Image-guided thoracoscopic spinal surgery: a merging of 2 technologies.
METHODS
Retrospective clinical and intraoperative navigational data review.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate quantitatively the application of frameless stereotactic image guidance in thoracoscopic discectomy procedures.


BACKGROUND
Thoracoscopic spinal surgery has technical and anatomic challenges that result in difficult orientation with a 2-dimensional imaging procedure in a complex 3-dimensional structure.


METHODS
There were 16 patients who underwent image-guided thoracoscopic discectomy procedures that combine these 2 technologies. Accuracy was determined by the registration (calculated) error and actual navigation (intraoperative) error. The clinical outcomes and complications were reviewed.


RESULTS
Accuracy determined by registration (calculated) and navigation (intraoperative) was 1.7 and 1.2 mm, respectively. The additional time required for the image guidance portion of the procedure was countered by the efficiency of the remaining procedure. Clinical outcomes and complication were comparable with previous experience.


CONCLUSIONS
Image-guided thoracoscopic spinal surgery can provide 3-dimensional orientation to a 2-dimensional imaging procedure that ultimately improves accuracy, efficiency, and safety. Future developments in combining guidance technology with standard surgical procedures will likely continue.
Johnson
J Patrick
JP
Cedars-Sinai Institute for Spinal Disorders, Los Angeles, CA, USA. johnsonjp@CSHS.org
Stokes
John K
JK
Oskouian
Rod J
RJ
Choi
William W
WW
King
Wesley A
WA
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017586:Diskectomy; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014584:User-Computer Interface