title: Novel cyclophilin D inhibitors derived from quinoxaline exhibit highly inhibitory activity against rat mitochondrial swelling and Ca2+ uptake/ release.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate methods for identifying specific cyclophilin D (CypD) inhibitors derived from quinoxaline, thus developing possible lead compounds to inhibit mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore opening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kinetic analysis of the CypD/inhibitor interaction was quantitatively performed by using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and fluorescence titration (FT) techniques. IC(50) values of these inhibitors were determined by PPIase inhibition activity assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) of the seven compounds binding to CypD were below 10 mumol/L. The IC(50) values were all consistent with the SPR and FT results. Compounds GW2, 5, 6, and 7 had high inhibition activities against Ca(2+)-dependent rat liver mitochondrial swelling and Ca(2+) uptake/release. Compound GW5 had binding selectivity for CypD over CypA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The agreement between the measured IC(50) values and the results of SPR and FT suggests that these methods are appropriate and powerful methods for identifying CypD inhibitors. The compounds we screened using these methods (GW1-7) are reasonable CypD inhibitors. Its potent ability to inhibit mitochondrial swelling and the binding selectivity of GW5 indicates that GW5 could potentially be used for inhibiting MPT pore opening.
authors.affiliation: Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
authors.forename: Hong-xia
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kun-qian
authors.initials: KQ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dong-lu
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Kai-xian
authors.initials: KX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Hua-liang
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D021984:Cyclophilin A / Q000378:metabolism; D000081406:Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase F; D021983:Cyclophilins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D008933:Mitochondrial Swelling / Q000187:drug effects*; D019696:Peptidylprolyl Isomerase / Q000378:metabolism; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000081406:Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase F; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D011810:Quinoxalines; D021984:Cyclophilin A; D021983:Cyclophilins; D019696:Peptidylprolyl Isomerase; D002118:Calcium