title: Intensity-modulated radiation treatment for head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma--the University of Iowa experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the University of Iowa experience with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in the treatment of head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  From October 1999 to April 2004, 151 patients with head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma were treated with IMRT for curative intent. One patient was lost to follow-up 2 months after treatment and therefore excluded from analysis. Of the remaining 150 patients, 99 were treated with definitive IMRT, and 51 received postoperative IMRT. Sites included were nasopharynx, 5; oropharynx, 56; larynx, 33; oral cavity, 29; hypopharynx, 8; nasal cavity/paranasal sinus, 8; and unknown primary, 11. None of the patients treated with postoperative IMRT received chemotherapy. Of 99 patients who had definitive IMRT, 68 patients received concurrent cisplatin-based chemotherapy. One patient received induction cisplatin-based chemotherapy, but no concurrent chemotherapy was given. Three clinical target volumes (CTV1, CTV2, and CTV3) were defined. The prescribed doses to CTV1, CTV2, and CTV3 in the definitive cohort were 70-74 Gy, 60 Gy, and 54 Gy, respectively. For high-risk postoperative IMRT, the prescribed doses to CTV1, CTV2, and CTV3 were 64-66 Gy, 60 Gy, and 54 Gy, respectively. For intermediate-risk postoperative IMRT, the prescribed doses to CTV1, CTV2, and CTV3 were 60 Gy, 60 Gy, and 54 Gy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up was 18 months (range, 2-60 months). All living patients were followed for at least 6 months. There were 11 local-regional failures: 7 local failures, 3 regional failures, and 1 failure both in the primary tumor and regional lymph node. There were 16 patients who failed distantly, either with distant metastasis or new lung primaries. The 2-year overall survival, local progression-free survival, locoregional progression-free survival, and distant disease-free survival rates were 85%, 94%, 92%, and 87%, respectively. The median time from treatment completion to local-regional recurrence was 4.7 months (range, 1.8 to 15.6 months). Only one marginal failure was noted in a patient who had extensive tonsil cancer with tumor extension into the orbit and cavernous sinus. Patients with oropharyngeal cancer did significantly better than patients with oral cavity and laryngeal cancer, with a 2-year local-regional control rate of 98%, compared with 78% for oral cavity cancer and 85% for laryngeal cancer (p = 0.005). There was no significant difference in local-regional control for patients who received postoperative radiation or definitive radiation (p = 0.339) and for patients who had chemotherapy or not (p = 0.402). Neither T stage nor N stage had a significant effect on local-regional control (p = 0.722 and 0.712, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results have confirmed the effectiveness of IMRT in head-and-neck cancer. It offers excellent outcomes in local-regional control and overall survival. More studies are necessary to further improve the outcomes of laryngeal cancer as well as oral cavity cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Health Care, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. min-yao@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Dornfeld
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Buatti
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skwarchuk
authors.forename: Huaming
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Thanh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wacha
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bayouth
authors.forename: Gerry F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Funk
authors.forename: Russell B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Kristi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Henry T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007484:Iowa; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014495:Universities
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002945:Cisplatin