title: Effects of stellate ganglion block on cerebral haemodynamics as assessed by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stellate ganglion block (SGB) causes vasodilatation in the skin of the head and neck because of regional sympathetic block. Its effects on cerebral haemodynamics, in health or in disease, are not clear. We evaluated the effects of SGB on ipsilateral middle cerebral artery flow velocity (MCAFV), estimated cerebral perfusion pressure (eCPP), zero flow pressure (ZFP), carbon dioxide reactivity (CO2R) and cerebral autoregulation using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty male patients, with pre-existing brachial plexus injury, and undergoing SGB for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome of the upper limb, were studied. For SGB, 10 ml of plain lidocaine 2% was used and the onset of block was confirmed by presence of ipsilateral Horner's syndrome. The MCAFV, eCPP, ZFP, CO2R, and cerebral autoregulation were assessed before and after SGB using established TCD methods. The changes in these variables were analysed using Wilcoxon's signed rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The block caused a significant decrease in MCAFV from median (inter-quartile range) value of 61 (53, 67) to 55 (46, 60) cm s(-1), a significant increase in eCPP from 59 (51, 67) to 70 (60, 78) mm Hg, and a significant decrease in ZFP from 32 (26, 39) to 25 (16, 30) mm Hg. There were no significant changes in CO2R or cerebral autoregulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase in eCPP, decrease in ZFP, and no changes in CO2R or cerebral autoregulation suggest that the SGB decreases cerebral vascular tone without affecting the capacity of the vessels to autoregulate. These effects may be of therapeutic advantage in relieving cerebral vasospasm in certain clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Bithal
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Dash
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Mahajan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D059408:Pain Management; D013233:Stellate Ganglion; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial