title: Incidence and risk factors for stroke in pregnancy and the puerperium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the incidence, mortality, and risk factors for pregnancy-related stroke in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Nationwide Inpatient Sample from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, for the years 2000-2001 was queried for International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, codes for stroke among all pregnancy-related discharges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,850 pregnancy-related discharges included a diagnosis of stroke for a rate of 34.2 per 100,000 deliveries. There were 117 deaths or 1.4 per 100,000 deliveries. Twenty-two percent of survivors were discharged to another facility. The risk of stroke increased with age, particularly ages 35 years and older. African-American women were at a higher risk, odds ratio (OR) 1.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-1.9). Medical conditions that were strongly associated with stroke included migraine headache, OR 16.9 (CI 9.7-29.5), thrombophilia, OR 16.0 (CI 9.4-27.2), systemic lupus erythematosus, OR 15.2 (CI 7.4-31.2), heart disease, OR 13.2 (CI 10.2-17.0), sickle cell disease, OR 9.1 (CI 3.7-22.2), hypertension, OR 6.1(CI 4.5-8.1) and thrombocytopenia, OR 6.0 (CI 1.5-24.1). Complications of pregnancy that were significant risk factors were postpartum hemorrhage, OR 1.8 (CI 1.2-2.8), preeclampsia and gestational hypertension, OR 4.4 (CI 3.6-5.4), transfusion OR 10.3 (CI 7.1-15.1) and postpartum infection, OR 25.0 (CI 18.3-34.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence, mortality and disability from pregnancy related-stroke are higher than previously reported. African-American women are at an increased risk, as are women aged 35 years and older. Risk factors, not previously reported, include lupus, blood transfusion, and migraine headaches. Specific strategies, not currently employed, may be required to reduce the devastation caused by stroke during pregnancy and the puerperium.
  
  
  METHODS
  II-2.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. andra.james@duke.edu
authors.forename: Andra H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Cheryl D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Bushnell
authors.forename: Margaret G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Jamison
authors.forename: Evan R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Myers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology