title: Predicting outcome in primary fetal hydrothorax.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines the role of serial ultrasound in predicting fetal outcomes based on progress, resolution or stability of pleural effusions in primary fetal hydrothorax (PFHT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Records from consecutive cases of fetal pleural effusions referred to the fetal echocardiography unit over a 12-year period were reviewed. Study patients underwent thorough investigation to rule out secondary causes of pleural effusions. The clinical course was monitored with serial ultrasound studies every 2 weeks until delivery. Pleurocentesis and pleuroamniotic shunts were performed in select cases of PFHT. Fetal survival was the primary outcome variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen of 44 patients referred for perinatal evaluation of fetal pleural effusions met the study criteria for PFHT. Diagnosis was made at 28 +/- 7 weeks and fetuses delivered at 35 +/- 3 weeks' gestational age. Overall survival was 78%. Effusion progression, greater effusion ratios, earlier gestational age at delivery, and lower Apgar scores at birth were associated with poor outcome. Conservative management was appropriate for most cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serial ultrasound studies to evaluate the clinical course of the pleural effusions are essential in the management of PFHT. Expectant management of stable and resolving effusions was appropriate in all cases.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Montréal, Canada. s.klam@videotron.ca
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klam
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bigras
authors.forename: Lynda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hudon
mesh_terms: D001034:Apgar Score; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015160:Hydrops Fetalis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality; D006876:Hydrothorax / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal