title: Results of a prospective trial to compare normal urine supersaturation in children and adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary stone disease is relatively rare in children but is often due to metabolic abnormalities. Urinary supersaturation (SS) indices have been suggested as more precise predictors of stone recurrence. We previously reported urinary metabolic evaluations in stone-forming children using adult references. We now assess normal SS values in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective trial was performed to assess urinary metabolic profiles in children with no personal or family history of urinary calculi. The 24-hour urine collections were performed and evaluated at an outside central laboratory. Urine chemistries were adjusted for urine creatinine. Urine pH and SS for calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and uric acid were also assessed. The data were compared to a cohort of normal adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 168 samples from 168 adults (58% males) and 51 samples from 30 children (59% males) were evaluated. The mean age of the children was 8.8 years (range 5 to 18). Calcium oxalate SS was similar between children and adults, and urine pH was the major cause of differences seen in the calcium phosphate and uric acid SS indices. Children had a much higher excretion of calcium, oxalate and citrate when adjusted for creatinine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are significant differences in the normal ranges of urine chemistries in children and adults. An understanding of normal supersaturation values may allow metabolic abnormalities in stone-forming children to be more precisely diagnosed and treated.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA. bob.defoor@cchmc.org
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Defoor
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Asplin
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Chad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Pramod
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Curtis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sheldon
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Minevich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000652:urine; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000652:urine; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000652:urine*; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D014527:Uric Acid; D019343:Citric Acid; C020243:calcium phosphate