title: Quality determination and the repair of poor quality spots in array experiments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A common feature of microarray experiments is the occurrence of missing gene expression data. These missing values occur for a variety of reasons, in particular, because of the filtering of poor quality spots and the removal of undefined values when a logarithmic transformation is applied to negative background-corrected intensities. The efficiency and power of an analysis performed can be substantially reduced by having an incomplete matrix of gene intensities. Additionally, most statistical methods require a complete intensity matrix. Furthermore, biases may be introduced into analyses through missing information on some genes. Thus methods for appropriately replacing (imputing) missing data and/or weighting poor quality spots are required.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present a likelihood-based method for imputing missing data or weighting poor quality spots that requires a number of biological or technical replicates. This likelihood-based approach assumes that the data for a given spot arising from each channel of a two-dye (two-channel) cDNA microarray comparison experiment independently come from a three-component mixture distribution--the parameters of which are estimated through use of a constrained E-M algorithm. Posterior probabilities of belonging to each component of the mixture distributions are calculated and used to decide whether imputation is required. These posterior probabilities may also be used to construct quality weights that can down-weight poor quality spots in any analysis performed afterwards. The approach is illustrated using data obtained from an experiment to observe gene expression changes with 24 hr paclitaxel (Taxol) treatment on a human cervical cancer derived cell line (HeLa).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the quality of microarray experiments affect downstream processes, it is important to have a reliable and automatic method of identifying poor quality spots and arrays. We propose a method of identifying poor quality spots, and suggest a method of repairing the arrays by either imputation or assigning quality weights to the spots. This repaired data set would be less biased and can be analysed using any of the appropriate statistical methods found in the microarray literature.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council, Institute of Public Health, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 2SR, UK. brian.tom@mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Brian D M
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Tom
authors.forename: Walter R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Gilks
authors.forename: Elizabeth T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Brooke-Powell
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ajioka
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D015233:Models, Statistical; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D011786:Quality Control; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*