title: Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) is a mouse cortical granule protein that plays a role in preimplantation embryonic development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While mammalian cortical granules are important in fertilization, their biochemical composition and functions are not fully understood. We previously showed that the ABL2 antibody, made against zona free mouse blastocysts, binds to a 75-kDa cortical granule protein (p75) present in a subpopulation of mouse cortical granules. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize p75, examine its distribution in unfertilized oocytes and preimplantation embryos, and investigate its biological role in fertilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To identify p75, the protein was immunoprecipitated from ovarian lysates with the ABL2 antibody and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). A partial amino acid sequence (VLIGGSFY) was obtained, searched against the NCBI nonredundant database using two independent programs, and matched to mouse peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD). When PAD antibody was used to probe western blots of p75, the antibody detected a single protein band with a molecular weight of 75 kDa, confirming our mass spectrometric identification of p75. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that PAD was present in the cortical granules of unfertilized oocytes and was released from activated and in vivo fertilized oocytes. After its release, PAD was observed in the perivitelline space, and some PAD remained associated with the oolemma and blastomeres' plasma membranes as a peripheral membrane protein until the blastocyst stage of development. In vitro treatment of 2-cell embryos with the ABL2 antibody or a PAD specific antibody retarded preimplantation development, suggesting that cortical granule PAD plays a role after its release in preimplantation cleavage and early embryonic development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data showed that PAD is present in the cortical granules of mouse oocytes, is released extracellularly during the cortical reaction, and remains associated with the blastomeres' surfaces as a peripheral membrane protein until the blastocyst stage of development. Our in vitro study supports the idea that extracellular PAD functions in preimplantation development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA. corticalgranules@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calarco
authors.forename: Michiyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Coonrod
authors.forename: Prue
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Talbot
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D004527:Egg Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006867:Hydrolases / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009865:Oocytes / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015388:Organelles / Q000201:enzymology; D000076342:Protein-Arginine Deiminases; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D004527:Egg Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D006867:Hydrolases; D000076342:Protein-Arginine Deiminases