title: Remediation of contaminated soils using supercritical fluid extraction: a review (1994-2004).
abstract: Considerable effort is being made to remediate soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, heavy metals and other organic and inorganic compounds that have resulted from industrial activities, accidental spills and improper waste disposal practices. Current remediation technologies may be limited when treating certain types of contaminated soils and therefore new, efficient and cost effective technologies are being investigated. Supercritical fluid extraction is a potential remediation technology for contaminated soils. It is a simple, fast and selective solvent extraction process that uses a supercritical fluid as the solvent. A commonly used fluid is carbon dioxide at pressures and temperatures greater than 7.4 MPa and 31 degrees C, respectively. In supercritical fluid extraction, the extracted contaminants first dissolve into the supercritical solvent and then these contaminants are separated from the supercritical solvent via a simple change in pressure and temperature conditions or by using a separation process. This paper provides a review of supercritical fluid extraction and its application to the remediation of contaminated soils. This review focuses on the removal of organic contaminants (such as petroleum hydrocarbons, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and others) and inorganic contaminants (such as heavy metals and radioactive elements) from soils. Recent data (1994-2004) on the supercritical fluid extraction of spiked soils and field-contaminated soils were collected. The success of supercritical fluid extraction as a method for removing these contaminants from soils is highlighted and some of the future research needed to develop it as a commercial-scale economic remediation technology are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: M D A
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Saldaña
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nagpal
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Guigard
mesh_terms: D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D010578:Petroleum / Q000378:metabolism; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000378:metabolism; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls