title: Postconditioning the human heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In animal models, brief periods of ischemia performed just at the time of reperfusion can reduce infarct size, a phenomenon called postconditioning. In this prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter study, we investigated whether postconditioning may protect the human heart during coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients, submitted to coronary angioplasty for ongoing acute myocardial infarction, contributed to the study. Patients were randomly assigned to either a control or a postconditioning group. After reperfusion by direct stenting, control subjects underwent no further intervention, whereas postconditioning was performed within 1 minute of reflow by 4 episodes of 1-minute inflation and 1-minute deflation of the angioplasty balloon. Infarct size was assessed by measuring total creatine kinase release over 72 hours. Area at risk and collateral blood flow were estimated on left ventricular and coronary angiograms. No adverse events occurred in the postconditioning group. Determinants of infarct size, including ischemia time, size of the area at risk, and collateral flow, were comparable between the 2 groups. Area under the curve of creatine kinase release was significantly reduced in the postconditioning compared with the control group, averaging 208 984+/-26 576 compared with 326,095+/-48,779 (arbitrary units) in control subjects, ie, a 36% reduction in infarct size. Blush grade, a marker of myocardial reperfusion, was significantly increased in postconditioned compared with control subjects: 2.44+/-0.17 versus 1.95+/-0.27, respectively (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that postconditioning by coronary angioplasty protects the human heart during acute myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Cardiologique et Pneumologique Louis Pradel, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Staat
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rioufol
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Piot
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cottin
authors.forename: Thien Tri
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Cung
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: L'Huillier
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Aupetit
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonnefoy
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Finet
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: André-Fouët
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ovize
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D018579:Patient Selection; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking