[Study of access to health care and drugs in Cameroon: 1. Methods and validation].
During the 1980s, an economic depression and the concomitant decrease in the national health budget modified the population's health behavior. Improvement of the economy since the late 1990s makes it possible to renew the national health policy. To prepare the highly indebted and poor countries' program (HIPC), the Minister of Health and its partners commissioned a survey to measure the population's real access to health care and the factors that determine this accessibility and to propose concrete corrective actions. To fulfill these objectives, the steering committee decided to analyze health care demand, through a national population survey, and supply capacity, through a national survey of pharmacies and other drug dispensers. A survey of persons using medications will also be conducted (Fig.1). Focusing on this component of health care is justified by these findings: 95% of persons feeling ill buy drugs, whereas only 31% consult a physician or other healthcare provider, and half of the average household's health expenditures are for drugs. Financial, geographic, social and quality indicators were defined to measure accessibility and its determining factors (Table 1). The smallest administrative unit, the health area (HA), was chosen as the sampling unit, to enable us to survey together healthcare demand, supply and consumption according to different concentrations of supply and demand . It behaves as a cluster of sampling units of different populations: drug retailers of all sectors, drug users, households, and ill persons within the households. The HA samples include Yaounde and Douala, with urban and rural sub-samples, for which sampling ratios increase with the diversity of supply and demand, according to several pre-defined factors. The study includes 400 HAs, covering more than one third of the population (Table 2). Within these HAs, 900 pharmacies and other formal drug retailers, 709 street vendors, 4,505 households, 2,532 ill persons in these households, 4,121 pharmacy customers and 850 customers of street vendors were surveyed, i.e., more than 13,600 questionnaires. Assessment of data quality shows that the sample is representative of the national population for its socioeconomic characteristics. Its geographic distribution, even after correction, nonetheless favors urban areas, where both supply and demand are high. Generalizing the 3 sub-samples to the national level thus requires caution, especially for the geographic distribution. Other limitations and possible biases are described and evaluated. However, the retrospective demographic and statistic evaluation shows that the samples are representative of their population and that the data quality can be considered good. This article describes the background of this study and justifies its methodological choices. Future publications will analyze the data collected.
Commeyras
Christophe
C
Ambassade de France-SCAC, BP 1616, Yaoundé, Cameroun. c.commeyras@wanadoo.fr
Ndo
Jean Rolin
JR
Merabet
Omar
O
Koné
Hamidou
H
Rakotondrabé
Faraniaina Patricia
FP
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002163:Cameroon / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005252:Fees, Pharmaceutical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000600:supply & distribution; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000600:supply & distribution; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations