title: Detection of a bioluminescent milky sea from space.
abstract: On many occasions over the centuries, mariners have reported witnessing surreal nocturnal displays where the surface of the sea produces an intense, uniform, and sustained glow that extends to the horizon in all directions. Although such emissions cannot be fully reconciled with the known features of any light-emitting organism, these so-called "milky seas" are hypothesized to be manifestations of unusually strong bioluminescence produced by colonies of bacteria in association with a microalgal bloom in the surface waters. Because of their ephemeral nature and the paucity of scientific observations, an explanation of milky seas has remained elusive. Here, we report the first satellite observations of the phenomenon. An approximately 15,400-km(2) area of the northwestern Indian Ocean, roughly the size of the state of Connecticut, was observed to glow over 3 consecutive nights, corroborated on the first night by a ship-based account. This unanticipated application of satellite remote-sensing technology provides insights pertaining to the formation and scale of these poorly understood events.
authors.affiliation: Marine Meteorology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 7 Grace Hopper Avenue, Monterey, CA 93943, USA. miller@nrlmry.navy.mil
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Steven H D
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Haddock
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Elvidge
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019156:Indian Ocean; D049449:Luminescence; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D018531:Spacecraft; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013686:Telemetry