title: Estimation of the carcinogenic risk of radiotherapy of benign diseases from shoulder to heel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate risk on fatal tumour induction in patients by radiotherapy of benign diseases at various body sites, including heterotopic ossification, omarthritis, gonarthrosis, heel spurs and hidradenitis suppurativa.
  
  
  METHODS
  The carcinogenic risk is estimated by applying the effective dose concept from the ICRP with the average risk factor of 10% per Sv for high dose and high dose rate. Although, the concept of effective dose for the present study has limitations, its use is considered acceptable for a fairly rough risk estimate. The organ doses are calculated using a Monte Carlo radiation transport code and anthropomorphic mathematical phantoms. Special risk modifying factors like patient's age at exposure and gender are taken into account.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the treatment of heterotopic ossification, omarthritis, gonarthrosis, heel spurs and hidradenitis suppurativa the effective dose is in the range of 5-400 mSv. For an average-aged population, the estimated number of radiation-induced fatal tumours due to these treatments is assessed to be between 0.5 and 40 persons per 1000 patients treated. At higher ages the risks are reduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The range of effective doses found for the various types of treatment at various body sites is large. There are several possibilities to optimise the treatment protocols resulting in reduced effective doses and related radiation risks.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Technology-Medical Physics, Interfaculty Reactor Institute, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands. j.t.m.jansen@tnw.tudelft.nl
authors.forename: Jan Th M
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Johan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Broerse
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zoetelief
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Heinrich M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Seegenschmiedt
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000532:radiotherapy; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors