title: Cardiovascular risk factors in severe chronic renal failure: the role of dietary treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lipoprotein abnormalities and increased oxidized LDL (OxLDL) are often observed in uremia and are reported to play a central role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Vegan diet, known for its better lipoprotein profile and antioxidant vitamins content, could protect against CVD. Aim of this study was to investigate the influence of vegan diet supplemented with essential amino acids (EAA) and ketoanalogues (VSD) on both traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine patients (18 M, 11 F) aged 55 years (range 29-79 years) with advanced chronic renal failure (median sCr: 5.6 mg/dl) on very low protein vegetarian diet (0.3 g/kg/day) supplemented with a mixture of EAA and ketoacids (VSD) and 31 patients (20 M, 11 F) aged 65 years (range 29 - 82 years) on conventional low-protein diet (CD: 0.6 g/kg/day) with a similar renal function (median sCr: 5.2 mg/dl), were investigated for lipids and apolipoprotein parameters (traditional CVRF) as well as for oxidative stress (oxidized LDL, antibodies against OxLDL and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS)), total homocysteine (tHcy), lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), albumin and c-reactive protein (CRP) (non-traditional CVRF) including vitamins A, E, B12 and folic acid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to patients on CD, those on VSD showed increased HDL cholesterol levels (p < 0.005) with a reduction of LDL cholesterol (p < 0.01) and an increase of apoA1/apoB ratio (p < 0.02). Among non-traditional CVRF, a mild but significant reduction of OxLDL (p < 0.05) with lower TBARS concentrations (p < 0.01) and a significant reduction of total homocysteine (p < 0.002), Lp(a) (p < 0.002) and CRP levels (p < 0.05) were also observed in these patients. Concentrations of vitamin E and A were not different between the two groups while vitamin B12 and folic acid resulted markedly increased in patients on VSD. OxLDL significantly correlated with total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and Apo B in CD but not in VSD patients. Patients on CD also showed a significant correlation between urea and CRP. After a multivariate analysis, only urea (p < 0.001) and OxLDL (p < 0.006) were associated to a risk of CRP > 0.3 mg/dl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate a better lipoprotein profile in patients on vegan diet including non-traditional CVRF. In particular, these patients show a reduced oxidative stress with a reduced acute-phase response (CRP) as compared to patients on conventional diet. We hypothesize that urea, significantly lower in patients on VSD, may account, possibly together with the reduction of other protein breakdown products, for the decreased acute-phase response observed in these patients. Our findings suggest that low-protein diets, and vegan in particular, may exert a beneficial effect on the development of cardiovascular disease in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Azienda Ospedale Careggi, Florence, Italy. fraberge@tin.it
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bergesio
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Monzani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guasparini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ciuti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallucci
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cristofano
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castrignano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cupisti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barsotti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marcucci
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abbate
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bandini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Tosi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salvadori
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian; D005260:Female; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014815:Vitamins / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D012709:Serum Albumin; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014815:Vitamins; D006710:Homocysteine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003404:Creatinine