title: Myocardial recovery using ventricular assist devices: prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ventricular assist devices (VADs) are important bridges to cardiac transplantation. VAD support may also function as a bridge to ventricular recovery (BTR); however, clinical predictors of recovery and long-term outcomes remain uncertain. We examined the prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes of BTR subjects in a large single center series.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We implanted VADs in 154 adults at the University of Pittsburgh from 1996 through 2003. Of these implants, 10 were BTR. This included 2/80 (2.5%) ischemic patients (supported 42 and 61 days, respectively). Both subjects had surgical revascularization, required perioperative left VAD support, and were alive and transplant-free at follow up (232 and 1319 days, respectively). A larger percentage of nonischemic patients underwent BTR (8/74, 11%; age 30+/-14; 88% female; left ventricular ejection fraction 18+/-6%; supported 112+/-76 days). Three had myocarditis, 4 had post-partum cardiomyopathy (PPCM), and 1 had idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Five received biventricular support. After explantation, ventricular function declined in 2 PPCM patients who then required transplantation. Ventricular recovery in the 6 nonischemic patients surviving transplant-free was maintained (left ventricular ejection fraction 54+/-5%; follow-up 1.5+/-0.9 years). Overall, 8 of 10 BTR patients are alive and free of transplant (follow-up 1.6+/-1.1 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a large single center series, BTR was evident in 11% of nonischemic patients, and the need for biventricular support did not preclude recovery. For most BTR subjects presenting with acute inflammatory cardiomyopathy, ventricular recovery was maintained long-term. VAD support as BTR should be considered in the care of acute myocarditis and PPCM.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kormos
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murali
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heffernan
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gorcsan
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Winowich
authors.forename: Dennis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: McNamara
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D007423:Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008102:Liver Circulation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000150:complications; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase