title: Paradoxical bronchoconstriction with albuterol administered by metered-dose inhaler and nebulizer solution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a case of a patient who experienced bronchoconstriction following both a single dose of albuterol via metered-dose inhaler and a subsequent rechallenge with nebulized albuterol and review previously published case reports of albuterol-induced paradoxical bronchoconstriction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 92-year-old white man with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was prescribed an albuterol inhaler for treatment of cold symptoms. Within 30 minutes of his first inhalation, he became short of breath and had difficulty speaking. During emergency department examination for the initial event, the bronchospasm improved with administration of oxygen 15 L/min via a non-rebreather mask. Two hours later, the patient received albuterol via nebulizer and experienced stridor, shortness of breath, and severe bronchospasm. He was admitted, treated with methylprednisolone, and discharged the following day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paradoxical bronchoconstriction is a rare complication of bronchodilator therapy. Although theories have been proposed about components of albuterol solutions and preservatives as causative agents, the true mechanism of the phenomenon remains unknown. Several previous case reports described bronchospasm with albuterol given via tablet, inhaler, and nebulizer. In 2 of these cases, symptoms recurred upon rechallenge; however, none of these cases demonstrates rechallenge using albuterol as both the index and challenge agent. In our patient, paradoxical bronchoconstriction was considered to be probable according to the Naranjo probability scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  beta(2)-Agonists are generally well-tolerated medications. However, clinicians should remain vigilant in their monitoring of adverse effects so they will be able to provide immediate care and minimize the chance of an unfavorable outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy at Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 01608-1715, USA. linda.spooner@wor.mcphs.edu
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Spooner
authors.forename: Jacqueline L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Olin
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016084:Bronchoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003139:Common Cold / Q000188:drug therapy; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D036501:Metered Dose Inhalers; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions; D000420:Albuterol