Race and ethnic disparities in cervical cancer screening in a safety-net system.
OBJECTIVE
The three objectives of this research were: 1) to examine the use of Pap smear tests among low-income women, including minority and immigrant women who were patients in a safety-net healthcare system; 2) to identify policy relevant variables that could lead to changes in use of Pap smear screening services for these women; and 3) to contribute to the literature on use of Pap smear screening, especially among minorities and immigrants. The Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations was used as the theoretical framework.


METHODS
Pap smear screening predictors were examined using telephone interviews with a random sample of women aged 18-60, including 465 Non-Hispanic Whites, 285 African Americans, 164 Hispanic Americans, and 256 Hispanic immigrants, enrolled in a safety-net healthcare system in Texas in Fall 2000. Binary logistic regression analysis was used.


RESULTS
The research revealed that Non-Hispanic Whites were most likely to have been screened ever and in the past 3 years, followed by African Americans, Hispanic immigrants, and Hispanic Americans. Among Hispanics, immigrants were most likely to have had Pap smear screening, supporting the "healthy immigrant hypothesis." Older women were most likely to have ever been screened, with younger women, most likely in the past year. Having a usual source of healthcare and a checkup for current pregnancy increased screening, while competing needs (food, clothing, housing) affected screening negatively.


CONCLUSIONS
Culturally competent, community-based care for women is needed to increase Pap smear screening among minority groups, especially Hispanic immigrant and Hispanic American women.
Owusu
Gertrude A
GA
Department of Sociology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, 76203, USA.
Eve
Susan Brown
SB
Cready
Cynthia M
CM
Koelln
Kenneth
K
Trevino
Fernando
F
Urrutia-Rojas
Ximena
X
Baumer
Joanne
J
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D011203:Poverty; D044469:Racial Groups; D013781:Texas; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000706:statistics & numerical data