title: Modafinil for treatment of residual excessive sleepiness in nasal continuous positive airway pressure-treated obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) usually reduces sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. However, even with regular use of nCPAP, some patients experience residual excessive sleepiness. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of the wake-promoting agent modafinil for treating residual excessive sleepiness in nCPAP-treated patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  12-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients aged 18 to 70 years diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome and having residual excessive sleepiness during nCPAP therapy were eligible.
  
  
  METHODS
  Once-daily modafinil, 200 mg or 400 mg, or placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Assessments included the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Clinical Global Impression of Change, and Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire. Both doses of modafinil significantly improved mean (SD) sleep latency on the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test at weeks 4, 8, and 12 compared with placebo (week 12: modafinil 400 mg, 15.0 [5.3] minutes; 200 mg, 14.8 [5.3] minutes; placebo, 12.6 [5.8] minutes; P < .0001). The Epworth Sleepiness Scale score decreased more in patients taking modafinil compared with those in the placebo group (week 12: modafinil 400 mg, -4.5 [4.3]; 200 mg, -4.5 [4.7]; placebo, -1.8 [3.5]; P < .0001). At week 12, overall clinical condition improved for 61% and 68% of patients treated with modafinil 200 mg and 400 mg, respectively, versus 37% of placebo-treated patients (P < .001). Modafinil was generally well tolerated and did not adversely affect nighttime sleep or nCPAP use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm previous shorter-term controlled trials, indicating modafinil is a useful adjunct therapy for improving wakefulness in patients with residual excessive sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome who were treated with nCPAP.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Sleep Disorder Clinic, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. jedblack@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Jed E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirshkowitz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure / Q000379:methods*; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077408:Modafinil; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D000077408:Modafinil