title: Access to care for patients with insulin-requiring diabetes in developing countries: case studies of Mozambique and Zambia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to assess the barriers to care for patients with insulin-requiring diabetes in Mozambique and Zambia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the Rapid Assessment Protocol for Insulin Access to collect information through interviews, discussions, site visits, and document reviews. Government organizations, health facilities, care givers, and patients were asked about care for people with insulin-requiring diabetes. Between 100 and 200 interviews/discussions per country were undertaken in and around the capital city and the regional capital and in a rural area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin was present in both countries in sufficient quantities, although the financial burden for health services and patients meant that problems with supply exist. There are problems with quantification of needs and equitable distribution of insulin. Problems with availability of syringes and testing equipment were noted, particularly in Mozambique. This lack of tools and infrastructure for diagnosis and follow-up coupled with low levels of health care worker training and lack of diagnostic reagents resulted in a substantial risk of misdiagnosis or failure to detect diabetes. The estimated prevalence of insulin-requiring diabetes differs more than 10-fold between urban and rural areas in Mozambique and 4-fold between Mozambique and Zambia, suggesting that problems in diagnosis and care result in substantial worsening of prognosis for such patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insulin is necessary but not sufficient to improve prognosis for diabetic patients. A Rapid Assessment Protocol methodology can be used to define problems in health care delivery for diabetes. Proper care for insulin-requiring diabetes necessitates health systems able to provide trained personnel, medicines in sufficient quantity, and diagnostic and monitoring facilities.
authors.affiliation: International Insulin Foundation, International Health and Medical Education Centre, University College London, Holborn Union Building, Archway Campus, 2-10, Highgate Hill, London N19 5LW, UK. david.beran@access2insulin.org
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beran
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yudkin
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Courten
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006282:Health Personnel; D006296:Health Services; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016488:Medicine, African Traditional; D009073:Mozambique / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin