title: Comparison of the effects of vitamins and/or mineral supplementation on glomerular and tubular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to assess the effect of magnesium plus zinc, vitamins C plus E, and a combination of these micronutrients on nephropathy indexes in type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 69 type 2 diabetic patients were randomly divided into four groups, each group receiving one of the following daily supplement for 3 months: group M (n = 16), 200 mg Mg and 30 mg Zn; group V (n = 18), 200 mg vitamin C and 100 IU vitamin E; group MV (n = 17), minerals plus vitamins; and group P (n = 18), placebo. Urinary albumin excretion and N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase activity (NAG) in urine were determined at the beginning and at the end of the trial. Treatment effects were analyzed by general linear modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicate that after 3 months of supplementation, levels of urinary albumin excretion decreased in the V and MV groups (P = 0.034 and P = 0.005, respectively). Urinary NAG activity did not significantly change in any treatment groups. Levels of systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure significantly decreased in the MV group (P = 0.008, P = 0.017, and P = 0.009, respectively). Also, combination of vitamin and mineral supplementation had significant effects in decreasing fasting serum glucose (P = 0.035) and malondialdehyde concentrations (P = 0.004) and in increasing HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 levels (P = 0.019). There was no significant change in the levels of these parameters in the other three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the results of the present study provide evidence for the effects of vitamins C and E and also combination of magnesium, zinc, and vitamins C and E supplementation on improvement of glomerular but not tubular renal function in type 2 diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19395-4741, Tehran, Iran. farvidm@yahoo.ca
authors.forename: Maryam Sadat
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Farvid
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jalali
authors.forename: Fereydoun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Siassi
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosseini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000188:drug therapy; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014810:Vitamin E; D008274:Magnesium; D015032:Zinc; D001205:Ascorbic Acid