title: Changes in regulatory phosphorylation of Cdc25C Ser287 and Wee1 Ser549 during normal cell cycle progression and checkpoint arrests.
abstract: Entry into mitosis is catalyzed by cdc2 kinase. Previous work identified the cdc2-activating phosphatase cdc25C and the cdc2-inhibitory kinase wee1 as targets of the incomplete replication-induced kinase Chk1. Further work led to the model that checkpoint kinases block mitotic entry by inhibiting cdc25C through phosphorylation on Ser287 and activating wee1 through phosphorylation on Ser549. However, almost all conclusions underlying this idea were drawn from work using recombinant proteins. Here, we report that in the early Xenopus egg cell cycles, phosphorylation of endogenous cdc25C Ser287 is normally high during interphase and shows no obvious increase after checkpoint activation. By contrast, endogenous wee1 Ser549 phosphorylation is low during interphase and increases after activation of either the DNA damage or replication checkpoints; this is accompanied by a slight increase in wee1 kinase activity. Blocking mitotic entry by adding the catalytic subunit of PKA also results in increased wee1 Ser549 phosphorylation and maintenance of cdc25C Ser287 phosphorylation. These results argue that in response to checkpoint activation, endogenous wee1 is indeed a critical responder that functions by repressing the cdc2-cdc25C positive feedback loop. Surprisingly, endogenous wee1 Ser549 phosphorylation is highest during mitosis just after the peak of cdc2 activity. Treatments that block inactivation of cdc2 result in further increases in wee1 Ser549 phosphorylation, suggesting a previously unsuspected role for wee1 in mitosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Stanford
authors.forename: Joan V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Ruderman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010063:Ovum / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010768:Phosphoserine / Q000378:metabolism*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis; D020687:cdc25 Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D010768:Phosphoserine; C466028:Wee2 protein, Xenopus; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D020687:cdc25 Phosphatases