title: Evolution and integration of innate immune systems from fruit flies to man: lessons and questions.
abstract: Despite broad differences in morphology, ecology and behavior, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and humans show a remarkably high degree of conservation for many molecular, cellular, and developmental aspects of their biology. During the last decade, similarities have also been discovered in some of the mechanisms regulating their innate immune system. These parallels regard mainly the Toll-like receptor family and the intracellular signaling pathways involved in the control of the immune response. However, if the overall similarities are important, the detailed pathogen recognition mechanisms differ significantly between fly and humans, highlighting a complicated evolutionary history of the metazoan innate defenses. In this review, we will discuss the main similarities and differences between the two types of organisms. We hope that this current knowledge will be used as a starting point for a more comprehensive view of innate immunity within the broad variety of metazoan phyla.
authors.affiliation: UPR 9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire 15, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Cosimo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martinelli
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Reichhart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004330:Drosophila / Q000276:immunology*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D018448:Models, Immunological; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; C495341:tehao protein, Drosophila