title: Nitric oxide mediated oxidative stress injury in rat skeletal muscle subjected to ischemia/reperfusion as evaluated by chemiluminescence.
abstract: The involvement of nitric oxide (*NO) in oxidative stress in the rat gastrocnemius muscle subjected to ischemia/reperfusion injury was investigated using a specific and sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method for measurement of both membrane lipid peroxide and total tissue antioxidant capacity (TRAP). In addition, inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase enzymes were used. The CL time-course curve increased dramatically after 1, 2, and 4 h of reperfusion, reaching values about 12 times higher than those of both control and ischemic rats. Initial velocity (V0) increased from 13.6 cpm mg protein(-1) min(-1) in the ischemic group, to 7341-8524 cpm mg protein(-1) min(-1) following reperfusion. The administration of L-NAME prior to reperfusion significantly reduced (p<0.007) the time-course of the CL curve, decreasing the V(0) value by 51% and preventing antioxidant consumption for 1h following reperfusion. No significant change in CL time-course curve and TRAP values were observed with aminoguanidine treatment. On contrary, after 4h following reperfusion, pre treatment with aminoguanidine led to a significant decrease (p < 0.0001) in the time-course of the CL curve, where V0 decreased by 75% and TRAP returned to control levels. No significant change in CL time-course curve and TRAP values were observed with L-NAME treatment. When RT-PCR was carried out with an iNOS-specific primer, a single band was detected in RNA extracted from muscle tissue of only the 4 h ischemia/4 h reperfusion group. No bands were found in either the control, 4 h ischemia or 4 h ischemia/1 h reperfusion groups. Based on these results, we conclude that *NO plays an important role in oxidative stress injury, possibly via -ONOO, in skeletal muscle subjected to ischemia/reperfusion. Our results also show that cNOS isoenzymes are preferentially involved in *NO generation at the beginning of reperfusion and that iNOS isoenzyme plays an important role in reperfusion injury producing *NO later in the process.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Free Radicals, University of Londrina, 86051990 Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zimiani
authors.forename: Flávia Alessandra
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Guarnier
authors.forename: Helen Cristrina
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Maria Angelica Ehara
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Rubens
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cecchini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D049449:Luminescence; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D012313:RNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D015427:Reperfusion Injury; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D020122:tert-Butylhydroperoxide / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D006146:Guanidines; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D012313:RNA; D020122:tert-Butylhydroperoxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; C004479:pimagedine; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester