title: Design and application of an assessment protocol for electromagnetic tracking systems.
abstract: This paper defines a simple protocol for competitive and quantified evaluation of electromagnetic tracking systems such as the NDI Aurora (A) and Ascension microBIRD with dipole transmitter (B). It establishes new methods and a new phantom design which assesses the reproducibility and allows comparability with different tracking systems in a consistent environment. A machined base plate was designed and manufactured in which a 50 mm grid of holes was precisely drilled for position measurements. In the center a circle of 32 equispaced holes enables the accurate measurement of rotation. The sensors can be clamped in a small mount which fits into pairs of grid holes on the base plate. Relative positional/orientational errors are found by subtracting the known distances/ rotations between the machined locations from the differences of the mean observed positions/ rotation. To measure the influence of metallic objects we inserted rods made of steel (SST 303, SST 416), aluminum, and bronze into the sensitive volume between sensor and emitter. We calculated the fiducial registration error and fiducial location error with a standard stylus calibration for both tracking systems and assessed two different methods of stylus calibration. The positional jitter amounted to 0.14 mm(A) and 0.08 mm(B). A relative positional error of 0.96 mm +/- 0.68 mm, range -0.06 mm; 2.23 mm(A) and 1.14 mm +/- 0.78 mm, range -3.72 mm; 1.57 mm(B) for a given distance of 50 mm was found. The relative rotation error was found to be 0.51 degrees (A)/0.04 degrees (B). The most relevant distortion caused by metallic objects results from SST 416. The maximum error 4.2 mm(A)/ > or = 100 mm(B) occurs when the rod is close to the sensor(20 mm). While (B) is more sensitive with respect to metallic objects, (A) is less accurate concerning orientation measurements. (B) showed a systematic error when distances are calculated.
authors.affiliation: Center of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. jhummel@gmx.at
authors.forename: Johann B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bax
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Figl
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Calvin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: Wolfgang W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Birkfellner
authors.forename: Helmar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shahidi
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity