title: Fruits, vegetables, and antioxidants and risk of gastric cancer among male smokers.
abstract: The effect of consumption of fruits, vegetables, and antioxidants on the incidence of gastric cancer is inconclusive. In this prospective cohort study, we report the association of dietary intake of fruits, vegetables, antioxidants, and baseline serum levels of antioxidants with subsequent incidence of gastric cardia cancer (GCC) and gastric noncardia cancer (GNCC). Participants of this study were 29,133 male smokers recruited into the alpha-Tocopherol, beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention study between 1985 and 1988. At baseline, a self-administered food use questionnaire with 276 food items was used to assess dietary intake. Baseline serum samples were stored at -70 degrees C. During a median follow-up of 12 years, 243 incident gastric adenocarcinomas (64 GCC and 179 GNCC) were diagnosed in this cohort, of whom 220 (57 GCC and 163 GNCC) had complete dietary information. For GCC, high dietary intake of retinol was protective [hazard ratio (HR), 0.46; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.27-0.78], but high intake of alpha-tocopherol (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.20-3.54) and gamma-tocopherol (HR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.13-3.34) increased risk. For GNCC, higher intakes of fruits (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.37-0.71), vitamin C (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.41-0.86), alpha-tocopherol (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.55-1.10), gamma-tocopherol (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.49-0.96), and lycopene (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.47-0.95) were protective. Our results suggest a difference in the effect of some of these exposures on GCC and GNCC. Tocopherols were associated with higher risk of GCC, whereas dietary intake of fruits, vitamin C, tocopherols, and lycopene seemed protective for GNCC.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7232, USA.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nouraie
authors.forename: Pirjo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pietinen
authors.forename: Farin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kamangar
authors.forename: Sanford M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dawsey
authors.forename: Christian C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Abnet
authors.forename: Demetrius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albanes
authors.forename: Jarmo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virtamo
authors.forename: Philip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D018890:Chemoprevention; D004032:Diet; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010919:Placebos