title: Antagonists of myosin light chain kinase and of myosin II inhibit specific events of egg activation in fertilized mouse eggs.
abstract: Although recent studies have demonstrated the importance of calcium/calmodulin (Ca(2+)/CAM) signaling in mammalian fertilization, many targets of Ca(2+)/CAM have not been investigated and represent potentially important regulatory pathways to transduce the Ca2+ signal that is responsible for most events of egg activation. A well-established Ca(2+)/CAM-dependent enzyme is myosin light chain kinase (MYLK2), the downstream target of which is myosin II, an isoform of myosin known to be important in cytokinesis. In fertilized mouse eggs, established inhibitors of MYLK2 and myosin II were investigated for their effects on events of egg activation. The MYLK2 antagonist, ML-7, did not decrease the activity of Ca(2+)/CAM protein kinase II or the elevation of intracellular Ca2+, and it did not delay the onset of Ca2+ oscillations. In contrast, ML-7 inhibited second polar body (PB) formation in a dose-dependent manner and reduced cortical granule (CG) exocytosis by a mean of approximately 50%. The myosin II isoform-specific inhibitor, blebbistatin, had similar inhibitory effects. Although both antagonists had no effect on anaphase onset, they inhibited second PB formation by preventing spindle rotation before telophase II and normal contractile ring constriction. To our knowledge, this is the first report that MYLK2 and myosin II are involved in regulating the position of the meiotic spindle, formation of the second PB, and CG exocytosis. The present results suggest that MYLK2 is one of a family of CAM-dependent proteins that act as multifunctional regulators and transduce the Ca2+ signal at fertilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matson
authors.forename: Styliani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Markoulaki
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ducibella
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001381:Azepines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D015550:Cell Degranulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006576:Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D024462:Myosin Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009219:Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015053:Zygote / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001381:Azepines; D006576:Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings; D009281:Naphthalenes; C070571:ML 7; C472645:blebbistatin; D009219:Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase; D024462:Myosin Type II