Glycopyrrolate during sevoflurane-remifentanil-based anaesthesia for cardiac catheterization of children with congenital heart disease.
BACKGROUND
Remifentanil is recommended for use in procedures with painful intraoperative stimuli but minimal postoperative pain. However, bradycardia and hypotension are known side-effects. We evaluated haemodynamic effects of i.v. glycopyrrolate during remifentanil-sevoflurane anaesthesia for cardiac catheterization of children with congenital heart disease.


METHODS
Forty-five children undergoing general anaesthesia with remifentanil and sevoflurane were randomly allocated to receive either saline, glycopyrrolate 6 microg kg(-1) or glycopyrrolate 12 microg kg(-1). After induction of anaesthesia with sevoflurane, i.v. placebo or glycopyrrolate was administered. An infusion of remifentanil at the rate of 0.15 microg kg(-1) min(-1) was started, sevoflurane continued at 0.6 MAC and cisatracurium 0.2 mg kg(-1) was given. Heart rate (HR) and non-invasive arterial pressures were monitored and noted every minute for the first 10 min and then every 2.5 min for subsequent maximum of 45 min.


RESULTS
Baseline HR [mean (SD)] of 117 (20) beats min(-1) decreased significantly from 12.5 min onwards after starting the remifentanil infusion in the control group [106 (18) at 12.5 min and 99 (16) beats min(-1) at 45 min]. In the groups receiving glycopyrrolate, no significant decrease in HR was noticed. Glycopyrrolate at 12 microg kg(-1) induced tachycardia between 5 and 9 min after administration. Systolic and diastolic arterial pressures decreased gradually, but there were no significant differences in the pressures between groups.


CONCLUSIONS
I.V. glycopyrrolate 6 microg kg(-1) prevents bradycardia during general anaesthesia with remifentanil and sevoflurane for cardiac catheterization in children with congenital heart disease. Administering 12 microg kg(-1) of glycopyrrolate temporarily induces tachycardia and offers no additional advantage.
Reyntjens
K
K
Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium. k.reyntjens@ugent.be
Foubert
L
L
De Wolf
D
D
Vanlerberghe
G
G
Mortier
E
E
D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000009:adverse effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006024:Glycopyrrolate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D010880:Piperidines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077208:Remifentanil; D000077149:Sevoflurane
D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D010880:Piperidines; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D000077208:Remifentanil; D006024:Glycopyrrolate