title: Cardiovascular risk and renal transplantation: post hoc analyses of the Assessment of Lescol in Renal Transplantation (ALERT) Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal transplantation is associated with an increased risk for premature cardiovascular disease. We analyzed the data in the placebo arm of Assessment of Lescol in Renal Transplantation (ALERT) to improve our understanding of the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in this unique population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed Cox survival analysis for myocardial infarction, cardiac death, and noncardiac death in 1,052 patients recruited to the placebo arm of ALERT. These subjects were aged 30 to 75 years, had stable graft function at least 6 months after transplantation, had a serum total cholesterol level between 155 and 348 mg/dL (4 and 9 mmol/L), and were receiving cyclosporine-based immunosuppression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results confirm previous studies. In multivariate analysis, preexisting coronary heart disease (hazard ratio [HR], 3.69; P < 0.001), total cholesterol level (HR, 1.55 per 50 mg/dL; P = 0.0045), and prior acute rejection (HR, 2.36; P = 0.0023) were independent risk factors. Conversely, independent risk factors for cardiac death were age (HR, 1.58 per decade; P = 0.0033), diabetes (HR, 3.35; P = 0.0002), ST-T changes on the ECG (HR, 3.17; P = 0.0004), and serum creatinine level (HR, 2.65 per milligram per deciliter; P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis confirms that renal transplant recipients share risk factors for myocardial infarction and cardiac death with the general population. However, the pattern of risk factors and their relationship with outcomes is atypical, highlighting the unique nature of cardiovascular risk in transplant recipients.
authors.affiliation: University of Glasgow, UK. a.g.jardine@clinmed.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alan G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Jardine
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fellström
authors.forename: John O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nyberg
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grönhagen-Riska
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: Hans-Hellmut
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Neumayer
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ambühl
authors.forename: Anders G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: Terje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Hallvard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Holdaas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D000077340:Fluvastatin; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007211:Indoles; D000077340:Fluvastatin; D003404:Creatinine