title: Dual Association of beta-carotene with risk of tobacco-related cancers in a cohort of French women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intervention studies have demonstrated that, in smokers, beta-carotene supplements had a deleterious effect on risk of lung cancer and may have a deleterious effect on digestive cancers as well. We investigated a potential interaction between beta-carotene intake and smoking on the risk of tobacco-related cancers in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 59,910 women from the French Etude Epidémiologique de Femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale (E3N) prospective investigation were studied from 1994. After a median follow-up of 7.4 years, 700 women had developed cancers known to be associated with smoking. Diet, supplement use, and smoking status at baseline were assessed by self-report. beta-carotene intake was classified into four groups: first (low intake), second, and third tertiles of dietary intake, and use of supplements (high intake). Unadjusted and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for cancer risk. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among never smokers, multivariable hazard ratios of all smoking-related cancers were 0.72 (95% CI = 0.57 to 0.92), 0.80 (95% CI = 0.64 to 1.01), and 0.44 (95% CI = 0.18 to 1.07) for the second and third tertiles of dietary intake, and high beta-carotene intake, respectively, compared with low intake (Ptrend = .03). Among ever smokers, multivariable hazard ratios were 1.43 (95% CI = 1.05 to 1.96), 1.20 (95% CI = 0.86 to 1.67), and 2.14 (95% CI = 1.16 to 3.97) for the second and third tertiles of dietary intake, and high beta-carotene intake, respectively, compared with low intake (Ptrend = .09). Tests for interaction between beta-carotene intake and smoking were statistically significant (Ptrend =.017). In this population, the absolute rates over 10 years in those with low and high beta-carotene intake were 181.8 and 81.7 cases per 10,000 women in never smokers and 174.0 and 368.3 cases per 10,000 women in ever smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  beta-carotene intake was inversely associated with risk of tobacco-related cancers among nonsmokers with a statistically significant dose-dependent relationship, whereas high beta-carotene intake was directly associated with risk among smokers.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, Equipe E3N, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Touvier
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kesse
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Clavel-Chapelon
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Boutron-Ruault
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000009:adverse effects; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002273:Carcinogens; D019207:beta Carotene