title: The catheter and its use from Hippocrates to Galen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We comprehensively reviewed the history and use of the bladder catheter in Western medicine from 500 BC to 200 AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Greek and Latin texts were key word searched to identify descriptions of contemporary instruments and their uses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The catheter and its use were mentioned by about 10 ancient authors in more than a total of 20 texts dating to the end of the second century AD. The authors include Hippocrates, Celsus, Soranus, Rufus, Aretaeus and Galen. They described the use of the instrument in reference to contemporary anatomy and physiology, and indications and contraindications in regard to certain conditions, such as urinary retention, bladder stones and intravesical blood clots. Technical details and particularities of use were also reviewed, as were pharmacological considerations and underlying physical principles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge of the urinary catheter, and its usefulness and risks in ancient medicine can be dated from the 5th century BC. Our study of European texts documents its broad use. Because catheterization was perceived as a practical measure, it generated little scientific controversy.
authors.affiliation: Institute for the History of Medicine and Medical Ethics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Ferdinand Peter
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Moog
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karenberg
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moll
mesh_terms: D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000266:history*