title: A procedure-specific systematic review and consensus recommendations for postoperative analgesia following laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has advantages over the open procedure for postoperative pain. However, a systematic review of postoperative pain management in this procedure has not been conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines of the Cochrane Collaboration. Randomized studies examining the effect of medical or surgical interventions on linear pain scores in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed. Recommendations for patient care were derived from review of these data, evidence from other relevant procedures, and clinical practice observations collated by the Delphi method among the authors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-nine randomized trials were included and 77 reports were excluded. Recommendations are provided for preoperative analgesia, anesthetic and operative techniques, and intraoperative and postoperative analgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A step-up approach to the management of postoperative pain following laparoscopic cholecystectomy is recommended. This approach has been designed to provide adequate analgesia while minimizing exposure to adverse events.
authors.affiliation: Section for Surgical Pathophysiology, 4074, The Juliane Marie Centre, Rigshospitalet, Denmark. henrik.kehlet@rh.dk
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kehlet
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bonnet
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Camu
authors.forename: H B J
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: McCloy
authors.forename: E A M
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Neugebauer
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Puig
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rawal
authors.forename: C J P
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Simanski
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D032921:Consensus; D006801:Humans; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics