title: Factors associated with increased resource utilization for congenital heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify patient, institutional, and regional factors that are associated with high resource utilization for congenital heart surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used hospital discharge data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) year 2000 (data from 27 states). Patients who had congenital heart surgery and were younger than 18 years were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. High resource utilization admissions were defined as those in the highest decile for total hospital charges. Univariate and multivariate analyses with and without deaths were used to determine demographic and hospital predictors for cases of high resource use. Case-mix severity was approximated using Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery risk groups. Regional and state differences were also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 10,569 cases of congenital heart surgery identified, median total hospital charges were 53,828 dollars. Statewide differences in the number of high resource use admissions were present; California, Colorado, Florida, Hawaii, Pennsylvania, and Texas were more likely to have high resource use cases, and Maine and South Carolina were less likely. Subsequent analyses were performed adjusting for baseline state effects. Multivariate analyses using generalized estimating equations models revealed Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery risk category (odds ratio [OR]: 1.66-14.1), age (OR: 3.81), prematurity (OR: 4.85), the presence of other major noncardiac structural anomalies (OR: 2.53), Medicaid insurance (OR: 1.48), and admission during a weekend (OR: 1.62) to be independent predictors of a higher odds of high cost cases. Although some institutional differences were noted in univariate analyses, gender, race, bed size, teaching and children's hospital status, hospital ownership, and hospital volume of cardiac cases were not independently associated with greater odds of high resource utilization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  States varied in the frequency of high resource utilization for congenital heart surgery. Patients who had greater disease complexity, younger age, prematurity, other anomalies, and Medicaid and were admitted during a weekend were more likely to result in high resource utilization. Institutions of various types did not differ in high cost admissions, regardless of children's hospital or teaching status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Jean.Connor@cardio.chboston.org
authors.forename: Jean Anne
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: Kimberlee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gauvreau
authors.forename: Kathy J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Jenkins
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery*; D017722:Hospital Charges; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D014481:United States