title: Mycobacterial immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-1 infection after antiretroviral therapy is associated with deregulated specific T-cell responses: beneficial effect of IL-2 and GM-CSF immunotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) cases of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) have increasingly been reported. IRIS usually occurs in individuals with a rapidly rising CD4 T-cell count or percentage upon initiation of ART, who develop a deregulated immune response to infection with or without reactivation of opportunistic organisms. Here, we evaluated rises in absolute CD4 T-cells, and specific CD4 T-cell responses in 4 HIV-1+ individuals presenting with mycobacterial associated IRIS who received in conjunction with ART, IL-2 plus GM-CSF immunotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed CD4 T-cell counts, HIV-1 RNA loads, phenotype for naïve and activation markers, and in vitro proliferative responses. Results were compared with those observed in 11 matched, successfully treated asymptomatic clinical progressors (CP) with no evidence of opportunistic infections, and uninfected controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median CD4 T-cell counts in IRIS patients rose from 22 cells/microl before initiation of ART, to 70 cells/microl after 8 months of therapy (median 6.5 fold increase). This coincided with IRIS diagnosis, lower levels of naïve CD4 T-cells, increased expression of immune activation markers, and weak CD4 T-cell responses. In contrast, CP had a median CD4 T-cell counts of 76 cells/microl at baseline, which rose to 249 cells/microl 6 months post ART, when strong T-cell responses were seen in > 80% of patients. Higher levels of expression of immune activation markers were seen in IRIS patients compared to CP and UC (IRIS > CP > UC). Immunotherapy with IL-2 and GM-CSF paralleled clinical recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that mycobacterial IRIS is associated with inadequate immune reconstitution rather than vigorous specific T-cell responses, and concomitant administration of IL-2 and GM-CSF immunotherapy with effective ART may correct/augment T-cell immunity in such setting resulting in clinical benefit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK. antonio.pires@meditechmedia.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pozniak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gazzard
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gotch
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Imami