title: Racial disparities in treatment and survival among women with early-stage breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Black women with breast cancer are known to have poorer survival than white women. Suboptimal treatment may compromise the survival benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy. We analyzed the association of race and survival with duration of treatment and number of treatment cycles among women receiving chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were women in the Henry Ford Health System tumor registry who were diagnosed with stage I/II breast cancer between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2001, who received adjuvant chemotherapy. We calculated an observed/expected ratio of treatment duration and of completed chemotherapy cycles for each patient. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we analyzed the association of early treatment termination and treatment duration with all-cause mortality, controlling for age, race, stage, hormone receptor status, grade, comorbidity score, and doxorubicin use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 472 eligible patients, 28% (31% black, 23% white; P = .03) received fewer cycles of treatment than expected. Black race, receipt of < or = 75% of the expected number of cycles, increasing age, hormone receptor negativity, and a comorbidity score of more than 1 were associated with poorer survival. Among the 344 patients receiving the expected number of cycles, 60% experienced delays. These delays did not reduce survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to find that a substantial fraction of women with early-stage breast cancer terminated their chemotherapy prematurely and that early termination was associated with both black race and poorer survival. A better understanding of the determinants of suboptimal treatment may lead to interventions that can reduce racial disparities and improve breast cancer outcomes for all women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. dlh23@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hershman
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.forename: Judith S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Lois
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lamerato
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Victor R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Grann
authors.forename: Alfred I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Neugut
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011287:Prejudice; D011336:Probability; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*