title: Mycophenolate mofetil is a highly effective and safe immunosuppressive agent for the treatment of uveitis : a retrospective analysis of 106 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated the outcomes of patients with different forms of chronic uveitis treated with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as an immunomodulatory and steroid-sparing agent. The multi-system side effects that arise after long-term treatment with corticosteroids and other immunosuppressants prompted us to use MMF. MMF is a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, thus blocking purine synthesis via the de novo pathway preferentially used by T and B lymphocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1998 and 2003, 106 patients were treated for uveitis (anterior n=26, intermediate n=51, posterior n=23, panuveitis n=6) with MMF at a dose of 1g twice daily. Treatment duration was at least 6 months (n=10), in most cases greater than 12 months (n=77) and in 25 cases between 24 months and 41 months, when the present retrospective evaluation was undertaken. Patient charts were analysed according to a standardized evaluation protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 95 patients MMF was combined with prednisolone at a dosage of 2.5-10 mg per day. In 8 patients MMF was used as a monotherapy, and in 3 cases one further systemic immunosuppressant was required. The number of recurrences during MMF treatment was none or one in 92 patients, two in 6 cases and three or more in 8 patients. In none of the patients had MMF been stopped at the time of data analysis. The most frequently observed side effects were gastrointestinal upset (15%), followed by headache (9.3%), fatigue (5.7%), eczema (5%), and hair loss (3.5%). Other side effects were sporadic. Most of these phenomena were transitory. Forty-two patients experienced no side effects at all. In 4 patients MMF was judged ineffective due to failure to reduce the number of recurrences of severe inflammation compared with the previous therapeutic regime, or indeed occurrence of persistent macular oedema.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that MMF is an effective immunosuppressant in patients with uveitis. We provide evidence that MMF controls the disease in the majority of patients with an acceptable profile of side effects.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology I, University Eye Hospital, Schleichstrasse 12, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Siepmann
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stübiger
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deuter
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zierhut
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007168:IMP Dehydrogenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014605:Uveitis / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011239:Prednisolone; D007168:IMP Dehydrogenase; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid