title: Fetal growth restriction induced by chronic placental insufficiency has long-term effects on the retina but not the optic nerve.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reduced birth weight is associated with an increased risk of visual impairments. This study was undertaken to determine whether prenatal exposure to a chronic compromise sufficient to cause fetal growth restriction (FGR) results in long-term alterations to the retina and optic nerve.
  
  
  METHODS
  FGR was induced by umbilicoplacental embolization (UPE) in two cohorts of pregnant ewes from (1) 120 days of gestation (dg) until 140 dg and (2) 120 dg until term ( approximately 147 dg). Control fetuses were not subjected to UPE. The structure and neurochemistry of the retina and number and structure of ganglion cell axons were assessed in near-term (140 dg) and adult animals (2.3 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In near-term FGR fetuses compared with control fetuses there were significant reductions (P < 0.05) in the outer plexiform layer (OPL), the photoreceptor inner and outer segment layers, the inner nuclear layer (INL) in the central retina and the outer nuclear layer (ONL) in the peripheral retina, and the diameter of ganglion cell axons in the optic nerve, with a proportional reduction in the thickness of myelin sheaths. In FGR animals compared with the control at 2.3 years, there were significant reductions (P < 0.05) in the total thickness of the retina, the thickness of the photoreceptor outer segment layer and the INL and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) dopaminergic amacrine cells. Axonal diameter and myelin sheath thickness in the optic nerve were not different (P > 0.05) between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic placental insufficiency in late gestation results in long-lasting effects on specific retinal components, including photoreceptor outer segments and TH-IR amacrine cells. Other alterations observed at term, including reductions in growth and myelination of optic nerve axons, do not persist, suggesting delayed rather than permanently compromised development. Alterations persisting into adulthood could affect visual function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia. m.loeliger@unimelb.edu.,au
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loeliger
authors.forename: Jhodie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Louey
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cock
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rees
mesh_terms: D025042:Amacrine Cells / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology; D002452:Cell Count; D002470:Cell Survival; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000196:embryology* / Q000473:pathology; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009929:Organ Size; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000473:pathology; D010927:Placental Insufficiency / Q000150:complications*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012160:Retina / Q000196:embryology* / Q000473:pathology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology; D012756:Sheep