title: Substance use in athletics: a sports psychiatry perspective.
abstract: Athletes use substances to produce pleasure, relieve pain and stress, improve socialization, recover from injury, and enhance performance. Therefore, they use some substances in substantially higher rates that nonathletes. Despite these higher rates of use, rates of addiction may in fact be lower in athletes. This article reviews the prevalence and patterns of use, health and performance effects, and preventive and treatment interventions for alcohol, tobacco, stimulants, and steroids. Each substance is considered from the differing perspectives of abuse/addiction and performance enhancement models. Similarities and differences between college and professional athletes are discussed. Finally, suggestions for future research are made.
authors.affiliation: Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. dmcduff52@yahoo.com
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McDuff
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baron
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology; D045930:Anabolic Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D004300:Doping in Sports / Q000266:history / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants