title: Quantification of lean bodyweight.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lean bodyweight (LBW) has been recommended for scaling drug doses. However, the current methods for predicting LBW are inconsistent at extremes of size and could be misleading with respect to interpreting weight-based regimens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the present study was to develop a semi-mechanistic model to predict fat-free mass (FFM) from subject characteristics in a population that includes extremes of size. FFM is considered to closely approximate LBW. There are several reference methods for assessing FFM, whereas there are no reference standards for LBW.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 373 patients (168 male, 205 female) were included in the study. These data arose from two populations. Population A (index dataset) contained anthropometric characteristics, FFM estimated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA - a reference method) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) data. Population B (test dataset) contained the same anthropometric measures and FFM data as population A, but excluded BIA data. The patients in population A had a wide range of age (18-82 years), bodyweight (40.7-216.5 kg) and BMI values (17.1-69.9 kg/m2). Patients in population B had BMI values of 18.7-38.4 kg/m2. A two-stage semi-mechanistic model to predict FFM was developed from the demographics from population A. For stage 1 a model was developed to predict impedance and for stage 2 a model that incorporated predicted impedance was used to predict FFM. These two models were combined to provide an overall model to predict FFM from patient characteristics. The developed model for FFM was externally evaluated by predicting into population B.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The semi-mechanistic model to predict impedance incorporated sex, height and bodyweight. The developed model provides a good predictor of impedance for both males and females (r2 = 0.78, mean error [ME] = 2.30 x 10(-3), root mean square error [RMSE] = 51.56 [approximately 10% of mean]). The final model for FFM incorporated sex, height and bodyweight. The developed model for FFM provided good predictive performance for both males and females (r2 = 0.93, ME = -0.77, RMSE = 3.33 [approximately 6% of mean]). In addition, the model accurately predicted the FFM of subjects in population B (r2 = 0.85, ME = -0.04, RMSE = 4.39 [approximately 7% of mean]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A semi-mechanistic model has been developed to predict FFM (and therefore LBW) from easily accessible patient characteristics. This model has been prospectively evaluated and shown to have good predictive performance.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Sarayut
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Janmahasatian
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Duffull
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ash
authors.forename: Leigh C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Nuala M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001823:Body Composition; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors