title: Effects of cafedrine/theodrenaline, etilefrine and ephedrine on uterine blood flow during epidural-induced hypotension in pregnant sheep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal hypotension is a major concern in obstetric anesthesia, and concerns have been raised about standard vasopressor therapy with ephedrine. Therefore, we evaluated the maternal and fetal hemodynamic effects of two potential alternatives to ephedrine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hypotension was induced by epidural administration of lidocaine in 6 chronically instrumented pregnant ewes (at 118-122 days of gestation, term 145 days). Three treatments were studied: 25 mg ephedrine, 5 mg etilefrine and 100 mg cafedrine/5 mg theodrenaline (C/T) intravenously. Mean fetal and maternal blood pressure and heart rate, uterine blood flow, as well as fetal and maternal arterial blood gases were recorded for 60 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three vasopressors increased maternal blood pressure, accompanied by a significant increase in uterine blood flow. C/T caused marked maternal tachycardia, whereas ephedrine decreased maternal heart rate. Maternal and fetal blood gases did not change during any of the three treatment regimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All three vasopressors restored maternal blood pressure and uterine blood flow after epidurally induced maternal hypotension. However, restoration of uterine perfusion was delayed and less pronounced with C/T.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany. struemper@anit.uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Strümper
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gogarten
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Durieux
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hartleb
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Aken
authors.forename: M A E
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Marcus
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000187:drug effects; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005039:Etilefrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal / Q000187:drug effects; D007022:Hypotension / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000009:adverse effects; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010665:Phenylpropanolamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D012756:Sheep; D013806:Theophylline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; C002749:cafedrine; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010665:Phenylpropanolamine; D008012:Lidocaine; D013806:Theophylline; D004809:Ephedrine; D010100:Oxygen; D005039:Etilefrine