title: The CREB coactivator TORC2 is a key regulator of fasting glucose metabolism.
abstract: Glucose homeostasis is regulated systemically by hormones such as insulin and glucagon, and at the cellular level by energy status. Glucagon enhances glucose output from the liver during fasting by stimulating the transcription of gluconeogenic genes via the cyclic AMP-inducible factor CREB (CRE binding protein). When cellular ATP levels are low, however, the energy-sensing kinase AMPK inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis through an unknown mechanism. Here we show that hormonal and energy-sensing pathways converge on the coactivator TORC2 (transducer of regulated CREB activity 2) to modulate glucose output. Sequestered in the cytoplasm under feeding conditions, TORC2 is dephosphorylated and transported to the nucleus where it enhances CREB-dependent transcription in response to fasting stimuli. Conversely, signals that activate AMPK attenuate the gluconeogenic programme by promoting TORC2 phosphorylation and blocking its nuclear accumulation. Individuals with type 2 diabetes often exhibit fasting hyperglycaemia due to elevated gluconeogenesis; compounds that enhance TORC2 phosphorylation may offer therapeutic benefits in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Peptide Biology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California 92037-1002, USA.
authors.forename: Seung-Hoi
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flechner
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Xinmin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Screaton
authors.forename: Shawn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jeffries
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hedrick
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Fayçal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boussouar
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brindle
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takemori
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montminy
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D005215:Fasting / Q000378:metabolism*; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005943:Gluconeogenesis; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism; D010729:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: C504923:Crtc2 protein, mouse; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D010729:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP); D005947:Glucose