title: Characterization of acute liver failure and development of a continuous risk of death staging system in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute liver failure (ALF) in children has been associated with an overall mortality of approximately 70% in the pretransplant era and 50-80% survival in those undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. There is currently no system for staging severity of ALF in children. The aim of this study was to characterize pediatric ALF in a tertiary hospital and to derive a scoring system to stratify severity of ALF based on predicted mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective data collection of 81 children from December 1993-2003 who presented with ALF. Data recorded included peak laboratory values, clinical characteristics, and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transplant-free survival was 56% with overall survival including those undergoing OLT of 72%. Transplantation rate was 22% with transplant survival of 72%. Of the peak laboratory values analyzed, total bilirubin, prothrombin time/INR, and ammonia were the most predictive of death or a need for liver transplant. A simple risk staging system was developed based on the ability of these three laboratory measurements to predict mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The survival in pediatric ALF has improved in recent years. Risk staging for ALF could potentially be used in clinical research for risk-adjusted outcomes analysis and to help stratify patients for clinical studies according to mortality risk.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital and University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 1056 East 19th Avenue, Box B290, Denver, CO 80218-1088, USA.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
authors.forename: Emily L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Dobyns
authors.forename: Chirag R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: Frederick M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Karrer
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Narkewicz
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sokol
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000097:blood; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011517:Prothrombin Time; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000145:classification; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000641:Ammonia; D001663:Bilirubin