Physical activity enhances long-term quality of life in older adults: efficacy, esteem, and affective influences.
BACKGROUND
Physical activity has been effective in enhancing quality of life (QOL) of older adults over relatively short periods of time. However, little is known about the long-term effects of physical activity and even less about the possible mediators of this relationship.


OBJECTIVE
We examined the mediating effects of psychological variables on the relationship between physical activity and global QOL (satisfaction with life) in older adults over a 4-year period.


METHODS
Participants (N = 174, M age = 66.7 years) completed a battery of psychosocial measures at 1 and 5 years following enrollment in a 6-month randomized controlled exercise trial.


RESULTS
Panel analysis conducted within a covariance modeling framework indicated that physical activity was related to self-efficacy, physical self-esteem, and positive affect at 1 year, and in turn, greater levels of self-efficacy and positive affect were associated with higher levels of QOL. Analyses indicated that changes in physical activity over the 4-year period were related to increases in physical self-esteem and positive affect, but only positive affect directly influenced improvements in QOL.


CONCLUSIONS
The findings lend support to the position that physical activity effects on QOL are in part mediated by intermediate psychological outcomes and that physical activity can have long-term effects on well-being.
Elavsky
Steriani
S
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
McAuley
Edward
E
Motl
Robert W
RW
Konopack
James F
JF
Marquez
David X
DX
Hu
Liang
L
Jerome
Gerald J
GJ
Diener
Ed
E
D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009043:Motor Activity; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012016:Reference Values; D012649:Self Concept; D020377:Self Efficacy