title: Epidural administration of fixed volumes of xylazine and lidocaine for anesthesia of dairy cattle undergoing flank surgery.
abstract: A modified method for epidural anesthesia in standing cattle undergoing flank surgery in which fixed volumes of xylazine and lidocaine were injected is described, along with results in 18 cattle. A Tuohy needle was inserted into the L1-2 intervertebral space from a dorsal midline approach, positioning of the needle tip in the epidural space was confirmed by use of the hanging drop technique, the needle was slowly advanced 7 to 10 mm to penetrate the epidural fat, and the anesthetic solution was then administered. In the initial 8 cattle, the anesthetic solution consisted of 1 mL of 2% xylazine and 4 mL of 2% lidocaine. However, 1 of these cattle became recumbent prior to surgery. Therefore, the dose of lidocaine was decreased, and in the subsequent 10 cattle, the anesthetic solution consisted of 1 mL of 2% xylazine and 3 mL of 2% lidocaine. Surgery was begun 30 minutes after epidural administration of anesthetic; surgery time ranged from 27 to 276 minutes. Sedation and anesthesia were adequate, except in 1 cow that received the lower dose of lidocaine and became recumbent during suturing of the incision. The modified epidural anesthesia technique with injection of fixed volumes of xylazine and lidocaine appears to be an adequate method for anesthesia of standing cattle undergoing flank surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Inhyung
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000662:veterinary; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014991:Xylazine; D008012:Lidocaine