title: Agitated depression in bipolar II disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test diagnostic validity or utility of agitated depression (AD) in bipolar II disorder (BP-II).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and twenty BP-II major depressive episode (MDE) outpatients interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Hypomania Interview Guide (HIG), and Family History Screen. AD defined as MDE with psychomotor agitation. Mixed depression defined as MDE with > or =4 hypomanic symptoms. AD, non-AD, mixed-AD, non-mixed-AD, and mixed-non-AD were compared versus diagnostic validators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AD was present in 35.0%, 75.8% of AD were mixed, while only 14.3% of non-AD were mixed (P=0.0000). AD (n=112), versus non-AD (n=208), had significantly higher age, more females, recurrences, bipolar I family history, and much more concurrent hypomanic symptoms. Mixed-AD (n=85), versus non-mixed-AD (n=27), was not significantly different, apart from more hypomanic symptoms (by definition), but there were clinically significant differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings may partly support subtyping of AD in BP-II, on the basis of its frequent clustering of hypomanic symptoms, and its different family history. This subtyping may impact on treatment of BP-II depression, as antidepressants alone may increase agitation while mood stabilising agents can treat agitation before using antidepressants.
authors.affiliation: E. Hecker Outpatient Psychiatry Center, Ravenna, Italy. FrancoBenazzi@FBenazzi.it
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Benazzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018692:Antimanic Agents