title: Biodegradation of bisphenol A and disappearance of its estrogenic activity by the green alga Chlorella fusca var. vacuolata.
abstract: Bisphenol A (BPA) is known as an endocrine disruptor and often is found in landfill leachates. Removal of BPA by green alga, Chlorella fusca, was characterized, because we previously found that various phenols were well removed by this strain, including BPA. Chlorella fusca was able to remove almost all BPA in the concentration range from 10 to 80 microM for 168 h under continuous illumination at 18 W/m2. At the low light intensity of 2 W/m2, 82% of 40 microM BPA was removed, and only 27% was removed in the dark. Moreover, C. fusca could remove 90% of 40 microM BPA under the 8:16-h light:dark condition, which was almost as high as that under the continuous-light condition. The amount of BPA contained in the cells was less than the amount of BPA removed from the medium. Monohydroxybisphenol A was detected as an intermediate of BPA degradation. Moreover, estrogenic activity that originated from BPA in the culture medium also completely disappeared. Based on these results, BPA was finally degraded to compounds having nonestrogenic activity. Therefore, C. fusca can be considered a useful organism to remove BPA from landfill leachates.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirooka
authors.forename: Hiroyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagase
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hiroshige
authors.forename: Yoshie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ehara
authors.forename: Jun-ichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishihara
authors.forename: Kazuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Zazumasa
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hirata
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002708:Chlorella / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010636:Phenols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004967:Estrogens; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds