title: Volatile organic compounds in natural biofilm in polyethylene pipes supplied with lake water and treated water from the distribution network.
abstract: The objective of this work was investigation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in natural biofilm inside polyethylene (HDPE) pipelines at continuously flowing water. VOC in biofilm may contribute to off-flavour episodes in drinking water. The pipelines were supplied with raw lake water and treated water from the distribution network. Biofilm was established at test sites located at two different drinking water distribution networks and their raw water sources. A whole range of volatile compounds were identified in the biofilm, including compounds frequently associated with cyanobacteria and algae, such as ectocarpene, dictyopterene A and C', geosmin, beta-ionone and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. In addition, volatile amines, dimethyldisulphide and 2-nonanone, presumably originating from microorganisms growing in the biofilm, were identified. C8-compounds such as 1-octen-3-one and 3-octanone were believed to be products from microfungi in the biofilm. Degradation products from antioxidants such as Irgafos 168, Irganox 1010 and Irganox 1076 used in HDPE pipes, corresponding to 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and 2,6-di-tert-butylbenzoquinone, were present in the biofilm.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet), Kyrkjevegen 325, N-3428 Sandnes, Norway. ingun.skjevrak@mattilsynet.no
authors.forename: Ingun
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skjevrak
authors.forename: Vidar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ormerod
authors.forename: Hallgeir
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Herikstad
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D005618:Fresh Water; D005658:Fungi / Q000254:growth & development; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis*; D020959:Polyethylene / Q000737:chemistry*; D014835:Volatilization; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; D020959:Polyethylene