title: Influence of age and schooling on the performance in a modified Mini-Mental State Examination version: a study in Brazil northeast.
abstract: Performance in cognitive tests can be influenced by age and education level. In developing countries, formal education is limited for most people. Application of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) test, in its original version could have an adverse effect on the evaluation of low educated and elderly individuals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the cognitive performance of low and middle educated old people in a modified version of the adapted to portuguese language MMSE.
  
  
  METHODS
  A study was carried out enrolling 253 individuals, aged 60 to 90 years included in different schooling levels. Four educational groups were studied: illiterate; 1-4 schooling years; 5-8 schooling years and over 8 schooling years. Besides, the sample was also studied according to six classes: 60-65, 66-70, 71-75, 76-80, 81-85 and 86-90 years. The modified version (mo-MMSE) included modifications in copy and calculation items from the adapted MMSE (ad-MMSE) to Portuguese language. The maximum possible score was the same in the two versions: total, 30; copy, 1 and calculation, 5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  mo-MMSE scores were significantly higher than ad-MMSE for every age classes. A negative correlation was observed between age and scores in individuals of 1-4 and in individuals over eight schooling years, both in ad-MMSE and mo-MMSE. However, there was not a significant correlation between age and scores in illiterate group and in individuals of 5-8 schooling years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The modification of copy and calculation items of ad-MMSE, are responsible by the best performance in mo-MMSE. Cultural background could have influenced this result. Individuals with more than eight years of formal instruction are protected against a reduction of their capacity to solve cognitive tests. However, low instructed individuals have not this capacity and so they present signals of intellectual aging before they become elderly people.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil. pbrito@truenet.com.br
authors.forename: Paulo Roberto de
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Brito-Marques
authors.forename: José Eulálio
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cabral-Filho
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001938:Brazil; D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale / Q000592:standards*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014175:Translating