title: Visual assessment of atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of pathologically confirmed young-onset dementias.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of visual inspection of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a range of pathologically confirmed diseases causing young-onset dementia and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of atrophy patterns for Alzheimer disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-two patients with pathologically confirmed diseases that may present as young-onset dementia were selected from a biopsy and postmortem series. The first diagnostic T1-weighted volumetric MRI was obtained for each patient, together with images from 22 healthy control subjects. All MRIs were assessed for regional atrophy independently by 3 neuroradiologists, blinded to all clinical details except age. Observers were also asked to use their clinical judgment to form a diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-seven percent of dementia cases were distinguished from controls after visual inspection of MRI, and a correct pathologically confirmed diagnosis was given in 58% of cases. Hippocampal atrophy was noted in 92% of AD cases but was commonly seen in other dementias and controls. A bilateral symmetrical pattern of hippocampal atrophy discriminated AD from FTLD with 47% specificity, while posterior greater than anterior gradient of atrophy was 92% specific for AD. Atrophy of the anterior, inferior, and lateral temporal lobes was suggestive of FTLD pathology (> or =90% sensitivity), while anterior greater than posterior gradient of atrophy and hemispheric asymmetry of atrophy were each at least 85% specific for FTLD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite variation and overlap of atrophy patterns, visual inspection of regional atrophy on MRI may aid in discriminating AD and FTLD.
authors.affiliation: National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, England.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Likeman
authors.forename: Valerie M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Waldman
authors.forename: Alison K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Godbolt
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Martin N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Rossor
authors.forename: Nick C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology*; D001284:Atrophy / Q000473:pathology; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003704:Dementia / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity