title: Exogenous PTH-related protein and PTH improve mineral and skeletal status in 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase and PTH double knockout mice.
abstract: We examined the effect of NH2-terminal fragments of PTHrP and PTH in young mutant mice deficient in both PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Both proteins prolonged murine survival by increasing serum calcium, apparently by enhancing renal calcium transporter expression. The dominant effect on the skeleton was an increase in both endochondral bone and appositional formation without increased bone resorption.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  PTH-related protein (PTHrP) was discovered as a hypercalcemic agent responsible for the syndrome of humeral hypercalcemia of malignancy, and PTH is the major protein hormone regulating calcium homeostasis. Both proteins have skeletal anabolic actions when administered intermittently. We examined effects of exogenous PTHrP(1-86) and PTH(1-34) in double null mutant mice deficient in both PTH and 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase [1alpha(OH)ase] to determine the action of these proteins in the absence of the two major regulators of calcium and skeletal homeostasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice heterozygous for the PTH null allele and for the 1alpha(OH)ase null allele were mated to generate pups homozygous for both null alleles. PTHrP(1-86) and PTH(1-34) were administered subcutaneously starting 4 days after birth. Serum biochemistry and skeletal radiology, histology, and histomorphometry were performed, and indices of bone formation, resorption, and renal calcium transport were determined by real time RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the double mutant mice, which die within 3 weeks after birth with severe hypocalcemia, tetany, and skeletal defects, exogenous PTHrP and PTH enhanced survival of the animals by improving serum calcium. Both proteins increased renal calcium transporter expression and long bone length and augmented growth plate chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and cartilage matrix mineralization. Cortical and trabecular bone mass was increased with augmented osteoblast number and activity; however, bone resorption was not increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PTHrP and PTH reduced hypocalcemia by enhancing renal calcium reabsorption but not by increasing bone resorption. The major skeletal effects of exogenous PTHrP and PTH were to increase bone anabolism.
authors.affiliation: Calcium Research Laboratory, McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Yingben
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Zengli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Karaplis
authors.forename: Geoffrey N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Hendy
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goltzman
authors.forename: Dengshun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miao
mesh_terms: D015090:25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase / Q000172:deficiency*; D000818:Animals; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000378:metabolism; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005269:Femur / Q000254:growth & development; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000172:deficiency*; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019379:Teriparatide / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C068871:parathyroid hormone-related protein (1-86); D019379:Teriparatide; D015090:25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase; D002118:Calcium