title: Complications of intracranial pressure monitoring in children with head trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring has become routine in the management of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Many surgeons prefer to use external ventricular drains (EVDs) over fiberoptic monitors to measure ICP because of the added benefit of cerebrospinal fluid drainage. The purpose of this study was to examine a consecutive series of children with TBI and compare the incidence of complications after placement of an EVD, a fiberoptic intraparencyhmal monitor, or both.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was conducted to identify children with TBI who met the criteria for insertion of an ICP monitor. All patients underwent head CT scanning on admission and after placement of an ICP monitor. During a 5-year period 80 children met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Eighteen children (22.5%) underwent EVD placement only, 18 (22.5%) underwent placement of a fiberoptic device only, and 44 (55%) received both. A total of 62 fiberoptic devices (48%) were inserted, and 68 EVDs (52%) were placed. Overall, there was a fourfold increased risk of complications in children who received an EVD compared with those in whom a fiberoptic monitor was placed (p = 0.004). Hemorrhagic complications were detected in 12 (17.6%) of 62 patients who received an EVD compared with four (6.5%) of 62 patients who received a fiberoptic monitor (p = 0.025). Six (8.8%) of 68 EVDs were malpositioned and required replacement; in three (50%) of these cases a hemorrhagic complication occurred. Only one infection was noted in a patient with an EVD (1.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this retrospective cohort of pediatric patients with TBI, complication rates were significantly higher in those receiving EVDs than in those in whom fiberoptic monitors were placed. Although the majority of these complications did not entail clinical sequelae, surgeons should be aware of the different complication rates when choosing the most appropriate device for each patient.
authors.affiliation: Primary Children's Medical Center, University of Utah, Department of Neurosurgery, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. rceanderson@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Richard C E
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klimo
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Brockmeyer
authors.forename: Marion L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: John R W
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kestle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications*; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology*; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014160:Transducers, Pressure; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000009:adverse effects*