title: Vision, visual-information processing, and academic performance among seventh-grade schoolchildren: a more significant relationship than we thought?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare visual and visual-information processing skills between children with and without mild reading and academic problems and examine the incidence of visual deficits among them.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-one seventh graders classified as proficient (n = 46) and nonproficient (n = 25) readers were compared with respect to scores on an accepted vision screening, on tests of visual-perception, visual-motor integration, and academic performance. Further, academic performance and visual-information processing were compared between children who failed and passed the vision screening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Visual deficits were found in 68% of the participants, and among significantly more boys than girls. Nonproficient readers had significantly poorer academic performance and vision-screening scores than the proficient readers. Participants who passed the visual screening performed significantly better in visual perception than those who failed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual function significantly distinguishes between children with and without mild academic problems, as well as on visual-perception scores. The high occurrence of visual deficits among participants warrants consideration of vision deficits among schoolchildren with academic performance difficulties.
authors.affiliation: School of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University, Israel.
authors.forename: Sarina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldstand
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Koslowe
authors.forename: Shula
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parush
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008606:Mental Processes; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011932:Reading; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015351:Vision Screening; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*