title: Latitude, birth date, and allergy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The space and time distribution of risk factors for allergic diseases may provide insights into disease mechanisms. Allergy is believed to vary by month of birth, but multinational studies taking into account latitude have not been conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A questionnaire was distributed in 54 centres to a representative sample of 20- to 44-y-old men and women mainly in Europe but also including regions in North Africa, India, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. Data from 200,682 participants were analyzed. The median prevalence of allergic rhinitis was 22%, with a substantial variation across centres. Overall, allergic rhinitis decreased with geographical latitude, but there were many exceptions. No increase in prevalence during certain winters could be observed. Also, no altered risk by birth month was found, except borderline reduced risks in September and October. Effect estimates obtained by a multivariate analysis of total and specific IgE values in 18,085 individuals also excluded major birth month effects and confirmed the independent effect of language grouping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither time point of first exposure to certain allergens nor early infections during winter months seems to be a major factor for adult allergy. Although there might be effects of climate or environmental UV exposure by latitude, influences within language groups seem to be more important, reflecting so far unknown genetic or cultural risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Gruppe Molekulare Epidemiologie, Institut für Epidemiologie, Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Munich, Germany. m@wjst.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wjst
authors.forename: Shyamali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dharmage
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: André
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Norback
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Raherison
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Villani
authors.forename: Jure
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manfreda
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunyer
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burney
authors.forename: Cecilie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svanes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D036801:Parturition; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens