title: The strength of graduated drivers license programs and fatalities among teen drivers and passengers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of differentially stringent graduated drivers license programs on teen driver fatalities, day-time and night-time teen driver fatalities, fatalities of teen drivers with passengers present, and fatalities among teen passengers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study uses 1992-2002 data on motor vehicle fatalities among 15-17-year-old drivers from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System to identify the effects of "good", "fair", and "marginal" GDL programs based upon designations by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Analysis is conducted using conditional negative binomial regressions with fixed effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  "Good" programs reduce total fatalities among young drivers by 19.4% (c.i. -33.0%, -5.9%). "Fair" programs reduce night-time young driver fatalities by 12.6% (c.i. -23.9%, -1.2%), but have no effect on day-time fatalities. "Marginal" programs had no statistically meaningful effect on driver fatalities. All three types of programs reduced teen passenger fatalities, but the effects of limitations on the number of passengers appear to have had only minimal effects in reducing fatalities among young drivers themselves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stronger GDL programs are more effective than weaker programs in reducing teenage motor vehicle fatalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Organization and Policy, Lister Hill Center for Health Policy, Injury Control Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. morrisey@uab.edu
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Morrisey
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Grabowski
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Dee
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000293:Adolescent; D006801:Humans; D008004:Licensure / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011640:Public Policy; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States