title: Up-regulation of Toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 4 in allergic rhinitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toll-like receptors enable the host to recognize a large number of pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, viral RNA, CpG-containing DNA and flagellin. Toll-like receptors have also been shown to play a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. The role of Toll-like receptors as a primary part of our microbe defense system has been shown in several studies, but their possible function as mediators in allergy and asthma remains to be established. The present study was designed to examine the expression of Toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 4 in the nasal mucosa of patients with intermittent allergic rhinitis, focusing on changes induced by exposure to pollen.
  
  
  METHODS
  27 healthy controls and 42 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis volunteered for the study. Nasal biopsies were obtained before and during pollen season as well as before and after allergen challenge. The seasonal material was used for mRNA quantification of Toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 4 with real-time polymerase chain reaction, whereas specimens achieved in conjunction with allergen challenge were used for immunohistochemical localization and quantification of corresponding proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  mRNA and protein representing Toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 4 could be demonstrated in all specimens. An increase in protein expression for all three receptors could be seen following allergen challenge, whereas a significant increase of mRNA only could be obtained for Toll-like receptor 3 during pollen season.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The up-regulation of Toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 4 in the nasal mucosa of patients with symptomatic allergic rhinitis supports the idea of a role for Toll-like receptors in allergic airway inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. Mattias.Fransson@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fransson
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adner
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Erjefält
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uddman
authors.forename: Lars-Olaf
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Cardell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D009299:Nasal Provocation Tests; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000276:immunology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000276:immunology; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3 / Q000276:immunology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000276:immunology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495344:TLR3 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4