title: Impact of patient distance to radiation therapy on mastectomy use in early-stage breast cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment access underlies quality cancer care. We hypothesize that mastectomy rates in a rural state are independently influenced by distance to radiation therapy (XRT) and by changing XRT access through opening new facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Early-stage breast cancer patients diagnosed from 1996 to 2000 were identified in the Virginia state registry. Distance from patient zip code to nearest XRT facility was calculated with geographical software. Distance to XRT facility (< or = 10, > 10 to 25, > 25 to 50, and > 50 miles), American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor stage, age, race, and diagnosis year were evaluated for influencing mastectomy rate. Mastectomy use within 15 miles of five new facilities was assessed before and after opening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 20,094 patients, 43% underwent mastectomy, 53% underwent lumpectomy, and therapy of 4% of patients is unknown. Twenty-nine percent of patients lived more than 10 miles from XRT facility. Mastectomy increased with distance to XRT facility (43% at < or = 10 miles, 47% at > 10 to 25 miles, 53% at > 25 to 50 miles, and 58% at > 50 miles; P < .001). Among 11,597 patients with T1 (< 2 cm) tumors, mastectomy also varied by distance (31% at < or = 10 miles, 36% at > 10 to 25 miles, 41% at > 25 to 50 miles, and 49% at > 50 miles; P < .001). In multivariate analysis, mastectomy use was independently influenced by XRT distance after adjusting for age, race, T stage, and diagnosis year. Over the study period, mastectomy rates declined from 48% to 43% across Virginia, and there were similar declines in a 15-mile area around four new radiation facilities in urban settings. However, mastectomies decreased from 61% to 45% around a new XRT facility in a rural setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Distance to XRT facility significantly impacts mastectomy use. Opportunities for increasing breast-conservation rates through improved XRT access exist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0709, USA. ats2x@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Anneke T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Schroen
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Brenin
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Knaus
authors.forename: Craig L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Slingluff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006268:Health Facilities; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012424:Rural Population; D014768:Virginia