title: Myocyte volume and function in response to osmotic stress: observations in the presence of an adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel opener.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypothermic hyperkalemic cardioplegia results in significant myocyte swelling and impaired contractility. These detrimental effects may be eliminated by the addition of an adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel opener. This study evaluated the hypothesis that a KATP channel opener (diazoxide) would benefit volume homeostasis by limiting volume and subsequent contractility changes during osmotic stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isolated rabbit ventricular myocyte volume and contractility were evaluated using video microscopy and field stimulation after exposure to osmotic stress at 37 degrees C. Myocytes were exposed to Tyrode's physiological solution for 20 minutes and test solution for 20 minutes, and then reexposed to Tyrode's for 20 minutes. Test solutions included control Tyrode's (1T) and osmotically altered Tyrode's (2.6T, 0.9T, and 0.6T) solutions with or without the KATP channel opener diazoxide. Severe osmotic stress (2.6T and 0.6T) resulted in significant cell shrinkage and swelling, respectively. This was unchanged by the addition of diazoxide. Mild hyposmotic stress (0.9T) resulted in significant cell swelling that was eliminated by the addition of diazoxide. Cell swelling was associated with reduced contractility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cell swelling, but not shrinkage, was detrimental to myocyte contractility. Diazoxide eliminated volume change due to mild hyposmotic stress, similar to that previously noted with hyperkalemic cardioplegia, but did not alter volume change secondary to severe osmotic stress.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mizutani
authors.forename: Sandip M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Angela D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Sellitto
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Schuessler
authors.forename: Ralph J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Damiano
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lawton
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003981:Diazoxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000166:cytology; D006706:Homeostasis; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology; D007038:Hypotonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D018715:Microscopy, Video; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000819:agonists* / Q000502:physiology; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D007038:Hypotonic Solutions; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D015221:Potassium Channels; C037692:Tyrode's solution; C117780:mitochondrial K(ATP) channel; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003981:Diazoxide