title: Femoral neck radiography: effect of flexion on visualization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether flexion improves radiographic visualization of the femoral neck when the femur is externally rotated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five human femora, with varying neck-shaft and anteversion angles, were measured and immobilized. Degree of flexion required to bring the femoral neck horizontal was measured, varying the rotation. Next, one bone was radiographed in 16 positions, varying rotation in 15 degrees and flexion in 10 degrees increments. Radiographs were presented in randomized blinded fashion to 15 staff radiologists for scoring of femoral neck visualization. Following this, all 5 bones were radiographed in 4 positions of rotation and at 0 degree and 20 degrees flexion, and blinded randomized review of radiographs was repeated. Comparisons between angles and rotations were made using the Mann-Whitney test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The flexion angle required to bring the long axis of the femoral neck horizontal correlated directly with the degree of external rotation (p < 0.05). Visualization of the femoral neck in the extended position progressively deteriorated from 15 degrees internal rotation to 30 degrees external rotation (p < 0.01). However, when 20 degrees flexion was applied to bones in external rotation, visualization significantly improved at 15 degrees (p < 0.05) and 30 degrees (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flexion of the externally rotated femur can bring the femoral neck into horizontal alignment, and a relatively small amount (20 degrees) of flexion can significantly improve radiographic visualization. This manoeuvre could be useful for radiography of the femoral neck when initial radiographs are inadequate because of external rotation of the leg.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Walter C Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Garry
authors.forename: Gian S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Jhangri
authors.forename: Robert G W
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D005272:Femur Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D011859:Radiography; D011897:Random Allocation; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012399:Rotation; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric