title: Damping effects on the response of maxillary incisor subjected to a traumatic impact force: a nonlinear finite element analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of damping on stress concentration in an impacted incisor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Damping ratios of maxillary incisors were tested using an in vivo modal testing method. A finite element model of the upper central incisor was established for dental trauma analysis. To assess the effect of damping properties on induced stresses in the traumatized incisors, equivalent stresses in the finite element model with various damping ratios were calculated for comparison. The mechanisms of cushioning properties of the upper incisors on traumatic injuries were assessed by profiling the stress distributions in the incisor model sequentially with time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measured damping ratio of maxillary incisors was 0.146+/-0.037. When the incisor was subjected to an impact force, high stresses were concentrated at the labial and lingual incisor edges, cervical ridge, and the area around root apex. When the damping ratios of the incisor model were set at 10- and 50-fold of the measured values, the peak stresses induced near the impact site of the incisor model were reduced from 24.0 to 23.2 and 15.9 MPa, respectively. On the other hand, the peak stress lagged and the stress existence period increased when the damping properties were taken into consideration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Damping properties of teeth provide protection to the tooth during traumatic injury by decreasing the peak stress magnitude due to release of strain energy over a longer period.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Oral Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, and Department of Anesthesiology, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Haw-Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chi-Yang
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Hao-Fu
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Che-Tong
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Wei-Cheng
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Wen-Ta
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Sheng-Yang
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000293:injuries; D008297:Male; D014732:Vibration