title: Use of Swedish moist snuff, smoking and alcohol consumption in the aetiology of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. A population-based case-control study in southern Sweden.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study confirm that both smoking of tobacco and alcohol consumption are risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OOSCC). The use of moist snuff had no effect on the risk of OOSCC, probably due to the low levels of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in Swedish moist snuff.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this population-based case-control study in southern Sweden were to establish risk estimates for cigarette and alcohol consumption and to evaluate whether Swedish moist snuff is a risk factor for OOSCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between September 2000 and January 2004, 132/165 consecutive cases (80%) diagnosed with OOSCC and 320/396 matched controls (81%) were investigated. All subjects were interviewed and examined according to a standardized protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals who drank > or =350 g of alcohol/week showed an increased risk of OOSCC (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.3-5.4). Total lifetime consumption of tobacco for smoking (>250 kg) had a dose-response effect on the risk of OOSCC (OR 4.7; 95% CI 2.4-9.1). We found no increased risk of OOSCC associated with the use of Swedish moist snuff (OR 1.1; 95% CI 0.5-2.5).
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden. Kerstin.Rosenquist@od.mah.se
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rosenquist
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wennerberg
authors.forename: Elsy-Britt
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Schildt
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bladström
authors.forename: Bengt Göran
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andersson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000821:virology; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013548:Sweden; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects*