title: Obesity is associated with increased arterial stiffness from adolescence until old age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To our knowledge, only two previous studies have investigated the age dependence of the relationship between the characteristics of large arteries and excessive body weight. We therefore investigated whether the relationship between arterial stiffness and body mass index (BMI) was consistent across an age range from 10 to 86 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a cross-sectional population-based design, we randomly recruited 1306 individuals (median age 43.9 years; 50.5% women). Using a wall-tracking ultrasound system, we measured the properties of the carotid, femoral and brachial arteries and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. We analysed men and women separately while adjusting for significant covariates, including age, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, current smoking, alcohol intake and use of antihypertensive drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before and after adjustment, arterial diameter increased with BMI in all territories, with an opposite trend for arterial distensibility. In men and women, the relationships of brachial and femoral properties with BMI were consistent across the whole age range. In men and women, carotid distensibility decreased more with BMI at young than old age. In middle-aged and older women, but not in men of any age, pulse wave velocity increased with higher BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Across a wide age range, the diameter and stiffness of muscular arteries increased with higher BMI. In elastic arteries, the relationship between arterial stiffness and BMI was more complex and varied with sex and age. The mechanisms underlying the influence of adiposity on the properties of muscular and elastic arteries and the reversibility of these associations by weight reduction at young age need further clarification.
authors.affiliation: The Study Coordinating Centre, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Molecular and Cardiovascular Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pantelis E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Zebekakis
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nawrot
authors.forename: Lutgarde
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thijs
authors.forename: Elisabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Balkestein
authors.forename: Janneke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Heijden-Spek
authors.forename: Luc M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Van Bortel
authors.forename: Harry A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Struijker-Boudier
authors.forename: Michel E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Safar
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Staessen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001158:Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001530:Belgium; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL