title: Microbiological parameters as indicators of compost maturity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to determine the changes of microbial properties of pig manure collected from pens with different management strategies and composted using different turning and moisture regimes; relate their association with humification parameters and compost temperature; and identify the most suitable microbial indicators of compost maturity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six different microbial parameters, including total bacterial count, oxygen consumption rate, ATP content, dehydrogenase activity, and microbial biomass C and N, along with humification parameters [humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA) and HA : FA ratio] and compost temperature were monitored during composting. Significant positive correlations were found between temperature and microbial properties, including O2 consumption rate, ATP content, dehydrogenase activity, and microbial biomass N. The humification parameters also showed significant correlations with microbial properties of the manure compost. For instance, HA contents of pig manures was positively correlated with total aerobic heterotrophs, and microbial biomass N and C; and negatively correlated with O2 consumption rate, ATP content, and dehydrogenase activity. Among the six microbial parameters examined, dehydrogenase activity was the most important factor affecting compost temperature and humification parameters. Composting strategies employed in this study affected the speed of composting and time of maturation. If the moisture content is maintained weekly at 60% with a 4-day turning frequency, the pig manure will reach maturity in 56 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The composting process went through predictable changes in temperature, microbial properties and chemical components despite differences in the initial pig manure and composting strategies used. Among the six microbial parameters used, dehydrogenase activity is the most suitable indicator of compost maturity. Compared with respiration rate, ATP content and microbial biomass procedures, dehydrogenase activity is the simplest, quickest, and cheapest method that can be used to monitor the stability and maturity of composts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results presented here show that microbial parameters can be used in revealing differences between composts and compost maturity. The statistical relationship established between humification parameters and microbial parameters, particularly dehydrogenase activity, demonstrates that it is possible to monitor the composting process more easily and rapidly by avoiding longer and more expensive analytical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Sciences, The University of Michigan, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA. smtiquia@umd.umich.edu
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tiquia
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis; D000332:Aerobiosis / Q000502:physiology; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000032:analysis; D018533:Biomass; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000032:analysis; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D001578:Benzopyrans; D006812:Humic Substances; D008372:Manure; D002244:Carbon; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D009584:Nitrogen; C005023:fulvic acid