title: Comparisons of the effects of acupuncture, electroacupuncture, and transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of acupuncture (AP), electroacupuncture (EA), and transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation (TCES) with high-frequency intermittent currents on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane and associated cardiovascular variables in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  8 healthy adult female Beagles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each dog was anesthetized with isoflurane on 4 occasions, allowing a minimum of 10 days between experiments. Isoflurane MAC values were determined for each dog without treatment (controls) and after treatment with AP and EA (AP points included the Large Intestine 4, Lung 7, Governing Vessel 20, Governing Vessel 14, San Tai, and Baihui) and TCES. Isoflurane MAC values were determined by use of noxious electrical buccal stimulation. Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), arterial blood oxygen saturation (Spo2) measured by use of pulse oximetry, esophageal body temperature, inspired and expired end-tidal isoflurane concentrations, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration, and bispectral index (BIS) were monitored. Blood samples were collected for determination of plasma cortisol concentration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean +/- SD baseline MAC of isoflurane was 1.19 +/- 0.1%. Acupuncture did not significantly change MAC of isoflurane. Treatments with EA and TCES significantly lowered the MAC of isoflurane by 10.1% and 13.4%, respectively. The Spo2, heart rate, MAP, BIS, esophageal body temperature, and plasma cortisol concentration were not significantly different after AP, EA, TCES, and control treatments at any time interval.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of EA and TCES decreased MAC of isoflurane in dogs without inducing adverse hemodynamic effects. However, the reduction in isoflurane MAC by EA andTCES treatments was not considered clinically relevant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsey B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Culp
authors.forename: Roman T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Skarda
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Muir
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001831:Body Temperature; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004285:Dogs / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D015671:Electroacupuncture / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane; D006854:Hydrocortisone