title: The characteristics of information and avoiding surprises.
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Heather J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Gert
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D030881:Disclosure / Q000941:ethics* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000941:ethics*; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment