title: Anticoagulant therapy for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of anticoagulant therapy on the survival of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hospitals located in the Miyagi prefecture in Japan, including a university hospital, a Red Cross hospital, two public general hospitals, and a municipal hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six patients with IPF (mean age, 69.4 years; range, 47 to 89) admitted to the hospitals from April 2001 to April 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were assigned to receive prednisolone alone or prednisolone plus anticoagulant therapy. The anticoagulants included oral warfarin in an outpatient setting and low-molecular-weight heparin for rehospitalized patients with severely progressive respiratory failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in baseline characteristics, including age, gender, clinical condition, pulmonary function, and plasma d-dimer level between the non-anticoagulant group and the anticoagulant group. The overall survival and hospitalization-free periods were assessed. There was a significant difference between survival curves of the non-anticoagulant group and the anticoagulant group, with a 2.9 hazard ratio (p = 0.04, Cox regression model). There was no significant difference in the probability of a hospitalization-free period between groups. The major cause of clinical deterioration was acute exacerbation during follow-up in the present study. Therefore, the mortality and plasma d-dimer levels in patients with an acute exacerbation were also assessed. The mortality associated with acute exacerbations of IPF in the anticoagulant group was significantly reduced compared to that in the non-anticoagulant group (18% vs 71%, respectively; p = 0.008, Fisher Exact Test). Furthermore, the plasma d-dimer levels in patients who died were significantly higher than those in survivors during acute exacerbation of IPF (3.3 +/- 2.3 microg/mL vs 0.9 +/- 0.7 microg/mL, p < 0.0001). Histologic analysis performed in three patients who died due to an exacerbation of IPF in the non-anticoagulant group demonstrated the features of usual interstitial pneumonia and acute lung injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggested that plasma d-dimer levels are associated with mortality in patients with an acute exacerbation of IPF, and that anticoagulant therapy has a beneficial effect on survival in patients with IPF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Katsutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yanai
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Mutsuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamaya
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Hidetada
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000925:Anticoagulants; D015415:Biomarkers; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D014859:Warfarin; D011239:Prednisolone