title: Acute otitis media in infants less than three months of age: clinical presentation, etiology and concomitant diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute otitis media (AOM) in the neonatal period can be difficult to diagnose. This infection can be isolated and localized, or it may be associated with serious bacterial infections or other illnesses. The objectives of this study were to determine the clinical presentation, etiology, susceptibility pattern, and frequency of bacteremia, meningitis and other serious bacterial infections associated with the first episode of AOM in young infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  From July 2002 to August 2004, infants less than 12 weeks of age with confirmed AOM underwent tympanocentesis with culture of the middle ear fluid. Sepsis work-up was performed in all infants, and they were admitted to the pediatric department. Parenteral antibiotic therapy with a combination of ampicillin and gentamicin was initiated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-eight infants were diagnosed with AOM. The median age was 43+/-17 days, 17 infants (25%) were less than 4 weeks of age. Fever was present in 45 (66%) of the patients. Meningitis or bacteremia was not diagnosed in any of the cases. Concomitant urinary tract infection was diagnosed in six (8.8%) cases and broncholitis in seven (10.4%). Forty-seven bacterial pathogens were isolated from the middle-ear fluid. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the leading pathogen with 18 isolates (38%), followed by non-typable Haemophilus influenzae with nine (19%). Fourteen of the S. pneumoniae (78%) isolates were susceptible to penicillin and the other four (22%) were intermediately resistant. Three (33%) of the nine H. influenzae isolates were beta-lactamase producers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, AOM in infants less than 3 months of age is a localized infection and it is not associated with severe bacterial infections. S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae are the leading pathogens. In our region, most of S. pneumoniae strains are still susceptible to penicillin. Although only small number of patients were under 4 weeks of age, the results of the present study raise the question of whether the current policy of a full sepsis work-up in neonates with AOM is relevant.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Department B, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula 18101, Israel. sakran_w@clalit.org.il
authors.forename: Waheeb
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sakran
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Makary
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Colodner
authors.forename: Dror
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ashkenazi
authors.forename: Yoseph
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rakover
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Halevy
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koren
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001988:Bronchiolitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D019152:Paracentesis; D010406:Penicillins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010406:Penicillins