title: Association of amoxicillin use during early childhood with developmental tooth enamel defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been speculated that amoxicillin use could be associated with dental enamel defects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association between dental fluorosis, one of the most common developmental tooth enamel defects, and amoxicillin use during early childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  As participants in the Iowa Fluoride Study, subjects were followed up from birth to 32 months using questionnaires every 3 to 4 months to gather information on fluoride intake and amoxicillin use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Early-erupting permanent teeth of 579 subjects were assessed for fluorosis using the Fluorosis Risk Index at approximately the age of 9 years. Relationships between fluorosis and amoxicillin use were assessed using relative risk (RR), Mantel-Haenszel stratified analyses, and multivariable logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amoxicillin use was reported by 75% of subjects by 12 months and 91% by 32 months. Overall, 24% had fluorosis on both maxillary central incisors. Amoxicillin use from 3 to 6 months significantly increased the risk of fluorosis on the maxillary central incisors (RR = 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49-2.78). After adjusting for fluoride intake and otitis media, the risk of fluorosis on the maxillary central incisors from amoxicillin use during 3 to 6 months (Mantel-Haenszel RR = 1.85; 95% CI, 1.20-2.78) was still statistically significant. Multivariable logistic regression analyses confirmed the increased risk of fluorosis from amoxicillin use during 3 to 6 months (odds ratio = 2.50; 95% CI, 1.21-5.15); fluoride intake was also statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings from this study suggest a link between amoxicillin use during infancy and developmental enamel defects of permanent teeth; however, further research is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Deborah V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bergus
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wefel
mesh_terms: D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002648:Child; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D009050:Fluorosis, Dental / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000658:Amoxicillin