title: Factors associated with the transition from abuse to dependence among substance abusers: implications for a measure of addictive liability.
abstract: This study was conducted to test the validity of a measure that has potential to bridge research on the addictive liability of drugs and on individuals' liability to addiction, which to date have evolved in largely parallel arenas. The length of time between onset of abuse and dependence (LOTAD) has evolved from recent findings on transitions through levels of addiction; it was hypothesized that shorter LOTAD is indicative of greater addictive liability. Hypotheses were based on animal studies and human studies. Retrospective data from the DSM-IV Substance Use Disorders Work Group were reanalyzed using configural frequency analysis, survival curves, bivariate Kendall's tau associations, and linear regression. The sample consisted of participants recruited from community and clinical settings. The measure was the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Substance Abuse Module (CIDI-SAM). The shortest LOTADs were observed for disorders related to use of cocaine and opiates, followed by cannabis and then alcohol regardless of the subsample that was analyzed. As hypothesized, females and early initiators of drug use had shorter LOTADs compared to men and other initiators of drug use; no consistent differences in LOTAD were observed between African-Americans and Caucasians. None of the LOTAD variance associated with differences between drugs could be accounted for by gender, early use of the drug, or ethnicity. Specific areas of research where LOTAD might be useful as well as how LOTAD might be improved are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Pennsylvania State University, Prevention Research Center, 135 East Nittany Avenue, Ste 402, State College, PA 16801, USA. tar13@psu.edu
authors.forename: Ty A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ridenour
authors.forename: Mildred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maldonado-Molina
authors.forename: Wilson M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Compton
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Spitznagel
authors.forename: Linda B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Cottler
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs