title: A new approach for pudendal nerve exposure and its clinical significance.
abstract: Analgesia of the pudendal nerve is used in patients undergoing gynecologic, obstetric and penile surgery. Stimulation techniques are used to determine the functions of the nerve. In these interventions, different landmarks are used to describe the localization of this nerve. Although some authors use perineal approaches, others prefer a transvaginal (rectal in males) approach. Knowledge regarding the anatomy of the pudendal nerve and its blockade allows an easy approach to the clinical problems like perineal neuralgia, neurogenic bladder dysfunction and penile implant operations. However, in the descriptions of these different approaches, there is no clear information regarding the depth of the nerve and the branches of the pudendal nerve that are blocked. The aim of the present study was to determine the depth and location of the pudendal nerve and, thus, describe certain and easily identified surface landmarks for clinical use. According to our examinations, the distance between the ischial tuberosity and the coccyx (the base of a triangle defined by the ischial tuberosity, coccyx and ischial spine) was 8.62 +/- 0.92 cm (range 6.74-9.77 cm). The distance between the ischial tuberosity and the ischial spine was 5.23 +/- 0.33 cm (range 4.76-5.81 cm) and the distance from the ischial spine to the coccyx was 5.42 +/- 0.52 cm (range 4.02-6.32 cm). Because the pudendal nerve intersected the distance between the posterior superior iliac spine and the ischial tuberosity, the distance between these two landmarks was also measured and found to be 13.31 +/- 0.91 cm (range 10.58-15.13 cm); the depth of the nerve was 4.14 +/- 0.83 cm (range 3.13-5.25 cm).
authors.affiliation: Ankara University, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, 06100 Sihhiye Ankara, Turkey. uz@medicine.ankara.edu.tr
authors.forename: Aysun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uz
authors.forename: Alpaslan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Apan
authors.forename: Kadriye M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Erbil
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tekdemir
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods; D002102:Cadaver; D003050:Coccyx / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005835:Genitalia / Q000294:innervation*; D006801:Humans; D007512:Ischium / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology