title: Permanent reduction in heart and kidney organ growth in offspring of undernourished rat dams.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maternal undernutrition affects fetal growth and development. We investigated whether maternal food restriction during pregnancy and/or lactation permanently alters organ growth among adult offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 10 days to term gestation and through 21 days lactation, control pregnant rats received ad libitum food, whereas study rats were 50% food restricted. Cross-fostering techniques were used to examine the effects of food restriction during pregnancy and/or lactation periods. Organs were dissected and weighed (percentage of body weight) at ages 3 weeks and 9 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Food restriction during pregnancy produced growth-restricted newborns that exhibited catch-up growth that resulted in markedly heavier adult offspring, although with relatively decreased weights of heart, kidney, lung, and brain as compared with controls. Conversely, food restriction during pregnancy/lactation or lactation alone resulted in adult offspring with similar body weights as controls, but with relatively decreased growth of heart and kidney. Males exhibited relatively smaller livers, whereas the females showed relatively smaller adrenal glands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sex-dependent, selective, and permanent changes in relative growth of heart and kidney may increase risk of adult diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David-Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA. mdesai@obgyn.humc.edu
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gayle
authors.forename: Jooby
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Babu
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology; D006321:Heart / Q000254:growth & development*; D007668:Kidney / Q000254:growth & development*; D007774:Lactation; D008099:Liver / Q000254:growth & development; D008168:Lung / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009929:Organ Size; D010179:Pancreas / Q000254:growth & development; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology