title: Heart failure and therapy.
abstract: The clinical syndrome of heart failure is the final outcome of a number of diseases affecting the heart. Several studies undertaken over the past decade, have led to a significant change in the therapies available and a growing understanding of the physiopathological mechanisms. Increasingly, the current treatment of heart failure, is not just symptomatic but also etiologic and physiopathologic. In this paper we will try to furnish guidelines, as practical as possible, for the treatment of this syndrome, addressing the physiopathologic and experimental principles which underlie it. The present suggestions are based on the updated literature review, they conform to the latest guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology and are in agreement with the classification in grades, proposed by the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy. marinellamazzone@yahoo.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazzone
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Portale
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: La Sala
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Covino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pignataro
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bononi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Forte
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ursella
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gentiloni Silveri
mesh_terms: D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D012720:Severity of Illness Index