title: Importance of myeloid dendritic cells in persistent airway disease after repeated allergen exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is conflicting information about the development and resolution of airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) after repeated airway exposure to allergen in sensitized mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sensitized BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were exposed to repeated allergen challenge on 3, 7, or 11 occasions. Airway function in response to inhaled methacholine was monitored; bronchoalveolar lavage fluid inflammatory cells were counted; and goblet cell metaplasia, peribronchial fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy were quantitated on tissue sections. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were generated after differentiation of bone marrow cells in the presence of growth factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensitization to ovalbumin (OVA) in alum, followed by three airway exposures to OVA, induced lung eosinophilia, goblet cell metaplasia, mild peribronchial fibrosis, and peribronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy; increased levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, transforming growth factor-beta(1), eotaxin-1, RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), and OVA-specific IgG1 and IgE; and resulted in AHR. After seven airway challenges, development of AHR was markedly decreased as was the production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Levels of IL-10 in both strains and the level of IL-12 in BALB/c mice increased. After 11 challenges, airway eosinophilia and peribronchial fibrosis further declined and the cytokine and chemokine profiles continued to change. At this time point, the number of myeloid dendritic cells and expression of CD80 and CD86 in lungs were decreased compared with three challenges. After 11 challenges, intratracheal instillation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells restored AHR and airway eosinophilia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that repeated allergen exposure leads to progressive decreases in AHR and allergic inflammation, through decreases in myeloid dendritic cell numbers.
authors.affiliation: National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koya
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Nobuaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyahara
authors.forename: Eun-Seok
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taube
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joetham
authors.forename: Jung-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Azzeddine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dakhama
authors.forename: Erwin W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Gelfand
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000276:immunology*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D010047:Ovalbumin