title: [Specific effects of boxing on functional parameters of the locomotor system].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Boxer that take part on contests regularly are characterized by high strains on the locomotor system. Especially the area of shoulder girdle and neck can be overused by the fighting posture and standard techniques, that are often associated with non-physiological patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 11 young boxers (age 14.6 +/- 0.6 years; 7.3 +/- 0.6 training units per week) and a control group (CG) of 52 male pupils (age 15.4 +/- 0.4 years) the static of head, shoulder girdle, and pelvis was detected by somatoscopy. Additionally, cyclical rotations of the cervical spine were measured using the 3-d-motion recording system CMS70 (Zebris, Germany) and the active range of motion was analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison to the CG, head and shoulder of the boxers were ventralised more often (p < 0.01). Furthermore, highly significant group differences in the bilateral position of the shoulder heights and the iliac crests were detected in the frontal plane. On average, the active maximal rotation of the boxers was decreased by 17.8 degrees (p = 0.006; d = 0.800).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study was able to detect significant differences in the analysed functional parameters of the locomotor system that may be explained by boxing specific strains and which are prerequisites of optimal performance. As long-term pathologic effects can not be excluded, adequate compensational exercises should be integrated in the training.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Sportmedizin und Prävention, Universität Potsdam. kittel@uni-potsdam.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kittel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Misch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ellwanger
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bittmann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Badtke
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D001914:Boxing / Q000502:physiology*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009333:Neck / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D010388:Pelvis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012782:Shoulder / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*