title: Autonomic impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of motor neurones, but it is increasingly recognized to be a more disseminated disease. The autonomic nervous system may also be involved. Here we review the literature with specific emphasis on autonomic functions in ALS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ample evidence exists for subclinical dysfunction of cardiovascular, sudomotor, gastrointestinal, salivary and lacrimal regulation, even in early ALS cases. Autonomic disturbances may lead to circulatory collapse or sudden death in respirator dependent patients. Several studies suggest the existence of sympathetic hyperactivity in ALS. We discuss some possible pathophysiological mechanisms of the subtle abnormalities and some clinical and treatment implications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The wide range of autonomic involvement, together with results suggesting cognitive and extrapyramidal dysfunction, supports the view that ALS is a multisystem degenerative disease.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center and the Sieratzki Chair of Neurology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Rositsa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baltadzhieva
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gurevich
authors.forename: Amos D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Korczyn
mesh_terms: D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D000818:Animals; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D004068:Digestive System Physiological Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology; D013542:Sweat / Q000502:physiology; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology