title: Prediction of total body water in infants and children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In paediatric clinical practice treatment is often adjusted in relation to body size, for example the calculation of pharmacological and dialysis dosages. In addition to use of body weight, for some purposes total body water (TBW) and surface area are estimated from anthropometry using equations developed several decades previously. Whether such equations remain valid in contemporary populations is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total body water was measured using deuterium dilution in 672 subjects (265 infants aged <1 year; 407 children and adolescents aged 1-19 years) during the period 1990-2003. TBW was predicted (a) using published equations, and (b) directly from data on age, sex, weight, and height.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Previously published equations, based on data obtained before 1970, significantly overestimated TBW, with average biases ranging from 4% to 11%. For all equations, the overestimation of TBW was greatest in infancy. New equations were generated. The best equation, incorporating log weight, log height, age, and sex, had a standard error of the estimate of 7.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Secular trends in the nutritional status of infants and children are altering the relation between age or weight and TBW. Equations developed in previous decades significantly overestimate TBW in all age groups, especially infancy; however, the relation between TBW and weight may continue to change. This scenario is predicted to apply more generally to many aspects of paediatric clinical practice in which dosages are calculated on the basis of anthropometric data collected in previous decades.
authors.affiliation: MRC Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, London, UK. J.Wells@ich.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: J C K
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fewtrell
authors.forename: P S W
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Coward
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cole
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods*; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001834:Body Water / Q000502:physiology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003903:Deuterium; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D003903:Deuterium