title: Association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and gingival inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects in in vitro and in animal studies. However, data from clinical studies of inflammatory diseases are scarce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and gingival inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from 77,503 gingival units (teeth) in 6700 never smokers aged 13 to >90 y from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multiple logistic regression models adjusted for subject- and site-specific covariates included age, sex, race-ethnicity, income, body mass index, diabetes, use of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy among women, intake of vitamin C, missing teeth, full crown coverage, presence of calculus, frequency of dental visits, and dental examiner and survey phase. Generalized estimating equations were used to account for correlated observations within subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with sites in subjects in the lowest 25(OH)D quintile, sites in subjects in the highest 25(OH)D quintile were 20% (95% CI: 8%, 31%) less likely to bleed on gingival probing (P for trend < 0.001). The association appeared to be linear over the entire 25(OH)D range, was consistent across racial or ethnic groups, and was similar among men and women as well as among users and nonusers of vitamin and mineral supplements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D may reduce susceptibility to gingival inflammation through its antiinflammatory effects. Gingivitis may be a useful clinical model to evaluate the antiinflammatory effects of vitamin D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Health Services Research, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA. tdietric@bu.edu
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nunn
authors.forename: Bess
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dawson-Hughes
authors.forename: Heike A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Bischoff-Ferrari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D