title: Dietary habits and stomach cancer risk in the JACC Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite a declining incidence, stomach cancer is still a dominant cancer in Japan. The association between dietary habits and stomach cancer risk was investigated in a large prospective study in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire from 1988 through 1990. Food frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate the consumption of 33 selected food items. Proportional hazard model was used to determine the hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of stomach cancer for different levels of the dietary intakes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A western style breakfast showed an inverse association with stomach cancer risk in males (HR=0.49, 95% CI: 0.35-0.70). Women who consumed liver three to four times per week and more than once per day had a significant increased risk, respectively (HR=2.02, 95% CI: 1.12-3.63, HR=3.16, 95% CI: 1.16-8.62 ). A clear dose-response relationship between the intake of liver and stomach cancer risk was observed. We found no association between stomach cancer mortality and the consumption of fruit such as mandarin orange, and vegetables such as carrots and spinach in both men and women. The consumption of high salt foods such as miso soup and pickles was also not significantly associated with the mortality of stomach cancer in both sexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This prospective study suggested that a western-style breakfast is associated with a lower risk of stomach cancer, although some differences in the association were seen between men and women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan. tokui@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Noritaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tokui
authors.forename: Takesumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujino
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizoue
authors.forename: Yoshiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hoshiyama
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yatsuya
authors.forename: Kiyomi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toyoshima
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: Tatsuhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamakoshi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables