title: Maternal alloimmunization against the rare platelet-specific antigen HPA-9b (Max a) is an important cause of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NATP) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the newborn. Optimal management of subsequent pregnancies requires knowledge of the alloantigen that caused maternal immunization, but this is possible only in a minority of cases. This study investigated whether this can be explained in part by maternal immunization against the "rare" alloantigen HPA-9b (Max(a)), implicated previously only in a single NATP case.
  
  
  METHODS
  Archived paternal DNA from unresolved cases of NATP and normal individuals was typed for platelet (PLT)-specific antigens with real-time polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. PLT-specific alloantibodies were characterized by flow cytometry and solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Recombinant GPIIb/IIIa was expressed in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Clinical information was obtained directly from attending physicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six of 217 fathers were positive for the presence of HPA-9b (Max(a)), an incidence about seven times that in the general population. In each of five cases studied, maternal serum samples reacted with intact paternal PLTs and paternal GPIIb/IIIa. Only one of three serum samples tested recognized recombinant GPIIb/IIIa carrying the HPA-9b (Max(a)) mutation. These seemingly discrepant reactions may reflect different requirements for oligosaccharides linked to residues close to the mutation in GPIIb that determines HPA-9b (Max(a)). NATP in the affected children was severe and was associated with intracranial hemorrhage in three of six infants on whom information was obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal immunization against HPA-9b (Max(a)) is an important cause of NATP and should be considered in cases of apparent NATP not resolved on the basis of maternal-fetal incompatibility for "common" PLT antigens.
authors.affiliation: The Blood Research Institute, The BloodCenter of Wisconsin, 8727 Watertown Plank Road, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA. japeterson@bcsew.edu
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Balthazor
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Janice G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Aster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016824:Antigens, Human Platelet / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D007519:Isoantigens / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange / Q000276:immunology; D010298:Parity; D019038:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C083448:3b alloantigen, human; D016824:Antigens, Human Platelet; D007519:Isoantigens; D019038:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins; C032193:glycoprotein receptor GPIb-IX