title: Effectiveness of intragastric immunization with protein and oligodeoxynucleotides containing a CpG motif for inducing a gastrointestinal mucosal immune response in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate a new modality of mucosal vaccines, we evaluated the effectiveness of intragastric immunization for inducing a mucosal immune response in the gastrointestinal tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were immunized with beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) and synthesized oligodeoxynucleotides containing a CpG motif (CpG-DNA) by intragastric injection, and the immune response was compared with those induced by 3 other immunization forms: intranasal, oral, and intradermal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intragastric immunization with beta-gal and CpG-DNA induced significant anti-beta-gal fecal IgA production at 2 weeks; however, at 4 weeks the response was lacking. In contrast, intranasal immunization with beta-gal and CpG-DNA induced the highest anti-beta-gal fecal IgA production at 4 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although intragastric immunization with protein and CpG-DNA induces a mucosal immune response in the gastrointestinal tract, intranasal immunization is the most effective to induce both mucosal and systemic immune responses. This finding may increase the possibility for developing vaccines against mucosal pathogens, especially Helicobacter pylori.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan. takuto@fmu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takuto
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hikichi
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oyama
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Irisawa
authors.forename: Katsutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Obara
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007114:Immunization; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000276:immunology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D001616:beta-Galactosidase