title: Sex chromosome evolution: molecular aspects of Y-chromosome degeneration in Drosophila.
abstract: Ancient Y-chromosomes of various organisms contain few active genes and an abundance of repetitive DNA. The neo-Y chromosome of Drosophila miranda is in transition from an ordinary autosome to a genetically inert Y-chromosome, while its homolog, the neo-X chromosome, is evolving partial dosage compensation. Here, I compare four large genomic regions located on the neo-sex chromosomes that contain a total of 12 homologous genes. In addition, I investigate the partial coding sequence for 56 more homologous gene pairs from the neo-sex chromosomes. Little modification has occurred on the neo-X chromosome, and genes are highly constrained at the protein level. In contrast, a diverse array of molecular changes is contributing to the observed degeneration of the neo-Y chromosome. In particular, the four large regions surveyed on the neo-Y chromosome harbor several transposable element insertions, large deletions, and a large structural rearrangement. About one-third of all neo-Y-linked genes are nonfunctional, containing either premature stop codons and/or frameshift mutations. Intact genes on the neo-Y are accumulating amino acid and unpreferred codon changes. In addition, both 5'- and 3'-flanking regions of genes and intron sequences are less constrained on the neo-Y relative to the neo-X. Despite heterogeneity in levels of dosage compensation along the neo-X chromosome of D. miranda, the neo-Y chromosome shows surprisingly uniform signs of degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. dbachtrog@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bachtrog
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004330:Drosophila / Q000235:genetics*; D020440:Gene Duplication; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D012730:Sex Chromosomes; D014998:Y Chromosome
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements