title: Predicting fundamental frequency from mel-frequency cepstral coefficients to enable speech reconstruction.
abstract: This work proposes a method to reconstruct an acoustic speech signal solely from a stream of mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) as may be encountered in a distributed speech recognition (DSR) system. Previous methods for speech reconstruction have required, in addition to the MFCC vectors, fundamental frequency and voicing components. In this work the voicing classification and fundamental frequency are predicted from the MFCC vectors themselves using two maximum a posteriori (MAP) methods. The first method enables fundamental frequency prediction by modeling the joint density of MFCCs and fundamental frequency using a single Gaussian mixture model (GMM). The second scheme uses a set of hidden Markov models (HMMs) to link together a set of state-dependent GMMs, which enables a more localized modeling of the joint density of MFCCs and fundamental frequency. Experimental results on speaker-independent male and female speech show that accurate voicing classification and fundamental frequency prediction is attained when compared to hand-corrected reference fundamental frequency measurements. The use of the predicted fundamental frequency and voicing for speech reconstruction is shown to give very similar speech quality to that obtained using the reference fundamental frequency and voicing.
authors.affiliation: School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Milner
mesh_terms: D004007:Dichotic Listening Tests; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008432:Mathematical Computing; D008954:Models, Biological; D010700:Phonetics; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013065:Speech Intelligibility; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014831:Voice