title: Central venous catheterization in infants and children--small caliber audio-Doppler probe versus ultrasound scanner.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasound guidance for cannulation of the internal jugular vein has been shown to increase the success rate and reduce the incidence of complications in infants and children. We compared the use of a small caliber audio-Doppler probe with an ultrasound scanner for cannulation of a central venous (CV) line via the right internal jugular vein in infants and children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two infants and 29 children scheduled for open-heart surgery were enrolled. Cannulation was guided using a small caliber audio-Doppler probe (the AU group, n = 42), or an ultrasound scanner image (the US group, n = 39). Ultimate success rate, success rate at the first attempt, success rate within 5 min, and complications were compared for the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In children (>12 months), both methods were equally efficient. But in infants (<12 months), success rate at the first attempt using audio-Doppler was worse than the rate using an ultrasound scanner and there were more complications when audio-Doppler was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that application of both the audio-Doppler and the ultrasound scanner is useful in children over 1 year of age for access to the internal jugular vein. However, in infants and neonates, the ultrasound scanner would be more useful than the audio-Doppler.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Ibaraki Children's Hospital, Futaba-dai Mito, Japan. tsmarai@nifty.com
authors.forename: Toshimi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamashita
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography