title: Comparison of water, oils and emulsifiable adjuvant oils as formulating agents for Metarhizium anisopliae for use in control of Boophilus microplus.
abstract: Studies were conducted to identify oil-based formulating agents (paraffinic oil, palm oil and emulsifiable adjuvant oils (EAOs)) for Metarhizium anisopliae that were superior to water with simple surfactants using a germination test and a bioassay against Boophilus microplus. Germination of conidia in all formulations, except 10% coconut EAO, produced more than 68% germination at 24 h and nearly 100% at 48 h. Coconut oil (average survival time (AST) = 4.6 +/- 0.28 days) and 10% liquid paraffin EAO (AST = 4.4 +/- 0.15 days) enhanced the pathogenicity of M. anisopliae to B. microplus relative to water (AST = 8.4 +/- 0.42 days). M. anisopliae in 10% liquid paraffin EAO was the most effective formulation having a moderately high germination after 24 h and a low AST as well as a high AST in the control. In the second experiment, germination of conidia in 2% liquid paraffin EAO and 2% Cropspray was higher than in 2% Codacide oil at 24 h, however, all treatments reached 100% germination after 48 h. The ASTs of the EAO based M. anisopliae formulations (Average AST = 6.4 +/- 0.54 days) were similar but lower that the ASTs of the controls (Average AST = 9.6 +/- 0.28 days).
authors.affiliation: CAB International Caribbean and Latin America Regional Centre, Curepe, Trinidad and Tobago. p.polar@cabi.org
authors.forename: Perry
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Polar
authors.forename: Moses T K
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kairo
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Rupert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pegram
authors.forename: Sally-Ann
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: John
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D000074263:Coconut Oil; D045703:Emulsifying Agents; D005260:Female; D006999:Hypocreales / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D009821:Oils; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010232:Paraffin; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010938:Plant Oils; D013987:Ticks / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D045703:Emulsifying Agents; D009821:Oils; D010938:Plant Oils; D014867:Water; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010232:Paraffin; C015418:paraffin oils; D000074263:Coconut Oil