title: Radiopharmaceutical maladministrations in New South Wales.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Errors in medicine are being increasingly highlighted. There is potential for harm in nuclear medicine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the frequency, type, causes and adverse effects of nuclear medicine radiopharmaceutical maladministrations reported to the New South Wales Environment Protection Authority.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed reports received by the New South Wales Environment Protection Authority over a 5-year period. The number and type of maladministrations, contributing factors and any adverse effects were recorded. Comparison was made with the total number of medicare-paid diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine services undertaken in New South Wales for the same period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-seven maladministrations were reported to the New South Wales Environment Protection Authority. There were 666 179 nuclear medicine procedures recorded in New South Wales for the same period. Of the 57 reported maladministrations, the majority (n=34; 61%) were a result of incorrect radiopharmaceutical dispensing. Incorrect reading of labels attached to the syringe (n=8; 14%) and incorrect patient identification (n=7; 12%) accounted for most of the rest of the accidents. Most (n=48; 84%) involved 99mTc-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic use, with three cases involving I for therapeutic use. In 96% of cases - those which involved diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals - there were no immediate adverse clinical outcomes. However, one subject developed unintended hypothyroidism as a result of the maladministration of 131I for therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nuclear medicine maladministrations in New South Wales are uncommon, with approximately 8-9 incidents per 100 000 procedures. Most maladministrations are the consequence of incorrect radiopharmaceutical dispensing. All those which involved diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals resulted in no immediate adverse effects from the radiation exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasound, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia.
authors.forename: Tam
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yenson
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Larcos
authors.forename: Lee T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D006801:Humans; D019221:Mandatory Reporting; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals