title: Markov model recognition and classification of DNA/protein sequences within large text databases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Short sequence patterns frequently define regions of biological interest (binding sites, immune epitopes, primers, etc.), yet a large fraction of this information exists only within the scientific literature and is thus difficult to locate via conventional means (e.g. keyword queries or manual searches). We describe herein a system to accurately identify and classify sequence patterns from within large corpora using an n-gram Markov model (MM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, on test sets we found that identification of sequences with limited alphabets and/or regular structures such as nucleic acids (non-ambiguous) and peptide abbreviations (3-letter) was highly accurate, whereas classification of symbolic (1-letter) peptide strings with more complex alphabets was more problematic. The MM was used to analyze two very large, sequence-containing corpora: over 7.75 million Medline abstracts and 9000 full-text articles from Journal of Virology. Performance was benchmarked by comparing the results with Journal of Virology entries in two existing manually curated databases: VirOligo and the HLA Ligand Database. Performance estimates were 98 +/- 2% precision/84% recall for primer identification and classification and 67 +/- 6% precision/85% recall for peptide epitopes. We also find a dramatic difference between the amounts of sequence-related data reported in abstracts versus full text. Our results suggest that automated extraction and classification of sequence elements is a promising, low-cost means of sequence database curation and annotation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  MM routine and datasets are available upon request.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Center for Genome Technology, Stephenson Research and Technology Center, Department of Botany and Microbiology, The University of Oklahoma, 101 David L. Boren Blvd., Rm 2025, Norman, OK 73019, USA. Jonathan.Wren@OU.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wren
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Hildebrand
authors.forename: Sreedevi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chandrasekaran
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Melcher
mesh_terms: D000043:Abstracting and Indexing / Q000379:methods; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003628:Database Management Systems; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D016208:Databases, Factual; D008390:Markov Chains; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009323:Natural Language Processing; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D010506:Periodicals as Topic; D017421:Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*