title: Cytokine profiling for prediction of symptomatic radiation-induced lung injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze plasma cytokine profiles before the initiation of radiation therapy to define a cytokine phenotype that correlates with risk of developing symptomatic radiation-induced lung injury (SRILI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptomatic radiation-induced lung injury was evaluated in 55 patients (22 with SRILI and 33 without SRILI), according to modified National Cancer Institute common toxicity criteria. These plasma samples were analyzed by the multiplex suspension bead array system (Bio-Rad Laboratories; Hercules, CA), which included the following cytokines: interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-gamma, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences in the median values of IL-8 were observed between patients with and without SRILI. Patients who did not develop SRILI had approximately fourfold elevated levels of IL-8 as compared with patients who did subsequently develop SRILI. Significant correlations were not found for any other cytokine in this study, including transforming growth factor beta1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with lower levels of plasma IL-8 before radiation therapy might be at increased risk for developing SRILI. Further studies are necessary to determine whether IL-8 levels are predictive of SRILI in a prospective trial and whether this marker might be used to determine patient eligibility for dose escalation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Justin P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Broadwater
authors.forename: Zahid
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rabbani
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Moeller
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clough
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Sempowski
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dewhirst
authors.forename: Salvatore V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Pizzo
authors.forename: Zeljko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Vujaskovic
authors.forename: Mitchell S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Anscher
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D008168:Lung / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha