title: Posttraumatic stress symptoms during treatment in parents of children with cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The conceptualization of childhood cancer and its treatment as traumatic has gained increasing support in the growing literature on medically related posttraumatic stress. Posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) such as intrusive thoughts, physiologic arousal, and avoidance have been documented in mothers and fathers of childhood cancer survivors. In this study we investigated the presence of PTSS in parents of children currently in treatment and their association with treatment intensity and length of time since diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers (N = 119) and fathers (N = 52) of children currently in treatment for a childhood malignancy completed questionnaire measures of PTSS. Outcomes on these measures were compared with a sample of parents of childhood cancer survivors from our hospital. Oncologist ratings of treatment intensity were obtained based on diagnosis, treatment modalities, and protocol number.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All but one parent reported PTSS. Mean scores indicated moderate PTSS for both mothers and fathers. In families with two participating parents, nearly 80% had at least one parent with moderate-to-severe PTSS. There were minimal associations between PTSS and length of time since diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PTSS are common among parents of children currently undergoing cancer treatment. Trauma-informed psychosocial interventions can be used to help patients and families, including normalizing the experience as potentially traumatic and using evidence-based interventions that are emerging to facilitate long-term well-being.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th St and Civic Center Blvd, Room 1486 CHOP North, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3299, USA. kazak@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kazak
authors.forename: C Alexandra
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Boeving
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Alderfer
authors.forename: Wei-Ting
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reilly
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D015995:Prevalence; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*