title: [Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men and its association with gynecologic alterations in their sexual partners].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determinate the frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in male partners of infertile couples who attend to the infertility clinic at Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, as well as to compare the clinical data and lifestyle between C. trachomatis-infected and uninfected men to establish a possible association with gynecological damage in their sexual female partners.
  
  
  METHODS
  An open prospective study was performed in infertile couples, whose follow up was carried out at Instituto Nacional de Perinatología between June 2000 and April 2001. Urethral and cervical swabs were obtained from each couple and the specimens were subjected to a C. trachomatis-specific liquid-phase hybridization test (PACE-2) and routine microbiological analysis. Semen analysis were also included. A relative risk (RR) test was done to analyze variables and square chi test was used to analyze clinical and gynecological data from female partners and data from semen examination. Statistical differences were considered as significant when the p value was below 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C. trachomatis active infection was found in 14 out of 384 urethral swabs (3.6%). No significant alterations were observed in semen samples of C. trachomatis-infected men, as compared to non-infected individuals. Microbiological analyses of semen showed a significant isolation of Mycoplasma sp (RR = 5.87, IC95% 1.4-24.7). Eight out of fourteen female partners of C. trachomatis-infected men were also infected with C. trachomatis (RR = 10.57, IC95% 5.67-19.7), Candida albicans was other pathogen isolated from 8/14 of those women (RR = 1.89, IC95% 1.17-3.05). Gynecological and obstetrical associations found among female partners of C. trachomatis-infected men were as follows: tubal adhesions in 10/14 (RR = 1.54, IC95% 1.08-2.18), salpingitis in 2/14 (RR = 2.2), history of ectopic pregnancies in 11/14 (RR = 2.94, IC95% 1.01-8.53) and abnormal pregnancy loss in 9/14 (RR = 1.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A low prevalence of C. trachomatis infection was observed among male partners of infertile couples as compared with other reports, but this discrepancy could be attributable to the specimen collection and diagnostic assay used. Otherwise, this data suggests that a chronic pathogen's antigenic stimulation may result in an increased formation of tubal adhesions and/or in ectopic pregnancies among female partners of C. trachomatis-infected individuals. Thus, preventive and control measures must be introduced into men's healthcare services, through laboratory and clinical examination, since these subjects are the main reservoirs of C. trachomatis.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Infectología del Instituto Nacional de Perinatología. fguerra_96@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Fernando M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Guerra-Infante
authors.forename: J Ramón
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Tapia-Yáñez
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: López-Hurtado
authors.forename: Saúl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flores-Medina
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Díaz-García
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D002181:Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal / Q000453:epidemiology; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000382:microbiology; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009174:Mycoplasma / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009175:Mycoplasma Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009790:Occupations; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012488:Salpingitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012661:Semen / Q000382:microbiology; D012747:Sexual Partners; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014521:Urethra / Q000382:microbiology; D014526:Urethritis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D016585:Vaginosis, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology