title: Computational evidence for hundreds of non-conserved plant microRNAs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small (20-25 nt) non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression through interaction with mRNA in plants and metazoans. A few hundred miRNAs are known or predicted, and most of those are evolutionarily conserved. In general plant miRNA are different from their animal counterpart: most plant miRNAs show near perfect complementarity to their targets. Exploiting this complementarity we have developed a method for identification plant miRNAs that does not rely on phylogenetic conservation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the presumed targets for the known miRNA as positive controls, we list and filter all segments of the genome of length approximately 20 that are complementary to a target mRNA-transcript. From the positive control we recover 41 (of 92 possible) of the already known miRNA-genes (representing 14 of 16 families) with only four false positives. Applying the procedure to find possible new miRNAs targeting any annotated mRNA, we predict of 592 new miRNA genes, many of which are not conserved in other plant genomes. A subset of our predicted miRNAs is additionally supported by having more than one target that are not homologues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that it is possible to reliably predict miRNA-genes without using genome comparisons. Furthermore it suggests that the number of plant miRNAs have been underestimated and points to the existence of recently evolved miRNAs in Arabidopsis.
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. morten@binf.ku.dk
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindow
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krogh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D016678:Genome; D018745:Genome, Plant; D007438:Introns; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D035683:MicroRNAs; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018749:RNA, Plant; D022661:RNA, Untranslated