title: The impact of reference pricing of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents on the use and costs of analgesic drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the effect of reference pricing (RP) of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on drug subsidy program and beneficiary expenditures on analgesic drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monthly claims data from Pharmacare, the public drug subsidy program for seniors in British Columbia, Canada, over the period of February 1993 to June 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  RP limits drug plan reimbursement of interchangeable medicines to a reference price, which is typically equal to the price of the lowest cost interchangeable drug; any cost above that is borne by the patient. Pharmacare introduced two different forms of RP to the NSAIDs, Type 1 in April 1994 and Type 2 in November 1995. Under Type 1 RP, generic and brand versions of the same NSAID are considered interchangeable, whereas under Type 2 RP different NSAIDs are considered interchangeable. We extrapolated average reimbursement per day of NSAID therapy over the months before RP to estimate what expenditures would have been without the policies. These counterfactual predictions were compared with actual values to estimate the impact of the policies; the estimated impacts on reimbursement rates were multiplied by the postpolicy volume of NSAIDS dispensed, which appeared unaffected by the policies, to estimate expenditure changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After Type 2 RP, program expenditures declined by $22.7 million (CAN), or $4 million (CAN), annually cutting expenditure by about half. Most savings accrued from the substitution of low-cost NSAIDs for more costly alternatives. About 20 percent of savings represented expenditures by seniors who elected to pay for partially reimbursed drugs. Type 1 RP produced one-quarter the savings of type 2 RP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type 2 RP of NSAIDs achieved its goal of reducing drug expenditures and was more effective than Type 1 RP. The effects of RP on patient health and associated health care costs remain to be investigated.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Grootendorst
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Holbrook
authors.forename: Lisa R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Dolovich
authors.forename: Bernie J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Adrian R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001955:British Columbia; D003363:Cost Control; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000191:economics*; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000191:economics*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005252:Fees, Pharmaceutical / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D017059:Models, Econometric; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016568:Drugs, Generic