title: Polymorphism of p16 INK4A and cyclin D1 in adenocarcinomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the prevalence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the p16 gene (C540G) and the cyclin D1 gene (G870A), both known to regulate function in G1 arrest and therefore, may play an important role in carcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using PCR based restriction fragment length polymorphism and single strand conformational polymorphism, we determined single nucleotide exchanges in the p16 and cyclin D1 genes among 56 esophageal adenocarcinomas (ADC) arising in Barrett's esophagus, 95 cardiac gastric ADC, and in 191 distal gastric ADC. The allelic frequencies were compared to a control group of 253 healthy blood donors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The C/G genotype of p16 was identified in 10.4% of esophageal carcinomas, 13.3% of cardiac carcinomas, and in 14.1% of gastric carcinomas, compared to 17.4% in the healthy control group. All other cases showed the C/C wildtype, as no homozygous G/G nucleotide exchange was detected in the group of cancer patients or in the control group. In esophageal cancer, cyclin D1 G/G genotype was found 28.6%, A/G in 46.4%, and A/A in 25.0%. In cardiac carcinoma, frequency of cyclin D1 genotype was 27.4% for G/G, 57.9% for A/G, and 14.7% for AA. In distal gastric carcinoma, both homozygous genotypes (G/G and A/A) had a frequency of 15.2% each, while the heterozygous A/G genotype occurred in 69.6% of patients. The control group displayed 24.9% G/G, 53.8% A/G, and 21.3% A/A genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that frequencies of p16 or cyclin D1 polymorphisms in gastric and esophageal ADC do not differ significantly from the healthy control group. Therefore, these polymorphisms are unlikely to be associated with risk of ADC of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Postfach 101007, 40001, Duesseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Geddert
authors.forename: Sibylle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiel
authors.forename: Rainer B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Zotz
authors.forename: Jianhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Reinhart
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Willers
authors.forename: Helmut E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Gabbert
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarbia
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000409:Alanine; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000150:complications; D002299:Cardia; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics*; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics*; D003545:Cysteine; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005998:Glycine; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D019938:Cyclin D1; D003545:Cysteine; D000409:Alanine; D005998:Glycine