title: Evidence for glutamate-mediated excitotoxic mechanisms during photoreceptor degeneration in the rd1 mouse retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Kinetic studies of photoreceptor cell death in the retinal degeneration (rd1) mouse model suggest that photoreceptor degeneration could result from cumulative damage. Since alterations in glutamate metabolism have been described in different models of retinitis pigmentosa, we investigated in the present work whether changes in glutamate turnover occur in the degenerating rd1 retina and whether glutamate-mediated excitotoxic mechanisms may contribute to rod photoreceptor death in this model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Free amino acid levels were quantified in rd1 and wild-type retinas using an amino acid analyzer selecting times corresponding to early, intermediate, and terminal phases of rod photoreceptor degeneration. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to compare the mRNA expression levels of the glial L-glutamate/L-aspartate transporter GLAST, glutamine synthetase (GS), and vimentin, a marker for retinal glia, between rd1 and wild-type mouse retinas. 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), an antagonist of both AMPA and kainate subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors, was then daily administered from postnatal day 3 (PN3) to PN21 to rd1 mice while control rd1 mice received only physiological saline solution (7 per treatment). At PN22, the respective numbers of surviving rods in CNQX- and saline-treated mice were estimated using an unbiased stereological approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gradual increases in free glutamate and glutamine levels were observed during photoreceptor degeneration in rd1 retinas and were associated with increases in GLAST and GS expression levels. Administration of CNQX induced a statistically significant morphological rescue of rods (>25%, p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrated that, in the rd1 mouse retina, photoreceptor degeneration was associated with excessive free glutamate levels and with an upregulation of glutamate turnover (i.e., increases in GLAST, GS, and free glutamine levels). This may indicate that excessive glutamate levels further contribute to rod cell degeneration, thus implying the occurrence of non-cell autonomous mechanisms in the degenerative process in the rd1 retina.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Rétine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm U592), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. marie-noelle.delyfer@libertysurf.fr
authors.forename: Marie-Noëlle
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Delyfer
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neveux
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Picaud
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Léveillard
authors.forename: José-Alain
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sahel
mesh_terms: D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002470:Cell Survival; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D004596:Electroretinography; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D027341:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014746:Vimentin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D027341:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C493393:Slc1a3 protein, mouse; D014746:Vimentin; D005973:Glutamine; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase