title: Outcome of hemiepiphyseal stapling for late-onset tibia vara.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The results of hemiepiphysiodesis for the treatment of late-onset tibia vara have been reported to be favorable, but the technique requires careful timing and an accurate estimation of skeletal age. Hemiepiphyseal stapling does not require a careful estimation of skeletal age, and it has been reported to yield good results with low morbidity. However, we are not aware of any study evaluating the intermediate-term radiographic results or complications of this procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients with thirty-three extremities with late-onset tibia vara were treated with proximal tibial hemiepiphyseal stapling. Fourteen extremities had substantial concomitant distal femoral varus and also had hemiepiphyseal stapling of the distal part of the femur. Eighteen patients (twenty-three involved extremities) had juvenileonset tibia vara and eight patients (ten involved extremities) had adolescent-onset tibia vara. The mean age at the time of stapling was 11.8 years. The mean duration of follow-up was 3.8 years. We reviewed standardized standing radiographs to determine the mechanical axis deviation, the medial proximal tibial angle, the lateral distal femoral angle, and the zone of the knee through which the mechanical axis passed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean mechanical axis deviation improved from 58 mm (range, 27 to 157 mm) preoperatively to 22 mm (range, -33 to 117 mm) at the time of the last follow-up, and the mean medial proximal tibial angle improved from 77 degrees (range, 50 degrees to 85 degrees ) to 85 degrees (range, 48 degrees to 95 degrees ). In the fourteen lower extremities in which distal femoral hemiepiphyseal stapling was performed, the mean lateral distal femoral angle improved from 96 degrees (range, 92 degrees to 100 degrees ) to 86 degrees (range, 79 degrees to 97 degrees ). At the time of the final follow-up, seven extremities were considered to be in moderate varus; four, in mild varus; twenty, in normal alignment; and two, in valgus. No differences in radiographic outcome were noted between the juvenile and adolescent forms of tibia vara. Only one of the four extremities with severe preoperative varus was corrected to normal alignment; the remaining three were left with moderate varus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemiepiphyseal stapling of the lateral aspect of the proximal tibial physis and, as needed, the lateral aspect of the distal femoral physis is safe and effective in children with late-onset tibia vara if the physes are sufficiently open and the varus deformity is mild to moderate. Hemiepiphyseal stapling is particularly effective in patients who are ten years of age or younger.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic Level IV.
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, Missouri 63131, USA.
authors.forename: Soo-Sung
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: J Eric
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Luhmann
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Dobbs
authors.forename: Perry L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Schoenecker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D001848:Bone Diseases, Developmental / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D017792:Surgical Stapling; D013977:Tibia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome