title: Pathogenic role of the CXCL16-CXCR6 pathway in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with massive T cell infiltration into the synovium. The accumulated T cells express type 1 cytokines, such as interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and activated markers of inflammation, such as CD154 and inducible costimulator (ICOS). It is thought that chemokines contribute to T cell accumulation in the synovium. In this study, we examined the role of CXCL16 and CXCR6 in T cell migration and stimulation in RA synovium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of CXCL16 and CXCR6 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and/or flow cytometry. Migration activity was assessed using a chemotaxis chamber. IFNgamma production was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effect of anti-CXCL16 monoclonal antibody on murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CXCL16 was expressed in RA synovium. CXCR6 was expressed more frequently on synovial T cells than in peripheral blood. Moreover, CXCR6-positive synovial T cells more frequently expressed CD154 and ICOS than did CXCR6-negative T cells. Stimulation with interleukin-15 (IL-15) up-regulated the expression of CXCR6 on peripheral blood T cells, and then stimulation with CXCL16 induced migration of IL-15-stimulated T cells and enhanced IFNgamma production. Furthermore, anti-CXCL16 monoclonal antibody significantly reduced the clinical arthritis score and reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells and bone destruction in the synovium of mice with CIA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that CXCL16 plays an important role in T cell accumulation and stimulation in RA synovium and suggest that CXCL16 could be a target molecule in new therapies for RA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Tokyo, Japan. nanki.rheu@tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nanki
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimaoka
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashida
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yonehara
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyasaka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000075743:Chemokine CXCL16; D054427:Chemokine CXCL6; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D008875:Middle Aged; D000075744:Receptors, CXCR6; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; C423727:CXCL16 protein, human; C106330:CXCR6 protein, human; D000075743:Chemokine CXCL16; D054427:Chemokine CXCL6; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; C498926:Cxcl16 protein, mouse; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D000075744:Receptors, CXCR6; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger; D011991:Receptors, Virus