title: Comorbidity is a better predictor of impaired immunity than chronological age in older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether high level of comorbidity, measured using a standardized instrument, can predict impaired immunity in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Geriatric outpatient Clinic and Nursing Home Care Unit of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen men aged 51 to 95 with varying levels of chronic illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Disease burden was measured using the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) and immunity using proliferation of T cells induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and production of interleukin (IL)-12, a proinflammatory cytokine that promotes T helper cell-dependent immune response, and IL-10, a cytokine that inhibits T helper cell-dependent immune response, in response to mitogenic stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With increasing comorbidity (increase in CIRS score) in older adults, there is a proportional decrease in immune response (decrease in T cell proliferation and IL-12 production and increase in IL-10 production in response to PHA stimulation). Neither immune response nor CIRS score was significantly correlated with chronological age in this sample of older adults with varying degrees of chronic illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that the level of comorbidity correlates with the magnitude of immune response in older adults and suggests that the CIRS could be used to determine the magnitude of impaired immunity in older adults with different specific illnesses and different levels of severity.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, California 90073, USA. steven.castle@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Steven Charles
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Castle
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uyemura
authors.forename: Asif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rafi
authors.forename: Omosalewa
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Akande
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Makinodan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000276:immunology; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D016753:Interleukin-10; D018664:Interleukin-12