title: Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts: long-term outcome and procedural factors associated with safe and successful treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic drainage is a widely used treatment modality for pancreatic pseudocysts and has challenged more traditional drainage techniques. This retrospective study evaluates the short-term and long-term results with this technique and aims to identify procedural modifications that may improve its safety and efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  All consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts in our hospital between 1983 and 2000 were included in the study. The patients' charts were reviewed, and long-term follow-up data were obtained by written questionnaires sent to the patients at the end of the follow-up period in November 2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 92 patients were included (66 men, 26 women; median age 49 years). The technical success rate of the drainage procedure was 97 % and the mortality rate was 1 %. Complications occurred in 31 patients (34 %), eight of which (9 %) were major and required surgery: hemorrhage in four cases (three of which were caused by erosion of a straight endoprosthesis through the cyst wall), secondary infection in three, and perforation in one. During a median follow-up period of 43 months, 10 patients (11 %) underwent additional (nonendoscopic) treatment for a persistent cyst and five (5 %) for a recurrent cyst. Overall, endoscopic drainage was successful in 65 patients (71 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic drainage is an effective treatment for pancreatic pseudocysts and offers a definitive solution in almost three-quarters of the cases. The majority of major complications might have been prevented by using pigtail stents instead of straight stents and by taking a more aggressive approach to the prevention and treatment of secondary cyst infection.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. d.l.cahen@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cahen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rauws
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fockens
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weverling
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huibregtse
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruno
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods*; D019160:Endosonography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010192:Pancreatic Pseudocyst / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013396:Suction / Q000379:methods; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome