title: Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta functions to specify gene-specific, NF-kappaB-dependent transcription.
abstract: Loss of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta) in mice results in embryonic lethality via hepatocyte apoptosis. Consistent with this result, cells from these mice have diminished nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity, implying a functional role for GSK-3beta in regulating NF-kappaB. Here, we have explored mechanisms by which GSK-3beta may control NF-kappaB function. We show that cytokine-induced IkappaB kinase activity and subsequent phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha, p105, and p65 are not affected by the absence of GSK-3beta activity. Furthermore, nuclear accumulation of p65 following tumor necrosis factor treatment is unaffected by the loss of GSK-3beta. However, NF-kappaB DNA binding activity is reduced in GSK-3beta null cells and in cells treated with a pharmacological inhibitor of GSK-3. Expression of certain NF-kappaB-regulated genes, such as IkappaBalpha and macrophage inflammatory protein 2, is minimally affected by the absence of GSK-3beta. Conversely, we have identified a subset of NF-kappaB-regulated genes, including those for interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, that require GSK-3beta for efficient expression. We show that efficient localization of p65 to the promoter regions of the interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 genes following tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment requires GSK-3beta. Therefore, GSK-3beta has profound effects on transcription in a gene-specific manner through a mechanism involving control of promoter-specific recruitment of NF-kappaB.
authors.affiliation: Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA.
authors.forename: Kris A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Steinbrecher
authors.forename: Willie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Patricia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Cogswell
authors.forename: Albert S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Baldwin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000502:physiology*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D018925:Chemokines; D002843:Chromatin; C404915:Cxcl2 protein, mouse; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004247:DNA; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605507:Gsk3b protein, mouse; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3