title: Design and preliminary analysis of a study to assess intra-device and inter-device variability of fluorescence spectroscopy instruments for detecting cervical neoplasia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A study was designed to assess variability between different fluorescence spectroscopy devices. Measurements were made with all combinations of three devices, four probes, and three sets of standards trays. Additionally, we made three measurements on the same day over 2 days for the same combination of device, probe, and standards tray to assess reproducibility over a day and across days.
  
  
  METHODS
  The devices consisted of light sources, fiber-optics, and cameras. We measured thirteen standards and present the data from the frosted cuvette, water, and rhodamine standards. A preliminary analysis was performed with the data that were wavelength calibrated and background subtracted; however, the system has not been corrected for systematic intensity variations caused by the devices. Two analyses were performed on the rhodamine, water, and frosted cuvette standards data. The first one is based on first clustering the measurements and then looking for association between the 5 factors (device, probe, standards tray, day, measurement number) using chi-squared tests on the cross-tabulation of cluster and factor level. This showed that only device and probe were significant. We then did an analysis of variance to assess the percent variance explained by each factor that was significant from the chi-squared analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data were remarkably similar across the different combinations of factors. The analysis based on the clusters showed that sometimes devices alone, probes alone, but most often combinations of device and probe caused significant differences in measurements. The analysis showed that time of day, location of device, and standards trays do not vary significantly; whereas the devices and probes account for differences in measurement. We expected this type of significance using unprocessed data since the processing corrects for differences in devices. However, this analysis on raw data is useful to explore what combination of device and probe measurements should be targeted for further investigation. This experiment affirms that online quality control is necessary to obtain the best excitation-emission matrices from optical spectroscopy devices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fact that the device and probe are the primary sources of variability indicates that proper correction for the transfer function of the individual devices should make the measurements essentially equivalent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Rice University, PO Box 1892, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
authors.forename: Jong Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Shuhatovich
authors.forename: Roderick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pikkula
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Follen
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McKinnon
authors.forename: Calum
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Macaulay
authors.forename: Bobby
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Richards-Kortum
authors.forename: Dennis D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Cox
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis*