title: The effect of ketamine on acute muscular ischaemia reperfusion in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate any possible protective effect of ketamine in acute muscular ischaemia and reperfusion injury by measuring malondialdehyde using thiobarbituric acid assay in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve female Wistar albino rats were anaesthetized with chloral hydrate and randomly assigned into two groups to receive ketamine 1 mg kg(-1) min(-1) or saline infusion. Blood and gastrocnemius muscle samples were obtained 10 min after onset of infusion, before ischaemia. Then, femoral arteries were clamped for 30 min. Blood and muscle samples were obtained at the 30th minute of ischaemia and 10 min after reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Muscle malondialdehyde concentrations were 27.88 +/- 2.45, 27.62 +/- 3.98 before ischaemia, 32.10 +/- 4.19, 30.77 +/- 2.73 in the 30th minute of ischaemia and 44.34 +/- 2.45, 34.83 +/- 2.78 after reperfusion in saline and ketamine-treated rats, respectively (nmol g(-1), mean +/- SD). The muscle malondialdehyde level after reperfusion was lower in ketamine-treated rats compared to saline group (P < 0.002). Plasma malondialdehyde levels were 3.77 +/- 0.16, 3.78 +/- 0.18 before ischaemia, 3.81 +/- 0.25, 4.00 +/- 0.86 at the 30th minute of ischaemia and 4.00 +/- 0.53, 3.94 +/- 0.95 after reperfusion, respectively, in saline and ketamine-treated rats (micromol L(-1), mean +/- SD). The effect of ketamine on muscular malondialdehyde was not observed in concurrent plasma malondialdehyde levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine was found to attenuate acute ischaemia-reperfusion injury in muscle tissue in rats (muscular protective). Ketamine may attenuate lipid peroxidation in muscle tissue in tourniquet-requiring manoeuvres.
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Salman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dal
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Salman
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Iskit
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Aypar
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007511:Ischemia / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D007649:Ketamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008054:Lipid Peroxides / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013858:Thiobarbiturates / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D008054:Lipid Peroxides; D020011:Protective Agents; D013858:Thiobarbiturates; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D007649:Ketamine; C029684:thiobarbituric acid