title: Efficacy of levetiracetam at 12 months in children classified by seizure type, cognitive status, and previous anticonvulsant drug use.
abstract: In a retrospective study of 59 children (ages 9 months to 23 years; mean age 11 years) with intractable epilepsy, seizure frequency was determined before and after 12 months of levetiracetam therapy. Charts were reviewed for seizure type (focal, generalized, or mixed), cognitive function (no special education versus special education), concomitant anticonvulsant medications (range 0-5), and the number of previous anticonvulsant drugs (range 1-12). Good to excellent seizure control (50-100% reduction) was attained in 6 (40%) patients with focal seizures, 16 (55%) patients with generalized seizures, and 8 (61%) patients with mixed seizures; these efficacy rates were not significantly different. The efficacy of levetiracetam was independent of cognitive status. Adverse effects were not associated with higher mean doses. This could be attributable to different rates of metabolism or represent idiosyncratic responses to the medication. Our finding that those children taking the combination of levetiracetam and zonisamide had a significantly worse outcome than those on levetiracetam and a different drug warrants further study, both clinically and from the standpoint of the mechanisms of action of levetiracetam and zonisamide and/or their pharmacodynamic interactions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA. David_Mandelbaum@brown.edu
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Mandelbaum
authors.forename: Marjorie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bunch
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kugler
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Venkatasubramanian
authors.forename: Jan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Wollack
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008297:Male; D010889:Piracetam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000078305:Zonisamide
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D007555:Isoxazoles; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D000078305:Zonisamide; D010889:Piracetam