title: Mercury recovery in situ of four different dental amalgam separators.
abstract: Amalgam separators are used to physically remove dental amalgam from waste water in dental clinics. They are thereby supposed to reduce mercury (Hg) emissions to the municipal waste water system to acceptable levels. We here present results from a comparative study in situ of three amalgam separators available on the market, all with a claimed efficiency of 99% according to Danish and ISO protocols, and using sedimentation as the principle of separation. We also present corresponding data for an investigational prototype of an improved separator. The obtained efficiency of the three commercial separators is far below what is stated by the manufacturer and by authorities assumed to be the efficiency in clinical conditions. They reduced Hg emissions by 79 - 91%, leaving an average Hg content in outgoing waste water of 1.5 mg L(-1). However, the prototype separator participating in this study retained 99.9% of the waste water Hg emissions, leaving an average Hg content in outgoing waste water of 0.004 mg L(-1). Physical restrictions prohibit sedimentary type separators to recover the Hg fractions causing the largest damages in wastewater treatment plants. This fraction is not considered in the ISO protocol for testing amalgam separators, which therefore needs to be revised. Abolishing the use of dental amalgam and cleaning the tubing systems is the most efficient long-term solution to reduce Hg emissions from dental clinics. Until then, Hg emissions originating from placing, polishing or removing existing amalgam fillings, should be counteracted by the use of low-emission amalgam separators, already on the market or presently being developed for use alone or together with sedimentary type amalgam separators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Sciences, Air and Water Science, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden. Lars.Hylander@hyd.uu.se
authors.forename: Lars D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Hylander
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindvall
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uhrberg
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gahnberg
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lindh
mesh_terms: D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000737:chemistry*; D018057:Dental Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006256:Hazardous Waste / Q000032:analysis; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D018057:Dental Waste; D006256:Hazardous Waste; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003723:Dental Amalgam; D008628:Mercury