title: Does usage of domestic heating influence internal environmental conditions and health?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Housing conditions are recognised as an important determinant of health. In the UK, interventions to improve domestic heating are in place with the expectation that they will improve health. As a component of evaluating such policies, this study assesses whether specific health outcomes are significantly associated with the extent and duration of domestic heating use, either directly or via a possible mediating effect of internal environmental conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data from a prospective controlled study evaluating the health effects of a publicly-funded programme of heating improvements in Scotland were used to assess associations among heating use, internal conditions, and three specific health outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant associations (P < 0.01) between measures of heating use and the presence of environmental problems in the home, such as mould and condensation. The presence of such problems was, in turn, found to be significantly predictive of two health outcomes derived from the SF-36 (P < 0.01) and of adult wheezing (P < 0.05). The direction of significant associations was highly consistent: greater levels of heating were associated with reduced likelihood of environmental problems, and the presence of environmental problems was linked to poorer health status. Heating use was not directly associated with the health outcomes considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study findings are consistent with a conceptual model in which health may be influenced by usage patterns of domestic heating, via the mediating effect of poor internal environmental conditions. Since these findings are based on cross-sectional data, interpretation must be carried out cautiously. However, if confirmed by planned future work they have important implications for policy initiatives relating to domestic heating and fuel poverty.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit in Health, Behaviour and Change, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. jeremy.walker@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jeremy J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Platt
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Petticrew
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hopton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006304:Health Status; D006361:Heating / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012135:Respiratory Sounds; D012606:Scotland