title: Evaluation of syndromic surveillance based on National Health Service Direct derived data--England and Wales.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Syndromic surveillance systems might serve as an early warning to detect outbreaks of infectious diseases and chemical poisoning, including those caused by deliberate release. In England and Wales, data from National Health Service (NHS) Direct, a national telephone health advice service, were used for surveillance of 10 syndromes commonly occurring in the community.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate NHS Direct syndromic surveillance using the "Framework for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems for Early Detection of Outbreaks", published by CDC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative and qualitative assessments were performed. Examination of daily data flow was used to determine the timeliness and data quality. Validity was determined by comparing NHS Direct surveillance with a well-established clinical-based surveillance system using a time series analysis. Semistructured interviews of main stakeholders were conducted to determine usefulness, flexibility, acceptability, portability, stability, and system costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NHS Direct syndromic surveillance has representative national coverage, provides near real-time recording and data analysis, and can potentially detect high-risk, large-scale events. Direct costs are low and variable costs are unpredictable. Flexibility depends on urgency of the need for change, and portability relies on the existence of infrastructure similar to NHS Direct. Statistically significant correlation exists between NHS Direct surveillance and a surveillance system based on the Royal College of General Practitioners data for influenza-like illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CDC framework is a useful tool to standardize the evaluation of syndromic surveillance. NHS Direct syndromic surveillance is timely, representative, useful, and acceptable with low marginal costs and borderline flexibility and portability. Cross-correlation time series modeling might represent an appropriate method in the evaluation of syndromic surveillance validity.
authors.affiliation: Health Protection Agency West Midlands, Birmingham, England.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doroshenko
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gerard
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chinemana
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Verlander
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicoll
mesh_terms: D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004739:England; D015277:Hotlines; D006801:Humans; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D040442:Public Health Informatics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013222:State Medicine; D014852:Wales