title: Reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior by drug-associated stimuli after extinction in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking-related environmental stimuli have been implicated as an important factor in triggering relapse in abstinent tobacco smokers, and recent evidence indicates that drug-associated stimuli can reinstate nicotine-seeking in rats. However, there is little investigation on the factors that contribute to the latter effect.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined whether a nicotine-associated visual stimulus (VS) can reinstate nicotine-seeking after extinction in a response-reinstatement model of relapse, and whether the behavioral effects of the VS are sensitive to pharmacological blockade of nicotinic neurotransmission. It also determined whether active lever reassignment after food training influences nicotine self-administration and the VS-induced reinstatement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/infusion, IV) and associate a VS with each nicotine infusion in 30 daily 1-h sessions. Half of the animals received nicotine infusions for responding at the same lever that previously delivered food; for the other half, infusions resulted from pressing the previously inactive lever during food training. Then, the nicotine-maintained response was extinguished by saline substitution and withholding the VS. One day after rats reached extinction criterion, the reinstatement tests were conducted where the VS was response-contingent represented without further delivery of nicotine. In pharmacological tests, a nicotinic antagonist, mecamylamine, was subcutaneously administered 30 min before reinstatement sessions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Presentation of the nicotine-associated VS significantly reinstated responding at the previously drug-reinforced lever and pretreatment with mecamylamine effectively attenuated the response-reinstating effect of the VS. Additionally, animals showed similar profiles of nicotine-taking and nicotine-seeking behavior regardless of reassignment of the active lever after food training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nicotine self-administration and the VS-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking do not result from a lever bias due to prior experience for food reinforcement. Significantly, these results suggest that environmental stimuli associated with nicotine self-administration can effectively elicit nicotine-seeking behavior in abstinent subjects, that this effect is blocked by nicotine antagonism, and that the present procedures may be useful for studying neurobiological mechanisms of nicotine-seeking behavior and relapse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3131 Sennott Square, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. xiuliu@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Xiu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Caggiula
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nobuta
authors.forename: Russell E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Poland
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Pechnick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001245:Association Learning; D003463:Cues; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005108:Extinction, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008464:Mecamylamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009042:Motivation; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012008:Recurrence; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012646:Self Administration; D012931:Social Environment; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D008464:Mecamylamine; D009538:Nicotine