title: Non-invasive assessment of ventricular force-frequency relations in the univentricular circulation by tissue Doppler echocardiography: a novel method of assessing myocardial performance in congenital heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the first clinical application of a novel tissue Doppler derived index of contractility, isovolumic acceleration (IVA), in the assessment of the ventricular myocardial force-frequency relation (FFR) in the univentricular heart (UVH).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-invasive assessment of the myocardial FFR by tissue Doppler echocardiography during atrial pacing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IVA was used to measure the FFR of the systemic ventricle in patients with structurally normal hearts and in patients with UVHs. Basal IVA of the normal hearts (mean (SD) 1.9 (0.3) m/s2) was significantly greater than that of UVHs in patients with a dominant right ventricle (RV) (1.0 (0.3) m/s2) or left ventricle (LV) (0.8 (0.7) m/s2; p < 0.05 for both). Neither the absolute nor percentage change from basal to peak values of IVA with pacing differed between the three groups. Peak force developed by the normal LV was significantly greater than that of the UVH, dominant LV group but not different from that of the UVH, dominant RV group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contractility at basal heart rate is depressed in patients with UVH compared with the normal LV. Analysis of ventricular FFRs exposes further differences in myocardial contractility. There is no evidence that contractile function of the dominant RV is inferior to that of the dominant LV over a physiological range of heart rates.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.
authors.forename: M M H
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Smallhorn
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: McCrindle
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Van Arsdell
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Redington
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002648:Child; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities; D006801:Humans; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013318:Stroke Volume