title: Effect of slotted wing tips on yawing moment characteristics.
abstract: The aerodynamic yawing moment characteristics of bird wings with slotted tips are dealt with. Emphasis is placed on the effect of sweep which the separated feathers constituting the wing tips show and which can reach significant values. Reference is made to basic aerodynamic characteristics of wings with sweep which yields a stabilizing yawing moment significantly larger than that of unswept wings. Then, the yawing moment characteristics are determined for a wing, the features of which are considered as representative of bird wings with sweep in their slotted tips. A sophisticated aerodynamic procedure is used for obtaining results of high precision. It is shown that the sweep in the slotted wing tips yields a stabilizing yawing moment of significant magnitude, considerably increasing with the lift coefficient. To make the significance of wing tip sweep for the ability to generate yawing moments more perspicuous, a wing modification the slotted tips of which are unswept is considered for comparison. It turns out that this wing shows yawing moments which are substantially smaller. A physical insight into the effect of slotted wing tip sweep on the aerodynamic yawing moment characteristics is provided by showing the underlying mechanism. From the results presented in this paper it follows that the sweep in slotted wing tips provides a substantial contribution to the aerodynamic yawing moment and, thus, to yaw stability. It may be concluded that this is an essential reason why there is sweep in the slotted tips of bird wings.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Flight Mechanics and Flight Control, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85747 Garching, Germany. sachs@lfm.mw.tum.de
authors.forename: Gottfried
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: Mochammad Agoes
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moelyadi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001717:Birds / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*