title: The efficacy of ultrasonic irrigation to remove artificially placed dentine debris from human root canals prepared using instruments of varying taper.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of the taper of root canals on the effectiveness of ultrasonic irrigation to remove artificially placed dentine debris.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four maxillary and mandibular canines were selected after bucco-lingual and mesio-distal radiographs indicated that their internal diameters were smaller than the diameters of a size 20, .06 taper System GT instrument (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). These canines were divided into three groups and prepared using either size 20, .06 taper System GT instruments, size 20, .08 taper or size 20, .10 taper System GT instruments. Each root was then split longitudinally through the canal, forming two halves. In one canal wall, a standard groove was cut 2-6 mm from the apex, to simulate un-instrumented canal extensions. Each groove was filled with dentine debris mixed with 2% NaOCl to simulate a situation when dentine debris accumulates in the un-instrumented canal extensions. Each canal was reassembled by joining the two halves of the teeth by means of wires and sticky wax. In each canal ultrasonic irrigation was performed with a size 15 K file using 2% NaOCl as an irrigant. Before and after irrigation, images of each half of the canal with a groove were taken using a microscope and a digital camera, after which they were scanned into a PC as TIFF images. The quantity of dentine debris in the groove was evaluated using a scoring system: the higher the score, the larger the amount of debris. The scores before and after irrigation were compared. The differences in percentage of score reduction between the three groups were analysed by means of one-way anova.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After ultrasonic irrigation, the debris score reduced by 74, 81 and 93%, respectively, in the size 20, .06, 20, .08 and 20, .10 taper groups. However, the difference amongst groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.078).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a tendency that ultrasonic irrigation was more effective in removing artificially placed dentine debris from simulated canal extensions from canals with greater tapers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology Endodontology Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. l.v.d.sluis@acta.nl
authors.forename: L W M
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: van der Sluis
authors.forename: M-K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Wesselink
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003481:Cuspid; D003762:Dental Instruments; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003804:Dentin; D006801:Humans; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D016369:Smear Layer; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite