title: The effect of dosing frequency on the pharmacokinetics of a fentanyl HCl patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The fentanyl HCl patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS) is a noninvasive, needle-free, credit card-sized drug delivery system designed for the on-demand management of acute pain in a medically supervised setting. The objective of these studies was to determine the effect of dosing frequency on the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl delivered by the PCTS.
  
  
  METHODS
  All three studies were single-centre, open-label, randomised, crossover studies. The fentanyl HCl PCTS was applied to the upper outer arm of all participants. In the first study, participants (n = 30) received three fentanyl HCl PCTS 25 microg treatments: two sequential doses hourly for 23.33 hours, six sequential doses every 3 hours for 22 hours, and 72 doses continuously over 12 hours. Participants (n = 31) in the second study received three fentanyl HCl PCTS 40 microg treatments: two sequential doses hourly over 23.33 hours, six sequential doses every 3 hours over approximately 10 hours, and 80 doses continuously over 13.33 hours. In the third study, participants (n = 28) received four fentanyl HCl PCTS 40 microg treatments: 6, 18, 36 and 80 doses over 1, 3, 6 and 13.33 hours, respectively. Naltrexone was used to block the opioid effects of fentanyl. Pharmacokinetic parameters, including maximum serum fentanyl concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (tmax), area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) and terminal half-life (t(1/2)) were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first study, the dose-normalised AUC (AUCn) values for the 2- and 6-dose sequence treatments were not significantly different (p = 0.937), suggesting that the frequency of dosing has little effect on the amount of fentanyl absorbed; however, the AUCn for the 72-dose treatment was significantly lower than that of the other treatments (p = 0.001), which were of longer duration. The results of the second study paralleled those from the first, suggesting that the bioavailability of fentanyl delivered by the PCTS increases as a function of time and is likely to be independent of dosing frequency. Results from the third study suggested that approximately 40% of the nominal 40 microg fentanyl dose is absorbed during the first hour of treatment, with the full nominal dose absorbed after approximately 10 hours. The fentanyl HCl PCTS was well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amount of fentanyl absorbed from the PCTS increases as a function of time and is independent of both dosing frequency and total number of doses delivered. The fentanyl HCl PCTS is generally safe and well tolerated.
authors.affiliation: ALZA Corporation, Mountain View, California 94043, USA. Gayatri.Sathyan@alza.com
authors.forename: Gayatri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sathyan
authors.forename: Katayoun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zomorodi
authors.forename: Shalini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gidwani
authors.forename: Suneel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D005283:Fentanyl