title: A multicenter evaluation of how many infants with permanent hearing loss pass a two-stage otoacoustic emissions/automated auditory brainstem response newborn hearing screening protocol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ninety percent of all newborns in the United States are now screened for hearing loss before they leave the hospital. Many hospitals use a 2-stage protocol for newborn hearing screening in which all infants are screened first with otoacoustic emissions (OAE). No additional testing is done with infants who pass the OAE, but infants who fail the OAE next are screened with automated auditory brainstem response (A-ABR). Infants who fail the A-ABR screening are referred for diagnostic testing to determine whether they have permanent hearing loss (PHL). Those who pass the A-ABR are considered at low risk for hearing loss and are not tested further. The objective of this multicenter study was to determine whether a substantial number of infants who fail the initial OAE and pass the A-ABR have PHL at approximately 9 months of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven birthing centers with successful newborn hearing screening programs using a 2-stage OAE/A-ABR screening protocol participated. During the study period, 86634 infants were screened for hearing loss at these sites. Of those infants who failed the OAE but passed the A-ABR in at least 1 ear, 1524 were enrolled in the study. Data about prenatal, neonatal, and socioeconomic factors, plus hearing loss risk indicators, were collected for all enrolled infants. When the infants were an average of 9.7 months of age, diagnostic audiologic evaluations were done for 64% of the enrolled infants (1432 ears from 973 infants).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one infants (30 ears) who had failed the OAE but passed the A-ABR during the newborn hearing screening were identified with permanent bilateral or unilateral hearing loss. Twenty-three (77%) of the ears had mild hearing loss (average of 1 kHz, 2 kHz, and 4 kHz < or =40-decibel hearing level). Nine (43%) infants had bilateral as opposed to unilateral loss, and 18 (86%) infants had sensorineural as opposed to permanent conductive hearing loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If all infants were screened for hearing loss using the 2-stage OAE/A-ABR newborn hearing screening protocol currently used in many hospitals, then approximately 23% of those with PHL at approximately 9 months of age would have passed the A-ABR. This happens in part because much of the A-ABR screening equipment in current use was designed to identify infants with moderate or greater hearing loss. Thus, program administrators should be certain that the screening program, equipment, and protocols are designed to identify the type of hearing loss targeted by their program. The results also show the need for continued surveillance of hearing status during childhood.
authors.affiliation: Center on Disability Studies, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
authors.forename: Jean L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Karl R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Judith E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Widen
authors.forename: Judith S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gravel
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kennalley
authors.forename: Antonia B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Maxon
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spivak
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sullivan-Mahoney
authors.forename: Betty R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Vohr
authors.forename: Yusnita
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Weirather
authors.forename: June
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holstrum
mesh_terms: D001300:Audiometry, Evoked Response; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015997:Neonatal Screening; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous