title: Nonrandom variability of respiration during sleep in healthy humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Breath-to-breath variability is not purely random but is, instead, characterized by correlations on short- and long-term scales. Short-term correlations might reflect intact metabolic-control mechanisms. To investigate whether the higher variability of breathing during rapid eye movement (REM) compared to non-REM (NREM) sleep is of random or nonrandom nature--reflecting an altered respiratory control--short-term and long-term correlations of respiratory drive and timing were determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  A full-night polysomnogram with a pneumotachograph attached to a full-face mask was performed. For each breath during NREM and REM sleep, respiratory components were analyzed based on the quantitative airflow.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data collection took place in the sleep laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine healthy subjects (age, 25.8 +/- 3.1 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Long-term correlations are practically absent in respiratory timing and drive components during NREM sleep, whereas they are present during REM sleep. Short-term correlations are present in respiratory drive, tidal volume, and minute ventilation during both NREM and REM sleep. In all timing components, additional short-term correlations are absent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that from NREM to REM sleep, short-term regulation of respiratory drive remains strongly metabolically controlled and clearly different from the short-term regulation of the rhythm-generating function. Regulation of respiratory timing and drive during REM sleep is characterized by additional long-term correlations. We speculate that this is the result of cortical influences during phasic REM sleep. Thus, the variability of breathing during REM sleep contains a nonrandom component, such that breathing components remain dependent upon each other even with large time lags between components.
authors.affiliation: SP Pneumologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Schlafmedizinisches Labor, Marburg, Germany. rostig@mailer.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rostig
authors.forename: Jan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kantelhardt
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Penzel
authors.forename: Wemer
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cassel
authors.forename: J Hermann
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vogelmeier
authors.forename: Heinnch F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jerrentrup
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001049:Apnea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010507:Periodicity; D017286:Polysomnography; D012119:Respiration; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D020921:Sleep Arousal Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D013990:Tidal Volume; D013997:Time Factors