Teratogenicity of depleted uranium aerosols: a review from an epidemiological perspective.
BACKGROUND
Depleted uranium is being used increasingly often as a component of munitions in military conflicts. Military personnel, civilians and the DU munitions producers are being exposed to the DU aerosols that are generated.


METHODS
We reviewed toxicological data on both natural and depleted uranium. We included peer reviewed studies and gray literature on birth malformations due to natural and depleted uranium. Our approach was to assess the "weight of evidence" with respect to teratogenicity of depleted uranium.


RESULTS
Animal studies firmly support the possibility that DU is a teratogen. While the detailed pathways by which environmental DU can be internalized and reach reproductive cells are not yet fully elucidated, again, the evidence supports plausibility. To date, human epidemiological data include case examples, disease registry records, a case-control study and prospective longitudinal studies.


CONCLUSIONS
The two most significant challenges to establishing a causal pathway between (human) parental DU exposure and the birth of offspring with defects are: i) distinguishing the role of DU from that of exposure to other potential teratogens; ii) documentation on the individual level of extent of parental DU exposure. Studies that use biomarkers, none yet reported, can help address the latter challenge. Thoughtful triangulation of the results of multiple studies (epidemiological and other) of DU teratogenicity contributes to disentangling the roles of various potentially teratogenic parental exposures. This paper is just such an endeavor.


CONCLUSIONS
In aggregate the human epidemiological evidence is consistent with increased risk of birth defects in offspring of persons exposed to DU.
Hindin
Rita
R
University of Massachusetts School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. rita@schoolph.umass.edu
Brugge
Doug
D
Panikkar
Bindu
B
D000016:Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D000336:Aerosols / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel; D008891:Military Science; D011848:Radioactive Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D014501:Uranium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D014857:Warfare
D000336:Aerosols; D011848:Radioactive Pollutants; D013723:Teratogens; D014501:Uranium