title: Laparoscopic esophageal myotomy for achalasia: factors affecting functional results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We reviewed our experience and analyzed factors affecting functional results after laparoscopic esophageal myotomy (LEM) for achalasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1996 through October 2003, the records of 211 patients (110 men and 101 women) who had LEM for achalasia were reviewed, and factors affecting morbidity and functional results were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age was 47 years (range, 12 to 85). One hundred and twenty-five patients (59%) had prior esophageal dilatation and/or botulinum toxin injection and 19 (9%) had a prior myotomy. A partial fundoplication was performed in 198 patients (94%); posterior in 135 and anterior in 63. Median operative time was 208 minutes (range, 90 to 527). Intraoperative complications occurred in 37 patients (17.5%), and included mucosal perforation in 32, pneumothorax in 2, and retained needle, splenic capsular tear, and gastric short vessel bleeding in 1 each. Five patients (2%) required conversion to an open procedure. Postoperative complications occurred in 17 patients (8%) including 2 patients who required reoperation for leak. There were no perioperative deaths. Median hospitalization was 3 days (range, 1 to 48). Follow-up was complete in 167 patients (79%) and ranged from 1 to 70.5 months (median, 5.3). Functional results were classified as excellent in 105 patients (63%), good in 43 (26 %), and fair or poor in 19 (11%). Previous esophageal surgery for achalasia adversely affected functional results (p = 0.0139). Preoperative bougie dilatation (p = 0.9851), pneumatic dilatation (p = 0.8548), botulinum toxin injection (p = 0.1724), and the type of fundoplication (p = 0.5904) did not affect functional results. Preoperative bougie dilatation (p = 0.441), pneumatic dilatation (p = 0.1060), and botulinum toxin injection (p = 0.3938) did not affect the incidence of intraoperative perforation. As experience is gained, the incidence of intraoperative complications has decreased significantly (p = 0.0075).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic myotomy for achalasia is safe and effective in the majority of patients. The incidence of intraoperative complications decreases as experience is gained. Preoperative endoscopic treatment does not preclude successful surgical outcome. Excellent or good functional results are achieved in the majority of patients although previous surgical treatment adversely affects functional results.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Subrato
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deb
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deschamps
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Francis C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Cassivi
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Crownhart
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Pairolero
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006356:Heartburn / Q000209:etiology; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome