title: Acute effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on behavioral measures of impulsivity: alone and in combination with alcohol.
abstract: The use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has frequently been associated with increased levels of impulsivity during abstinence. The effects of MDMA on measures of impulsivity, however, have not yet been studied during intoxication. The present study was designed to assess the acute effects of MDMA and alcohol, alone and in combination, on behavioral measures of impulsivity and risk-taking behavior. A total of 18 recreational users of MDMA entered a double-blind placebo-controlled six-way crossover study. The treatments consisted of MDMA 0, 75, and 100 mg with and without alcohol. Alcohol dosing was designed to achieve a peak blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of about 0.06 g/dl during laboratory testing. Laboratory tests of impulsivity were conducted between 1.5 and 2 h post-MDMA and included a stop-signal task, a go/no-go task, and the Iowa gambling task. MDMA decreased stop reaction time in the stop-signal task indicating increased impulse control. Alcohol increased the proportion of commission errors in the stop-signal task and the go/no-go task. Signal detection analyses of alcohol-induced commission errors indicated that this effect may reflect impairment of perceptual or attentive processing rather than an increase of motor impulsivity per se. Performance in the Iowa gambling task was not affected by MDMA and alcohol, but there was a nonsignificant tendency towards improvement following alcohol intake. None of the behavioral measures of impulsivity showed a MDMA x alcohol interaction effect. The lack of interaction indicated that the CNS stimulant effects of MDMA were never sufficient to overcome alcohol-induced impairment of impulse control or risk-taking behavior.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Psychopharmacology Unit, Department of Neurocognition, Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. j.ramaekers@psychology.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Johannes G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ramaekers
authors.forename: Kim P C
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Kuypers
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D020268:Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003657:Decision Making / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004347:Drug Interactions; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010919:Placebos; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D006213:Hallucinogens; D010919:Placebos; D000431:Ethanol; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine