title: Retroinfusion of embryonic endothelial progenitor cells attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury in pigs: role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT kinase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adult endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) reduce myocardial infarct size and improve postischemic myocardial function. We have recently shown that clonal embryonic EPCs (eEPCs), derived from 7.5-day-old mice, home specifically to hypoxic areas in tumor metastasis mouse models but spare normal organs and do not form carcinomas. Here, we assessed the potential of eEPCs to limit organ dysfunction after ischemia and reperfusion in a preclinical pig model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pigs were subjected to ischemia (60-minute left anterior descending [LAD] artery occlusion) and reperfusion (7 days). At the end of ischemia, we applied medium with or without 5 x 10(6) eEPCs by either pressure-regulated retroinfusion or intravenous transfusion. One hour after reperfusion, 99Tc-labeled eEPCs engrafted to a 6-fold higher extent in the ischemic myocardium after retroinfusion than after intravenous application. Regional myocardial function (subendocardial segment shortening [SES] at 150/min, given in percent of nonischemic circumflex region) and infarct size (TTC viability and Methylene-blue exclusion) were determined 24 hours and 7 days later. Compared with medium-treated animals, retroinfusion of eEPCs decreased infarct size (35+/-4% versus 51+/-6%) and improved regional myocardial reserve of the apical LAD region (SES 31+/-4% versus 6+/-8%), whereas intravenous application displayed a less pronounced effect (infarct size 44+/-4%; SES 12+/-3%). Retroinfusion of an equal amount of neonatal coronary endothelial cells (rat) did not affect infarct size (49+/-5%) nor regional myocardial reserve (16+/-7%). The eEPC-dependent effect was detected at 24 hours of reperfusion (infarct size 34+/-7% versus 58+/-6%) and was sensitive to Wortmannin coapplication (50+/-5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that eEPCs reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury in a preclinical pig model. The rapid effect (as early as 24 hours) indicates a role for enzyme-mediated cardioprotection, which involves, at least in part, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine I, Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany. christian.kupatt@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kupatt
authors.forename: Rabea
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hinkel
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lamparter
authors.forename: Marie-Luise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: von Brühl
authors.forename: Tilman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horstkotte
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Delker
authors.forename: Franz-Josef
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Gildehaus
authors.forename: Hildegard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Büning
authors.forename: Antonis K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hatzopoulos
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boekstegers
mesh_terms: D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D003331:Coronary Vessels; D016332:Fetal Tissue Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007601:Jugular Veins; D051379:Mice; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology / Q000601:surgery*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology / Q000601:surgery*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011312:Pressure; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D034421:Sus scrofa; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D000077191:Wortmannin
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D009195:Peroxidase; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; D000077191:Wortmannin