title: High glucose stimulates hepatic stellate cells to proliferate and to produce collagen through free radical production and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a clinicopathologic condition that may progress to liver fibrosis. Hyperglycemia is supposed to be one of the factors inducing hepatic fibrogenesis, but the mechanism has not been fully clarified. Oxidative stress is increasingly found in patients with diabetes/hyperglycemia in which conditions reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed experiments using hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in culture in order to confirm the effect of high glucose concentrations on cell proliferation, type I collagen production, ROS production and activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High glucose stimulated cell growth of HSCs and up-regulated the levels of activated/phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and free radical production in HSCs. The MAP kinase phosphorylation and cell proliferation were suppressed by diphenylene iodonium chloride, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, and by calphostin C, a protein kinase C (PKC)-specific inhibitor. Increased type I collagen mRNA and protein levels were also observed in HSCs at high glucose concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that high glucose concentrations may stimulate ROS production through PKC-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase, and induce MAP kinase phosphorylation subsequent to proliferation and type I collagen production by HSCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Munechika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Enjoji
authors.forename: Motoyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohjima
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsuruta
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwao
authors.forename: Toshiyo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sonta
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kotoh
authors.forename: Toyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoguchi
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamuta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005609:Free Radicals; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D005609:Free Radicals; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine