title: Pathogenesis of calcium crystal deposition in the ligamentum flavum correlates with lumbar spinal canal stenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the histological and immunohistochemical properties of degenerative changes and calcium crystal deposition in the lumbar ligamentum favum.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the ligamentum flavum harvested from 119 surgical cases with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis. Sections of the ligament were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray micro-analysis, and were immunostained for S-100 protein, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and CD34. The results were compared with those of ligament tissue harvested from 10 cases of lumbar disc herniation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The elastic fibres of the ligamentum favum showed regular, or sometimes irregular, and fragmented fibre bundles. Large areas of fibrosis with reduced elastic component and increased collagenous tissue were frequently seen in the degenerated ligaments. Calcium crystal deposits were observed in these fibrous ligaments, associated with many hypertrophic chondrocytes, and with small blood vessel formation. These chondrocytes stained positively for S-100 protein, VEGF and bFGF Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals were identified in the calcium deposit area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that rupture of elastic fibre bundles is the first change to occur in degeneration of the ligamentum favum. Calcium crystal deposition was seen within these fibrous and chondrometaplastic areas. Hypertrophic chondrocytes regulate crystal formation and tissue reconstruction by secreting cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shimoaizuki 23, Matsuoka, Fukui, Japan. yayama@fmsrsa.fukui-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yayama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Furusawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kokubo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noriki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imamura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukuda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000473:pathology*; D002131:Calcium Pyrophosphate / Q000032:analysis*; D002805:Chondrocalcinosis / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D003460:Crystallization; D004547:Elastic Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017843:Ligamentum Flavum / Q000473:pathology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D002131:Calcium Pyrophosphate