title: Prevalence and size of directly detected patent foramen ovale in migraine with aura.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcranial contrast Doppler studies have shown an increased prevalence of right-to-left shunts in patients with migraine with aura compared with controls. The anatomy and size of these right-to-left shunts have never been directly assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional case-control study, the authors performed transesophageal contrast echocardiography in 93 consecutive patients with migraine with aura and 93 healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A patent foramen ovale was present in 44 (47% [95% CI 37 to 58%]) patients with migraine with aura and 16 (17% [95% CI 10 to 26%]) control subjects (OR 4.56 [95% CI 1.97 to 10.57]; p < 0.001). A small shunt was equally prevalent in migraineurs (10% [95% CI 5 to 18%]) and controls (10% [95% CI 5 to 18%]), but a moderate-sized or large shunt was found more often in the migraine group (38% [95% CI 28 to 48%] vs 8% [95% CI 2 to 13%] in controls; p < 0.001). The presence of more than a small shunt increased the odds of having migraine with aura 7.78-fold (95% CI 2.53 to 29.30; p < 0.001). Besides patent foramen ovale prevalence and shunt size, no other echocardiographic differences were found between the study groups. Headache and baseline characteristics did not differ in migraine patients with and without shunt.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nearly half of all patients with migraine with aura have a right-to-left shunt due to a patent foramen ovale. Shunt size is larger in migraineurs than controls. The clinical presentation of migraine is identical in patients with and without a patent foramen ovale.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Inselspital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwerzmann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nedeltchev
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lagger
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Mattle
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Windecker
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seiler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015984:Causality; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020325:Migraine with Aura / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D012701:Serotonin / Q000097:blood; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D012701:Serotonin