title: Treating diabetes to accepted standards of care: a 10-year projection of the estimated economic and health impact in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the health-economic impact of maintaining glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) values in all US patients with currently uncontrolled type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus at the American Diabetes Association (ADA) standard of 7.0% and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) target of 6.5% compared with maintenance at current population-based values.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CORE-Center for Outcomes Research Diabetes Model was used to predict costs and outcomes for patients with uncontrolled type 1 and type 2 diabetes who remain at established population mean HbA(1c) values in comparison with those for patients who maintain the standard value of 7.0% or the target value of 6.5%. The analysis was run from a societal perspective over a 10-year time horizon. The costs of treating complications and medication costs were retrieved from published sources. Costs and clinical outcomes were discounted at 3% per annum. Sensitivity analyses were performed on the discount rate and time horizon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This analysis found that maintaining HbA(1c) at the ADA standard value of 7.0% and the AACE target value of 6.5% in patients with uncontrolled type 1 and type 2 diabetes could achieve total direct medical cost savings of nearly 35 US dollars and 50 billion US dollars , respectively, over 10 years. When indirect cost savings were included, the total savings increased to between nearly 50 billion US dollars and 72 billion US dollars for these respective HbA(1c) targets, corresponding to 4% and 6% of the total annual US health care costs of 1.3 trillion US dollars. Reduced savings were observed with a higher discount rate and shorter time horizon, but savings increased as the time horizon became longer. These cost savings must be weighed against the cost of reaching the HbA(1c) goals and the likelihood of achieving the clinical objectives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Efficient targeting of financial resources toward the goal of lowering HbA(1c) in line with published guidelines could lead to financial savings in the range from nearly 35 billion US dollars to 72 billion US dollars over the next 10 years.
authors.affiliation: CORE-Center for Outcomes Research-USA, LLC, Fishers, IN 46038. minshall@thecenter.ch
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Minshall
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roze
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Foos
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D017850:Economics, Pharmaceutical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D005544:Forecasting; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin