title: Absolute quantification in dopaminergic neurotransmission SPECT using a Monte Carlo-based scatter correction and fully 3-dimensional reconstruction.
abstract: Dopamine transporter (DAT) ligands have been developed for in vivo imaging of the dopaminergic system in SPECT. Although the visual analysis of SPECT images is, in general, suitable for clinical assessment, the accurate quantification of the striatal uptake might increase the sensitivity of the technique and help in the early diagnosis, follow-up, and eventual treatment response of Parkinson's disease (PD). This work is focused on assessment of the quantification of specific uptake of (99m)Tc-DAT ligands when compensation for all degrading phenomena is performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SimSET Monte Carlo (MC) code was used to generate a set of SPECT projections of a numeric striatal phantom with different specific uptake ratios (SURs). An absolute quantification method (AQM), which performs a MC-based scatter compensation and a fully 3-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, was implemented. The scatter estimate was included in the reconstruction algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of attenuation, point-spread-function (PSF), and scatter corrections resulted in an improvement in the value of the SUR of 37% on average with respect to the reconstruction without corrections. The magnitude of each improvement corresponded to 7% for the attenuation correction, 12% for the PSF correction using a 2-dimensional reconstruction algorithm and a further 11% for the PSF correction using a 3D reconstruction algorithm, and 7% for the scatter correction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that the PSF correction plays a major role in the quantification of striatal uptake in comparison with the attenuation correction and the scatter correction. The implemented method also provides an absolute quantification procedure based on MC methods that do not depend on empiric approximations. The relative quantification results using the proposed AQM accounted for 96%-97% of the nominal SUR, whereas the limit achieved using only primary photons attained 98%-99%. The volumetric activity values obtained using the AQM converged toward the nominal values.
authors.affiliation: Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Departament Ciències Fisiològiques I, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cot
authors.forename: Carles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Falcón
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crespo
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sempau
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pareto
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bullich
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lomeña
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Calviño
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pavía
authors.forename: Domènec
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ros
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014326:Tropanes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C493214:SLC6A3 protein, human; D014326:Tropanes; C104196:technetium Tc 99m TRODAT-1