title: Bone filling around titanium implants may benefit from smoking cessation: a histologic study in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although a harmful effect of smoking on titanium implants has been documented, only a few studies have investigated the benefits of smoking cessation. Thus, this study histologically investigated whether smoking cessation influences bone healing around titanium implants and comparatively evaluated temporary versus complete cessation protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups: control (N = 16); CSI, intermittent cigarette smoke inhalation (CSI) throughout the entire 150-day experiment (N = 17); P-CSI, CSI 83 days prior to implant placement (N = 17); or R-CSI, CSI for 83 days, cessation 7 days before and 21 weeks after implant placement, and return to CSI for 39 days (N = 16). The animals were sacrificed and the degree of bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and the bone area (BA) within the limits of the implant threads obtained for cortical (zone A) and cancellous bone (zone B).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intergroup analysis (Kruskal-Wallis test, alpha = 0.05) demonstrated a significant effect of CSI on BA (P <0.05) and that temporary or complete CSI cessation protocols resulted in values similar to those of the control group (P >0.05) 88.91% +/- 4.29%; 80.66% +/- 6.55%; 84.27% +/- 6.96%; 85.71% +/- 4.7% in zone A, and 51.28% +/- 6.49%; 38.69% +/- 10.78%; 48.87% +/- 8.47%; 49.47% +/- 8.04%; in zone B for groups CTRL, CSI, P-CSI, and R-CSI, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limits of the present investigation, temporary and complete CSI cessation reversed the effect of smoke exposure on bone healing around titanium implants in both cortical and cancellous bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry at Piracicaba, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: João B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: César-Neto
authors.forename: Bruno B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Benatti
authors.forename: Enilson A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Sallum
authors.forename: Antonio W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Sallum
authors.forename: Francisco H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Nociti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015921:Dental Implants; D008297:Male; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium