title: Laparoscopic approach as primary treatment of common bile duct stones in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) are an effective strategy for choledocholithiasis, but complications such as pancreatitis and outcome in children are unknown. The laparoscopic cholecystectomy became the new gold standard in children for cholelithiasis. For the choledocholithiasis in children, the attitude is more controversial. We analyzed our series of laparoscopic approach for the management of choledocholithiasis in children to determine if it is an effective procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1996 and 2001, 126 children were treated for cholelithiasis in our institution; 13 children (10.3%) were managed for a choledocholithiasis. We reviewed age at symptom onset results of paraclinical examinations, the type of laparoscopic management, and postoperative outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age at clinical signs was 9.9 years (range, 3 months-15.5 years). One child was excluded because he had a preoperative ES. Twelve children had a laparoscopic cholecystectomy and cholangiogram at the same time. A choledocholithiasis was found in 10 cases. A flush of the common bile duct (CBD) was performed in all cases with a 3F or 5F ureteral catheter; the stone was pushed into the duodenum in 3 cases and successfully extracted in 3 with a 4F Dormia or Fogarty catheter. One child needed a conversion to open surgery. Three times, an ES was necessary in postoperative course in each case for clinical and biologic signs of CBD obstruction or pancreatitis (30%). All children are symptom-free with an average follow-up of 28 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic CBD exploration for choledocholithiasis can be performed safely in children at the time of cholecystectomy and can clear all of the stones in the CBD in two thirds of cases. If there is residual obstruction, a postoperative ES can be performed. We suggest primary treatment of choledocholithiasis by laparoscopic approach in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris, 75019, France. arnaud.bonnard@rdb.aphp.fr
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonnard
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Seguier-Lipszyc
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liguory
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benkerrou
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malbezin
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aigrain
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Lagausie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002758:Cholangiography; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome