title: Immunomodulatory effects of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) against chromium (VI) induced immunosuppression.
abstract: The present study reports the immunomodulatory effects of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaf extract on cellular and humoral immune response by studying delayed-type hypersensitivity response, IL-2, IL-4 and gamma-IFN levels and antibody titres in chromium-induced immunosuppressed animals. Oral feeding of chromium (30 mg/kg bw) significantly inhibited antibody production and S-RBC induced delayed-type hypersensitivity response. Administration of leaf extract (100 mg/kg bw) along with chromium significantly inhibited chromium-induced immunosuppression. To understand the immunomodulatory mechanism of leaf extract, in vitro studies were carried out using rat lymphocytes. Addition of chromium resulted in a significant decrease in lymphocyte size and increased ROS generation. The leaf extract of seabuckthorn significantly inhibited chromium-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and maintained the cell size identical to that of control cells. Chromium treatment markedly inhibited the mitochondrial transmembrane potential by larger lymphocytes in particular, while the leaf extract restored the same significantly. Chromium also inhibited significantly concanavalin A (ConA) induced IL-2, IL-4 and gamma-IFN production in rat lymphocytes. The leaf extract (100 microg/ml) alone stimulated IL-2 and gamma-IFN production even in the absence of ConA and also inhibited chromium-induced decline in IL-2 and gamma-IFN production but it did not change IL-4 production. These observations suggest that the leaf extract of seabuckthorn has significant immunomodulatory activity and specifically activates the cell-mediated immune response.
authors.affiliation: Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Geetha
authors.forename: Vandana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: M Sai
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ilavazhagan
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Sawhney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002857:Chromium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000187:drug effects; D031281:Hippophae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007378:Interleukins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007378:Interleukins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002857:Chromium; D001205:Ascorbic Acid