title: Ribozyme knockdown of the gamma-subunit of rod cGMP phosphodiesterase alters the ERG and retinal morphology in wild-type mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To generate an animal model of retinal degeneration by using AAV-mediated ribozyme knockdown of the gamma-subunit of the rod cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDEgamma) mRNA in the retina of wild-type mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hammerhead ribozymes, HRz35 and HRz42, were designed to target the PDEgamma gene in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. The efficiency and specificity of the ribozyme cleavage was tested in vitro against three different types of target: short synthetic RNA oligomers, longer targets transcribed from clones, and full-length mRNA from total retinal RNA extracts. After in vitro validation, the ribozymes were cloned and packaged in a recombinant adenoassociated virus (rAAV) containing a proximal 472-bp murine rod opsin promoter (MOPS) to drive ribozyme synthesis. Three-week-old wild-type C57BL/6 mice were injected subretinally with the vectors. For treated versus partner control retinas, responses to light were measured by full-field electroretinography (ERG), and retinal tissues were examined by light microscopy. Messenger RNA and protein levels of PDEgamma gene were monitored by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western immunoblot assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ribozymes had comparable in vitro kinetic properties in multiple turnover kinetic analyses. Ribozyme HRz35 exhibited a K(cat) of 0.48 minute(-1) and a K(m) of 980 nM, and HRz42 showed a K(cat) of 0.17 minute(-1) and a K(m) of 971 nM. Both ribozymes cleaved at accessible sites in the RNA, as they digested long transcripts transcribed from clones and full-length mRNA from total retinal RNA extracts in vitro. At increasing intervals after subretinal injection with either AAV ribozyme, a 30% to 90% reduction in a- and b-wave amplitudes was observed compared with those in contralateral control eyes that were not injected. Retinal tissue analysis showed that loss of the photoreceptor cells and PDEgamma mRNA and protein paralleled the ERG results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ribozyme-mediated somatic knockdown of wild-type PDEgamma mRNA in vivo can efficiently reduce the target RNA leading to a loss in rod photoreceptors and in rod-mediated ERG amplitudes, thus generating an animal model of retinal degeneration resembling human RP in an essentially normal adult retina. This vector ribozyme technique should be applicable to other genes associated with RP and perhaps also to mRNAs of phototransduction genes not yet associated with RP. Application of this approach may be age and species independent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainsville, USA.
authors.forename: Jianwen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Adrian M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Timmers
authors.forename: Alfred S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Hauswirth
mesh_terms: D015106:3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D054707:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 6; D000229:Dependovirus / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004596:Electroretinography; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D007267:Injections; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010957:Plasmids; D016337:RNA, Catalytic / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D016337:RNA, Catalytic; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C427204:hammerhead ribozyme; D015106:3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; D054707:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 6; C517431:PDE6B protein, human; C517438:Pde6b protein, mouse