title: Systemic and vascular inflammation is elevated in early IgA and type 1 diabetic nephropathies and relates to vascular disease risk factors and renal function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation is implicated in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in end-stage renal failure (ESRF). Its importance in early renal disease is yet to be defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum levels of systemic and vascular inflammatory markers in early IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and control subjects were measured and related to renal function and vascular risk factors. A parallel study in type 1 diabetes mellitus subjects with (T1DM Nx) and without nephropathy (T1DM No Nx) was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-one IgAN patients aged 46+/-2 years (mean+/-SEM), calculated creatinine clearance (CrCl) 88+/-5 ml/min, were compared with 51 matched control subjects. Forty-six T1DM Nx patients aged 40+/-2 years, CrCl 84+/-5 ml/min, and 73 T1DM No Nx patients aged 38+/-2 years were also compared. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was elevated in IgAN, T1DM Nx and T1DM No Nx patients compared with controls [4.2+/-0.6 (P < 0.001), 4.1+/-0.6 (P < 0.001), 2.6+/-0.4 (P < 0.05) vs 1.6+/-0.3 mg/l]. Levels in T1DM Nx patients were higher than in T1DM No Nx patients (P < 0.05). Inflammation and vascular dysfunction as measured by pulse pressure (PP) were related. HsCRP correlated with PP in IgAN and T1DM Nx (r = 0.47, P = 0.001; r = 0.40, P < 0.05). PP was the strongest independent predictor of hsCRP in IgAN (T = 2.45, P < 0.001), while body mass index (T = 7.83, P < 0.001) was the strongest predictor in T1DM Nx. Endothelial cell adhesion molecules were increased in T1DM Nx > IgAN > T1DM No Nx vs controls: soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) 760+/-30 (P < 0.001) > 663+/-34 (P = 0.001) > 601+/-21 (P < 0.05) vs 536+/-15 ng/ml; soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) 320+/-8 (P < 0.001) > 313+/-13 (P < 0.001) > 307+/-8 (P < 0.001) vs 244+/-6 ng/ml. sVCAM-1 levels were higher in T1DM Nx than in T1DM No Nx, P < 0.001. In IgAN and T1DM Nx, hsCRP correlated with sICAM-1 (r = 0.33, P = 0.017; r = 0.37; P = 0.017). sVCAM-1 was related to renal function in IgAN and T1DM Nx: serum cystatin C (r = 0.63, P < 0.001: r = 0.425, P = 0.002), and urine protein:creatinine ratio in IgAN (r = 0.48; P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systemic and vascular markers of inflammation are increased in early renal disease and relate to renal dysfunction and cardiovascular risk factors. Inflammation may be a common process in various renal diseases and may link and accelerate renal dysfunction and CVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Cnr. Princes and Regent Streets, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia. nelsonc@iinet.net.au
authors.forename: Craig L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Connie S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Karschimkus
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dragicevic
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Packham
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Neal
authors.forename: Gavin J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Best
authors.forename: Alicia J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Jenkins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005922:Glomerulonephritis, IGA / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003404:Creatinine