title: Factors affecting the regrowth of renal stones in vitro: a contribution to the understanding of renal stone development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The exact mechanism of renal stone formation is still not totally understood. Thus, the role of crystallization inhibitors at different stages of stone development, the influence of preexisting solid particles and the effects of variations in urine composition require further clarification. The aim of this paper is to clarify some of these questions by studying the regrowth achieved by real spontaneously passed post-extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (post-ESWL) fragments of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) renal calculi.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in vitro system was used to study the regrowth of post-ESWL fragments of COM calculi, which was defined as the relative increase in weight of the fragments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that new columnar zones of COM crystals were formed under normal calcium and oxalate urinary conditions and no calcium phosphates were observed, in spite of the urinary pH being >6. The presence of 3.03 microM phytate totally blocked these crystal growth processes. When hypercalciuric urine was used at a pH of 6.5, large brushite crystals and zones totally covered by hydroxyapatite were observed for short periods, and zones containing calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals could be observed for longer periods. In such cases, 9.09 microM phytate totally blocked the growth processes, 69.0 microM pyrophosphate caused a reduction in calculi growth of 93% and 5.35 mM citrate caused no inhibitory effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that when crystallization inhibitors were absent, the growth of calcium oxalate calculi fragments took place even under normal urine conditions, clearly demonstrating the importance of crystallization inhibitors in avoiding or delaying calculi development.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Costa-Bauzá
authors.forename: Bernat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Isern
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perelló
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sanchis
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grases
mesh_terms: D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D003460:Crystallization; D011756:Diphosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010833:Phytic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D014556:Urine / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011756:Diphosphates; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D019343:Citric Acid; D010833:Phytic Acid