title: Interplay between parasite cysteine proteases and the host kinin system modulates microvascular leakage and macrophage infection by promastigotes of the Leishmania donovani complex.
abstract: Kinins, the vasoactive peptides proteolytically liberated from kininogens, were recently recognized as signals alerting the innate immune system. Here we demonstrate that Leishmania donovani and Leishmania chagasi, two etiological agents of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), activate the kinin system. Intravital microscopy in the hamster cheek pouch showed that topically applied promastigotes induced macromolecular leakage (FITC-dextran) through postcapillary venules. Peaking at 15 min, the parasite-induced leakage was drastically enhanced by captopril (Cap), an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a kinin-degrading metallopeptidase. The enhanced microvascular responses were cancelled by HOE-140, an antagonist of the B2 bradykinin receptor (B2R), or by pre-treatment of promastigotes with the irreversible cysteine proteinase inhibitor N-methylpiperazine-urea-Phe-homoPhe-vinylsulfone-benzene (N-Pip-hF-VSPh). In agreement with the above-mentioned data, the promastigotes vigorously induced edema in the paw of Cap-treated J129 mice, but not Cap-B2R-/- mice. Analysis of parasite-induced breakdown of high molecular weight kininogens (HK), combined with active site-affinity-labeling with biotin-N-Pip-hF-VSPh, identified 35-40 kDa proteins as kinin-releasing cysteine peptidases. We then checked if macrophage infectivity was influenced by interplay between these kinin-releasing parasite proteases, kininogens, and kinin-degrading peptidases (i.e. ACE). Our studies revealed that full-fledged B2R engagement resulted in vigorous increase of L. chagasi uptake by resident macrophages. Evidence that inflammatory macrophages treated with HOE-140 became highly susceptible to amastigote outgrowth, assessed 72 h after initial macrophage interaction, further suggests that the kinin/B2R activation pathway may critically modulate inflammation and innate immunity in visceral leishmaniasis.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, C.C.S., Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Svensjö
authors.forename: Paulo R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.forename: Claudia I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Brodskyn
authors.forename: Robson
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Ana Paula C A
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Verônica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saraiva
authors.forename: João B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Pesquero
authors.forename: Marcelo A S
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Müller-Esterl
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scharfstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000502:physiology*; D006224:Cricetinae; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D007705:Kinins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000201:enzymology*; D018314:Leishmania infantum / Q000201:enzymology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000469:parasitology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000378:metabolism; D018002:Receptors, Bradykinin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007705:Kinins; D018002:Receptors, Bradykinin; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases