title: Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Influenza vaccination of elderly individuals is recommended worldwide. Our aim was to review the evidence of efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in individuals aged 65 years or older.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched five electronic databases to December, 2004, in any language, for randomised (n=5), cohort (n=49), and case-control (n=10) studies, assessing efficacy against influenza (reduction in laboratory-confirmed cases) or effectiveness against influenza-like illness (reduction in symptomatic cases). We expressed vaccine efficacy or effectiveness as a proportion, using the formula VE=1-relative risk (RR) or VE*=1-odds ratio (OR). We analysed the following outcomes: influenza, influenza-like illness, hospital admissions, complications, and deaths.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In homes for elderly individuals (with good vaccine match and high viral circulation) the effectiveness of vaccines against influenza-like illness was 23% (95% CI 6-36) and non-significant against influenza (RR 1.04, 0.43-2.51). Well matched vaccines prevented pneumonia (VE 46%, 30-58) and hospital admission (VE 45%, 16-64) for and deaths from influenza or pneumonia (VE 42%, 17-59), and reduced all-cause mortality (VE 60%, 23-79). In elderly individuals living in the community, vaccines were not significantly effective against influenza (RR 0.19, 0.02-2.01), influenza-like illness (RR 1.05, 0.58-1.89), or pneumonia (RR 0.88, 0.64-1.20). Well matched vaccines prevented hospital admission for influenza and pneumonia (VE 26%, 12-38) and all-cause mortality (VE 42%, 24-55). After adjustment for confounders, vaccine performance was improved for admissions to hospital for influenza or pneumonia (VE* 27%, 21-33), respiratory diseases (VE* 22%, 15-28), and cardiac disease (VE* 24%, 18-30), and for all-cause mortality (VE* 47%, 39-54).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In long-term care facilities, where vaccination is most effective against complications, the aims of the vaccination campaign are fulfilled, at least in part. However, according to reliable evidence the usefulness of vaccines in the community is modest.
authors.affiliation: Cochrane Vaccines Field, ASL 20, 15100 Alessandria, Italy. Toj1@aol.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jefferson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rivetti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rivetti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rudin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Pietrantonj
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Demicheli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines