title: Three cases of oculo-facio-cardio-dental (OFCD) syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oculo-facio-cardio-dental (OFCD) syndrome is a rare condition with ocular, facial, cardiac, and dental disorders. The purpose of this report is to describe three Japanese female patients by using facial measurements, tooth measurements, and cephalometric analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Facial measurements, tooth measurements, and the results of cephalometric analyses were compared with Japanese standards using panoramic roentgenograms, dental casts, and lateral cephalograms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A long face and thick upper and lower lips were noted for all cases from facial measurements, and a long crown length and long dental root were noted for all cases from tooth measurements. Relative mandibular protrusion and a large anterior lower facial height, accompanied by a steep mandible and large gonial angle, were seen from the cephalometric analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of a long face and long dental root were in accordance with previous reports. In addition, thick upper and lower lips, relative mandibular protrusion, large anterior lower facial height accompanied by a steep mandible, and a large gonial angle may be characterized as specific features of this syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Section of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsukawaki
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.forename: Kimie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohyama
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000473:pathology*; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000002:abnormalities; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000473:pathology; D003765:Models, Dental; D009811:Odontometry; D011378:Prognathism / Q000473:pathology; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D013577:Syndrome; D014071:Tooth Abnormalities / Q000473:pathology*; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000002:abnormalities; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000002:abnormalities