title: Resonance behaviour of whole-body averaged specific energy absorption rate (SAR) in the female voxel model, NAOMI.
abstract: Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations have been performed of the whole-body averaged specific energy absorption rate (SAR) in a female voxel model, NAOMI, under isolated and grounded conditions from 10 MHz to 3 GHz. The 2 mm resolution voxel model, NAOMI, was scaled to a height of 1.63 m and a mass of 60 kg, the dimensions of the ICRP reference adult female. Comparison was made with SAR values from a reference male voxel model, NORMAN. A broad SAR resonance in the NAOMI values was found around 900 MHz and a resulting enhancement, up to 25%, over the values for the male voxel model, NORMAN. This latter result confirmed previously reported higher values in a female model. The effect of differences in anatomy was investigated by comparing values for 10-, 5- and 1-year-old phantoms rescaled to the ICRP reference values of height and mass which are the same for both sexes. The broad resonance in the NAOMI child values around 1 GHz is still a strong feature. A comparison has been made with ICNIRP guidelines. The ICNIRP occupational reference level provides a conservative estimate of the whole-body averaged SAR restriction. The linear scaling of the adult phantom using different factors in longitudinal and transverse directions, in order to match the ICRP stature and weight, does not exactly reproduce the anatomy of children. However, for public exposure the calculations with scaled child models indicate that the ICNIRP reference level may not provide a conservative estimate of the whole-body averaged SAR restriction, above 1.2 GHz for scaled 5- and 1-year-old female models, although any underestimate is by less than 20%.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Protection Division, Health Protection Agency, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dimbylow
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000465:Algorithms; D001822:Body Burden; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014915:Whole-Body Counting / Q000379:methods*