title: Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly Japanese men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a prospective cohort study to examine the association between alcohol intake and the risk of all-cause mortality among middle-aged and elderly Japanese men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  At baseline (1988-1990), a total of 110,792 Japanese men and women aged 40 to 79 years were asked to complete a questionnaire that included information on alcohol intake, and were followed up for all-cause mortality through December 31, 1999. Relative risks (95% confidence interval) were calculated using Cox proportional-hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of all-cause mortality was lowest among current drinkers with an alcohol intake of 0.1 to 22.9 g/d (RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.72-0.88 for men; and RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.77-1.00 for women). Excessive mortality associated with heavy drinking (> or = 69 g/d) was observed for cancer, cardiovascular disease and injuries and other external causes in men, while significantly reduced mortality with light drinking was seen for cancer in men and CVD in women. For men, the benefit associated with light alcohol consumption (< 23 g/d) was more apparent among nonsmokers than among smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our prospective data show a 12% to 20% decreased risk of all-cause mortality in both Japanese men and women who consumed less than 23 g/d of alcohol (approximately 2 drinks), although heavy drinking increased that risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yingsong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamakoshi
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakai
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: Hiroyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iso
authors.forename: Itsuro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ogimoto
authors.forename: Kiyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yagyu
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Obata
authors.forename: Teruo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires