title: The phylogenetic position of the 'giant deer' Megaloceros giganteus.
abstract: The giant deer, or 'Irish elk', has featured extensively in debates on adaptation, sexual selection, and extinction. Its huge antlers--the largest of any deer species, living or extinct--formed a focus of much past work. Yet the phylogenetic position of the giant deer has remained an enigma. On the basis of its flattened antlers, the species was previously regarded as closely related to the living fallow deer. Recent morphological studies, however, have challenged that view and placed the giant deer closer to the living red deer or wapiti. Here we present a new phylogenetic analysis encompassing morphological and DNA sequence evidence, and find that both sets of data independently support a sister-group relationship of giant and fallow deer. Our results include the successful extraction and sequencing of DNA from this extinct species, and highlight the value of a joint molecular and morphological approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lister
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: D A W
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Nock
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bunce
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: van Pijlen
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barnes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000999:Antlers / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003670:Deer / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D005580:Fossils; D007830:Larynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial