title: [Imaging diagnosis of carotid cavernous fistula].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the value of ultrasonography, CT, MRI and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in the diagnosis of carotid cavernous fistula (CCF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight cases of CCF patients were examined with ophthalmologic A/B echography and DSA, part of them were examined by one or several items among color Doppler imaging, CT and MRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrasonography could determine the enlarged ophthalmic vein with signal of blood stream and could detect the pulsation synchronizing with the pulse. CT and MRI could display the enlargement and abnormality of cavernous sinus. DSA could reveal fistulas supplied by internal carotid artery directly or by the dual branches of the carotid artery. The latter included meningohypophyseal trunk, capsular artery, middle meningeal artery, accessory meningeal artery, ascending pharyngeal artery and the artery of the foramen rotundum, etc. The drainage pathway of fistula included ophthalmic vein, inferior petrosal sinus, intercavernous sinus, sylvian vein and cortical drainage, etc.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Each method of examination has its own advantages, combining of various methods can lead to an accurate diagnosis of CCF. DSA is the "golden standard" which can display supplying artery and the drainage pathway.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orbital Disease, Armed Police General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China. yieye@sina.com
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Li-hua
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D020216:Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography