title: Young children's understandings of cigarette smoking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We explore young children's attitudes toward, beliefs about, and life-style associations with cigarette smoking using direct and indirect measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Second (n = 100) and fifth grade (n = 141) elementary school students (i.e. 7-8 and 10-11-year-olds) were excused from class and individually interviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants selected pictures in response to the questions: who would like to smoke cigarettes the most and who would like to smoke cigarettes the least? Their picture choices were probed using open-ended prompts designed to elicit the beliefs and life-style associations underlying their choices. Survey-based measures of attitudes and beliefs were also collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Second graders reported life-style associations with cigarette smoking that were consistent with those of fifth graders. While their associations with smoking are generally negative, children appear to perceive that others feel that smoking makes them look cool and feel cool and also helps them to fit in. By fifth grade, many children believe that smoking can help to reduce stress and alleviate negative mood states. The presence of a smoker in the household does not appear to affect these associations, suggesting that they may be being shaped by external socialization agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young children appear to be developing understandings of cigarette smoking that go beyond knowing that cigarettes are products that are smoked. As some of their perceptions appear likely to predispose them for future experimentation, young children need to be included in prevention research so that age-appropriate interventions can be developed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Business Administration, Lerner College of Business and Economics, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA. freemand@lerner.udel.edu
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Merrie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brucks
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wallendorf
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D001364:Awareness; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D012951:Socialization; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires