title: Neurofeedback treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biofeedback is a modern computer-related technique used for assessment and therapy of many psychophysiological disorders, especially stress-related ones. After a short overview of the basic concepts of biofeedback, in this study the application of EEG biofeedback (neurofeedback) in the assessment of and therapy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) is presented and discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised 12 children diagnosed as ADHD, selected according to ICD-10, and assessed by WISC-R, Q-EEG, neurofeedback and Conner's questionnaire for parents and teachers. The mean age was 9.5 years (7 to 13), both sexes. Each of them participated in a five-month programme of neurofeedback training, performed two times weekly with Biograph/ProComp 2.0 protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-treatment results showed an improved EEG pattern expressed in increased 16-20 Hz (beta) activity and decreased 4-8 Hz (theta) activity. In parallel, higher scores on WISC-R, better school notes and improved social adaptability and self-esteem were obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EEG biofeedback operant conditioning is a good choice for treatment of ADHD children. The method is non-invasive and has high cost-benefit. Optimal results are obtained in children of higher age. Cooperation with family members and teachers is crucial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Skopje, R. Macedonia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pop-Jordanova
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Markovska-Simoska
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zorcec
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000628:therapy*; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male