title: Label-free impedance detection of oligonucleotide hybridisation on interdigitated ultramicroelectrodes using electrochemical redox probes.
abstract: The direct detection of oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) hybridisation using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was made on interdigitated array (IDA) gold (Au) ultramicroelectrodes manufactured by silicon technology. The immobilisation of single stranded ODNs (ssODNs) was accomplished by self-assembling of thiol-modified ODNs onto an Au-electrode surface. Faradaic impedance was measured in the presence of K(3)[Fe(CN)(6)]. Double strand formation was identified by a decrease of approximately 50% in impedance in the low frequency region in the presence of K(3)[Fe(CN)(6)], compared to the spectrum of single stranded ODN. The frequency dependent diffusion of Fe(CN)(6)(3-) ions through defects in the ODN monolayer determines the impedance of Au-ssODN surface. The influence of DNA intercalator methylene blue on the impedance of both, single and double strands, was examined along with K(3)[Fe(CN)(6)] and confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. The layer densities and the hybridisation have been further corroborated by chronoamperometric redox recycling of para-aminophenol (p-AP) in ELISA like experiments. It can be concluded, that a performed impedance spectroscopy did not change the layer density. The impedance spectroscopy at ultramicroelectrodes combined with faradaic redox reactions enhances the impedimetric detection of DNA hybridisation on IDA platforms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnical Microsystems, BTMS, Fraunhofer Institute of Silicon Technology, BTMS, Fraunhoferstrasse 1, D-25524 Itzehoe, Germany.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dharuman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grunwald
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nebling
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Albers
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blohm
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hintsche
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D017403:In Situ Hybridization / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008839:Microelectrodes; D008904:Miniaturization; D015336:Molecular Probe Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D004247:DNA