Alcoholic hepatitis: from pathogenesis to treatment.
Alcoholic hepatitis is a serious complication of alcohol abuse due to its high mortality rates particularly at short term. It may complicate pre-existing alcoholic fatty liver or cirrhosis and is mainly diagnosed on clinical and laboratory grounds although liver biopsy is occasionally needed to exclude other pathology and confirm the diagnosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that cytokines and immunity are actively involved in its pathogenesis. Management includes abstinence and supportive care. Treatment with corticosteroids has been studied in several clinical trials with conflicting results. However, recent evidence supporting the beneficial effect of TNF-alpha inhibition provides an encouraging alternative. Here we summarise the current state in diagnosis and management of alcoholic hepatitis and briefly review the latest advances in pathophysiology that may lead to new therapeutic strategies for this difficult clinical condition.


METHODS
Medline 1966-2005, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica 1980-2005, The Cochrane Library (2005 Issue 2) and contact with authors of published reports.
Sougioultzis
S
S
Department of Hepatology, The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and University of Edinburgh, UK.
Dalakas
E
E
Hayes
P C
PC
Plevris
J N
JN
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004035:Diet Therapy; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006519:Hepatitis, Alcoholic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006113:United Kingdom
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D010431:Pentoxifylline