title: P-cadherin overexpression is an indicator of clinical outcome in invasive breast carcinomas and is associated with CDH3 promoter hypomethylation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  P-cadherin overexpression has been reported in breast carcinomas, where it was associated with proliferative high-grade histological tumors. This study aimed to analyze P-cadherin expression in invasive breast cancer and to correlate it with tumor markers, pathologic features, and patient survival. Another purpose was to evaluate the P-cadherin promoter methylation pattern as the molecular mechanism underlying this gene regulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a series of invasive breast carcinomas, P-cadherin expression was evaluated and correlated with histologic grade, estrogen receptor, MIB-1, and p53 and c-erbB-2 expression. In order to assess whether P-cadherin expression was associated with changes in CDH3 promoter methylation, we studied the methylation status of a gene 5'-flanking region in these same carcinomas. This analysis was also done for normal tissue and for a breast cancer cell line treated with a demethylating agent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  P-cadherin expression showed a strong correlation with high histologic grade, increased proliferation, c-erbB-2 and p53 expression, lack of estrogen receptor, and poor patient survival. This overexpression can be regulated by gene promoter methylation because the 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment of MCF-7/AZ cells increased P-cadherin mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, we found that 71% of P-cadherin-negative cases showed promoter methylation, whereas 65% of positive ones were unmethylated (P = 0.005). The normal P-cadherin-negative breast epithelial cells showed consistent CDH3 promoter methylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  P-cadherin expression was strongly associated with tumor aggressiveness, being a good indicator of clinical outcome. Moreover, the aberrant expression of P-cadherin in breast cancer might be regulated by gene promoter hypomethylation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of Porto University (IPATIMUP), Braga, Portugal. jparedes@ipatimup.pt
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paredes
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albergaria
authors.forename: João T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jerónimo
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Milanezi
authors.forename: Fernando C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Schmitt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000483:Alleles; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015820:Cadherins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D000077209:Decitabine; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001374:Azacitidine; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015820:Cadherins; D000077209:Decitabine; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53