title: Transvenous n-butyl-cyanoacrylate infusion for complex dural carotid cavernous fistulas: technical considerations and clinical outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endovascular transvenous embolization has been advocated as the treatment technique for dural carotid cavernous fistulas (dCCFs). Most centers use platinum coils primarily. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the technical aspects, efficacy, and safety of transvenous n-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) infusion in dCCFs as a primary alternative or adjunct to coil embolization.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated 14 patients with dCCFs who were treated at this institution from 1999 to 2004 by using n-BCA infusion alone or in combination with coils. The efficacy of treatment and safety aspects were studied in dCCFs of Barrow type B (4/14), C (2/14), and D (8/14). Six patients were treated with transvenous n-BCA infusion alone in the cavernous sinus, 7 with a combination of transvenous n-BCA and coil embolization, and one with transvenous n-BCA combined with transarterial polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-particle embolization of the feeding arteries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An angiographic obliteration and clinical cure was achieved in all patients. Technical complications were nonsymptomatic and included spillage of an n-BCA droplet into a middle cerebral artery branch retrograde through the arteriovenous fistulas in one patient and perforation of the inferior petrosal sinus during microcatheter placement in another. A third patient developed temporary palsy of the sixth cranial nerve a few days after the treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this small series, the use of n-BCA either alone or in conjunction with detachable coils was a safe and effective technique for the treatment of symptomatic patients presenting with complex dCCFs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Miami, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Ajay K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wakhloo
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perlow
authors.forename: Italo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Linfante
authors.forename: Johnny S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sandhu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Troffkin
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schenck
authors.forename: Norman J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Schatz
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.forename: Byron L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020216:Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000098:blood supply*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol; D004659:Enbucrilate