Plasma infusions into porcine cerebral white matter induce early edema, oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and DNA fragmentation: implications for white matter injury with increased blood-brain-barrier permeability.
Plasma infused into porcine cerebral white matter induces both acute interstitial and delayed vasogenic edema. Edematous white matter contains extracellular plasma proteins and rapidly induces oxidative stress as evidenced by increased protein carbonyl formation and heme oxygenase-1 induction. We tested the hypothesis that edematous white matter would also upregulate pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and develop DNA damage. We infused autologous plasma into the frontal hemispheric white matter of pentobarbital-anesthetized pigs. We monitored and controlled physiological variables and froze brains in situ at 1, 4 or 24 hrs. We determined edema volumes by computer-assisted morphometry. We measured white matter protein carbonyl formation by immunoblotting, cytokine gene expression by standard RT-PCR methods and DNA fragmentation by agarose gel electrophoresis. White matter edema developed acutely (1 hr) after plasma infusion and increased significantly in volume between 4 and 24 hrs. Protein carbonyl formation also occurred rapidly in edematous white matter with significant elevations (3 to 4-fold) already present at 1 hr. This increase remained through 24 hrs. Pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression was also rapidly increased at 1 hr post-infusion. Evidence for DNA fragmentation began at 2 to 4 hrs, and a pattern indicative of both ongoing necrosis and apoptosis was robust by 24 hrs. Plasma protein accumulation in white matter induces acute edema development and a cascade of patho-chemical events including oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and DNA damage. These results suggest that in diseases with increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability or following intracerebral hemorrhage or traumatic brain injury, interstitial plasma can rapidly damage white matter.
Wagner
Kenneth R
KR
Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267, USA. wagnerkr@email.uc.edu
Dean
Christopher
C
Beiler
Shauna
S
Bryan
David W
DW
Packard
Benjamin A
BA
Smulian
A George
AG
Linke
Michael J
MJ
de Courten-Myers
Gabrielle M
GM
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001769:Blood; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D016207:Cytokines; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D015870:Gene Expression; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D009336:Necrosis; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors
D001798:Blood Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators