title: The locked-in syndrome : what is it like to be conscious but paralyzed and voiceless?
abstract: The locked-in syndrome (pseudocoma) describes patients who are awake and conscious but selectively deefferented, i.e., have no means of producing speech, limb or facial movements. Acute ventral pontine lesions are its most common cause. People with such brainstem lesions often remain comatose for some days or weeks, needing artificial respiration and then gradually wake up, but remaining paralyzed and voiceless, superficially resembling patients in a vegetative state or akinetic mutism. In acute locked-in syndrome (LIS), eye-coded communication and evaluation of cognitive and emotional functioning is very limited because vigilance is fluctuating and eye movements may be inconsistent, very small, and easily exhausted. It has been shown that more than half of the time it is the family and not the physician who first realized that the patient was aware. Distressingly, recent studies reported that the diagnosis of LIS on average takes over 2.5 months. In some cases it took 4-6 years before aware and sensitive patients, locked in an immobile body, were recognized as being conscious. Once a LIS patient becomes medically stable, and given appropriate medical care, life expectancy increases to several decades. Even if the chances of good motor recovery are very limited, existing eye-controlled, computer-based communication technology currently allow the patient to control his environment, use a word processor coupled to a speech synthesizer, and access the worldwide net. Healthy individuals and medical professionals sometimes assume that the quality of life of an LIS patient is so poor that it is not worth living. On the contrary, chronic LIS patients typically self-report meaningful quality of life and their demand for euthanasia is surprisingly infrequent. Biased clinicians might provide less aggressive medical treatment and influence the family in inappropriate ways. It is important to stress that only the medically stabilized, informed LIS patient is competent to consent to or refuse life-sustaining treatment. Patients suffering from LIS should not be denied the right to die - and to die with dignity - but also, and more importantly, they should not be denied the right to live - and to live with dignity and the best possible revalidation, and pain and symptom management. In our opinion, there is an urgent need for a renewed ethical and medicolegal framework for our care of locked-in patients.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department and Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B30, 4000 Liege, Belgium. steven.laureys@ulg.ac.be
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laureys
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pellas
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Eeckhout
authors.forename: Sofiane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghorbel
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schnakers
authors.forename: Fabien
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berré
authors.forename: Marie-Elisabeth
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Faymonville
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Pantke
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Damas
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lamy
authors.forename: Gustave
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moonen
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldman
mesh_terms: D003243:Consciousness; D006801:Humans; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D013060:Speech