title: Effects of dydrogesterone and norethisterone, in combination with oestradiol, on lipoproteins and inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The lack of cardiovascular benefit from postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in randomised controlled trials is not readily explained. The androgenic properties of progestogens could be crucial in understanding the results of these studies, all of which employed medroxyprogesterone. We have previously reported that medroxyprogesterone has some androgenic effects intermediate between those of the more androgenic norethisterone and the less androgenic desogestrel. To examine the androgenicity of progestogens further, we compared the effects of dydrogesterone (DGT) that is even less androgenic than desogestrel, and norethisterone (NET), on lipoproteins and inflammatory markers while maintaining the same oestrogen dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a crossover trial, 25 non-hysterectomised postmenopausal women were randomised to two preparations of HRT each for three 28-day treatment cycles. Both HRT regimens comprised oestradiol (1mg). One also included DGT (10mg) and the other NET (1mg). Oestradiol was taken continuously and the progestogens sequentially. Measurements were made at baseline and on the last day of the oestradiol phase and the last day of the progestogen phase in the third treatment cycle of each regimen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NET was more effective than DGT in significantly reducing lipoprotein (a) (p < 0.05). NET was, however, associated with significantly lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (p = 0.001) and triglycerides (p < 0.05). NET was less effective in opposing the oestrogen-related increase in C-reactive protein (CRP). Interleukin-6 levels did not change with either progestogen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of androgenic progestogens on cardiovascular risk factors may not be as deleterious as previously assumed, especially if the lower HDL levels result from more efficient reverse cholesterol transport. The hormone related rise in C-reactive protein, without a corresponding increase in interleukin-6, may not represent a systemic inflammatory response.
authors.affiliation: Barlow Medical Centre, 8 Barlow Moor Road, Manchester M20 6TR, UK. sk7@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: See
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: Valentine
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Charlton-Menys
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pemberton
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McElduff
authors.forename: Paul N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Durrington
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000502:physiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004394:Dydrogesterone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000502:physiology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D045167:Progesterone Congeners / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014770:Virilism / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D045167:Progesterone Congeners; D004958:Estradiol; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D004394:Dydrogesterone; D009640:Norethindrone