title: Distinct effects of glucose and glucosamine on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells: evidence for a protective role for glucosamine in atherosclerosis.
abstract: Accelerated atherosclerosis is one of the major vascular complications of diabetes. Factors including hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia may contribute to accelerated vascular disease. Among the several mechanisms proposed to explain the link between hyperglycemia and vascular dysfunction is the hexosamine pathway, where glucose is converted to glucosamine. Although some animal experiments suggest that glucosamine may mediate insulin resistance, it is not clear whether glucosamine is the mediator of vascular complications associated with hyperglycemia. Several processes may contribute to diabetic atherosclerosis including decreased vascular heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), increased endothelial permeability and increased smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. In this study, we determined the effects of glucose and glucosamine on endothelial cells and SMCs in vitro and on atherosclerosis in apoE null mice. Incubation of endothelial cells with glucosamine, but not glucose, significantly increased matrix HSPG (perlecan) containing heparin-like sequences. Increased HSPG in endothelial cells was associated with decreased protein transport across endothelial cell monolayers and decreased monocyte binding to subendothelial matrix. Glucose increased SMC proliferation, whereas glucosamine significantly inhibited SMC growth. The antiproliferative effect of glucosamine was mediated via induction of perlecan HSPG. We tested if glucosamine affects atherosclerosis development in apoE-null mice. Glucosamine significantly reduced the atherosclerotic lesion in aortic root. (P < 0.05) These data suggest that macrovascular disease associated with hyperglycemia is unlikely due to glucosamine. In fact, glucosamine by increasing HSPG showed atheroprotective effects.
authors.affiliation: Reddy US therapeutics, 3065 Northwoods Circle, Norcross, GA 30071, USA. wduan@reddyus.com
authors.forename: Wenlan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Latha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paka
authors.forename: Sivaram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pillarisetti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency / Q000502:physiology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001692:Biological Transport; D002417:Cattle; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000737:chemistry; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006493:Heparin / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D013431:Sulfates; C071927:perlecan; D006493:Heparin; D005947:Glucose; D005944:Glucosamine