title: Bone challenges for the hand surgeon: from basic bone biology to future clinical applications.
abstract: Bone is a complex tissue composed of a calcified extracellular matrix with specialized cells that produce, maintain, and resorb the bone. Bone also has a rich vascular and neural supply. Bone has a great capability of regeneration, healing, and remodelling that is influenced by external factors, such as stress forces, and internal regulators that include hormones, vitamins, and growth factors. These factors dictate bone biology, and variations result in pathophysiologic conditions that have clinical implications in hand surgery. Solutions to the challenges in hand surgery rely on a thorough understanding of the biology of bone.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto Hand Program and Bone Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Hand Clinic 2-East, Toronto M5T 2S8, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weyand
authors.forename: Herbert P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: von Schroeder
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D006225:Hand / Q000601:surgery*; D050276:Hand Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes