title: A physiologically based toxicokinetic model of inhalation exposure to xylenes in Caucasian men.
abstract: Widespread exposure to the volatile aromatic hydrocarbons, ortho-, meta-, and para-xylene occurs in many industries including the manufacture of plastics, pharmaceuticals, and synthetic fibers. This paper describes the development of a physiologically based toxicokinetic model using biomonitoring data to quantify the kinetics of ortho-, meta-, and para-xylenes. Serial blood concentrations of deuterium-labeled xylene isomers were obtained over 4 days after 37 controlled, 2h inhalation exposures to different concentrations of the isomers. Peak toxicant concentrations in blood occurred in all subjects at the termination of exposure. Systemic clearance averaged 116 L/h+/-34 L/h, 117 L/h+/-23 L/h, and 129 L/h+/-33 L/h for ortho-, para-, and meta-xylene, respectively. The half-life of each toxicant in the terminal phase (>90 h post-exposure) was fit by the model, yielding values of 30.3+/-10.2 h for para-xylene, 33.0+/-11.7 h for meta-xylene and 38.5+/-18.2 h for ortho-xylene. Significant isomeric differences were found (p<0.05) for toxicant half-life, clearance and extrahepatic metabolism. Inter-individual variability seen in this study suggests that airborne concentration guidelines may not protect all workers. A Biological Exposure Index is preferred for this purpose since it is integrative and reflective of inter-individual kinetic variability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7234, USA. Adams.Julie@spcollege.edu
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Dills
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kalman
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Pierce
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D044465:White People; D014992:Xylenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014992:Xylenes