title: Tumor growth inhibition by simultaneously blocking epidermal growth factor receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 in a xenograft model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our previous study revealed that simultaneously targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) additively or synergistically inhibited growth of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) in vitro. However, an in vivo efficacy of this combined treatment in SCCHN has not been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nude mice were pretreated with control (1% Tween 80), ZD1839 (50 mg/kg) alone, celecoxib (50 mg/kg) alone, or a combination of ZD1839 and celecoxib at the same dosages for 7 days before injection of a human SCCHN cell line Tu212. The animals were continuously treated with the agents 5 days a week for about 11 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor growth in the combined treatment was significantly inhibited compared with the control (P < 0.001), ZD1839 (P = 0.005), or celecoxib (P < 0.001). At the same time, a dramatic delay of tumor progression was observed in the combined treatment compared with all other three groups. Molecular analysis showed that the combined treatment significantly decreased prostaglandin E metabolite production. The cooperative effect of these two agents in combination was also associated with down-regulation of phosphorylated EGFR, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 levels and reduction of vascular endothelial growth factor and Ki-67 expression. Specifically, gene silencing of both EGFR and COX-2 by small interfering RNA further confirmed the cooperative antitumor effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current results strongly suggest that a cooperative effect of the combined treatment on tumor progression is mediated through blocking both EGFR- and COX-2-related pathways. This combination regimen may provide a promising strategy for cancer therapy and chemoprevention in SCCHN.
authors.affiliation: Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhuo Georgia
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Mi Sun
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Shi-Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: H Samuel
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Wieand
authors.forename: Hyung Ju C
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Fadlo R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Khuri
authors.forename: Dong M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000068579:Celecoxib; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D000077156:Gefitinib; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007012:Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D011458:Prostaglandins E / Q000378:metabolism; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011458:Prostaglandins E; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011799:Quinazolines; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; C494087:Stat3 protein, mouse; D013449:Sulfonamides; D015534:Trans-Activators; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D000068579:Celecoxib; D000077156:Gefitinib