title: Postoperative pain management: a practical review, part 2.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pharmacotherapy and assessment of postoperative pain in general pharmacy practice settings are reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Numerous factors related to all levels of society and the health care system contribute to suboptimal treatment of postoperative pain, despite awareness of this challenge for at least the past 30 years and the availability of potent analgesics and tools to help clinicians care for persons with postoperative pain. The consequences of acute pain include clinical, economic, and patient-reported outcomes; thus, improving the treatment of postoperative pain has the potential to improve health care from a broad perspective. Opioids remain the cornerstone of treatment of postoperative pain. Multimodal analgesia also has the potential to improve the pharmacotherapy of postoperative pain. In addition to the appropriate use of drugs, it is important that clinicians be comfortable with equianalgesic dosage conversion, helping ensure that analgesic-related adverse effects are minimal, assessing pain and function, and incorporating this information into patient care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Providing optimal management of postoperative pain is a vital goal for all health care providers. There is substantial potential for pharmacists to help meet this goal.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research and Policy Program, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. scotts1@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Strassels
authors.forename: Ewan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McNicol
authors.forename: Rosy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suleman
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D010595:Pharmacists; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid