title: Retinoid concentrations in the mouse during postnatal development and after maternal vitamin A supplementation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin A (VA) and its derivates (retinoids) are important nutritional substances, which mediate their biological activity mainly via nuclear retinoid receptors. Maternal VA intake during lactation influences the VA content in milk and the VA status of the progeny. We investigated the effects of maternal supplementation during lactation and direct supplementation to the pups after weaning on the retinoid concentration in serum and liver of neonatal mice using high doses of VA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dams were fed a basal (4,500 retinol equivalents/kg diet) or a VA-supplemented (324,000 retinol equivalents/kg diet) diet during lactation. Pups kept receiving the same diet after weaning. Serum and liver samples of the pups were collected during lactation at days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 and post-weaning at days 21 and 65 after birth. Samples were analysed for retinoids by high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal VA supplementation resulted in significantly higher concentrations of retinol, retinyl palmitate and retinyl stearate in serum of mice neonates at days 5, 7, 14, 21 and 65 after birth in comparison to the basal diet, whereas significantly higher concentrations were observed in liver at days 5, 14, 21 and 65 after birth. At day 7 after birth, a decrease in the liver retinoid concentrations occurred in the VA-supplemented diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show for the first time that supplementation with high doses of VA during the lactation period in mice can affect serum retinol concentrations in the neonates and report that day 7 after birth is a critical time in the tissue distribution of retinoids during postnatal development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany. garcia@mail.dife.de
authors.forename: Ada L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruhl
authors.forename: Florian J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Schweigert
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000833:Animals, Suckling / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D012176:Retinoids / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D012176:Retinoids; D014815:Vitamins; D014801:Vitamin A