title: A multicenter prospective study of 3,110 consecutive cases of elective epinephrine use in the fingers and hand: the Dalhousie Project clinical phase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine prospectively the incidence of digital infarction and phentolamine rescue in a large series of patients in whom local anesthesia with adrenaline was injected electively into the hand and fingers. There continues to be a commonly held belief that epinephrine injection is contraindicated in the finger despite a lack of valid evidence to support this concept in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2002 to 2004 there were 9 hand surgeons in 6 cities who prospectively recorded each consecutive case of elective hand and finger epinephrine injection. They recorded each instance of skin or tissue loss and the number of times phentolamine reversal of adrenaline vasoconstriction was required.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 3,110 consecutive cases of elective injection of low-dose epinephrine (1:100,000 or less) in the hand and fingers and none produced any instance of digital tissue loss. Phentolamine was not required to reverse the vasoconstriction in any patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The true incidence of finger infarction in elective low-dose epinephrine injection into the hand and finger is likely to be remote, particularly with the possible rescue with phentolamine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. drdonlalonde@nb.aibn.com
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lalonde
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Benoit
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sparkes
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Denkler
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005385:Fingers / Q000098:blood supply; D006225:Hand / Q000098:blood supply*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007238:Infarction / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010646:Phentolamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D004837:Epinephrine; D010646:Phentolamine