title: Hospital and outpatient health services utilization among HIV-infected adults in care 2000-2002.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rapid changes in HIV epidemiology and antiretroviral therapy may have resulted in recent changes in patterns of healthcare utilization.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine sociodemographic and clinical correlates of inpatient and outpatient HIV-related health service utilization in a multistate sample of patients with HIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic, clinical, and resource utilization data were collected from medical records for 2000, 2001, and 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted at 11 U.S. HIV primary and specialty care sites in different geographic regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In each year, HIV-positive patients with at least one CD4 count and any use of inpatient, outpatient, or emergency room services. Sample sizes were 13,392 in 2000, 15,211 in 2001, and 14,403 in 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Main outcome measures were number of hospital admissions, total days in hospital, and number of outpatient clinic/office visits per year. Inpatient and outpatient costs were estimated by applying unit costs to numbers of inpatient days and outpatient visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean numbers of admissions per person per year decreased from 2000 (0.40) to 2002 (0.35), but this difference was not significant in multivariate analyses. Hospitalization rates were significantly higher among patients with greater immunosuppression, women, blacks, patients who acquired HIV through drug use, those 50 years of age and over, and those with Medicaid or Medicare. Mean annual outpatient visits decreased significantly between 2000 and 2002, from 6.06 to 5.66 visits per person per year. Whites, Hispanics, those 30 years of age and over, those on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and those with Medicaid or Medicare had significantly higher outpatient utilization. Inpatient costs per patient per month (PPPM) were estimated to be 514 dollars in 2000, 472 dollars in 2001, and 424 dollars in 2002; outpatient costs PPPM were estimated at 108 dollars in 2000, 100 dollars in 2001, and 101 dollars in 2002.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in utilization over this 3-year period, although statistically significant in some cases, were not substantial. Hospitalization rates remain relatively high among minority or disadvantaged groups, suggesting persistent disparities in care. Combined inpatient and outpatient costs for patients on HAART were not significantly lower than for patients not on HAART.
authors.affiliation: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fleishman
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gebo
authors.forename: Erin D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Conviser
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Christopher Mathews
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Todd Korthuis
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hellinger
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rutstein
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keiser
authors.forename: Haya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology