title: Screening for diabetic retinopathy by one-field, non-mydriatic, 45 degrees digital photography is inadequate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of one-field, non-mydriatic, 45 degrees digital photography for screening for diabetic retinopathy compared to indirect ophthalmoscopy using a slit-lamp, the reference standard.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 100 consecutive diabetic patients (200 eyes) who underwent digital fundus photography and ocular examinations from June 2002 to November 2002 were included in this retrospective study. The patients, recruited from a hospital-based, retina referral practice, underwent 45 degrees, non-mydriatic, digital fundus photography using a non-mydriatic fundus camera. One image was obtained focusing the mid fundus between the optic disc and the macula. The fundus images were printed and graded by endocrinologists and a retinal specialist separately. The patients also underwent complete standard ocular examinations as the reference method for determining diabetic retinopathy, including dilation of their pupils and slit-lamp biomicroscopy done by ophthalmologists. The sensitivity and specificity of the digital photographic method were calculated by comparison to the reference method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity and specificity of the retinal specialist's diabetic retinopathy grades were 53.8 and 89.0%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the endocrinologists' grades were 45 and 75.3%, respectively. The false negative rates were 22 and 21.5% for endocrinologists and the retinal specialist, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening for diabetic retinopathy using one-field, non-mydriatic, 45 degrees digital photography is inadequate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. d2767@cgmh.org.tw
authors.forename: Hsi-Kung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Hsin-Hung
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Rue-Tsuan
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity