title: Rapid and/or high-throughput genotyping for human red blood cell, platelet and leukocyte antigens, and forensic applications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditionally, transfusion medicine, platelet and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing, and forensic medicine relied on serologic studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  In recent years, molecular testing on nucleic acids has been increasingly applied to these areas. Although conventional molecular diagnostic methods such as PCR-sequence-specific priming, PCR-restriction fragment-length polymorphism, PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism, sequence-based typing, and DNA fingerprinting have been shown to perform well, their use is limited by long turnaround times, high cost, labor-intensiveness, the need for special technical skills, and/or the high risk of amplicon contamination. With advance of fast and/or high-throughput methods and platforms that often combine amplification and detection, a new era of molecular genotyping is emerging in these fields dominated by serology for a century. As new targets, short tandem repeats, mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome sequences were introduced for forensic applications. This article reviews the current status of the application of rapid and/or high-throughput genotyping methods to these areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results are already promising with real-time PCR, pyrosequencing, microarrays, and mass spectrometry and show high concordance rates with classic serologic and earlier manual molecular diagnostic methods. Exploration of other emerging methodologies will likely further enhance the diagnostic utility of molecular testing in these areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3202, USA. yan.wu@yale.edu
authors.forename: Yan Yun
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Gyorgy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Csako
mesh_terms: D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting / Q000379:methods; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D005838:Genotype; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D046228:Microarray Analysis / Q000379:methods; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000097:blood*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens; D009696:Nucleic Acids