title: Dysphagia in unilateral medullary infarction: lateral vs medial lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study dysphagia in pure, unilateral medullary infarction using video fluoroscopic swallowing (VFS) tests and to compare the results between lateral medullary infarction (LMI) and medial medullary infarction (MMI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 46 patients with medullary infarction (37 LMI, 9 MMI). Based on the MRI findings, each LMI was classified rostrocaudally as either a rostral or caudal lesion, and horizontally as either a superficial (lateral + dorsal) or nonsuperficial lesion. Each MMI was assigned to either a deep (lesion extending to the dorsal surface) or superficial lesion group. VFS examination was conducted and an 8-point scale was used for assessing the severity of dysphagia. Based on these results, dysphagia was classified as: 1) problems on timing of hyolaryngeal excursion (PT), and 2) problems on range of hyolaryngeal excursion (PR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dysphagia was more frequent (p < 0.05) in MMI patients (78%) than in LMI patients (35%). Among the LMI patients, dysphagia was more frequent (p < 0.01) and severe (p < 0.01) in the rostral than in the caudal group and in the nonsuperficial than in the superficial group. In the MMI group, there was no difference in the frequency of dysphagia between the deep and superficial groups. Regarding the characteristics of dysphagia, seven (54%) of the LMI patients had PR, five (38%) had PT, and one (8%) had both. For the MMI patients, PT was frequent (86%) but PR was present in only one patient (14%). Five MMI patients (71%) showed no responses to penetration or aspiration, and silent dysphagia was observed in only four LMI patients (31%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dysphagia is as frequent and severe in medial medullary infarction (MMI) as in lateral medullary infarction (LMI) patients. The types and characteristics of dysphagia are different between the LMI and MMI patients, implicating the rationale for a different treatment strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Miseon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Jae H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jong S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020526:Brain Stem Infarctions / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003391:Cranial Nerves / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010614:Pharynx / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D014715:Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology