title: STAT5 contributes to interferon resistance of melanoma cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive neoplastic disease whose incidence is increasing rapidly. In recent years, the use of interferon alpha (IFNalpha) has become the most established adjuvant immunotherapy for melanoma of advanced stage. IFNalpha is a potent inhibitor of melanoma cell proliferation, and the signal transducer and activator of transcription STAT1 is crucial for its antiproliferative action. Although advanced melanomas clinically resistant to IFNalpha are frequently characterized by inefficient STAT1 signaling, the mechanisms underlying advanced-stage interferon resistance are poorly understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we demonstrate that IFNalpha activates STAT5 in melanoma cells and that in IFNalpha-resistant cells STAT5 is overexpressed. Significantly, the knockdown of STAT5 in interferon-resistant melanoma cells restored the growth-inhibitory response to IFNalpha. When STAT5 was overexpressed in IFNalpha-sensitive cells, it counteracted interferon-induced growth inhibition. The overexpressed STAT5 diminished IFNalpha-triggered STAT1 activation, most evidently through upregulation of the inhibitor of cytokine-signaling CIS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that overexpression and activation of STAT5 enable melanoma cells to overcome cytokine-mediated antiproliferative signaling. Thus, overexpression of STAT5 can counteract IFNalpha signaling in melanoma cells, and this finally can result in cytokine-resistant and progressively growing tumor cells. These findings have significant implications for the clinical failure of IFNalpha therapy of advanced melanoma because they demonstrate that IFNalpha induces the activation of STAT5 in melanoma cells, and in STAT5-overexpressing cells, this contributes to IFNalpha resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Chemistry I, Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany. claudia.wellbrock@icr.ac.uk
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wellbrock
authors.forename: Christin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weisser
authors.forename: Jessica C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hassel
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Claudia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Vetter
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Behrmann
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kortylewski
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schartl
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D017931:DNA Primers; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D034622:RNA Interference; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D017931:DNA Primers; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; C494079:STAT1 protein, human; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor