title: Efficacy and safety of contrast injection beyond total occlusions in acute cardiac patients: a method to confirm balloon position within coronary lumen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the sensitivity and safety of contrast injection beyond total occlusions in acute cardiac patients in order to ensure balloon position within the coronary lumen and occasionally to enable the estimate of occlusion length.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Percutaneous therapy of total coronary occlusions is generally more challenging than the treatment of stenotic lesions. It more frequently entails the risk of irreversibly disrupting a protruding plaque, of advancing the wire through a false route, or rarely, of causing coronary perforation. Therefore, ascertaining intraluminal position prior to inflation is important.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a large group of consecutive acute cardiac patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) we employed a technique of crossing the lesion with a soft-tipped guidewire supported by an over-the-wire (OTW) balloon catheter, and then injecting dilute contrast through the balloon under fluoroscopy to achieve distal lumen visualization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 106 patients, this technique yielded a sensitivity of 94%, a specificity of 70%, a positive predictive accuracy of 97%, and a negative predictive accuracy of 54% for intraluminal position of the balloon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The technique of lumen demonstration by contrast injection through an OTW balloon beyond acute or subacute total obstructions was shown to be a safe and effective method to ascertain proper position of the angioplasty balloon. Occasionally, it enabled the estimation of lesion length or the identification of lesions distal to the obstruction. This technique was found to be valuable in doubtful situations where the determination of wire position was crucial for achieving procedural success.
authors.affiliation: Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Rappaport School of Medicine, Heart Institute, P.O. Box 169, Hadera, Israel 38100. meisel@hillel-yaffe.health.gov.il
authors.forename: Simcha R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Meisel
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frimerman
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Osipov
authors.forename: Avraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shotan
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Blondheim
authors.forename: Benny
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pelled
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shani
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity