title: Predictors of secondary attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents 6 to 24 months after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the phenomenology and predictive factors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) after traumatic brain injury (TBI), also called secondary ADHD (SADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children without preinjury ADHD 5-14 years old with TBI from consecutive admissions (n = 143) to five trauma centers were observed prospectively from 6 to 12 months (12-month assessment) and from 12 to 24 months (24-month assessment) postinjury with semistructured psychiatric interviews. Injury and preinjury psychosocial variables were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SADHD occurred in 15 of 103 (15%) of participants between 6 and 12 months after injury and 17 of 82 (21%) in the second year after injury. SADHD was significantly (p < .05) comorbid with personality change due to TBI and new-onset disruptive behavior disorders. Preinjury adaptive function was a consistent predictor of SADHD. Regression analyses revealed that preinjury psychosocial adversity was an independent predictor of SADHD in the second year after injury. Neither severity of injury nor lesion location predicted SADHD from 6 to 24 months postinjury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Determination of preinjury psychosocial adversity and the child's preinjury functioning during the index hospitalization would improve identification of children at highest risk of development of SADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA. jmax@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Max
authors.forename: Russell J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schachar
authors.forename: Harvey S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ewing-Cobbs
authors.forename: Sandra B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Landis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors