title: An investigation of language used by children to describe discomfort expected and experienced during dental treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A study of dental pulp testing has shown that children's linguistic comprehension and chronological age independently influence their descriptions of pain. The present study sought first to demonstrate this for expectations and experience of routine dental treatment, and secondly, to determine whether the effect of age was the result of previous dental and medical experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six children between 6 and 17 years of age attending two paediatric dental clinics for routine invasive procedures comprised the study sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  To describe their expectations of forthcoming treatment, each child selected words from a published list, and gave ratings on scales describing the degree of severity as 'sore' or 'tingly'. They also completed the Child Dental Anxiety Scale and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale for Children. After treatment, they described the treatment with the same list and scales, then completed the British Picture Vocabulary Scale and a dental-medical history questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The children, especially the most anxious ones, chose more words from the list for their expectations than for their experience of treatment, suggesting, as in previous studies, that they expected more discomfort than they experienced. Ratings of 'sore' and 'tingly' did not show this discrepancy. For both expectations and experience of treatment, the children with the largest vocabularies chose the fewest words, thus being more discriminating in their choices. However, vocabulary had no effect on ratings of 'sore' and 'tingly'. There were no significant relationships among age, estimates of discomfort and medical-dental histories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that a list of adjectives provides the most discriminating measure of discomfort. They also show that it is necessary to take into account children's linguistic development to evaluate their estimates of pain so as not to entertain the belief of many clinicians that children exaggerate such reports.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Lewisham University Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adewami
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D019140:Dental Care for Children / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008347:Manifest Anxiety Scale; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000523:psychology*; D012647:Self-Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014825:Vocabulary