title: Fibrinolytic inhibitors in off-pump coronary surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind TAP study (tranexamic acid, aprotinin, placebo).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and compare hemostatic effects of tranexamic acid vs. aprotinin vs. placebo in off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery and, in addition, to assess the safety of fibrinolytic inhibitors therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, randomized, double-blind study finally 91 patients undergoing OPCAB were investigated (group A, n=32, tranexamic acid 1g before skin incision and continuously 200mg/h; group B, n=29, aprotinin 1,000,000IU before skin incision and 250,000IU/h; group C, n=30, placebo).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Highly significant inter-group differences were found in cumulative blood loss within 4h (geometric means [95% confidence intervals]-group A: 89.3 [72.7, 109.8] mL, group B: 72.3 [49.2, 106.3] mL and group C: 192.3 [151.8, 243.5] mL) (P<0.001), within 8h (group A: 152.1 [120.7, 191.6] mL, group B: 130.3 [88.1, 192.8] mL and group C: 283.8 [226.0, 356.3] mL) (P=0.001), and within 24h postoperatively (group A: 410.3 [337.6, 498.6] mL, group B: 345.8 [256.0, 398.2] mL and group C: 619.8 [524.3, 732.8] mL) (P<0.001). At all time points, placebo group C was significantly distinct from the groups treated with fibrinolytic inhibitors (groups A and B). However, no differences between groups A and B were found. Both mean hemoglobin and hematocrit values 24h postoperatively were different between the groups (P=0.018 and P=0.077, respectively), acheiving the lowest value in group C. Number of re-transfuzed patients was highest in group C, but without statistical significance (either packed red blood cells, P=0.119 or fresh-frozen plasma, P=0.118). We observed one postoperative myocardial infarction in aprotinin treated group B and one temporary postoperative myocardial ischemia in placebo group C, no cerebrovascular or pulmonary embolism was noticed. Treated groups A and B did not demonstrate postoperative increase in mean levels of myocardial enzymes, compared with group C. Significantly higher mean values of D-dimer were found in group C 24h postoperatively (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both tranexamic acid and aprotinin seem to be similarly effective in the reduction of postoperative blood loss in OPCAB. Tranexamic acid appears to be cost-effective and safe alternative to aprotinin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, 3rd Medical School of Charles University Prague, Kralovske Vinohrady University Hospital, Srobarova 50, CZ-100 34 Prague 10, Czech Republic. vanek@fnkv.cz
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vanek
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jares
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fajt
authors.forename: Zbynek
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Straka
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jirasek
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolesar
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brucek
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maly
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007611:Aprotinin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control; D047549:Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump / Q000379:methods*; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000032:analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D006400:Hematocrit / Q000379:methods; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000209:etiology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019210:Troponin I / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D006454:Hemoglobins; D006490:Hemostatics; D019210:Troponin I; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D014148:Tranexamic Acid; D007611:Aprotinin; D003402:Creatine Kinase