title: Low-dose intrathecal morphine does not delay early extubation after cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to examine the efficacy of low-dose intrathecal morphine (ITM) on extubation times and pain control after cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  43 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo controlled trial. Patients were given a pre-induction dose of ITM (6 microg x kg(-1) per ideal body weight in 5 mL normal saline, group ITM) or 5 mL of intrathecal normal saline (group ITS). Anesthesia was induced with thiopental (3 mg x kg(-1)), sufentanil, midazolam and rocuronium. The total allowable doses of sufentanil and midazolam for the entire case were limited to 0.5 microg x kg(-1) and 0.045 mg x kg(-1) respectively. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane before and during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and with propofol after CPB. In the postanesthesia care unit, patients received nurse-administered morphine followed by patient-controlled analgesia morphine. Serial visual analogue scale pain scores, morphine use, mini-mental state examinations and pulmonary function tests were measured for 48 hr. Patient satisfaction questionnaires were completed at the time of discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean times to extubation from the application of dressings were short and did not differ between groups (ITM = 41.4 +/- 33.0 min, ITS = 39.2 +/- 37.1 min). During the first 24 hr postoperatively, the ITM group had improved pain control and a lower iv morphine requirement than the control group, both at rest and during deep breathing. Both forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity were improved in the ITM group. There were no differences in spinal-related side effects or in the overall complication rates. Patient satisfaction was high in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose ITM for cardiac surgery did not delay early extubation, but it improved postoperative analgesia and pulmonary function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8054, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. jacobsoe@msnotes.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jacobsohn
authors.forename: Trevor W R
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Amadeo
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Syslak
authors.forename: Roland G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Debrouwere
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: P Alan
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Klock
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tymkew
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Avidan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000770:Anesthesia, Endotracheal; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine