title: Prevalence of Yersinia species in goat flocks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the epidemiology of Yersinia species in healthy goats in New Zealand, in particular to determine the prevalence of farms with infected goats, the prevalence of infected goats on those farms, the serotypes involved, and potential risk factors for carriage.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of Yersinia infection in infected flocks in a study population of thirty commercial goat farms in the Manawatu region of New Zealand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infection was detected on 60% of farms in an initial study. In a prevalence study on 18 infected farms, the study population comprised 6770 animals (mean of 376, median of 175 and range of 36 to 1295 goats/farm). Of 902 goats (296 < 1 year, 178 1 to 2 years, and 428 > 2 years) sampled from the study population, 135 (73 < 1 year, 21 1 to 2 years, and 41 > 2 years) were excreting Yersinia spp, giving an overall prevalence of 14.97% (95% confidence interval [CI]; 12.8 to 17.4) with individual farm prevalences ranging from 0.0 (+ 7.9) to 58.14% (95% Cl, 43.3 to 71.6). Goats < 1 year were more likely to be infected than 1-2 year and > 2 year old animals (relative risk [RR] = 2.1; 95% Cl, 1.3 to 3.3) and 2.6 (95% Cl, 1.8 to 3.6) respectively), but there was no significant difference between risks for 1 to 2 year and > 2 year goats (RR = 1.2; 95% CI, 0.7 to 2.0). Yersinia enterocolitica was the most common species isolated in the youngest age group, with prevalence declining with increasing age, while other species were more common in the older age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Yersinia infections were common in goats in the study region, with younger animals apparently more susceptible to infection and in particular to infection with Y enterocolitica. The prevalence on infected farms appeared to decrease as flock size increased and to increase as stocking rates and the number of paddocks grazed increased.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Lanada
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Fenwick
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000818:Animals; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006041:Goats; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D011156:Population Density; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012703:Serotyping / Q000662:veterinary; D015007:Yersinia / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015009:Yersinia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D015008:Yersinia enterocolitica / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification