title: Educational inequalities in the prevalence and incidence of disability in Italy and the Netherlands were observed.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Information on socioeconomic inequalities in incidence of and recovery from disability is still scarce, as is information on socioeconomic inequalities in performance-based disability as compared to self-reported disability. This study aimed to estimate educational inequalities in the prevalence, incidence, and recovery of self-reported and performance-based disability in two European populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from two longitudinal studies on aging. At each wave, participants were asked to what degree they experienced difficulty with several functional tasks, and interviewers rated their performance on several tasks. Educational inequalities in both outcomes were expressed in terms of prevalence, incidence, and recovery ratios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Educational inequalities in both prevalence and incidence of disability were observed. No large educational inequalities in recovery from disability could be demonstrated. Compared to inequalities in self-reports of disability, inequalities in performance-based disability were equally large in the Dutch study, but smaller in the Italian study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inequalities in performance-based measures of disability stress the importance of the association of socioeconomic position with disability among older populations. Our results suggest that higher education serves to postpone or avoid disability, but provides less benefit when disability is already present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands. m.huisman@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Martijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huisman
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kunst
authors.forename: Dorly
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deeg
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grigoletto
authors.forename: Wilma
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nusselder
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mackenbach
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors