title: A phase II multicenter, randomized, double-blind, safety trial assessing the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy of oral 2-methoxyestradiol capsules in hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the preclinical antitumor and antiangiogenic activity of 2-methoxyestradiol can be translated to the clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer were enrolled into this phase II randomized, double-blind trial of two doses of oral 2-methoxyestradiol capsules (400 and 1,200 mg/d) given in 4-week cycles. Pharmacokinetic sampling was done on day 1 of cycles 1 and 2 and trough samples were obtained weekly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three men were accrued between February and September 2001. The notable toxicity related to therapy was one grade 2 and two grade 3 episodes of liver transaminase elevation, which resolved with continued treatment in two patients. There were two cases of deep venous thromboses. The drug had nonlinear pharmacokinetic, rapid conversion to 2-methoxyestrone and approximately 85% conjugation. Trough plasma levels of unconjugated 2-methoxyestradiol and 2-methoxyestrone were approximately 4 and 40 ng/mL, respectively. Prostate-specific antigen declines between 21% and 40% were seen in seven patients in the 1,200 mg group and in one patient in the 400 mg group. The higher-dose group showed significantly decreased prostate-specific antigen velocity (P = 0.037) and compared with the 400 mg dose had a longer median time to prostate-specific antigen progression (109 versus 67 days; P = 0.094) and time on study (126 versus 61 days; P = 0.024). There was a 2.5- and 4-fold increase in sex hormone-binding globulin for the 400 and 1,200 mg dose levels, respectively, at days 28 and 56.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  2-Methoxyestradiol is well tolerated and, despite suboptimal plasma levels and limited oral bioavailability with this capsule formulation, still showed some anticancer activity at 1,200 mg/d.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. chsweene@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Constantin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yiannoutsos
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kolesar
authors.forename: Dorothea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Horvath
authors.forename: Mary Jane
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Staab
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fife
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Treston
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sidor
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wilding
mesh_terms: D000077584:2-Methoxyestradiol; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002214:Capsules; D018450:Disease Progression; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D002214:Capsules; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D004958:Estradiol; D000077584:2-Methoxyestradiol; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen