title: One-year follow-up of mild traumatic brain injury: post-concussion symptoms, disabilities and life satisfaction in relation to serum levels of S-100B and neurone-specific enolase in acute phase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate, in patients with mild traumatic brain injury, serum concentrations of S-100B and neurone-specific enolase in acute phase and post-concussion symptoms, disabilities and life satisfaction 1 year after the trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-eight patients (age range 18-87 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were taken on admission and about 7 hours later. At follow-up 15 +/- 4 months later, the patients filled in questionnaires about symptoms (Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms), disability (Rivermead Head Injury Follow-up) and life satisfaction (LiSat-11).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentrations of S-100B and neurone-specific enolase were regularly increased in the first blood sample. Of the 69 patients participating in the follow-up, 45% reported post-concussion symptom, 48% exhibited disability and 55% were satisfied with "life as a whole". In comparison with the "sick-leave" situation on admission to hospital, 3 patients were on sick-leave at the time of follow-up because of the head trauma. Stepwise forward logistic regression analysis revealed a statistically significant association (p<0.05) between disability and S-100B and dizziness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In spite of frequent persistent symptoms, disabilities and low levels of life satisfaction, the sick-leave frequency was low at follow-up. The association between S-100B and disability supports the notion that long-term consequences of a mild brain injury may partly be a result of brain tissue injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden. brittmarie.stalnacke@rehabmed.umu.se
authors.forename: Britt-Marie
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Stålnacke
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Björnstig
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sojka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009474:Neurons / Q000201:enzymology; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000097:blood; D038223:Post-Concussion Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D018582:Sick Leave
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009418:S100 Proteins; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase