title: Efficacy of intranasal naloxone as a needleless alternative for treatment of opioid overdose in the prehospital setting.
abstract: Prehospital providers are at increased risk for blood-borne exposure and disease due to the nature of their environment. The use if intranasal (i.n.) medications in high-risk populations may limit this risk of exposure. To determine the efficacy of i.n. naloxone in the treatment of suspected opiate overdose patients in the prehospital setting, a prospective, nonrandomized trial of administering i.n. naloxone by paramedics to patients with suspected opiate overdoses over a 6-month period was performed. All adult patients encountered in the prehospital setting as suspected opiate overdose (OD), found down (FD), or with altered mental status (AMS) who met the criteria for naloxone administration were included in the study. i.n. naloxone (2 mg) was administered immediately upon patient contact and before i.v. insertion and administration of i.v. naloxone (2 mg). Patients were then treated by EMS protocol. The main outcome measures were: time of i.n. naloxone administration, time of i.v. naloxone administration, time of appropriate patient response as reported by paramedics. Ninety-five patients received i.n. naloxone and were included in the study. A total of 52 patients responded to naloxone by either i.n. or i.v., with 43 (83%) responding to i.n. naloxone alone. Seven patients (16%) in this group required further doses of i.v. naloxone. In conclusion, i.n. naloxone is a novel alternative method for drug administration in high-risk patients in the prehospital setting with good overall effectiveness. The use of this route is further discussed in relation to efficacy of treatment and minimizing the risk of blood-borne exposures to EMS personnel.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Erik D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Colwell
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fosnocht
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gravitz
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.forename: Will
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bailey
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D009270:Naloxone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects; D016602:Needlestick Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D009270:Naloxone