title: [Effectiveness of clonidine and fentanyl addition to bupivacaine in postoperative patient controlled epidural analgesia].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this prospective randomized double-blinded study was to compare the analgesic and side-effects of bupivacaine in combination with clonidine or fentanyl during patient-controlled-epidural analgesia (PCEA) in the postoperative period after abdominal hysterectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  75 patients from 18 to 65 years of age with ASA status I - II were investigated. After preoperative epidural catheterization, the patients were operated in general anesthesia. After surgery, the patients were randomly allocated to 3 PCEA-groups: Group B 0.125 % bupivacaine, Group F 0.125 % bupivacaine plus 1 microg x ml (-1) fentanyl, Group C 0.125 % bupivacaine plus 0.75 microg x ml (-1) clonidine (10 ml loading dose, 5 ml repetitive bolus dose, 10 min lockout time, 30 ml limit within 4 h). During the following 24 hours, hemodynamic parameters, pain score using visual analog scale (VAS), total analgesic consumption, additional analgesic requirements, sedation, satisfaction, nausea scores and probable side-effects were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total analgesic consumption was not different between Group F and Group C, but lower than in Group B (p < 0.05). Additional analgesic use was not different between the groups. Group F and Group C had lower VAS-scores in 24 hours than Group B (p < 0.05). Hemodynamic and sedation scores of patients were not different. In Group C, incidence of nausea was lower and satisfaction of patients was higher (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of clonidine or fentanyl to local anesthetics for PCEA can reduce the analgetic demand. Epidural clonidine can reduce postoperative nausea and is connected with higher patients' satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: Arzt für Anästhesie, Celal Bayar Universität, Medizinische Fakultät, Abteilung Anästhesiologie.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Topcu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Luleci
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tekin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kefi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Erincler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003000:Clonidine; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine