title: The effects of L-arginine, D-arginine, L-name and methylene blue on channa striatus-induced peripheral antinociception in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the involvement of nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO/cGMP) pathway in aqueous supernatant of haruan (Channa striatus) fillet (ASH) antinociception using the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ASH was prepared by soaking fresh haruan fillet in chloroform:methanol (CM) (2/1 (v/v)) for 72 h followed by evaporation of the upper layer supernatant to remove any solvent residues. The supernatant was then subjected to a freeze-drying process (48 h) followed by doses preparation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subcutaneous (SC) administration of ASH alone (0.170, 0.426 and 1.704 mg/kg) exhibited a dose-dependent antinociception. On the other hand, 20 mg/kg (SC) of L-arginine and MB exhibited a significant nociception and antinociception, while D-arginine and L-NAME did not produce any effect at all. Pre-treatment with L-arginine was found to significantly reverse the three respective doses of ASH antinociception; pre-treatment with D-arginine did not produce any significant change in the ASH activity; pre-treatment with L-NAME only significantly increased the 0.170 and 0.426 mg/kg ASH antinociception; and pre-treatment with MB significantly enhanced the respective doses of ASH antinociception, respectively. Furthermore, co-treatment with L-NAME significantly enhanced the L-arginine reversal effect on 0.426 mg/kg ASH antinociception. In addition, MB significantly reversed the L-arginine nociception on 0.426 mg/kg ASH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These finding suggest ASH antinociception involves the nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway. The presence of NO was found to reverse ASH antinociceptive activity while blocking of cGMP system enhanced it.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor. shaza1874@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Zainul Amiruddin
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.forename: Mohd Rosian
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sulaiman
authors.forename: Muhammad Nazrul
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Somchit
authors.forename: Abdul Manan Mat
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jais
authors.forename: Daud Israf
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions / Q000502:physiology; D005397:Fish Venoms / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005399:Fishes; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D005397:Fish Venoms; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D008751:Methylene Blue; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester