title: Thomsen-Friedenreich and Tn antigens in nipple fluid: carbohydrate biomarkers for breast cancer detection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Novel biomarkers would facilitate early and accurate diagnosis of breast cancer. The Thomsen-Freidenreich (TF) and Tn antigens are aberrantly glycosylated carbohydrate cancer-associated antigens found in approximately 80% of adenocarcinomas. Both TF and Tn are expressed on cell-surface glycoproteins and glycolipids. Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) is concentrated in secreted proteins and lipids from cells that give rise to cancer. The objective of this study was to determine if NAF from breasts with cancer contains elevated levels of TF and Tn compared with NAF from normal breasts. A sensitive and specific antigen capture immunoassay for TF and Tn detection in NAF was developed for this purpose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty NAF samples, 25 from breasts with cancer and 25 from normal breasts, were examined. Antigen capture immunoassays were done on the samples using monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognized either TF or Tn antigen in NAF. These antibodies captured serially diluted NAF samples, and the concentration of TF or Tn was determined by comparing absorbance values against a standard curve generated from standard sources of TF or Tn.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TF and Tn were detected in 19 of 25 and 20 of 25 NAF samples from breasts with cancer, respectively, compared with 0 of 25 and 1 of 25 NAF samples from breasts without cancer (P < 0.001 for both TF and Tn). In 92% of the cancerous breast NAF samples tested, either TF or Tn was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simultaneous measurement of TF and Tn in NAF may facilitate the noninvasive detection of breast cancer and warrants further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA.
authors.forename: Senthil R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Sauter
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Deutscher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D015295:Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000378:metabolism; D001940:Breast / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D015295:Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002241:Carbohydrates; C040286:Tn antigen; C016467:Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen