title: Refining diagnoses: applying the DC-LD to an Irish population with intellectual disability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diagnostic criteria for psychiatric disorders for use with adults with learning disabilities/mental retardation (DC-LD) is a diagnostic tool developed in 2001 to improve upon existing classification systems for adults with learning disability. The aim of this study was to apply the classification system described by the DC-LD to a residential intellectual disability (ID) population to examine whether it improved our diagnostic understanding of residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chart reviews of 113 of 178 people in a residential ID service were conducted. For each resident, information was recorded according to the DC-LD multi-axial system. Each resident's case was then discussed with a member of nursing staff familiar with the resident. If diagnosis was unclear, the case was discussed with a senior clinical psychiatrist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of residents with a moderate to profound ID was 87.6%. In total, 94 diagnoses of psychiatric illness (Axis III, Level B, DC-LD) were made. Of those 94 diagnoses, seven new diagnoses were found because of DC-LD criteria. Of the total number of psychiatric diagnoses made, 72.3% were non-specific, residual category diagnoses. A total of 79 residents (69.9%) had at least one behaviour problem diagnosed on Axis III, Level D, Problem behaviours. Fifty-six (49.6%) of residents in this sample had co-morbid epilepsy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In people with moderate to profound learning disabilities, diagnosis continues to be challenging. The DC-LD is a useful tool in helping to clarify diagnoses in this population by providing revised criteria and a system to classify problem behaviours. The DC-LD would be more helpful if specific axes were included to document medical and psychosocial problems independently from other diagnoses. Further research is warranted to determine whether the DC-LD hierarchical approach to diagnosis improves diagnostic validity.
authors.affiliation: Stewart's Hospital Services, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Felstrom
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mulryan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reidy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Staines
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hillery
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015588:Observer Variation; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012114:Residential Treatment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity