title: Three-dimensional computed tomography angiography of the internal carotid artery for preoperative evaluation of sinonasal lesions and intraoperative surgical navigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography (3DCTA) demonstrates the spatial relationships of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and adjacent skull base. This imaging modality may be incorporated into intraoperative surgical navigation during endoscopic skull base surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The charts of patients who had undergone 3DCTA imaging between July 2002 and February 2005 were reviewed. For 3DCTA, 1 mm axial computed tomography (CT) scan images were obtained with simultaneous intravenous contrast bolus on a multidetector CT scanner (Somatom Sensation 16, Siemens, Munich, Germany). The CBYON Suite version 2.6 to 2.8 (Med-Surgical Services, Mountain View, CA) was also used for creating CTA images through its volume-rendering protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 22 3DCTA studies were performed for diagnostic evaluation or preoperative planning. In 18 instances, the 3DCTA images were used during intraoperative surgical navigation. The specific indications for obtaining the 3DCTA study included neoplasm (11 cases), cerebrospinal fluid leak (3 cases), fibro-osseous lesion (2 cases), mucocele (2 cases), and other (4 cases). Images generated by 3DCTA facilitated the definition of the anatomic relationships between the ICA and skull base lesion. During intraoperative surgical navigation, the 3DCTA provided critical information about the ICA location and adjacent skull base anatomy in the operative field.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3DCTA is a useful means for assessing the ICA and its relationship to skull base lesions. Incorporation of 3DCTA into intraoperative surgical navigation facilitates the comprehension of operative field anatomy in the ICA region. As a result, this imaging technique, especially when combined with intraoperative surgical navigation, may extend the applications of minimally invasive endoscopic approaches to the skull base.
authors.affiliation: Head and Neck Institute, Section of Nasal and Sinus Disorders, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Jern-Lin
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Pete S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Citardi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009078:Mucocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D011300:Preoperative Care; D019291:Skull Base / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013101:Sphenoid Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D013353:Subdural Effusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*