title: Advances in the structural biology, design and clinical development of Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitors for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia.
abstract: The constitutively activated Abl tyrosine kinase domain of the chimeric Bcr-Abl oncoprotein is responsible for the transformation of haematopoietic stem cells and the symptoms of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Imatinib targets the tyrosine kinase activity of Bcr-Abl and is a first-line therapy for this malignancy. Although highly effective in chronic phase CML, patients who have progressed to the advanced phase of the disease frequently fail to respond to imatinib or develop resistance to therapy and relapse. This is often due to the emergence of clones expressing mutant forms of Bcr-Abl, which exhibit a decreased sensitivity towards inhibition by imatinib. Considerable progress has recently been made in understanding the structural biology of Abl and the molecular basis for resistance, facilitating the discovery and development of second generation drugs designed to combat mutant forms of Bcr-Abl. The first of these compounds to enter clinical development were BMS-354825 (BristolMyersSquibb) and AMN107 (Novartis Pharma) and, from Phase I results, both of these promise a breakthrough in the treatment of imatinib-resistant CML. Recent advances with these and other promising classes of new CML drugs are reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, WKL-136.4.86, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. paul.manley@novartis.com
authors.forename: Paul William
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Manley
authors.forename: Sandra W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cowan-Jacob
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mestan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001549:Benzamides; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015195:Drug Design; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl; D006801:Humans; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009154:Mutation; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001549:Benzamides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010879:Piperazines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl