title: Anesthetic management and outcome of complex late arterial-switch operations for patients with transposition of the great arteries and a systemic right ventricle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For patients with transposition of the great arteries and a systemic right ventricle, complex late arterial-switch operations (double switch, switch conversion, Senning-Rastelli) after the newborn period have been described recently to restore the morphologic left ventricle to the systemic circulation. The purpose of this study was to describe the anesthetic management and perioperative outcome of this group of patients and to compare them with a control group of patients who had primary arterial-switch operations in the neonatal period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective database and medical record review with 3:1 control:case ratio.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care academic children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing complex late-arterial switch operations after the newborn period.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen patients were identified in the complex late-switch group and 43 in neonatal arterial-switch group. There were no perioperative deaths, no new gross neurologic deficits, and all patients were discharged home in both groups. Anesthetic and bypass times were significantly longer in the late-switch group (745 v 558 minutes, p < 0.001, and 382 v 243 minutes, p < 0.001, respectively). Transfusion requirements were similar between the groups. The incidence of arrhythmia (92% v 9%, p < 0.001), use of pacing systems (69% v 9%, p < 0.001), cardioversion (15% v 0%, p = 0.05), and pharmacologic treatment of arrhythmias (69% v 0%, p < 0.01) intraoperatively were significantly higher in the complex late-switch group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients presenting for complex late corrective operations for transposition of the great arteries require long and complex anesthetics. Despite these challenges, perioperative outcomes are excellent.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Anesthesiology, Texas Children's Hospital/Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Elif A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Akpek
authors.forename: Wanda C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Miller-Hance
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stayer
authors.forename: Cathy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Debora L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: East
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: E Dean
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: Dean B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Andropoulos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003490:Cyanosis / Q000209:etiology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000628:therapy; D008488:Medical Illustration; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome