title: Predictors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder within 6 months after pediatric traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the phenomenology and predictive factors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) after traumatic brain injury (TBI), also called secondary ADHD (SADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children without preinjury ADHD 5-14 years old with TBI from consecutive admissions (n = 143) to five trauma centers were observed prospectively for 6 months (baseline and 6 months), with semistructured psychiatric interviews. Injury severity, lesion characteristics, and preinjury variables including psychiatric disorder, family psychiatric history, family psychiatric history of ADHD, family function, socioeconomic status, psychosocial adversity, and adaptive function were assessed with standardized instruments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SADHD in the first 6 months after injury occurred in 18 of 115 (16%) of returning participants. All subtypes of ADHD occurred. Socioeconomic status (p = .041) and orbitofrontal gyrus lesions (p = .005) independently significantly predicted SADHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with research on developmental ADHD that implicate psychosocial factors and prefrontal structural and functional differences between those with and without the disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA. jmax@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Max
authors.forename: Russell J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schachar
authors.forename: Harvey S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ewing-Cobbs
authors.forename: Sandra B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Landis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors