title: Cerebral oxygen balance is impaired during repair of aortic coarctation in infants and children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During repair of aortic coarctation through a left thoracotomy without cardiopulmonary bypass, clamping the proximal transverse aortic arch occludes antegrade flow to the left carotid and vertebral arteries. It is assumed that flow through the right carotid and vertebral arteries is adequate for cerebral perfusion. The study objective is to determine whether aortic occlusion impairs left hemispheric cerebral oxygen balance measured by near-infrared spectroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 18 children having repair of aortic coarctation, we measured the maximum change and integral for hemoglobin D (difference of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin), total oxygenation index, and the redox state of cytochrome aa3. Thirteen subjects had recordings from the left hemisphere to test the hypothesis that aortic occlusion impairs left hemispheric oxygen balance. Five subjects had recordings from the right hemisphere for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After aortic clamping, a significant decrease in hemoglobin D was observed in recordings from the left hemisphere compared with those from the right hemisphere (P = .03, maximum change in hemoglobin D). Total oxygenation index and cytochrome aa3 were generally preserved. There was an inverse linear relationship for the change in hemoglobin D during clamp application and after removal (Spearman rho = -0.74), with increased hemoglobin D after clamp removal in those subjects with the greatest decrease of hemoglobin D during arch occlusion. Linear regression analysis identified nitroprusside administration as significantly associated with a decrease in hemoglobin D (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant impairment in left hemispheric cerebral oxygen balance was identified during arch clamping. The neurodevelopmental significance of impaired cerebral oxygen balance detected by near-infrared spectroscopy during aortic coarctation repair remains to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Calif, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azakie
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muse
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Kimberly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Skidmore
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Tom R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: McQuillen
mesh_terms: D001013:Aorta, Thoracic; D001017:Aortic Coarctation / Q000601:surgery*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003250:Constriction; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000097:blood*; D006455:Hemoglobins, Abnormal / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D006455:Hemoglobins, Abnormal; D009599:Nitroprusside; C032001:hemoglobin D; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV; D010100:Oxygen