title: Population pharmacokinetics and association between A77 1726 plasma concentrations and disease activity measures following administration of leflunomide to people with rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the concentration-effect relationship and pharmacokinetics of leflunomide in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 23 RA patients on leflunomide therapy (as sole disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)) for at least 3 months. Main measures were A77 1726 (active metabolite of leflunomide) plasma concentrations and disease activity measures including pain, duration/intensity of morning stiffness, and SF-36 survey. A population estimate was sought for apparent clearance (CL/F) and volume of distribution was fixed (0.155 l kg(-1)). Factors screened for influence on CL/F were weight, age, gender and estimated creatinine clearance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly higher A77 1726 concentrations were seen in patients with less swollen joints and with higher SF-36 mental summary scores than in those with measures indicating more active disease (P < 0.05); concentration-effect trends were seen with five other disease activity measures. Statistical analysis of all disease activity measures showed that mean A77 1726 concentrations in groups with greater control of disease activity were significantly higher than those in whom the measures indicated less desirable control (P < 0.05). There was large between subject variability in the dose-concentration relationship. A steady-state infusion model best described the pharmacokinetic data. Inclusion of age as a covariate decreased interindividual variability (P < 0.01), but this would not be clinically important in terms of dosage changes. Final parameter estimate (% CV interindividual variability) for CL/F was 0.0184 l h(-1) (50%) (95% CI 0.0146, 0.0222). Residual (unexplained) variability (% CV) was 8.5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study of leflunomide in patients using the drug clinically indicated a concentration-effect relationship. From our data, a plasma A77 1726 concentration of 50 mg l(-1) is more likely to indicate someone with less active disease than is a concentration around 30 mg l(-1). The marked variability in pharmacokinetics suggests a place for individualized dosing of leflunomide in RA therapy.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Vivien
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Bruce G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Tett
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003437:Crotonates; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000077339:Leflunomide; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009570:Nitriles; D014052:Toluidines
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D003437:Crotonates; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D007555:Isoxazoles; D009570:Nitriles; D014052:Toluidines; C527525:teriflunomide; D000077339:Leflunomide