title: Benign versus malignant breast masses: optical differentiation with US-guided optical imaging reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate prospectively the feasibility of using optical tomography with ultrasonographic (US) localization to differentiate malignant from benign breast masses and to compare optical tomography with color Doppler US.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was approved by the local internal review board committee and by the Human Subjects Research Review Board of Army Medical Research and Materiel Command. Signed informed consent was obtained, and the study was HIPAA compliant. Between May 2003 and March 2004, 65 consecutive women (mean age, 51 years; age range, 24-80 years) with 81 breast lesions underwent US-guided biopsy and were scanned with a combined imager. The hand-held probe, which consisted of a centrally located US transducer surrounded by near-infrared sensors, was used to simultaneously acquire coregistered US images and optical data. The lesion location obtained at US was used to guide optical imaging reconstruction. Light absorption was measured at two wavelengths. From these measurements, tumor angiogenesis was assessed on the basis of calculated total hemoglobin concentration. A Student t distribution was used to calculate the statistical significance of mean maximum and mean average hemoglobin concentrations obtained in malignant and benign lesion groups, and P < .001 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biopsy results revealed eight early stage invasive carcinomas (malignant group) and 73 benign lesions (benign group). The mean maximum and mean average hemoglobin concentrations in the malignant group were 122 micromol/L +/- 26.8 (+/- standard deviation) and 88 micromol/L +/- 24.5, respectively. The mean maximum and mean average hemoglobin concentrations in the benign group were 55 micromol/L +/- 24.8 and 38 micromol/L +/- 17.4, respectively. Both the maximum and average total hemoglobin concentrations were significantly higher in the malignant group compared with the benign group (P < .001). When a maximum hemoglobin concentration of 95 micromol/L was used as the threshold value, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of optical tomography were 100%, 96%, 73%, and 100%, respectively, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of color Doppler US were 63%, 69%, 19%, and 94%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings indicate that optical tomography with US localization is feasible for differentiating benign and early stage malignant breast lesions.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Program, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, 371 Fairfield Rd, U2157, Storrs, CT 06269-1157, USA. zhu@engr.uconn.edu
authors.forename: Quing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Edward B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.forename: Allen A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Currier
authors.forename: Hugh S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Vine
authors.forename: Minming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: NanGuang
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D041622:Tomography, Optical / Q000379:methods*; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins