title: Tracheal surgery in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study is to show that five distinct types of tracheal anomalies should be differentiated with respect to therapy and prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 12 infants and children seen over a period of 20 years for different tracheal anomalies such as laryngotracheal stenosis (n = 3), long or short-segment stenosis of the upper (n = 2), middle (n = 6), and lower (n = 1) trachea were reviewed. In addition to these 12 patients with congenital stenosis, 3 other patients needed tracheal resections because of oncologic or traumatic disease: in 2, the trachea was infiltrated by a papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland and in one, the upper part of the trachea was injured by an oral explosion accident. 25 patients presenting during the same period for other tracheal pathologies including esophagotracheal cleft syndrome (n = 7), tracheomalacia (n = 4), total tracheal agenesis (n = 3), or for placement of a tracheostomy (n = 11) due to other diseases were excluded from this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was 1 early death after repair of a laryngotracheal stenosis by cricoid-split and cricoid-splint due to both cerebral hemorrhage and cardiac insufficiency secondary to Fallot's tetralogy. Another child died four weeks after slide tracheoplasty as a result of hypoxic cerebral lesions induced by severe central catheter-related septicemia. One child with therapy-resistant obstructing granulation tissue which developed after a slide tracheoplasty required a tracheostomy. The patient with the tracheal injury died after another accident one year after discharge. All other patients (n = 11) are doing well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With respect to therapy of congenital and post-intubation tracheal stenosis, four types should be distinguished. Each of these types requires an adequate surgical procedure. The most important postoperative problem in tracheal surgery is the development of granulation tissue. However, the pathogenesis of granulation is still unknown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. ProfPSchweizer@web.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schweizer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kirschner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schweizer
mesh_terms: D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003413:Cricoid Cartilage / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006097:Granulation Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000473:pathology; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D014132:Trachea / Q000293:injuries*; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis / Q000151:congenital / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*