title: Effect of educational outreach to nurses on tuberculosis case detection and primary care of respiratory illness: pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and implement an educational outreach programme for the integrated case management of priority respiratory diseases (practical approach to lung health in South Africa; PALSA) and to evaluate its effects on respiratory care and detection of tuberculosis among adults attending primary care clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial, with clinics as the unit of randomisation.
  
  
  METHODS
  40 primary care clinics, staffed by nurse practitioners, in the Free State province, South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  1999 patients aged 15 or over with cough or difficult breathing (1000 in intervention clinics, 999 in control clinics).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between two and six educational outreach sessions delivered to nurse practitioners by usual trainers from the health department. The emphasis was on key messages drawn from the customised clinical practice guideline for the outreach programme, with illustrative support materials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sputum screening for tuberculosis, tuberculosis case detection, inhaled corticosteroid prescriptions for obstructive lung disease, and antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory tract infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All clinics and almost all patients (92.8%, 1856/1999) completed the trial. Although sputum testing for tuberculosis was similar between the groups (22.6% in outreach group v 19.3% in control group; odds ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval 0.83 to 1.80), the case detection of tuberculosis was higher in the outreach group (6.4% v 3.8%; 1.72, 1.04 to 2.85). Prescriptions for inhaled corticosteroids were also higher (13.7% v 7.7%; 1.90, 1.14 to 3.18) but the number of antibiotic prescriptions was similar (39.7% v 39.4%; 1.01, 0.74 to 1.38).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combining educational outreach with integrated case management provides a promising model for improving quality of care and control of priority respiratory diseases, without extra staff, in resource poor settings.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current controlled trials ISRCTN13438073.
authors.affiliation: Knowledge Translation Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur, South Africa.
authors.forename: Lara R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Fairall
authors.forename: Merrick
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zwarenstein
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Bateman
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bachmann
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lombard
authors.forename: Bosielo P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Majara
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Joubert
authors.forename: Rene G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: English
authors.forename: Angeni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bheekie
authors.forename: Dingie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Rensburg
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mayers
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Annatjie C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Ronald D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Chapman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019090:Case Management; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004506:Education, Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009722:Nurse Practitioners / Q000193:education*; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing*; D013019:South Africa; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents