title: Effect of CT image compression on computer-assisted lung nodule volume measurement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of two-dimensional wavelet-based computed tomographic (CT) image compression according to the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) 2000 standard on computer-assisted assessment of nodule volume.
  
  
  METHODS
  This HIPAA-compliant study was approved by the research board at the authors' institution; patients' informed consent was not required. Fifty-one nodules in 23 patients (seven men, 16 women; mean age, 59 years; age range, 39-75 years) were selected on low-dose CT scans that were compressed to levels of 10:1, 20:1, 30:1, and 40:1 by using a two-dimensional JPEG 2000 wavelet-based image compression method. Nodules were classified according to size (< or = 5 mm or > 5 mm in diameter), location (central, peripheral, or abutting pleura or fissures), and attenuation (solid, calcified, or subsolid). Regions of interest were placed on the original images and transposed onto compressed images. Nodule volumes on original (noncompressed) and compressed images were measured by using a computer-assisted method. A mixed-model analysis of variance was conducted for statistical evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nodule volumes averaged 388.1 mm3 (range, 34-3474 mm3). There were three calcified, 33 solid noncalcified, and 15 subsolid nodules (13 with ground-glass attenuation). Average volume decreased with increasing compression level, to 383 mm3 (10:1), 370 mm3 (20:1), 360 mm3 (30:1), and 354 mm3 (40:1). No significant difference was identified between measurements obtained on original images and those compressed to a level of 10:1. Significant differences were noted, however, between original images and those compressed to a level of 20:1 or greater (P < .05). Compression level significantly interacted with nodule size, location, and attenuation (P < .001). The effect of compression was greater for nodules with ground-glass attenuation than for those with higher attenuation values. The difference in mean volumes between original images and those compressed to a level of 20:1 was 34.9 mm3 for nodules with ground-glass attenuation, compared with 8.3 mm3 for higher-attenuation nodules, a 4.2-fold difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nodule volumes measured on images compressed to a level of 20:1 differed significantly from those measured on noncompressed images, especially for nodules with ground-glass attenuation. This difference could affect the assessment of nodule change in size as measured with computer-assisted methods.
authors.affiliation: Thoracic Imaging Section, Department of Radiology, New York University Medical Center, 560 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA. jane.ko@nyumc.org
authors.forename: Jane P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Elan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bomsztyk
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Babb
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Naidich
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rusinek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D002114:Calcinosis; D044962:Data Compression; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*