title: The evidential value of distorted and rectified digital images in footwear imprint examination.
abstract: The procedure for forensic photography requires that the film plane be parallel to the taken image. Another procedure must be used when the print is located on reflecting surfaces such as vehicles, or faint marks on porous surfaces. Examination was made of the evidential value of footprint images received from the scene or taken deliberately at an angle out of proper perspective (i.e., the lens axis is not perpendicular to the target plane). An artificial target was prepared and photographed from several lens axis angles ranging from 10 degrees to 85 degrees to the perpendicular, and then rectified using the Adobe Photoshop Version 7.0. It was found that at angles less than 40 degrees , the shape and location of all the individual characteristics were similar enough in comparison to the original image. In images taken at higher angles, the original image could not be adequately restored. The full potential of this image, therefore, could not be achieved after rectification. The results of this study show that the images of a footprint taken at an angle less than 40 degrees , preserve the evidential value of the unique characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Toolmarks and Materials Laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science, Israel National Police Headquarters, 91906 Jerusalem, Israel. simanim@police.gov.il
authors.forename: Yaron
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shor
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaikovsky
authors.forename: Tsadok
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsach
mesh_terms: D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D010781:Photography; D012775:Shoes; D012984:Software