Epidemiology of the most frequent diseases in the European a-symptomatic post-menopausal women. Is there any difference between Ireland and the rest of Europe?
Osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and genitourinary diseases are some of the most frequently diagnosed diseases in a-symptomatic post-menopausal women. There is a marked European geographic distribution of osteoporosis. Rates are higher in Scandinavia than in the Southern European countries. The possible reasons for this higher incidence of osteoporotic fractures in the Northern European countries is associated with the climate, which limits physical activity and exposure to sunlight and increases the risk of falls. During the next two decades, the number of hip fractures for European women over 65 years is expected to nearly double. Despite these figures, osteoporosis prevention has not yet been adopted in many European countries. There is a devastating impact and a huge financial burden on the European economy and health care system. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in females in Europe. The regions of highest incidence are Western and Northern Europe, while Southern and Eastern Europe have lower incidence rates. The causes of differences in breast cancer incidences between Northern and Southern Europe are not known, but the average 5-year survival of women with breast cancer has increased in Europe in the last three decades. Studies have revealed marked differences in cardiovascular diseases across Europe, showing cardiovascular death rates as highest among the Eastern and Central European countries and lowest in the Mediterranean countries. Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality in European women. However, in North European countries, there are more ischaemic heart diseases in women than in Mediterranean countries. In Mediterranean countries, on the other hand, there are more strokes than in Northern Europe. These strokes events occur 10 years later than the ischaemic heart attacks.
Fogarty
P
P
Ulster Community & Hospital Trust & Ulster Independent Clinic Belfast, Ireland, UK. paul.fogarty@ucht.n-i.nhs.uk
O'Beirne
B
B
Casey
C
C
D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D052776:Female Urogenital Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017698:Postmenopause