title: High dose-rate brachytherapy as a treatment option in primary tracheal tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present experience with high dose-rate endobronchial brachytherapy in the treatment of primary tracheal tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four patients with nonresected primary tracheal tumors are presented: 2 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the trachea, 1 of recurrent adenoid cystic carcinoma, and 1 with recurrent plasmacytoma. All received brachytherapy, alone or as a boost for primary irradiation, in 3 or 4 fractions of 7.5 Gy, calculated at a depth of 1 cm. Follow-up was considered to start from the end of brachytherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Local control was achieved in all cases at the time of first bronchoscopic evaluation. Two patients with squamous cell carcinoma died at 6th and 33rd months after brachytherapy, respectively. The first had no evidence of disease, and the latter had local recurrence. The other 2 patients were alive after 64 and 110 months of follow-up, respectively, both with no evidence of disease. Tracheal stenosis developed in these 2 cases, 22 and 69 months after brachytherapy. Tracheal stent placement was needed only for the patient with an adenoid cystic carcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endobronchial high dose-rate brachytherapy may be used for tracheal tumors, even as a boost for external beam irradiation, or in recurrences. Local control in 3 out of 4 patients indicates that individual cases may benefit from the treatment. Long-term survival may also be expected, mainly for tumors with adenoid cystic histology.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. heloisa-carvalho@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Heloisa de Andrade
authors.initials: Hde A
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.forename: Wilson Leite
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Pedreira
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aisen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D003528:Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D010954:Plasmacytoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D014134:Tracheal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome