title: Evidence on improved outcomes with early diagnosis of cystic fibrosis through neonatal screening: enough is enough!
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To generate and examine evidence in support of diagnosing cystic fibrosis (CF) early through newborn screening (NBS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a randomized controlled trial with unique unblinding/surveillance, we evaluated patients with CF receiving similar treatment after assignment to an early diagnosis (screened) group or to a control group. Outcomes studied at diagnosis and longitudinally included measures of nutritional status and lung disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Assessment of patients with CF without meconium ileus who had pancreatic insufficiency revealed marked differences in age and condition at diagnosis--screened patients had significantly better length/height, weight, and head circumference. Follow-up evaluation for 16 years showed that height and weight differences persisted long term. Although screened patients had better chest x-ray scores at diagnosis, our trial suggests that the effects of confounders such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections led to deterioration of their scores after 10 years, but there were no significant differences between the 2 CF/pancreatic insufficiency subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early diagnosis of CF and aggressive nutritional management can prevent malnutrition and growth failure. Although CF NBS provides a potential opportunity for better pulmonary outcomes, it appears that other factors can predominate over time in pulmonary prognosis. Overall, the Wisconsin trial is positive and provides enough evidence for routine CF NBS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Biostatistics/Medical Informatics, Radiology, Nutritional Sciences, and the State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1532, USA. pmfarrel@facstaff.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: HuiChuan J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Zhanhai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kosorok
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laxova
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Jannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laessig
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Splaingard
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000209:etiology; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology