title: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) inhibits c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) activation by transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) through ubiquitin-mediated proteosomal degradation of the TGF-beta1-activated kinase 1 (TAK1).
abstract: Active NF-kappaB renders malignant hepatocytes refractory to the growth inhibitory and pro-apoptotic properties of transforming growth factorbeta1 (TGF-beta1). NF-kappaB counteracts TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis through up-regulation of downstream target genes, such as XIAP and Bcl-X(L), which in turn inhibit the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. In addition, induction of NF-kappaB by TGF-beta1 inhibits JNK signaling, thereby attenuating TGF-beta1-induced cell death of normal hepatocytes. However, the mechanism involved in the negative cross-talk between the NF-kappaB and JNK pathways during TGF-beta1 signaling has not been determined. In this study, we have identified the XIAP gene as one of the critical mediators of NF-kappaB-mediated suppression of JNK signaling. We show that NF-kappaB plays a role in the up-regulation of XIAP gene expression in response to TGF-beta1 treatment and forms a TGF-beta1-inducible complex with TAK1. Furthermore, we show that the RING domain of XIAP mediates TAK1 polyubiquitination, which then targets this molecule for proteosomal degradation. Down-regulation of TAK1 protein expression inhibits TGF-beta1-mediated activation of JNK and apoptosis. Conversely, silencing of XIAP promotes persistent JNK activation and potentiates TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis. Collectively, our findings identify a novel mechanism for the regulation of JNK activity by NF-kappaB during TGF-beta1 signaling and raise the possibility that pharmacologic inhibition of the NF-kappaB/XIAP signaling pathway might selectively abolish the pro-oncogenic activity of TGF-beta1 in advanced hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) without affecting the pro-apoptotic effects of TGF-beta1 involved in normal liver homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Cancer Institute (UTCI), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.
authors.forename: Swayamjot
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Manickam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Venkatraman
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arsura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000873:Anthracenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D020868:Gene Silencing; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D000099151:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 7
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D008156:Luciferases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8; D016328:NF-kappa B; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D025801:Ubiquitin; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D000099151:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 7; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; C508962:Tgfb1 protein, rat; C432165:pyrazolanthrone