title: Phase 1 trial of flavopiridol combined with cisplatin or carboplatin in patients with advanced malignancies with the assessment of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic end points.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Flavopiridol, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, transcription inhibitor, and DNA-interacting agent, was combined with cisplatin or carboplatin to establish toxicities, evaluate pharmacokinetics, and examine its effects on patient cancers and levels of selected polypeptides in patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapy was given every 3 weeks. Stage I: cisplatin was fixed at 30 mg/m2 with escalating flavopiridol. Stage II: flavopiridol was fixed at the stage I maximum tolerated dose (MTD) with escalation of cisplatin. Stage III: flavopiridol was fixed at the stage I MTD with escalation of carboplatin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine patients were treated with 136 cycles of chemotherapy. Neutropenia was seen in only 11% of patients. Grade 3 flavopiridol/CDDP toxicities were nausea (30%), vomiting (19%), diarrhea (15%), dehydration (15%), and neutropenia (10%). Flavopiridol combined with carboplatin resulted in unexpectedly high toxicities and one treatment-related death. Stable disease (>3 months) was seen in 34% of treated patients, but there were no objective responses. The stage II MTD was 60 mg/m2 cisplatin and 100 mg/m2/24 hours flavopiridol. As given, CDDP did not alter flavopiridol pharmacokinetics. Flavopiridol induced increased p53 and pSTAT3 levels in patient PBMCs but had no effects on cyclin D1, phosphoRNA polymerase II, or Mcl-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flavopiridol and cisplatin can be safely combined in the treatment of cancer patients. Unexpected toxicity in flavopiridol/carboplatin-treated patients attenuates enthusiasm for this alternative combination. Analysis of polypeptide levels in patient PBMCs suggests that flavopiridol may be affecting some, but not all, of its known in vitro molecular targets in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesotta 55905, USA. bible.keith@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Keith C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Bible
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lensing
authors.forename: Sacha A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Yean K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Joel M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Matthew M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ames
authors.forename: Crescent R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Isham
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piens
authors.forename: Stacie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.forename: Pamela J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Atherton
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: Michelle K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Daiss
authors.forename: Alex A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Adjei
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Erlichman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000097:blood; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000097:blood; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D010880:Piperidines; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C077990:alvocidib; D016190:Carboplatin; D002945:Cisplatin