title: Late Quaternary loss of genetic diversity in muskox (Ovibos).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The modern wildherd of the tundra muskox (Ovibos moschatus) is native only to the New World (northern North America and Greenland), and its genetic diversity is notably low. However, like several other megafaunal mammals, muskoxen enjoyed a holarctic distribution during the late Pleistocene. To investigate whether collapse in range and loss of diversity might be correlated, we collected mitochondrial sequence data (hypervariable region and cytochrome b) from muskox fossil material recovered from localities in northeastern Asia and the Arctic Archipelago of northern North America, dating from late Pleistocene to late Holocene, and compared our results to existing databases for modern muskoxen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two classes of haplotypes were detected in the fossil material. "Surviving haplotypes" (SHs), closely similar or identical to haplotypes found in modern muskoxen and ranging in age from approximately 22,000 to approximately 160 yrbp, were found in all New World samples as well as some samples from northeastern Asia. "Extinct haplotypes" (EHs), dating between approximately 44,000 and ~18,000 yrbp, were found only in material from the Taimyr Peninsula and New Siberian Islands in northeastern Asia. EHs were not found in the Holocene muskoxen specimens available for this study, nor have they been found in other studies of extant muskox populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provisionally interpret this evidence as showing that genetic variability was reduced in muskoxen after the Last Glacial Maximum but before the mid-Holocene, or roughly within the interval 18,000-4,000 yrbp. Narrowing this gap further will require the recovery of more fossils and additional genetic information from this interval.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA. macphee@amnh.org
authors.forename: Ross D E
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: MacPhee
authors.forename: Alexei N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Tikhonov
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mol
authors.forename: Alex D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Greenwood
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D045303:Cytochromes b / Q000235:genetics; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012418:Ruminants; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D045303:Cytochromes b