title: The Breathmobile Program: structure, implementation, and evolution of a large-scale, urban, pediatric asthma disease management program.
abstract: Despite more than a decade of education and research-oriented intervention programs, inner city children with asthma continue to engage in episodic "rescue" patterns of healthcare and experience a disproportionate level of morbidity. The aim of this study was to establish and evaluate a sustainable community-wide pediatric asthma disease management program designed to shift inner city children in Los Angeles from acute episodic care to regular preventive care in accordance with national standards. In 1995 the Southern California Chapter of the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America (AAFA), the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services (LAC DHS), and the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) established an agreement to initiate and sustain the Breathmobile Program. This program includes automated case identification, mobile school-based clinics, and highly structured clinical encounters supported by an advanced information technology solution. Interdisciplinary teams of asthma care specialists provide regular and ongoing care to children at school and county clinic sites over a wide geographic area of urban Los Angeles. Each team operates in a specially equipped mobile clinic (Breathmobile), efficiently moving a structured healthcare process to school and county clinic sites with large numbers of children. Demographic, clinical, and participation data is tracked carefully in an electronic medical record system. Program operations, clinical oversight, and patient tracking are centralized at a care coordination center. Clinical operations and methods have been replicated in fixed specialty clinic sites at the Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center. Clinical and process measures are regularly evaluated to assure quality, plan iterative improvement, and support evidence-based care. Four Breathmobiles deliver ongoing care at more than 90 school sites. The program has engaged over five thousand patients and their families in a continuity care model that has demonstrated efficacy over usual episodic care. More than 90% of patients in all asthma severity categories achieved clinical control of asthma with significant reductions in inpatient (IP) and emergency department (ED) use. On February 14, 2002, the program became the first program in the United States to receive the award of disease-specific care certification by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). Proper design and resource allocation can sustain a school-based community-wide pediatric asthma disease management program and shift a population of inner city children from acute episodic care to routine preventive care in accordance with national standards. An evidence-based approach to evaluating and maintaining quality, coupled with stratified care delivery, can assure the efficient use of safety net healthcare resources.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics at the Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center, USA. craigj@usc.edu
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Loran T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanley-Lopez
authors.forename: Tricia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morphew
authors.forename: Kenny Yat Choi
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Kwong
authors.forename: Francene
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lifson
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Opas
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Guterman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015141:Los Angeles; D008297:Male; D010358:Patient Participation; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019037:Urban Health Services / Q000191:economics