title: Fifteen-year follow-up of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition depressive disorders: the prognostic significance of psychotic features.
abstract: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), after Kraepelin's original description of "manic-depressive insanity," embodied a broad concept of affective disorders including mood-congruent and mood-incongruent psychotic features. Controversial results have been reported about the prognostic significance of psychotic symptoms in depressive disorders challenging this broad concept of affective disorders. One hundred seventeen inpatients first hospitalized in 1980 to 1982 who retrospectively fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for depressive disorders with mood-congruent or mood-incongruent psychotic features (n = 20), nonpsychotic depressive disorders (n = 33), or schizophrenia (n = 64) were followed up 15 years after their first hospitalization. Global functioning was recorded with the Global Assessment Scale; the clinical picture at follow-up was assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. With respect to global functioning, clinical picture, and social impairment at follow-up, depressive disorders with psychotic features were similar to those without, but markedly different from schizophrenia. However, patients with psychotic depressive disorders experienced more rehospitalizations than those with nonpsychotic ones. The findings indicating low prognostic significance of psychotic symptoms in depressive disorders are in line with the broad concept of affective disorders in DSM-IV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, D-80336 Munich, Germany. markus.jaeger@psy.med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jäger
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bottlender
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Möller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation