title: Anosmia is very common in the Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Olfactory abnormalities are reported in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Anosmia appears to be common in dementia with Lewy bodies but not in pure Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether anosmia improves discrimination between the Lewy body variant (LBV) of Alzheimer's disease and "pure" Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  106 cases of necropsy confirmed pure Alzheimer's disease (n = 89) or LBV (n = 17) were reviewed. All had received butanol odour threshold testing. Anosmia was defined as a score < or = 1.0 on a 0-9 point scale. Logistic regression analysis was used to model potential predictors (for example, parkinsonism, smoking, hallucinations) of neuropathological diagnosis and anosmia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LBV cases had an increased prevalence of anosmia (65%) compared with Alzheimer's disease (23%; odds ratio (OR) = 6.3, p = 0.00045), or normal elderly people (6.7%). Within the dementia cases, the negative predictive value (92%) and specificity (78%) of anosmia were both good; sensitivity for detecting LBV was 65%, but the positive predictive value (PPV) was only 35%. Logistic regression models showed anosmia (OR = 5.4, p = 0.005) and visual hallucinations (OR = 7.3, p = 0.007) were strong independent predictors of Lewy body pathology. When anosmia was added as a core feature to consensus diagnostic criteria for probable Lewy body dementia, five additional cases of LBV were detected (29% increased sensitivity), but with four additional false positives (1% increased discrimination, 4% decreased specificity, 33% decreased PPV).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anosmia is very common in LBV. Adding anosmia as a core feature improved sensitivity for detecting LBV, but did not improve discrimination between Alzheimer's disease and LBV owing to a concomitant increase in false positives.
authors.affiliation: Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. olichney@cogsci.ucsd.edu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Olichney
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hofstetter
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Thal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Katzman
mesh_terms: D020001:1-Butanol; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D016631:Lewy Bodies / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000473:pathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D020001:1-Butanol