title: Tetra substituted thiophenes as anti-inflammatory agents: exploitation of analogue-based drug design.
abstract: A series of 17 novel tetra substituted thiophenes was designed, synthesized, and screened for anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenin induced rat paw edema model, an acute in vivo model. The lead molecule selected was Tenidap, a dual COX/LOX inhibitor. Compounds I (43%), III (60%), IV (60%), and VIII (64%) showed moderate to good anti-inflammatory activity. The best candidate among the whole series was VIII, which gave 64% protection to the inflamed paw. The side chain of candidate VIII had resemblance to that of Romazarit, a DMARD, which was withdrawn due to its toxicity profile. A probable reason for the metabolic stability of the proposed side chain not having the possibility of generating peroxy type radicals or acrylic acid moieties, unlike Romazarit, is discussed. The biological activity exhibited by the three designed series was in the order of methyl amino series > ethyl amino series > carbethoxy amino series. The -(C=O)-CH2-COOR side chain at the fifth position as in candidate VIII, the methyl amino group at the second position, and the ester at the third position of the thiophene can be considered as a three-point pharmacophore for designing better anti-inflammatory agents. The present study is a classical example of the exploitation of an analogue based drug design, which culminated in the development of good anti-inflammatory agents that have the potential of becoming dual inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah College of Pharmacy, M.S Ramaiah Nagar, Mathikere, Bangalore 560 054, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Ajay D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pillai
authors.forename: Parendu D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Rathod
authors.forename: Franklin P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.forename: Harish
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Padh
authors.forename: Vasudevan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sudarsanam
authors.forename: Kamala
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: K Vasu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000494:pharmacology; D015195:Drug Design; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D005121:Extremities; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D015394:Molecular Structure; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D013876:Thiophenes; D002351:Carrageenan