title: Melanoma skews dendritic cells to facilitate a T helper 2 profile.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with progressing melanoma have a circulating cytokine profile reflecting a T helper cell type 2 (Th2) imbalance, while patients responding to therapy favor a Th1 profile. The aim of this study was to determine the role of circulating dendritic cells (DCs) in mediating this imbalance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were exposed to cell-free melanoma-conditioned medium (MCM) or control fibroblast-conditioned medium before stimulation. In separate experiments, isolated circulating DCs were exposed to MCM before addition of T cells. DC maturation and function were determined. Mixed leukocyte response T-cell proliferation was quantified and supernatants were assayed for Th1 (interleukin [IL]-2 and interferon gamma) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10) cytokines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PBMCs exposed to MCM produced significantly more Th2-type cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10) over time than those exposed to control medium. DCs exposed to MCM before addition of T cells, produced a similar pattern of a sustained longer term Th2 response after an initial burst of IL-2. Exposure to MCM did not significantly affect DC maturation or IL-12 production. T-cell proliferation did not change significantly in the mixed leukocyte response, however, the percentage of viable CD4+ T cells in the MCM-treated group was significantly less than control (37 vs 50%, P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure of PBMCs to melanoma produces a Th2-type cytokine profile, which may be, in part, facilitated by DCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA. martin.mccarter@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCarter
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Cara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000276:immunology; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007959:Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; D008545:Melanoma / Q000276:immunology*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D016207:Cytokines