The lagged effect of cold temperature and wind chill on cardiorespiratory mortality in Scotland.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the lagged effects of cold temperature on cardiorespiratory mortality and to determine whether "wind chill" is a better predictor of these effects than "dry bulb" temperature.


METHODS
Generalised linear Poisson regression models were used to investigate the relation between mortality and "dry bulb" and "wind chill" temperatures in the three largest Scottish cities (Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Aberdeen) between January 1981 and December 2001. Effects of temperature on mortality (lags up to one month) were quantified. Analyses were conducted for the whole year and by season (cool and warm seasons).


RESULTS
Temperature was a significant predictor of mortality with the strongest association observed between temperature and respiratory mortality. There was a non-linear association between mortality and temperature. Mortality increased as temperatures fell throughout the range, but the rate of increase was steeper at temperatures below 11 degrees C. The association between temperature and mortality persisted at lag periods beyond two weeks but the effect size generally decreased with increasing lag. For temperatures below 11 degrees C, a 1 degrees C drop in the daytime mean temperature on any one day was associated with an increase in mortality of 2.9% (95% CI 2.5 to 3.4), 3.4% (95% CI 2.6 to 4.1), 4.8% (95% CI 3.5 to 6.2) and 1.7% (95% CI 1.0 to 2.4) over the following month for all cause, cardiovascular, respiratory, and "other" cause mortality respectively. The effect of temperature on mortality was not observed to be significantly modified by season. There was little indication that "wind chill" temperature was a better predictor of mortality than "dry bulb" temperature.


CONCLUSIONS
Exposure to cold temperature is an important public health problem in Scotland, particularly for those dying from respiratory disease.
Carder
M
M
Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
McNamee
R
R
Beverland
I
I
Elton
R
R
Cohen
G R
GR
Boyd
J
J
Agius
R M
RM
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000397:Air Pollution; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D023341:Chills; D003081:Cold Climate; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012621:Seasons; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014919:Wind