title: Managed care and gender disparities in problematic health care experiences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether gender differences in reports of problematic health care experiences are associated with characteristics of managed care.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 2002 Yale Consumer Experiences Survey (N=5,000), a nationally representative sample of persons over 18 years of age with private health insurance, Interstudy Competitive Edge HMO Industry Report 2001, Area Resource File 2002, and the American Hospital Association Annual Survey of Hospitals 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Independent and interactive effects of gender and managed care on reports of problematic health care experiences were modeled using weighted multivariate logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women were significantly more likely to report problems with their health care compared with men, even after controlling for gendered differences in expectations about medical care. Gender disparities in problem reporting were larger in plans that used certain managed care techniques, but smaller in plans using other methods. Some health plan managed care practices, including closed networks of providers and gatekeepers to specialty care, were associated with greater problem reporting among women, while others, such as requirements for primary care providers, were associated with greater problem reporting among men. Markets with higher HMO competition and penetration were associated with greater problem reporting among women, but reduced problem reporting among men. Women reported more problems in states that had enacted regulations governing access to OB/GYNs, while men reported more problems in states with regulations allowing specialists to act as primary care providers in health plans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are nontrivial gender disparities in reports of problematic health care experiences. The differential consequences of managed care at both the plan and market levels explain a portion of these gender disparities in problem reporting.
authors.affiliation: Associate Research Scientist, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, The New York Academy of Medicine, 1216 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schlesinger
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D033161:Government Regulation; D019981:Health Care Sector; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000145:classification; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000145:classification / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States