title: Instructions for infection control in outpatient care of patients with cystic fibrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infections of the respiratory tract with multiresistant bacteria and other pathogens lead to a poor prognosis in patients with cystic fibrosis. The patient-to-patient transmission of infectious agents during the clinic visit and the transmission via the hands of healthcare workers has gained increased attention in the cystic fibrosis community. For this reason practical and possibly evidence-based instructions for infection control measures are needed that are feasible in every day outpatient management of patients with cystic fibrosis. -
  
  
  METHODS
  For generating these instructions, a committee consisting of medical doctors and nursing staff providing care to cystic fibrosis patients, infectious diseases specialists and members of the department of infection control analyzed the patients' route through our cystic fibrosis unit during a routine clinic visit. First, the expert committee defined instructions concerning important infection control measures for each step. Next, each instruction was compared with the published literature and categorized as to its grade of evidence (I, II, 0). Instructions with grades of evidence I and II and instructions without demonstrated evidence (0) but theoretically reasonable and practically feasible, were accepted and outlined in a flow diagram. All other instructions were rejected. -
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expert committee defined 45 instructions for infection control measures during an outpatient visit of a cystic fibrosis patient. 43 instructions within the categories "principles", "measures before entering the clinic", "measures in the examination room" and "measures when leaving the clinic" matched the criteria mentioned above and were accepted. 2 instructions were rejected. -
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Here we report evidence-based instructions for infection control in the setting of outpatient care for cystic fibrosis patients which are feasible in every day care. Since some instructions could only be assigned low evidence grade levels, i. e. II or 0, a further clarification of these issues by scientific investigations is warranted. Unresolved issues are primarily the recommendation for or against wearing a face mask for patients with certain pathogens and the issues of colonization with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Alcaligines xylosidans, but also with Aspergillus spp.. Continuous education of patients and healthcare workers as well as the validation of these practical instructions by a close monitoring and documentation of pathogens are of great importance.
authors.affiliation: Kinderklinik und Kinderpoliklinik, Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians- University, München, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schewe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kappler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Griese
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D017053:Infection Control / Q000592:standards*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission