title: Adolescents' perceptions of attachments to their mothers and fathers in families with histories of domestic violence: a longitudinal perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of both childhood and teenage experiences of domestic violence on adolescent-parent attachments were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Israeli adolescents (M = 15.9 years) who were either victims of physical abuse, witnesses of physical spouse abuse, victims and witnesses of abuse, or neither victims nor witnesses of abuse were questioned about attachments to their parents using the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment [IPPA; Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 427-454].
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abuse status 5 years earlier was unrelated to the adolescents' current perceptions of their attachments whereas current abuse status predicted the adolescents' perceptions of attachment to their mothers. Adolescents who were victims of physical abuse reported weaker attachments to their parents than adolescents who were not abused or who had solely witnessed interparental physical abuse. Attachments to mothers were weaker whether or not mothers were the perpetrators of abuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that victimization adversely affects children's perceptions of relationships with their parents, but that changes in the exposure to family violence are associated with changes in relationships with parents. These findings suggest that intervention can have positive effects on parent-child relationships despite violent histories.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Sternberg
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guterman
authors.forename: Craig B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: Samia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dawud-Noursi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005219:Father-Child Relations; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009769:Object Attachment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires