title: The retroperitoneal anastomoses of the gonadal veins in human foetuses.
abstract: In the retroperitoneal space the gonadal veins form a collateral circulation that has a great clinical impact on sclerotherapy or surgical ligation of varicoceles. The aim of this study was to examine the communications of the gonadal veins (according to classification, frequency of appearance, gender and syntopic differences) in human foetuses of both sexes (71 males and 59 females) aged 4--6 months of intrauterine life. On the right side the most frequently were found the gonadal-periureteral anastomosis (23%) and the gonadal-perirenal anastomosis (22%). A gonadal-lumbar anastomosis on the right side appeared in 7% of cases. On the left side the most frequent (37%) was the gonadalperirenal anastomosis, more frequently occurring as an ovarian-perirenal anastomosis (48%) than as a testicular-perirenal anastomosis (29%). Gonadal-periureteral anastomoses were found in a quarter of cases. Gonadal-lumbar anastomoses were observed in 7% of individuals. On the left side the gonadal-mesenteric inferior anastomosis was specifically observed (21%) as an ovarian-mesenteric inferior anastomosis (24%) and a testicular-mesenteric inferior anastomosis (19%). The cross-communications between the right and left gonadal veins (7%) were more frequently as the bilateral testicular (9.7%) than as the bilateral ovarian one (3%). In female foetuses gonadal-perirenal anastomoses occurred with statistically greater frequency than gonadal-periureteral anastomoses (p<=0.05). The frequency of cross-communications of the gonadal veins was three times greater in male foetuses (p</=0.01). Statistical analysis revealed a significantly greater frequency of left-sided anastomoses: the gonadal-perirenal in both sexes (p</=0.05), the gonadal-periureteral in males (P</=0.05) and the gonadalmesenteric inferior in both sexes (p</=0.01).
authors.affiliation: Department of Normal Anatomy, the Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, the Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland. kizanat@cm.umk.pl
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szpinda
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frackiewicz
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flisiński
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiśniewski
authors.forename: Elzbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krakowiak-Sarnowska
mesh_terms: D001163:Arteriovenous Anastomosis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010053:Ovary / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000196:embryology; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space / Q000098:blood supply / Q000196:embryology; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000196:embryology; D014680:Veins / Q000196:embryology*