title: Bone tissue responses to surface-modified zirconia implants: A histomorphometric and removal torque study in the rabbit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Zirconia ceramics are biocompatible and have mechanical properties that make them suitable as materials for dental implants. Little is known about how surface modification influences the stability and bone tissue response to zirconia implants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the investigation was to histologically and biomechanically evaluate the bone tissue response to zirconia implants with two different surface modifications in comparison with machined, nonmodified zirconia implants and oxidized titanium implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Threaded zirconia implants with a diameter of 3.75 mm with either a machined surface (Zr-Ctr) or one of two surface modifications (Zr-A and Zr-B) were manufactured. Oxidized titanium (Ti-Ox) implants 3.75 mm in diameter were also used. The implants were characterized with regard to surface topography using an interferometer. Twelve rabbits received 96 implants using a rotational scheme, two in each tibia and two in each femur. The implants in six rabbits were subjected to removal torque (RTQ) tests after a healing period of 6 weeks. The implants in the remaining six animals were removed en bloc for light microscopic analysis. Back-scatter scanning electron microscopic (BS-SEM) analyses were used to evaluate the state of the bone-implant interface at the modified zirconia implants after RTQ testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Ti-Ox and Zr-A implants showed the highest surface roughness, followed by the Zr-B implants and, finally, the Zr-Ctr implants. The nonmodified ZrO2 implants showed statistically significant lower RTQs than all other implants. No significant differences in bone-implant contact or bone area filling the threads were observed. BS-SEM showed intact surface layers of the surface-modified implants after RTQ testing and revealed fracture of the interface bone rather than a separation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study showed a strong bone tissue response to surface-modified zirconia implants after 6 weeks of healing in rabbit bone. The modified zirconia implants showed a resistance to torque forces similar to that of oxidized implants and a four- to fivefold increase compared with machined zirconia implants. The findings suggest that surface-modified zirconia implants can reach firm stability in bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Surgical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden. lars.sennerby@biomaterials.gu.se
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sennerby
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dasmah
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iverhed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002516:Ceramics; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D020878:Device Removal; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016348:Osseointegration; D016062:Porosity; D011817:Rabbits; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties; D013977:Tibia; D014025:Titanium; D019415:Torque; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; C009495:titanium dioxide; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium; C028541:zirconium oxide