title: Characterization of nickel-induced allergic contact stomatitis associated with fixed orthodontic appliances.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In some orthodontic patients, an oral inflammatory response is induced by corrosion of orthodontic appliances and subsequent nickel release. This inflammatory response is manifested as stomatitis (nickel-induced allergic contact stomatitis [NiACS]). The etiology and diagnosis of NiACS are difficult to determine. The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to investigate the roles of age, sex, previous allergic history, and time of exposure to fixed orthodontic appliances in the etiopathogeny of NiACS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four orthodontic patients (range, 10-44 years) were divided into 2 groups, depending on their NiACS clinical manifestations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Young patients, especially females with a history of allergic reactions, had a greater predisposition to NiACS clinical manifestations; time of exposure to orthodontic appliances was not a significant factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A previous allergic reaction should be considered a predictive factor of NiACS clinical manifestations and should be noted in the patient's medical history.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Research Laboratory, School of Health Science, Vale do Rio Doce University, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil. genelhumc@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Marisa Cristina Leite Santos
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Genelhu
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marigo
authors.forename: Lúcia Fraga
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Alves-Oliveira
authors.forename: Luiz Cosme Cotta
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Malaquias
authors.forename: Ricardo Santiago
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Gomez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D003343:Corrosion; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D009532:Nickel / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013280:Stomatitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D009532:Nickel