title: Resting heart rate changes after endurance training in older adults: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Question remains regarding endurance training and changes in resting heart rate (HR) among older individuals. The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine the effects of controlled aerobic training on resting HR among sedentary older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were identified by a systematic computer database search, hand article search, and cross-reference. The inclusion criteria were (i) controlled clinical trials, (ii) endurance exercise as the only intervention, (iii) a nonexercise control group, (iv) within-group mean ages of subjects > or = 60 yr, (v) a measure of changes in resting HR, (vi) studies published in English journals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Outcome was derived from 13 studies with a total of 651 individuals in 14 control (N = 241) and 16 exercise groups (N = 410). The pooled standardized effect size by a fixed-effect model showed an upper moderate effect of -0.58 +/- 0.08 (mean +/- SEM, 95% CI = -0.74 to -0.42). This homogeneity effect was statistically significant (P = 0.001). The magnitude of net change averaged -6 bpm (-2 to -12 bpm), representing an 8.4% reduction. Greater and statistically significant decrease of resting HR among the elderly was found in the studies with training length more than 30 wk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analytic investigation supports the efficacy of endurance exercise training in decreasing HR at rest in older adults. This training induced adaptation may have protective benefits for cardiovascular aging. A longer exercise training length, probably more than 30 wk, may be needed for older individuals to be more effective in terms of resting HR reduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, IN 47712, USA. ghuang@usi.edu
authors.forename: Guoyuan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Xiangrong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Davis-Brezette
authors.forename: Wayne H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Osness
mesh_terms: D004562:Electrocardiography; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D014481:United States