title: Epidemiology of streptococcus group A in school aged children in Pemba.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Pemba (Zanzibar) all the risk factors which favour Group A Streptococci spreading, infections and late sequelae are present, though GAS epidemiology is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of GAS pharyngeal carriers among school-aged-children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based cross sectional study, carried out at the end of the dry season (January-February 2001).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight primary schools over the four Pemba districts were included in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two thousand two hundred and eighty six children aged 7-10 years were selected by random sampling and submitted to throat-swab after informed consent. Swabs were processed according to the "Lennette Manual of Clinical Microbiology" 7th Ed. Isolated were tested for antibiotic susceptibility toward penicillins, erythromycin, clindamycin, josamycin, cloramphenicol, levofloxacin, rifampin and tetracyclines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty seven point six percent of school-aged children harboured beta-haemolytic Streptococci in their pharynx; most of the isolates were serologically identified as non Group A streptococci group C and G represented more than 70% of all strains, 38.8% of whom were identified as group G; the prevalence of group A streptococci carriers among healthy children all over the island was 8.6%; group A streptococci isolates were sensitive to all the antibiotic tested, except tetracyclines, towards which 83.2% of strains were resistant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first research in the field of bacteriology carried out in Pemba. According to the epidemiology of group A streptococci and to the environmental and underlying factors which predispose to late group A streptococci sequelae, we suggest to consider antibiotic treatment for children presenting with sore throat with fever and swollen cervical lymphonodes without cough or coryza.
authors.affiliation: The Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Braito
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Galgani
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iozzi
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ame
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Haji
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zanchi
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010614:Pharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents