title: Targeting matrilysin and its impact on tumor growth in vivo: the potential implications in breast cancer therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Matrilysin (MMP-7) is a metalloproteinase that is involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix, invasion, and tumor progression. The current study examined if targeting matrilysin using retroviral ribozyme transgenes may have an impact on breast cancer cells and may have clinical implications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retroviral hammerhead ribozyme transgenes were designed to specifically target human matrilysin mRNA. The breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231 was transfected with either a retroviral matrilysin transgene or a control retroviral transgene. Stably transfected cells were tested for their invasiveness and migratory properties in vitro. The cells were also used in creating a tumor model in athymic nude mice in which the growth of tumors and levels of matrilysin were assessed. In addition, levels of both protein and mRNA of matrilysin were investigated in a cohort of human breast tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of matrilysin in MDA-MB-231 was successfully eliminated by the retroviral hammerhead ribozyme transgene for matrilysin as revealed by reverse transcription-PCR. Matrilysin transgene-transduced cancer cells (MDA-MB-231DeltaMatrilysin) exhibited a significantly lower degree of invasion (number of invading cells 16.0 +/- 2.5) compared with wild type (MDA-MB-231(WT); 26.2 +/- 6.2, P < 0.05) or control transgene-transduced cancer cells (MDA-MB-231pRevTRE; 25.3 +/- 4.2, P < 0.01). However, the rate of growth of the cells in vitro was not significantly affected. In the in vivo tumor model, MDA-MB-231DeltaMatrilysin tumors, which had very low levels of immunoreactive matrilysin, grew at a significantly lower rate (0.24 +/- 0.03 cm3, 4 weeks after inoculation) compared with the wild-type MDA-MB-231(WT) (1.46 +/- 0.04 cm3) and MDA-MB-231pRevTRE (1.12 +/- 1.0 cm3) tumors. In human breast tumors, breast cancer cells stained matrilysin at a significantly higher density, compared with normal mammary epithelium. The highest level of matrilysin was seen in high-grade tumors and that from patients with moderate and poor prognosis. Finally, high levels of matrilysin were significantly linked with a poor long-term survival (P = 0.0143).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Matrilysin, which is aberrantly expressed in human breast tumors, can be effectively eliminated from breast cancer cells by way of hammerhead ribozyme transgene. Elimination of matrilysin is associated with low invasiveness and slow tumor growth. Taken together, the study suggests that targeting matrilysin may have important therapeutic implications.
authors.affiliation: Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom. jiangw@cf.ac.uk
authors.forename: Wen G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Gaynor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Tracey A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Parr
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Malcolm D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Kefah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mokbel
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Mansel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D020783:Matrix Metalloproteinase 7 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D016337:RNA, Catalytic / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014162:Transfection; D019076:Transgenes / Q000235:genetics; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D016337:RNA, Catalytic; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C427204:hammerhead ribozyme; D020783:Matrix Metalloproteinase 7