title: Effects of snuff on the oral health status of adolescent males: a comparative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of snuff on the oral health status of adolescent males.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants consisted of 80 adolescent males between 16-25 years, 40 snuff users and 40 non-users. The snuff users and non-users were matched with reference to their age. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing questions on general and oral health, daily oral hygiene and tobacco habits. The clinical examination was carried out in a dental office by two experienced dental hygienists. Snuff lesions were clinically classified on a four-point scale and documented on colour slides. The examination also assessed the number of teeth, restored tooth surfaces, plaque index and gingival index, probing pocket depth and gingival recessions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 40 snuff users, 35 showed snuff incluced lesions. The clinical diagnosis of snuff users' mucosa showed snuff lesions of different severity clinically classified as degree 1, 2 and 3. When explaining snuff lesions of degree 2 and 3, hours of daily snuff use and package form (portion-bag snuff versus loose snuff) was statistically significant. There were no statistical differences between snuff users and non-users regarding restored tooth surfaces, presence of plaque, gingival inflammation and probing pocket depth. Seventeen percent of the cases showed loss of periodontal attachment as gingival recessions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In spite of mucosal lesions caused by snuff there were no statistical differences in prevalence in plaque and gingivitis between snuff users and non-users. However, some cases showed loss of periodontal attachment as gingival recessions.
authors.affiliation: Karlstad University, Division for Health and Caring Sciences, 651 88 Karlstad, Sweden. Margot.Rolandsson@kau.se
authors.forename: Margot
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rolandsson
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hellqvist
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lindqvist
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hugoson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010512:Periodontal Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects*