title: Estradiol protects clomiphene citrate-induced apoptosis in ovarian follicular cells and ovulated cumulus-oocyte complexes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether clomiphene citrate (CC) reduces E(2) level in the ovary and circulation and induces apoptosis in ovarian follicular cells and ovulated cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). If yes, to determine whether E(2) coadministration could protect against these adverse effects of CC.
  
  
  METHODS
  A controlled prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory research setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety sexually immature female rats that were 24-25 days of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  The immature female rats were injected with a single dose of 10 IU of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin. After 48 hours, 10 IU of hCG along with 10 mg of CC per kilogram of body weight, with or without 2.0 mg of E2 per kilogram of body weight were coadministered. After 16 hrs, the rats were killed; COCs were collected from oviduct and ovaries were isolated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number of superovulated COCs, oocyte morphology, E2 level in ovary and serum, histology of ovary, DNA fragmentation, and bax protein expression in ovary and COCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of COCs and E2 level in ovary and serum were reduced, whereas membrane blebbing in oocytes, bax protein expression, and DNA fragmentation in ovarian follicular cells and ovulated COCs were induced after CC treatment. These adverse effects of CC were protected against if animals were coadministered with E2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clomiphene citrate-induced apoptosis in ovarian follicular cells (probably granulosa cells), thereby reducing E2 level in ovary and circulation that might have resulted in poor development and maturation of oocytes leading to reduced ovulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Biomedicine, National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India. shailchaubey@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Shail K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chaube
authors.forename: Pramod V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Sonu C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.forename: Tulsidas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Shrivastav
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006107:Granulosa Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010060:Ovulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D002996:Clomiphene; D004958:Estradiol