title: Long-term consequences of traumatic experiences: an assessment of former political detainees in Romania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research has suggested that organized violence and torture have long-term psychological effects that persist throughout the lifespan. The present survey aimed at examining the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other disorders and symptoms, all present in old age, as long-term consequences of politically motivated violence in a comparison design.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of former political detainees (N = 59, mean age 73.5 years) who had been arrested by the Romanian communist regime were compared to an age- and gender-matched control group (N = 39). PTSD was assessed using a structured clinical interview (CIDI). The investigation of the clinical profile was further accomplished by self-rating measures for anxiety, depression, and health-related functioning, as well as by clinician-administrated interviews for substance abuse, dissociation, and somatization symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 54%. In the case of participants left untreated, PTSD persisted, often over four decades, such that current PTSD was diagnosed still in a third of the survivors. Other clinical conditions such as somatization, substance abuse, dissociative disorders, and major depression were also common among the former political detainees and often associated with current PTSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that political detention may have long-term psychological consequences that outlast the changes in the political system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Fach D-25, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany. Dana-Maria.Bichescu@uni-konstanz.de
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bichescu
authors.forename: Maggie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schauer
authors.forename: Evangelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saleptsi
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neculau
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Elbert
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Neuner