title: Surgical results of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with gross diaphragmatic invasion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gross diaphragmatic invasion is not uncommon in patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of the study is to evaluate retrospectively the surgical results of hepatocellular carcinoma with gross diaphragmatic invasion undergoing en-bloc resection of diaphragm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1989 and December 2002, 640 patients underwent curative resections for hepatocellular carcinoma in our hospital. Fifty-three patients (8.3%) who had hepatocellular carcinoma with gross diaphragmatic invasion found during operation undergoing en-bloc resection of diaphragm were assigned to group A. The other 587 patients who had hepatocellular carcinoma without gross diaphragmatic invasion were assigned to group B. The clinicopathological features, operative mortality and morbidity and long-term result of the patients between group A and B were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 53 patients in group A with gross diaphragmatic invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing en-bloc resection of diaphragm, seven (13.2%) were pathologically proved to have muscular invasion of diaphragm and the other 46 (86.8%) were fibrous adhesion only or free of tumor. Primary repair of diaphragm was adequate in 52 patients (98.1%) and one required a mesh repair, Thirteen patients (24.5%) developed postoperative complication but no operative mortality occurred. There was no significant difference in operative mortality and postoperative complication rate between the two groups of patients with (group A) and without (group B) gross diaphragmatic invasion. If compared by each TNM staging (stage I, II and III) there was no significant difference between the patients of group A and B in five-year cumulative and disease-free survival. Among the 53 patients in group A, the long-term prognosis was also not significantly different between the patients with (group A1) and without (group A2) histological muscular invasion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  En-bloc resection of diaphragm in patients with gross diaphragmatic invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma is justified since it does not significantly increase the operative mortality or postoperative complication rate and the long-term prognosis at each TNM staging is comparable to that of patients without gross diaphragmatic invasion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. mclin@vghtc.gov.tw
authors.forename: Min-Che
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Cheng-Chung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jung-Ta
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chia-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Tse-Jia
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012189:Retrospective Studies