title: Histamine receptors and the conjunctiva.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effect of histamine on various receptors in the conjunctiva. A Medline search from 1980 was performed on the histamine receptor subtypes H1, H2 and H3 in the human conjunctiva.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the conjunctiva, histamine has been shown to induce various physiological and immunological changes through both H1 and H2 receptor stimulation. Histamine binding to conjunctival H1 receptors through the phospholipase C-dependent inositol phosphate pathway leads to the symptom of pruritus while histamine stimulation of the conjunctival H2 receptors has been indirectly shown to cause vasodilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of histamine on conjunctival H1 receptors appears to be the primary target for ocular allergy treatment as it is primarily involved in ocular pruritus. The exact interaction of the conjunctival H2 receptors appears to work in a complementary fashion to the H1 receptor in controlling other features of ocular allergy such as vasodilation and injection. Thus, oral and topical antihistamines with multiple histamine receptor binding activities may provide an improved treatment paradigm for the various signs and symptoms of ocular allergy. The histamine H1, H2 and H3 receptor affinities of ketotifen, pyrilamine, and epinastine appear to have the strongest H1 and H2 affinities.
authors.affiliation: UMDNJ, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA. bielory@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bielory
authors.forename: Sadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghafoor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000276:immunology*; D003233:Conjunctivitis, Allergic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D006633:Histamine Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D011968:Receptors, Histamine / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D006633:Histamine Antagonists; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D011968:Receptors, Histamine