title: Pharyngeal flap and sphincterplasty for velopharyngeal insufficiency have equal outcome at 1 year postoperatively: results of a randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this trial was to compare the relative effectiveness (efficacy and morbidity) of two surgical procedures for correcting velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an international multicenter randomized trial to study the outcome of two surgical procedures (flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty) for speech, incidence of sleep apnea, and surgical complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-seven patients 3 to 25 years old with repaired cleft palate and previously identified VPI were enrolled from five centers in the United States, Norway, and the U.K. Data were collected at presurgery, 3 months postsurgery, and 12 months postsurgery for subsequent analysis blind to the procedure. Main outcome measures included perceptual speech parameters, sleep apnea, nasalance measures, endoscopic features, and surgical complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Groups for both surgical procedures achieved a high level of clinical improvement. At 3 months postsurgery, elimination of hypernasal resonance was achieved in twice as many patients after the flap procedure. This reached significance. However, at 12 months postsurgery, no statistically significant difference in outcomes remained between the two procedures for resonance, nasalance, endoscopic outcomes, or surgical complications. Flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty rarely resulted in clinically significant sleep apnea, and no difference was detected between the two procedures in the long-term incidence of sleep apnea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite strongly held views in the literature concerning the relative effectiveness and safety of flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty, no significant differences were detected 1 year postoperatively.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abyholm
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: D'Antonio
authors.forename: Sally L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Davidson Ward
authors.forename: Lillian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kjøll
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whitby
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Worhington
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wyatt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery; D004724:Endoscopy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000601:surgery*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000209:etiology; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D013065:Speech Intelligibility / Q000502:physiology; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000601:surgery*