title: mTOR controls FLIPS translation and TRAIL sensitivity in glioblastoma multiforme cells.
abstract: The tumor-selective, proapoptotic, death receptor ligand tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a mediator of antitumor drug activity and in itself is a promising agent for the treatment of human malignancies. Like many tumors, however, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most fatal form of glioma, exhibits a range of TRAIL sensitivity, and only a small percentage of GBM tumors undergo TRAIL-induced apoptosis. We here show that TRAIL resistance in GBM is a consequence of overexpression of the short isoform of the caspase-8 inhibitor, c-FLICE inhibitory protein (FLIP(S)), and that FLIP(S) expression is in turn translationally enhanced by activation of the Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-p70 S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) pathway. Conversely, pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of mTOR, or the mTOR target S6K1, suppresses polyribosomal accumulation of FLIP(S) mRNA, FLIP(S) protein expression, and TRAIL resistance. In archived material from 12 human GBM tumors, PTEN status was a predictor of activation of the Akt-mTOR-S6K1 pathway and of FLIP(S) levels, while in xenografted human GBM, activation status of the PTEN-Akt-mTOR pathway distinguished the tumors inherently sensitive to TRAIL from those which could be sensitized by the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. These results define the mTOR pathway as a key limiter of tumor elimination by TRAIL-mediated mechanisms, provide a means by which the TRAIL-sensitive subset of GBM can be identified, and provide rationale for the combined use of TRAIL with mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of human cancers.
authors.affiliation: Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 94143-0875, USA.
authors.forename: Amith
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panner
authors.forename: C David
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Mitchel S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Russell O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Pieper
mesh_terms: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D015870:Gene Expression; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000378:metabolism; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein; C506386:CFLAR protein, human; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C494929:PTEN protein, human