title: Systemic and intrathecal effects of a novel series of phospholipase A2 inhibitors on hyperalgesia and spinal prostaglandin E2 release.
abstract: Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) forms are expressed in spinal cord, and inhibiting spinal PLA(2) induces a potent antihyperalgesia. Here, we examined the antihyperalgesic effects after systemic and i.t. delivery of four compounds constructed with a common motif consisting of a 2-oxoamide with a hydrocarbon tail and a four-carbon tether. These molecules were characterized for their ability to block group IVA calcium-dependent PLA(2) (cPLA(2)) and group VIA calcium-independent PLA(2) (iPLA(2)) in inhibition assays using human recombinant enzyme. The rank ordering of potency in blocking group IVA cPLA(2) was AX048 (ethyl 4-[(2-oxohexadecanoyl)amino]butanoate), AX006 (4-[(2-oxohexadecanoyl)amino]butanoic acid), and AX057 (tert-butyl 4-[(2-oxohexadecanoyl)amino]butanoate) > AX010 (methyl 4-[(2-oxohexadecanoyl)amino]butanoate) and for inhibiting group VIA iPLA(2) was AX048, AX057 > AX006, and AX010. No agent altered recombinant cyclooxygenase activity. In vivo, i.t. (30 mug) and systemic (0.2-3 mg/kg i.p.) AX048 blocked carrageenan hyperalgesia and after systemic delivery in a model of spinally mediated hyperalgesia induced by i.t. substance P (SP). The other agents were without activity. In rats prepared with lumbar i.t. loop dialysis catheters, SP evoked spinal prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) release. AX048 alone inhibited PGE(2) release. Intrathecal SR141617, a cannabinoid CB1 inhibitor at doses that blocked the effects of i.t. anandamide had no effect upon i.t. AX048. These results suggest that AX048 is the first systemically bioavailable compound with a significant affinity for group IVA cPLA(2), which produces a potent antihyperalgesia. The other agents, although demonstrating enzymatic activity in cell-free assays, appear unable to gain access to the intracellular PLA(2) toward which their action is targeted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0818, USA. tyaksh@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Tony L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Yaksh
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kokotos
authors.forename: Camilla I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Daren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Christoforos G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Kokotos
authors.forename: Bethany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fitzsimmons
authors.forename: Dimitra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hadjipavlou-Litina
authors.forename: Xiao-Ying
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Dennis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002351:Carrageenan; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013373:Substance P; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D013373:Substance P; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D002351:Carrageenan; D010741:Phospholipases A; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D015232:Dinoprostone