title: Interhospital transfers of patients with surgical emergencies: areas for improvement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review mortality associated with interhospital transfers of patients with surgical emergencies from rural and peripheral metropolitan areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case note review.
  
  
  METHODS
  All hospitals within an area health service including metropolitan and rural hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with a surgical emergency who died in hospital after interhospital transfer within an area health service.
  
  
  METHODS
  Factors associated with death and interhospital transfer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 22 patients were identified. The mean age was 77 years. Thirty-six per cent of patients were assessed by a surgeon prior to transfer. The mean time taken for transfer was five hours. Ten patients were physiologically unstable prior to transfer. No medical escort accompanied these patients. Four patients deteriorated during the transport process. Seventy-three per cent of patients arrived out of normal working hours. Fifty per cent of patients required an operation within 24 hours of arrival. All of these patients had significant medical co-morbidities. Seventy-two per cent of these operations were performed out of hours as an emergency case. Twenty-three per cent did not receive any operative intervention or intensive care admission at the tertiary referral centre. Forty-one per cent of deaths were related to peritonitis and intra-abdominal soiling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hospital systemic issues associated with mortality included extensive time delays in transfers, an inadequate transport process and frequent out-of-hours emergency operations. Patient features related to mortality included advanced age, significant medical co-morbidity and surgical pathology with a poor prognosis. Improvements concerning interhospital transfers of patients should address both systemic and patient issues.
authors.affiliation: John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. kennethwo@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016019:Survival Analysis