title: Effects of vegetable fats versus lard in milk replacers on feed intake, digestibility, and growth in Finnish Ayrshire bull calves.
abstract: The aim was to study whether vegetable fat mixtures could be used instead of lard [15.2% in dry matter (DM)] in milk replacers without impairing the performance of Finnish Ayrshire bull calves (n = 58). The growth performance of the calves was measured before and after weaning from 14 d to 6 mo of age. The following 3 fat sources in a milk replacer were studied: 1) a mixture of palm, coconut, and rapeseed oil, 2) palm and coconut oil, and 3) lard. The calves were bucket-fed 2 L of milk replacer 3 times per day. The milk replacer contained 116 g of DM/L, resulting in an average DM intake of 4.8 g of DM/kg of body weight0.75 (BW0.75) during the 8-wk trial, after which the calves were weaned. All the calves had free access to water, commercial starter, and grass silage before weaning. The weaned calves had free access to water and grass silage and were given 3 kg/d (air-dry basis) of a commercial concentrate mixture. The concentrate was replaced by barley when the bulls were 4.5 mo old. There were no significant differences between the diets in feed intake and apparent diet digestibility. The health and BW of the calves were similar during the study. The feed conversion rate (kg of DM intake/kg of gain) before weaning was significantly greater for the lard diet compared with the 2 vegetable fat mixtures. After weaning, the feed conversion rate was slightly lower for the diet that included the palm, coconut, and rapeseed oil mixture than for the diet that included palm and coconut oil mixture. The study showed that the 2 mixtures consisting solely of vegetable oils were effective dietary components, thus providing 2 alternative fat mixtures of milk replacers, for use instead of lard in formulating commercial calf milk replacers.
authors.affiliation: MTT Agrifood Research Finland, North Ostrobothnia Research Station, FIN-92400 Ruukki, Finland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huuskonen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khalili
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kiljala
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Joki-Tokola
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nousiainen
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D000074263:Coconut Oil; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004063:Digestion; D004435:Eating; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D001467:Hordeum; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008297:Male; D041941:Milk Substitutes; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006109:Poaceae; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D012820:Silage; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D010938:Plant Oils; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D000073878:Palm Oil; D000074263:Coconut Oil; C029310:lard