title: 8-chloroadenosine induced HL-60 cell growth inhibition, differentiation, and G(0)/G(1) arrest involves attenuated cyclin D1 and telomerase and up-regulated p21(WAF1/CIP1).
abstract: 8-Chloroadenosine, an active dephosphorylated metabolite of the antineoplastic agent 8-chloroadenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (8-Cl-cAMP), induces growth inhibition in multiple carcinomas. Here we report that 8-chloroadenosine inhibits growth in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells by a G(0)/G(1) phase arrest and terminates cell differentiation along the granulocytic lineage. The mechanism of 8-chloroadenosine-induced G(0)/G(1) arrest is independent of apoptosis. The expressions of cyclin D1 and c-myc in HL-60 are suppressed by 8-chloroadenosine, whereas the cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1) is up-regulated. 8-Chloroadenosine has less effect on the expressions of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk)2 and cdk4, G(1) phase cyclin-dependent kinases, and only moderately induces the expression of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) and the mitotic inhibitor p27(KIP1). Telomerase activity is reduced in extracts of 8-chloroadenosine treated HL-60 cells, but 8-chloroadenosine does not directly inhibit the catalytic activity of telomerase in vitro. Therefore, anti-proliferation of HL-60 cells by 8-chloroadenosine involves coordination of cyclin D1 suppression, reduction of telomerase activity, and up-regulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) that arrest cell-cycle progression at G(0)/G(1) phase and terminate cell differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA. zbing@jaguar1.usouthal.edu
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Li He
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yong Mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jing Rong
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Samuel J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Strada
mesh_terms: D015762:2-Chloroadenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects*; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D016192:Resting Phase, Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D019098:Telomerase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D019938:Cyclin D1; D015762:2-Chloroadenosine; D019098:Telomerase; C075440:8-chloroadenosine