title: Children with stable asthma have reduced airway matrix metalloproteinase-9 and matrix metalloproteinase-9/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 ratio.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Childhood asthma is characterized by inflammation of the airways. Structural changes of the airway wall may also be seen in some children early in the course of the disease. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key mediators in the metabolism of the extracellular matrix (ECM).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the balance of MMP-8, MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 in the airways of children with asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty-four children undergoing elective surgical procedures also underwent non-bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). MMP-8, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant reduction in MMP-9 in atopic asthmatic children (n=31) compared with normal children (n=30) [median difference: 0.57 ng/mL (95% confidence interval: 0.18-1.1 ng/mL)]. The ratio of MMP-9 to TIMP-1 was also reduced in asthmatic children. Levels of all three proteins were significantly correlated to each other and to the relative proportions of particular inflammatory cells in BAL fluid (BALF). Both MMP-8 and MMP-9 were moderately strongly correlated to the percentage neutrophil count (r=0.40 and 0.47, respectively, P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An imbalance of MMPs and their inhibitors occurs in children with well-controlled asthma, which may indicate early derangement of the metabolism of the ECM.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Research Group, Queen's University, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BJ, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Kamath
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Courcey
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Christie
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chisakuta
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Heaney
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ennis
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Shields
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology; D001980:Bronchi / Q000201:enzymology*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002452:Cell Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000201:enzymology; D007223:Infant; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000032:analysis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9