title: Hospitalizations for critically ill children with traumatic brain injuries: a longitudinal analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines the incidence, utilization of procedures, and outcomes for critically ill children hospitalized with traumatic brain injury over the period 1988-1999 to describe the benefits of improved treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of hospital discharges was conducted using data from the Health Care Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample that approximates a 20% sample of U.S. acute care hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital inpatient stays from all types of U.S. community hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample included all children aged 0-21 with a primary or secondary ICD-9-CM diagnosis code for traumatic brain injury and a procedure code for either endotracheal intubation or mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Deaths occurring during hospitalization were used to calculate mortality rates. Use of intracranial pressure monitoring and surgical openings of the skull were investigated as markers for the aggressiveness of treatment. Patients were further classified by insurance status, household income, and hospital characteristics. Over the 12-yr study period, mortality rates decreased 8 percentage points whereas utilization of intracranial pressure monitoring increased by 11 percentage points. The trend toward more aggressive management of traumatic brain injury corresponded with improved hospital outcomes over time. Lack of insurance was associated with vastly worse outcomes. An estimated 6,437 children survived their traumatic brain injury hospitalization because of improved treatment, and 1,418 children died because of increased mortality risk associated with being uninsured. Improved treatment was valued at approximately dollar 17 billion, whereas acute care hospitalization costs increased by dollar 1.5 billion (in constant 2000 dollars). Increased mortality in uninsured children was associated with a dollar 3.76 billion loss in economic benefits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More aggressive management of pediatric traumatic brain injury appears to have contributed to reduced mortality rates over time and saved thousands of lives. Additional lives could be saved if mortality rates could be equalized between insured and uninsured children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR 72202-3591, USA. tilfordmickj@uams.edu
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tilford
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Aitken
authors.forename: K J S
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: Jerril W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Allen C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Jeffrey B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Killingsworth
authors.forename: Debra H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Fiser
authors.forename: P David
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Adelson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007348:Insurance, Health; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology