title: Alpha2-adrenoceptor stimulation transforms immune responses in neuritis and blocks neuritis-induced pain.
abstract: Neuropathic pain may be primarily driven by immune responses in peripheral nerves. Peripherally released catecholamines may exacerbate neuropathic pain and also modulate immune responses in a complex and sometimes opposing manner by actions on multiple adrenoceptor subtypes. We showed previously that injection of the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine at the site of peripheral nerve injury reduces pain behavior and local tissue pro-inflammatory cytokine content in rats. The current study used a model of acute inflammatory neuritis to test the efficacy and mechanisms of action of alpha2-adrenoceptor stimulation to reduce pain. Zymosan, injected on the sciatic nerve, caused hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli ipsilateral to injection and contralaterally, so-called mirror image pain. Ipsilateral hypersensitivity was inhibited dose-dependently by perineural injection of clonidine. Zymosan increased leukocyte number at the site of injection 3 d later as well as their content of interleukin 1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1beta, and IL-6. Perineural clonidine prevented both the increase in leukocyte number and cytokine expression induced by zymosan. Additionally, clonidine reduced the capacity of leukocytes to express pro-inflammatory cytokines as assessed by treatment of cells ex vivo with lipopolysaccharide, whereas no repression of IL-10 production occurred. Clonidine reduced the number of macrophages and lymphocytes as well as their expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha. All of the effects of clonidine were prevented by coadministration of an alpha2A-adrenoceptor-preferring antagonist. These results suggest that alpha2-adrenoceptor stimulation transforms cytokine gene expression, especially in macrophages and lymphocytes from a pro- to an anti-inflammatory profile in the setting of neuritis, likely relieving neuritis-induced pain by this mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Center for the Study of Pharmacologic Plasticity in the Presence of Pain, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1009, USA.
authors.forename: E Alfonso
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Romero-Sandoval
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McCall
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Eisenach
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009443:Neuritis / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015054:Zymosan
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D016207:Cytokines; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015054:Zymosan; D003000:Clonidine