title: Role for the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase PKR in Ad-TNF-alpha gene therapy in esophageal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is a cytokine with direct antitumor activity. Clinical trials with TNF-alpha have been limited because of the severe side effects of systemic administration. Gene therapy with an adenoviral vector allows delivery of high local doses of TNF-alpha. Activation of protein kinase R (PKR) has been implicated as a general transducer of apoptosis in response to a variety of different stimuli including TNF-alpha. We, therefore, evaluated the role of PKR in Ad-TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in esophageal cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tetracycline-responsive adenoviral vector was used to transfect the TNF-alpha gene (Ad-TNF-alpha) into human esophageal cancer cell lines Bic1, Seg1 and TT, as well as in transformed PKR(+/+) and PKR(-/-) early-passage mouse embryo fibroblasts. Ad-luciferase, Ad-Bak, and mock infection with phosphate buffered saline solution were used as controls. Gene expression was determined by Western blot analysis. Apoptosis was detected by propidium iodide staining and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overexpression of TNF-alpha in the lysate was evident in all cell lines treated with Ad-TNF-alpha. Treatment with Ad-TNF-alpha was associated with PKR upregulation and induction of apoptosis. Inhibition of TNF-alpha expression by tetracycline resulted in downregulation of PKR and decreased apoptosis. Transduction of PKR(+/+) and PKR(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts with Ad-TNF-alpha demonstrated that Ad-TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis was mediated in part through a PKR-dependent process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that Ad-TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis in esophageal cancer cell lines is dependent in part on PKR upregulation. Strategies to enhance PKR upregulation may allow increased Ad-TNF-alpha antitumoral activity in the treatment of esophageal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: von Holzen
authors.forename: Dora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bocangel
authors.forename: Abujiang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pataer
authors.forename: Stephan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Vorburger
authors.forename: Yanna
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xialolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Kelly K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Swisher
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000628:therapy*; D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D017209:Apoptosis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded / Q000378:metabolism; D013754:Tetracyclines / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded; D013754:Tetracyclines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase