title: Embryonic stem cell-derived astrocytes: a novel gene therapy vector for brain tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For gene therapy strategies currently in clinical trials, viral vectors are used to deliver transgenes directly to normal and tumor cells within the central nervous system (CNS). The use of viral vectors is limited by several factors. The aim of this study was to assess whether embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived astrocytes expressing a doxycyclineinducible transgene can be used as a vector for gene therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors generated a pure population of ESC-derived astrocytes carrying a transgene, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), inserted in the chromosome under the control of a highly regulated doxycycline-inducible expression system. Fully differentiated ESC-derived astrocytes were stereotactically transplanted in the mouse brain, and then cell migration and transgene expression were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ESC-derived astrocytes started to migrate from the transplant site 48 hours after the procedure. They were found to have migrated throughout the brain tissue by 6 weeks. Transplanted ESC-derived astrocytes expressed the TRAIL transgene after doxycycline induction throughout the duration of the experiment. Teratoma formation was not observed in long-term experiments (12 weeks).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that ESC-derived astrocytes can be used as delivery vectors for CNS tumors. This technique might have a major impact on the treatment of patients with malignant gliomas and a wide spectrum of other neurological diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Mahmud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uzzaman
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Benveniste
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Isabelle M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Germano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D015152:Blotting, Northern / Q000379:methods; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000502:physiology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C505654:Tnfsf10 protein, mouse; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004318:Doxycycline