title: Migration of contaminants by gas phase transfer from carton board and corrugated board box secondary packaging into foods.
abstract: The gas phase transfer of substances from carton board (CB) and corrugated box board (CBB) through intervening layers to foods was studied. Substances covering a boiling point range of 252-425 degrees C and a range of polarities were incorporated into CB and CBB secondary packaging. Benzophenone was present in some CB materials. Where it was not already present in CB or CBB secondary packaging, it was deliberately incorporated for transfer studies. Transfer of substances was measured in nine foodstuff types stored in the secondary packaging at ambient and sub-ambient temperature. The foods were packaged in primary packaging materials that would be used in retail. Two food types were packed and stored in both single- and multipack formats. Foods were sampled at 0, 10, 30, 90 and 200 days and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after high-performance size exclusion chromatography clean-up. Percentage transfer was between 0 and 100%. The overall trends were increased transfer of substances with increased storage time; a more rapid transfer of the more volatile substances compared with the less volatile ones and higher levels of transfer of the more volatile substances. No transfer of diheptyl phthalate (DHP) (bp 425 degrees C) as an incorporated substance was detected to any foods over the test period. The presence of an additional layer of packaging (multipack versus single pack) was shown to reduce transfer up to fourfold over 200 days and to increase the lag period for transfer. In terms of slowing transfer, metallized PP/PP laminate proved a more effective barrier than PP which was more effective than paper. It is postulated that there is a cut-off threshold for transfer at ambient and sub-ambient temperatures. Substances that are less volatile than the cut-off are anticipated not to transfer from secondary packaging to foods stored for up to 200 days, where the substances are present in the packaging at or below the levels tested in this study (up to 1 mg dm-2). In this study the volatility cut-off threshold lay between that of 2,2-dimethoxyphenylacetophenone (2,2-DMPAP) (an incorporated substance with bp 352 degrees C) and DHP. Ideally, the cut-off threshold should be expressed in terms of vapour pressure in the packaging material. In practical terms, it may be more appropriate to express as partition coefficient as this is simpler to determine experimentally.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Science & Drug Monitoring, School Health & Life Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK. sue.jickells@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jickells
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Poulin
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mountfort
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernàndez-Ocaña
mesh_terms: D000098:Acetophenones / Q000737:chemistry; D000840:Anisoles / Q000737:chemistry; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000737:chemistry; D002182:Candy; D002523:Edible Grain; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D018857:Food Packaging; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000737:chemistry; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D014908:Triticum
chemical_list: D000098:Acetophenones; D000840:Anisoles; D001577:Benzophenones; D009281:Naphthalenes; D010795:Phthalic Acids; C452198:2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone; C031721:naphthalene; C110228:2,4,6-trichloroanisole; C047723:benzophenone; C089799:diheptyl phthalate