title: In vitro effects of crude khat extracts on the growth, colonization, and glucosyltransferases of Streptococcus mutans.
abstract: Millions of Yemenites, East Africans, and immigrants to Western countries chew khat daily for its amphetamine-like effects. There is little information in the literature concerning the possible effects of the habit on oral microbiota. Our objective was to study in vitro crude khat extract effects on Streptococcus mutans growth and sucrose-dependent colonization, and on its glucosyltransferase (GTF) activity and production. Three khat cultivars were used. Lyophilized crude aqueous khat extracts were applied to the different assays at concentrations of 0-1% (w/v). Sucrose-dependent colonization was assessed as the ability of Streptococcus mutans UA159 to form adherent biofilms in glass culture tubes. Colony forming units (CFUs) in the planktonic phase served as a measure of bacterial growth, while CFUs in the biofilm phase were used to quantify viability in the biofilms. GTFs activity was tested by incubating a crude GTFs preparation with sucrose and determining the amount of water-soluble and water-insoluble glucans formed. GTFs production was assayed by comparing intensities of GTF bands in Western blots of extracts from control and khat-containing cultures. The khat extracts effectively inhibited biofilm formation. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) varied among the cultivars (0.25-1%). The extracts also inhibited synthesis of both glucan types, particularly insoluble glucans (average 85% inhibition at 1%), with significant differences among the cultivars. However, khat increased bacterial growth and at sub-MBIC also viability within biofilms; there were no inter-cultivar differences. It is shown that khat leaves contain water-soluble constituents that inhibit some cariogenic properties of S. mutans in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Sciences-Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway. Nezar.Al-Hebshi@student.uib.no
authors.forename: Nezar Noor
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Al-Hebshi
authors.forename: Oyunn
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Skaug
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D029754:Catha; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005936:Glucans / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves; D018547:Plant Stems; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D005936:Glucans; D010936:Plant Extracts; D005964:Glucosyltransferases