title: Habitual loud snoring. A study of prevalence and associations in 850 middle-aged French males.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most studies on habitual snoring have focused on its prevalence. However, from the clinical point of view, the intensity of snoring is of upmost importance, as it suggests the existence of sleep apnoeas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of loud snoring using a standard questionnaire and to evaluate the anthropometric and sleep characteristic differences between loud and light snorers in a sample of middle-aged males.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were middle-aged active male employees. They completed a structured sleep questionnaire and had standard anthropometric measurements. Subjects reporting habitual snoring (> or =3 nights/week) were further classified as loud or light snorers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 850 male subjects volunteering, 149 (17.5%) were habitual loud snorers. Loud snorers were older and had a greater waist-to-hip ratio as compared with light snorers. In univariate analysis, loud snoring was associated with gasping/snorting during sleep, breathing stops during sleep, waking up too early, excessive daytime sleepiness and falling asleep while watching TV. Logistic regression identified four independent associates of loud snoring: gasping during sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness, falling asleep watching TV and age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loud snoring is present in a significant proportion of middle-aged men and is associated with central obesity and age. It disturbs sleep and elicits significant daytime sleepiness. Its association with breathing pauses (univariate) and its independent association with gasping during sleep suggests that loud snoring could be considered a clinical correlate of obstructive sleep apnoeas.
authors.affiliation: INSERM Unit ERI 11, Vandoeuvre, France. Dan.Teculescu@nancy.inserm.fr
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Teculescu
authors.forename: Lahoucine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benamghar
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hannhart
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Michaely
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012913:Snoring / Q000453:epidemiology*