title: Trends in antibiotic resistance of respiratory tract pathogens in children in Geneva, Switzerland.
abstract: Bacteria increasingly resistant to antibiotics are a major treatment concern of respiratory tract pathogens in children. The aim of this study was to assess the trends of resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis to several classes of antibiotics in children<16 years of age and to compare its prevalence with surrounding countries. We studied retrospectively the susceptibility of respiratory tract pathogens isolated from specimens collected from patients at the Geneva Children's Hospital between 1989 and 2004. The susceptibility of S. pneumoniae to penicillin decreased from 98% to 58% (P<0.001) within 16 years, mainly due to strains intermediately resistant (MICs 0.12-1.0 microg/ml). Also erythromycin-susceptible pneumococci decreased from 97% to 63% (P<0.001). The susceptibility of H. influenzae to amoxicillin also significantly declined (87% vs. 82%, P<0.001), and the susceptibility of M. catarrhalis to this drug almost disappeared (29% vs. 5%, P<0.001). However, in 2004 these two bacteria remained 100% susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, second and third generation cephalosporins. Invasive H. influenzae strains were significantly more resistant to ampicillin than non-invasive strains, but no susceptibility difference between invasive and non-invasive S. pneumoniae was determined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the 16 years studied, the antibiotic resistance of respiratory tract pathogens steadily and significantly increased in children, especially S. pneumoniae. This situation in Geneva is similar to neighbouring France rather than to the rest of Switzerland. A permanent surveillance of microbial susceptibility to antibiotics is essential and a limitation of antibiotic prescription together with information of the judicious use may impede the actual resistance trend.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Hôpital des Enfants, 6 rue Willy-Donzé, 1211 , Geneva 14, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jaecklin
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rohner
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jacomo
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmidheiny
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gervaix
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D001936:Moraxella catarrhalis / Q000187:drug effects; D045828:Moraxellaceae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology