title: Vitamin D intakes by children and adults in the United States differ among ethnic groups.
abstract: Concerns about vitamin D status in the United States have resurfaced due to increasing reports of insufficiency and deficiency. Few foods contain vitamin D naturally, and currently few foods are fortified in the United States. Intakes of vitamin D in the United States from food and food plus supplements by age, sex, and race/ethnicity group were estimated. Individuals > or = 1 y old who participated in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2000) were included in the analysis. Vitamin D intake by non-Hispanic (NH) white, NH black, Mexican American, and all individuals in the United States was estimated and compared with recommended levels. Vitamin D intakes were highest among children and teenagers, and lowest in the oldest age categories. Among children age 1-8 y, adequate intake (AI) levels for vitamin D from food were met or exceeded by 69% of Mexican American, 59% of NH white, and 48% of NH black subpopulations. Among adults > or = 51 y old, only 4% met or exceeded the AI from food alone. Few women 19-50 y old or men and women > or = 51 y old were estimated to consume recommended vitamin D levels from food. Mean dietary intakes of vitamin D from food plus supplements were consistently highest among NH white populations, although only small proportions of all those > or = 51 y old had intakes above the recommended levels. The large discrepancy between vitamin D intake by older individuals from food plus supplements and recommended levels, especially for NH black and Mexican American adults, warrants intervention.
authors.affiliation: The Beverage Institute for Health & Wellness, The Coca-Cola Company, Houston, TX 77056, USA. caromoore@na.ko.com
authors.forename: Carolyn E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Mary M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Holick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000208:ethnology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017058:Mexican Americans / Q000208:ethnology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D