title: Arthrofibrosis involving the middle facet of the talocalcaneal joint in children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain over the anterolateral aspect of the ankle in a patient with a history of repeated ankle sprains and with restricted subtalar movement may be associated with a tarsal coalition. Nineteen patients presented with such a history, but conventional imaging did not reveal a cartilaginous or osseous coalition. Since symptoms persisted despite nonoperative treatment, the middle facet was explored surgically. The purpose of this study was to discuss the operative findings and to report the results of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients (twenty-three feet) with pain over the anterolateral aspect of the ankle or a history of repeated ankle sprains had restricted subtalar joint motion and inconclusive findings on diagnostic imaging, except for bone-scanning. Their ages ranged from 9.1 to 18.5 years. The middle facet of the subtalar joint was explored surgically through a 3 to 4-cm-long incision centered over the sustentaculum tali. The results at a mean of 5.8 years were classified as good, fair, or poor on the basis of pain, talocalcaneal joint motion, and shoe wear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Routine radiographs, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed no major abnormality, whereas technetium-99m bone scintigraphy consistently showed slightly increased isotope uptake in the middle facet. Surgical removal of a hypervascular and thickened capsule and synovium in the area of the middle facet of the subtalar joint decreased pain and improved subtalar motion. The final result was good in seventeen patients (twenty feet) and fair in two patients (three feet). There were no poor results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A diagnosis of inflammatory arthrofibrosis should be considered when a patient with a painful rigid flatfoot has normal findings on radiographs and hematological studies but increased isotope uptake in the middle facet of the talocalcaneal joint on bone scintigraphy. Excision of the hypervascular capsule and synovium from this area can result in resolution of the symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic Level IV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, P.O. Box 269, Wilmington, DE 19899, USA.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: El Rassi
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Riddle
authors.forename: S Jay
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000843:Ankle Joint; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000150:complications; D013380:Subtalar Joint / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery