title: Association of polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter region with outcome of hepatitis B virus infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether -238G/A and -857C/T polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), gene promoter and hepatitis B (HB) viral genotypes were associated with outcomes of HBV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 244 HBV self-limited infected subjects, 208 asymptomatic carriers, and 443 chronic HB patients were recruited to conduct a case-control study. TNF-alpha-238G/A and -857C/T gene promoter polymorphisms were examined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and HBV genotypes were examined by nested PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The positive rate of HBV DNA in asymptomatic carrier group and chronic HB group was 46.6% and 49.9%, respectively. HBV genotype proportion among the asymptomatic carriers was 2.1% for genotype A, 25.8% for genotype B, 68.0% for genotype C, and 4.1% for genotype B+C mixed infection, and 0.9% for genotype A, 21.7% for genotype B, 71.5% for genotype C, 5.9% for genotype B+C mixed infection in chronic HB group. There was no significant difference in genotype distribution between the asymptomatic carrier group and chronic HB group (chi2 = 1.66, P = 0.647). The frequency of -238GG genotype in self-limited group was 95.1%, significantly higher than 90.7% in chronic HB group and 89.0% in asymptomatic carrier group (P = 0.041 and P = 0.016, respectively). The frequency of TNF-alpha-857 CC in chronic HB group was 79.7%, significantly higher than 64.4% in asymptomatic carrier group and 70.9% in self-limited group (P<0.001 and P = 0.023, respectively). A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that TNF-alpha-238GA and -857CC were independently associated with chronic HB after gender and age were adjusted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TNF-alpha promoter variants are likely to play a substantial role in the outcome of HBV infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Quan
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jun-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jian-Qun
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Ji-Rong
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Chun-Yan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Gou
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003596:Cytosine; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000821:virology; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics*; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D013941:Thymine; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003596:Cytosine; D000225:Adenine; D013941:Thymine