title: Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons subjective shoulder scale in patients with shoulder instability, rotator cuff disease, and glenohumeral arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Outcomes assessment after the treatment of shoulder disorders has involved the use of various condition-specific outcome instruments. The purpose of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons subjective shoulder scale in patients with shoulder instability, rotator cuff disease, and glenohumeral arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, content validity, criterion validity, construct validity, and responsiveness to change were determined for the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons shoulder scale within subsets of an overall study population of 455 patients with shoulder instability, 474 patients with rotator cuff disease, and 137 patients with glenohumeral arthritis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was acceptable test-retest reliability for the overall American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons shoulder scale (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.94) and ten of eleven domains. There was acceptable internal consistency for patients with instability (Cronbach alpha = 0.61), rotator cuff disease (0.64), and arthritis (0.62). There were acceptable floor and ceiling effects for patients with instability (0% and 1.3%, respectively), rotator cuff disease (0% for both), and arthritis (0% for both). There was acceptable and appropriate criterion validity, with significant correlations (p < 0.05) between the overall American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scale and the physical functioning, role-physical, and bodily pain domains of the Short Form-12 scale, and nonsignificant correlations (p > 0.05) with the role-emotional, mental health, vitality, and social function domains. There was acceptable construct validity, with all twenty-three hypotheses demonstrating significance (p < 0.05), and acceptable responsiveness to change for patients with instability (standardized response mean, 0.93), rotator cuff disease (1.16), and arthritis (1.11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of outcome instruments with psychometric properties that have been vigorously established is essential. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons subjective shoulder scale demonstrated overall acceptable psychometric performance for outcomes assessment in patients with shoulder instability, rotator cuff disease, and glenohumeral arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Steadman Hawkins Research Foundation, 181 West Meadow Drive, Vail, CO 81657, USA. mininder.kocher@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Mininder S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kocher
authors.forename: Marilee P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Horan
authors.forename: Karen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Briggs
authors.forename: Tyler R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Holleran
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hawkins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000601:surgery*; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States