title: Thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) with 0.2% ropivacaine in combination with ipsilateral brachial plexus block (BPB) for modified radical mastectomy (MRM).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast cancer is the 2nd most common tumors in Thai women. Until now, oncologic breast surgeries are typically performed by general anesthesia (GA). However, GA cannot provide adequate postoperative pain control and routine use of parenteral opioids aggravate postoperative sedation, nausea, emesis, impaired oxygenation and depressed ventilation. Thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) is one of the regional anesthetic techniques that can be done by using a low dose of local anesthetic in combination with ipsilateral brachial plexus block (BPB) for axillary node dissection. TEA can provide a better pain relief without potential paralysis of respiratory muscle and sedation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty ASA PS I-III patients undergoing MRM were randomly assigned to two study groups of 25 patients each. In the TEA group, an epidural catheter was inserted at T4 to T5, and 10-15 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine was injected, then interscalene BPB was done with 8 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine. Anesthesia was maintained with 5-10 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine per hour. GA was induced with 1 microg/kg of fentanyl followed by 1.5-2 mg/kg of propofol and was maintained with sevoflurane and 70% N2O in oxygen. The authors evaluated the adequacy of anesthesia, surgical condition, postanesthetic recovery, postanesthetic analgesia and patients' satisfaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The demographic data was similar in both groups. The number of patients immediately arrived at PACU with a sedation score of 1 was significantly greater in TEA group (p = 0.003) while the number of patients with an Aldrete score of 10 was greater but not statistically significant (p = 0.25). The verbal rating scale and analgesic requirement were significantly lower in the TEA group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002 respectively). Patients' satisfaction was greater with TEA than with GA (p = 0.014). Surgical condition was similar in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that TEA combined with BPB by using a low dose of 0.2% ropivacaine is a safe and reliable alternative technique for MRM. It can provide not only effective anesthesia but also better postoperative pain relief faster anesthetic recovery and greater patient satisfaction than those of the GA technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Petchara
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sundarathiti
authors.forename: Koravee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pasutharnchat
authors.forename: Youwanush
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kongdan
authors.forename: Pet-eng
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Suranutkarin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D001917:Brachial Plexus; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015411:Mastectomy, Modified Radical; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000077212:Ropivacaine
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000077212:Ropivacaine