title: Effects of grapefruit juice on the absorption of levothyroxine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to study the effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of levothyroxine.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized cross-over study with two phases, 10 healthy subjects ingested 200 ml grapefruit juice or water (control) three times daily for 2 days. On day 3, a single 600 microg dose of levothyroxine was administered with 200 ml grapefruit juice or water, which was also ingested 1 h before and 1 h after levothyroxine. Serum concentrations of total thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured up to 24 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Grapefruit juice decreased slightly (11%; P < 0.01) the maximal increase of T4 concentration after ingestion of levothyroxine from 66.4 nmol l(-1) to 59.4 nmol l(-1) (95% CI on the difference -11.3, -2.7). The incremental areas under the serum T4 concentration-time curve (dAUC) during the first 4 and 6 h were also decreased slightly: dAUC(0,4 h) by 13% (P < 0.05), from 195 nmol l(-1) h to 169 nmol l(-1) h (95% CI -51, -1) and dAUC(0,6 h) by 9% (P = 0.085), from 298 nmol l(-1) h to 271 nmol l(-1) h (95% CI -58, 4). The decrease in the serum concentration of TSH (1.25 mU l(-1)) measured 24 h after ingestion of levothyroxine, was not altered by grapefruit juice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Grapefruit juice may slightly delay the absorption of levothyroxine, but it seems to have only a minor effect on its bioavailability. Accordingly, the clinical relevance of the grapefruit juice-levothyroxine interaction is likely to be small.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Cental Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. jara.lilja@hus.fi
authors.forename: Jari J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lilja
authors.forename: Kalevi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laitinen
authors.forename: Pertti J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Neuvonen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages; D001682:Biological Availability; D002957:Citrus; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D018565:Food-Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D013974:Thyroxine