title: The effect of end screw orientation on the stability of anterior instrumentation in cyclic lateral bending.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Screw pullout at the proximal or distal end of multilevel anterior instrumentation can occur clinically. Previous laboratory studies have shown that angulation of vertebral body screws increases screw pullout strength and stability in toggling.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of end screw angulation on instrumentation construct stability after cyclic, lateral bending.
  
  
  METHODS
  A biomechanical study in calf spines comparing two anterior spinal instrumentation constructs, one with parallel polyaxial screws and the other with angled polyaxial end screws.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen instrumented constructs were made from eight thoracic (T8-T12) and eight lumbar calf spines (L1-L5). Eight (four lumbar specimens and four thoracic specimens) had five bicortical screws inserted mid-body and parallel to the end plates. The other eight specimens had two screws angled toward the superior end plates of the top two vertebrae; the middle vertebra had a mid-body screw parallel to the end plate, and the bottom two vertebrae had screws angled towards their inferior end plates. The constructs were then cycled in lateral bending, and the displacements of the two instrumentations with a 10 N-m bending load were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 10,000 cycles, constructs with parallel end screws exhibited twice the average displacement than those with angled screws: 5.4 mm versus 2.9 mm (p=.031).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of angled screws at the ends of anterior constructs demonstrated increased construct stability after cycling compared with traditional transverse screws. Although angled screw insertion is technically more difficult and is possible only with specific screw designs, its use might increase instrumentation longevity.
authors.affiliation: New York University, Hospital for Joint Diseases, Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY 10003, USA.
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Olaverri
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hasharoni
authors.forename: Hargovind
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: DeWal
authors.forename: Roy M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Nuzzo
authors.forename: Frederick J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Kummer
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Errico
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D002417:Cattle; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*