title: Embryonic stem cell-derived astrocytes expressing drug-inducible transgenes: differentiation and transplantion into the mouse brain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived astrocytes have many theoretical and practical advantages as vectors for delivery of gene therapy to the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this study was to generate highly pure populations of ESC-derived astrocytes expressing drug-inducible transgenes, while minimizing contamination by undifferentiated ESCs
  
  
  METHODS
  Embryonic stem cells carrying a doxycycline-inducible green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene were induced to differentiate into astrocytes by using feeder cell-free conditions that are completely defined. More than 95% of these cells expressed the astrocyte markers glial fibrillary acidic protein and GLT-1 glutamate transporter, and the morphological characteristics of these cells were typical of astrocytes. The expression of additional astrocyte markers was detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Undifferentiated ESCs comprised fewer than 0.1% of the cells after 10 days in this culture. Positive and negative selection techniques based on fluorescence-activated cell sorting were successfully used to decrease further the numbers of undifferentiated ESCs. Fully differentiated astrocytes expressed a GFP transgene under the tight control of a doxycycline-responsive promoter, and maintained their astrocytic phenotype 24 hours after transplantation into the mouse brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that transgenic ESCs can be induced to differentiate into highly pure populations of astrocytes. The astrocytes continue to express the transgene under the tight control of a drug-inducible promoter and are suitable for transplantation into the mouse brain. The number of potentially hazardous ESCs can be minimized using cell-sorting techniques. This strategy may be used to generate cellular vectors for delivering gene therapy to the CNS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Benveniste
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Germano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000637:transplantation*; D001921:Brain / Q000601:surgery*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D019076:Transgenes
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D004318:Doxycycline