title: Developmental history of the Glover-Nilsson smoking behavioral questionnaire.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a simple, easily administered pencil-and-paper questionnaire to determine the degree to which behavioral patterns play a role in smoking dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A modified Delphi technique was used to identify initial questions and to eliminate obvious duplications. Phase 2 utilized multiple statistical methods (principal components analysis, cluster analysis, stepwise multiple linear regression, cross tables, Mantel-Haenzel c2-test, and a Gamma test) to evaluate and reduce the number of questions from 18.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These analyses yielded an 11-item questionnaire that can potentially assess behavioral dependence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is hoped that the GN-SBQ will assist physicians, health care providers, and tobacco interventionists in identifying aspects of smoking addiction that are behavioral in nature. The need for future research is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Public and Community Health, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. eglover1@umd.edu
authors.forename: Elbert D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Ake
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Westin
authors.forename: Penny N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.forename: Molly T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Laflin
authors.forename: Birger
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Persson
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D006801:Humans; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States