title: A new method for in-situ monitoring of the underground development of Orobanche cumana in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) with a mini-rhizotron.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an in-situ, non-destructive method for observation and monitoring of the underground developmental stages of the root parasite Orobanche cumana.
  
  
  METHODS
  The parasitic weed Orobanche causes severe damage to vegetables and field crops. Most of the damage caused to the crops occurs during the underground, unobservable parasitism stage. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus 'Adi') plants were planted in soil that was artificially inoculated with O. cumana seeds. Clear Plexiglas mini-rhizotron plastic observation tubes were inserted into the soil. Seed germination, early stage of penetration, and formation of tubercles and spikes were observed non-destructively and were monitored throughout the growing season by mean of a mini-rhizotron camera. Use of this technology enabled the complete individual parasite life cycle from the very early development (including germination) to Orobanche shoot to be monitored. In addition, the effect of the systemic herbicide Cadre (imazapic) on the development of O. cumana was inspected and quantified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This novel methodology facilitates the in-situ study of major aspects of the host-parasite interaction and of parasite suppression, such as parasitism dynamics, parasite growth rate, and the effect of chemical treatments on the parasite.
authors.affiliation: Department of Phytopathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, PO Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel. eizenber@volcani.agri.gov.il
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eizenberg
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shtienberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silberbush
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ephrath
mesh_terms: D006368:Helianthus / Q000469:parasitology*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D031672:Orobanche / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000469:parasitology; D036226:Seedlings / Q000254:growth & development; D013997:Time Factors