title: Parallel patterns of evolution in the genomes and transcriptomes of humans and chimpanzees.
abstract: The determination of the chimpanzee genome sequence provides a means to study both structural and functional aspects of the evolution of the human genome. Here we compare humans and chimpanzees with respect to differences in expression levels and protein-coding sequences for genes active in brain, heart, liver, kidney, and testis. We find that the patterns of differences in gene expression and gene sequences are markedly similar. In particular, there is a gradation of selective constraints among the tissues so that the brain shows the least differences between the species whereas liver shows the most. Furthermore, expression levels as well as amino acid sequences of genes active in more tissues have diverged less between the species than have genes active in fewer tissues. In general, these patterns are consistent with a model of neutral evolution with negative selection. However, for X-chromosomal genes expressed in testis, patterns suggestive of positive selection on sequence changes as well as expression changes are seen. Furthermore, although genes expressed in the brain have changed less than have genes expressed in other tissues, in agreement with previous work we find that genes active in brain have accumulated more changes on the human than on the chimpanzee lineage.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Khaitovich
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hellmann
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Enard
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nowick
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leinweber
authors.forename: Henriette
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Franz
authors.forename: Gunter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lachmann
authors.forename: Svante
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pääbo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002648:Child; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X / Q000235:genetics; D033481:Chromosomes, Mammalian / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016678:Genome; D015894:Genome, Human; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology; D008099:Liver / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009928:Organ Specificity; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000235:genetics*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D013737:Testis / Q000502:physiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins