title: Synthesis of haptens for development of antibodies to alkylphenols and evaluation and optimization of a selected antibody for ELISA development.
abstract: The development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on polyclonal antibodies for a class of endocrine disrupting compounds, 4-nonylphenol, is described. The parent molecule was derivatized at the ortho position of the free phenolic hydroxyl group to obtain the hapten, NP1, and it was conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin, which was used as an immunogen. Four antisera were generated and screened against three coating antigens. The most sensitive ELISA from the screening tests (antiserum NP03As, 1/1000, and coating antigen NP1-BSA, 1 microg/mL) was further optimized and characterized. The influence of various physicochemical factors (organic solvent, pH, ion strength) was investigated. Methanol as the additive organic solvent was found to be the best organic solvent for the ELISA, with optimal sensitivity observed at a concentration of 5%. The ELISA parameters were changed at more acidic or basic pH values, whereas higher ionic strengths strongly suppressed the I(50) value and the maximum absorbance. The most sensitive ELISA for 4-nonylphenol exhibited an I(50) value of 38.6 +/- 5.5 microg/L, with a dynamic range from 12 to 350 microg/L, and the lower limit of detection was 7.7 +/- 1.3 microg/L. The optimized ELISA displayed no significant cross-reaction against the parent compounds, nonylphenol ethoxylates, degradation products, carboxylates, and bisphenol A, except in 4-octylphenol.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Analysis Research Center, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Heesoo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eun
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: Tomohito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arao
authors.forename: Shozo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueji
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishii
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology*; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D000941:Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods*; D006241:Haptens / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology; D006433:Hemocyanins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007106:Immune Sera / Q000276:immunology; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000941:Antigens; D006241:Haptens; D007106:Immune Sera; D010636:Phenols; D006433:Hemocyanins; C032808:keyhole-limpet hemocyanin; C041594:4-nonylphenol