title: Cross-cultural equivalence in depression assessment: Japan-Europe-North American study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Worldwide use of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) presupposes that depression symptomatology can be measured the same way across countries but no empirical study has yet examined this issue. We therefore examined cross-cultural consistency of factor structure of HRSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 17-item HRSD data were sought for 5,185 individuals diagnosed with major depression in Japan, Europe and North America. Candidate factor structures were obtained with simultaneous component analysis (SCA) across the three cultures. They were then submitted to multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to SCA, 3-, 4- or 5-factor solutions were found to optimally and adequately summarize the variables for all the three populations. When submitted to CFA, the 5-factor solution was the best fitting and the most parsimonious: they were 'anhedonia/retardation,''guilt/agitation,''bodily symptoms,''insomnia' and 'appetite.'
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Common underlying factors exist for HRSD among Japanese, European and American patients with major depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan. furukawa@med.nagoya-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Streiner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamijima
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanba
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aoba
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murasaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009656:North America; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results