title: Anaphylactic reactions in children--a questionnaire-based survey in Germany.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe anaphylactic reactions are medical emergencies requiring immediate recognition and treatment. Despite this, little is known on their clinical features, especially in infants and children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate trigger factors, patterns of clinical reaction, site of occurrence and treatment modalities of reported reaction in infants and children below 12 years of age in Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paediatricians throughout Germany were asked by questionnaire to report accidental anaphylactic reactions over the previous 12 months. Severity of reported reactions was classified in grades I-IV according to reported symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hundred and three cases of anaphylaxis were evaluated. Median age was 5 years, 58% were boys. Site of occurrence was the child's home in the majority of cases (58%). Foods were the most common causative allergen (57%), followed by insect stings (13%) and immunotherapy (SIT) (12%); in 8% anaphylactic agent was unknown. Among foods, peanuts and tree nuts were the most frequent allergens (20% of food allergens in each case). Severe reactions with cardiovascular involvement occurred in 24% of cases. No fatal reaction was observed. Recurrent episodes of anaphylaxis were reported in 27% of cases, half of these caused by the same allergen again. For treatment, 20% of children received adrenaline, in 8% of cases intravenously. Thirty-six per cent of patients with grade-IV reactions received adrenaline, 24% intravenously. In 17% of all children an adrenaline self-injector was prescribed after the episode.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data: (i) shows an uncertainty of physicians in diagnosing anaphylaxis, (ii) reveals remarkable under-treatment of the majority of children with anaphylaxis, (iii) reflects the need for guidelines and training for physicians in managing children with anaphylaxis and (iv) should encourage the development of self-management programmes for patients and families.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité- University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mehl
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wahn
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Niggemann
mesh_terms: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000009:adverse effects; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D007223:Infant; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D009754:Nuts / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D004837:Epinephrine