title: Serological detection of adenoviruses in non-human primates maintained in a colony in Kenya.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adenoviruses are known to cause several human diseases including acute febrile respiratory syndromes, epidemic conjunctivitis and gastroenteritis. These diseases associated with adenovirus infection affect adults and are usually more severe in infants and children. Forty-seven human adenoviruses serotypes have so far been identified adenovirus. The diversity of these viruses has delayed progress on vaccine development due to difficulties in identifying appropriate vaccine targets. To date, limited studies have been done to determine the prevalence of adenovirus infection in non-human primates with the goal of developing a non-human primate model that can be used to study the mechanisms of infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of enteric adenovirus infection in Kenyan non-human primates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study to investigate the prevalence of enteric andenovirus infection in captive non-human primates maintained in a colony.
  
  
  METHODS
  Faecal samples were collected from monkeys trapped from different geographical areas of Kenya and also from the ones maintained in a colony at the Institute of Primate Research (IPR), Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety four faecal samples were collected from three species of non-human primates consisting of various ages and sex. Samples were collected from monkeys trapped from different geographical areas of Kenya and also from the ones maintained in a colony at the Institute of Primate Research (IPR), Kenya. All the faecal samples were screened for presence of adenoviruses using a commercial antigen-capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit, this is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit designed for diagnosis of human enteric adenoviruses in stool samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest prevalence of adenoviruses, detected by EIA kit, was in olive baboons (Papio anubis, 52.9%), followed by vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops, 48.9%) and the yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus, 18.8%). Sub-grouping within each species (based on age and sex) indicated no significant differences (p > 0.05) in adenovirus infection signifying equal susceptibility. The prevalence of adenoviruses in vervet monkeys that were also Simian Immunodeficiency virus (SIV) seropositive was determined and shown to be 63.2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that adenovirus infection is prevalent among non-human primates in Kenya. These findings suggest that cross species transmission in Kenyan non-human primates may be a common occurrence and there is a possibility of zoonotic transmission of adenoviruses. Furthermore, our results highlight the potential of using these non-human primates as models for testing safety and efficacy of candidate adenovirus vaccines prior to clinical trials in humans.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481-00502, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mwenda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nyachieo
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Langat
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Steele
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000257:Adenoviridae Infections / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D017677:Age Distribution; D000818:Animals; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops / Q000097:blood / Q000821:virology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D010215:Papio / Q000097:blood / Q000821:virology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012698:Serologic Tests; D017678:Sex Distribution