title: Atrazine degradation by encapsulated Rhodococcus erythropolis NI86/21.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an encapsulation procedure for Rhodococcus erythropolis NI86/21 and demonstrate its use as a slow-release inoculant for reducing atrazine levels in aquatic and terrestrial environments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alginate encapsulation procedures were developed for the atrazine-degrading bacteria R. erythropolis NI86/21. Several bead amendments, including bentonite, powdered activated carbon (PAC) and skimmed milk (SM), were evaluated for slow release of R. erythropolis NI86/21 and efficacy of atrazine degradation. All bead types demonstrated a capacity to degrade atrazine in basal minimal nutrient buffer whilst continually releasing viable bacterial cells. We found that the addition of bentonite hastened cell release whilst SM sustained cell viability in bead formulations. Reducing the percentage of SM to 1% (w/v) resulted in faster rates of atrazine degradation in both liquid and soil, and was found to prolong cell survival upon bead storage. Limited oxygen transfer affects the capacity of the encapsulated R. erythropolis cells to degrade atrazine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Degradation studies have demonstrated the efficacy of R. erythropolis encapsulated cells to degrade atrazine in amended liquid and soil. However, in their current formulation, the wet alginate-based beads are impractical for field application because of their poor cell viability during storage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  R. erythropolis NI86/21-encapsulated cells have the potential to reduce atrazine residues in a number of soil and water environments, possibly ensuring the continued registration and use of atrazine in agriculture by minimizing or eliminating nontarget effects.
authors.affiliation: New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar Agricultural Institute, Wollongbar, NSW, Australia. tony.vancov@dpi.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vancov
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jury
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Zwieten
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000378:metabolism; D001280:Atrazine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000378:metabolism; D006540:Herbicides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008863:Microspheres; D012240:Rhodococcus / Q000378:metabolism*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006540:Herbicides; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001280:Atrazine