title: Temporomandibular disorders in association with scuba diving.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in scuba divers and to identify the risk factors for the development of pain in the stomatognathic system before and after diving by the use of a questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  : Retrospective cohort study based on questionnaires.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 296 active divers, aged 18 to 65 years, participating in scuba diving meetings in Heidelberg, Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each diver answered a questionnaire containing 29 questions, predominantly on symptoms of TMD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data collected from the divers were calculated by the use of logistic regression tests. Risk factors for the development of TMD were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clenching seemed to be the greatest risk factor for pain while holding the mouthpiece and for pain in the masticatory muscle system after diving. Limited mouth opening and clenching were responsible for the development of pain in the temporomandibular joint after the dive. The prevalence of TMD-related symptoms was higher in women before, during, and after the dive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals exhibiting TMD-related symptoms seem to be at the greatest risk of developing pain in the masticatory muscle system and/or the temporomandibular joint during or after the dive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koob
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ohlmann
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gabbert
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klingmann
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rammelsberg
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmitter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002012:Bruxism; D004242:Diving / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009064:Mouth Protectors / Q000009:adverse effects; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013706:Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*