title: Fecal tumor necrosis factor-alpha and calprotectin as differential diagnostic markers for severe diarrhea of small infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The etiology of early-onset diarrhea of neonates and small infants that persists despite bowel rest is heterogeneous. Two different categories of disorders presenting with diarrhea in the first weeks of life can be distinguished: constitutive intestinal epithelial disorders (microvillus atrophy [MVA] or epithelial dysplasia [ED]) and immune-inflammatory disorders, (autoimmune enteropathy [AIE] or inflammatory colitis [IC]). We aimed to evaluate in a prospective manner the use of fecal inflammatory markers in the differential diagnosis of severe persistent diarrhea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients (17 males) were enrolled in this study (median age 8 months). Fourteen children had a constitutive enterocyte disorder (group 1: MVA = 8, ED = 6), and 11 patients had an immuno-inflammatory disease (group 2: AIE = 5, IC = 6). Stool samples were collected at the time of diagnosis and stored at -80 degrees until tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and calprotectin were measured by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in age at onset of diarrhea or in stool volumes were observed between both groups. In group 1, fecal TNF-alpha was undetectable/normal in 14 of 14 children, whereas group 2 showed dramatically elevated TNF-alpha levels (mean 3,104, range 237-18,078 pg/g) in 8 of 11 patients. Similarly, calprotectin levels were undetectable/normal in 14 of 14 patients in group 1 and highly raised in 11 of 11 patients in group 2 (median 1,145, range 375-3,095 mug/g), P < 0.01. Under therapy, these inflammatory parameters normalized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Determination of fecal inflammatory markers is a simple method helping to distinguish constitutive from immuno-inflammatory etiologies of severe persistent diarrhea. These data also suggest that constitutive enterocyte disorders are not accompanied by an inflammatory mucosal reaction.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Functional Coprology, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kapel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caldari
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sieprath
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Canioni
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Khalfoun
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Goulet
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Ruemmele
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003968:Diarrhea, Infantile / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha