title: Perceptual learning improves visual performance in juvenile amblyopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether practicing a position-discrimination task improves visual performance in children with amblyopia and to determine the mechanism(s) of improvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five children (age range, 7-10 years) with amblyopia practiced a positional acuity task in which they had to judge which of three pairs of lines was misaligned. Positional noise was produced by distributing the individual patches of each line segment according to a Gaussian probability function. Observers were trained at three noise levels (including 0), with each observer performing between 3000 and 4000 responses in 7 to 10 sessions. Trial-by-trial feedback was provided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four of the five observers showed significant improvement in positional acuity. In those four observers, on average, positional acuity with no noise improved by approximately 32% and with high noise by approximately 26%. A position-averaging model was used to parse the improvement into an increase in efficiency or a decrease in equivalent input noise. Two observers showed increased efficiency (51% and 117% improvements) with no significant change in equivalent input noise across sessions. The other two observers showed both a decrease in equivalent input noise (18% and 29%) and an increase in efficiency (17% and 71%). All five observers showed substantial improvement in Snellen acuity (approximately 26%) after practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perceptual learning can improve visual performance in amblyopic children. The improvement can be parsed into two important factors: decreased equivalent input noise and increased efficiency. Perceptual learning techniques may add an effective new method to the armamentarium of amblyopia treatments.
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-2020, USA.
authors.forename: Roger W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Karen G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoenig
authors.forename: Dennis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Levi
mesh_terms: D000550:Amblyopia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009622:Noise; D009949:Orientation; D017603:Signal Detection, Psychological; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*