title: Unsafe driving in North American automobile commercials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Motor-vehicle crashes (MVCs) are a leading cause of death of young Americans and Canadians. Aggressive driving and driving at high speed are frequently cited as contributing to crashes. Consumer and safety associations have raised concern that driving behaviour portrayed in automobile commercials may influence consumer-driving behaviour. However, the prevalence of aggressive driving in automobile commercials has not been systematically evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the prevalence and types of unsafe driving that are portrayed in United States and Canadian televised automobile commercials as well as the use of safety promotion and disclaimers.
  
  
  METHODS
  All English language automobile and truck commercials (>or=30 seconds in length), airing nationally on major broadcast and cable networks in either the United States or Canada during January or July between 1998 and 2002 were assessed by three independent raters for the presence and type of unsafe driving activity, presence of safety promotion and the use of written disclaimers in each commercial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 250 total commercials, 113 (45 per cent) contained an unsafe driving sequence as determined by at least two of three raters. Unanimous agreement as to the presence of an unsafe driving sequence was found in 63 (25 per cent) commercials. Aggressive driving accounted for 85 per cent of the unsafe driving sequences, including 56 per cent with speed violations. Safety promotion was present in 30 (12 per cent) commercials. Of 141 commercials in which the gender /sex of the driver was shown, 115 (81 per cent) displayed a male driver.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unsafe driving is prevalent in North American automobile commercials. Given the extent to which MVCs are a public health and economic concern, this finding seems in conflict with responsible advertising. The degree to which the portrayal of driving in automobile commercials affects consumer-driving behaviour should be an area of further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5.
authors.forename: Phillip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hallett
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chipman
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tator
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Granton
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000329:Advertising; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D002170:Canada; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012449:Safety; D013690:Television; D014481:United States