[Treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis with leflunomide and steroid: a prospective multi-center controlled clinical trial].
OBJECTIVE
Leflunomide (LEF) is a selective inhibitor of de novo pyrimidine synthesis, currently used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of LEF in the treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis, a prospective multi-center controlled clinical trial was conducted.


METHODS
Patients with biopsy-confirmed proliferative lupus nephritis were recruited. Patients of recent onset who had not used any immunosuppressive drug were given either oral LEF (group A) or IV cyclophosphamide (group B); relapsed patients who had received immunosuppressive therapy 3 months before were given LEF (group C). Efficacy and safety were evaluated at 6 months after treatment.


RESULTS
Total 51 patients were enrolled, 4 patients withdrew due to adverse events. For those initial treated patients, total response rate were 80% in group A and 75% in group B, complete remission rate were 40% and 25% respectively, not statistically different. Renal parameters (proteinuria, serum albumin and serum creatinine) and systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) improved similarly in both groups. For 14 relapsed patients, total response rate was 60% and complete remission rate was 6.7%. Major adverse events reported in LEF treated patients were infection and alopecia. Herpes zoster was the most often type among infectious events, and one case of severe lung infection was reported.


CONCLUSIONS
LEF combined with steroid was effective in the induction therapy of proliferative lupus nephritis. LEF was generally well-tolerated, its efficacy in maintenance therapy and long-term safety remains to be clarified.
Cui
Tai-gen
TG
Renal Division and Institute of Nephrology, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.
Hou
Fan-fan
FF
Ni
Zhao-hui
ZH
Chen
Xiang-mei
XM
Zhang
Feng-shan
FS
Zhu
Tong-ying
TY
Zhao
Xue-zhi
XZ
Bao
Chun-de
CD
Zhao
Ming-hui
MH
Wang
Guo-bao
GB
Qian
Jia-qi
JQ
Cai
Guang-yan
GY
Li
Ying-nan
YN
Lu
Fu-ming
FM
Mei
Chang-lin
CL
Zou
Wan-zhong
WZ
Wang
Hai-yan
HY
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077339:Leflunomide; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007555:Isoxazoles; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D000077339:Leflunomide