title: Risk factors for long-term homelessness: findings from a longitudinal study of first-time homeless single adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined risk factors for long-term homelessness among newly homeless men and women who were admitted to New York City shelters in 2001 and 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews were conducted with 377 study participants upon entry into the shelter and at 6-month intervals for 18 months. Standardized assessments of psychiatric diagnosis, symptoms, and coping skills; social and family history; and service use were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression were used to examine the association between baseline assessments and duration of homelessness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-one percent of participants returned to community housing during the follow-up period; the median duration of homelessness was 190 days. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that a shorter duration of homelessness was associated with younger age, current or recent employment, earned income, good coping skills, adequate family support, absence of a substance abuse treatment history, and absence of an arrest history. Cox regression showed that older age group P<.05) and arrest history (P<.01) were the strongest predictors of a longer duration of homelessness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification of risk factors for long-term homelessness can guide efforts to reduce lengths of stay in homeless shelters and to develop new preventive interventions.
authors.affiliation: Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 600 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA. clc3@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Carol L M
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Caton
authors.forename: Boanerges
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.forename: Bella
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schanzer
authors.forename: Deborah S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hasin
authors.forename: Patrick E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Shrout
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.forename: Hunter
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: McQuistion
authors.forename: Lewis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Opler
authors.forename: Eustace
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hsu
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D011329:Prisoners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012940:Social Problems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012944:Social Support; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors