title: CDX2 is a useful marker of intestinal-type differentiation: a tissue microarray-based study of 629 tumors from various sites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CDX2, a critical nuclear transcription factor for intestinal development, is expressed in intestinal epithelium and adenocarcinomas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if CDX2 is a useful marker for intestinal-type differentiation and to correlate tumor histology with CDX2 staining in colorectal adenocarcinomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue microarrays from 71 colorectal adenocarcinomas, 31 hepatocellular carcinomas, 47 lung adenocarcinomas, 55 squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, 69 neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung and 43 of the pancreas, 57 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, and 256 endometrial adenocarcinomas were stained with antibody against CDX2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CDX2 staining was positive in 51 (71.8%) of 71 colorectal cancers, including 38 (74.5%) of 51 well- or moderately differentiated tumors and 13 (65.0%) of 20 high-grade tumors. Of the high-grade tumors, 5 (71.4%) of 7 mucinous, 3 (100%) of 3 signet ring cell, and 5 (50.0%) of 10 poorly differentiated tumors were positive. Other tumors showing occasional CDX2 staining included 1 of 30 well- or moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung and 2 of 43 from the pancreas, 1 of 47 lung adenocarcinomas, 3 of 57 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, and 15 of 256 endometrial carcinomas. Hepatocellular, poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung and squamous cell carcinomas of the lung were not immunoreactive for CDX2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDX2 is a useful marker for intestinal-type differentiation, is rarely seen in tumors from the other sites evaluated, and may be useful in determining the site of origin for some metastatic tumors. However, CDX2 is not a sensitive marker for poorly differentiated colorectal carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsey B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: De Lott
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suster
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.forename: Wendy L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Frankel
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071616:CDX2 Transcription Factor; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D016591:Histocytological Preparation Techniques; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D040081:Protein Array Analysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D000071616:CDX2 Transcription Factor; C491270:CDX2 protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins