title: The immunization data quality audit: verifying the quality and consistency of immunization monitoring systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the consistency and quality of immunization monitoring systems in 27 countries during 2002-03 using standardized data quality audits (DQAs) that had been launched within the framework of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization.
  
  
  METHODS
  The consistency of reporting systems was estimated by determining the proportion of third doses of diphtheria-tetanuspertussis (DTP-3) vaccine reported as being administered that could be verified by written documentation at health facilities and districts. The quality of monitoring systems was measured using quality indices for different components of the monitoring systems. These indices were applied to each level of the health service (health unit, district and national).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of verified DTP-3 doses was lower than 85% in 16 countries. Difficulties in verifying the doses administered often arose at the peripheral level of the health service, usually as the result of discrepancies in information between health units and their corresponding districts or because completed recording forms were not available from health units. All countries had weaknesses in their monitoring systems; these included the inconsistent use of monitoring charts; inadequate monitoring of vaccine stocks, injection supplies and adverse events; unsafe computer practices; and poor monitoring of completeness and timeliness of reporting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inconsistencies in immunization data occur in many countries, hampering their ability to manage their immunization programmes. Countries should use these findings to strengthen monitoring systems so that data can reliably guide programme activities. The DQA is an innovative tool that provides a way to independently assess the quality of immunization monitoring systems at all levels of a health service and serves as a point of entry to make improvements. It provides a useful example for other global health initiatives.
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Assessment & Monitoring, Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. ronveauxo@who.int
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ronveaux
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rickert
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hadler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Groom
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bchir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Birmingham
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003625:Data Collection / Q000592:standards*; D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004282:Documentation / Q000592:standards; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008330:Management Audit; D008499:Medical Records; D015397:Program Evaluation; D040442:Public Health Informatics; D011786:Quality Control; D012107:Research Design; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine