title: Glycemic status and development of kidney disease: the Framingham Heart Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes is a major risk factor for the development of kidney disease and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the U.S. Whether pre-diabetes is associated with the development of kidney disease is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects free of chronic kidney disease (CKD) were drawn from the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort (1991-1995), given an oral glucose tolerance test, and followed for an average of 7 years for development of CKD (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] of <59 ml/min per 1.73 m2 in women and <64 ml/min per 1.73 m2 in men). Multivariable logistic regression models, adjusted for cardiovascular disease risk factors including age, sex, hypertension, smoking, BMI, total and HDL cholesterol levels, and prevalent myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure, were used to estimate the odds of patients developing kidney disease among glycemic categories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2,398 subjects (53% women; mean age 54 years), 63% were normoglycemic, 29% had impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 3.4% were newly diabetic, and 4.6% had known diabetes. By glycemic category, mean GFR at follow-up was 87, 85, 82, and 78 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively. The fully adjusted odds of developing CKD were 0.98 (95% CI 0.67-1.45), 1.71 (95% CI 0.83-3.55), and 1.93 (95% CI 1.06-3.49) among those with IFG or IGT, newly diagnosed diabetes, or known diabetes, respectively, compared with those who were normoglycemic at baseline. Among participants without diabetes, metabolic syndrome was not associated with kidney disease at follow-up (odds ratio 1.46, P = 0.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiovascular disease risk factors explain much of the relationship between prediabetes and the development of chronic kidney disease. Clinical trials are warranted to determine whether vascular risk factor modification can slow the decline of kidney function among those with pre-diabetes.
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave. Suite 2, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA. foxca@nhlbi.nih.gov
authors.forename: Caroline S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Leip
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Meigs
authors.forename: Peter W F
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000453:epidemiology*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors