title: The impact of Ontario's extended drinking hours on cross-border cities of Windsor and Detroit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the cross-border safety impact of extended drinking hours from 1:00 to 2:00 a.m., in licensed establishments in Ontario, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined patterns in total and alcohol-related casualties in: (1) Windsor, Ontario, Canada compared to Detroit, Michigan, US with a 2:00 a.m. closing time, and (2) Ontario compared to Michigan for overall trends. The criterion outcome indicators were: (1) monthly motor vehicle casualties (major injuries and fatalities) for the city-regions of Windsor and Detroit and (2) Ontario and Michigan monthly motor vehicle fatalities occurring between 11:00 p.m. and 3:00 a.m. for 4 years pre- and 3 years post-policy change. In order to examine cross-border drinking consequences, data were disaggregated to assess trends of motor vehicle injury collisions involving vehicles with US licence plates and with US drivers aged 16-20 in the Windsor region; similarly trends were assessed for motor vehicle injury collisions involving vehicles with Ontario licence plates in the Detroit region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Windsor region total motor vehicle casualty data showed a non-significant pre-post increase, while the Detroit region showed a statistically significant decrease for total motor vehicle casualties. In the Windsor region, a significant increase was found for alcohol-related motor vehicle casualties after the drinking hours were extended. However, the Detroit region showed a statistically significant decrease in alcohol-related motor vehicle casualties concomitant with Ontario's drinking hour extension. No similar trends were found for the province of Ontario and the state of Michigan as a whole. Moreover, a significant decrease was found for injury collisions involving vehicles with Ontario licence plates in the Detroit region but no similar pattern was found for injury collisions involving vehicles with US licence plates and with 16-20-year-old US drivers in the Windsor region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data seem to support a cross-border impact of the Ontario extended drinking policy. A significant increase in alcohol-related motor vehicle casualties was found in the Windsor region and concomitantly, significant decreases in total and alcohol-related motor vehicle casualties were found in the Detroit region after the extended drinking hours amendment. The Ontario government's belief that the extended drinking hour policy would "reduce the number of patrons who cross the border when Ontario's bars and restaurants close" may have been realized.
authors.affiliation: Population and Community Health Unit, Department of Family Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, 100 Collip Circle, Suite 245, London, Ont., Canada N6G 4X8. evingili@uwo.ca
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vingilis
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seeley
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Voas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Compton
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D011640:Public Policy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality