title: [Eye movement disturbances and working memory deficit in bipolar affective disorder].
abstract: THE AIM AND METHODS: The aim of this study was to assess the intensity and frequency of eye movement abnormalities measured with infrared reflectometry, and working memory disturbances assessed with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The study was performed in 87 patients with bipolar affective illness, in 119 patients with schizophrenia and in 90 healthy persons. In patients, the assessment was done during a mild symptomatic period or in remission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with bipolar affective illness significant disturbances of eye movement and working memory compared with healthy subjects were found. Frequency and intensity of fixation abnormalities was less intense compared to schizophrenic patients, while smooth pursuit abnormalities had a similar degree. Working memory disturbances in bipolar patients were, as to the ability of formulation of logical conception, of similar degree as in schizophrenia. On the other hand, as to the effectiveness of thinking, no difference compared with healthy controls was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained suggest that eye movement and working memory disturbances may constitute neurophysiological and neuropsychological endophenotypic markers of bipolar affective illness what makes possible using them in molecular genetic studies of this illness.
authors.affiliation: Zakład Neuropsychologii Klinicznej AM, Bydgoszczy.
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borkowska
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leszczyńska-Rodziewicz
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kapelski
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: Rybakowski
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Janusz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared