title: Issues in the development of cross-cultural assessments of speech and language for children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an increasing demand for the assessment of speech and language in clinical and research situations in countries where there are few assessment resources. Due to the nature of cultural variation and the potential for cultural bias, new assessment tools need to be developed or existing tools require adaptation. However, there are few guidelines on how to develop 'culturally appropriate' assessment tools.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature on cross-cultural assessment in order to identify the major issues in the development and adaptation of speech and language assessments for children and to illustrate these issues with practical examples from our own research programme in Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five broad categories pertaining to cross-cultural assessment development were identified: the influence of culture on performance, familiarity with the testing situation, the effect of formal education, language issues and picture recognition. It was outlined how some of these issues were addressed in our research. The results of the review were integrated to produce a list of ten guidelines highlighting the importance of collaboration with mother tongue speakers; piloting; familiar assessment materials; assessment location; and practice items and prompts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are few clinicians and assessors, whether in the UK or abroad, who do not assess or treat children from a culture different to their own. Awareness of cultural variation and bias and cooperative efforts to develop and administer culturally appropriate assessment tools are the foundation of effective, valid treatment programmes.
authors.affiliation: Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, The Wolfson Centre, London, UK. j.carter@ich.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Janet A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.forename: Gladys M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Murira
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gona
authors.forename: Brian G R
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.forename: Charles R J C
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D001519:Behavior; D002648:Child; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D007805:Language Development Disorders; D019303:Multilingualism; D013066:Speech-Language Pathology / Q000379:methods*