title: Darbepoetin alfa therapeutic interchange protocol for anemia in dialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins, such as erythropoietin alfa and darbepoetin alfa, have positively impacted anemia management. These medications improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Their costs, however, remain a major barrier for health systems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the development, implementation, and cost-effectiveness of an inpatient therapeutic interchange protocol for erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins at a large, tertiary care, university-affiliated health system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Virginia Commonwealth University Health System (VCUHS) developed and implemented a therapeutic interchange program to convert therapy for all inpatients undergoing dialysis from erythropoietin alfa to darbepoetin alfa for treatment of chronic kidney disease-related anemia. An evaluation of the economic impact of this program on drug expenditures over a fiscal quarter (2003) was conducted using historical comparator data (2002).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preliminary evaluation of the program demonstrated cost-savings and reduced drug utilization of erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins in hospitalized dialysis patients. For the first quarter of 2003 compared with the first quarter of 2002, VCUHS realized a cost-savings of nearly 10,000 US dollars, which was related to the program's aggressive screening procedure. When these data were normalized for equal numbers of patients in each group receiving one of the drugs, the actual cost-savings was over 2000 US dollars. These cost-savings are largely due to reduced utilization of these expensive biotechnology products with implementation of a dosing protocol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VCUHS has successfully developed and implemented a darbepoetin alfa therapeutic interchange protocol for hospitalized dialysis patients. This has translated into reduced use of erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins, resulting in cost-savings for the health system.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University/Medical College of Virginia (VCU/MCV), Richmond, VA 23298-0533, USA. Dbrophy@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Donald F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Brophy
authors.forename: Elizabeth Bd
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Ripley
authors.forename: Denise R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kockler
authors.forename: Seina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Lori A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Proeschel
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D000068256:Darbepoetin alfa; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D014768:Virginia
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin; D000068256:Darbepoetin alfa; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa