title: Neighborhood context and sexual behaviors among adolescents: findings from the national longitudinal study of adolescent health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adolescent sexual behaviors are a significant public health concern because of the risks of STDs and the negative social consequences of teenage pregnancies. Associations between neighborhood characteristics and adolescents' initiation of sex and contraceptive use are poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multilevel logistic regression analyses of data from 14,151 adolescents in grades 7-12 in Wave 1 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health examined the relationships between four neighborhood dimensions (socioeconomic characteristics, norms and opportunity structure, social disorganization, and racial and ethnic composition) and the initiation of sex and contraceptive use at first and most recent sex. Individual- and household-level covariates were family income, parental education, race and ethnicity, age and family structure. Multivariate analyses were stratified by gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All four dimensions of neighborhood context were independently associated with sexual initiation. For females, living in a neighborhood with a greater concentration of youth who were idle or black residents was associated with increased odds of sexual initiation, whereas a greater concentration of married households or Hispanic residents was associated with decreased odds of initiation. Higher initiation among males was associated with a higher concentration of poverty or idle youth, while lower initiation was found with a higher concentration of affluent households or working women. The sole association with contraceptive use was that females in neighborhoods with more idle youth had a reduced likelihood of having used contraceptives at first sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neighborhood context appears to be modestly associated with the sexual initiation of adolescents. However, little support was found for neighborhood influence on contraceptive use, suggesting that other factors may play a more important role in shaping adolescents' contraceptive behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. CubbinC@fcm.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cubbin
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santelli
authors.forename: Claire D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Brindis
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Braveman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003075:Coitus / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data