title: The influence of ceramic surface treatments on the tensile bond strength of composite resin to all-ceramic coping materials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increasing demand for esthetic restorations has resulted in the development of new ceramic systems, but the fracture of veneering ceramics still remains the primary cause of failure. Porcelain repair frequently involves replacement with composite resin, but the bond strength between composite resin and all-ceramic coping materials has not been studied extensively.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tensile bond strength of composite resin to 3 different all-ceramic coping materials with various surface treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty specimens (10 x 10 x 2 mm) each of lithium-disilicate ceramic (IPS Empress2 [E]), alumina ceramic (In-Ceram Alumina [I]), and zirconia ceramic (Zi-Ceram [Z]) were fabricated. Feldspathic ceramic (Duceram Plus [F]) was used as the control. Each material was divided into 3 groups (n=10), and 3 different surface treatments were performed: airborne-particle abrasion with 50-microm alumina particles (Ab); airborne-particle abrasion with 50-microm alumina particles and acid etching with 4% hydrofluoric acid (Ae); or airborne-particle abrasion with 30-microm alumina particles modified with silica acid (Si). After surface treatment of ceramic specimens, composite resin cylinders (5-mm diameter x 10-mm height) were light polymerized onto the ceramic specimens. Each specimen was subjected to a tensile load at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min until fracture. The fracture sites were examined with scanning electron microscopy to determine the location of failure during debonding and to examine the surface treatment effects. Two-way analysis of variance and the Duncan multiple comparison test (alpha=.05) were used to analyze the bond strength values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences in the bond strengths for both ceramics (P<.001) and surface treatments (P<.001) and the interaction (P<.001). The Duncan analysis yielded the following statistical subsets of the bond strength values: (FAe, ISi, EAe, ZSi) > FAb > (FSi, EAb, ESi) (IAb, IAe) > (ZAe, ZAb). The results illustrate no differences within the parentheses but statistically significant differences among the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alumina and zirconia ceramic specimens treated with a silica coating technique, and lithium disilicate ceramic specimens treated with airborne-particle abrasion and acid etching yielded the highest tensile bond strength values to a composite resin for the materials tested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Shinchondong 134, Sudaemoon-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bo-Kyoung
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hanna Eun-Kyung
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: June-Sung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Keun-Woo
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D020906:Air Abrasion, Dental; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D003801:Dental Veneers; D006801:Humans; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; C095718:Duceram; C118557:Empress 2; C483026:In-Ceram Alumina; D018020:Lithium Compounds; D017640:Silicates; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D015040:Zirconium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid; C028541:zirconium oxide