title: Acid resistance variability among isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acid resistance could be an indicator of virulence since acid resistant strains are able to better survive the human stomach passage and in macrophages. We studied the acid resistance of several Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 strains isolated from food and humans and identified cellular parameters contributing to the enhanced acid resistance of these isolates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acid resistance was tested in 37 Salmonella enterica Typhimurium serovar DT104 (S. Typhimurium DT104) strains. Acid adaptation at pH 5 followed by exposure for 2 h at pH 2.5 in the 27 human, nine nonhuman, and in two reference strains, revealed strong variation of acid survival. After 2 h at pH 2.5 six strains of S. Typhimurium DT104 were considered high acid resistant as they displayed a level of survival >10%, 14 strains were considered intermediate acid resistant (level of survival was <10% and >0.01%) and 19 strains were considered low acid resistant (level of survival <0.01%). Six strains were selected for further studies and proteomics revealed a relatively high amount of phase 2 flagellin in an acid-sensitive strain and a relatively high amount of the beta component of the H(+)/ATPase in an acid-resistant strain. Two strains were slightly more heat resistant possibly as the result of increased levels of DnaK or GroEL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant difference could be detected between human and food isolates regarding their acid resistance; all high acid-resistant strains were human isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S. Typhimurium DT104 is known for two decades and has a great impact on human health causing serious food-borne diseases. Our results suggest the existence of a positive correlation between acid resistance and pathogenicity in S. Typhimurium DT104 as all high acid-resistant strains were isolated from humans.
authors.affiliation: Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Berk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jonge
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Zwietering
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abee
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kieboom
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009154:Mutation; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012808:Sigma Factor / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012808:Sigma Factor; C069567:sigma factor KatF protein, Bacteria