title: Aldosterone increases urine production and decreases apical AQP2 expression in rats with diabetes insipidus.
abstract: Vasopressin and aldosterone are essential hormones in the regulation of water and sodium balance. Aldosterone regulates sodium reabsorption, although synergistic effects on collecting duct water permeability have been shown. We investigated the effects of 7-day aldosterone infusion or oral spironolactone treatment on water balance and aquaporin (AQP) 2 expression in rats with 21 days of lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (Li-NDI). In rats with Li-NDI, aldosterone markedly increased (271 +/- 14 ml/24 h), whereas spironolactone decreased (74 +/- 11 ml/24 h) urine production compared with rats treated with lithium only (120 +/- 11 ml/24 h). Aldosterone increased free-water clearance and creatinine clearance, whereas spironolactone caused a decreased creatinine clearance but unchanged free-water clearance. Immunoblotting showed unchanged AQP2 expression in cortex/outer stripe of the outer medulla and inner medulla. In the inner stripe of the outer medulla aldosterone caused a decreased AQP2 expression, whereas spironolactone caused an increase compared with rats treated with lithium only. Semiquantitative confocal immunofluorescence microscopy of AQP2 immunolabeling showed reduced AQP2 expression in the apical plasma membrane domain in connecting tubule (CNT) and initial cortical collecting ducts (iCCD) in response to aldosterone-treated rats compared with rats treated with lithium only. Spironolactone significantly increased apical AQP2 expression in the iCCD compared with rats treated with lithium only. We also tested whether similar changes could be observed in vasopressin-deficient BB rats and found similar changes in urine production and subcellular AQP2 expression in the CNT and iCCD in response to aldosterone and spironolactone. This study shows that aldosterone treatment perturbs diabetes insipidus and is associated with AQP2 redistribution in CNT and iCCD likely mediated by the spironolactone-sensitive mineralocorticoid receptor.
authors.affiliation: The Water and Salt Research Center, Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Tae-Hwan
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Jeppe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Praetorius
authors.forename: Jørgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frøkiaer
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Knepper
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D051399:Aquaporin 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D003919:Diabetes Insipidus / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000378:metabolism; D008094:Lithium; D008297:Male; D021381:Protein Transport; D051381:Rats; D011913:Rats, Inbred BB; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014554:Urination / Q000187:drug effects*; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: C496025:Aqp2 protein, rat; D051399:Aquaporin 2; D014667:Vasopressins; D013148:Spironolactone; D000450:Aldosterone; D008094:Lithium