title: The effect of combination antiretroviral therapy on CD5 B- cells, B-cell activation and hypergammaglobulinaemia in HIV-1-infected patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed B-cell activation, CD5 B-cells and circulating immunoglobulin levels in HIV-infected patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy (CART).
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurement of plasma immunoglobulin levels and electrophoresis of plasma proteins, and analyses of total numbers of B-cells and B-cells expressing CD 38 and CD5 in whole blood, were undertaken in 47 consecutive HIV-1-infected patients attending an out-patient clinic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All HIV-infected patients had similar percentages and numbers of B-cells. Proportions of CD5 B-cells in all HIV-infected patients were significantly lower than those in HIV-negative controls. Aviraemic HIV-infected patients on CART had lower percentages of CD5, CD 38 and CD5 CD 38 B-cell subsets and lower plasma levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) than viraemic HIV-infected patients (untreated or on CART). However, 33-37% of aviraemic HIV-infected patients had IgG and IgA levels above the 95th percentile of the normal range defined in HIV-seronegative donors. In aviraemic HIV-infected patients, plasma IgA levels correlated only with proportions of activated (CD 38) B-cells. IgG levels did not correlate with the proportions of B-cell subsets or any marker of HIV disease activity. Monoclonal immunoglobulins were not detected in any plasma sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aviraemic HIV-infected patients on CART have lower plasma levels of IgG and IgA than viraemic HIV-infected patients, but levels are often above the normal range. CD5 B-cell numbers are depressed, so these cells are unlikely to contribute to hypergammaglobulinaemia in HIV-infected patients.
authors.affiliation: School of Surgery and Pathology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Redgrave
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: M A H
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D051997:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1 / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D016175:B-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D018956:CD5 Antigens / Q000097:blood*; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D006942:Hypergammaglobulinemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D018956:CD5 Antigens; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D051997:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1