title: A multihazard, multistrategy approach to home remediation: results of a pilot study.
abstract: Many residential hazards are disproportionately concentrated in older, urban dwellings and share common underlying causes, such as uncorrected moisture problems and inadequate maintenance and cleaning. Comprehensive and affordable approaches to remediation are needed, but the feasibility and efficacy of such approaches has not been well documented. To address this gap, a multihazard, multimethod intervention, addressing deteriorated lead-based paint and lead dust, vermin, mold, and safety hazards was pilot-tested in a sample of 70 pre-1940 dwellings. Dwellings received paint stabilization, dust lead cleaning, integrated pest management (IPM), mold cleaning, and safety devices, as needed. The median remediation cost for labor and materials was 864.66 dollars (range: 120.00-5235.33 dollars) per dwelling. Environmental conditions were evaluated prior to, immediately following, and an average of 5 months after remediation. Between the baseline and 5-month follow-up periods, significant reductions were achieved in the number of dwellings with multiple (i.e., three or four) problems (75% vs. 23%, P<0.0001); high levels of dust lead on floors and window sills (67% and 46% declines, P<0.01); evidence of cockroaches or rodents (43% and 36% declines, P<0.01); and fire, electrical and/or fall hazards (between 67% and 88% declines, P<0.01). Significant reductions were also observed in the geometric mean (GM) dust lead levels on floors and window sills (13.3 vs. 5.0 microg/ft2 and 210.6 vs. 81.0 microg/ft2, respectively, P<0.0001) and Blatella germanica (Blag1) levels among dwellings with elevated baseline levels (7.7 vs. 0.09 U/g, P<0.0001). Reductions in mold dust levels were of borderline statistical significance (50% decline, P=0.07). The greatest declines in dust lead and Blag1 levels occurred in dwellings having the highest baseline levels and, for Blag1, in dwellings in which occupants attended training sessions. These results indicate that a comprehensive approach to hazard remediation can be highly effective and cost efficient and that overall improvements can be maintained. Further research is needed to clarify the most effective sampling strategies, educational and behavioral interventions, and optimal intervention frequency.
authors.affiliation: Urban Public Health Program, Hunter College, CUNY, 425 East 25th Street, NY 10010, USA. sklitzma@hunter.cuny.edu
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klitzman
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caravanos
authors.forename: Candice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Belanoff
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rothenberg
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002947:Cities; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004391:Dust; D005658:Fungi; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010150:Paint; D010571:Pest Control; D012449:Safety / Q000191:economics; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D014867:Water; D007854:Lead