title: Costimulatory molecules as adjuvants for immunotherapy.
abstract: Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are by definition either weakly immunogenic or functionally nonimmunogenic. Therefore, efforts have concentrated on the development of vaccine strategies in which the presentation of TAAs to the immune system results in far greater activation of T cells than that occurring naturally in the host. Several strategies are being explored in our laboratory and others to enhance the immunogenicity of TAAs. These are: (a) placing the gene coding for the tumor antigen, as a transgene, into poxvirus vectors. (b) The use of diversified prime and boost vaccine strategies employing two different types of poxvirus vectors. (c) The use of T-cell costimulation; accomplished by placing transgenes for different T-cell costimulation molecules into viral vectors along with the transgenes for the TAA. (d) Altering the amino acid sequence of the TAA to enhance the host immune response. (e) The use of cytokines, and in particular GM-CSF, as a biologic adjuvant. This review will focus on the current state of the use of costimulatory molecules as adjuvants for immunotherapy, and in particular, as immunomodulators for cancer vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1750, USA. jh241d@nih.gov
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.forename: Kwong-Yok
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sabzevari
authors.forename: Chie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kudo-Saito
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Grosenbach
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gulley
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Arlen
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Panicali
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schlom
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D018968:CD58 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D011212:Poxviridae / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D019076:Transgenes
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D018968:CD58 Antigens; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D016207:Cytokines; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor