title: Thoracic ultrasound for diagnosing pulmonary embolism: a prospective multicenter study of 352 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary embolism (PE) continues to be a major challenge in terms of diagnosis, as evidenced by the fact that many patients die undiagnosed and/or untreated. The aim of this multicenter study was to determine the accuracy of thorax ultrasound (TUS) in the diagnosis of PE (TUSPE).
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2002 through September 2003, 352 patients with suspected PE were examined in seven clinics. The patients were investigated prospectively by TUS according to the following criteria: (1) PE confirmed: two or more typical triangular or rounded pleural-based lesions; (2) PE probable: one typical lesion with pleural effusion; (3) PE possible: small (< 5 mm) subpleural lesions or a single pleural effusion alone; or (4) normal TUS findings. In all cases, CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) was used as the reference method. In the event of discrepant findings, a combination of duplex sonography of the leg veins, echocardiography, ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy, and a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or latex d-dimer, or a biopsy/autopsy was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PE was diagnosed in 194 patients. On TUS, 144 patients had a total of 333 subpleural lesions (mean, 2.3 lesions per patient) averaging 15.5 x 12.4 mm in size. Additionally, a narrow pleural effusion was found in 49% of the patients. TUS yielded the following results under application of the strict criteria 1 and 2: PE true-positive, n = 144; PE false-positive, n = 8; PE true-negative, n = 150; and PE false-negative, n = 50. The sensitivity was 74%, specificity was 95%, positive predictive value was 95%, negative predictive was value 75%, and accuracy was 84%, at a prevalence of 55%. The sensitivity in patients with criterion 1 was 43% and a specificity of 99%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TUS is a noninvasive method to diagnose peripheral PE. In the absence of CTPA, TUS is a suitable tool to demonstrate a PE at the bedside and in the emergency setting.
authors.affiliation: Innere Medizin, Landeskrankenhaus Hohenems, Bahnhofstrasse 31, A-6845 Hohenems, Austria. gebhard.mathis@cable.vol.at
authors.forename: Gebhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mathis
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Blank
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reissig
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lechleitner
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reuss
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schuler
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beckh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013909:Thorax / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods