title: Longitudinal relationships of depressive symptoms to pain intensity and functional disability among children with disease-related pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the longitudinal relationship between depressive symptoms at study entry (T1) on pain intensity (PI) and functional disability over a 1-year period among children with either sickle cell disease (SCD) or juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).
  
  
  METHODS
  119 children, ages 8-17 years, completed measures of depression at T1 as well as pain and functional disability at T1, 6-month (T2), and 12-month (T3) follow-ups. Caregivers also rated their child's pain and disability at each time point. General linear mixed modeling was employed to examine longitudinal relationships between study variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For children with JIA, T1 pain significantly moderated the effects of T1-depressive symptoms on T2 and T3 pain where T1-depressive symptoms predicted future child-reported pain only when T1 pain was relatively mild. Similarly, T1-depressive symptoms predicted future child-reported disability only when initial reports of disability were relatively low. Only family income significantly predicted T2 and T3 pain in children with SCD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study findings suggest that T1-depressive symptoms play a role in the longitudinal course of pain symptoms in children with JIA but not in children with SCD.
authors.affiliation: Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, USA. pai@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Ahna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.forename: Tonya M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Palermo
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schluchter
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zebracki
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drotar
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology; D000293:Adolescent; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000523:psychology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors