title: Fatigue among HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence of operationally defined fatigue in an ethnically diverse HIV-infected population in south London, and to examine the association of fatigue with demographic characteristics, stage of disease, antiretroviral therapy and psychological factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive comparative cross-sectional study of HIV-infected patients attending a London HIV clinic over a 5-month period in 2002 was performed. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the local database. Participants completed four self-administered questionnaires-the Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFS), a measure of physical and mental fatigue; the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to detect anxiety and depression; the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) to measure functional status, and the Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ). Fatigue 'cases' were defined as those scoring at least 4 on the CFS. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the presence of fatigue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and five patients were approached and 148 (72%) agreed to participate. Overall, 65% of patients were defined as fatigued. Significant psychological distress on the GHQ-12, functional impairment on the SF-36 and a higher CD4 count were all independently associated with the presence of fatigue. There was no association with use of antiretroviral therapy or demographic characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of fatigue in HIV-infected patients is most strongly associated with psychological factors and not with more advanced HIV disease or the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. This highlights the importance of investigation and management of underlying depression and anxiety in patients presenting with fatigue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK. m.henderson@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Safa
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Easterbrook
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hotopf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D015497:HIV-1; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D019562:Viral Load