title: [There is a strong evidence that professional boxing results in chronic brain damage. The more head punches during a boxer's career, the bigger is the risk].
abstract: The clinical symptomatology and pathogenic mechanisms of chronic traumatic brain injury associated with boxing (CTBI-B) is reviewed. This syndrome is also known as punch drunk syndrome or dementia pugilistica. Since even milder forms of CTBI-B are rare among amateur boxers, we make a distinction between amateur and professional boxing throughout the review. Focus is also set on the interesting similarities in neurochemical changes and pathogenic mechanisms between CTBI-B, acute traumatic brain injury (e.g. road traffic accidents) and Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: Institutionen för klinisk neurovetenskap, Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset/Mölndal, Sweden. kaj.blennow@neuro.gu.se
authors.forename: Kaj
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blennow
authors.forename: Cornel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Popa
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rasulzada
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Minthon
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wallin
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zetterberg
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001914:Boxing / Q000293:injuries*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D020208:Brain Injury, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D013577:Syndrome; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed