title: Maintenance of hemostasis in transoral robotic surgery.
abstract: The last decade has seen a tremendous growth in the field of robotic surgery with an increasing number of cardiac and urologic procedures performed each year. Several attributes of this technology may offer advantages to laryngeal and pharyngeal surgery in that it allows for exceptional visualization of the operative field, precise handling of soft tissues, and multiplanar transection of tissues. One potential limitation is the management of bleeding in transoral pharyngeal and laryngeal surgery, which is critical to prevent both intravascular volume loss and aspiration.
  
  
  
  To demonstrate methods for management of bleeding in the surgical field during transoral robotic surgery (TORS).
  
  
  
  We developed a canine robotic surgery model for the evaluation of the ability to control bleeding in laryngeal and pharyngeal procedures using the daVinci surgical robot (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif., USA). Both large- and small-vessel hemostasis was obtained with both robotically controlled monopolar and bipolar cautery and with robotically controlled small hemoclips. Additionally, manually controlled large hemoclips were applied by an assistant surgeon viewing on a video monitor for management of large arterial vessels. Suction was performed with both flexible suction catheters controlled by the robotic arms and with manually controlled conventional suction catheters. Data were collected with still and video photography.
  
  
  
  The lingual artery as well as small arteries and veins were easily controlled and there were no difficulties with maintenance of hemostasis.
  
  
  
  Effective hemostasis with control of both large and small vessels can be obtained using both surgical hemoclips and electrocautery during TORS in a canine model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., USA. nielhockstein@verizon.net
authors.forename: Neil G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Hockstein
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Bert W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: O'malley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000601:surgery; D001160:Arterioles / Q000601:surgery; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control; D004285:Dogs; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007830:Larynx / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery*; D008026:Ligation / Q000295:instrumentation; D023421:Models, Animal; D010614:Pharynx / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery*; D012371:Robotics; D013396:Suction / Q000295:instrumentation; D014059:Tongue / Q000098:blood supply; D014699:Venules / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D006490:Hemostatics