title: Resource utilization for ovarian cancer patients at the end of life: how much is too much?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  End-of-life (EOL) medical care consumes 10-12% of national health care expenditures and 27% of Medicare dollars annually. Studies suggest that hospice services decrease EOL expenditures by 25-40%. The goal of this study was to compare the total cost of hospital-based resources utilized in ovarian cancer patients during their last 60 days of life for those enrolled in hospice versus those not on hospice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study eligibility included patients who expired from ovarian cancer from 1999 to 2003. Medical records were reviewed for demographic data as well as treatment, response and recurrence rates, histologic type, grade and stage. Billing records were analyzed for costs of inpatient and outpatients visits, including radiologic, laboratory and pharmacy charges. Total cost of hospital resources was compared between patients managed on hospice for >10 days (hospice group) versus <10 days (non-hospice group) using the following methods: Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis and Student's t tests. Overall survival was compared using Kaplan-Meier statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 84 patients analyzed, 67 (79.8%) were in the non-hospice group and 17 (20.2%) were in the hospice group. Demographic, histologic and staging characteristics as well as platinum sensitivity were similar between the two groups before the last 60 days of life. Mean number of chemotherapy cycles before the study period was also similar (20.4 and 21.0, respectively). However, during the study period, the mean total cost per patient in the non-hospice group was dollar 59,319 versus dollar 15,164 in the hospice group (P = 0.0001). A significant difference in cost was noted for mean inpatient days (dollar 6584 vs. dollar 1629, P = 0.0007), radiology (dollar 6063 vs. dollar 2343, P = 0.003), laboratory (dollar 12,281 vs. dollar 2026, P = 0.0004) and pharmacy charges (dollar 13,650 vs. dollar 4465, P = 0.0017) as well as for treating physician per patient (dollar 112,707 vs. dollar 34,677, P = 0.04). Overall survival for the two groups was the same.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate that there is a significant cost difference with no appreciable improvement in survival between ovarian cancer patients treated aggressively versus those enrolled in hospice at the EOL. These data suggest that earlier hospice enrollment is beneficial. Furthermore, cost variations between physicians and patients imply that education may be an important variable.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Sharyn N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.forename: Barbara M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Buttin
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Randall K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Gibb
authors.forename: Janet S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rader
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Mutch
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Herzog
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017051:Hospice Care / Q000191:economics; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D018447:Medical Futility; D008875:Middle Aged; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000191:economics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods