title: The effects of acute tyrosine and phenylalanine depletion on spatial working memory and planning in healthy volunteers are predicted by changes in striatal dopamine levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dopamine (DA) is considered important in the modulation of tasks of spatial working memory. However, the findings from studies in humans to date are mixed. While this may be due to the characteristics of the tasks used, it is also possible that these findings are explained by variable central effects of the manipulations used.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the effects of acute tyrosine and phenylalanine depletion (TPD, which reduces synthesis and release of brain DA) on cognitive function and relate changes in performance accuracy to the central effects of TPD measured with [11C]raclopride positron emission tomography (PET).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen participants were given tests of spatial working memory, planning, verbal memory span and trial-and-error learning after acute TPD, seven of whom also received PET scans to measure changes in striatal DA levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although TPD produced a clear reduction in tyrosine and phenylalanine availability to the brain, no impairments on any of the cognitive tests were observed. However, changes in spatial working memory and planning accuracy after TPD showed a highly significant relationship with the changes in striatal DA levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the effects of TPD on spatial working memory and planning may be unreliable due to the variability of the changes in brain DA levels achieved with this manipulation.
authors.affiliation: PET Psychiatry, Cyclotron Building, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK. mitul.mehta2@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mitul A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Deepa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gumaste
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Sarah F B
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: McTavish
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Grasby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted / Q000009:adverse effects; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D020891:Raclopride / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013028:Space Perception / Q000187:drug effects; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D014443:Tyrosine; D020891:Raclopride; D010649:Phenylalanine; D004298:Dopamine