title: Prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase 2 expression in 259 cases of non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies report that increased expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) correlates with poor clinical outcome in several malignancies, including non- small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors have been reported to effectively inhibit carcinogenesis in colon cancer experimental models.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined COX-2 expression in 259 cases of NSCLC to evaluate its prognostic significance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sections of NSCLC from patients with a median 5-year follow-up were immunostained with COX-2 monoclonal antibody (1:150) using the Dako mouse EnVision;pl system. Extent of COX-2 expression in neoplastic cells was recorded as follows: 0, 0% to 10% of cells positive; 1, 11% to 33% positive; 2, 34% to 66% positive; and 3, more than 66% positive. Intensity was scored as either increased (+) or not increased (-), compared to internal control smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess the relationship between survival and COX-2 expression, using the log-rank test for statistical significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No relationship was found between the extent and/or the intensity of COX-2 expression and patient survival when the entire cohort was considered. However, when separately analyzed according to disease stage and intensity of COX-2 expression, a significant relationship (P = .03) between increased COX-2 expression and shortened patient survival was found only in patients with stage I and II NSCLC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the largest series of NSCLCs in which COX-2 has been investigated as a prognostic marker. The findings in this large series support previous studies of smaller cohorts that reported that increased COX-2 expression predicts poor outcome in patients with early-stage NSCLC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Alvaro C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Laga
authors.forename: Dani S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Zander
authors.forename: Philip T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Cagle
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000401:mortality; D002452:Cell Count; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2