Neurosteroids in nicotine and morphine dependence.
BACKGROUND
Neurosteroids are implicated in various stages of drug dependence, including the acquisition phase, tolerance, and withdrawal. The neurosteroid allopregnanolone is also able to substitute for drugs with abuse potential and possesses reinforcing properties.


OBJECTIVE
The effects of acute treatment with, and discontinuation of, chronic exposure to nicotine or morphine on the concentrations of allopregnanolone and its precursors, pregnenolone and progesterone, in the cerebral cortex and plasma of rats were investigated. The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in, and the development of tolerance to, such effects were also examined.


METHODS
Nicotine or morphine was administered acutely or chronically, and withdrawal syndrome was induced by spontaneous discontinuation of drug treatment or by administration of a corresponding receptor antagonist (mecamylamine and naloxone, respectively). Neurosteroids were extracted from the cerebral cortex and plasma, fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography, and quantitated by radioimmunoassay.


RESULTS
Acute intraperitoneal administration of nicotine (0.3-2 mg kg-1) or morphine (5-30 mg kg-1) induced dose- and time-dependent increases in the cerebrocortical and plasma concentrations of pregnenolone, progesterone, and allopregnanolone. The effects of both drugs were abolished by adrenalectomy-orchiectomy. Spontaneous or naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal and mecamylamine-precipitated (but not spontaneous) nicotine withdrawal also increased neurosteroid concentrations in the brain and plasma. A challenge dose of nicotine or morphine, administered 14 or 24 h after the last drug injection in chronic ally treated rats, failed to increase cerebrocortical neurosteroid concentrations.


CONCLUSIONS
Changes in neurosteroid concentrations mediated by activation of the HPA axis may both contribute to the early acquisition phase of nicotine or morphine addiction and serve to counteract the anxiety-like behavior associated with nicotine or morphine withdrawal. However, the evidence that nicotine withdrawal did not increase neurosteroids, unless precipitated by mecamylamine, suggests that the role of these neurosteroids in spontaneous nicotine withdrawal may not be clear.
Concas
Alessandra
A
Department of Experimental Biology, Center of Excellence for Neurobiology of Dependence, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. aconcas@unica.it
Sogliano
Cristiana
C
Porcu
Patrizia
P
Marra
Carla
C
Brundu
Andrea
A
Biggio
Giovanni
G
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008464:Mecamylamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D011280:Pregnanolone / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D011284:Pregnenolone / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D011374:Progesterone / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone; D011374:Progesterone; D008464:Mecamylamine; D009538:Nicotine; D011284:Pregnenolone; D009020:Morphine; D011280:Pregnanolone