title: Role of immunosuppressive regimen on the incidence and characteristics of cytomegalovirus infection in heart transplantation: a single-center experience with preemptive therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This retrospective single-center report sought to evaluate the relation of immunosuppressive regimen with the incidence and characteristics of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection from 1999 to 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunosuppression consisted of cyclosporine microemulsion (Neoral), azathioprine (AZA), and prednisolone associated with either thymoglobulin or ATG high-dosage induction from 1999 to 2000 (AZA, 64 patients [AZA-Thymo = 38 patients and AZA-ATG 26 patients]), or cyclosporine microemulsion (Neoral), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and prednisolone with low-dose thymoglobulin induction from 2001 onward (n = 52 patients). Ganciclovir preemptive therapy was guided by pp65 antigenemia monitoring without CMV prophylaxis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study groups were homogeneous with respect to major perioperative risk factors. Comparing the two AZA subgroups no difference emerged as to percentage of pp65 antigenemia-positive, preemptively treated patients reflecting CMV disease incidence and relapses. AZA-Thymo patient showed significantly shorter time to first positive pp65-antigenemia and higher viral load (AZA-Thymo vs AZA-ATG, P = .004 and P = .009). The two subgroups did not differ with regard to incidence of rejection, superinfection, and graft coronary disease. By shifting from AZA to MMF no difference emerged as to incidence and characteristics of CMV infections, but there was a significant reduction in acute rejection and superinfection (AZA vs MMF P = .001 and P = .008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distinct immunological properties of thymoglobulin versus ATG significantly altered the pattern of CMV expression. MMF with reduced-dose induction did not engender a higher CMV morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, V. Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy. luca.desanto@ospedalemonaldi.it
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: De Santo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mastroianni
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roberta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Della Corte
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Amarelli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maiello
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giannolo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marra
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ragone
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grimaldi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Utili
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scardone
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cotrufo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000601:surgery; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D011239:Prednisolone; D001379:Azathioprine