title: Assessment of antifouling effectiveness of two natural product antifoulants by attachment study with freshwater bacteria.
abstract: GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: The traditional solution for keeping unwanted organisms from attaching to submerged surfaces is to apply anti-fouling coatings. The most common antifoulant was tributyltin (TBT). TBT systems were highly effective but were also toxic to non-target organisms. The use of the TBT based coatings will be completely banned by January 1, 2008. Therefore, there is an urgent need to seek out suitable non-toxic alternatives.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of capsaicin and zosteric acid as natural product antifoulants (NPAs) in deterring bacterial attachment. Two fresh water bacteria systems Pseudomonas putida (Pp) and bacteria isolated from Lake Erie (LE) were used to assess the attachment when the NPAs dispersed in the water. Effectiveness was ascertained based on the decrease in microbial attachment, limited toxicity, and minimum alteration of the coatings properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant inhibition of bacteria attachment was achieved when aqueous capsaicin concentration was increased from 0 to 40 mg/L. For instance, after 14 days the LE system depicted 93.5% and 98.5% less biofilm coverage for 20 mg/L and 40 mg/L capsaicin, respectively when pared to systems without NPA. Biofilm coverage was reduced by 92.5% and 98.2%, respectively with 50 mg/L and 500 mg/L zosteric acid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both capsaicin and zosteric acid was effective at preventing bacteria attachment. As the NPA aqueous concentration increased, biofilm formation decreased. Evaluating changes in aqueous pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, aqueous microbial population and biofilm formation suggested that the primary antifoulant mechanism of these two NPAs was to block the bacteria's active sites versus posing a lethal level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the attachment study, zosteric acid appeared to be more effective in preventing bacterial attachment when the NPAs were dispersed in the aqueous environment. For practical applications, the antifoulant needs to be incorporated into a coating and have a slow release rate. Thus the ability to successfully incorporate zosteric acid into a coating, without deterring bacterial attachment, needs to be investigated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3905, USA.
authors.forename: Qingwei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Barrios
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cutright
authors.forename: Bi-Min Zhang
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Newby
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006114:Great Lakes Region; D008422:Materials Testing; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods*; D016958:Pseudomonas putida / Q000254:growth & development*; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D002934:Cinnamates; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters; C503399:zosteric acid; D002211:Capsaicin