title: Changes in intracellular electrolyte concentrations during apoptosis induced by UV irradiation of human myeloblastic cells.
abstract: Decreases in the intracellular concentrations of both K(+) and Cl(-) have been implicated in playing a major role in the progression of apoptosis, but little is known about the temporal relationship between decreases in electrolyte concentration and the key events in apoptosis, and there is no information about how such decreases affect different intracellular compartments. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis was used to determine changes in element concentrations (Na, P, Cl, and K) in nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria in U937 cells undergoing UV-induced apoptosis. In all compartments, the initial stages of apoptosis were characterized by decreases in [K] and [Cl]. The largest decreases in these elements were in the mitochondria and occurred before the release of cytochrome c. Initial decreases in [K] and [Cl] also preceded apoptotic changes in the nucleus. In the later stages of apoptosis, the [K] continued to decrease, whereas that of Cl began to increase toward control levels and was accompanied by an increase in [Na]. In the nucleus, these increases coincided with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, chromatin condensation, and DNA laddering. The cytoplasm was the compartment least affected and the pattern of change of Cl was similar to those in other compartments, but the decrease in [K] was not significant until after active caspase-3 was detected. Our results support the concept that normotonic cell shrinkage occurs early in apoptosis, and demonstrate that changes in the intracellular concentrations of K and Cl precede apoptotic changes in the cell compartments studied.
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscopy Unit, King's College London, Department of Ophthalmology, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas' Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arrebola
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernández-Segura
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Crespo
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Skepper
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Warley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D002713:Chlorine / Q000378:metabolism; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000737:chemistry*; D004573:Electrolytes; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D006801:Humans; D008223:Lymphoma; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D010758:Phosphorus; D002713:Chlorine; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium