title: Chronic inflammation of the vagina: treatment and relationship to autoimmunity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate noninfective, symptomatic, chronic inflammation (CI) of the vaginal mucosa to determine its prevalence and immunologic basis and to initiate an immunologic approach to treatment and assess the response.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, observational, clinical study of 55 women with dyspareunia and/or discharge of vaginal mucosal origin. Vaginal biopsies and immune investigations were carried out. Treatment was instituted utilizing immune-modifying agents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of CI of the vagina in symptom-free women was 0-4.3% and in the symptomatic group, 89%. Systemic immune activation was demonstrated in 43 of the 55, with 21 suffering from an autoimmune disease or a condition in which immune activation plays a part, including endometriosis in 20. Thirty-one were treated; intravaginal hydrocortisone acetate 10% foam was given in 24, giving full relief in 14 and inadequate relief in 10. Hydroxychloroquine, an immune-modifying, antirheumatic drug, was added and largely gave relief in these 10. Hydroxychloroquine alone was given in 4 and was effective in 3. Overall, immune-modifying drugs were successful in 97%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CI of the vaginal mucosa stems from local immune activation and is generally associated with evidence of other immune abnormalities, including autoimmune diseases and disorders in which immune activation play a part, including endometriosis. It can be successfully treated by immune modification.
authors.affiliation: National Women's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. jthomson@world-net.co.nz
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Thomson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004414:Dyspareunia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014621:Vagina / Q000473:pathology*; D019522:Vaginal Discharge / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D014627:Vaginitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine