title: Plutonium in the air in Kurchatov, Kazakhstan.
abstract: Weekly air samples of 25000 m(3) volume were taken with two air samplers over a period of one year in 2000-2001 in the town of Kurchatov in Kazakhstan. For another three-month period in 2001, the samplers were run in the city of Astana, about 500 km west of Kurchatov. (137)Cs, Pu and U concentrations were determined from the filters. Pu activities in Kurchatov varied in a 100-fold range; median (239,240)Pu activities were 100 nBq/m(3) and (238)Pu activities 34 nBq/m(3). The corresponding values for Astana were considerably lower: 29 and 9 nBq/m(3), respectively, and in half of the filters the (238)Pu activity was below the detection limit. Plutonium concentration correlated with the amount of dust retained on the filters only at the highest dust loads. Also no correlation between wind speed and the plutonium activity in the filters was observed. Thus, resuspension does not seem to be the mechanism responsible for the airborne plutonium. No clear seasonal variation of Pu air concentration was observed, though levels were somewhat elevated in February to April. There was no correlation between the plutonium and (137)Cs concentrations. In most of the filters the cesium concentration was below the detection limit, but in those filters where it could be detected the cesium concentration was practically constant at 3.9+/-1.6 microBq/m(3). Dose estimation for the inhalation of the airborne plutonium gave a low value of 0.018 microSv/a for the inhabitants in Kurchatov, which is about a thousand times lower than the dose caused by the naturally occurring (210)Po. Air parcel trajectory analysis indicated that the observed Pu activities in the air could not unambiguously be attributed to the most contaminated areas at the Semipalatinsk Test Site.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Radiochemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. jukka.lehto@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lehto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salminen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jaakkola
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Outola
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pulli
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paatero
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tarvainen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ristonmaa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zilliacus
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ossintsev
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Larin
mesh_terms: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D005374:Filtration; D007623:Kazakhstan; D011005:Plutonium / Q000032:analysis*; D011210:Power Plants; D011847:Radioactive Fallout / Q000032:analysis*; D018788:Radioactive Hazard Release; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D014501:Uranium / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes; D004391:Dust; D011847:Radioactive Fallout; D014501:Uranium; D011005:Plutonium