title: Ethanol induces cell-cycle activity and reduces stem cell diversity to alter both regenerative capacity and differentiation potential of cerebral cortical neuroepithelial precursors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The fetal cortical neuroepithelium is a mosaic of distinct progenitor populations that elaborate diverse cellular fates. Ethanol induces apoptosis and interferes with the survival of differentiating neurons. However, we know little about ethanol's effects on neuronal progenitors. We therefore exposed neurosphere cultures from fetal rat cerebral cortex, to varying ethanol concentrations, to examine the impact of ethanol on stem cell fate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethanol promoted cell cycle progression, increased neurosphere number and increased diversity in neurosphere size, without inducing apoptosis. Unlike controls, dissociated cortical progenitors exposed to ethanol exhibited morphological evidence for asymmetric cell division, and cells derived from ethanol pre-treated neurospheres exhibited decreased proliferation capacity. Ethanol significantly reduced the numbers of cells expressing the stem cell markers CD117, CD133, Sca-1 and ABCG2, without decreasing nestin expression. Furthermore, ethanol-induced neurosphere proliferation was not accompanied by a commensurate increase in telomerase activity. Finally, cells derived from ethanol-pretreated neurospheres exhibited decreased differentiation in response to retinoic acid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reduction in stem cell number along with a transient ethanol-driven increase in cell proliferation, suggests that ethanol promotes stem to blast cell maturation, ultimately depleting the reserve proliferation capacity of neuroepithelial cells. However, the lack of a concomitant change in telomerase activity suggests that neuroepithelial maturation is accompanied by an increased potential for genomic instability. Finally, the cellular phenotype that emerges from ethanol pre-treated, stem cell depleted neurospheres is refractory to additional differentiation stimuli, suggesting that ethanol exposure ablates or delays subsequent neuronal differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy & Medical Neurobiology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA. DRS0499@medicine.tamhsc.edu
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Santillano
authors.forename: Leena S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Terasa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Prock
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Camarillo
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Tingling
authors.forename: Rajesh C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Miranda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D046569:Neuroepithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol