title: Empiric treatment of nosocomial intra-abdominal infections: a focus on the carbapenems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serious nosocomial intra-abdominal infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality and represent a substantial drain on healthcare resources. Effective management of this type of infection requires the early use of appropriate, broad-spectrum empiric antimicrobial therapy. The consequences of delayed or inappropriate antimicrobial treatment can be severe-leading to an increased risk of death, re-operation, or prolonged hospitalization. Therefore, it is necessary to begin treatment as soon as possible with the most appropriate regimen, in terms of spectrum, timing, and duration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of pertinent English-language literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serious nosocomial intra-abdominal infections require broad-spectrum coverage because of the wide range of possible pathogens, which include difficult-to-treat organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacteroides spp., and resistant strains of Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus acquired from the hospital flora. The early use of appropriate, broad-spectrum empiric antimicrobial therapy for treating high-risk patients with intra-abdominal infections is considered, and appropriate use of the carbapenems, meropenem, and imipenem/cilastatin, is described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The carbapenems meropenem and imipenem/cilastatin have a spectrum of antimicrobial activity that covers the majority of expected pathogens, including anaerobes, as well as difficult-to-treat and resistant gram-negative strains. Early and appropriate use can reduce mortality and morbidity. Data from published clinical trials support the clinical effectiveness of these two carbapenems in intra-abdominal infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery CGI, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain. jtellado.hgugm@salud
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tellado
authors.forename: Samuel E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D034841:Abdominal Cavity; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000187:drug effects; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000187:drug effects; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015780:Carbapenems