title: Ethnic differences in thermal pain responses: a comparison of South Asian and White British healthy males.
abstract: The expression and report of pain is influenced by social environment and culture. Previous studies have suggested ethnically determined differences in report of pain threshold, intensity and affect. The influence of ethnic differences between White British and South Asians has remained unexplored. Twenty age-matched, male volunteers in each group underwent evaluation. Cold and warm perception and cold and heat threshold were assessed using an ascending method of limits. Magnitude estimation of pain unpleasantness and pain intensity were investigated with thermal stimuli of 46, 47, 48 and 49 degrees C. Subjects also completed a pain anxiety questionnaire. Data was analysed using t-test, Mann-Whitney and repeated measures analysis of variance as appropriate. There were no differences in cold and warm perception between the two groups. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups for heat pain threshold (P=0.006) and heat pain intensity demonstrated a significant effect for ethnicity (F=13.84, P=0.001). Although no group differences emerged for cold pain threshold and heat unpleasantness, South Asians demonstrated lower cold pain threshold and reported more unpleasantness at all temperatures but this was not statistically significant. Our study shows that ethnicity plays an important role in heat pain threshold and pain report, South Asian males demonstrated lower pain thresholds and higher pain report when compared with matched White British males. There were no differences in pain anxiety between the two groups and no correlations were identified between pain and pain anxiety Haemodynamic measures and anthropometry did not explain group differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leicester, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK. pjw25@le.ac.uk
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: R Khalid
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Latif
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rowbotham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000208:ethnology / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013697:Thermosensing / Q000502:physiology*; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*