title: A new paradigm in respiratory hygiene: increasing the cohesivity of airway secretions to improve cough interaction and reduce aerosol dispersion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infectious respiratory diseases are transmitted to non-infected subjects when an infected person expels pathogenic microorganisms to the surrounding environment when coughing or sneezing. When the airway mucus layer interacts with high-speed airflow, droplets are expelled as aerosol; their concentration and size distribution may each play an important role in disease transmission. Our goal is to reduce the aerosolizability of respiratory secretions while interfering only minimally with normal mucus clearance using agents capable of increasing crosslinking in the mucin glycoprotein network.
  
  
  METHODS
  We exposed mucus simulants (MS) to airflow in a simulated cough machine (SCM). The MS ranged from non-viscous, non-elastic substances (water) to MS of varying degrees of viscosity and elasticity. Mucociliary clearance of the MS was assessed on the frog palate, elasticity in the Filancemeter and the aerosol pattern in a "bulls-eye" target. The sample loaded was weighed before and after each cough maneuver. We tested two mucomodulators: sodium tetraborate (XL"B") and calcium chloride (XL "C").
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mucociliary transport was close to normal speed in viscoelastic samples compared to non-elastic, non-viscous or viscous-only samples. Spinnability ranged from 2.5 +/- 0.6 to 50.9 +/- 6.9 cm, and the amount of MS expelled from the SCM increased from 47 % to 96 % adding 1.5 microL to 150 microL of XL "B". Concurrently, particles were inversely reduced to almost disappear from the aerosolization pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The aerosolizability of MS was modified by increasing its cohesivity, thereby reducing the number of particles expelled from the SCM while interfering minimally with its clearance on the frog palate. An unexpected finding is that MS crosslinking increased "expectoration".
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. g.zayas@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zayas
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dimitry
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zayas
authors.forename: Darryl
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000392:Air Movements; D000818:Animals; D003371:Cough; D006920:Hygiene; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009093:Mucus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010159:Palate; D010316:Particle Size; D011898:Ranidae; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols