Serum ferritin as a marker of potential biochemical iron overload in athletes.
OBJECTIVE
Beyond hematological manipulation, iron supplementation therapy is commonplace in athletes to counterbalance physiological or pathologic anemia and to prevent physiologic dysfunction. However, misuse of iron therapy, occasionally resulting in iron overload, is not free from metabolic risks.


METHODS
We planned to measure baseline serum ferritin concentration in sedentary individual and athletes.


METHODS
The Institute of Clinical Biochemistry of the Verona University. PARTICIPANTS Serum ferritin was measured in 60 male healthy sedentary controls, 80 amateur road cyclists, 42 male professional cross-country skiers, and 88 professional male road cyclists.


METHODS
The biochemical iron overload was ascertained by measuring baseline serum ferritin concentration as a reliable approach that mirrors the total body iron content.


METHODS
The concentration of serum ferritin in healthy controls was 112 +/- 78 ng/mL, whereas that of amateur cyclists, professional skiers, and professional cyclists was 127 +/- 76 ng/mL (P = 0.185), 183 +/- 130 ng/mL (P = 0.001), and 332 +/- 218 ng/mL (P < 0.001), respectively.


RESULTS
Both categories of professional athletes showed significantly increased concentrations of serum ferritin, whereas the concentration of amateur cyclists was comparable to that of healthy sedentary controls.


CONCLUSIONS
Professional endurance athletes have serum ferritin concentrations that are 2-fold to 3-fold higher than those of matched sedentary individuals and amateur athletes, exceeding the threshold for the diagnosis of biochemical iron overload and unveiling potential metabolic risks.
Lippi
Giuseppe
G
Istituto di Chimica e Microscopia Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy. ulippi@tin.it
Schena
Federico
F
Franchini
Massimo
M
Salvagno
Gian Luca
GL
Guidi
Gian Cesare
GC
D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000009:adverse effects; D019190:Iron Overload / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012865:Skiing / Q000502:physiology*
D015415:Biomarkers; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron