title: Admiral Lord Nelson's death: known and unknown--a historical review of the anatomy.
abstract: METHODS
  Reviewing documents about Lord Admiral Nelson's wound inflicted at the Battle of Trafalgar and studying the collected data in connection with ballistics and human anatomy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Attempting to find out the actual cause of death of Lord Nelson as soon as 4 h postinjury by a musket ball.
  
  
  METHODS
  United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  (1) Review of the original report of Mr W Beatty, Lord Nelson's surgeon, on his examination of His Lordship's wound. (2) Investigating the course of the musket ball in connection with an atlas of human anatomy. (3) Investigating the course of the musket ball on a cadaver by RP (one of the authors). (4) Reviewing modern medical literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The report of Mr Beatty suggested that division of a large branch of the pulmonary artery was the cause of Lord Nelson's early death. Assuming the left pulmonary artery was injured, anatomical studies based on atlases and dissection on a cadaver failed to support a simple straight-line course of the musket ball that could have divided the artery and damage the spinal cord on its path forward.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The question remains open as to how the musket ball following a relatively straight-line trajectory by entering the body at the acromion, could have divided the left pulmonary artery and damaged the spinal cord later in its course. The mechanism needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: National Spinal Injuries Centre, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: El-Masry
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crumplin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eisenstein
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Pusey
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meagher
mesh_terms: D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000293:injuries*; D002423:Cause of Death; D004739:England; D005197:Famous Persons; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000266:history / Q000473:pathology*