title: The role of a salt marsh plant on trace metal bioavailability in sediments. Estimation by different chemical approaches.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The presence or absence of vegetation can condition sediment characteristics. The main aim of this work was to investigate the influence of the sea rush Juncus maritimus on metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) availability to organisms living on or in estuarine sediments, from Douro River (NW Portugal), by comparing the characteristics and chemical behaviour of rhizosediments (collected within the plant assemblage) and those of sediment (collected around the plant). In order to evaluate whether and how sediment characteristics condition the role of plants on metal availability, sandy and muddy sediments colonised by J. maritimus were studied in parallel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metal availability was estimated by enzymatic digestion with pepsin (ED), which may provide an estimate of metal availability to organisms living at estuarine sediments. Nevertheless, since no consensus exists yet on the most suitable methodologies to estimate metal bioavailability in sediments, two more conventional approaches, BCR sequential extraction (SE) and AVS/ SEM model, were also used, in parallel, and the information these approaches provided was compared with that provided by ED. Total-recoverable metal contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after sediment digestion using a high-pressure microwave system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plants could concentrate metals around its roots and rhizomes. In addition, they were capable of oxidizing (release of oxygen by the roots) the anaerobic medium surrounding their roots in muddy sediment (reducing AVS). As sulphide oxidation renders metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) into more soluble forms, according to the AVS/SEM model, metals from muddy sites would be more available in rhizosediment than in sediment. The SE approach led to a similar conclusion. Nevertheless, the results provided by ED pointed at opposite conclusion, particularly for Cd and Zn, indicating less availability at rhizosediments than in the surrounding sediment. ED results were interpreted as a consequence of an enrichment of the rhizosediment in organic ligands exuded by the roots or liberated by dead plants. The effect of complexation of metals by organic compounds, which ED could not decompose/dissolve, seemed to overcome that caused by sediment oxidation. In general, a comparison of the informa tion about metal availability by ED, SE, AVS/SEM, showed that it did not always match and in few cases it was even contradictory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, a thorough evaluation of the metal availability in sediments requires a combination of different chemical approaches, so as to take into consideration differences in ways of organism exposure (interstitial water and/or ingestion of sediment particles).
authors.affiliation: CIIMAR, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: C Marisa R
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Ana P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Mucha
authors.forename: M Teresa S D
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
mesh_terms: D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000502:physiology; D001682:Biological Availability; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018517:Plant Roots
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy