The metabolic consequences of childhood obesity.
The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing worldwide, as is the prevalence of obesity-related co-morbidity. Altered glucose metabolism, manifested as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), appears early in obese children and adolescents. Obese young people with IGT are characterized by marked peripheral insulin resistance and a relative beta-cell failure. Lipid deposition in muscle and the visceral compartment, and not only adiposity per se, is related to increased peripheral insulin resistance, the "driving force" of the metabolic syndrome. Other elements of the metabolic syndrome, such as dyslipidemia and hypertension, are already present in obese youngsters and worsen with the degree of obesity. Similarly, markers of systemic "low-grade inflammation" worsen with increasing adiposity. The long-term impact on cardiovascular and liver morbidity of obesity-related insulin resistance in young people is expected to emerge as these youngsters become young adults.
Weiss
Ram
R
Department of Pediatrics and the Children's General Clinical Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 802064, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. sonia.caprio@yale.edu
Caprio
Sonia
S
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000209:etiology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000502:physiology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015995:Prevalence
D016207:Cytokines; D005947:Glucose