title: Effect of growth factors on cell proliferation, matrix deposition, and morphology of human nasal septal chondrocytes cultured in monolayer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tissue engineering of septal cartilage provides ex vivo growth of cartilage from a patient's own septal chondrocytes for use in craniofacial reconstruction. To become clinically applicable, it is necessary to rapidly expand a limited population of donor chondrocytes and then stimulate the production of extracellular matrix on a biocompatible scaffold. The objective of this study was to determine favorable serum-free culture conditions for proliferation of human septal chondrocytes using various concentrations and combinations of four growth factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasal septal chondrocytes from six patient donors were isolated by enzymatic digestion and expanded in monolayer culture in both serum-free media (SFM) and 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Both of these groups were exposed to varying concentrations and combinations of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 both at 1, 5, and 25 ng/mL, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, both at 5, 25, and 125 ng/mL in the medium during the expansion phase. Cell morphology was assessed throughout the culture duration. After 7 days of monolayer growth, cultures were assessed for cellularity and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The addition of low-dose FBS in culture media consistently led to significantly greater cell proliferation and matrix deposition than the SFM cell cultures. FGF-2 and TGF-beta1 both alone and in combination led to the greatest proliferative effect compared with the other growth factors. In contrast, BMP-2 and IGF-1 led to the least cell proliferation although was most effective in retaining chondrocyte cell morphology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the addition of TGF-beta1 and FGF-2 to culture media, the concentration of serum can be greatly decreased and possibly eliminated altogether without jeopardizing cell proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Diego, and San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, VA Hospital, 3350 La Jolla Drive #112C, San Diego, CA 92161, USA. jrichmon@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Richmon
authors.forename: August B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Sage
authors.forename: Elliot
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: Barbara L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sah
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000032:analysis; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000166:cytology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D006133:Growth Substances; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I