title: microPET imaging of glioma integrin {alpha}v{beta}3 expression using (64)Cu-labeled tetrameric RGD peptide.
abstract: Integrin alpha(v)beta(3) plays a critical role in tumor-induced angiogenesis and metastasis and has become a promising diagnostic indicator and therapeutic target for various solid tumors. Radiolabeled RGD peptides that are integrin specific can be used for noninvasive imaging of integrin expression level as well as for integrin-targeted radionuclide therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study we developed a tetrameric RGD peptide tracer (64)Cu-DOTA-E{E[c(RGDfK)](2)}(2) (DOTA is 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid) for PET imaging of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) expression in female athymic nude mice bearing the subcutaneous UG87MG glioma xenografts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RGD tetramer showed significantly higher integrin binding affinity than the corresponding monomeric and dimeric RGD analogs, most likely due to a polyvalency effect. The radiolabeled peptide showed rapid blood clearance (0.61 +/- 0.01 %ID/g at 30 min and 0.21 +/- 0.01 %ID/g at 4 h after injection, respectively [%ID/g is percentage injected dose per gram]) and predominantly renal excretion. Tumor uptake was rapid and high, and the tumor washout was slow (9.93 +/- 1.05 %ID/g at 30 min after injection and 4.56 +/- 0.51 %ID/g at 24 h after injection). The metabolic stability of (64)Cu-DOTA-E{E[c(RGDfK)](2)}(2) was determined in mouse blood, urine, and liver and kidney homogenates at different times after tracer injection. The average fractions of intact tracer in these organs at 1 h were approximately 70%, 58%, 51%, and 26%, respectively. Noninvasive microPET studies showed significant tumor uptake and good contrast in the subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice, which agreed well with the biodistribution results. Integrin alpha(v)beta(3) specificity was demonstrated by successful blocking of tumor uptake of (64)Cu-DOTA-E{E[c(RGDfK)](2)}(2) in the presence of excess c(RGDyK) at 1 h after injection. The highest absorbed radiation doses determined for the human reference adult were received by the urinary bladder wall (0.262 mGy/MBq), kidneys (0.0296 mGy/MBq), and liver (0.0242 mGy/MBq). The average effective dose resulting from a single (64)Cu-DOTA-E{E[c(RGDfK)](2)}(2) injection was estimated to be 0.0164 mSv/MBq.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high integrin and avidity and favorable biokinetics make (64)Cu-DOTA-E{E[c(RGDfK)](2)}(2) a promising agent for peptide receptor radionuclide imaging and therapy of integrin-positive tumors.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xianzhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhengming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Darrell R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Sanjiv S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gambhir
authors.forename: Xiaoyuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003301:Copper Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019281:Dimerization; D005910:Glioma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods* / Q000662:veterinary; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D003301:Copper Radioisotopes; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3; D009842:Oligopeptides; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C047981:arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid