title: Expression of the human glucocorticoid receptor splice variants alpha, beta, and P in peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes in healthy controls and in patients with hyper- and hypocortisolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of cortisol are mediated by the alpha-isoform of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). GR-alpha levels and activity are modulated by alternative splicing of the common pre-mRNA into mRNAs for the GR-beta and GR-P isoforms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate whether chronic hypercortisolism, chronic hypocortisolism, or acute, relative hypocortisolism influences the expression levels of the GR splice variants in mononuclear leukocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed at a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients with Cushing's syndrome, five patients with hypocortisolemia, seven patients undergoing metyrapone testing, and 14 controls were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcome measures were mRNA levels, GR affinity, and number per cell.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three GR mRNA isoforms were detected in participants from all groups at relative levels of alpha/P/beta = 1:0.25:0.001. There was a significant correlation between the expression levels of the three splice variants and between the mRNA levels and the number of receptors per cell. The GR in Cushing patients had an increased Kd (P < 0.05) preoperatively. GR number was not significantly different. Postoperatively, the Kd decreased. GR-beta mRNA expression was increased compared with controls (P < 0.05) and was decreased after surgery (P < 0.05). In patients with chronic hypocortisolism, GR-alpha mRNA expression was increased, and receptor numbers were increased (P < 0.05), whereas GR affinity was normal. No changes were observed in patients undergoing a metyrapone test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cushing's syndrome is accompanied by a reversible decrease in GR affinity, possibly related to an increased GR-beta expression, which may be a compensatory mechanism to GC excess. In chronic hypocortisolism, adaptive changes in GR status seem to occur at the level of GR number.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Room Ee 585, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O.B. 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hagendorf
authors.forename: Jan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Koper
authors.forename: Frank H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Albert O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Brinkmann
authors.forename: Steven W J
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lamberts
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Feelders
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D008797:Metyrapone; D008875:Middle Aged; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; C411470:glucocorticoid receptor alpha; C121943:glucocorticoid receptor beta; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D008797:Metyrapone