title: [Microsurgical reconstruction of the burned upper extremity].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Free tissue transplantation is a rarely indicated procedure in burn reconstruction. As the versatility and variability of free flaps have significantly increased during recent years, so too have the indications for these procedures expanded.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively report the results of 42 free flaps for upper extremity reconstruction in 35 severely burned patients using 13 different free flaps. This experience has enabled us to establish reconstructive principles pertinent to the type of injury (burn versus high voltage injuries) and the timing of reconstruction procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In high voltage injuries (n = 17) early free flap coverage (< 21 days after trauma) with muscular flaps was the most frequently used type of reconstruction. Reconstruction site was predominately the forearm. In burn injuries (flame, contact, fluid), free flap coverage was performed during a later stage of the treatment course (3 to 6 weeks after trauma), or as a secondary procedure. Reconstruction with cutaneous or fascial flaps was the preferred method. The elbow and the dorsum of the hand underwent defect coverage in most circumstances. For the reconstruction of complex or large defects (n = 6) combined "chimeric" flaps, preexpansion of free flaps, or the combination of a free and local flap were used. Overall, the flap failure rate was 12 % (n = 5). Interestingly, there was a relationship between flap failure rate and timing of the procedure. Four out of five flap failures occurred within 5 to 21 days after trauma, all five flap failures occurred between five days and six weeks. No flap failure was seen during secondary reconstruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that burn and high voltage injuries are distinct entities, each requiring custom-tailored reconstructive solutions for limb salvage. Even if our flap failures all occurred during the first six weeks it should not be forgotten that this type of coverage is the only alternative to amputation in selective cases.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Hand-, Plastische und Rekonstruktive Chirurgie-Schwerbrandverletztenzentrum, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen, 67071 Ludwigshafen. ofer1@bgu-ludwigshafen.de
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ofer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baumeister
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohlbauer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Germann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sauerbier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D002056:Burns / Q000601:surgery*; D002058:Burns, Electric / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D023821:Limb Salvage; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome