title: Liver injury and changes in hepatitis C Virus (HCV) RNA load associated with protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy for treatment-naive HCV-HIV-coinfected patients: lopinavir-ritonavir versus nelfinavir.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiation in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been associated with transaminase and HCV viral load flares. Previous studies have included highly variable antiretroviral regimens. We compared effects of 2 protease inhibitor-based regimens on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and HCV loads in HCV-HIV-coinfected patients initiating HAART.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy HIV-infected patients with positive baseline results of HCV enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay from a treatment trial comparing lopinavir-ritonavir with nelfinavir were evaluated during a 48-week period. HCV and HIV titers were analyzed at baseline, at weeks 24 and 48 of treatment, and during flares in the ALT level of >5 times the upper limit of normal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 57 of 70 patients tested positive for HCV RNA at baseline. HCV titers for patients in lopinavir-ritonavir and nelfinavir groups, respectively, were as follows: baseline, 6.07 and 6.22 log IU/mL; week 24 of treatment, 6.68 and 6.48 log IU/mL; and week 48 of treatment, 6.32 and 6.44 log IU/mL. Of patients with a CD4+ cell count of <100 cells/mm3 at baseline, 5 of 11 in the nelfinavir group and 0 of 10 in the lopinavir-ritonavir group had an increase in the HCV load of >0.5 log IU/mL from baseline to week 48. The mean ALT level increased by 45 U/L at 24 weeks and 18 U/L at 48 weeks in the nelfinavir group but decreased by 18 U/L at 24 weeks and 7 U/L at 48 weeks in the lopinavir-ritonavir group. Eight patients in the nelfinavir group and 2 patients in the lopinavir-ritonavir group had grade 3 or 4 flares in the ALT level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAART initiation is associated with increased HCV loads and ALT levels. A low baseline CD4+ cell count is associated with persistent increases in the HCV RNA load in nelfinavir-treated patients. These results warrant careful interpretation of abnormalities in the ALT load after HAART initiation in HCV-HIV-coinfected patients to prevent premature discontinuation of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Div. of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA. Kenneth.sherman@uc.edu
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: Norah J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Shire
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cernohous
authors.forename: Susan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Rouster
authors.forename: Janice H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Omachi
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Da Silva
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000378:metabolism; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000209:etiology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D061466:Lopinavir; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019888:Nelfinavir / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D012367:RNA, Viral; D061466:Lopinavir; D019888:Nelfinavir; D019438:Ritonavir