title: Antioxidant properties of kilned and roasted malts.
abstract: Compounds possessing antioxidant activity play a crucial role in delaying or preventing lipid oxidation in foods and beverages during processing and storage. Such reactions lead to loss of product quality, especially as a consequence of off-flavor formation. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of kilned (standard) and roasted (speciality) malts in relation to phenolic compounds, sugars, amino acids, and color [assessed as European Brewing Convention units (degrees EBC) and absorbance at 420 nm]. The concentrations of sugars and amino acids decreased with the intensity of the applied heat treatment, and this was attributed to the extent of the Maillard reaction, as well as sugar caramelization, in the highly roasted malts. Proline, followed by glutamine, was the most abundant free amino/imino acid in the malt samples, except those that were highly roasted, and maltose was the most abundant sugar in all malts. Levels of total phenolic compounds decreased with heat treatment. Catechin and ferulic acid were the most abundant phenolic compounds in the majority of the malts, and amounts were highest in the kilned samples. In highly roasted malts, degradation products of ferulic acid were identified. Antioxidant activity increased with the intensity of heating, in parallel with color formation, and was significantly higher for roasted malts compared to kilned malts. In kilned malts, phenolic compounds were the main identified contributors to antioxidant activity, with Maillard reaction products also playing a role. In roasted malts, Maillard reaction products were responsible for the majority of the antioxidant activity.
authors.affiliation: School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Samaras
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Camburn
authors.forename: Sachin X
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ames
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D002392:Catechin / Q000032:analysis; D003116:Color; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000032:analysis; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D006358:Hot Temperature; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D013053:Spectrophotometry
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D000975:Antioxidants; D002241:Carbohydrates; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D010636:Phenols; D002392:Catechin; C004999:ferulic acid