title: Effect of chlorine dioxide gas on fungi and mycotoxins associated with sick building syndrome.
abstract: The growth of indoor molds and their resulting products (e.g., spores and mycotoxins) can present health hazards for human beings. The efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas as a fumigation treatment for inactivating sick building syndrome-related fungi and their mycotoxins was evaluated. Filter papers (15 per organism) featuring growth of Stachybotrys chartarum, Chaetomium globosum, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Cladosporium cladosporioides were placed in gas chambers containing chlorine dioxide gas at either 500 or 1,000 ppm for 24 h. C. globosum was exposed to the gas both as colonies and as ascospores without asci and perithecia. After treatment, all organisms were tested for colony growth using an agar plating technique. Colonies of S. chartarum were also tested for toxicity using a yeast toxicity assay with a high specificity for trichothecene mycotoxins. Results showed that chlorine dioxide gas at both concentrations completely inactivated all organisms except for C. globosum colonies which were inactivated an average of 89%. More than 99% of ascospores of C. globosum were nonculturable. For all ascospore counts, mean test readings were lower than the controls (P < 0.001), indicating that some ascospores may also have been destroyed. Colonies of S. chartarum were still toxic after treatment. These data show that chlorine dioxide gas can be effective to a degree as a fumigant for the inactivation of certain fungal colonies, that the perithecia of C. globosum can play a slightly protective role for the ascospores and that S. chartarum, while affected by the fumigation treatment, still remains toxic.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th St., Lubbock, TX 79430, USA. stephen.wilson@ttuhsc.edu
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Andriychuk
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Brasel
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Jumper
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Straus
mesh_terms: D002597:Chaetomium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods*; D003904:Mitosporic Fungi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D009172:Mycology / Q000379:methods; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D010087:Oxides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018877:Sick Building Syndrome; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D009183:Mycotoxins; D010087:Oxides; C025109:chlorine dioxide