title: A "malignant" variant of status epilepticus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Status epilepticus (SE) frequently does not respond to common first-line anticonvulsants. In a substantial portion of patients, administration of anticonvulsant anesthetics is inevitable. Even this aggressive approach fails to terminate SE in an undefined number of cases. We have coined the term malignant SE for this most severe variant of SE.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess frequency, risk factors, and in-hospital outcome of malignant SE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurologic intensive care unit of a large university hospital. Patients Sample of 35 episodes of SE not responding to first-line anticonvulsants in 34 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Predictive and prognostic features of episodes of malignant SE with persistent epileptic activity after high-dose anesthetics compared with features of the remainder of cases with refractory SE and persistent epileptic activity after failure of first-line anticonvulsants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Status epilepticus that could not be controlled by first-line anticonvulsants resulted in malignant SE in 20% of cases. Patients with malignant SE were significantly younger than patients with refractory SE (P = .03). Encephalitis was identified as an independent risk factor for malignant SE (P = .008). Outcome in malignant SE was poor, with significantly longer duration of seizure activity (P<.001), longer stay in the neurologic intensive care unit (P<.001) and in the hospital (P = .007), and more patients with functional dependency at discharge from the hospital (P = .04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malignant SE is not rare after failure of first-line anticonvulsants. The patient at risk is typically young and suffers from encephalitis. Such patients should be treated aggressively early in the course of SE to prevent malignant SE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Charité -- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Auguste-Viktoria-Krankenhaus Berlin, Germany. martin.holtkamp@charite.de
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holtkamp
authors.forename: Jalal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Othman
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buchheim
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Masuhr
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schielke
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meierkord
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants