title: Evaluating the effect of policies and interventions to address inequalities in health: lessons from a Dutch programme.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many initiatives have been taken in European countries that are designed to reduce inequalities in health. However, the effects of only a very few of these initiatives have been assessed. The main aim of a Dutch research and development programme was to systematically investigate and evaluate interventions aimed at reducing inequalities in health. In this paper, we report on this investigation, and draw lessons from the methodology used to evaluate such interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The programme included 12 evaluation studies, focusing on the wider determinants of inequalities in health (n = 2), behavioural determinants (n = 4), working conditions (n = 3) and health care (n = 3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  An experimental design was applied in two evaluation studies. The studies provided evidence of a positive effect. A quasi-experimental design appeared to be the only attainable option in seven studies. Five of these provided sufficient evidence for a positive effect, but two interventions appeared not to be successful. In three studies, no experimental or quasi-experimental design could be applied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The programme showed that it is possible to apply experimental or quasi-experimental studies to complex public health interventions. The Programme Committee steering the programme considered that the evidence generated by the experimental and quasi-experimental studies justified the implementation of the interventions on a wider scale, accompanied by further evaluation studies. Further development of the methodology of public health interventions is necessary. These include non-experimental designs such as international comparisons and time trend studies, especially in order to be able to evaluate broader policy measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. k.stronks@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Karien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stronks
authors.forename: Johan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mackenbach
mesh_terms: D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006285:Health Planning; D006291:Health Policy; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D019370:Observation; D011634:Public Health; D012923:Social Class; D012935:Social Justice; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors