title: Vitamin D3 confers protection from autoimmune encephalomyelitis only in female mice.
abstract: The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) increases significantly with decreasing UV B light exposure, possibly reflecting a protective effect of vitamin D(3). Consistent with this theory, previous research has shown a strong protective effect 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MS model. However, it is not known whether the hormone precursor, vitamin D(3), has protective effects in EAE. To address this question, B10.PL mice were fed a diet with or without vitamin D(3), immunized with myelin basic protein, and studied for signs of EAE and for metabolites and transcripts of the vitamin D(3) endocrine system. The intact, vitamin D(3)-fed female mice had significantly less clinical, histopathological, and immunological signs of EAE than ovariectomized females or intact or castrated males. Correlating with reduced EAE, the intact, vitamin D(3)-fed female mice had significantly more 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and fewer CYP24A1 transcripts, encoding the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)-inactivating enzyme, in the spinal cord than the other groups of mice. Thus, there was an unexpected synergy between vitamin D(3) and ovarian tissue with regard to EAE inhibition. We hypothesize that an ovarian hormone inhibited CYP24A1 gene expression in the spinal cord, so the locally-produced 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) accumulated and resolved the inflammation before severe EAE developed. If humans have a similar gender difference in vitamin D(3) metabolism in the CNS, then sunlight deprivation would increase the MS risk more significantly in women than in men, which may contribute to the unexplained higher MS incidence in women than in men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Spach
authors.forename: Colleen E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hayes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000209:etiology; D004676:Myelin Basic Protein / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010052:Ovariectomy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000737:chemistry; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics; D065668:Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase
chemical_list: D004676:Myelin Basic Protein; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases; C585549:CYP24A1 protein, human; C585550:Cyp24a1 protein, mouse; D065668:Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase