title: Cocaine exposure is associated with subtle compromises of infants' and mothers' social-emotional behavior and dyadic features of their interaction in the face-to-face still-face paradigm.
abstract: Prenatal cocaine and opiate exposure are thought to subtly compromise social and emotional development. The authors observed a large sample of 236 cocaine-exposed and 459 nonexposed infants (49 were opiate exposed and 646 nonexposed) with their mothers in the face-to-face still-face paradigm. Infant and maternal behaviors were microanalytically coded. No opiate-exposure effects were detected. However, mothers of cocaine-exposed infants showed more negative engagement than other mothers. The cocaine-exposed dyads also showed higher overall levels of mismatched engagement states than other dyads, including more negative engagement when the infants were in states of neutral engagement. Infants exposed to heavier levels of cocaine showed more passive-withdrawn negative engagement and engaged in more negative affective matching with their mothers than other infants. Although effect sizes were small, cocaine exposure, especially heavy cocaine exposure, was associated with subtly negative interchanges, which may have a cumulative impact on infants' later development and their relationships with their mothers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Child Development Unit, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: E Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Tronick
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Messinger
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lagasse
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seifer
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shankaran
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bada
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003142:Communication; D003710:Demography; D005145:Face; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012919:Social Behavior