title: The effects of alcohol expectancies on drinking behaviour in peer groups: observations in a naturalistic setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the functionality of alcohol expectancies in predicting drinking behaviour in existing peer groups of young adults in a 'naturalistic' setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Young adults were invited to join an experiment with their peer group in a bar annex laboratory. During a 'break' of 50 minutes in this experiment, their activities, social behaviour and drinking behaviour were observed with digital video and audio equipment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight peer groups were involved in this study. A peer group consisted of seven to nine people, with relationships ranging from intimate relations and close friendships to being acquaintances. A total of 238 participants were involved. Measurements Information of the drinking behaviour from observations and questionnaire data on alcohol expectancies provide the opportunity to look at how and which expectancies are related to actual drinking patterns. Multiple regression and multi-level analyses were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expectancies on the positive and arousing effects of alcohol consumption were related to alcohol consumption in a naturalistic, social drinking situation, in addition to group effects of drinking. Expectancies on the negative and sedative effects of drinking, however, were not related to drinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that among young adults observed in a peer group and naturalistic drinking setting, positive expectancies about the effects of alcohol and expectancies about the effects of alcohol on arousal are related positively to drinking level.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands. s.bot@pwo.ru.nl
authors.forename: Sander M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bot
authors.forename: Rutger C M E
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.forename: Ronald A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Knibbe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D011594:Psychometrics; D012919:Social Behavior