title: Anoxic-epileptic seizures: observational study of epileptic seizures induced by syncopes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a large series of children with anoxic-epileptic seizures (AES)--that is, epileptic seizures induced by syncopes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case-note review in a tertiary paediatric neurology unit. For all 27 children seen with a definite diagnosis of AES between 1972 and 2002, a review of clinical histories, videotapes, and EEG/ECG studies was undertaken. Main outcome measures were: age of onset, frequency and type of syncopes; age of onset and frequency of AES; type and duration of induced epileptic seizures; effect of treatment of syncopal and epileptic components.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age of onset of syncopes was 8 months (range 0.2-120), frequency 2 in total to 40/day, median total approximately 200. Syncopes were predominantly reflex asystolic (RAS), prolonged expiratory apnoea (cyanotic breath-holding spells), or of mixed or uncertain origin; there was one each of ear piercing and hair grooming vasovagal syncope and one of compulsive Valsalva. Median age of onset of AES was 17 months (range 7-120), frequency from total 1 to 3/day, median total 3. The epileptic component was almost always bilateral clonic; three had additional epilepsy, one each with complex partial seizures, myoclonic absences, and febrile seizures plus. Median duration of epileptic component was 5 minutes (range 0.5-40, mean 11). Cardiac pacing prevented RAS in two patients: most other anti-syncope therapies were ineffective. Diazepam terminated the epileptic component in 6/8. Valproate or carbamazepine abolished AES in 5/7 without influencing syncope frequency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although uncommon compared with simple syncopes, syncope triggered epileptic seizures (AES) are an important treatable basis of status epilepticus.
authors.affiliation: Fraser of Allander Neurosciences Unit, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Horrocks
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nechay
authors.forename: J B P
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zuberi
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001049:Apnea / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000150:complications*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013575:Syncope / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D019462:Syncope, Vasovagal / Q000150:complications; D014636:Valsalva Maneuver
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants