title: Shifting-related brain magnetic activity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current theories suggest a role for frontal-striatal circuits in the pathogenesis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to measure event-related brain activity during a simplified version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in children with DSM-IV combined type ADHD (ADHD-C) or predominantly inattentive type ADHD (ADHD-PI) and in age- and intelligence-matched control children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In control children, set-shifting cues evoked a higher degree of activation in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) between 200 and 300 msec than non-shifting cues, with MTL activation predicting later activity in left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (at 400-500 msec). This MTL-ACC response pattern was diminished in children with ADHD. By contrast, children with ADHD showed early activity in regions barely activated in control children, such as left inferior parietal lobe and posterior superior temporal gyrus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary data support theories of frontal dysfunction in ADHD but also suggest that deficits in higher-level functions might be secondary to disruptions in earlier limbic processes.
authors.affiliation: Valencian Institute of Pediatric Neurology, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mulas
authors.forename: Almudena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Capilla
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: Máximo C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Etchepareborda
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Campo
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maestú
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: F Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.forename: Tomás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ortiz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003463:Cues; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology