title: Inhibitory effects of dietary calcium on the initial uptake and subsequent retention of heme and nonheme iron in humans: comparisons using an intestinal lavage method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calcium is the only reported dietary inhibitor of both heme- and nonheme-iron absorption. It has been proposed that the 2 forms of iron enter a common pool in the enterocyte and that calcium inhibits the serosal transfer of iron into blood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to ascertain whether the inhibitory effect of calcium occurs during initial mucosal uptake or during serosal transfer and to compare the serosal transfer of heme and nonheme iron, which should not differ if the 2 forms have entered a common mucosal iron pool.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole-gut lavage and whole-body counting were used to measure the initial uptake (8 h) and retention (2 wk) of heme and nonheme iron with and without a calcium supplement (450 mg). Two experiments tested basal meals with low iron bioavailability and 360 mg Ca (n = 15) or with high iron bioavailability and 60 mg Ca (n = 12).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Added calcium reduced the initial uptake of heme iron by 20%, from 49% to approximately 40% from both meals (P = 0.02), and reduced the total iron absorbed from the low- and high-bioavailability meals by approximately 25% [from 0.033 to 0.025 mg (P = 0.06) and from 0.55 to 0.40 mg (P < 0.01), respectively]. Calcium did not affect the serosal transfer of either form of iron.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium supplementation reduced heme and total iron without significantly affecting nonheme-iron absorption, regardless of meal bioavailability. Calcium inhibited the initial mucosal uptake rather than the serosal transfer of heme iron. Differences in serosal transfer indicate that heme and nonheme iron did not enter a common absorptive pool within 8 h after a meal.
authors.affiliation: US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9034, USA.
authors.forename: Zamzam K Fariba
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Roughead
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Zito
authors.forename: Janet R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hunt
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006418:Heme / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007504:Iron Radioisotopes; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D007504:Iron Radioisotopes; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D006418:Heme; D005293:Ferritins