title: Overview of personal occupational exposure levels to inhalable dust, endotoxin, beta(1-->3)-glucan and fungal extracellular polysaccharides in the waste management chain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the past decade, we studied occupational bioaerosol exposures in various sites of the waste management chain. In this paper we present an overview of exposure levels of inhalable dust, endotoxin, beta(1-->3)-glucan (known or probable inducers of airways inflammation), and extracellular polysaccharide antigens of Aspergillus and Penicillium species (EPS-Pen/Asp; a common and probably more specific marker of fungal exposure).
  
  
  METHODS
  Over 450 personal bioaerosol samples were taken. Mixed regression analyses were performed to estimate exposure determinants, between- and within-worker variance of exposure, and determinants of these variances. Furthermore, we explored whether the type of waste affected the bioaerosol composition of the dust.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endotoxin and glucan exposure levels were relatively low and comparable for waste collection and transferral, green waste composting and use of biomass in power plants. Exposure levels were 5-20 times higher in domestic waste transferral with sorting, and composting of both domestic and domestic and green waste ( approximately 300-1000 EU m(-3) for endotoxin, and 5-10 mug m(-3) for glucan). Observed exposure exceeded Dutch occupational exposure limits at all sites. EPS-Pen/Asp exposure was detected in 20% of waste collectors and 49% of compost workers. Exposure variability within tasks was large (geometric standard deviation > 2), with smaller between-worker than within-worker variance. Type of company and waste largely explained between-worker variance (40-90%), although within companies no major task-related determinants could be established. Markers of exposure correlated moderately to strongly. Relative endotoxin and glucan content in the dust was only weakly associated with handled waste.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Occupational bioaerosol exposure in the waste management chain is lowest for outdoor handling of waste and highest when waste is handled indoors. However, exposure variability is large, with greater within-worker than between-worker variance. Occupational exposure limits for organic dust and endotoxins are frequently exceeded, suggesting workers are at risk of developing adverse health effects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands. I.Wouters@iras.uu.nl
authors.forename: Inge M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spaan
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Douwes
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Doekes
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heederik
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D000946:Antigens, Fungal / Q000032:analysis; D004391:Dust; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D017745:Incineration; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000032:analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012987:Soil; D018505:Waste Management; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D000946:Antigens, Fungal; D004391:Dust; D004731:Endotoxins; D011134:Polysaccharides; D012987:Soil; D047071:beta-Glucans