title: Continuities between emotional and disruptive behavior disorders in adolescence and personality disorders in adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to quasiprospectively investigate continuities between emotional and disruptive behavior disorders in adolescence and personality disorders in adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty subjects (age: mean=43.2 years) who had been diagnosed with emotional and disruptive behavior disorders during adolescence (age: mean=14.6 years) and rediagnosed based on hospital records, according to DSM-IV, were interviewed with the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality to establish whether they suffered from personality disorders at the 28-year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders were not more likely to have personality disorders in adulthood than adolescents with emotional disorders. Adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders were significantly more likely to have cluster B personality disorders at follow-up than adolescents with emotional disorders. Logistic regression analyses revealed that disruptive behavior disorders in females were significantly more strongly associated with a high risk of cluster B diagnoses at follow-up than in males. Emotional disorders were significant and independent predictors of cluster C personality disorders in women but not in men. Disruptive behavior disorders were a significant and independent predictor of antisocial personality disorders in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the view that personality disorders can be traced back to adolescent emotional and disruptive behavior disorders. The moderating effect of gender in cluster B and cluster C personality disorders suggests that sociocultural and biological factors may contribute to different adult outcomes in men and women with similar adolescent psychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Sogn Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bjerkelundgata 5B, N-0553 Oslo, Norway. tyra@chello.no [corrected]
authors.forename: Margareth I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Helgeland
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kjelsberg
authors.forename: Svenn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torgersen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000367:Age Factors; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors