title: Prenatal three-dimensional/four-dimensional sonographic demonstration of facial dysmorphisms associated with holoprosencephaly.
abstract: In this report, we describe the prenatal use of 3-dimensional 4-dimensional (3D/4D) sonography to visualize the facial dysmorphisms associated with holoprosencephaly in 6 fetuses (2 with cyclopia, 1 with cebocephaly, and 3 with holoprosencephaly-premaxillary agenesis). Ultrafast MRI was also used. The 3D/4D sonographic images allowed easy, rapid, and precise prenatal evaluation of the facial dysmorphisms associated with holoprosencephaly; the MRI scans provided little additional information. The 3D/4D sonograms helped the parents visualize the abnormalities and facilitated their acceptance of perinatal genetic counseling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92 Section 2, Chung-Shan North Road, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chih-Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jin-Chung
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Chin-Yuan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Chen-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jon-Kway
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Wayseen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016142:Holoprosencephaly / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*