title: Psychological responses to cancer recurrence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a dearth of knowledge regarding the psychological responses to a diagnosis of cancer recurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ongoing randomized clinical trial provided the context for prospective study. Women with Stage II/III breast carcinoma (N = 227) were initially assessed after their diagnosis/surgery and before adjuvant therapy and then reassessed every 6 months. Eight years into the trial, 30 patients had recurred (R) and were assessed shortly after receiving their second diagnosis. Their data were compared with a sample of trial patients who had no evidence of disease (disease free [DF]; n = 90). The groups were matched on study arm, disease stage, estrogen receptor status, menopausal status, and time since initial diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As hypothesized, patients' cancer-specific stress at recurrence in the R group was higher (P < 0.05) than stress levels for the DF group at the equivalent point in time. Importantly, the R group reported stress for their recurrent diagnosis equivalent to that reported for their initial diagnosis. Identical results were found for measures of health status and symptomatology. In contrast, analyses for emotional distress and social functioning showed no pattern of disruption for the R group at cancer recurrence and levels equivalent to that of the DF group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the authors' knowledge, this was the first controlled, prospective psychological analysis of patients' responses to cancer recurrence. The findings were consistent with a learning theory conceptualization of the cancer stressor. Patients' stress was "compartmentalized" and did not, at least in the early weeks, result in diffuse emotional distress and quality of life disruption, underscoring the resilience of patients when confronted with cancer recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1222, USA. Andersen.1@osu.edu
authors.forename: Barbara L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Farrar
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Crespin
authors.forename: Sharla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wells-Digregorio
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D016019:Survival Analysis