title: Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is the time from manifestation of the first psychotic symptom to initiation of adequate treatment. It has been postulated that a longer DUP leads to a poorer prognosis. If so, outcome might be improved through earlier detection and treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish whether DUP is associated with prognosis and to determine whether any association is explained by confounding with premorbid adjustment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health), EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PsychLIT databases were searched from their inception dates to May 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible studies reported the relationship between DUP and outcome in prospective cohorts recruited during their first episode of psychosis. Twenty-six eligible studies involving 4490 participants were identified from 11 458 abstracts, each screened by 2 reviewers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted independently and were checked by double entry. Sensitivity analyses were conducted excluding studies that had follow-up rates of less than 80%, included affective psychoses, or did not use a standardized assessment of DUP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent meta-analyses were conducted of correlational data and of data derived from comparisons of long and short DUP groups. Most data were correlational, and these showed a significant association between DUP and several outcomes at 6 and 12 months (including total symptoms, depression/anxiety, negative symptoms, overall functioning, positive symptoms, and social functioning). Long vs short DUP data showed an association between longer DUP and worse outcome at 6 months in terms of total symptoms, overall functioning, positive symptoms, and quality of life. Patients with a long DUP were significantly less likely to achieve remission. The observed association between DUP and outcome was not explained by premorbid adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is convincing evidence of a modest association between DUP and outcome, which supports the case for clinical trials that examine the effect of reducing DUP.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, University of Manchester, Manchester. max.marshall@man.ac.uk
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Shon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Austin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lockwood
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Croudace
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D019992:Databases as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents