title: Associations between three types of maternal bacterial infection and risk of leukemia in the offspring.
abstract: A case-control study was nested within two maternity cohorts with a total of 7 million years of follow-up for assessment of the role of bacterial infections in childhood leukemia. Offspring of 550,000 mothers in Finland and Iceland were combined to form a joint cohort that was followed for cancer up to age 15 years during 1975-1997 through national cancer registries. For each index mother-case pair, three or four matched control mother-control pairs were identified from population registers. First-trimester serum samples were retrieved from mothers of 341 acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases and 61 other leukemia cases and from 1,212 control mothers. Sera were tested for antibodies to the genus Chlamydia, Helicobacter pylori, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, adjusted for sibship size, were calculated as estimates of relative risk. M. pneumoniae immunoglobulin M appeared to be associated with increased risk (odds ratio (OR) = 1.6), but the association lost statistical significance when the specificity of the immunoglobulin M was considered (OR = 1.5, 95% confidence interval: 0.9, 2.4). In Iceland, H. pylori immunoglobulin G was associated with increased risk of childhood leukemia in offspring (OR = 2.8, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 6.9). Since H. pylori immunoglobulin G indicates chronic carriage of the microorganism, early colonization of the offspring probably differs between Iceland and Finland, two affluent countries.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. llmale@uta.fi
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lehtinen
authors.forename: Helga M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ogmundsdottir
authors.forename: Aini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bloigu
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hakulinen
authors.forename: Elina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hemminki
authors.forename: Margret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gudnadottir
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kjartansdottir
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paavonen
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pukkala
authors.forename: Hrafn
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tulinius
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lehtinen
authors.forename: Pentti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koskela
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland / Q000453:epidemiology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000032:analysis; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D011019:Pneumonia, Mycoplasma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M