title: Development of farnesyl transferase inhibitors: a review.
abstract: Farnesyl transferase inhibitors are a new class of biologically active anticancer drugs. The exact mechanism of action of this class of agents is, however, currently unknown. The drugs inhibit farnesylation of a wide range of target proteins, including Ras. It is thought that these agents block Ras activation through inhibition of the enzyme farnesyl transferase, ultimately resulting in cell growth arrest. In preclinical models, the farnesyl transferase inhibitors showed great potency against tumor cells; yet in clinical studies, their activity was far less than anticipated. Reasons for this disappointing clinical outcome might be found in the drug-development process. In this paper, we outline an algorithm that is potentially useful for the development of biologically active anticancer drugs. The development of farnesyl transferase inhibitors, from discovery to clinical trials, is reviewed on the basis of this algorithm. We found that two important steps of this algorithm were underestimated. First, understanding of the molecular biology of the defective pathway has mainly been focused on H-Ras activation, whereas activation of K-Ras or other farnesylated proteins is probably more important in tumorigenesis. Inhibition of farnesylation is possibly not sufficient, because geranylgeranylation might activate K-Ras and suppress the effect of farnesyl transferase inhibitors. Furthermore, a well-defined proof of concept in preclinical and clinical studies has not been achieved. Integrating the proposed algorithm in future studies of newly developed biologically active anti-cancer drugs might increase the rate of success of these compounds in patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam.
authors.forename: Natalie M G M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Appels
authors.forename: Jos H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Beijnen
authors.forename: Jan H M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Schellens
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015195:Drug Design; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051231:Farnesyltranstransferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003986:Dibenzocycloheptenes
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D051231:Farnesyltranstransferase; D007093:Imidazoles; D010880:Piperidines; D011725:Pyridines; D015363:Quinolones; D018631:ras Proteins; C425231:L 778,123; C115354:lonafarnib; D003986:Dibenzocycloheptenes; C415151:7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine; C402769:tipifarnib