title: Wave acceleration of electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts.
abstract: The Van Allen radiation belts are two regions encircling the Earth in which energetic charged particles are trapped inside the Earth's magnetic field. Their properties vary according to solar activity and they represent a hazard to satellites and humans in space. An important challenge has been to explain how the charged particles within these belts are accelerated to very high energies of several million electron volts. Here we show, on the basis of the analysis of a rare event where the outer radiation belt was depleted and then re-formed closer to the Earth, that the long established theory of acceleration by radial diffusion is inadequate; the electrons are accelerated more effectively by electromagnetic waves at frequencies of a few kilohertz. Wave acceleration can increase the electron flux by more than three orders of magnitude over the observed timescale of one to two days, more than sufficient to explain the new radiation belt. Wave acceleration could also be important for Jupiter, Saturn and other astrophysical objects with magnetic fields.
authors.affiliation: British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK. R.Horne@bas.ac.uk
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Horne
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Thorne
authors.forename: Yuri Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Shprits
authors.forename: Nigel P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Meredith
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Glauert
authors.forename: Andy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Shrikanth G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kanekal
authors.forename: Daniel N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Engebretson
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Posch
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spasojevic
authors.forename: Umran S
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Inan
authors.forename: Jolene S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Pickett
authors.forename: Pierrette M E
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Decreau