title: The ontogeny of biochemical markers of cardiac dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biochemical markers are available to detect cardiac involvement in many pediatric disease states and should be considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses of three markers are readily available in clinical laboratories for improved diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased workload of the heart has been associated with the release of biochemical markers (natriuretic peptides and cardiac enzymes) that indicate that a new genetic program has been activated and maladaptation is occurring in the atria, ventricles, or both. This review summarizes those that have been identified in fetal and pediatric practice. The expression of such markers is traced from early embryonic development to fetal life, to the neonate, to childhood, and then to adult life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33701, USA. huhfam@aol.com
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Huhta
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asante-Korang
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: Suma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gudur
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000097:blood; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009080:Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D018805:Sepsis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D020107:Troponin T / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020107:Troponin T; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor