title: Endoscopic ablation of dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus comparing argon plasma coagulation and photodynamic therapy: a randomized prospective trial assessing efficacy and cost-effectiveness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic mucosal ablation is a promising technique that is used to treat dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of two promising techniques, argon plasma coagulation (APC) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), in the ablation of dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients with dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus (21 M, median age 60 years, median length 4 cm, 23 low-grade dysplasia (LGD), 3 high-grade dysplasia (HGD)) were randomized to APC: 13 patients, PDT: 13 patients. APC was performed at a power setting of 65 W and argon gas flow at 1.8 l/min in 1-6 sessions (mean 5). PDT was performed 48 h after intravenous injection of Photofrin 2 mg/kg with a 630 nm red laser light, 200 J/cm through a PDT balloon in one session. All patients received treatment with high-dose proton pump inhibitors. Cost analysis was undertaken and the results were assessed by endoscopy and biopsies at 4 months and 12 months after therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients in both groups showed a reduction in the length of Barrett's oesophagus. The median length of Barrett's oesophagus eradicated at the 4-month follow-up: APC 65%, PDT 57% and at the 12-month follow-up: APC 56%, PDT 60%. Dysplasia eradication at 4 months: APC 62%, PDT 77%, p = 0.03 (95% CI 0.66-0.96) and at 12 months APC 67%, PDT 77%. Buried columnar glands with intestinal metaplasia were seen in both groups, with one patient in the PDT arm developing adenocarcioma under the neo-squamous epithelium. Severe adverse events included APC 2/13 (15%) stricture, 1/13 (8%) odynophagia, chest pain and fever; PDT 2/13 (15%) photosensitivity, 2/13 (15%) stricture. PDT would cost an additional 266 pounds sterling for every percentage reduction in Barrett's length and 146 pounds sterling per percentage reduction in dysplasia compared with APC treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  APC and PDT are equally effective in eradicating Barrett's mucosa, with PDT being the more expensive treatment. However, PDT is more effective in eradicating dysplasia and the extra benefits of PDT are generated at an extra cost. The occurrence of buried columnar glands and carcinoma warrants caution. Long-term follow-up is needed to assess cancer prevention and the durability of the neo-squamous epithelium to justify these interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, UK. k.ragunath@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Krish
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ragunath
authors.forename: Neville
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krasner
authors.forename: V Sankara
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: Mustafa T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Haqqani
authors.forename: Ceri J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Ivy
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001128:Argon / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017075:Laser Coagulation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001128:Argon