title: Identification of 2 serum biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma by surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry can generate robust information from a small amount of clinical samples such as serum and plasma. In this study we identified novel diagnostic biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by large-scale serum protein profiling using surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proteomic spectra were generated by a time of flight mass spectrometer from a set of training samples (21 patients with RCC and 24 healthy volunteers) and another set of validation samples (19 patients with RCC, 20 healthy volunteers and 5 patients with pyelonephritis). Information on the peaks (intensity and m/z) was extracted from the mass spectra using newly developed algorithms, and the Mann-Whitney's U test and linear support vector machine were used to identify the peaks distinguishing RCC samples from the controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two peaks with molecular masses of 4,151 and 8,968 m/z were selected as significantly more prominent in RCC samples (p <0.01) among the 3,539 peaks in the range of 3,000 to 30,000 m/z obtained from the training samples. Simultaneous recognition of these 2 biomarkers was shown to have a sensitivity of 89.5% for the diagnosis of RCC and an overall specificity of 80.0% (95% [19 of 20] of healthy volunteers and 20% [1 of 5] of patients with pyelonephritis) in the blinded validation samples, and to allow detection of RCC in stage I (UICC) in 88.9% (16 of 18) of the cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified 2 serum biomarkers potentially useful for the early diagnosis of RCC. This finding warrants a further large-scale multi-institutional analysis for clinical evaluation of the diagnostic significance of these biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: Chemotherapy Division and Cancer Proteomics Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Kazufumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: Masaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Katsusuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.forename: Setsuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirohashi
authors.forename: Tesshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D012372:ROC Curve; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor