title: Effect of artemether-lumefantrine policy and improved vector control on malaria burden in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Between 1995 and 2000, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa, experienced a marked increase in Plasmodium falciparum malaria, fuelled by pyrethroid and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance. In response, vector control was strengthened and artemether-lumefantrine (AL) was deployed in the first Ministry of Health artemisinin-based combination treatment policy in Africa. In South Africa, effective vector and parasite control had historically ensured low-intensity malaria transmission. Malaria is diagnosed definitively and treatment is provided free of charge in reasonably accessible public-sector health-care facilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We reviewed four years of malaria morbidity and mortality data at four sentinel health-care facilities within KwaZulu-Natal's malaria-endemic area. In the year following improved vector control and implementation of AL treatment, malaria-related admissions and deaths both declined by 89%, and outpatient visits decreased by 85% at the sentinel facilities. By 2003, malaria-related outpatient cases and admissions had fallen by 99%, and malaria-related deaths had decreased by 97%. There was a concomitant marked and sustained decline in notified malaria throughout the province. No serious adverse events were associated causally with AL treatment in an active sentinel pharmacovigilance survey. In a prospective study with 42 d follow up, AL cured 97/98 (99%) and prevented gametocyte developing in all patients. Consistent with the findings of focus group discussions, a household survey found self-reported adherence to the six-dose AL regimen was 96%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together with concurrent strengthening of vector control measures, the antimalarial treatment policy change to AL in KwaZulu-Natal contributed to a marked and sustained decrease in malaria cases, admissions, and deaths, by greatly improving clinical and parasitological cure rates and reducing gametocyte carriage.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. kbarnes@uctgsh1.uct.ac.za
authors.forename: Karen I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Durrheim
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Ushma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Sicelo S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dlamini
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsoka
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bredenkamp
authors.forename: D Jotham
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mthembu
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Sharp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000469:parasitology*; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077549:Artemether; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D003153:Community Health Services; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology*; D000078102:Lumefantrine; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D009032:Mosquito Control; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019035:Rural Health Services; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005449:Fluorenes; D000077549:Artemether; D000078102:Lumefantrine