title: Study of etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor, in recurrent ovarian cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Convincing data support the link between inflammation and ovarian cancer. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a major mediator of inflammation, is chronically produced in the ovarian tumor microenvironment and may enhance tumor growth and invasion by inducing the secretion of cytokines, proangiogenic factors, and metalloproteinases. Etanercept is a recombinant human soluble p75 TNF receptor that binds to TNF-alpha and renders it biologically unavailable. In the current study, we sought to determine the toxicity, biologic activity, and therapeutic efficacy of etanercept in recurrent ovarian cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We initiated a phase I-B, nonrandomized, open-label study in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Etanercept was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 25 mg twice weekly (cohort one) and 25 mg thrice weekly (cohort two) until disease progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients were recruited (cohort one, 17 patients; cohort two, 13 patients). Eighteen of the 30 patients (cohort one, 11 patients; cohort two, seven patients) completed > or = 12 weeks of treatment. Six patients achieved prolonged disease stabilization (cohort one, two patients [40 and 25 weeks]; cohort two, four patients [34, 24, 22, and 24 weeks]). A significant rise in immunoreactive TNF was seen in all patients (pretreatment compared with end of treatment). A phytohemagglutinin-stimulated whole-blood cytokine assay showed a significant fall in interleukin-6 (cohort one [11 of 17]) and CCL2 (cohort one [13 of 17]) levels. Common adverse effects were injection-site reactions and fatigue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide evidence for the biologic activity and safety of etanercept in recurrent ovarian cancer. Our data suggest possible clinical activity that must be confirmed in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Medical Oncology Unit, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Srinivasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madhusudan
authors.forename: Sethupathi R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Muthuramalingam
authors.forename: Jeremy P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Braybrooke
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wilner
authors.forename: Kulwinder
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoare
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Balkwill
authors.forename: Trivadi S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ganesan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000068800:Etanercept; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000068800:Etanercept