title: Malformation risks of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: a prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relative risk of major congenital malformation (MCM) from in utero exposure to antiepileptic drug (AEDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective data collected by the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register were analysed. The presence of MCMs recorded within the first three months of life was the main outcome measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Full outcome data were collected on 3607 cases. The overall MCM rate for all AED exposed cases was 4.2% (95% confidence interval (CI), 3.6% to 5.0%). The MCM rate was higher for polytherapy (6.0%) (n = 770) than for monotherapy (3.7%) (n = 2598) (crude odds ratio (OR) = 1.63 (p = 0.010), adjusted OR = 1.83 (p = 0.002)). The MCM rate for women with epilepsy who had not taken AEDs during pregnancy (n = 239) was 3.5% (1.8% to 6.8%). The MCM rate was greater for pregnancies exposed only to valproate (6.2% (95% CI, 4.6% to 8.2%) than only to carbamazepine (2.2% (1.4% to 3.4%) (OR = 2.78 (p<0.001); adjusted OR = 2.97 (p<0.001)). There were fewer MCMs for pregnancies exposed only to lamotrigine than only to valproate. A positive dose response for MCMs was found for lamotrigine (p = 0.006). Polytherapy combinations containing valproate carried a higher risk of MCM than combinations not containing valproate (OR = 2.49 (1.31 to 4.70)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only 4.2% of live births to women with epilepsy had an MCM. The MCM rate for polytherapy exposure was greater than for monotherapy exposure. Polytherapy regimens containing valproate had significantly more MCMs than those not containing valproate. For monotherapy exposures, carbamazepine was associated with the lowest risk of MCM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Royal Group of Hospital, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK. jim.morrow@royalhospitals.n-i.nhs.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guthrie
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waddell
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Irwin
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: McGivern
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants