title: The impact of differential expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, matrix metalloproteinase-2, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and PDGF-AA on the chronicity of venous leg ulcers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alteration in the expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP-2) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-AA) may contribute to poor healing in venous leg ulcers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to determine the expression of EMMPRIN, MMP-2, TIMP-2 and PDGF-AA in the ulcer exudates and perivascular tissue of healing and non-healing chronic venous ulcers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients with chronic venous ulcers were included in this study, with a mean age of 60 years. Eleven patients were males and 29 were females. All patients had normal ankle brachial index and a venous ulcer of at least 8 weeks duration. Immuno-histochemistry using monoclonal antibodies to PDGF-AA, MMP-2, TIMP-2 and EMMPRIN was carried out on paraffin embedded punch biopsy skin specimens from the ulcer edge. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for PDGF, MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were carried out on wound fluids collected from patients. The ulcer size and character at the initial assessment and after 8 weeks were assessed to determine the status of ulcer healing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference was seen in the expression of TIMP-2, MMP-2 and EMMPRIN between the two groups. However, in the non-healing group high levels of MMP-2 and low levels of TIMP-2 in the wound fluid suggest a strong correlation of these two markers in the state of healing. Analysis of wound fluid by ELISA demonstrated high PDGF-AA in the healing group (p = 0.021). Significantly increased levels of PDGF-AA (p<0001) was noted in the perivascular area on immuno-histochemistry of healing ulcers. These data suggest that PDGF-AA plays an important role in healing of venous ulcers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-healing venous ulcers are associated with greater activity MMP-2 activity. The ratio of MMPs to their inhibitors TIMPs, dictate the rate of healing of the ulcers. PDGF-AA activity is associated with ulcer healing, though the mechanism is unclear. EMMPRIN expression in chronic venous ulcers probably parallels the chronicity of the condition rather than propagate it. However, further studies with larger samples are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, and Western Vascular Institute, University College Hospital, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mwaura
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mahendran
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hynes
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Defreitas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Avalos
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Adegbola
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adham
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sultan
mesh_terms: D051926:Basigin / Q000378:metabolism*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014647:Varicose Ulcer / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; C075278:platelet-derived growth factor A; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D051926:Basigin; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2