title: Targeting tumor angiogenesis: comparison of peptide and polymer-peptide conjugates.
abstract: Endothelial cells in tumor angiogenesis are highly accessible, genetically stable and present unique molecular markers for targeted therapy. Neoplasia is also characterized by enhanced vascular permeability and disordered lymphatics so that both active and passive targeting strategies may play a role in localizing angiogenesis-targeted agents. To investigate the relative importance of these targeting strategies, the tissue biodistribution of both endothelial-specific and nonspecific peptides and their macromolecular peptide-copolymer conjugates were studied in 2 xenograft models of prostate cancer. Tumor-to-normal tissue background ratios (T/B) of these constructs were compared to evaluate the effect of molecular size on blood clearance and nonspecific vascular permeability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Water-soluble N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers were synthesized with side chains terminated in a doubly cyclized Arg-Gly-Asp motif KACDCRGDCFCG (RGD4C: active peptide targeting the alpha(V)beta(3) integrin) and KACDCRGECFCG (RGE4C: nonactive peptide). The bioactivity of the polymer conjugates and free peptides was characterized in vitro by endothelial cell adhesion assay. The (99m)Tc(CO)(3)-labeled compounds were injected into SCID mice bearing DU145 or PC-3 prostate tumor xenografts for scintigraphic imaging and necropsy organ counting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPMA copolymer-RGD4C conjugates showed similar inhibition of cell adhesion as free RGD4C attached to (99m)Tc(CO)(3) chelator N-omega-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-L-lysine (RGD4C-DPK) and were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than RGE4C, HPMA copolymer-RGE4C, and a hydrolyzed HPMA copolymer precursor. Scintigraphic images obtained at 24 h showed specific tumor localization of HPMA copolymer-RGD4C and RGD4C compared with RGE4C conjugates in both prostate tumor models. Twenty-four-hour necropsy data in the DU145 model showed significantly higher (P < 0.001) tumor localization for HPMA copolymer-RGD4C (4.60 +/- 1.80%ID/g [percentage injected dose per gram tissue]) and RGD4C-DPK (3.37 +/- 0.32%ID/g) compared with HPMA copolymer-RGE4C (1.24 +/- 0.15%ID/g) and RGE4C-DPK (0.32 +/- 0.04%ID/g). Similar results were observed in the PC-3 model. Moreover, higher T/B for the polymer conjugates indicated reduced extravasation of the targeted polymeric conjugates in normal tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific molecular targeting of the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin and nonspecific vascular permeability are both significant in the relative tumor localization of polymeric conjugates of RGD4C. Extravascular leak in nonspecific organs appears to be a major factor in reducing the T/B for the peptide molecules.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. bline@umm.edu
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Line
authors.forename: Amitava
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.forename: Anjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nan
authors.forename: Hamidreza
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ghandehari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008689:Methacrylates; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3; D008689:Methacrylates; D009842:Oligopeptides; C112658:arginyl-glycyl-glutamic acid; C047981:arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid; C032802:hydroxypropyl methacrylate