title: [Effects of bradykinin on the proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation of human keratinocytes].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of bradykinin (BK) on the proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation of human keratinocyte (HKC) and the underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  HKCs were cultured together with 1 x 10(-4) - 1 x 10(-9) mol/L of BK. With methyl thiotetrazole (MTT) and trypan blue staining it was shown that the BK in dose of 1 x 10(-4) mol/L possessed most powerful inhibitory effect, and the survival rate of HKC was 69.3%. Therefore, BK was employed in the dose of 1 x 10(-4) mol/L in the following studies. When the growth of HKCs reached the logarithmic phase, BK in the concentration of 1 x 10(-4) mol/L was added, and it was categorized as the test group (E). HKCs without BK served as the control group (C). The cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry after being cultured for 24 and 48 hours. The change in intracellular calcium [Ca(2+)](i) was determined by means of laser scanning confocal microscopy with calcium fluorescence probe Fluo-3/AM technique. The expression of HKC differentiation labeling protein keratin10 (K10) and involucrin were detected with Strept Avidin-Biotin Complex (SABC) immunocytochemical assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cell ratio in G0/G1 phase in E group increased by 34.57% while in S phase decreased by 58.91% in reference to that in C group. The G1/S phase switching of HKCs was obviously inhibited by BK, and apoptosis was stimulated (apoptotic rate of 15.34% in E group vs 5.60% in C group, P < 0.05). The [Ca(2+)](i) increased transiently in HKCs by 163.0% in E group after 3 minutes of BK activation and decreased thereafter in reference to that in C group. The K10 expression in HKC was down-regulated in E group with positive cell rate of 2.20%, which was lower than that of C group (6.89%, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cell cycle process of HKC could be inhibited by high concentration of BK with increased apoptosis and an increase in [Ca(2+)](i), which might be the mechanism of inhibition of growth of HKC in vitro. Furthermore, the epithelial regeneration and HKC differentiation can also be inhibited by BK.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Li-wei
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Ran
authors.forename: Wei-ming
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Sheng-shun
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Ru
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhen-ping
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Xiao-Bing
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Lei
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007633:Keratins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007633:Keratins; D001920:Bradykinin