title: Urinary hydroxyestrogens and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women: a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that a low level of the 2-hydroxyestrogen metabolites (2-OHE) and a high level of 16alpha-hydroxyestrone (16alpha-OHE1) are associated with an enhanced risk of breast cancer. We examined the association between the metabolite levels and breast cancer in a nested case-control study, which also addressed hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and estrogen receptor status of the tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  24,697 postmenopausal Danish women were enrolled in the "Diet, Cancer and Health" cohort. During follow-up, 426 breast cancer cases were identified and controls were matched by age at diagnosis, baseline age, and HRT use. The concentrations of 2-OHE and 16alpha-OHE1 in spot urine were measured by an enzyme immunoassay. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated for total and estrogen receptor-specific breast cancer and were stratified according to HRT use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher incidence of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer with an enhanced 2-OHE level was observed among current HRT users, IRR per doubling = 1.30 (95% CI, 1.02-1.66), whereas no association was seen among nonusers of HRT, IRR per doubling = 1.00 (95% CI, 0.69-1.45). The association between estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer and the 16alpha-OHE1 metabolite level was in the opposite direction but slightly weaker and statistically insignificant. For estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, no significant associations were seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of breast cancer, in particular the estrogen receptor-positive type, was enhanced among postmenopausal women using estradiol-based HRT and among those who had a high 2-OHE concentration.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wellejus
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjonneland
authors.forename: Birthe L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overvad
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loft
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004964:Estriol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D006894:Hydroxyestrones / Q000652:urine*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006894:Hydroxyestrones; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; C008012:2-hydroxyestriol; C026702:16-hydroxyestrone; D004964:Estriol