title: Thickness of molybdenum filter and squared contrast-to-noise ratio per dose for digital mammography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of our study was to test whether the lesion-tissue contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) at a given dose level can be improved by increasing the thickness of the molybdenum (Mo) filter currently used in digital mammography.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied how the CNR between breast and a 5-mm simulated infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) embedded in a 5-cm-thick breast changes with Mo filter thickness. We performed phantom imaging experiments by modifying the filter wheel of a Senographe 2000D unit with Mo filters that ranged from 15 to 90 microm in thickness. A 5-cm-thick 50% glandular-50% adipose breast phantom with a 5-mm insert simulating IDC was used as the phantom for all the cases. The CNRs between the breast phantom and the IDC insert were measured, and average glandular doses were calculated using a filtration-dependent X-ray spectra model and a breast dosimetry model based on a validated Monte Carlo simulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lesion-tissue CNR at a given dose level increases with increasing Mo filter thickness from 15 to 90 microm. The measured squared CNR per dose increased by 8%, 14%, 17%, and 17% for 45-, 60-, 75-, and 90-microm Mo filters, respectively, compared with the standard 30-microm Mo filter. Meanwhile, the exposure times were increased by 35% (45 microm), 71% (60 microm), 177% (75 microm), and 229% (90 microm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing Mo filter thickness from 30 to 60 microm can increase lesion-tissue squared CNR per dose by 14% with a tolerable increase in the duration of exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 2.448 Clinical Sciences Bldg., 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0709, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.forename: Xizeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Raleigh F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008982:Molybdenum; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D008982:Molybdenum