title: Overview of the epidemiology of pancreatic cancer focusing on the JACC Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this article was to overview the epidemiology of pancreatic cancer. We summarize the results of the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study (JACC Study) and some previous studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  References were mainly in a Medline search through Pub Med database. In addition, 3 papers about the JACC Study were quoted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the JACC Study, the standardized mortality ratio of pancreatic cancer was 0.97 in females and 0.84 in males. Diabetes mellitus (DM) has increased the risk for pancreatic cancer in many studies. In the JACC Study, DM had a risk for pancreatic cancer in males (hazard ratio=2.12). Cigarette smoking has been associated with pancreatic cancer in many studies. In the JACC Study, the hazard ratio for current smokers was 1.6 in males, and 1.7 in females. The ratio was 3.3 who smoked 40+ cigarettes/day in males. In the JACC Study, alcohol intake was not associated with pancreatic cancer. These results are consistent with the other studies. Coffee consumption has not been associated with pancreatic cancer in many studies. In the JACC Study, the hazard ratio significantly increased to 3.19 among men who consumed 4+ cups of coffee per day. The relationships between diet /nutrition and pancreatic cancer are not clear in many studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relation between smoking and pancreatic cancer is most consistently described. A further analysis of the relationships between family history, hormonal factors in females, dietary and nutritional factors, obesity, physical activity and pancreatic cancer is necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurosawa
authors.forename: Yingsong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuba
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Kiyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yagyu
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Motohashi
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamakoshi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology