title: Validity of the EQ-5D as a generic health outcome instrument in a heroin-dependent population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the validity of the EuroQol (EQ-5D) in a population of chronic, treatment-resistant heroin-dependent patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The EQ-5D is studied relative to the Maudsley Addiction Profile (MAP), the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90) and the European Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI) which were used to assess the participant's physical functioning, mental health and social integration, respectively. Data were gathered from 430 patients participating in the Dutch heroin trials with an intended 12-month treatment period. The EQ-5D was used as a separate health outcome measure. Statistical analyses were conducted using Spearman's and Pearson's correlations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The EQ-5D dimensions mobility, self-care and usual activities generally showed low correlations with relevant parameters of the MAP-HSS, SCL-90 and EuropASI (r=0.132-0.369). The EQ-5D dimension pain/discomfort showed low to moderate hypothesized correlations with all disease-specific measures (r=0.153-0.496). The EQ-5D dimension anxiety/depression showed moderate to high correlations with the SCL-90 (including the sum score) and some of the EuropASI parameters (r=0.133-0.615). The EQ-5D utility scores were moderately correlated with the MAP-HSS (r=-0.468) and the SCL-90 (r=-0.491) total score and with response to treatment at month 12.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of hypothesized associations between the EQ-5D and the disease or domain-specific measures could be confirmed. The validity of the EQ-5D-based utility score appears to be suitable in the evaluation of chronic, heroin-dependent populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Room J1B-226, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. b.vanderzanden@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Bart P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: van der Zanden
authors.forename: Marcel G W
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Dijkgraaf
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blanken
authors.forename: Corianne A J M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Borgie
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: van Ree
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van den Brink
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009426:Netherlands; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012648:Self Care; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome