title: Clinical biochemistry of pregnant and nursing mares.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pregnancy and lactation result in increased metabolic demands. Although homeostatic mechanisms function to keep substances in blood at relatively constant levels, some changes in the concentrations of routine clinical chemistry analytes are likely to occur.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine what physiological changes occur in serum clinical biochemistry analytes in pregnant and nursing mares, and to determine whether the changes were substantial enough to warrant separate reference intervals for pregnant or lactating horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, Saddlebred, Standardbred and Morgan mares were entered into the study while pregnant. They were bled once each month through birth. Studies were continued on 20 mares until their foals were weaned. Test results were tabulated by time before or after birth. Serum biochemistry values were determined by standard methods using automated analyzers. Test results were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis 1-way ANOVA on ranks. If a significant difference was found (P<.05), Dunn's multiple comparison procedure was performed on all pairs. Results from pregnant and nursing mares also were compared with a reference group of 19 open, nonlactating mares.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum triglyceride, potassium, creatinine, and total bilirubin concentrations were lower during lactation than during pregnancy. Serum calcium concentration also was slightly decreased at 2 time points during lactation. Triglyceride concentration was highest during midgestation, while bilirubin and creatinine values increased, and potassium and calcium remained constant during pregnancy. Serum urea concentration also remained constant during pregnancy but increased during lactation. Serum phosphate concentration was lowest during midgestation and highest during lactation. Total CO2 values were highest, and anion gaps were lowest, during midgestation. No significant differences were found in serum albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin ratio, total protein, or glucose values. When compared with the reference group of open mares, serum triglyceride, potassium, bilirubin, and total CO2 concentrations were lower, and anion gap was higher in horses that were nursing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although most biochemical values remained relatively constant, significant differences were observed during pregnancy and lactation. Changes in the concentrations of triglycerides, potassium, bilirubin, total CO2, and anion gap during lactation were substantial enough to warrant separate reference intervals for lactating horses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. harveyj@mail.vetmed.ufl.edu
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Melanie G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pate
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kivipelto
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Asquith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000662:veterinary*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000097:blood*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides; D003404:Creatinine