Estrogenic activities in rodent estrogen-free diets.
Diets lacking soy and alpha-alpha derivatives that are considered to be estrogen-free by standard bioassays (uterotrophic assay and vaginal opening) have been revealed to contain considerable amounts of compounds able to transcriptionally activate the estrogen receptors (ERs) and stimulate luciferase expression in several organs of the ERE-Luc reporter mouse. By molecular imaging, we show that ER activation is present in nonreproductive organs to an extent similar to that observed with the administration of 17beta-estradiol, and it is not influenced by orchiectomy or treatment with an aromatase inhibitor. This, together with the use of a completely synthetic diet, proves that the activation of ERs observed is due to estrogenic compounds present in commercial diets and that it is not a secondary event determined by food consumption and metabolism. The pervasiveness of estrogenic compounds in nature poses the question of how relevant and necessary is the daily ingestion of natural compounds active through the ERs for the maintenance of a correct metabolism in both male and female mammals.
Ciana
Paolo
P
Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Italy.
Brena
Andrea
A
Sparaciari
Paolo
P
Bonetti
Elena
E
Di Lorenzo
Diego
D
Maggi
Adriana
A
D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005526:Food, Formulated; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000235:genetics; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020218:Response Elements / Q000235:genetics; D013739:Testosterone / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014018:Tissue Distribution
D004967:Estrogens; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D013739:Testosterone; D008156:Luciferases