title: Impaired recruitment of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during encoding in bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to examine the functional neuroanatomy of episodic memory impairment in euthymic subjects with bipolar I disorder. There is evidence that individuals with bipolar disorder have cognitive impairments not only during mood episodes but also when they are euthymic. The most consistently reported cognitive difficulty in euthymic subjects with bipolar disorder is impairment in verbal episodic memory (i.e., the ability to learn new verbal information).
  
  
  METHODS
  The current study examined verbal learning in eight euthymic, remitted subjects with bipolar I disorder (BP-I; seven nonmedicated) and eight control subjects matched for age, gender, education, and intelligence. Subjects underwent (15)O-CO(2) positron emission tomography scanning while completing a verbal learning paradigm that consisted of encoding (learning) several lists of words.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BP-I subjects had more difficulties learning the lists of words compared with the control subjects. Compared with control subjects, BP-I subjects exhibited blunted regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) increases in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 9/46) during encoding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with previous studies, subjects with BP-I were impaired in learning new verbal information. This was associated with rCBF abnormalities in brain regions involved in learning and episodic memory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. tdeckersbach@partners.org
authors.forename: Thilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deckersbach
authors.forename: Darin D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: Cary
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McMurrich
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fischman
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nierenberg
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: Scott L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rauch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012660:Semantics; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology*