title: The sonographic and color Doppler features of retained products of conception.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to identify the sonographic features of retained products of conception (RPOCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases of clinically suspected RPOCs referred for pelvic sonography between September 1994 and July 2001 were identified. Patient age, indication, gestational age at delivery, and days postpartum were recorded and sonographic findings were reviewed. Outcomes were determined from medical records and pathology reports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred sixty-three cases were identified. Indications for pelvic sonography included vaginal bleeding in 82 (50%), pelvic pain in 77 (47%), and fever in 55 (34%). Gestational age at delivery ranged from 14 to 43 weeks (mean, 37 weeks), and the sonographic examination was performed from 0 to 95 days postpartum (mean, 21 days). Thirty-six patients underwent surgical intervention, and 28 of these had RPOCs. The remaining 127 patients were followed clinically. An endometrial mass was the most sensitive (79%) and specific (89%) sonographic feature for RPOCs. The isolated finding of either complex fluid in the endometrial canal or a thick endometrium measuring greater than 10 mm had low sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values. None of the patients with RPOCs had normal sonographic findings. The absence of an endometrial mass or complex fluid and an endometrial thickness of less than 10 mm were considered normal findings. Color Doppler flow was detected in the endometrium somewhat more often when RPOCs were present than in the absence of RPOCs (75% versus 40%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An endometrial mass is the most sensitive finding for RPOCs. If no mass or endometrial fluid is seen and the endometrial thickness is less than 10 mm, RPOCs are extremely unlikely. The absence of blood flow does not exclude the diagnosis of RPOCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA. sdurfee@partners.org
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Durfee
authors.forename: Mary C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Frates
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luong
authors.forename: Carol B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Benson
mesh_terms: D000027:Abortion, Incomplete / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003475:Curettage; D004717:Endometrium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D018457:Placenta, Retained / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color