title: Screening for cognitive impairment: a triage for outpatient care.
abstract: The current increase in aged individuals in number and proportion of the general population warrants dependable strategies to improve early detection of cognitive impairment. It was the goal of the present study to develop a triage for bedside testing and outpatient services. In a prospective clinical cohort study at the outpatient Memory Clinic, University of Ulm, Germany, 232 subjects were diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease [AD; NINCDS-ADRDA criteria; n = 66; age 65.9 +/- 7.3 years (mean +/- SD); Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score 23.4 +/- 4.1], mild cognitive impairment (MCI; criteria of Petersen et al.; n = 48; age 66.4 +/- 7.1 years; MMSE score 28.3 +/- 1.5), and major depressive disorder (DSM-IV criteria; n = 61; age 63.4 +/- 8.0 years; MMSE score 28.6 +/- 1.6). Diagnosis was secured with extensive neuropsychological, clinical, radiological, and laboratory investigations. Six brief screening tests including the Memory Impairment Screen (MIS), Letter Sorting Test (LST), Verbal Fluency (VF), and Clock Drawing Test (CDT) were assessed independently from the diagnostic procedure. We compared single items and composite scores. LST yielded a diagnostic accuracy of 0.81 and 0.62 for AD and MCI patients versus controls, respectively. With the MIS, diagnostic accuracy was 0.89 and 0.71, respectively. With a combination of LST, MIS, VF, and CDT, a sensitivity for AD and MCI patients of 1.00 and 0.83 was achieved. Thus, single-item screening (e.g. LST, VF) taking little more than 1 min and suitable for bedside testing or brief screening in the general practitioner's office yields diagnostic accuracy comparable to standard laboratory tests for other diseases. A composite of screening tests suitable for application in general outpatient care in neurological and psychiatric services reliably detects patients with AD and MCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Beinhoff
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hilbert
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bittner
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gron
authors.forename: Matthias W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Riepe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology; D014218:Triage; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology