title: Clinical education and clinical evaluation of respiratory therapy students.
abstract: Different blends of knowledge, decision making, problem solving,professional behaviors, values, and technical skills are necessary in the changing health care environments in which respiratory therapists practice. Frequently, novice students are expected to perform quickly and efficiently,and it may be forgotten that students are still learning and mastering the foundation pieces of practice. Clinical educators take on the responsibility of student development in addition to overseeing patient care. Normally,these volunteer instructors are role models for respiratory therapy students. The characteristic of initiative when demonstrated by a beginning student is attractive to the clinical instructor, promotes sharing of experiences, and may evolve into a mentor-protege relationship. Some clinical instructors may be underprepared to teach and are uncomfortable with student evaluation. Respiratory therapy facilities in conjunction with academic institutions may consider sponsoring ongoing programs for clinical teachers. Teaching and learning in the clinical environment is more than demonstration of skills and knowledge. Furthermore, it can be debated whether the memorization of facts or of the steps of a skill is more valuable than competency in problem solving, clinical reasoning, or information retrieval. New knowledge is built within a context and is further integrated when grounded by experience. Development of "prediction in practice" or the anticipation of the next necessary actions may be worth integrating into the instructional toolbox. Intuition has been defined as an "understanding without a rationale". This definition separates intuition from rational decision making and presents intuition as a type of innate ability. Reflection when guided by clinical instructors can help deepen critical thinking, as will Socratic questioning on a regular basis. Most clinical staff can agree on the performance of an incompetent student, but discrimination of the levels of competence is more challenging. Observations allow the assessor to obtain the data necessary to evaluate performance, followed by assessment, which denotes a judgment made on the basis of an observation of events. Performance assessment should have stability and consistency, measure what is intended to be measured, and truly determine competence. In contrast, reflective analysis has been shown to be successful for clinical evaluation, thus departing from strict competency and product-based assessment. Students yearn to become clinically knowledgeable, and their enthusiasm should be fostered. An interest in clinical practice is the primary reason individuals enroll in respiratory therapy education programs. Educators,managers, and staff should assure that students experience an appropriate, rich, and diverse clinical curriculum that with practice develops clinical judgment, reasoning, and reflection on practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Health Nursing, School of Nursing, Indiana University, 1111 Middle Drive, NU 425, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. dcullen@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Cullen
mesh_terms: D000488:Allied Health Personnel / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D003479:Curriculum / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D040441:Health Educators / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008611:Mentors; D024382:Professional Role; D012138:Respiratory Therapy / Q000193:education* / Q000639:trends; D013336:Students, Health Occupations