title: Effects of antipsychotic treatment on tardive dyskinesia: a 6-month evaluation of patients from the European Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (SOHO) Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the incidence and persistence of tardive dyskinesia between patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (ICD-10 and/or DSM-IV) who were treated with second-generation antipsychotics and first-generation antipsychotics in routine clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The European Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (SOHO) study is a 3-year, prospective, observational study. Each country had a start date for patient enrollment before October 2000. All enrollment was completed by June 30, 2001. A simple, global measure of tardive dyskinesia was rated by participating clinicians. For the current analysis, data at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months were analyzed using a generalized estimating equation model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Second-generation antipsychotics conferred a lower risk for tardive dyskinesia at 6 months than first-generation antipsychotics (0.9% vs. 3.8%, odds ratio [OR] = 0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.18 to 0.46). In addition, patients with tardive dyskinesia at baseline who were receiving second-generation antipsychotics were less likely than patients receiving first-generation antipsychotics to have tardive dyskinesia symptoms at 6 months (43.6% vs. 60.8%, OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.30 to 0.85). A sensitivity analysis suggested no bias related to pharmaceutical industry financial support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the relative advantage of second-generation antipsychotics in terms of lower rates of incidence and persistence of tardive dyskinesia, observed in technical randomized controlled trials, generalizes to routine clinical care.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Centre Altrecht, Den Dolder, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Diederik E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Tenback
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: van Harten
authors.forename: Cees J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Slooff
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Belger
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Os
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D000077152:Olanzapine; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000077152:Olanzapine