title: Exenatide augments first- and second-phase insulin secretion in response to intravenous glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  First-phase insulin secretion (within 10 min after a sudden rise in plasma glucose) is reduced in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). The incretin mimetic exenatide has glucoregulatory activities in DM2, including glucose-dependent enhancement of insulin secretion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to determine whether exenatide can restore a more normal pattern of insulin secretion in subjects with DM2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasted subjects received iv insulin infusion to reach plasma glucose 4.4-5.6 mmol/liter. Subjects received iv exenatide (DM2) or saline (DM2 and healthy volunteers), followed by iv glucose challenge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen evaluable DM2 subjects were included in the study: 11 males, two females; age, 56 +/- 7 yr; body mass index, 31.7 +/- 2.4 kg/m2; hemoglobin A1c, 6.6 +/- 0.7% (mean +/- sd) treated with diet/exercise (n = 1), metformin (n = 10), or acarbose (n = 2). Controls included 12 healthy, weight-matched subjects with normal glucose tolerance: nine males, three females; age, 57 +/- 9 yr; and body mass index, 32.0 +/- 3.0 kg/m2.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at an academic hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma insulin, plasma C-peptide, insulin secretion rate (derived by deconvolution), and plasma glucagon were the main outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DM2 subjects administered saline had diminished first-phase insulin secretion, compared with healthy control subjects. Exenatide-treated DM2 subjects had an insulin secretory pattern similar to healthy subjects in both first (0-10 min) and second (10-180 min) phases after glucose challenge, in contrast to saline-treated DM2 subjects. In exenatide-treated DM2 subjects, the most common adverse event was moderate nausea (two of 13 subjects).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term exposure to exenatide can restore the insulin secretory pattern in response to acute rises in glucose concentrations in DM2 patients who, in the absence of exenatide, do not display a first phase of insulin secretion. Loss of first-phase insulin secretion in DM2 patients may be restored by treatment with exenatide.
authors.affiliation: Diabeteszentrum Bad Lauterberg, Kirchberg 21, D-37431 Bad Lauterberg im Harz, Germany.
authors.forename: Frauke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fehse
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trautmann
authors.forename: Jens J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Halseth
authors.forename: Nuwan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nanayakkara
authors.forename: Loretta L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fineman
authors.forename: Dennis D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nauck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D000077270:Exenatide; D005260:Female; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010455:Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014688:Venoms / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D010455:Peptides; D014688:Venoms; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D000077270:Exenatide; D005947:Glucose