title: An anatomical classification of the variations of the inferior phrenic vein.
abstract: The majority of anatomical textbooks of gross anatomy offer very little information concerning the anatomy and distribution of the inferior phrenic vein (IPV). However, in the last decade, an increasing number of reports have arisen, with reference to the endoscopic embolization of esophageal and paraesophageal varices, as well as venous drainage of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). The IPV is one of the major sources of collateral venous drainage in portal hypertension and HCC. The aim of this study was to identify the origin and distribution of the IPVs (right and left), both in normal and (selective) pathological cases. We have examined 300 formalin-fixed adult cadavers, without any visible gastrointestinal disease, and 30 cadavers derived from patients with HCC. The right IPV drained into the following: the inferior vena cava (IVC) inferior to the diaphragm in 90%, the right hepatic vein in 8%, and the IVC superior to the diaphragm in 2%. The left IPV drained into the following: the IVC inferior to the diaphragm in 37%, the left suprarenal vein in 25%, the left renal vein in 15%, the left hepatic vein in 14%, and both the IVC and the left adrenal vein in 1% of the specimens. The IPVs possessed four notable tributaries: anterior, esophageal, lateral and medial. The right IPV served as one of the major extrahepatic draining veins for all 30 cases of HCC. These findings could have potential clinical implications in the transcatheter embolization of esophageal and paraesophageal varices, as well as in mobilizing the supradiaphragmatic segment of IVC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, American University of the Caribbean, Jordan Road, Cupecoy, Lowlands, Sint Maarten, Netherlands Antilles. edsg2000@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Marios
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loukas
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hullett
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loiacano
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Skidd
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000098:blood supply; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000098:blood supply; D003097:Collateral Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000098:blood supply*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000098:blood supply; D005260:Female; D006503:Hepatic Veins / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000473:pathology; D014680:Veins / Q000473:pathology; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000473:pathology