title: Management and outcome of complex hypospadias repairs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Repeated attempts at surgical repair of hypospadias may leave the penis scarred, hypovascular and shortened. We report on the clinical outcomes of our repaired complex hypospadias cases, often referred to as hypospadias cripples.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the records of 137 children and young adults from January 1980 through December 2002 who were referred to us after multiple unsuccessful hypospadias repairs. The records of 11 patients were inadequate. The ages of the remaining 126 patients ranged from 14 months to 35 years. The number of prior surgical procedures ranged from 2 to 23. Of the 126 cases 98 (78%) were repaired in a single stage (group 1) and 28 (22%) underwent multistage repairs (group 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major complications occurred in 17 cases (17%) in group 1 and in 2 (7%) in group 2. Major complications included repair breakdown, stricture, diverticulum and multiple fistulas. Minor complications occurred in 9 (9%) cases in group 1 and in 4 (14%) in group 2. Minor complications included a single small urethrocutaneous fistula, skin tethering, inclusion cysts and glandular irregularity. Urethral substitution using skin grafts and/or bladder mucosa resulted in a high complication rate of 32% and 37%, respectively, whereas use of buccal mucosa resulted in a 15% complication rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative psychological counseling and discussion with other parents or patients were helpful. We no longer use free skin grafts and/or bladder mucosa for urethral substitution. Waterproofing the urethral tube was performed using either a dartos or tunica vaginalis flap. When the quality of the tissues was poor or severely scarred a 2-stage repair was performed. When resurfacing the penis local skin flaps may be insufficient or unreliable, and rotation of scrotal skin flaps or burial of the penis in the scrotum (Cecil-Culp) offers dependable skin coverage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Schneider Children's Hospital, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, NY 11021, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Amukele
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stock
authors.forename: Moneer K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hanna
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome