title: Use of a virtual reality, real-time, simulation model for the training of urologists in transurethral resection of the prostate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a growing need to develop surgical skills outside the operating theatre. In this study we describe the development of a virtual reality training system for practising transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).
  
  
  METHODS
  A face validity study was performed using a questionnaire sent to 28 experienced urologists to find out the ideal characteristics of a simulated TURP. Based on the comments a simulator was constructed and a content validity study was then performed in which nine experienced urologists tested the simulator and answered a second questionnaire. After corrections to the simulator, a basic construct validity test was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have developed a computer-based simulator based on the requirements listed by 17 urologists. It consists of a modified resectoscope connected to a haptic device and supported by a frame. The software provides a virtual view of the prostatic lumen and resectoscope tip, a haptic rendering that generates force feedback and a simulation module that computes the information from the haptic device, resectoscope fluid tap and handle and the foot pedals. The software also simulates bleeding, absorption of irrigation fluid and pressure gradients. Variables are measured and presented in a result file after each "operation". Nine experienced urologists performed a content validity study and changes were made accordingly. A basic construct validity test performed by seven inexperienced students showed a significant improvement in performance after they each performed six simulated procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have developed a simulator that may be used to practise TURP and which meets most of the demands raised in a face validity study. A basic construct validity test showed improved performance after repeated practice in the simulated environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospital Linköping, Linköping, Sweden. reidar.kallstrom@lio.se
authors.forename: Reidar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Källström
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hjertberg
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kjölhede
authors.forename: Joar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Svanvik
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003199:Computer Systems; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012371:Robotics; D020728:Transurethral Resection of Prostate / Q000193:education*; D014572:Urology / Q000193:education; D014584:User-Computer Interface