title: Methylene blue stimulates 2-deoxyglucose uptake in L929 fibroblast cells.
abstract: Methylene blue (MB), a common cell stain, has been shown to inhibit nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase, which has led to the recent use of MB in nitric oxide signaling studies. This study documents the effects of MB on 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake in L929 fibroblast cells where uptake is controlled by a single glucose transporter, GLUT 1. MB significantly activates cytochalasin B-inhibitable glucose transport in a dose dependent fashion within 10 min. A maximal stimulation of up to 800% was achieved by 50 microM MB after a 45-min exposure. The Vmax of transport increased without a change in the Km, which was accomplished without a significant change in the GLUT 1 content. The reduced form of MB, did not stimulate 2DG uptake and potassium ferricyanide, an extracellular redox agent, prevented both the staining and stimulatory effects of MB suggesting MB is reduced at the cell surface before it enters L929 cells. Phenylarsine oxide did not block cell staining as noted in other cells lines, but it did inhibit both basal and MB-stimulated 2DG uptake. Likewise, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, an agent used to remove membrane cholesterol, blocked both the staining and stimulatory effects of MB. The AMP analog, AICAR, inhibited rather than activated basal 2DG uptake, and it did not alter MB-stimulated uptake suggesting that AMP kinase activation is not critical to the MB effect. Wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI kinase, had no effect on MB-stimulated 2DG uptake. These data provide additional insight into the acute regulation of GLUT 1 transport activity in L929 cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA. lout@calvin.edu
authors.forename: Larry L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Louters
authors.forename: Samuel G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Dyste
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Frieswyk
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tenharmsel
authors.forename: Tim O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Vander Kooy
authors.forename: Lindsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Whalen
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000494:pharmacology; D003571:Cytochalasin B / Q000378:metabolism; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005292:Ferricyanides / Q000494:pharmacology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000502:physiology; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D000077191:Wortmannin; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D001152:Arsenicals; D005292:Ferricyanides; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins; C108732:methyl-beta-cyclodextrin; C029341:oxophenylarsine; D003571:Cytochalasin B; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D008751:Methylene Blue; C028033:potassium ferricyanide; D000077191:Wortmannin