title: Effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on surfactant protein expression proliferation and apoptosis in A549 alveolar epithelial cells.
abstract: During lung injury alveolar epithelial cells are directly exposed to changes in PO(2) and PCO(2). Integrity of alveolar epithelial type II cells (AECII) is critical in lung injury but the effect of hypoxia and hypercapnia on AECII function, viability and proliferation has not been clearly investigated. Aim of the present work was to determine the direct effect of hypoxia and hypercapnia on surfactant protein expression, proliferation and apoptosis of lung epithelial cells in vitro. A549 alveolar epithelia cells were subjected to hypoxia (1%O(2)-5% CO(2)) or hypercapnia (21% O(2-) 15% CO(2)) and expression of surfactant protein C was measured and compared to normal conditions (21% O(2)- 5% CO(2)). Cell cycle progression and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometric analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A549 alveolar epithelial cells produce surfactant proteins, including surfactant protein C, when cultured under normal conditions, which is reduced under hypoxic conditions. Specifically, pro-SpC expression is moderately decreased after 8 h of culture in hypoxia, and is completely attenuated after 48 h. Hypercapnia decreases pro-SpC expression only after 48 h of exposure. Stimulation with TNF-alpha partly reverses pSPC decrease observed under hypoxic and hypercapnic conditions. Hypoxic culture of A549 cells results in progressive arrest of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and increased apoptosis first observed 4 h following exposure and peaking at 24 h. In contrast hypercapnia has no significant effect on alveolar epithelial cell proliferation or apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together we can conclude that hypoxia rapidly and severely affects AECII function and viability while hypercapnia has an inhibitory effect on pro-SpC production only after prolonged exposure.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Research Institute, TUFTS-NEMC, Boston, MA01222, USA. vaporidi@med.uoc.gr
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vaporidi
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tsatsanis
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Georgopoulos
authors.forename: Philip N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Tsichlis
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000166:cytology*; D037721:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein C / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D037721:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein C; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen