title: A comprehensive ethical framework for responsibly designing and conducting pharmacologic research that involves pregnant women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present and defend ethically justified guidelines for pharmacologic research that involves pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We explain the ethical concept of the fetus as a patient and identify its ethical implications for the design and conduct of pharmacologic research that is intended to benefit pregnant women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This concept justifies criteria for the initiation of early-phase clinical investigation, the initiation of controlled trials, the use of placebo control subjects, the stopping of randomized controlled trials, the determination of when an experimental intervention should be regarded as standard of care, and research that involves adolescents. The informed consent process should be shaped by the pregnant patient's obligation to take in to account her beneficence-based obligations to a fetal patient. Selection criteria should not be based on abortion preference. And, physicians are justified ethically in referring pregnant women to trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The concept of the fetus as a patient plays an essential role in the ethically justified design and conduct of pharmacologic research in pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. mccullou@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Laurence B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Coverdale
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Chervenak
mesh_terms: D000028:Abortion, Induced / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D026822:Ethicists; D032984:Ethics, Research; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D028701:Patient Rights; D018579:Patient Selection; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000941:ethics; D012107:Research Design; D014481:United States