title: Biological control of apple blue mold with Pseudomonas fluorescens.
abstract: Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate 1100-6 was evaluated as a potential biological control agent for apple blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum or Penicillium solitum. Both the wild-type isolate 1100-6 and a genetically modified derivative labeled with the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) were compared. The P. fluorescens isolates with or without GFP equally reduced the growth of Penicillium spp. and produced large zones of inhibition in dual culture plate assays. Cell-free metabolites produced by the bacterial antagonists reduced the colony area of Penicillium isolates by 17.3% to 78.5%. The effect of iron chelate on the antagonistic potential of P. fluorescens was also studied. The use of iron chelate did not have a major effect on the antagonistic activity of P. fluorescens. With or without GFP, P. fluorescens significantly reduced the severity and incidence of apple decay by 2 P. expansum isolates after 11 d at 20 degrees C and by P. expansum and P. solitum after 25 d at 5 degrees C when the biocontrol agents were applied in wounds 24 or 48 h before challenging with Penicillium spp. Populations of P. fluorescens labeled with the GFP were determined 1, 9, 14, and 20 d after inoculation at 5 degrees C. The log CFU/mL per wound increased from 6.95 at the time of inoculation to 9.12 CFU/mL (P < 0.05) 25 d after inoculation at 5 degrees C. The GFP strain did not appear to penetrate deeply into wounds based on digital photographs taken with an inverted fluorescence microscope. These results indicate that P. fluorescens isolate 1100-6 could be an important new biological control for apple blue mold.
authors.affiliation: Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canada.
authors.forename: Hassan-Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Etebarian
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Sholberg
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Eastwell
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sayler
mesh_terms: D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D027845:Malus / Q000382:microbiology*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D011551:Pseudomonas fluorescens / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins