title: Sir Charles Alfred Ballance: contributions to otology and neurotology.
abstract: METHODS
  A review of primary and secondary historical and scientific literature concerning the life and writings of Sir Charles Alfred Ballance (1856-1936).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sir Charles Alfred Ballance was a pioneer in otology and neurotology, responsible for many "firsts" in the field, including the complete removal of a cerebellopontine angle tumor with significant patient survival and grafting the mastoid cavity with epithelium to speed healing. He was a strict abdicator of the complete mastoid operation with ligature of the jugular vein and drainage of the lateral sinus, and he advanced many other neurotologic procedures during his lifetime. He successfully sectioned the VIIIth cranial nerve, relieving a patient from intractable vertigo, developed a meticulous system for treating the complications of suppurative infections of the mastoid, diligently studied facial nerve reanastomosis, and was the first to perform a spinal accessory to facial nerve anastomosis for the relief of facial palsy. Ballance published over 75 original articles and was the primary author on two landmark books concerning temporal bone and neurologic surgery. He was the leader of many surgical societies and maintained a life of research and science until his death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sir Charles Ballance was a pioneer in neurotologic and skull base surgery and greatly advanced the field during its inception. This work focuses on the otologic and neurotologic endeavors of Sir Charles Alfred Ballance, bringing his accomplishments into modern relief.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Erik H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Waldman
authors.forename: Lawrence R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Lustig
mesh_terms: D004427:Ear Diseases / Q000266:history / Q000601:surgery; D004739:England; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D009462:Neurology / Q000266:history*; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000266:history; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000266:history*