title: Pharmacological characterization of stress-induced hyperthermia in DBA/2 mice using metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptor ligands.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accumulating evidence suggests that drugs acting on the glutamatergic system may represent promising novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of anxiety disorders. The stress-induced hyperthermia paradigm has been used widely to model some of the physiological symptoms associated with anxiety disorders and has produced results that are predictive of clinical efficacy. We have modified this paradigm to measure the autonomic consequences of stress induced by the fear of predation in mice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of several classes of metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptor ligands, as well as known anxiolytics and psychotropic comparators, in attenuating predatory-stress-induced hyperthermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male DBA/2 mice were implanted with radiotelemetric transmitters in the peritoneal cavity to measure stress-related increases in core body temperature, following placement in a novel cage containing soiled rat shavings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinically active compounds such as chlordiazepoxide (5-10 mg/kg), alprazolam (0.3-3 mg/kg), and buspirone (10-30 mg/kg) exhibited an anxiolytic profile. Assessment of glutamatergic agents indicated that the mGlu1 receptor antagonist LY456236 (10-30 mg/kg), mGlu5 receptor antagonist MPEP (10-30 mg/kg), mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY354740 (3-10 mg/kg), mGlu2 receptor potentiator LY566332 (30 and 100 mg/kg), mGlu8 receptor agonist (S)-3,4-dicarboxyphenylglycine (30-60 mg/kg), competitive NMDA receptor antagonist LY235959 (1 mg/kg), AMPA receptor antagonist GYKI-52466 (10-20 mg/kg), and glycine transporter-1 (GlyT-1) inhibitor ALX-5407 (3-10 mg/kg) dose-dependently attenuated stress-induced hyperthermia. The AMPA receptor potentiator LY451646, iGlu5 kainate receptor antagonist LY382884, glycine(B) receptor partial agonist D: -cycloserine, and GlyT-1 inhibitor ORG-24461 were ineffective in this model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Select metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptor ligands exhibited an anxiolytic profile, as measured by the attenuation of stress-induced hyperthermia, and may represent viable targets for the development of pharmacological treatments for anxiety-related disorders.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Discovery Research, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rorick-Kehn
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: McKinzie
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018683:Excitatory Amino Acid Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005334:Fever / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D018092:Kainic Acid Receptors / Q000502:physiology*; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000502:physiology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D018683:Excitatory Amino Acid Agents; D008024:Ligands; D018092:Kainic Acid Receptors; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate