Port-access cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest.
In the past decade, laparoscopic and thoracoscopiC technology have significantly and irreversibly altered the approach to many general and thoracic surgical diseases. With advances in laparoscopy and thoracoscopy, the concept of a minimally invasive approach to cardiac surgery has been realized.
Fann
J I
JI
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Pompili
M F
MF
Stevens
J H
JH
Siegel
L C
LC
St Goar
F G
FG
Burdon
T A
TA