title: A strategy for thoracoscopic resection of small pulmonary nodules.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preoperative procedures are often necessary to localize pulmonary nodules during thoracoscopic resection in order to reduce the necessity of resorting to thoracotomy. The aim of this report is to describe the strategy we developed to limit preoperative techniques without reducing the thoracoscopic success rate of localization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2000 and December 2003, 183 patients underwent video thoracoscopic resection of small pulmonary nodules. The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of the radiological features of the nodule. The subjects in group 1 were operated on directly, and endothoracic ultrasonography was performed when necessary. The subjects in group 2 underwent preoperative radionuclide labeling of the nodule.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group 1, 112 out of 119 nodules (94%) were localized. Twenty-five out of 32 lesions, neither visible nor palpable, were found by endothoracic ultrasonography. In group 2, we localized 62 out of 64 nodules (97%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently, we cannot completely avoid preoperative labeling techniques for thoracoscopic resection of small pulmonary nodules. However, correct patient selection may limit this necessity, without an increased conversion rate to thoracotomy, if endothoracic ultrasonography is available.
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Cardiac and Thoracic Department, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy. m.ambrogi@med.unipi.it
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ambrogi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boni
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Melfi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lucchi
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fanucchi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mussi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods*