Ecotoxicity of naproxen and its phototransformation products.
The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is of great concern and only few data are available about the adverse effects of such molecules and their derivatives on non-target aquatic organisms. This study was designed to assess the toxic potential of Naproxen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, Naproxen Na, its freely water soluble sodium salt and their photoproducts in the aquatic environment. Bioassays were performed on algae, rotifers and microcrustaceans to assess acute and chronic toxicity. Furthermore, possible genotoxic effects of photoderivatives were investigated using SOS chromotest and Ames fluctuation test. The results showed that photoproducts were more toxic than the parent compounds both for acute and chronic values, while genotoxic and mutagenic effects were not found. These findings suggested the opportunity to consider derivatives in ecotoxicology assessment of drugs.
Isidori
Marina
M
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, II Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy. marina.isidori@unina2.it
Lavorgna
Margherita
M
Nardelli
Angela
A
Parrella
Alfredo
A
Previtera
Lucio
L
Rubino
Maria
M
D000818:Animals; D033202:Anostraca / Q000187:drug effects; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000633:toxicity*; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D033361:Cladocera / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009288:Naproxen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000633:toxicity*; D010777:Photochemistry; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012403:Rotifera / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D009288:Naproxen