title: Indomethacin and celecoxib impair rotator cuff tendon-to-bone healing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly prescribed after rotator cuff repair. These agents can impair bone formation, but no studies have evaluated their impact on tendon-to-bone healing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Traditional nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2-specific nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs interfere with tendon-to-bone healing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighty Sprague-Dawley rats underwent acute rotator cuff repairs. Postoperatively, 60 rats received 14 days of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2-specific nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; 60 received indomethacin, a traditional nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; and 60 received standard rat chow. Animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks and evaluated by gross inspection, biomechanical testing, histologic analysis, and polarized light microscopy to quantify collagen formation and maturation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five tendons completely failed to heal (4 celecoxib, 1 indomethacin). There were significantly lower failure loads in the celecoxib and indomethacin groups compared with the control groups at 2, 4, and 8 weeks (P < .001), with no significant difference between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug groups. There were significant differences in collagen organization and maturation between the controls and both nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug groups at 4 and 8 weeks (P < .001). Controls demonstrated progressively increasing collagen organization during the course of the study (P < .001), whereas the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug groups did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traditional and cyclooxygenase-2-specific nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs significantly inhibited tendon-to-bone healing. This inhibition appears linked to cyclooxygenase-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If the results of this study are verified in a larger animal model, the common practice of administering non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs after rotator cuff repair should be reconsidered.
authors.affiliation: Connecticut Orthopaedic Specialists, 2408 Whitney Avenue, Hamden, CT 06518, USA. dbcomd@aol.com
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Sumito
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ehteshami
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rodeo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068579:Celecoxib; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009519:New York City; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000068579:Celecoxib; D007213:Indomethacin