title: Adrenocortical tumors in Brazilian children: immunohistochemical markers and prognostic factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The behavior of adrenocortical tumors (ACTs) is usually difficult to establish in childhood, and the role of immunomarkers in predicting outcome has not yet been elucidated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between clinical, pathologic, and immunohistochemical findings and prognosis in a series of children with ACTs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical data were evaluated retrospectively in 33 children with ACTs, including age at diagnosis, sex, time between first symptoms and diagnosis, clinical signs and symptoms, tumor position, and follow-up. Histologic sections were reviewed, each tumor was classified, and staging was performed according to previously published criteria. Immunohistochemical analysis of p53, Ki-67, c-Erb-B2, and Bcl-2 was performed according to previously published techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-four percent (n = 21) of the patients were female, and the age at diagnosis in the cohort ranged from 2 to 96 months. Virilization alone affected 70% (n = 23) of the patients, and 18 patients had stage 1 disease, 9 had stage 2 disease, and 3 each had stage 3 and stage 4 disease. Female sex and stage 1 and stage 2 disease were associated with good outcome. None of the histopathologic criteria evaluated correctly predicted outcome. Only tumors with a volume exceeding 200 mL were associated with malignant behavior. Because only a small number of tumors expressed the antigens, results of these immunohistochemical tests were considered inconclusive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this sample of pediatric ACTs, the clinical and surgical parameters are the most important prognostic factors, while the immunohistochemical markers evaluated were not predictive of outcome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. sbragia@fcm.unicamp.br
authors.forename: Lourenco
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sbragia
authors.forename: Antonio Goncalves
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Oliveira-Filho
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vassallo
authors.forename: Glauce Aparecida
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guerra-Junior
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bustorff-Silva
mesh_terms: D000306:Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D018246:Adrenocortical Adenoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D018268:Adrenocortical Carcinoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor