title: In utero polychlorinated biphenyl exposures in relation to fetal and early childhood growth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are industrial chemicals that were used widely for approximately 50 years. Now banned, they are still ubiquitous because of their persistence in the environment, the food chain, and human fatty tissue. High in utero exposures cause developmental deficits accompanied by growth retardation. Studies examining intrauterine growth at lower exposures have been inconsistent, with most such investigations having relied on surrogate exposure indicators such as consumption of fish from contaminated bodies of water.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the 1960s, serum specimens were collected from pregnant women participating in the Child Health and Development Study in the San Francisco Bay Area. The women were interviewed and their serum samples stored at -20 degrees C. At 5 years of age, detailed anthropometric measurements were made on children born in the years 1964-1967. We measured PCBs in specimens from 399 mothers using gas chromatography/electron capture detection. We conducted multiple linear regression to examine the relationship between these organochlorine concentrations and both intrauterine and 5-year growth, with adjustment for medical, lifestyle, sociodemographic, and specimen characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In male infants, higher total in utero PCB exposure was associated with reduced birth weight, head circumference, and weight-for-gestational age. An increase from the 10th to 90th percentile in total PCBs was related to 290 g lower birth weight, a 0.7-cm decrease in head circumference, and for weight for gestational age, a reduction in z-score of 0.6. In girls, smaller head circumference and shorter gestations were observed. In contrast, prenatal PCBs were associated with greater growth in 5-year-old girls, with no apparent effect in 5-year-old boys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternally mediated exposure to PCBs may be detrimental to fetal growth, particularly in boys. These effects apparently are not persistent. Interpretation of greater childhood growth of girls is unclear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. ihp@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Irva
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hertz-Picciotto
authors.forename: M Judith
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Jean A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Willman
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Teplin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls