title: The long-term effect of anti TNF-alpha treatment on temporomandibular joints, oral mucosa, and salivary flow in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of anti-TNF-alpha treatment on temporomandibular joints (TMJs), oral mucosa, and salivary flow in RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen patients received infusions of TNF-alpha blocking agents after 0, 2, and 6 weeks, and then every 8 weeks until week 54 (follow-up). Clinical dysfunction index (Di) for the TMJ system, salivary flow, disease activity score (DAS28), and other medical assessments were calculated at weeks 0 and 54.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median Di was 5.0 (range 0-21) at baseline and 1.0 (range 0-6) (P = .001) at follow-up. Mean salivary flow was 3.2 mL/15 minutes at baseline and 4.6 at follow-up (P = .055). Two (11.7%) of the patients developed oral candidiasis during the period of treatment. The median DAS28 was 6.2 (range, 4.7-7.7) at baseline and 4.1 (range, 1.6-6.8) at follow-up (P = .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that anti-TNF-alpha blocking treatments have beneficial effects on oral as well as general manifestations of RA.
authors.affiliation: Broegelmann Research Laboratory, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Norway. ketil.moen@gades.uib.no
authors.forename: Ketil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moen
authors.forename: Anne Grimstvedt
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kvalvik
authors.forename: Sølve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hellem
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: Johan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Brun
mesh_terms: D000068879:Adalimumab; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000068800:Etanercept; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069285:Infliximab; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000069285:Infliximab; D000068879:Adalimumab; D000068800:Etanercept