title: The valine allele of the V89L polymorphism in the 5-alpha-reductase gene confers a reduced risk for hypospadias.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypospadias is one of the most common malformations in man, with an incidence of 1:300 in newborn boys. No gene has been identified that causes isolated hypospadias, but the androgenic influence is important during male genital development.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A key enzyme for the androgenic function is steroid 5-alpha-reductase (SRD5A2). The V89L polymorphism in the SRD5A2 gene has been studied and found to be of functional importance. The leucine version of the enzyme is 30% less efficient than the valine variant. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS, AND RESULTS: We have genotyped 158 hypospadias cases and 96 unaffected controls for this polymorphism and found a significant negative association for the V89 allele in hypospadias (odds ratio, 0.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.41 for homozygous individuals). This indicates that a fully functional 5-alpha-reductase enzyme (homozygous for V89) protects the male urethral development. This association is shown regardless of heredity, ethnicity, and severity of phenotype. We have also sequenced a selected material of 37 sporadic cases of more severe hypospadias for mutations in the androgen receptor AR, SRD5A2, and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase HSD17B3 genes and found only two previously described mutations, one in the AR and one in the SRD5A2 gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This finding is in accordance with the assumption that functional polymorphisms may play an important role in complex disorders such as hypospadias when several genes as well as environmental factors contribute to the etiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hanh T T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Thai
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalbasi
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lagerstedt
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frisén
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kockum
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nordenskjöld
mesh_terms: D013741:3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*; D000483:Alleles; D001483:Base Sequence; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000235:genetics*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007930:Leucine; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D014633:Valine
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D013741:3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase; D007930:Leucine; D014633:Valine