title: Molecular classification of multiple myeloma: a distinct transcriptional profile characterizes patients expressing CCND1 and negative for 14q32 translocations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The deregulation of CCND1, CCND2 and CCND3 genes represents a common event in multiple myeloma (MM). A recently proposed classification grouped MM patients into five classes on the basis of their cyclin D expression profiles and the presence of the main translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IGH) at 14q32. In this study, we provide a molecular characterization of the identified translocations/cyclins (TC) groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The gene expression profiles of purified plasma cells from 50 MM cases were used to stratify the samples into the five TC classes and identify their transcriptional fingerprints. The cyclin D expression data were validated by means of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis; fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to investigate the cyclin D loci arrangements, and to detect the main IGH translocations and the chromosome 13q deletion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Class-prediction analysis identified 112 probe sets as characterizing the TC1, TC2, TC4 and TC5 groups, whereas the TC3 samples showed heterogeneous phenotypes and no marker genes. The TC2 group, which showed extra copies of the CCND1 locus and no IGH translocations or the chromosome 13q deletion, was characterized by the overexpression of genes involved in protein biosynthesis at the translational level. A meta-analysis of published data sets validated the identified gene expression signatures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data contribute to the understanding of the molecular and biologic features of distinct MM subtypes. The identification of a distinctive gene expression pattern in TC2 patients may improve risk stratification and indicate novel therapeutic targets.
authors.affiliation: UO Ematologia 2, Centro G. Marcora, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico IRCCS, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Agnelli
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bicciato
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mattioli
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fabris
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Intini
authors.forename: Donata
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Verdelli
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baldini
authors.forename: Fortunato
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morabito
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Callea
authors.forename: Luigia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014178:Translocation, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D019938:Cyclin D1