title: Fourier wavelets from ultrasonic spectra: a new approach for detecting the onset of fouling during microfiltration of paper mill effluent.
abstract: Nondestructive (NDT) and noninvasive ultrasonic techniques have long been used to evaluate the properties and especially the thickness of thin layers. Here, we use this technique adding a new approach to investigate microfiltration of paper mill wastewater, which gives an unexpected sensitivity in the detection of membrane fouling. In situ ultrasonic reflections data can indicate an early fouling deposition at about 30 s after filtration starts, evident by an initial decline in permeate flux. By producing differential signals, obtained by comparing reference and testwaveforms, the fouling process can be detected and monitored. A linear relationship between fouling resistance and the amplitude of differential signals exists. In the case of fouling layer thickness, the resolution exceeds the theoretical limit of h/lambda +/- 0.25, where h is the layer thickness and lambda is the wavelength. When using differential signals, excellent results for thickness measurements were obtained, down to h/lambda = 0.04. Measurements on wavelet transforms support the findings and add quantitative information on other physical properties such as density and porosity of fouling layers and the fouling process. Measurement of early fouling allows (automated) remedial methods to be applied so as to maintain a high flux and therefore improve the filtration process.
authors.affiliation: UNESCO Associated Center for Macromolecules & Materials, Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, P. Bag Xl, Matieland 7602, South Africa. rds@sun.ac.za
authors.forename: Ron D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Sanderson
authors.forename: Jianxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Dieter K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Hallbauer
authors.forename: Swapan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sikder
mesh_terms: D019149:Bioreactors; D005374:Filtration; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D007220:Industrial Waste; D009991:Oscillometry; D010209:Paper; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014462:Ultrafiltration; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D014873:Water Pollutants