title: Myocardial contrast echocardiography versus Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction score in patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain and a nondiagnostic electrocardiogram.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that regional function (RF) and myocardial perfusion (MP) are superior to the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) score for diagnosis and prognostication in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with chest pain (CP) and a nondiagnostic electrocardiogram.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Rapid diagnosis and prognostication is difficult in patients presenting to the ED with suspected cardiac CP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Contrast echocardiography was performed to assess RF and MP on 957 patients presenting to the ED with suspected cardiac CP and a nondiagnostic electrocardiogram. A modified TIMI (mTIMI) score was calculated from six immediately available variables. A full TIMI score also was derived after troponin levels were able to be accessed adequately. Follow-up was performed for early (within 24 h), intermediate (30 day), and late primary (death and myocardial infarction) or secondary (unstable angina and revascularization) events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mTIMI score was unable to discriminate between intermediate- compared to high-risk patients at any follow-up time point, whereas only 2 of 523 patients with normal RF had an early primary event. Regional function provided incremental prognostic value over mTIMI scores for predicting intermediate and late events. In patients with abnormal RF, MP further classified patients into intermediate- and high-risk groups. The full TIMI score could not improve upon these results at any follow-up time point.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast echocardiography can rapidly and accurately provide short-, intermediate-, and long-term prognostic information in patients presenting to the ED with suspected cardiac CP even before serum cardiac markers are known. Integrating contrast echocardiography into the ED evaluation of CP may improve the risk stratification of such patients.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Imaging Center, Cardiovascular Division, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Khim Leng
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Sanjiv
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.forename: Xin-Qun
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rinkevich
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalvaitis
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Belcik
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lepper
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D009206:Myocardium; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014336:Troponin / Q000032:analysis; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D014336:Troponin