Sustained serine proteases activity by prolonged increase in pH leads to degradation of lipid processing enzymes and profound alterations of barrier function and stratum corneum integrity.
We showed recently that short-term increases in stratum corneum (SC) pH are accompanied by minor alterations in permeability barrier homeostasis and SC integrity/cohesion. Since prolonged SC neutralization more closely mirrors clinical situations (i.e., neonatal skin, occupational dermatitis conditions), we assessed here whether sustained elevations of SC pH by long-term application of 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine superbase provoke profound alterations in SC function. Sustained SC neutralization altered not only barrier recovery kinetics but also basal permeability barrier function. These abnormalities were attributable to a decrease in beta-glucocerebrosidase (beta-GlcCer'ase) and acidic sphingomyelinase (aSMase) catalytic activity and enzyme degradation consequent to a pH-induced sustained serine protease (SP) activity. The role of SP in this process was shown by the normalization of enzyme activities/content by co-applied SP inhibitors (SPI). To address whether lipid-processing enzymes are potential substrates for the stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme (SCCE), protein extracts from human SC were treated for 2 h at 37 degrees C with recombinant active SCCE at pH 7.2. Recombinant SCCE induced a significant decrease in the immunoblotting of both beta-GlcCer'ase or aSMase compared with control experiments performed in the absence of the active SCCE. Finally, with sustained SC neutralization, SC integrity/cohesion deteriorated, attributable to SP-mediated degradation of corneodesmosomes (CD) as well as CD constituent proteins, desmoglein 1. These abnormalities were again reversed by co-applied SPI. In conclusion, prolonged SC neutralization provokes profound abnormalities in SC function, due to pH-induced high SP activity that, in turn, degrades lipid processing enzymes and CD proteins.
Hachem
Jean-Pierre
JP
Dermatology, VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, 94121, USA.
Man
Mao-Quiang
MQ
Crumrine
Debra
D
Uchida
Yoshikazu
Y
Brown
Barbara E
BE
Rogiers
Vera
V
Roseeuw
Diane
D
Feingold
Kenneth R
KR
Elias
Peter M
PM
D000818:Animals; D002384:Catalysis; D004817:Epidermis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005962:Glucosylceramidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase / Q000378:metabolism*
D006146:Guanidines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase; D005962:Glucosylceramidase; D007610:Kallikreins; C495974:Klk7 protein, mouse; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; C477069:1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine