title: Assessment of lead availability in contaminated soil using isotope dilution techniques.
abstract: Isotope dilution methods using a stable isotope tracer ((207)Pb) were developed for the determination of Pb availability in contaminated soils. The methods included determination of E values (isotopically exchangeable pool), L values (plant labile pool) and isotopic exchange kinetics (IEK). Isotopically exchangeable Pb was monitored at different exchange times based on measurement of the (207)Pb/(208)Pb ratio in soil solution following addition of the tracer. The rate of decrease in the (207)Pb/(208)Pb ratio in solution could be described by using the same IEK equation as used previously with radioisotope tracers. The amounts of isotopically exchangeable Pb in Pb-contaminated soils estimated from long-term IEK parameters were in good agreement with directly determined E values up to 15 days. However, values of some of the fitted IEK parameters cast doubts on the validity of using the IEK approach with (207)Pb, most probably as a result of irreversible fixation of some of the spike by reactive surfaces in the soils. Estimation of isotopically exchangeable Pb using short-term kinetics data was unsuccessful, substantially underestimating E values. Results for the control (uncontaminated) soil were highly variable, most probably as a result of fixation of tracer by the soil and poor analytical precision due to low solution Pb concentrations. A compartmental analysis of the variation in E values with time indicates a good potential for estimating bioavailable Pb in contaminated soils. The amounts of available Pb obtained from summation of the E(1)(min) and E(1 min-24 h) pools (E((available))), accounting for an average of 57.62% of total soil Pb, were significantly correlated with both the L values and with Pb extracted from soil with EDTA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. namfon@swu.ac.th
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tongtavee
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shiowatana
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: McLaren
authors.forename: Colin W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques; D007554:Isotopes; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D007554:Isotopes; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead; D004492:Edetic Acid