title: Desulfotomaculum carboxydivorans sp. nov., a novel sulfate-reducing bacterium capable of growth at 100% CO.
abstract: A moderately thermophilic, anaerobic, chemolithoheterotrophic, sulfate-reducing bacterium, strain CO-1-SRB(T), was isolated from sludge from an anaerobic bioreactor treating paper mill wastewater. Cells were Gram-positive, motile, spore-forming rods. The temperature range for growth was 30-68 degrees C, with an optimum at 55 degrees C. The NaCl concentration range for growth was 0-17 g l(-1); there was no change in growth rate until the NaCl concentration reached 8 g l(-1). The pH range for growth was 6.0-8.0, with an optimum of 6.8-7.2. The bacterium could grow with 100% CO in the gas phase. With sulfate, CO was converted to H(2) and CO(2) and part of the H(2) was used for sulfate reduction; without sulfate, CO was completely converted to H(2) and CO(2). With sulfate, strain CO-1-SRB(T) utilized H(2)/CO(2), pyruvate, glucose, fructose, maltose, lactate, serine, alanine, ethanol and glycerol. The strain fermented pyruvate, lactate, glucose and fructose. Yeast extract was necessary for growth. Sulfate, thiosulfate and sulfite were used as electron acceptors, whereas elemental sulfur and nitrate were not. A phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences placed strain CO-1-SRB(T) in the genus Desulfotomaculum, closely resembling Desulfotomaculum nigrificans DSM 574(T) and Desulfotomaculum sp. RHT-3 (99 and 100% similarity, respectively). However, the latter strains were completely inhibited above 20 and 50% CO in the gas phase, respectively, and were unable to ferment CO, lactate or glucose in the absence of sulfate. DNA-DNA hybridization of strain CO-1-SRB(T) with D. nigrificans and Desulfotomaculum sp. RHT-3 showed 53 and 60% relatedness, respectively. On the basis of phylogenetic and physiological features, it is suggested that strain CO-1-SRB(T) represents a novel species within the genus Desulfotomaculum, for which the name Desulfotomaculum carboxydivorans is proposed. This is the first description of a sulfate-reducing micro-organism that is capable of growth under an atmosphere of pure CO with and without sulfate. The type strain is CO-1-SRB(T) (=DSM 14880(T)=VKM B-2319(T)).
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology of Anthropogenic Environments, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 60 let Oktyabrya 7 b. 2, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Sofiya N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Parshina
authors.affiliation: Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sipma
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Hesselink van Suchtelenweg 4, 6703 CT Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakashimada
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Hesselink van Suchtelenweg 4, 6703 CT Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anne Meint
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Henstra
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Hesselink van Suchtelenweg 4, 6703 CT Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hauke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Smidt
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology of Anthropogenic Environments, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 60 let Oktyabrya 7 b. 2, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Anatoly M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lysenko
authors.affiliation: Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Piet N L
authors.initials: PNL
authors.lastname: Lens
authors.affiliation: Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gatze
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lettinga
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Hesselink van Suchtelenweg 4, 6703 CT Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alfons J M
authors.initials: AJM
authors.lastname: Stams
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D019149:Bioreactors; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000032:analysis; D045859:Desulfotomaculum / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020459:Genes, rRNA; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010209:Paper; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism*; D016999:Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012722:Sewage; D013431:Sulfates; D002248:Carbon Monoxide