title: The three-dimensional solution structure of Ca(2+)-bound S100A1 as determined by NMR spectroscopy.
abstract: S100A1 is an EF-hand-containing Ca(2+)-binding protein that undergoes a conformational change upon binding calcium as is necessary to interact with protein targets and initiate a biological response. To better understand how calcium influences the structure and function of S100A1, the three-dimensional structure of calcium-bound S100A1 was determined by multidimensional NMR spectroscopy and compared to the previously determined structure of apo. In total, 3354 nuclear Overhauser effect-derived distance constraints, 240 dihedral constraints, 160 hydrogen bond constraints, and 362 residual dipolar coupling restraints derived from a series of two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and four-dimensional NMR experiments were used in its structure determination (>21 constraints per residue). As with other dimeric S100 proteins, S100A1 is a symmetric homodimer with helices 1, 1', 4, and 4' associating into an X-type four-helix bundle at the dimer interface. Within each subunit there are four alpha-helices and a short antiparallel beta-sheet typical of two helix-loop-helix EF-hand calcium-binding domains. The addition of calcium did not change the interhelical angle of helices 1 and 2 in the pseudo EF-hand significantly; however, there was a large reorientation of helix 3 in the typical EF-hand. The large conformational change exposes a hydrophobic cleft, defined by residues in the hinge region, the C terminus, and regions of helix 3, which are important for the interaction between S100A1 and a peptide (TRTK-12) derived from the actin-capping protein CapZ.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Kristen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Varney
authors.forename: Karen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: Rossitza K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Gitti
authors.forename: Danna B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D009418:S100 Proteins; C110294:S100A1 protein; D002118:Calcium