title: Seven years of clinical experience with teleconsultation in craniomaxillofacial surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this work the experiences from 50 telemedically supported treatments in craniomaxillofacial surgery are summarized and different setups for their technical realization are described. Furthermore, for the first time the innovative UMTS (universal mobile telecommunication system) is applied for the transmission of arthroscopic videos of the temporomandibular joint and other craniomaxillofacial structures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The combination of computer-assisted navigation technology in augmented reality environments with telecommunication is used for execution of interactive stereotaxic teleconsultation. Furthermore, treatments without navigation are telemedically supported. This study is composed of 4 technical system configurations: 1) integrated services digital network (ISDN)-based videoconferencing without remote control of the navigation computer; 2) transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP)-based interactive teleconsultation via bundled ISDN lines (including remote control of the navigation computer); 3) TCP/IP-based interactive teleconsultation via network; 4) combination of TCP/IP-connection and ISDN-based videoconferencing. The telemedically supported treatments are: orbitozygomatic osteotomies, positioning of the mandibular condyle in orthognathic surgery, insertion of implants, positioning of the maxilla in orthognathic surgery, distraction osteogenesis, arthroscopies of the temporomandibular joint, and operation simulations on stereolithographic models. The surgical interventions are evaluated on a 5-level system performance scale from the technical point of view. In a separate trial 20 videosequences of arthroscopies of the temporomandibular joint are transmitted via UMTS cellular phones and independently evaluated by 3 experts (ie, a total of 60 streamings) to investigate feasibility of this technology in the field of craniomaxillofacial surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the years from 1996 to 2002 a total of 50 treatments were telemedically supported. All intraoperative applications were successfully finished; 48 of 60 UMTS transmissions were finished without any interruptions in constant quality, slight interruptions were observed in 8 tests, and a complete breakdown was observed during 4 streamings that required a restart of the transmission. Resolution was sufficient to diagnose even tiny anatomic structures inside the temporomandibular joint, but orientation was hardly recognizable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In many applications telecommunication technology can contribute to a quality improvement in cranio- and maxillofacial surgery because of the global availability of specialized knowledge. The required technical expenditure for teleconsultation crucially depends on the infrastructure that is already available at the clinic and the remote site. UMTS is a promising technology with the potential to be valuable in numerous craniomaxillofacial applications.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical School, University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ewers
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schicho
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Undt
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seemann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Figl
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Truppe
mesh_terms: D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods; D040421:Cell Phone; D006801:Humans; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019114:Remote Consultation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D019112:Teleradiology; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000601:surgery; D049269:Videoconferencing