title: Low calcium levels in serum-free media maintain chondrocyte phenotype in monolayer culture and reduce chondrocyte aggregation in suspension culture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extracellular calcium influences chondrocyte differentiation and synthesis of extracellular matrix. Previously, calcium concentrations ranging from 0.1 mM to 2 mM have been used in vitro and these studies indicated that low calcium concentrations were generally favorable for chondrocyte culture. Our objective was to extend these findings to yet lower calcium concentrations and to comprehensively examine effects on morphology and phenotype in two culture systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum-free media containing 1 mM, 50 microM or 15 microM of calcium and a serum-containing medium were used to culture chondrocytes in suspension and in monolayer, at high and low inoculation density.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In monolayer, at low and high density, removing serum and decreasing calcium concentration decreased cell spreading and lowered collagen type I expression whereas collagen type II expression remained stable. In suspension, cells aggregated for all media tested; however, aggregates were smaller and looser in the absence of serum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The serum-free 50 microM and 1 mM calcium media provide good alternatives to classical media for monolayer culture since both growth and chondrocyte phenotype were maintained. In suspension culture, the serum-free 1mM calcium medium also possesses the beneficial properties of limiting aggregate size while maintaining growth and phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gigout
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jolicoeur
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Buschmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D002449:Cell Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000032:analysis; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000032:analysis; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000032:analysis; D006614:Hindlimb; D007596:Joints / Q000166:cytology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D010641:Phenotype; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D024043:Collagen Type II; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D002118:Calcium