title: Molecular epidemiology of caliciviruses detected in sporadic and outbreak cases of gastroenteritis in France from December 1998 to February 2004.
abstract: We compiled sequence and epidemiological data from 172 caliciviruses detected in France from December 1998 to February 2004 in sporadic and outbreak cases. The results showed a cocirculation of strains with a majority of genogroup II (GII) noroviruses. Three groups of noroviruses, not detected before in our laboratory, emerged and spread during the period: the recombinant GGIIb and Norwalk-related strains not amplified in the polymerase gene in 2000 and a new Lordsdale variant in 2002. We observed that (i) GII-4 noroviruses were predominant in nursing home and hospital outbreaks but rare in oyster- and water-related outbreaks despite continuous circulation in the population; (ii) at the opposite, genogroup I strains were detected in the majority of environmental outbreaks; (iii) several strains were frequently found in oyster- and water-linked outbreaks (up to seven), whereas one single strain was detected when transmission was from person to person; and (iv) whereas GII noroviruses were predominant in sporadic cases where patients were under 15 years of age, GI strains were more frequent in outbreaks occurring in this age group. Finally, from a methodology point of view, this compilation shows that detection and characterization in the polymerase gene are not adequate in a significant number of cases and should be completed by amplification and sequencing in the capsid gene.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital du bocage, 2 Bd Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Dijon, France. fabienne.bon@chu-dijon.fr
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bon
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ambert-Balay
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Giraudon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaplon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Le Guyader
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pommepuy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallay
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaillant
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Valk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chikhi-Brachet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flahaut
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pothier
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kohli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002139:Caliciviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D029341:Sapovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA