title: Smoking, endothelial function, and Rho-kinase in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking is associated with endothelial dysfunction and activated Rho-kinase in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in humans. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between endothelial function and Rho-kinase activity in forearm VSMCs in healthy young men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated the forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to acetylcholine (ACh), fasudil, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in male smokers (n=10) and nonsmokers (n=14). FBF was measured by using a strain-gauge plethysmography. The vasodilatory effect of ACh was significantly smaller in smokers than that in nonsmokers. The vasodilatory effect of fasudil was significantly greater in smokers than that in nonsmokers. The vasodilatory effects of SNP in the 2 groups were similar. There was a significant correlation between the maximal FBF response to fasudil and that to ACh (r=-0.67; P<0.01). There was no significant correlation between the maximal FBF response to fasudil and that to SNP. The intra-arterial coinfusion of fasudil significantly increased the FBF response to ACh in smokers but not in nonsmokers. There were no significant differences between FBF response to fasudil alone and that in combination with NG-monomethyl-L-arginine in smokers and in nonsmokers. The intra-arterial coinfusion ascorbic acid did not alter the FBF response to fasudil in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that smoking is involved in not only endothelial dysfunction but also activation of Rho-kinase in VSMCs in forearm circulation, and that there is a significant correlation between endothelial function and Rho-kinase activity in VSMCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noma
authors.forename: Chikara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishioka
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Umemura
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jitsuiki
authors.forename: Keigo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chayama
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshizumi
authors.forename: Yukihito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Higashi
mesh_terms: D019307:1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010991:Plethysmography; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D019307:1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; D000109:Acetylcholine; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; C049347:fasudil