title: Reliability of a modified medication appropriateness index in primary care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the inter-group and intra-group reliability of a modified Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI) for use in primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elderly (>65 years) polypharmacy (> or =5 drugs) patients in Copenhagen County participated in the study. Information concerning their medical history and information regarding each drug taken by them was provided by their own general practitioners. A MAI was scored by two groups of evaluators for every drug. To evaluate inter-group agreement, 211 drugs taken by 30 patients were rated according to the ten criteria making up the MAI. Both evaluator groups provided summaries of comments on the medication of each patient. Intra-group agreement was determined from MAI ratings performed twice at two different times on 86 drugs taken by ten patients. Agreement and chance-adjusted agreement were determined, the latter through kappa statistics. The proportion of positive (ppos) and negative (pneg) agreement was also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall chance-adjusted inter-group agreement (kappa) was moderate. The agreement was good on the criteria practical directions and drug-disease interaction, moderate on the criteria dosage and duration, fair on the criteria indication, effectiveness, duplication and expense, and poor on the criterion drug-drug interaction. The overall chance-adjusted intra-group agreement was good for all criteria and very good for the criteria indication and practical directions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MAI is used to quantify appropriate and inappropriate prescribing and changes in prescribing quality in intervention studies. However, caution should be used when comparing results across different settings and evaluators. Our study suggests that the index should only be used in intervention studies if the same group rates the appropriateness pre- and post-intervention.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Gentofte University Hospital, Post 4022, Niels Andersensvej 65, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark. libregn@tiscali.dk
authors.forename: Lisbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bregnhøj
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thirstrup
authors.forename: Mogens Brandt
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sonne
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003718:Denmark; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000592:standards*; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000592:standards*; D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results