title: Thoracic epidural analgesia or intravenous morphine analgesia after thoracoabdominal esophagectomy: a prospective follow-up of 201 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thoracoabdominal esophagectomy is a major surgical procedure that carries significant postoperative morbidity and mortality. Because the choice of analgesic technique may influence outcome, the impact of thoracic epidural or intravenous analgesia was investigated after esophagectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study during January 1996 until January 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients undergoing thoracoabdominal esophagectomy during the 6-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were prospectively monitored during a 6-year period. Duration of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, fluid administration, postoperative intubation time, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, pain relief and related side effects, postoperative complications, hospital stay, and in-hospital and long-term mortality were compared in relation with the analgesic technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thoracic epidural analgesia with bupivacaine/morphine was used in 166 patients, and intravenous morphine analgesia was used in 35 patients. Postoperative intubation time and ICU stay were similar in both groups. Patients with epidural analgesia experienced less pain. Sedation, respiratory depression, hallucinations, and confusion were more common in the intravenous morphine group. Postoperative weight did not differ between the groups, despite fluid replacement that was higher in the epidural group during the first 24 hours. The in-hospital mortality rate was 0.5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No differences in morbidity/mortality rates depending on analgesic treatment were observed in patients undergoing thoracoabdominal esophagectomy. Thoracic epidural analgesia provided better pain relief with fewer opioid-related side effects than intravenous morphine analgesia. However, postoperative epidural analgesia was associated with more technical difficulties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund University Hospital, Sweden. asa.rudin@skane.se
authors.forename: Asa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rudin
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flisberg
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: C Johan F
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lundberg
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000379:methods; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; D002045:Bupivacaine