title: The effects of non-selective, preferential-selective and selective COX-inhibitors on the growth of experimental and human tumors in mice related to prostanoid receptors.
abstract: Earlier observations on cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors (NSAIDs) restricting tumor growth were re-evaluated by comparing the effects of non-selective, preferential selective and selective derivatives of COX-inhibitors on tumor growth in mouse models with either prostaglandin-sensitive (MCG-101, human tumors) and -insensitive transplants (K1735-M2). Tumor growth, with and without provision of a classical cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin), was related to tumor content of COX-1/COX-2 protein as well as to EP1-EP4 and prostacyclin receptor expression. Mouse serum amyloid protein (SAP) was measured as an indicator of systemic inflammation, which relates to pro-inflammatory cytokines. Indomethacin inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival of mice bearing MCG-101 tumors, which display a high production of PGE2, while K1735-M2 tumors with insignificant amounts of PGE2 did not respond to indomethacin at all. However, the effects of various NSAIDs on tumor growth were highly variable in combination with the fact that most preferential selective and selective COX-2 inhibitors attenuated poorly systemic inflammation evaluated by plasma concentrations of mouse SAP. The ability of NSAIDs to attenuate tumor growth was not related to the tumor content of COX-2 protein as expected. Multivariate analysis suggests that significant COX-inhibition of tumor growth may be related to tumor expression of subtype EP2, EP3 (p<0.005) and perhaps EP4 (p<0.09) in complex interplay. The extent of tumor growth inhibition by COX-inhibitors is not simply related to drug specificity on COX-1 or COX-2 pathways. Such effects may instead be related to tumor expression of prostanoid receptors in tumor tissue.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Metabolic Research Laboratory at Lundberg Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cahlin
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gelin
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lönnroth
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lundholm
mesh_terms: D000682:Amyloid / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007249:Inflammation; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008819:Mice, Nude; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000378:metabolism; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000378:metabolism; D058306:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype; D058307:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype; D058308:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000682:Amyloid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; C545635:PTGER1 protein, human; C545644:PTGER2 protein, human; C545647:PTGER3 protein, human; C545650:PTGER4 protein, human; D011453:Prostaglandins; C545636:Ptger1 protein, mouse; C545645:Ptger2 protein, mouse; C545648:Ptger3 protein, mouse; C545651:Ptger4 protein, mouse; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058306:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype; D058307:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype; D058308:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D007213:Indomethacin