title: ARF directly binds DP1: interaction with DP1 coincides with the G1 arrest function of ARF.
abstract: The tumor suppressor ARF inhibits cell growth in response to oncogenic stress in a p53-dependent manner. Also, there is an increasing appreciation of ARF's ability to inhibit cell growth via multiple p53-independent mechanisms, including its ability to regulate the E2F pathway. We have investigated the interaction between the tumor suppressor ARF and DP1, the DNA binding partner of the E2F family of factors (E2Fs). We show that ARF directly binds to DP1. Interestingly, binding of ARF to DP1 results in an inhibition of the interaction between DP1 and E2F1. Moreover, ARF regulates the association of DP1 with its target gene, as evidenced by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay with the dhfr promoter. By analyzing a series of ARF mutants, we demonstrate a strong correlation between ARF's ability to regulate DP1 and its ability to cause cell cycle arrest. S-phase inhibition by ARF is preceded by an inhibition of the E2F-activated genes. Moreover, we provide evidence that ARF inhibits the E2F-activated genes independently of p53 and Mdm2. Also, the interaction between ARF and DP1 is enhanced during oncogenic stress and "culture shock." Taken together, our results show that DP1 is a critical direct target of ARF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: Jayita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Jussara
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.forename: Chandrashekhar K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Korgaonkar
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caffrey
authors.forename: Dawn E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Quelle
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ackerson
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Pradip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raychaudhuri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019925:Cyclin A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics; D050680:Transcription Factor DP1; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D025803:Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C417743:Cdkn2a protein, mouse; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019925:Cyclin A; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493753:E2F1 protein, human; C493754:E2f1 protein, mouse; C493735:TFDP1 protein, human; C493736:Tfdp1 protein, mouse; D050680:Transcription Factor DP1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025803:Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase