title: Effect of calcium and carbonate concentrations on anionic membrane fouling during electrodialysis.
abstract: A previous study on electrodialysis of calcium and carbonate high concentration solutions demonstrated that calcium migrated through the cation-exchange membrane (CEM) was blocked by the anion-exchange membrane (AEM) where it formed another fouling. The aim of the present work was to complete the identification of the deposit formed on AEM during electrodialysis and to characterize its physical structure at the interface of the membrane. No fouling was found on the anionic membranes treated without calcium chloride in presence of sodium carbonate, while membranes used during ED process of solutions containing calcium chloride and sodium carbonate were slightly fouled. A thin layer of precipitates was observed on the anionic membrane surface. The appearance of precipitates was typical of a crystalline substance. The size and form of crystal increased in proportion to the concentration of calcium chloride in solution. Large and cubic crystals were the best defined on the membrane treated at 1600 mg/L of CaCl2. The precipitate was identified as calcium hydroxide. However, this fouling was not found to affect significantly the electrical conductivity and the thickness of the membranes. Furthermore, the fouling formed was reversible.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Pavillon Paul Comtois, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy (QC), G1K 7P4, Canada.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Araya-Farias
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bazinet
mesh_terms: D000838:Anions; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002254:Carbonates / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004602:Elements; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008854:Microscopy, Electron
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D002254:Carbonates; D004602:Elements; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; C005686:sodium carbonate; D002118:Calcium