title: Co-proxamol overdose is associated with a 10-fold excess mortality compared with other paracetamol combination analgesics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relative toxicity of co-proxamol in overdose in comparison to the 2 other paracetamol-opioid combination products, co-codamol and co-dydramol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data collected over a 2-year period (July 2000-June 2002) was used to estimate the frequency of overdose and death for the three most popular paracetamol-opioid compound analgesics. Prescription data for Scotland and Edinburgh, the number of overdoses (derived from overdose admissions in Edinburgh) or Poisons Information Service contacts in Scotland, and national death records were used to calculate a series of indicators relating morbidity (admissions), surrogates of morbidity (poisons enquiries by telephone or internet) and mortality to prescriptions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When related to prescription volume overdoses involving co-proxamol in Scotland were 10 times more likely to be fatal (24.6 (19.7, 30.4)) when compared with co-codamol (2.0 (0.88, 4.0)) or co-dydramol (2.4 (0.5, 7.2)). In contrast there was no difference in the presentation rate or enquiry rates for these analgesics when corrected for prescriptions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The excess hazard from co-proxamol is due to inherent toxicity rather than increased use in overdose. We estimate from this study that withdrawal of co-proxamol would prevent 39 excess deaths per annum in Scotland alone.
authors.affiliation: NPIS Edinburgh, Scottish Poisons Information Bureau, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Afshari
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Good
authors.forename: S R J
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Bateman
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000506:poisoning*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000506:poisoning*; D003061:Codeine / Q000506:poisoning*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004338:Drug Combinations; C526278:acetaminophen, codeine drug combination; D000082:Acetaminophen; D003061:Codeine