title: Evaluation of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), Lugol's iodine (VILI), cervical cytology and HPV testing as cervical screening tools in Latin America. This report refers to partial results from the LAMS (Latin AMerican Screening) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the performance indicators of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and visual inspection with Lugol's iodine (VILI) in four Latin American centres participating in the ongoing Latin AMerican Screening (LAMS) study, in settings with moderate incidence of cervical disease and with poorly to moderately well-organized cervical cancer screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three Brazilian centres (São Paulo, Campinas and Porto Alegre) and one Argentine centre (Buenos Aires) recruited a total of 11,834 healthy women to undergo VIA, VILI, conventional Pap smear and Hybrid Capture II (HCII).
  
  
  METHODS
  Women who had a positive result from any of these tests were subjected to colposcopy and biopsies (if necessary), and women with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were properly treated. To control for verification bias, 5% of women with normal tests were referred for colposcopy, as were 20% of HCII-negative women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data on VIA (n=11,834), VILI (n=2994), conventional Pap smear (n=10,138) and HCII (n=4195) were available for test comparisons, calculating sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Overall test positivity was 11.6% for VIA, 23.0% for VILI, 2.2% for Pap smear (LSIL threshold), 1.1% for Pap smear (HSIL threshold) and 17.1% for HCII. VIA was positive in 61.8% of the women with CIN 1, 57.0% of those with CIN 2, 35.0% of women with CIN 3 and in 21 of 28 (75%) of women with cancer. Approximately 10% of women with no detectable disease had an abnormal VIA. Regarding VILI, 83.3% of women diagnosed with CIN 1 and 62.5% of those with CIN 3 had an abnormal test. VILI failed to detect one of three cases of cancer. Both the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of VIA and VILI in detecting CIN 2 or CIN 3 could be significantly improved depending on the combination with Pap smear or HCII (sensitivity up to 100.0% and specificity up to 99.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The LAMS study failed to reproduce the performance figures obtained with VIA and VILI (as stand-alone tests) in some other settings, where the prevalence of cervical disease was higher. However, a combined use of VIA or VILI with the Pap test or HCII allowed specific detection of cervical abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: L O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Sarian
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Derchain
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Naud
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roteli-Martins
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Longatto-Filho
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tatti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Branca
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erzen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Serpa-Hammes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matos
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gontijo
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Bragança
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: M Y S
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lörincz
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Dores
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Syrjänen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Syrjänen
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007454:Iodides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007843:Latin America; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000378:metabolism*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007454:Iodides; D019342:Acetic Acid; C010389:Lugol's solution