title: Designing a virtual reality model for aesthetic surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aesthetic surgery deals in large part with the manipulation of soft-tissue structures that are not amenable to visualization by standard technologies. As a result, accurate three-dimensional depictions of relevant surgical anatomy have yet to be developed. This study presents a method for the creation of detailed virtual reality models of anatomy relevant to aesthetic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-dimensional histologic sections of a cadaver from the National Library of Medicine's Visible Human Project were imported into Alias's Maya, a computer modeling and animation software package. These two-dimensional data were then "stacked" as a series of vertical planes. Relevant anatomy was outlined in cross-section on each two-dimensional section, and the resulting outlines were used to generate three-dimensional representations of the structures in Maya.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A detailed and accurate three-dimensional model of the soft tissues germane to aesthetic surgery was created. This model is optimized for use in surgical animation and can be modified for use in surgical simulators currently being developed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A model of facial anatomy viewable from any angle in three-dimensional space was developed. The model has applications in medical education and, with future work, could play a role in surgical planning. This study emphasizes the role of three-dimensionalization of the soft tissues of the face in the evolution of aesthetic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Darren M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Sherrell J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Aston
authors.forename: Court B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Cutting
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliker
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weinzweig
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D053443:Visible Human Projects