title: National survey to measure rates of liver injury, hospitalization, and death associated with rifampin and pyrazinamide for latent tuberculosis infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cases of severe and fatal liver injury were reported after a 2-month course of rifampin-pyrazinamide therapy was recommended in 2000 as an alternative to isoniazid for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. We estimated rates of rifampin-pyrazinamide-associated liver injury and compared these with historical rates for isoniazid.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a survey of state and city tuberculosis programs and other health care settings in the United States where rifampin-pyrazinamide was prescribed. The number of rifampin-pyrazinamide therapy initiations was collected, as well as the number of occurrences of (1) asymptomatic aspartate aminotransferase serum concentration >5 times the upper limit of normal, (2) symptomatic hepatitis (in which the patient was not hospitalized), (3) hospitalization for liver injury, (4) death with liver injury, and (5) treatment completion. We also searched a national pharmacy claims database (Verispan). Rates of these events were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 139 programs, 110 (79%) responded; 87 (79%) had initiated rifampin-pyrazinamide therapy for a total of 8087 patients between January 2000 and June 2002. Rates per 1000 rifampin-pyrazinamide therapy initiations during this period were 25.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.3-29.3) for asymptomatic aspartate aminotransferase level >5 times the upper limit of normal and 18.7 (95% CI, 15.9-21.9) for hepatitis. Seven fatalities and 23 hospitalizations occurred, with rates of 0.9 (95% CI, 0.4-1.9) and 2.8 (95% CI, 1.8-4.3) per 1000 rifampin-pyrazinamide therapy initiations, respectively. Of 8087 patients, 64% completed rifampin-pyrazinamide therapy. The Verispan search revealed 1 rifampin-pyrazinamide-associated hospitalization (2.9 hospitalizations per 1000 rifampin-pyrazinamide therapy initiations; 95% CI, 0.1-18.4) and no deaths. Articles on the use of isoniazid therapy for latent tuberculosis infection that were published after 1990 reported fatality rates of 0.0-0.3 deaths per 1000 persons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rates of liver injury, hospitalization, and death associated with rifampin-pyrazinamide therapy exceed rates reported for isoniazid therapy. Because earlier randomized trials of rifampin-pyrazinamide lacked adequate statistical power to detect fatal events, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that rifampin-pyrazinamide generally should not be used for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. tnavin@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: McElroy
authors.forename: Kashef
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ijaz
authors.forename: Lauren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jereb
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Iademarco
authors.forename: Kenneth G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Navin
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; D006306:Health Surveys; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011718:Pyrazinamide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012293:Rifampin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D011718:Pyrazinamide; D012293:Rifampin