title: Smoking is associated with neurocognitive deficits in alcoholism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impaired problem solving, visual-spatial processing, memory, and cognitive proficiency are consequences of severe alcoholism. Smoking is much more prevalent among alcoholics than the general population, yet the possible neurocognitive effects of cigarette smoking in alcoholism have not been studied, despite evidence that long-term smoking is associated with neurocognitive deficits.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine whether smoking contributes to neurocognitive deficits associated with alcoholism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurocognitive function was examined in a community-recruited (n=172) sample of men. Alcohol problems/alcoholism were measured by the lifetime alcohol problems score (LAPS), DSM-IV diagnosis, and monthly drinking rate. Smoking was measured in pack-years. Neurocognitive function was measured with IQ (short version of WAIS-R), and cognitive proficiency (fast, accurate performance).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both alcoholism and smoking were negatively correlated with neurocognitive function. When alcoholism and smoking were included in regression models, smoking remained a significant predictor for both measures, but alcoholism remained significant only for IQ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both smoking and alcoholism were related to neurocognitive function. Smoking may explain some of the relationship between alcoholism and neurocognitive function, perhaps especially for measures that focus on proficiency. Future studies are necessary to more fully understand the effects of smoking on neurocognitive function in alcoholism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Addiction Research Center, 2025 Traverwood, Suite A, Ann Arbor, 48105-2194, USA. jglass@umich.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Joel T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Nigg
authors.forename: Maria M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Leon I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Puttler
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buu
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jester
authors.forename: Hiram E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Zucker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013695:Temperance