title: Electrochemical imaging of fusion pore openings by electrochemical detector arrays.
abstract: Opening of individual exocytotic fusion pores in chromaffin cells was imaged electrochemically with high time resolution. Electrochemical detector arrays that consist of four platinum microelectrodes were microfabricated on a glass coverslip. Exocytosis of single vesicles containing catecholamines from a cell positioned on top of the array is detected by the individual electrodes as a time-resolved oxidation current, reflecting the time course of arrival of catecholamine molecules at the electrode surfaces. The signals exhibit low noise and reveal foot signals indicating fusion pore formation and expansion. The position of individual release events is determined from the fraction of catecholamines recorded by the individual electrodes. Simultaneous fluorescence imaging of release of acridine orange from individual vesicles confirmed the electrochemical position assignments. This electrochemical camera provides very high time resolution, spatiotemporal localization of individual fusion pore openings and quantitative data on the flux of transmitter from individual vesicles. Analysis of the amperometric currents employing random walk simulations indicates that the time course of amperometric spikes measured near the cell surface is due to a low apparent diffusion coefficient of catecholamines near the cell surface and not due to slow dissociation from the granular matrix.
authors.affiliation: School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hafez
authors.forename: Kassandra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kisler
authors.forename: Khajak
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berberian
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dernick
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valero
authors.forename: Ming G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.forename: Harold G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Craighead
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindau
mesh_terms: D000165:Acridine Orange / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D019439:Chromaffin Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005089:Exocytosis; D008839:Microelectrodes; D010984:Platinum; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D010984:Platinum; D000165:Acridine Orange