title: Effects of pre- versus post-anaesthetic buprenorphine on propofol-anaesthetized rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effect of pre- versus post-anaesthetic intramuscular (IM) buprenorphine on intermittent intravenous (IV) propofol anaesthesia in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty healthy, adult, female, ex-breeder Sprague-Dawley rats within the mass range 274-379 g.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were randomly allocated to one of two groups. Group 1 (n = 10) received 9 mug buprenorphine (IM) at the start and group 2 (n = 10) received the same dose buprenorphine at the end of anaesthesia. Five animals from each group (randomly selected) received a standardized 40-minute surgical procedure (procedure 1), the remaining half, a standardized 60-minute surgical procedure (procedure 2). Induction of anaesthesia with 4% isoflurane carried in oxygen was immediately followed by IV propofol (3 mg) and intraperitoneal diazepam (500 microg). Anaesthesia was maintained using periodic IV propofol (500 microg) injected through an indwelling tail vein cannula, by an operator ignorant of the buprenorphine status. One hour after recovery from anaesthesia, the animals' level of awareness were scored by an observer ignorant of both the buprenorphine status and the total propofol dose administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Buprenorphine administration at the start of anaesthesia versus administration at the end resulted in a significant reduction in the total per-kilogram requirement for propofol from a mean of 24 mg kg(-1) (+/-2.5 mg kg(-1), n = 5) to 5.5 mg kg(-1) (+/-1.1 mg kg(-1), n = 5) for procedure 1, and from a mean of 30 mg kg(-1) (+/-1.2 mg(-1), n = 5) to 16 mg kg(-1) (+/-1.0 mg kg(-1), n = 5) in procedure 2. Animals receiving buprenorphine at the start of anaesthesia demonstrated a higher level of awareness 1 hour after cessation of anaesthesia. No adverse effects were evident in either group 24 hours after recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Buprenorphine administration at the start of periodic IV propofol anaesthesia in rats resulted in a significant reduction in the total propofol requirement and significantly improved the 1-hour post-anaesthesia recovery score. Clinical relevance Besides the ethical advantage of pre-emptive analgesia, pre-anaesthetic medication with buprenorphine in rats significantly reduces the total propofol requirements for surgical anaesthesia and in this study was found to be a safe and effective method of anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine and Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. jacques.penderis@aht.org.uk
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Penderis
authors.forename: Robin Jm
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Franklin
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory / Q000502:physiology*; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats / Q000502:physiology*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D002047:Buprenorphine; D015742:Propofol