title: Error and error reduction in pathology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since publication of the Institute of Medicine's report on medical error in late 1999, there has been widespread interest in improving patient safety and in error reduction in all disciplines of medicine. In fields other than medicine, considerable knowledge has been obtained concerning error and error reduction. This body of knowledge can be successfully applied to pathology in order to make the specialty safer and less error prone.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the fundamental conclusions of the Institute of Medicine's report on medical error, to provide a taxonomy of error that can be adapted to pathology, to provide a framework for studying and analyzing error in pathology, to contrast different approaches to error, and to explain the concept of a culture of safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of pertinent literature, analysis of concepts of error reduction and safety used in other disciplines, analysis of pathology workflow, and adaptation of safety practices to the practice of pathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A taxonomy for error is described and adapted to pathology, a framework for error in the specialty is described, and characteristics of a culture of safety for pathology are proposed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fundamental concepts of error reduction and safety improvement exist in other disciplines and can successfully be adapted to pathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Advocate Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge, IL 60068, USA. ronsir@jhu.edu
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sirota
mesh_terms: D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015969:National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, U.S., Health and Medicine Division; D010336:Pathology / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012449:Safety; D014481:United States