title: Effects of eccentric exercise-induced muscle injury on blood levels of platelet activating factor (PAF) and other inflammatory markers.
abstract: It has been reported that exercise with eccentric contractions can induce damage and inflammation in human muscle tissue, the severity of which depends on the duration and the intensity of exercise. Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a potent inflammatory mediator implicated in a series of pathophysiological conditions. We sought to investigate the relationship between PAF and eccentric exercise induced muscle damage. Thirteen healthy, recreationally active male subjects (27.5+/-3.78 year) performed 36 maximum voluntary eccentric contractions on a motorized muscle dynamometer using the elbow flexor muscles of the non-dominant arm. Venous blood samples were collected immediately before and after exercise at 2, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. PAF was isolated, purified and determined by a platelet aggregation assay. Serum levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP) and complement C3 (C3), plasma level of fibrinogen and whole blood level of leukocytes (and their subsets) were determined. Established indicators of muscle damage as maximum isometric torque (MIT), range of motion (ROM), relaxed arm angle (RANG), flexed arm angle (FANG), arm circumference (CIRC) and muscle soreness were also measured at the same time points. PAF, leukocytes, CK and LDH were elevated after exercise, while other biochemical parameters such as CRP, C3 and fibrinogen were unchanged. We also observed an inverse association between PAF and MIT and ROM, as well as a positive association with other markers of muscle injury, i.e. CK, LDH, FANG and CIRC (all P's<0.05). Our findings may imply a role for PAF in the mechanism of eccentric exercise induced muscle damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Science of Nutrition - Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70 El. Venizelou str., 176 71, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Milias
authors.forename: Tzortzis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nomikos
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fragopoulou
authors.forename: Spyridon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Athanasopoulos
authors.forename: Smaragdi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Antonopoulou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003176:Complement C3 / Q000378:metabolism; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D003176:Complement C3; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D003402:Creatine Kinase