title: Adding cholesterol to the stallion sperm plasma membrane improves cryosurvival.
abstract: Cryopreservation induces partially irreversible damage to equine sperm membranes. Part of this damage occurs due to membrane alterations induced by the membrane changing from the fluid to the gel-state as the temperature is reduced lower than the membrane transition temperature. One way to prevent this damage is to increase the membrane fluidity at low temperatures by adding cholesterol to the membrane. Different concentrations of cholesterol-loaded-cyclodextrins (CLC) were added to stallion sperm to determine the CLC concentration that optimizes cryosurvival. Higher percentages of motile sperm were maintained after thawing when 1.5 mg CLC was added to sperm from stallions whose sperm do not survive freezing well, compared to control sperm from those same stallions (67% vs. 50%; P<0.05). Addition of CLCs increased the percentages of membrane intact sperm surviving cryopreservation compared to untreated sperm for all stallions (P<0.05). The amount of cholesterol that incorporated into the membranes of the sperm cells increased in a polynomial fashion (R2=0.9978) and incorporated into all sperm membranes. In addition, there was a significant loss of cholesterol from sperm membranes after cryopreservation; however, addition of CLCs to sperm prior to cryopreservation maintained higher cholesterol levels in the sperm after freezing and thawing than untreated sperm (P<0.05). Addition of CLCs also resulted in more sperm binding to the zona pellucida of bovine oocytes after cryopreservation than control sperm (48 vs. 15; P<0.05). In conclusion, CLCs improved the percentage of post-thaw viability in equine sperm as well as increased the number of sperm that bind to zona pellucida. Addition of CLCs to stallion sperm prior to cryopreservation is a simple procedure that increases the cryosurvival of cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Squires
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D003505:Cyclodextrins; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008560:Membrane Fluidity / Q000187:drug effects; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D013084:Sperm-Ovum Interactions; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D015044:Zona Pellucida / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D003505:Cyclodextrins; D002784:Cholesterol