title: Pneumothorax as a complication of breast augmentation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pneumothorax is a recognized complication of breast augmentation which, until now, was thought to be rare. The authors hypothesize that it is more common than generally appreciated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A fax survey was sent to 363 members of the California Society of Plastic Surgeons in 2001, questioning their experience with this complication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survey response rate was 50 percent, revealing that one in three members of the California Society of Plastic Surgeons had at least one patient who experienced a pneumothorax, and one in 10 had experienced two or more complications of pneumothorax while performing breast augmentation. Sixty-two members reported a total of 83 separate pneumothoraces in their career. No local or hypodermic needle injections were used in 24 percent of these patients. Fifty-five percent of patients were hospitalized, with 71 percent of the cases paid for by insurance companies. Treatment consisted of observation and repeated chest radiograph in 33 percent, needle aspiration alone in 16 percent, and chest tube insertion in 47 percent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cause is difficult to determine, but causes suspected by respondents included intraoperative laceration of the pleura (43 percent), needle puncture at the time of local injection (37 percent), ruptured pulmonary blebs during or after the procedure (16 percent), and high anesthetic ventilation pressures (3 percent). The authors believe the complication of pneumothorax is more common than generally appreciated and is not necessarily caused by negligence. The authors now include this complication in their consent form and recommend keeping an intracatheter, pigtail catheter, or Heimlich valve in surgical facilities for treatment of a possible tension pneumothorax.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA. osborn@pscmail.com
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Osborn
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Stevenson
mesh_terms: D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology