title: Environment, wealth, inequality and the burden of disease in the Accra metropolitan area, Ghana.
abstract: The study examines environmental problems and adverse impacts on the health of urban households in the Accra metropolitan area, Ghana. Accra is faced with severe inadequacy of urban infrastructure in the face of rapid population growth in the metropolis. More than half of the city's population do not have access to solid waste collection services. Only 39.8% of households have indoor pipe and over 35.0% of households depend on unsanitary public latrines whilst 2.5% do not have access to toilet facilities. Human excrement, garbage and wastewater are usually deposited in surface drains, open spaces and streams in poor neighbourhoods. The resultant poor sanitation has serious health impacts as more than half of reported diseases are related to poor environmental sanitation. The majority of households depend on solid fuels for cooking and this leads to indoor air pollution and high incidence of respiratory infections. Poor households bear a disproportionately large share of the burden of environmental health hazards than their wealthy counterparts, due to their particular vulnerability resulting from inadequate access to environmental health facilities and services.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland.
authors.forename: Kwasi Owusu
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Boadi
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuitunen
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003296:Cooking; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005869:Ghana; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D011203:Poverty; D011634:Public Health; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D012499:Sanitation; D012924:Social Conditions; D014505:Urban Population; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014881:Water Supply