title: Importance of urinary interleukin-18 in intravesical immunotherapy with bacillus calmette-guérin for superficial bladder tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intravesical immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) remains the most efficient modality for the treatment of carcinoma in situ and prevention of recurrences of Ta and T1 bladder tumors. Although elevations in a variety of urinary cytokines have been reported after BCG instillation, the mechanism by which BCG mediates antitumor activity has not been clearly established. Based upon our murine study, we reevaluated urinary cytokines before and after BCG instillations from the point of T helper (Th) 1/2 lymphocyte cytokine profiles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urinary interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma, IL-12, and IL-18 for Th1, and IL-4 for Th2 cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay just before and 4 h after the 4th or 5th instillation of 8 weekly instillations of 40-80 mg BCG, Tokyo strain, in 12 patients with superficial stages Ta and T1 bladder cancer, and carcinoma in situ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two representative Th1 cytokines, IL-2 and IFN-gamma, significantly increased in urine after intravesical BCG instillations. Interestingly, IL-12, a strong inducer of Th1 cytokines, did not increase in the urine after BCG instillations. Instead, IL-18, that has recently been reported to induce IFN-gamma production in T and NK cells in synergy with IL-12, obviously elevated in urine after BCG instillations. Urinary IL-4, a representative of Th2 cytokines, did not change at all after intravesical BCG instillations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results clearly show the predominant importance of IL-18 followed by increases in Th1 cytokines, such as IL-2 and IFN-gamma, in the mechanisms of intravesical immunotherapy with BCG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. etom@uro.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eto
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.forename: Hideya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noma
authors.forename: Akito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Yasunobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshikai
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naito
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000652:urine*; D007378:Interleukins / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D020382:Interleukin-18; D007378:Interleukins