title: Do children with developmental dyslexia have an implicit learning deficit?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of specific types of tasks on the efficiency of implicit procedural learning in the presence of developmental dyslexia (DD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen children with DD (mean (SD) age 11.6 (1.4) years) and 16 matched normal reader controls (mean age 11.4 (1.9) years) were administered two tests (the Serial Reaction Time test and the Mirror Drawing test) in which implicit knowledge was gradually acquired across multiple trials. Although both tests analyse implicit learning abilities, they tap different competencies. The Serial Reaction Time test requires the development of sequential learning and little (if any) procedural learning, whereas the Mirror Drawing test involves fast and repetitive processing of visuospatial stimuli but no acquisition of sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The children with DD were impaired on both implicit learning tasks, suggesting that the learning deficit observed in dyslexia does not depend on the material to be learned (with or without motor sequence of response action) but on the implicit nature of the learning that characterises the tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with DD have impaired implicit procedural learning.
authors.affiliation: Servizio di Neurologia e Riabilitazione, IRCCS, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Santa Marinella, Rome, Italy. vicari@opbg.net
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vicari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finzi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Menghini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marotta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baldi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Petrosini
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013028:Space Perception; D014796:Visual Perception; D014888:Wechsler Scales