title: Gastrin suppresses growth of CCK2 receptor expressing colon cancer cells by inducing apoptosis in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of amidated gastrin17 (G17) and the gastrin/CCKB/CCK2 receptor in colorectal carcinogenesis is still a controversial issue. Here, we investigated the effect of G17 on proliferation and apoptosis of CCK2 receptor-expressing human colon cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proliferation was determined by cell counting and cell cycle analysis. Apoptosis was analyzed by annexin V staining, TUNEL staining, caspase-3/7 assay, and JC1 (delta psi) assay. Signal-transduction pathways were analyzed by Western blotting and gel-shift and luciferase assays. An in vivo tumor model with subcutaneously inoculated colon cancer cells in SCID mice was used, and systemic hypergastrinemia was induced by omeprazole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Colo320 cells stably transfected with the wild-type CCK2 receptor (Colo320wt) or in Lovo cells endogenously expressing CCK2 receptors, G17 treatment inhibited proliferation along with a G2/M cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, the administration of G17 significantly augmented apoptosis of CCK2 receptor-expressing cells. In contrast, G17 had no effect on proliferation and apoptosis in Colo320 cells stably transfected with a tumor-derived CCK2 receptor mutant (Colo320mut) or in cells lacking CCK2 receptor expression. Systemic hypergastrinemia in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice suppressed the growth of Colo320wt tumors accompanied by enhanced apoptosis as compared with untreated tumors. In contrast, omeprazole did not affect Colo320mut tumors reflecting a loss-of-function state of the CCK2(mut) receptor. This is supported by the observation that, in Colo320wt cells, but not in Colo320mut cells, G17 treatment induced the MAPK/ERK/AP-1 pathway and inhibited the activity of NF-kappaB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  G17 exerts an antiproliferative and proapoptotic effect on human colon cancer cells expressing the wild-type CCK2 receptor. This supports the view that amidated gastrin prevents rather than promotes colorectal carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Müerköster
authors.forename: Anett
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Isberner
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arlt
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: Babette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reimann
authors.forename: Ewelina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Blaszczuk
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Werbing
authors.forename: Ulrich R
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Fölsch
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schäfer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D005755:Gastrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D043887:Receptor, Cholecystokinin B / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D005755:Gastrins; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D043887:Receptor, Cholecystokinin B