title: Ventilation patterns in patients with severe traumatic brain injury following paramedic rapid sequence intubation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inadvertent hyperventilation has been documented during aeromedical transports but has not been studied following paramedic rapid sequence intubation (RSI). The San Diego Paramedic RSI Trial was designed to study the impact of paramedic RSI on outcome in patients with severe head injury. This analysis explores ventilation patterns in a cohort of trial patients undergoing end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) monitoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult patients with severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Score: 3-8) unable to be intubated without RSI were prospectively enrolled in the trial. Midazolam and succinylcholine were used for RSI; rocuronium was administered following tube confirmation. Standardized ventilation protocols were used by most paramedics; however, one agency instituted ETCO2 monitoring during the second trial year, with paramedics instructed to target ETCO2 values of 30 to 35 mmHg. The incidence and duration of inadvertent hyperventilation (ETCO2: <30 mmHg) and severe hyperventilation (ETCO2: <25 mmHg) were explored for patients undergoing ETCO2 monitoring. The initial, final, minimum, and maximum values for ETCO2 and the maximum and minimum ventilatory rate values were also calculated using descriptive statistics (95% confidence interval). The pattern of ETCO2 values over time and distribution of recorded ventilatory rate values were explored graphically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 76 trial patients had adequate ETCO2 data for this analysis. The mean values for initial, final, maximum, and minimum ETCO2 were 40.8 (range: 37.5-44.2), 28.4 (range: 25.4-31.4), 45.1 (range: 41.4-48.8), and 23.5 mmHg (range: 21.4-25.5), respectively. The mean maximum and minimum ventilatory rate values were 36.0/minute (range: 33.5-38.5) and 12.8/minute (range: 11.9-13.7), respectively. ETCO2 values less than 30 and 25 mmHg were documented in 79% and 59% of patients, respectively, with mean durations of 485 (range: 378-592) and 390 seconds (range: 285-494).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inadvertent hyperventilation is common following paramedic RSI, despite ETCO2 monitoring and target parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. davismd@cox.net
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heister
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Poste
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hoyt
authors.forename: Mel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ochs
authors.forename: James V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Dunford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016857:Hypocapnia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015994:Incidence; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D010092:Oximetry; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors