title: Herpes simplex virus 1 envelopment follows two diverse pathways.
abstract: Herpesvirus envelopment is assumed to follow an uneconomical pathway including primary envelopment at the inner nuclear membrane, de-envelopment at the outer nuclear membrane, and reenvelopment at the trans-Golgi network. In contrast to the hypothesis of de-envelopment by fusion of the primary envelope with the outer nuclear membrane, virions were demonstrated to be transported from the perinuclear space to rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) cisternae. Here we show by high-resolution microscopy that herpes simplex virus 1 envelopment follows two diverse pathways. First, nuclear envelopment includes budding of capsids at the inner nuclear membrane into the perinuclear space whereby tegument and a thick electron dense envelope are acquired. The substance responsible for the dense envelope is speculated to enable intraluminal transportation of virions via RER into Golgi cisternae. Within Golgi cisternae, virions are packaged into transport vacuoles containing one or several virions. Second, for cytoplasmic envelopment, capsids gain direct access from the nucleus to the cytoplasm via impaired nuclear pores. Cytoplasmic capsids could bud at the outer nuclear membrane, at membranes of RER, Golgi cisternae, and large vacuoles, and at banana-shaped membranous entities that were found to continue into Golgi membranes. Envelopes originating by budding at the outer nuclear membrane and RER membrane also acquire a dense substance. Budding at Golgi stacks, designated wrapping, results in single virions within small vacuoles that contain electron-dense substances between envelope and vacuolar membranes.
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscopy, Institutes of Veterinary Anatomy and of Virology, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leuzinger
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: Elisabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Schraner
authors.forename: Cornel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fraefel
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Glauser
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heid
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ackermann
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wild
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002213:Capsid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000821:virology; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000821:virology; D018870:Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough / Q000821:virology; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000821:virology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D014709:Vero Cells; D019065:Virus Assembly