title: Evaluation of perfluorooctane surfactants in a wastewater treatment system and in a commercial surface protection product.
abstract: The origin and amount of perfluorooctane surfactants in wastewater treatment systems, and the transformation these compounds may undergo during treatment, were evaluated through measurement and experiment. Influent, effluent, and river water at the point of discharge for a 6-MGD wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were screened for eight perfluorooctane surfactants. N-EtFOSAA was quantified in influent (5.1 +/- 0.8 ng/L), effluent (3.6 +/- 0.2 ng/ L), and river water samples (1.2 +/- 0.3 ng/L), while PFOS and PFOA were quantified in effluent (26 +/- 2.0 and 22 +/- 2.1 ng/L, respectively) and river water (23 +/- 1.5 and 8.7 +/- 0.8 ng/L, respectively). Signals for PFOS and PFOA were observed in influent samples, but exact quantitative determination could not be made due to low recoveries of these two compounds in field spike samples. Although the source of PFOS and PFOA observed in WWTP effluents is not clear, two hypotheses were examined: (1) the highly substituted perfluorooctane surfactants that constitute commercially available fabric protectors can be transformed to PFOS and PFOA during biological treatment in wastewater treatment systems, and (2) the end products themselves are directly introduced to WWTPs because they are present as residual in the commercial mixtures. Biotransformation experiments of 96 h were run to determine whether N-EtFOSE (a primary monomer used in 3M's polymer surface protection products) could be transformed to lesser-substituted perfluorooctane compounds in bioreactors amended with aerobic and anaerobic sludge from the sampled plant. At the end of the aerobic biotransformation experiment, N-EtFOSAA and PFOSulfinate were the only two metabolites formed and each accounted for 23 +/- 5.0% and 5.3 +/- 0.8% of the transformed parent on a molar basis, respectively. Transformation of N-EtFOSE was not observed under anaerobic conditions. A sample of a commercially available surface protection product from 1994 was analyzed and found to contain six of the targeted perfluorinated surfactants, including PFOS and PFOA. These findings suggest transformation of precursors within wastewater treatment is not an important source of these compounds compared to direct use and disposal of products containing the end products as residual amounts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, SC 4105, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boulanger
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Vargo
authors.forename: Jerald L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Schnoor
authors.forename: Keri C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Hornbuckle
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C073608:perfluorooctane