title: Smoking, diabetes, and blood cholesterol differ in their associations with subclinical atherosclerosis: the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).
abstract: Previous reports suggest that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) is associated with atherosclerosis plaque initiation while cigarette smoking is more associated with plaque progression. The role of diabetes in plaque initiation and progression is not clear. The aim of this study was to confirm and extend these findings. Among 6384 men and women aged 45-84 free of clinical cardiovascular disease, subclinical atherosclerosis severity was classified on the basis of ultrasound measures of carotid stenosis and thickness and the ankle-brachial blood pressure index of lower extremity arterial disease. Carotid plaques were classified as echolucent or echogenic. Distensibility was calculated from the change in carotid diameter over the cardiac cycle. The smoking association with minimal, moderate, and more severe disease was progressive, estimated as equivalent to LDLc effects of 40, 85 and 238 mg/dl respectively. LDLc was relatively more associated with echolucent plaques; smoking with echogenic plaques. Diabetes was associated with carotid stiffness, whereas smoking was associated with greater distensibility. The results, together with pathological literature, suggest that LDLc may be of key importance both in plaque initiation and vulnerability to rupture, whereas smoking may relate to plaque progression to thicker, more fibrous lesions. Diabetes contributes uniquely to arterial stiffness.
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 615N. Wolfe St., Room E6518, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. rsharret@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: A Richey
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sharrett
authors.forename: Jingzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Criqui
authors.forename: Mohammed F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.forename: Kiang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.forename: Aaron R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Folsom
authors.forename: Michael Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Moyses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szklo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol