title: Neuroimaging and the functional neuroanatomy of psychotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies measuring the effects of psychotherapy on brain function are under-represented relative to analogous studies of medications, possibly reflecting historical biases. However, psychological constructs relevant to several modalities of psychotherapy have demonstrable neurobiological correlates, as indicated by functional neuroimaging studies in healthy subjects. This review examines initial attempts to measure directly the effects of psychotherapy on brain function in patients with depression or anxiety disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen published, peer-reviewed functional neuroimaging investigations of psychotherapy were identified through a MEDLINE search and critically reviewed. Studies were compared for consistency of findings both within specific diagnostic categories, and between specific modalities of psychotherapy. Results were also compared to predicted neural models of psychotherapeutic interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders was consistently associated with attenuation of brain-imaging abnormalities in regions linked to the pathophysiology of anxiety, and with activation in regions related to positive reappraisal of anxiogenic stimuli. In studies of major depressive disorder, cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy were associated with markedly similar changes in cortical-subcortical circuitry, but in unexpected directions. For any given psychiatric disorder, there was only partial overlap between the brain-imaging changes associated with pharmacotherapy and those associated with psychotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite methodological limitations, initial neuroimaging studies have revealed convergent and mechanistically sensible effects of psychotherapy on brain function across a range of psychiatric disorders. Further research in this area may take advantage of emerging neuroimaging techniques to explore a broader range of psychotherapies, with the ultimate goal of improving clinical decision-making and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA. jroffman@partners.org
authors.forename: Joshua L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Roffman
authors.forename: Carl D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Marci
authors.forename: Debra M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Glick
authors.forename: Darin D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: Scott L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rauch
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010091:Oximes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D015995:Prevalence; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D010091:Oximes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C068296:hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime