title: Effect of Australian tea tree oil on Gyrodactylus spp. infection of the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus.
abstract: Gyrodactylus spp. infections of commercially farmed fishes are responsible for significant economic losses. Existing treatments have proved uneconomic, stressful to the fishes, and ecologically damaging. Essential oils are naturally occurring compounds that exhibit a wide range of anti-microbial and anti-fungal activities. This study explored the possibility of using Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil (TTO) to treat Gyrodactylus spp. infection on the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus. In the presence of 0.01 % Tween 80 as an emulsifier, TTO treatments at concentrations between 3 and 30 ppmv (parts per million by volume) lowered the prevalence and significantly reduced the parasite burden of sticklebacks naturally infected with Gyrodactylus spp. In addition, Tween 80 alone exhibited parasiticidal activity against Gyrodactylus spp. These findings show the potential of TTO in combination with Tween 80 as an effective treatment of Gyrodactylus spp. infection of fishes.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK. dsteverding@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steverding
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tkaczynski
authors.forename: Foster
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Walder
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tinsley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology*; D006374:Helminthiasis, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D031650:Melaleuca / Q000737:chemistry; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D010986:Platyhelminths / Q000187:drug effects*; D011136:Polysorbates; D023701:Smegmamorpha; D020947:Tea Tree Oil / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D011136:Polysorbates; D020947:Tea Tree Oil