title: Intraoperative recording of electroneurographic signals from cuff electrodes on extradural sacral roots in spinal cord injured patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A safe and reliable method for monitoring intravesical pressure on a long-term basis is needed for conditional electrical stimulation to be feasible as a treatment option for neurogenic detrusor overactivity in patients with a spinal cord injury. Therefore, we investigated the possibility of recording afferent nerve activity related to mechanical activity of the bladder and other pelvic organs from the extradural sacral nerve root in human.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nerve cuff electrodes were temporary placed on the extradural S3 sacral root in 6 spinal cord injured patients who underwent implantation of an extradural FineTech-Brindley Bladder System (Finetech Medical Lt., Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom). The dorsal penile/clitoral nerve was electrically stimulated to evoke compound action potentials. Electroneurographic signals were recorded together with bladder and rectal pressure during mechanical stimulation of the dermatome rapid bladder filling and rectal distention, and during bladder contraction evoked by electrical stimulation of the contralateral sacral root.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compound action potentials and electroneurographic responses during stimulation of the dermatome and rectum were present in all 6 patients and during bladder filling in 5 of 6. However, recorded responses from the bladder and rectum were small and mainly phasic in nature. Nerve responses following bladder contractions were present in 4 of 5 stimulated patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Afferent nerve activity from the dermatome, bladder and rectum can be recorded using cuff electrodes placed on the extradural S3 sacral root in humans but improvements in recording quality and sophisticated signal processing methods are needed for chronic application.
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark. mku@hst.aau.dk
authors.forename: G A M
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kurstjens
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borau
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: N J M
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Rijkhoff
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sinkjaer
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000328:Adult; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012007:Rectum / Q000502:physiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000502:physiology; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000503:physiopathology*