title: FDG-PET for preoperative staging of bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The presence of lymph node involvement (N) and distant metastasis (M) in patients with invasive bladder carcinoma is a major determinant of survival and, therefore, a pivotal element in the therapeutic management. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the use of( 18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in this indication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole-body FDG-PET and computed tomography (CT) were performed in 55 patients with non-metastatic invasive bladder cancer for preoperative staging. Correlative imaging of PET with CT was performed, leading to a PET(CT) result. The imaging results were compared with the gold standard, consisting of histopathology (lymphadenectomy, guided biopsy) or clinical follow-up for 12 months, and related to overall survival using the Kaplan-Meier method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gold standard was available in 40 patients and indicated NM-positive disease in 15 patients (12 N lesions, 8 M lesions), and NM-negative disease in 25 patients. For the diagnosis of NM-positive disease, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of PET(CT) were 60%, 88% and 78%, respectively. Diagnostic discordances between PET(CT) and CT alone were found in 9/40 patients, among whom PET was correct in six (15%): three with true-positive and one with true-negative distant metastases, and two with true-negative lymph nodes. Median survival time of patients in whom PET(CT) indicated NM-positive disease was 13.5 months, compared with 32.0 months in the patients with a NM-negative PET(CT) (p=0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of metabolism-based information provided by FDG-PET to CT in the preoperative staging of invasive bladder carcinoma yields a high diagnostic and prognostic accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Drieskens
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oyen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Poppel
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vankan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flamen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mortelmans
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D051598:Whole Body Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18