title: Quantification of antiretroviral drugs in dried blood spot samples by means of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: For the first time approved antiretroviral drugs, i.e. protease inhibitors (PI) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), were quantified in dried blood spots (DBS) from HIV/AIDS patient whole blood samples as the basis for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) by a robust simultaneous liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method. This study included seven PI (amprenavir, nelfinavir, indinavir, lopinavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, atazanavir) and two NNRTI (nevirapine, efavirenz). LC/MS/MS coupling was realized using a Phenomenex Synergy Max RP LC column (150 x 2 mm, 4 micro) in combination with a tandem mass spectrometer (API 2000, Applied Biosystems/MDS Sciex Concord) operating in positive and negative multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with reserpine as internal standard. DBS samples were punched out and extracted with 50:50 MeOH/0.2 M ZnSO4 (v/v) as extraction reagent. The method performance data for the drugs in DBS like limits of detection (LOD, 8-70 ng/mL), lower limits of quantification (LLOQ, 41-102 ng/mL), linearity (R2, 0.9981-0.9999), linear concentration ranges (41-10.000 ng/mL), accuracies (92-113%), recoveries (62-94%), and ion suppression were investigated and are comparable to data obtained from human plasma, which is the current standard matrix for TDM of PI and NNRTI. In this case, off-line plasma sample preparation was performed by means of simple protein precipitation with 80:20 methanol/0.2 M ZnSO4 (v/v) as precipitation reagent. Significant correlations between real patient plasma and DBS were obtained for samples containing lopinavir, atazanavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, and efavirenz. DBS preparation as sampling alternative is well suited and practicable for TDM minimizing the high infection risk of HIV/AIDS samples and may facilitate sample mailing.
authors.affiliation: Medical School Hannover, Institute of Pharmacology, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. koal.therese@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koal
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Burhenne
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Römling
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Svoboda
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Resch
authors.forename: Volkhard
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kaever
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000097:blood; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000097:blood*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors