title: Effects of an EEG biofeedback protocol on a mixed substance abusing population.
abstract: This study examined whether an EEG biofeedback protocol could improve outcome measures for a mixed substance abusing inpatient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-one volunteers undergoing an inpatient substance abuse program were randomly assigned to the EEG biofeedback or control group. EEG biofeedback included training in Beta and SMR to address attentional variables, followed by an alpha-theta protocol. Subjects received a total of 40 to 50 biofeedback sessions. The control group received additional time in treatment equivalent to experimental procedure time. The Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), and MMPI, were administered with both tester and subject blind as to group placement to obtain unbiased baseline data. Treatment retention and abstinence rates as well as psychometric and cognitive measures were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental subjects remained in treatment significantly longer than the control group (p <0.005). Of the experimental subjects completing the protocol, 77% were abstinent at 12 months, compared to 44% for the controls. Experimental subjects demonstrated significant improvement on the TOVA (p<.005) after an average of 13 beta-SMR sessions. Following alpha-theta training, significant differences were noted on 5 of the 10 MMPI-2 scales at the p<.005 level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This protocol enhanced treatment retention, variables of attention, and abstinence rates one year following treatment.
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Othmer
authors.forename: Stephen I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Sideroff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000513:Alpha Rhythm; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D007902:Length of Stay; D008950:MMPI; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013826:Theta Rhythm