CD4T lymphocyte subsets and disease manifestation in children with and without HIV born to HIV-1 infected mothers.
OBJECTIVE
To understand the natural history of HIV-1 infection in children in terms of evolution of childhood clinical manifestations versus the immune status, we prospectively studied children with and without maternally transmitted HIV-1 infection born to mothers infected with HIV-1 for two years between March 1998 and March 2000.


METHODS
A prospective cohort study.


METHODS
An institutional children's home.


METHODS
Fifty nine children (26 males and 33 females) with and without maternally transmitted HIV-1 infection born to mothers infected with HIV-1 and adopted in institutional children home.


METHODS
HIV-1 status of children under nine months was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction(PCR). ELISA for HIV-1 antibody in serum/plasma was used to confirm HIV-infection status for children aged < or = 18 months. Children were visited every three months between March and June 2000. At every visit blood was collected for total white cell count, haemoglobin and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts. The institutional doctor routinely examined children and treated all ailments. Clinical data were recorded.


METHODS
HIV-DNA, anti-HIV antibodies, total white blood count, total T cell counts, CD4 and CD8 T cell subset counts, frequency of childhood manifestations of infection.


RESULTS
The children were aged between 4.5 and 13 years. The baseline haematological and immunological profiles (mean, mode) were: HIV-1 sero-converters (WBC 7151,7150; HB 11.6, 12.0; CD4+ 686, 795; CD8+ 2168, 1507) and HIV-1 de-seroconverters (mean, mode) were: (WBC 8386, 7150; HB 11.7, 12.8; CD4+ 735, 795; CD8+ 2168, 1507). The commonest causes of illnesses among the HIV-1 children were URTI (85.3%), TB(56.1 %), pneumonia (56.2%), tonsillitis (34.1%), parotiditis (28%) and acute otitis media (25%). The distribution of clinical manifestations was similar between the two categories of children, except URTI, whose prevalence was significantly increased among HIV-1 infected children (p-value=0.006). Among the HIV-1 infected children, only TB, parotiditis, and acute otitis media (AOM) were significantly associated with decreased CD4+ T cell count (p<0.05) resulting from HIV infection.


CONCLUSIONS
HIV infection in children predisposes them to common childhood infections that can be used as markers of immune decline. TB, AOM, URTI may be early indicators of suspicion that would enable selective screening for HIV infection in children.
Makokha
E P
EP
Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Moi University, PO Box 4606, Eldoret, Kenya.
Ogolla
M
M
Orago
A S S
AS
Koech
D K
DK
Mpoke
S
S
Esamai
F
F
Songok
E M
EM
Kobayashi
N
N
Okoth
F A
FA
Tukei
P M
PM
D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000635:transmission*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000378:metabolism*
D015415:Biomarkers