title: Partial antagonistic effect of adenosine on inverse coupling between spreading neuronal activation and cerebral blood flow in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fundamental principles in the central nervous system are that primary depolarization of neurons causes hyperemia, whereas focal cerebral ischemia causes secondary neuronal depolarization. In rats, an exception to these rules was discovered recently in which primary neuronal depolarization led to focal cerebral ischemia via inverse coupling between neuronal metabolism and cerebral blood flow (CBF). Adenosine is one of the classical candidate factors to mediate the coupling between neuronal metabolism and CBF. Therefore, the effect of topically applied adenosine on cortical spreading ischemia was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cranial window was implanted in 10 rats. At the window, CBF (laser Doppler flowmetry) and the subarachnoid direct current potential were recorded; the cortical surface was superfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF). Aspreading neuronal/astroglial depolarization wave was triggered at a remote site, from which it propagated to the cranial window.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all rats, the depolarization wave triggered a hyperemic event under physiological conditions. When ACSF containing the nitric oxide (NO)- synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) at 10(-3) Mand K+ at 20x10(-3) M was subsequently superfused, the depolarization wave triggered an ischemic event. In 5 of 10 animals, a second depolarization wave under LNNA and elevated K+ also triggered an ischemic event. In contrast, in the remaining five animals, the depolarization wave triggered a significantly smaller and shorter hypoperfusion when adenosine at 100 microM was coapplied with L-NNA and elevated K+.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that adenosine, like other vasodilators, is unable to antagonize the initial hypoperfusion in response to a spreading neuronal/astroglial depolarization wave when the NO concentration is reduced and K+ is elevated but shortens the hypoperfusion phase significantly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, and Psychiatry, Wenckebach Hospital, Berlin, Germany. jens.dreier@charite.de
authors.forename: Jens P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dreier
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tille
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dirnagl
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D013181:Cortical Spreading Depression / Q000187:drug effects*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000241:Adenosine