title: The emergence of embryos from hard seeds is related to the structure of the cell walls of the micropylar endosperm, and not to endo-beta-mannanase activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Seeds of carob, Chinese senna, date and fenugreek are hard due to thickened endosperm cell walls containing mannan polymers. How the radicle is able penetrate these thickened walls to complete seed germination is not clearly understood. The objective of this study was to determine if radicle emergence is related to the production of endo-beta-mannanase to weaken the mannan-rich cell walls of the surrounding endosperm region, and/or if the endosperm structure itself is such that it is weaker in the region through which the radicle must penetrate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Activity of endo-beta-mannanase in the endosperm and embryo was measured using a gel assay during and following germination, and the structure of the endosperm in juxtaposition to the radicle, and surrounding the cotyledons was determined using fixation, sectioning and light microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The activity of endo-beta-mannanase, the major enzyme responsible for galactomannan cell wall weakening increased in activity only after emergence of the radicle from the seed. Thickened cell walls were present in the lateral endosperm in the hard-seeded species studied, but there was little to no thickening in the micropylar endosperm except in date seeds. In this species, a ring of thin cells was visible in the micropylar endosperm and surrounding an operculum which was pushed open by the expanding radicle to complete germination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The micropylar endosperm presents a lower physical constraint to the completion of germination than the lateral endosperm, and hence its structure is predisposed to permit radicle protrusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Axelrod Building, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Bassel
authors.forename: Aoxue
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Greenwood
authors.forename: J Derek
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bewley
mesh_terms: D028023:Arecaceae / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D002366:Cassia / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000502:physiology; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D018525:Germination / Q000502:physiology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D029910:Trigonella / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D044902:beta-Mannosidase / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D044902:beta-Mannosidase