title: High rates of primary Mycobacterium avium complex and Pneumocystis jiroveci prophylaxis in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  National data from the mid-1990s demonstrated that many eligible patients with HIV infection do not receive prophylaxis for opportunistic infections (OIs) and that racial and gender disparities existed in OI prophylaxis receipt.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined whether demographic disparities in use of OI prophylaxis persist in 2001 and if outpatient care is associated with OI prophylaxis utilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic, clinical, and pharmacy utilization data were collected from 10 U.S. HIV primary care sites in the HIV Research Network.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study consisted of adult patients (>or=18 years old) in longitudinal HIV primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Indications for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) or Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) prophylaxis were 2 or more CD4 counts less than 200 or 50 cells/mm(3) during calendar year (CY) 2001, respectively. Using multivariate logistic regression, we examined demographic and clinical characteristics associated with receipt of PCP or MAC prophylaxis and the association of outpatient utilization with appropriate OI prophylaxis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among eligible patients, 88.1% received PCP prophylaxis and 87.6% received MAC prophylaxis. Approximately 80% had 4 or more outpatient visits during CY 2001. Adjusting for care site, male gender (odds ratio [OR], 1.47), Medicare coverage (OR, 1.60), and having 4 or more outpatient visits in a year (OR, 2.34) were significantly associated with increased likelihood of PCP prophylaxis. Adjusting for care site, having 4 or more outpatient visits in a year (OR, 1.85) was associated with increased likelihood of receipt of MAC prophylaxis. There were no demographic or insurance characteristics associated with receipt of MAC prophylaxis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall prevalence of OI prophylaxis has increased since the mid-1990s, and previous racial and HIV risk factor disparities in receipt of OI prophylaxis have waned. Integration into the healthcare system is an important correlate of receiving OI prophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA. kgebo@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gebo
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fleishman
authors.forename: Erin D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015270:Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology