title: Dietary intake of heterocyclic amines and benzo(a)pyrene: associations with pancreatic cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heterocyclic amines (HCA) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, formed in temperature- and time-dependent manners during the cooking of meat, are mutagens and carcinogens. We sought to assess the association between dietary intake of HCA and benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] and exocrine pancreatic cancer in a population-based case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (193 cases and 674 controls) provided information on their usual meat intake and preparation method, e.g., stewed, fried, or grilled/barbecued, etc. Meat doneness preferences were measured using photographs that showed internal doneness and external brownness. We used a meat-derived HCA, B(a)P, and mutagen database with a questionnaire to estimate intake of PhIP, DiMeIQx, MeIQx, B(a)P, and mutagenic activity (revertants/g of daily meat intake). Data were analyzed with unconditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In analyses adjusted for age, sex, smoking, education, race, and diabetes, the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for the highest compared with the lowest quintile were as follows: PhIP, 1.8 (1.0-3.1); DiMeIQx, 2.0 (1.2-3.5); MeIQx, 1.5 (0.9-2.7); B(a)P, 2.2 (1.2-4.0); and mutagenic activity, 2.4 (1.3-4.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HCAs and B(a)P from well-done barbecued and pan-fried meats may be associated with increased risk for pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55454, USA. anderson_k@epi.umn.edu
authors.forename: Kristin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Fred F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Kadlubar
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kulldorff
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Harnack
authors.forename: Myron
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Nicholas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: Nat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001679:Biogenic Amines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003296:Cooking; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001679:Biogenic Amines; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene