title: Incisor trauma in an adolescent Arab population: prevalence, severity, and occlusal risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Incisor trauma is a significant clinical problem in children and adolescents. The purposes of this study were to report on the prevalence and severity of incisor trauma in a large population-based sample of adolescent Kuwaiti residents in the early permanent dentition, to determine the ages of and reasons for the injuries, and to test for any effects of sex, incisor occlusion, and lip coverage on the prevalence of incisor trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presence and type of traumatic injury were scored according to the National Institute of Dental Research index in a population-based sample of 795 girls and 788 boys with a mean age of 13.24 years (SD 0.42).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Trauma prevalence was higher (P < .001) in boys (19.3%) than in girls (9.7%), and in the maxilla (13.6%) than in the mandible (1.5%). Most (77.3 %) of the affected subjects had only 1 injured tooth, and most (83.7%) of the traumatized teeth were maxillary central incisors. A total of 90.3% of the injuries were unrepaired enamel or enamel/dentin fractures. The major reasons for the injuries were falls and blows indoors (48.4%) or outdoors (41.6%). Nearly two-thirds (63.0%) of the traumas occurred at age 10 years or later. Mean overjet (OJ) was larger (3.9 v 3.0 mm, P < .01), and lip incompetence more frequent (12.7% v 7.3%, P < .01) among the subjects with injured maxillary incisors than among those without. Logistic regression showed that the odds of maxillary incisor trauma were 2.8 times higher in subjects with OJ between 6.5 and 9.0 mm, and 3.7 times higher in subjects with OJ > or = 9.5 mm than in subjects with OJ < or = 3.5 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple logistic regression showed that the risk of maxillary incisor trauma was about 2 times higher in boys than in girls, and that the risk increased by 13% for every millimeter of increase in OJ. Lip competence was not included in the model. No associations were found between occlusion and mandibular incisor trauma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental and Preventive Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City. artun@hsc.edu.kw
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Artun
authors.forename: Faraj
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Behbehani
authors.forename: Badreia
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Al-Jame
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kerosuo
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018912:Arabs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000293:injuries*; D007730:Kuwait / Q000453:epidemiology; D008046:Lip / Q000503:physiopathology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000150:complications; D008437:Maxilla; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D018677:Tooth Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data