title: Functional consequences of cartilage degeneration in the equine metacarpophalangeal joint: quantitative assessment of cartilage stiffness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No quantitative data currently exist on the relationship of the occurrence of cartilage degeneration and changes in site-specific biomechanical properties in the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint in the horse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To gain insight into the biomechanical consequences of cartilage deterioration at 2 differently loaded sites on the proximal articular surface of the proximal phalanx (P1).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Static and dynamic stiffness of articular cartilage decreases significantly in degenerated cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cartilage degeneration index (CDI) values were measured at the lateral dorsal margin (Site 1), lateral central fovea (Site 2) and entire joint surface of P1 (CDIP1) in 30 horses. Group 1 contained joints without (CDIP1 values <25 %, n = 22) and Group 2 joints with (CDIP1 values >25 %, n = 8) signs of cartilage degeneration. Cartilage thickness at Sites 1 and 2 was measured using ultrasonic and needle-probe techniques. Osteochondral plugs were drilled out from Sites 1 and 2 and subsequently tested biomechanically in indentation geometry. Young's modulus at equilibrium and dynamic modulus were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cartilage thickness values were not significantly different between the 2 groups and sites. Young's modulus at Site 1 was significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2; at Site 2, the difference was not significant. Dynamic modulus values were significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 at both sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Degenerative cartilage changes are clearly related to loss of stiffness of the tissue. Absolute changes in cartilage integrity in terms of CDI are greatest at the joint margin, but concomitant changes are also present at the centre, with a comparable decrease of the biomechanical moduli at the 2 sites. Therefore, significant cartilage degradation at the joint margin not only reflects local deterioration of biomechanical properties, but is also indicative of the functional quality in the centre.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings may be important for improving prognostication and developing preventative measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 12, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brommer
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Laasanen
authors.forename: P A J
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Brama
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: van Weeren
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Helminen
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jurvelin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D002357:Cartilage Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006736:Horses; D008662:Metacarpophalangeal Joint / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index