title: Stimulation of cortisol during mental task performance in a provocative virtual environment.
abstract: Fully immersive and stereoscopic Virtual Environments (VE) represent a powerful multimedia tool for laboratory-based simulations of distinct scenarios including scenarios for evaluating stressful situations resembling reality. Thus far, cortisol secretion as a neuroendocrine parameter of stress has not been evaluated within a Virtual Reality (VR)-based paradigm. In this study 94 healthy volunteers were subjected to a provocative VR-paradigm and a cognitive stress task. Provocative in this context means the VE was designed to provoke physiological reactions (cortisol secretion) within the respective users by purpose. It was tested (a) if a fully dynamic VE as opposed to a static VE can be regarded as a stressor and (b) if such a fully dynamic VE can modify an additional response to a cognitive stressor presented within the VE additionally. Furthermore, possible gender-related impacts on cortisol responses were assessed. A significant cortisol increase was observed only after the combined application of the fully dynamic VE and the cognitive stressor, but not after application of the dynamic VE or the cognitive stressor alone. Cortisol reactivity was greater for men than for women. We conclude that a fully dynamic VE does not affect cortisol secretion per se, but increases cortisol responses to a dual task paradigm that includes performance of a stressful mental task. This provides the basis for the application of VR-based technologies in neuroscientific research, including the assessment of the human Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis regulation.
authors.affiliation: COAT-Basel/UPKBS, Department of Psychiatry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. bua@coat-basel.com
authors.forename: Alex H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Bullinger
authors.forename: Ullrich M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Hemmeter
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stefani
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Angehrn
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mueller-Spahn
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bekiaris
authors.forename: Brenda K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Wiederhold
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sulzenbacher
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mager
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014584:User-Computer Interface
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone