title: Cost advantage of dual-chamber versus single-chamber cardioverter-defibrillator implantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the least expensive strategy for device selection in patients receiving implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Device cost for a single-chamber ICD is less than an atrioventricular (dual-chamber) ICD (AV-ICD); however, some patients without clinical need for AV-ICD at implantation might require a later upgrade, potentially offsetting the initial cost advantage of the single-chamber device.
  
  
  METHODS
  Decision analysis was used to estimate expected resource utilization costs of three alternative implantation strategies: 1) single-chamber device in all, with later upgrade to AV-ICD if needed; 2) initial implantation of an AV-ICD in all; and 3) targeted device selection on the basis of results of electrophysiologic testing (presence or absence of induced bradyarrhythmias or atrial arrhythmias). Clinical base estimates were obtained from retrospective review of all patients receiving ICDs between June 1997 and July 2001 at a single university hospital. Economic inputs were collected from national and single-center sources.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients without other indications for electrophysiologic study (EPS), the expected per-person cost was least with the strategy of universal initial AV-ICD implantation (36,232 dollars) compared with initial single-chamber ICD/upgrade as needed (39,230 dollars) or EPS-guided selection (41,130 dollars). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that universal AV-ICD implantation remained least expensive with upgrade rates as low as 10%. At a 5% upgrade rate, AV-ICD remained cheapest if the device cost-differential narrowed to 1,568 dollars. For patients undergoing EPS for risk assessment, EP-guided selection was least expensive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strategy of universal AV-ICD implantation, which provides the benefits of dual-chamber capability while obviating any potential need for future upgrade, is the least costly strategy for most patient populations receiving ICDs.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Goldberger
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Elbel
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.forename: A David
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Paltiel
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lampert
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy*; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000628:therapy*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics*; D003237:Connecticut; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics*; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012804:Sick Sinus Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome