title: Analgesia and sedation during mechanical ventilation in neonates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation are major components of routine intensive care for very low birth weight newborns and sick full-term newborns. These procedures are associated with physiologic, biochemical, and clinical responses indicating pain and stress in the newborn. Most neonates receive some form of analgesia and sedation during mechanical ventilation, although there are marked variations in clinical practice. Clinical guidelines for pharmacologic analgesia and sedation in newborns based on robust scientific data are lacking, as are measures of clinical efficacy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article represents a preliminary attempt to develop a scientific rationale for analgesia sedation in mechanically ventilated newborns based on a systematic analysis of published clinical trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current literature was reviewed with regard to the use of opioids (fentanyl, morphine, diamorphine), sedative-hypnotics (midazolam), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, indomethacin), and acetaminophen in ventilated neonates. Original meta-analyses were conducted that collated the data from randomized clinical comparisons of morphine or fentanyl with placebo, or morphine with fentanyl.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of randomized trials comparing fentanyl, morphine, or midazolam with placebo, and fentanyl with morphine were inconclusive because of small sample sizes. Meta-analyses of the randomized controlled trials indicated that morphine and fentanyl can reduce behavioral and physiologic measures of pain and stress in mechanically ventilated preterm neonates but may prolong the duration of ventilation or produce other adverse effects. Randomized trials of midazolam compared with placebo reported significant adverse effects (P < 0.05) and no apparent clinical benefit; the findings of a meta-analysis suggest that there are insufficient data to justify use of IV midazolam for sedation in ventilated neonates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite ongoing research in this area, huge gaps in our knowledge remain. Well-designed and adequately powered clinical trials are needed to establish the safety, efficacy, and short- and long-term outcomes of analgesia and sedation in the mechanically ventilated newborn.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Pharmacology Research Unit Network, Wayne State University and Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, USA. jaranda@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Aranda
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Carlo
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Vicki Tutag
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Lehr
authors.forename: K J S
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Anand
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives