title: The reliability of lymph-node staging in rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prognostic significance of the nodal stage and number of nodes recovered in the surgical specimen after preoperative synchronous chemoradiation (SCRT) and surgery for locally advanced or unresectable rectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and eighty-two consecutive patients with locally advanced or unresectable (T3/T4) rectal carcinomas were entered on a prospective database and treated in this department with preoperative chemoradiation, followed 6-12 weeks later by surgical resection. Most patients received chemotherapy in the form of low-dose folinic acid and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 350 mg/m2 via a 60-min infusion on days 1-5 and 29-33 of a course of pelvic radiotherapy delivered at a dose of 45 Gy in 25 fractions over 33 days to a planned volume. After resection, patients with a positive circumferential margin (< or = 1 mm), extranodal deposits or Dukes' C histology received adjuvant 5-FU-based-chemotherapy (n = 40).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After SCRT, 161 patients underwent resection. Twenty-one patients remained unresectable or refused an exenterative operation. Median follow-up is 36 months. Down-staging was achieved in most patients, with 19 having a complete pathological response (pT0). The median number of lymph nodes recovered for all patients was five (range 0-21). The 3-year survival rate for node-positive patients is 47%, for node-negative patients with less than three lymph nodes recovered is 62% and for node-negative patients with three or more lymph nodes recovered is 70%. Compared with node-positive patients, simple regression models revealed a reduced hazard ratio (HR) of 0.72 (0.36-1.43) for node-negative patients with less than three nodes recovered and 0.48 (0.26-0.89) for node-negative patients with three or more lymph nodes recovered. In a multivariate model, including nodal status, excision status, age and sex only positive excision margins significantly predicted a poor outcome: HR = 3.05 (1.55-5.97).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number of nodes found after preoperative chemoradiation is a significant prognostic factor by univariate analysis. In this study, patients with node-negative histology, and at least three nodes recovered, had better long-term survival than patients in whom two or less nodes were recovered or with positive nodes. This effect was attenuated by the inclusion of excision status in multivariate models.
authors.affiliation: Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, Middlesex, UK. mjberesford@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beresford
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Glynne-Jones
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Richman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Makris
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mawdsley
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stott
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ashford
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grainger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Al-Jabbour
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Talbot
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meyrick Thomas
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Livingstone
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCue
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: J A M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Northover
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Windsor
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Novell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil