title: Oscillatory Ca2+ signaling in the isolated Caenorhabditis elegans intestine: role of the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor and phospholipases C beta and gamma.
abstract: Defecation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a readily observable ultradian behavioral rhythm that occurs once every 45-50 s and is mediated in part by posterior body wall muscle contraction (pBoc). pBoc is not regulated by neural input but instead is likely controlled by rhythmic Ca(2+) oscillations in the intestinal epithelium. We developed an isolated nematode intestine preparation that allows combined physiological, genetic, and molecular characterization of oscillatory Ca(2+) signaling. Isolated intestines loaded with fluo-4 AM exhibit spontaneous rhythmic Ca(2+) oscillations with a period of approximately 50 s. Oscillations were only detected in the apical cell pole of the intestinal epithelium and occur as a posterior-to-anterior moving intercellular Ca(2+) wave. Loss-of-function mutations in the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) receptor ITR-1 reduce pBoc and Ca(2+) oscillation frequency and intercellular Ca(2+) wave velocity. In contrast, gain-of-function mutations in the IP(3) binding and regulatory domains of ITR-1 have no effect on pBoc or Ca(2+) oscillation frequency but dramatically increase the speed of the intercellular Ca(2+) wave. Systemic RNA interference (RNAi) screening of the six C. elegans phospholipase C (PLC)-encoding genes demonstrated that pBoc and Ca(2+) oscillations require the combined function of PLC-gamma and PLC-beta homologues. Disruption of PLC-gamma and PLC-beta activity by mutation or RNAi induced arrhythmia in pBoc and intestinal Ca(2+) oscillations. The function of the two enzymes is additive. Epistasis analysis suggests that PLC-gamma functions primarily to generate IP(3) that controls ITR-1 activity. In contrast, IP(3) generated by PLC-beta appears to play little or no direct role in ITR-1 regulation. PLC-beta may function instead to control PIP(2) levels and/or G protein signaling events. Our findings provide new insights into intestinal cell Ca(2+) signaling mechanisms and establish C. elegans as a powerful model system for defining the gene networks and molecular mechanisms that underlie the generation and regulation of Ca(2+) oscillations and intercellular Ca(2+) waves in nonexcitable cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
authors.forename: Maria V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Espelt
authors.forename: Ana Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Estevez
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strange
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D053496:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009154:Mutation; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000378:metabolism; D054799:Phospholipase C beta; D051966:Phospholipase C gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D053496:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D054799:Phospholipase C beta; D051966:Phospholipase C gamma; D002118:Calcium