title: Allellic variants in regulatory regions of cyclooxygenase-2: association with advanced colorectal adenoma.
abstract: Cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) is upregulated in colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Polymorphisms in the Cox-2 gene may influence its function and/or its expression and may modify the protective effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), thereby impacting individuals' risk of developing colorectal cancer and response to prevention/intervention strategies. In a nested case-control study, four polymorphisms in the Cox-2 gene (two in the promoter, -663 insertion/deletion, GT/(GT) and -798 A/G; one in intron 5-5229, T/G; one in 3'untranslated region (UTR)-8494, T/C) were genotyped in 726 cases of colorectal adenomas and 729 age- and gender-matched controls in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial. There was no significant association between the Cox-2 polymorphisms and adenoma development in the overall population. However, in males, the relatively rare heterozygous genotype GT/(GT) at -663 in the promoter and the variant homozygous genotype G/G at intron 5-5229 appeared to have inverse associations (odds ratio (OR)=0.59, confidence interval (CI): 0.34-1.02 and OR=0.48, CI: 0.24-0.99, respectively), whereas the heterozygous genotype T/C at 3'UTR-8494 had a positive association (OR=1.31, CI: 1.01-1.71) with adenoma development. Furthermore, the haplotype carrying the risk-conferring 3'UTR-8494 variant was associated with a 35% increase in the odds for adenoma incidence in males (OR=1.35, CI: 1.07-1.70), but the one with a risk allele at 3'UTR-8494 and a protective allele at intron 5-5229 had no effect on adenoma development (OR=0.85, CI: 0.66-1.09). Gender-related differences in adenoma risk were also noted with tobacco usage and protective effects of NSAIDs. Our analysis underscores the significance of the overall allelic architecture of Cox-2 as an important determinant for risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: Division for Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, 6130 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. alii@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: I U
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Luke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Greenwald
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors