title: Effects of temporary clips on somatosensory evoked potentials in aneurysm surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were used to identify cerebral ischemia and to predict neurological outcome during the application of temporary clips in aneurysm surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  SEPs were recorded intra-operatively in 76 patients with 79 aneurysms (8 in the posterior fossa). Twenty aneurysms ruptured during surgery, and 37 temporary clips were applied over an average of 8.1 minutes (range: 2-25 minutes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 17 cases with complete loss of potential, 14 were associated with temporary clips. Two losses were persistent with postoperative neurological deficit after 10 minutes of clipping. Six showed incomplete recovery after a mean loss of 19.2 minutes following clipping of 9.3 minutes, resulting in a new deficit in four patients. Despite complete recovery of potential in six patients after a 1 loss over 18.8 minutes following clipping of 10.7 minutes, four patients developed neurological deficits. The sensitivity of SEPs in determining permanent neurological deficits was 57%, and the was specificity 88%. The duration of temporary clipping was significantly shorter in patients without resulting new neurological deficit (Mann-Whitney Test; p < 0.01). The risk of a new deficit was 30.7% in cases where less than 8 minutes of clipping was performed, and the risk was 80.9% when clipping exceeded 8 minutes. The extent of recovery of potentials and the duration of SEP changes was strongly associated with the postoperative deficits (Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, p = 0.009; p = 0.001, Mann-Whitney Test). Pathological p(ti)O2 measurements were obtained in 6 of 12 patients. In four patients, temporary occlusion was followed by a parallel alteration of SEPs and p(ti)O2 below 10 mmHg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no genuinely safe permissible occlusion time. Despite complete recovery of SEPs after a loss of potential, the patient may develop new deficits.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Neurological Surgery, University of Leipzig, Germany. Uta_Schick@web.de
authors.forename: Uta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schick
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Döhnert
authors.forename: Jan-Jakob
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Hans-Ekkehart
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Vitzthum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008475:Median Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013979:Tibial Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*