title: High active local levels of vancomycin without nephrotoxicity released from impacted bone allografts in 20 revision hip arthroplasties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancellous bone can act as a delivery vehicle for vancomycin without impairment of graft incorporation. However, local and systemic antibiotic levels, biological activity of vancomycin, interaction with antibiotic-loaded cement, and also nephrotoxicity of these composites have not yet been studied clinically.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood, drainage and urine samples of 20 consecutive patients undergoing revision total hip arthroplasties with impaction grafting technique utilizing 1 g of vancomycin per femoral head were studied. Plain PMMA cement was used in 10 cases, while PMMA with gentamycin was used in 5 cases and tobramycin was used in the remaining 5 cases. Biological activity of vancomycin was studied using kinetic killing curves in three ATCC organisms (methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosas). Quantification was done with fluorescent polarized immunoassay. Renal function was evaluated with preoperative and postoperative urea and creatinine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Local active bactericidal levels of vancomycin reached 1400 microg/mL (average 5-point level = 367 microg/mL) without nephrotoxicity. Vancomycin was present in urine until the fifteenth day. Both aminoglycosides in the cement had activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local levels of vancomycin were 35 times greater than the highest levels reported with vancomycin-loaded PMMA. A synergistic effect was observed between vancomycin released from impacted allografts and aminoglycoside-loaded PMMA.
authors.affiliation: Hip Surgery Unit, Carlos E Ottolenghi Institute of Orthopaedics, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. cadera@hospitalitaliano.org.ar
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Buttaro
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Gimenez
authors.forename: Graciela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barcan
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Piccaluga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012086:Reoperation; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin