title: Hey basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors are repressors of GATA4 and GATA6 and restrict expression of the GATA target gene ANF in fetal hearts.
abstract: The Hey basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors are downstream effectors of Notch signaling in the cardiovascular system. Mice lacking Hey2 develop cardiac hypertrophy, often associated with congenital heart defects, whereas combined Hey1/Hey2 deficiency leads to severe vascular defects and embryonic lethality around embryonic day E9.5. The molecular basis of these disorders is poorly understood, however, since target genes of Hey transcription factors in the affected tissues remain elusive. To identify genes regulated by Hey factors we have generated a conditional Hey1 knockout mouse. This strain was used to generate paired Hey2- and Hey1/2-deficient embryonic stem cell lines. Comparison of these cell lines by microarray analysis identified GATA4 and GATA6 as differentially expressed genes. Loss of Hey1/2 leads to elevated GATA4/6 and ANF mRNA levels in embryoid bodies, while forced expression of Hey factors strongly represses expression of the GATA4 and GATA6 promoter in various cell lines. In addition, the promoter activity of the GATA4/6 target gene ANF was inhibited by Hey1, Hey2, and HeyL. Protein interaction and mutation analyses suggest that repression is due to direct binding of Hey proteins to GATA4 and GATA6, blocking their transcriptional activity. In Hey2-deficient fetal hearts we observed elevated mRNA levels of ANF and CARP. Expression of ANF and Hey2 is normally restricted to the trabecular and compact myocardial layer, respectively. Intriguingly, loss of Hey2 leads to ectopic ANF expression in the compact layer, suggesting a direct role for Hey2 in limiting ANF expression in this cardiac compartment.
authors.affiliation: Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Physiological Chemistry I, University of Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klattig
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kneitz
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Diez
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holtmann
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Englert
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gessler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000378:metabolism*; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018390:Gene Targeting; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs / Q000235:genetics; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C104844:Ankrd1 protein, mouse; C484171:Gata4 protein, mouse; C120420:Hey1 protein, mouse; C485778:Hey2 protein, mouse; C402588:Heyl protein, mouse