title: Intraventricular administration of rt-PA in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) represents a clinicopathologic entity with a dismal prognosis. The associated mortality rate has been reported as high as 80%; the morbidity is also quite high. The use of various fibrinolytic agents (streptokinase, urokinase, and recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator [rt-PA]) has been reported in a small number of clinical series with a very limited number of participants, yielding significant variability regarding inclusion criteria, treatment protocol, and outcome analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our prospective study, we report our experience using rt-PA in 21 patients with IVH. Patients with IVH of aneurysmal or arteriovenous malformation origin were excluded. Intraventricular administration of rt-PA was initiated within 24 hours after the ictal event (dose, 3 mg every 24 hours) through a ventricular catheter. The patients' intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressures, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell count, and head CT scans with emphasis to frontal horn dimension and inner cranium diameter at the same level ratio were collected and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Good outcome was observed in 47.5% of our patients, whereas 28.5% died and 24.0% survived with severe disability. The development of rt-PA-associated complications was as follows: new hemorrhage in 19%, infection in 14.3%, and CSF pleocytosis in 100% of patients. Permanent CSF shunt was required in 40%. The intermediate (3-month) follow up of our survivors showed no significant outcome changes compared with the immediate (1-month) follow up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraventricular administration of rt-PA appears to be beneficial in cases of IVH even though it is occasionally associated with serious complications. Further multi-institutional studies are required for validating this treatment modality and standardizing its parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Medical Center of Central Georgia, Mercer University, School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA. knfountasmd@excite.com
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Fountas
authors.forename: E Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Kapsalaki
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Parish
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Smisson
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator