in patients with renal insufficiency. There is enough data that shows high mortality after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients with reduced renal function and that slight renal dysfunction exposes the patient with a cardiac event to an excessive cardiac mortality. Further investigation should focus on the cause of and possible preventive interventions, for the staggering cardiovascular risk in the ever-increasing number of people with renal dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India. docvikramkalra@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kalra
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.forename: Sanjay Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Suresh Chander
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Tiwari
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000453:epidemiology; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose