title: Retroperitoneoscopic nephropexy for symptomatic nephroptosis using a modified three-point fixation technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopy has been reported as a minimally invasive approach for performing nephropexy in patients with nephroptosis. We evaluated our results after retroperitoneoscopic nephropexy using a modified three-point fixation technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve women presenting with flank pain and radiologically documented nephroptosis underwent retroperitoneoscopic nephropexy. After complete dissection of the perirenal fat from the kidney, three nonabsorbable (Ethibond-0) sutures were placed on the posterior renal capsule between the upper pole, middle part, and lower pole of the kidney and the psoas muscle. The average operative time was 91 minutes (range 50 to 180), and the mean estimated blood loss was less than 50 mL in all patients. Postoperative urography revealed complete resolution of nephroptosis in all cases. On a comparative pain analog score patients had 84% improvement (range 0% to 100%). Nine patients had complete resolution of their pain, and two had improvement of 70% to 80%. One patient did not have any improvement. The mean follow-up time was 3.4 years (range 0.5 to 5.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retroperitoneosopic nephropexy with a modified three-point fixation technique of the upper posterior pole, middle part, and lower pole of the kidney to the psoas muscle is a rapid and effective minimally invasive procedure for treating symptomatic nephroptosis with excellent intermediate-term results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Wyler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sulser
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casella
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hauri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bachmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020706:Laparoscopes; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space