title: Estimated effects of solvents and mineral oils on cancer incidence and mortality in a cohort of aerospace workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A retrospective cohort study of workers employed at a California aerospace company between 1950 and 1993 was conducted; it examined cancer mortality from exposures to the rocket fuel hydrazine.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we employed a job exposure matrix (JEM) to assess exposures to other known or suspected carcinogens-including trichloroethylene (TCE), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mineral oils, and benzene-on cancer mortality (1960-2001) and incidence (1988-2000) in 6,107 male workers. We derived rate- (hazard-) ratios estimates from Cox proportional hazard models with time-dependent exposures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High levels of TCE exposure were positively associated with cancer incidence of the bladder (rate ratio (RR): 1.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93-4.22) and kidney (4.90; 1.23-19.6). High levels of exposure to mineral oils increased mortality and incidence of lung cancer (1.56; 1.02-2.39 and 1.99; 1.03-3.85), and incidence of melanoma (3.32; 1.20-9.24). Mineral oil exposures also contributed to incidence and mortality of esophageal and stomach cancers and of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and leukemia when adjusting for other chemical exposures. Lagging exposure measures by 20 years changed effect estimates only minimally. No associations were observed for benzene or PAH exposures in this cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that these aerospace workers who were highly exposed to mineral oils experienced an increased risk of developing and/or dying from cancers of the lung, melanoma, and possibly from cancers of the esophagus and stomach and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and leukemia. These results and the increases we observed for TCE and kidney cancers are consistent with findings of previous studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Yingxu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Anusha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krishnadasan
authors.forename: Nola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Hal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ritz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001359:Aviation; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008899:Mineral Oil / Q000633:toxicity*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016272:Occupational Health; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012997:Solvents / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents; D008899:Mineral Oil