title: Risk factors for periprocedural complications in carotid artery stenting without filter protection: A serial diffusion-weighted MRI study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In high-grade stenosis, carotid artery stenting (CAS) may be chosen as an alternative to carotid surgery. Ischemic periprocedural complications may be documented best with diffusion-weighted MRI (DWMRI). In this prospective study serial DW-MRI and color-coded duplex sonography (CCDS) were used to identify carotid stenosis, which is associated with an increased risk of ischemic events due to CAS.
  
  
  METHODS
  High resolution DW-MRI were performed in 74 out of 77 patients before and after CAS. All MRI scans were analyzed in a blinded manner. With CCDS each carotid stenosis was evaluated according to the grade, length, echo properties and plaque surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 42 out of 74 patients (56.8 %) a total of 188 new procedure- related DWI-lesions could be detected, while in 32 patients MRI-controls remained normal. Of the lesions 79.25 % had a size < 1 cm. In one major and two minor strokes due to CAS (total complication rate 3.9 %) corresponding territorial infarcts could be demonstrated. A highly significant correlation was found between the length of the stenosis and the incidence of new DWI-lesions (p = 0.0141). In contrast, neither the grade of ICA stenosis nor the sonographic plaque morphology or plaque surface correlated with the number of DWI-lesion in postinterventional scans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The length-and not the degree-of an ICA stenosis seems to be the most decisive sonographic factor for estimating the periprocedural risk of embolism. DWI-lesions are much more frequent than clinical complications and may represent an important surrogate marker for improving the techniques of carotid artery stenting, especially comparing the benefit of different mechanical protection devices.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Neuroradiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Hilmar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krapf
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nägele
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kastrup
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bühring
authors.forename: Eckehard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grönewäller
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skalej
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Küker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex / Q000379:methods