title: Non-invasive assessment of arterial stiffness by pulse-wave velocity correlates with endothelial dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulse-wave velocity is the speed of the blood pressure wave to travel a given distance between two sites of the arterial system and is determined by the elasticity, wall thickness and blood density. Pulse-wave velocity correlates well with arterial distensibility and stiffness and is a useful non-invasive index to assess arteriosclerosis. Arterial endothelial dysfunction is one of the key early events in atherogenesis, preceding structural atherosclerotic changes. This study sought to establish the correlation of non-invasive estimation of arterial wall stiffness by pulse-wave velocity and its association with endothelial dysfunction in subjects at higher risk for atherosclerosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 102 subjects (60 males and 42 females, mean age 51 years), including those with hypertension (n = 39), type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 26), concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension (n = 29) and primary dyslipidemia without diabetes mellitus and hypertension (n = 8). Pulse-wave velocity was measured by the Vascular Profiler 1000 (VP-1000) waveform analysis and vascular evaluation system, an automated, non-invasive, screening device. Endothelial function was assessed by flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery. The brachial-artery diameter was measured on B-mode ultrasound images, with the use of a 7.0 MHz linear-array transducer. Mean brachial artery pulse-wave velocity on the right extremity was 1699 cm/s and on the left 1694 cm/s. Mean flow-mediated dilation in the study subjects was 3.6 +/- 8.4%. Mean brachial artery pulse-wave velocity in the right and left extremities and the higher value of brachial artery pulse-wave velocity of the two extremities showed a negative and significant correlation with flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery (correlation coefficient r = -0.32, p = 0.001; r = -0.40 p < 0.0001; r = -0.37, p = 0.001, respectively). Mean heart-brachial pulse-wave velocity also showed a negative and significant correlation with flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery (r = -0.23, p = 0.022). Mean arterial stiffness was 36.2 +/- 22%. Arterial stiffness in the right extremity and the higher value of the two extremities showed a negative and significant correlation with flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery (correlation coefficient r = -0.31, p = 0.002; r = -0.32, p = 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased values of pulse-wave velocity reflecting upon arterial stiffness show an excellent correlation with reduced values of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation. We propose that the non-invasive modalities of estimation of the pulse-wave velocity and endothelial function estimation by flow-mediated dilation of brachial artery be used in clinical practice in assessment of pre-clinical atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Non-Invasive Cardiology, MGM New Bombay Hospital, Navi Mumbai. umjadhav@vsnl.net
authors.forename: Uday M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Jadhav
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Kadam
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D014655:Vascular Resistance