title: The role of uterine fundal pressure in the management of the second stage of labor: a reappraisal.
abstract: Among the maneuvers that are used in the second stage of labor, uterine fundal pressure is one of the most controversial. The prevalence of its use is unknown. We reviewed the existing literature to assess whether there is justification for the use of fundal pressure in the contemporary management of the second stage of labor. Only one randomized, controlled study and a few prospective studies, review articles, and case reports have been published. No confirmed benefit of the procedure has been documented and a few adverse events have been reported in association with its use. Alternative management strategies in the second stage of labor exist and should be considered whenever possible. In conclusion, the role of fundal pressure is understudied and remains controversial in the management of the second stage of labor. We believe that caution should be exercised using this maneuver until it is proven to be safe and effective.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  After completion of this article, the reader should be able to recall that there is a scarcity of literature related to the efficacy and safety of using fundal pressure during the second stage of labor, state that there is no confirmed benefit of the procedure and there may be some adverse maternal/fetal effects, and explain that there are alternative strategies for management of the second stage of labor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maimonides Medical Center, 967 48th Street, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA. zom00@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Zaher O
authors.initials: ZO
authors.lastname: Merhi
authors.forename: Awoniyi O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Awonuga
mesh_terms: D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007748:Labor Stage, Second; D011247:Pregnancy; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014599:Uterus / Q000502:physiology*