title: Antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive men is associated with increased apolipoprotein CIII in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dyslipidaemia has become a common problem in HIV disease, especially in patients on current antiretroviral therapy. However, the pathogenic mechanisms involved are not well understood or documented using conventional lipid measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a cross-sectional design, the prevalence of abnormal standard lipid measurements and novel biomarkers for abnormal lipid metabolism was determined in 271 HIV-positive men from two HIV clinics in Atlanta, GA, USA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 147 men were treated with protease inhibitors (PIs) for >3 months (54%), 84 were treated with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for >3 months (31%) and 40 had not received antiretroviral therapy in the past 3 months (15%). Patients being treated with a PI had higher total cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels than patients on no therapy (P<0.05 for each). Patients in the NNRTI group had higher TG, lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, and higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels than patients on no therapy (P<0.05 for each). Patients treated with either PIs or NNRTIs were more likely to have higher apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) levels (P<0.05 for each) than patients on no therapy. Elevated TG was associated with disproportionably elevated apoCIII levels in both treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cross-sectional study of HIV-infected men, either PI or NNRTI therapy elevated levels of TG and apoCIII. Higher concentrations of apoCIII in apoB-containing lipoproteins [very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and LDLs] have been predictive of an increased incidence of coronary events in clinical trials and more rapid progression of coronary lesions measured by angiography. These findings, on a background of an older population with additional risk factors of smoking and diabetes, portend future atherosclerotic events in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA. david.rimland@med.va.gov
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rimland
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Guest
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Rio
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: W V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053305:Apolipoprotein C-III; D001056:Apolipoproteins C / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D053305:Apolipoprotein C-III; D001056:Apolipoproteins C; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D014280:Triglycerides