title: Residency work-hours reform. A cost analysis including preventable adverse events.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In response to proposed federal legislation, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education limited resident work-hours in July 2003. The cost may be substantial but, if successful, the reform might lower preventable adverse event costs in hospital and after discharge.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to estimate the reform's net cost in 2001 dollars, and to determine the reduction in preventable adverse events needed to make reform cost neutral from teaching hospital and societal perspectives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost analysis using published literature and data. Net costs were determined for 4 reform strategies and over a range of potential effects on preventable adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nationwide, transferring excess work to task-tailored substitutes (the lowest-level providers appropriate for noneducational tasks) would cost 673 million dollars; mid-level providers would cost 1.1 billion dollars. Reform strategies promoting adverse events would increase net teaching hospital and societal costs as well as mortality. If task-tailored substitutes decrease events by 5.1% or mid-level providers decrease them by 8.5%, reform would be cost neutral for society. Events must fall by 18.5% and 30.9%, respectively, to be cost neutral for teaching hospitals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because most preventable adverse event costs occur after discharge, a modest decline (5.1% to 8.5%) in them might make residency work-hours reform cost neutral for society but only a much larger drop (18.5% to 30.9%) would make it cost neutral for teaching hospitals, unless additional funds are allocated. Future research should evaluate which reform approaches prevent adverse events and at what cost.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Calif, USA. tnuckols@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Teryl K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Nuckols
authors.forename: José J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Escarce
mesh_terms: D018166:Health Care Reform; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance