title: Age at menarche and its influencing factors in North Korean female refugees.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Age at menarche is known to be regulated by genetic and environmental factors. To date, no menarcheal data are available on North Korean women. In this cross-sectional survey, we investigated age at menarche and its possible influencing factors in North Korean refugees.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and eleven North Korean refugees were surveyed at a North Korean female refugee camp using a structured questionnaire within 3 months of immigration. Menarcheal age was requested and the data obtained were analysed with respect to age at interview, region of residence in North Korea, education, food preference and sleep duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age at menarche was 16.0+/-2.1 years (mean+/-SD). Univariate analysis demonstrated a significant difference in the menarcheal age among the different food preference groups (P=0.0236). Sleep duration was found to be significantly and negatively correlated with age at menarche (R=-0.23, P<0.0001). However, generalized linear model (GLM) analysis revealed that region of residence at menarche (P=0.0209) and sleep duration (P=0.0007) were significant determinants. Food preference played a role as an effect modifier in the relationship between the region of residence at menarche and age at menarche.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age at menarche seemed to be delayed in North Korean refugees. GLM analysis showed that sleep duration and region of residence at menarche were significant influencing factors of age at menarche in this study population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Yup
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.forename: Jong Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Heon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yong Dae
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Byung Chul
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Jee
authors.forename: Chang Suk
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Young Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jung Gu
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Shin Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Seok Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea; D008572:Menarche / Q000502:physiology*; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012036:Refugees; D012067:Religion; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires