title: Luffa operculata affects mucociliary function of the isolated frog palate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Luffa operculata is a medicinal plant used in homeopathic and alternative medicine. In the United States, it is sold in a purified spray form, whereas a homemade L. operculata dry fruit infusion (DFI) is commonly used in Latin America. The L. operculata DFI is applied intranasally, inducing profuse mucous secretion and relieving nasal symptoms. Nevertheless, this medication may cause irritation of the nasal mucosa, as well as epistaxis or anosmia. Given the growing popularity of alternative medicine, a decision was made to evaluate the effects of this substance on mucous membranes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of L. operculata DFI on mucociliary transport velocity, ciliary beat frequency, and transepithelial potential difference (PD) were evaluated in an isolated frog palate preparation. We tested 46 palates immediately before immersion and again at 5 and 20 minutes after immersion. Four groups (n = 10) were tested in frog Ringer: control; L. operculata DFI, 60 mg/L; 600 mg/L; and 1200 mg/L. An additional group was tested using L. operculata DFI prepared with water (600 mg/L of H2O, n = 6). Epithelial samples were harvested for ultrastructural study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In treated palates, mucociliary transport velocity and ciliary beat frequency decreased significantly (p < 0.001 and p < 0.008, respectively). There was a dose-dependent decrease in PD modulus (p < .007). Our PD findings indicated ion-fluid transport abnormalities, which were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy that showed enlargement of interepithelial spaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this ex vivo model, the L. operculata DFI infusion promoted significant changes in the mucociliary function of the epithelium, suggesting that it is potentially noxious to human nasal mucosa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mônica Aidar
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Menon-Miyake
authors.forename: Regiani
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carvalho de Oliveira
authors.forename: Geraldo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lorenzi-Filho
authors.forename: Paulo Hilário Nascimento
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Saldiva
authors.forename: Ossamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Butugan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029776:Luffa / Q000737:chemistry*; D009079:Mucociliary Clearance / Q000187:drug effects*; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010159:Palate; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011892:Rana catesbeiana
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts