title: Vagal stimulation suppresses ischemia-induced myocardial interstitial norepinephrine release.
abstract: Although electrical vagal stimulation exerts beneficial effects on the ischemic heart such as an antiarrhythmic effect, whether it modulates norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (ACh) releases in the ischemic myocardium remains unknown. To clarify the neural modulation in the ischemic region during vagal stimulation, we examined ischemia-induced NE and ACh releases in anesthetized and vagotomized cats. In a control group (VX, n = 8), occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery increased myocardial interstitial NE level from 0.46+/-0.09 to 83.2+/-17.6 nM at 30-45 min of ischemia (mean+/-SE). Vagal stimulation at 5 Hz (VS, n = 8) decreased heart rate by approximately 80 beats/min during the ischemic period and suppressed the NE release to 24.4+/-10.6 nM (P < 0.05 from the VX group). Fixed-rate ventricular pacing (VSP, n=8) abolished this vagally mediated suppression of ischemia-induced NE release. The vagal stimulation augmented ischemia-induced ACh release at 0-15 min of ischemia (VX: 11.1+/-2.1 vs. VS: 20.7+/-3.9 nM, P < 0.05). In the VSP group, the ACh release was not augmented. In conclusion, vagal stimulation suppressed the ischemia-induced NE release and augmented the initial increase in the ACh level. These modulations of NE and ACh levels in the ischemic myocardium may contribute to the beneficial effects of vagal stimulation on the heart during acute myocardial ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan. torukawa@res.ncvc.go.jp
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawada
authors.forename: Toji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.forename: Meihua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hideto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ariumi
authors.forename: Hidezo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sunagawa
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugimachi
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D002415:Cats; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000109:Acetylcholine; D009638:Norepinephrine