title: Response shift masks the treatment impact on patient reported outcomes (PROs): the example of individual quality of life in edentulous patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Quality of life (QoL) is now established as an important outcome for evaluating the impact of disease, and for assessing the efficacy of treatments. However, individuals change with time and the basis on which they make a QoL judgement may also change, a phenomenon increasingly referred to as response shift. Here, the individual may change his or her internal standards, values, and/or conceptualization on the target construct as a result of external factors such as a treatment or a change in health status. This has important implications for assessing the effects of treatments as a change in QoL may reflect a response shift, a treatment effect, or a complex combination of both. In this study, we used an individualised quality of life (IQoL) measure, the SEIQoL, together with a then-test to determine whether response shift would influence the measurement of treatment efficacy in edentulous patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are reported here for the first phase of a randomised controlled clinical trial designed to assess the impact, on IQoL, of implant supported dentures compared with high quality conventional dentures. IQoL was measured using the SEIQoL-DW in 117 patients (mean age 64.8; 32% male) at baseline (T1) and 3 months (T2) after receiving high quality conventional dentures. The work was carried out in dental teaching hospitals in Dublin and Belfast.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unadjusted SEIQoL index scores revealed no significant impact of treatment at three months (baseline: 75.0; 3 months: 73.2, p = .33, n.s.). However, the then-test at 3 months revealed that patients retrospectively rated their baseline IQoL as significantly lower (P < .001) than they had rated it at the time (then-test baseline: 69.2). Comparison of the 3 month scores with this readjusted baseline indicated a significant treatment effect (then-test baseline: 69.2; 3 months: 73.2, p = 0.016). 81% of patients nominated at least one different IQoL domain at 3 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The positive impact of denture treatment for edentulous patients on IQoL was seen only when response shifts were taken into consideration. The nature of the response shifts was highly complex but the data indicated a degree of re-conceptualization and reprioritisation. Assessment of the impact of treatments using patient-generated reports must take account of the adaptive nature of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Mercer Street Lower, Dublin 2, Ireland. lena.ring@farmaci.uu.se
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ring
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Höfer
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Heuston
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Ciaran A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: O'Boyle
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000523:psychology*; D003796:Dental Service, Hospital; D003824:Denture, Complete / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009066:Mouth, Edentulous / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome