title: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy with ultrasonography-guided renal access: experience from over 300 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report our experience with over 300 patients treated with percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL), for although PNL was established as a treatment in the 1970s, its use diminished with the introduction of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL); clinical experience with ESWL showed its limitations, and the role of PNL for treating urolithiasis was redefined, which with improvements in instruments and lithotripsy technology has expanded the capability of percutaneous stone disintegration.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 315 patients (156 males, 159 females, aged 13-85 years) treated with PNL in our department between 1987 and 2002. The mean (range) stone diameter was 27 (7-52) mm. The kidney was punctured under ultrasonography guidance via a lower-pole calyx whenever possible. The working channel was dilated using an Alken dilator under X-ray control. If necessary, a flexible renoscope was used. Ultrasonic, pneumatic and laser probes were used for lithotripsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four weeks after treatment the total stone-free rate was 96.5%; 45.7% of all patients were primarily stone-free, 21.3% had clinically insignificant residual stones that passed spontaneously within 4 weeks after PNL, and 33% of the patients needed auxiliary measures (a second PNL, ESWL, ureterorenoscopy). Overall, the early complication rate was 50.8%, the most common complications being transient fever (27.6%), clinically insignificant bleeding (7.6%) or both (3.2%); 3.5% of the patients developed urinary tract infections (with no signs of urosepsis), 3.2% had renal colic and 2.9% upper urinary tract obstruction. One patient (0.3%) developed acute pancreatitis after PNL; one died from urosepsis and one needed selective angiographic embolization of the punctured kidney due to bleeding. No patient required transfusions and there were no injuries to neighbouring organs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that PNL causes no significant blood loss or major complications in almost all patients. Two aspects may especially reduce the potential complications: ultrasonography-guided renal puncture and using PNL in an experienced centre. PNL is a highly efficient procedure that provides fast and safe stone removal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Mannheim University Hospital, Germany.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wendt-Nordahl
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heger
authors.forename: Maurice S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alken
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Knoll
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000601:surgery*