title: Impact of cognitive function on assessments of nursing home residents' pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to examine the impact of residents' cognitive function on the quality of Minimum Data Set (MDS) pain data using the latent variable approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI) protocol, nursing home (NH) staff and well-trained study nurses independently assessed 3736 NH residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inter-rater agreement of pain ratings between NH staff and study nurses was quantified by weighted kappas and polychoric correlations and compared among groups of residents with no/mild, moderate, and severe cognitive impairment. Probit models were built to examine the effect of residents' cognitive function on thresholds raters used to rate pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 3736 residents, 40.4% had no/mild, 35.9% moderate, and 23.7% severe cognitive impairment. Both NH staff and study nurses recorded less frequent and less severe pain for residents with more severe cognitive impairment. The inter-rater agreement on pain ratings between NH staff and study nurses was good-weighted kappas were greater than 0.5 and polychoric correlations greater than 0.7. The thresholds raters used to record pain were similar for NH staff and study nurses and progressively increased when raters recorded pain for residents with more severe cognitive impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the RAI protocols, the quality of MDS pain data collected by NH staff was similar to that of well-trained nurses regardless of residents' cognitive function. Our results strongly support the notion that specialized pain assessment instruments are needed to adequately detect pain for the large proportion of cognitive impaired NH residents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. Ning_Wu@abtassoc.com
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lapane
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mor
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000451:nursing*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000592:standards*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States