title: Expression liver-directed genes by employing synthetic transcriptional control units.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To generate and characterize the synthetic transcriptional control units for transcriptional targeting of the liver, thereby compensating for the lack of specificity of currently available gene therapeutic vector systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Synthetic transcriptional control unit constructs were generated and analyzed for transcriptional activities in different cell types by FACS quantification, semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A new bifunctionally-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)/neo(r) fusion gene cassette was generated, and could flexibly be used both for transcript quantification and for selection of stable cell clones. Then, numerous synthetic transcriptional control units consisting of a minimal promoter linked to "naturally" derived composite enhancer elements from liver-specific expressed genes or binding sites of liver-specific transcription factors were inserted upstream of this reporter cassette. Following liposome-mediated transfection, EGFP reporter protein quantification by FACS analysis identified constructs encoding multimerized composite elements of the apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB) promoter or the ornithin transcarbamoylase (OTC) enhancer to exhibit maximum transcriptional activities in liver originating cell lines, but only background levels in non-liver originating cell lines. In contrast, constructs encoding only singular binding sites of liver-specific transcription factors, namely hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)1, HNF3, HNF4, HNF5, or CAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) only achieved background levels of EGFP expression. Finally, both semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis of Hep3B cells demonstrated maximum transcriptional activities for a multimeric 4xApoB cassette construct, which fully complied with the data obtained by initial FACS analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Synthetic transcriptional control unit constructs not only exhibit a superb degree of structural compactness, but also provide new means for liver-directed expression of therapeutic genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Clinic Tubingen, Otfried-Muller-Str. 10, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Marie-Luise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lemken
authors.forename: Wolfgang-A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Wybranietz
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Graepler
authors.forename: Sorin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Armeanu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bitzer
authors.forename: Ulrich-M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Lauer
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection