title: Urinary albumin excretion and its relation with C-reactive protein and the metabolic syndrome in the prediction of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and its relation with C-reactive protein (CRP) and the metabolic syndrome in the prediction of the development of type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End Stage Disease (PREVEND) study, an ongoing, community-based, prospective cohort study initiated in 1997 in the Netherlands. The initial cohort consisted of 8,592 subjects. After 4 years, 6,894 subjects participated in a follow-up survey. Subjects with diabetes at baseline or missing data on fasting glucose were excluded, leaving 5,654 subjects for analysis. The development of type 2 diabetes, defined as a fasting glucose > or = 7.0 mmol/l and/or the use of antidiabetic medication, was used as the outcome measure. UAE was calculated as the mean UAE from two consecutive 24-h urine collections. Logistic regression models were used, with the development of type 2 diabetes as the dependent variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 5,654 subjects for whom data were analyzed, 185 (3.3%) developed type 2 diabetes during a mean follow-up period of 4.2 years. UAE, CRP, and the presence of the metabolic syndrome at baseline were significantly associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes (P < 0.001 for all variables). In a univariate model, the odds ratio (OR) for UAE was 1.59 (95% CI 1.42-1.79). In our full model, adjusted for age, sex, number of criteria of metabolic syndrome, and other known risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes (including fasting insulin), the association between UAE and type 2 diabetes remained significant (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.25-1.88, P < 0.001). There was a significant interaction between UAE and CRP (P = 0.002). After CRP was stratified into tertiles, the ORs for the association between baseline UAE and the development of type 2 diabetes were 2.2 (1.47-3.3), 1.33 (0.96-1.84), and 1.04 (0.83-1.31) for the lowest to highest tertiles, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UAE predicts type 2 diabetes independent of the metabolic syndrome and other known risk markers of development of type 2 diabetes. The predictive value of UAE was modified by the level of CRP.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30,001, 9700 RB, Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Auke H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Brantsma
authors.forename: Stephan J L
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Hans L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Hillege
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Zeeuw
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Ronald T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gansevoort
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein