title: Anesthesia induces neuronal cell death in the developing rat brain via the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways.
abstract: It was shown recently that exposure of the developing rat brain during the peak of synaptogenesis to commonly used general anesthetics can trigger widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration in many regions of the developing rat brain and persistent learning/memory deficits later on in life. To understand the mechanism by which general anesthetics induce apoptotic neuronal death we studied two common apoptotic pathways--the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathway--at different time points during synaptogenesis. We found that the intrinsic pathway is activated early on during anesthesia exposure (within two hours), as measured by the down-regulation of bcl-x(L), up-regulation of cytochrome c and the activation of caspase-9 in 7-day-old rats (the peak of synaptogenesis), but remains inactivated in 14-day-old rats (the end of synaptogenesis). The extrinsic pathway is activated later on (within six hours of anesthesia exposure), as measured by the up-regulation of Fas protein and the activation of caspase-8 in 7-day-old rats, but remains inactivated in 14-day-old rats. Anesthesia-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration is age dependent with vulnerability closely correlating with the timing of synaptogenesis, i.e. the developing brain is most sensitive at the peak of synaptogenesis (7 days old) and least sensitive at the end of synaptogenesis (14 days old).
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: J-H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daniel-Johnson
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jevtovic-Todorovic
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000502:physiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000502:physiology; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D019014:fas Receptor; D045304:Cytochromes c; D020169:Caspases; D009609:Nitrous Oxide