title: Middle cerebral artery stenosis: endovascular and surgical options.
abstract: Atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery stenosis is a rare but potentially devastating cause of cerebral ischemia and stroke. While medical management remains the mainstay for stroke prevention, surgical and/or endovascular intervention is indicated in selected patients. This article reviews the role of surgery and endovascular techniques in the treatment of middle cerebral artery stenosis based on its natural history, pathophysiology, and prognosis when treated medically.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Klopfenstein
authors.forename: Francisco A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Ponce
authors.forename: Louis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Felipe C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nakaji
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Spetzler