title: A patient with a resistant major depression disorder treated with deep brain stimulation in the inferior thalamic peduncle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present report explored the effect of electrical stimulation on the inferior thalamic peduncle in a patient with resistant major depression disorder (MDD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This report refers to a 49-year-old woman with a history of recurrent episodes of major depression for 20 years (12 episodes and 2 hospitalizations), fulfilling Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, revised, criteria for MDD; in addition, the patient met criteria for borderline personality disorder and bulimia. Her longest episode of depression with suicidal ideation began 5 years before surgery. The patient's symptom array responded poorly to different combinations of antidepressants, cognitive therapy, and electroconvulsive therapy, which induced improvement only for short periods of time. Immediately before surgery, her Global Assessment of Functioning score was 20 and her Hamilton Depression Scale score ranged from 33 to 42. The patient was proposed for surgery for MDD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patient had bilateral eight-contact electrodes stereotactically implanted for stimulation of areas at and around the inferior thalamic peduncle. Electrode position was corroborated by unilateral electrical stimulation searching for recruiting responses and regional direct current shifts in the electroencephalogram. Recording electrodes were replaced by tetrapolar electrodes for deep brain stimulation and connected to an internalized stimulation system for continuous bipolar stimulation at 130 Hz, 0.45 milliseconds, 2.5 V. Bimonthly follow-up included psychiatric and neuropsychological evaluations performed over the course of 24 months. After 8 months of ON stimulation, the patient entered a double-blind protocol with stimulators turned OFF. Improvement of depression measured by the Hamilton Depression Scale score was evident after initial placement of electrodes without electrical stimulation. Depression relapsed partially at the end of the first week. Electrical stimulation further improved depression, normalizing depression scores and neuropsychological performance. Patient depression scores ranked between 2 and 8 during 8 months of ON stimulation without antidepressant medication. After stimulation was turned OFF, spontaneous fluctuations in patient symptoms reflected by Hamilton Depression Scale and Global Assessment of Functioning scores were documented; these fluctuations disappeared after stimulation was turned on by Month 20.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complicated patients with comorbid conditions are common referrals to psychosurgery services. In this report, we present promising results of electrical stimulation of the inferior thalamic peduncle to treat recurrent unipolar depression in a patient with MDD and borderline personality disorder who responded poorly to treatment.
authors.affiliation: Functional Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery, General Hospital of Mexico, National Medical Center, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico. fiacroj@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Fiacro
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Velasco
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salin-Pascual
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Velasco
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Criales
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nicolini
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013788:Thalamus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013997:Time Factors