title: Comparison of ventricular drainage in poor grade patients after intracranial hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The selection of patients and treatment criteria for acute hydrocephalus and intracranial pressure (ICP) after intracranial hemorrhage remains unclear. In general neurosurgical practice, there is a tendency to use external ventricular drainage (EVD) for the patients. This study was undertaken to analyse the complications and efficiency of the different treatment modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects, complications and outcome of ventricular drainage on high ICP and hydrocephalus were analysed retrospectively in 109 patients with intracranial hemorrhage. All the patients were assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale, computed tomography and ICP monitoring. We excluded patients over the GCS of 8. All patients underwent a procedure for ICP monitoring plus ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage. Sixty-one patients were managed with one (single) EVD system; 12 patients needed two EVD systems consecutively, while 23 patients underwent an EVD procedure followed by permanent ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt insertion. Thirteen patients were treated only by VP shunt for ventricular drainage. The infection rate and outcome 9 months after hemorrhage were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The infection rates were 8.1% in the one-EVD group, 33.3% in the two-EVD group (one EVD versus two EVD, p<0.05), 8.6% in the EVD-VP group and 7.7% in the VP shunt group. The mortality rates were 73.7% in the one-EVD group, 83.8% in the two-EVD group, 47.8% (p<0.05) in the EVD-VP group and 53.8% (p<0.01) in the VP shunt group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that single and short-term use of EVD and/or early VP shunting are associated with a low risk of infection. Furthermore, early VP shunting may protect the brain from the irregular control of intracranial hypertension and may allow more time for resolution of CSF circulation and significantly lowers the mortality rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Uludag University Bursa, Turkey. selsus@uludag.edu.tr
authors.forename: Selcuk
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yilmazlar
authors.forename: Faruk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abas
authors.forename: Ender
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Korfali
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000601:surgery*; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000009:adverse effects*