title: Association of polymorphisms in pulmonary surfactant protein A1 and A2 genes with high-altitude pulmonary edema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A potential pathogenetic cofactor for the development of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is an increase in capillary permeability, which could occur as a result of an inflammatory reaction and/or free-radical-mediated injury to the lung. Pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A), the most abundant surfactant protein, has potent antioxidant properties and protects unsaturated phospholipids and growing cells from oxidative injury. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SP-A1 and SP-A2, genes encoding SP-A, have been associated with susceptibility to respiratory distress syndrome, COPD, and pulmonary infections. In view of the protective role of SP-A against inflammatory reactions and oxidative damage, the two underlying mechanisms in development of HAPE, we examined the association of constitutional susceptibility to HAPE with polymorphisms in SP-A1 and SP-A2.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected at an altitude (> or = 3,500 m).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve low-altitude native (LAN) subjects with a history of HAPE, 15 healthy LAN sojourners without a history of HAPE (LAN control subjects), and 19 healthy high-altitude natives (HANs) without a history of HAPE (HAN control subjects).
  
  
  METHODS
  The SNPs in four exons and intermediate introns of the SP-A1 and SP-A2 were screened by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Biochemical parameters related to oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione in RBC) and membrane permeability (circulating levels of lactate dehydrogenase) were measured in plasma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Allele frequencies of three loci in SP-A1 and one in SP-A2 were significantly different between LAN HAPE patients (SP-A1 C1101T: C allele, 36.4% and T allele, 63.6%; SP-A1 T3192C: T allele, 61.1% and C allele, 38.9%; SP-A1 T3234C: T allele, 61.1% and C allele, 38.9%; and SP-A2 A3265C: A allele, 21.4% and C allele, 78.6%) and LAN control subjects (SP-A1 C1101T: C allele, 8.3% and T allele, 91.7%; SP-A1 T3192C: T allele, 15% and C allele, 85%; SP-A1 T3234C: T allele, 15% and C allele, 85%; and SP-A2 A3265C: A allele, 37.5% and C allele, 62.5%) [C1101T odds ratio [OR], 6.3 with 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.8 to 14.3; T3192C OR, 8.9 with 95% CI, 4.5 to 17.6; T3234C OR, 8.9 with 95% CI, 4.5 to 17.6; and A3265C OR, 2.2 with 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.1 (p < or = 0.01)]. Heterozygous individuals, with respect to SP-A1 C1101T and SP-A2 A3265C, showed less severity in oxidative damage in comparison with homozygous subjects (SP-A1 T1101 and SP-A2 C3265).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The polymorphisms in SP-A1 (C1101T, T3192C, and T3234C) and SP-A2 (A3265C) might be one of the genetic factors contributing to susceptibility to HAPE.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Shweta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: Ratan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Taruna
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Madan
authors.forename: Vanita
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Kambadur
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muralidhar
authors.forename: Puranam U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Sarma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D037662:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D037662:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A