title: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but not vaccine BCG, specifically upregulates matrix metalloproteinase-1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary cavitation is fundamental to the global success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the mechanisms of this lung destruction are poorly understood. The biochemistry of lung matrix predicts matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) involvement in immunopathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated gene expression of all MMPs, proteins with a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in M. tuberculosis-infected human macrophages by real-time polymerase chain reaction. MMP secretion was measured by zymography and Western analysis, and expression in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was localized by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMP-1 and MMP-7 gene expression and secretion are potently upregulated by M. tuberculosis, and no increase in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase expression occurs to oppose their activity. Dexamethasone completely suppresses MMP-1 but not MMP-7 gene expression and secretion. In patients with active tuberculosis, macrophages express MMP-1 and MMP-7 adjacent to areas of tissue destruction. MMP-1 but not MMP-7 expression and secretion are relatively M. tuberculosis specific, are not upregulated by tuberculosis-associated cytokines, and are prostaglandin dependent. In contrast, the vaccine M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) does not stimulate MMP-1 secretion from human macrophages, although M. tuberculosis and BCG do upregulate MMP-7 equally. BCG-infected macrophages secrete reduced prostaglandin E2 concentrations compared with M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages, and prostaglandin pathway supplementation augments MMP-1 secretion from BCG-infected cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  M. tuberculosis specifically upregulates MMP-1 in a cellular model of human infection and in patients with tuberculosis. In contrast, vaccine BCG, which does not cause lung cavitation, does not upregulate prostaglandin E2-dependent MMP-1 secretion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Paul T G
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Elkington
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Nuttall
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Cecilia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: O'Kane
authors.forename: Donna E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Horncastle
authors.forename: Dylan R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Jon S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Friedland
mesh_terms: D051722:ADAM Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D006801:Humans; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000502:physiology*; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D051722:ADAM Proteins; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases