title: Balanitis xerotica obliterans in boys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) is a chronic dermatitis of unknown etiology most often involving the glans and prepuce but sometimes extending into the urethra. We report our 10-year experience with BXO in pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our pathology database was queried for all tissue diagnoses of BXO from 1992 to 2002. Available charts were reviewed and patient presentation, clinical and referral history, operative procedure(s) and postoperative course were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 41 patients had a tissue confirmed diagnosis of BXO. Median patient age was 10.6 years. Of the patients 85% were 8 to 13 years old and all had referrals available for review. The most common referral diagnoses were phimosis (52%), balanitis (13%) and buried penis (10%). No patient had the diagnosis of BXO at referral. Of the patients 19 (46%) underwent curative circumcision or redo circumcision and had no recurrence at a mean followup of 12.5 months (range 1 to 57). A total of 11 patients (27%) had BXO involvement of the meatus and underwent circumcision combined with meatotomy or meatoplasty. Nine patients (22%) required extensive plastic operation(s) of the penis, including buccal mucosa grafts in 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of BXO in pediatric patients may be higher than previously reported, with the diagnosis rarely made by pediatricians. Our study demonstrates that older patients, those with BXO involvement of the meatus and those with a history of surgery for BXO tend to have a more severe and morbid clinical course.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Patricio C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Gargollo
authors.forename: Harry P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kozakewich
authors.forename: Stuart B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Borer
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Retik
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Diamond
mesh_terms: D001446:Balanitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002944:Circumcision, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012189:Retrospective Studies