title: Variability of observed low-altitude astronomical refraction (LAAR) from different geographic locations: progress toward a global map of LAAR variability.
abstract: The variability of the astronomical refraction of the setting Sun as measured from Holetown, Barbados, West Indies, is compared to sunset refraction measured from Edmonton, Alberta, during the same time of year. At about 13 degrees N latitude, Holetown experiences a marine tropical climate, while Edmonton (53 degrees N) has a subarctic continental climate. The 17 sunsets recorded from Holetown between 27 December 2003, and 21 February 2004, and between 25 and 30 December 2004, show a mean astronomical refraction of 0 degrees .475 and standard deviation of 0 degrees .012. The 26 sunsets recorded from Edmonton between 31 December 1992, and 17 February 1993, show a mean astronomical refraction of 0 degrees .699 and standard deviation of 0 degrees .118. The Barbados mean is significantly less than the Edmonton mean, while the variability of the Barbados data is an order of magnitude less than the Edmonton data. The variability of refraction appears to be strongly correlated with the variability in the surface vertical temperature gradient recorded on the same day as the sunset observations. This suggests that mapping of the geographic distribution of low-altitude astronomical refraction variability could be based on climatology of the surface vertical temperature gradient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Sciences, Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, Connecticut 06226, USA. sampsonr@easternct.edu
authors.forename: Russell D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Lozowski
authors.forename: Hans G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Machel