title: Removal of power-line interference from the ECG: a review of the subtraction procedure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Modern biomedical amplifiers have a very high common mode rejection ratio. Nevertheless, recordings are often contaminated by residual power-line interference. Traditional analogue and digital filters are known to suppress ECG components near to the power-line frequency. Different types of digital notch filters are widely used despite their inherent contradiction: tolerable signal distortion needs a narrow frequency band, which leads to ineffective filtering in cases of larger frequency deviation of the interference. Adaptive filtering introduces unacceptable transient response time, especially after steep and large QRS complexes. Other available techniques such as Fourier transform do not work in real time. The subtraction procedure is found to cope better with this problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subtraction procedure was developed some two decades ago, and almost totally eliminates power-line interference from the ECG signal. This procedure does not affect the signal frequency components around the interfering frequency. Digital filtering is applied on linear segments of the signal to remove the interference components. These interference components are stored and further subtracted from the signal wherever non-linear segments are encountered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Modifications of the subtraction procedure have been used in thousands of ECG instruments and computer-aided systems. Other work has extended this procedure to almost all possible cases of sampling rate and interference frequency variation. Improved structure of the on-line procedure has worked successfully regardless of the multiplicity between the sampling rate and the interference frequency. Such flexibility is due to the use of specific filter modules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The subtraction procedure has largely proved advantageous over other methods for power-line interference cancellation in ECG signals.
authors.affiliation: Signa Cor Laboratory, Lubliana str 46, 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria. info@signacor.com
authors.forename: Chavdar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Levkov
authors.forename: Georgy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mihov
authors.forename: Ratcho
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Daskalov
authors.forename: Ivaylo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Christov
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dotsinsky