title: Endogenous adenosine protects preconditioned heart during early minutes of reperfusion by activating Akt.
abstract: Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is thought to protect by activating survival kinases during reperfusion. We tested whether binding of adenosine receptors is also required during reperfusion and, if so, how long these receptors must be populated. Isolated rabbit hearts were subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion. IPC reduced infarct size from 32.1 +/- 4.6% of the risk zone in control hearts to 7.3 +/- 3.6%. IPC protection was blocked by a 20-min pulse of the nonselective adenosine receptor blocker 8-(p-sulfophenyl)-theophylline when started either 5 min before or 10 min after the onset of reperfusion but not when started after 30 min of reperfusion. Protection was also blocked by either 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, an adenosine A1-selective receptor antagonist, or MRS1754, an A2B-selective antagonist, but not by 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine, an A2A-selective antagonist. Blockade of phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase (PI3K) with a 20-min pulse of wortmannin also aborted protection when started either 5 min before or 10 or 30 min after the onset of reperfusion but failed when started after 60 min of reflow. U-0126, an antagonist of MEK1/2 and therefore of ERK1/2, blocked protection when started 5 min before reperfusion but not when started after only 10 min of reperfusion. These studies reveal that A1 and/or A2B receptors initiate the protective signal transduction cascade during reperfusion. Although PI3K activity must continue long into the reperfusion phase, adenosine receptor occupancy is no longer needed by 30 min of reperfusion, and ERK activity is only required in the first few minutes of reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Physiology, Univ. of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
authors.forename: Nataliya V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Solenkova
authors.forename: Viktoriya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Solodushko
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Downey
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D058916:Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; D058917:Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002070:Butadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D002110:Caffeine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008297:Male; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D011687:Purines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000502:physiology*; D013806:Theophylline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077191:Wortmannin; D014970:Xanthines / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D058916:Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; D058917:Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; D000730:Androstadienes; D002070:Butadienes; C423842:N-(4-cyanophenyl)-2-(4-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-1,3-dipropyl-1H-purin-8-yl)-phenoxy)acetamide; D009570:Nitriles; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D011687:Purines; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; C113580:U 0126; D014970:Xanthines; C081320:8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine; D002110:Caffeine; C031433:8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline; C051360:1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; D013806:Theophylline; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D000077191:Wortmannin