title: Some biological correlates of drug resistance in schizophrenia: a multidimensional approach.
abstract: Drug resistance in schizophrenic disorders treated with an antipsychotic medication is highly problematic, lacking sound criteria to define it, and to discriminate between drug response and clinical remission. This article reviews some neurochemical, psychoimmunological, pharmacogenetic and neuromorphological patterns which can affect drug response and determine drug-resistance phenomena in schizophrenia. Several neurochemical abnormalities have been reported to be relevant for the pathogenesis of schizophrenic disorders and have been related to clinical symptoms as well as to the quality of response to antipsychotics: most of the findings come from studies on DA and 5HT brain metabolism, but more recently other non-dopaminergic pathways have been implicated (e.g., glutamatergic ones). Literature data suggest that schizophrenia may be associated with significant alterations of T-cell functions, showing the activation of the inflammatory response system (IRS), particularly in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, and differential effects on IRS have been reported for conventional and atypical antipsychotics. Furthermore molecular genetic approaches provide a novel method of dissecting the heterogeneity of psychotropic drug response, providing the means of determining the molecular substrates of drug efficacy and drug-induced adverse events. On the other hand, functional neuroimaging techniques, including single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), providing an in vivo assessment of the expression and function of neuroreceptors, transporters and enzymes, seem to be particularly promising for a better understanding of 'real' drug resistance. Finally, a multidimensional approach taking into account all these variables in the future would likely be the more valuable strategy to optimise response, reducing relapses or resistant clinical situations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy. c.altamura@hsacco.it
authors.forename: A Carlo
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Altamura
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bassetti
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cattaneo
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vismara
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D012701:Serotonin; D004298:Dopamine