title: New-onset cardiovascular risk factors in lung transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality after solid-organ transplantation. Both pre-existing cardiovascular risk factors in recipients and immunosuppressive drug toxicity may contribute to CVD. We sought to describe the prevalence of new-onset hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus in lung transplant recipients and to identify predisposing factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-six patients without pre-transplant hypertension, hypercholesterolemia or diabetes were included in a retrospective descriptive study. All patients were initially on cyclosporine-based triple immunosuppression. Cumulative prevalence of new-onset hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes were calculated. A multivariate Cox regression model was used to identify independent pre-operative predictors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By 3 years after transplantation, 90% of patients had developed at least 1 cardiovascular risk factor and 40% developed > or = 2 risk factors. The cumulative prevalence of new-onset hypertension at 1, 3, 5 and 7 years was 45%, 65%, 67% and 72%, respectively. The corresponding prevalence for hypercholesterolemia was 16%, 33%, 48% and 58%, and for diabetes 6%, 7%, 7% and 10%, respectively. The independent pre-transplant predictors were: for hypertension, diastolic blood pressure (odds ratio: 2.1 per 10 mm Hg [95% confidence interval: 1.3 to 3.5], p = 0.005); for hypercholesterolemia, serum cholesterol level (OR: 1.8 per mmol/liter [95% CI: 1.3 to 2.5], p < 0.001); and, for diabetes, cystic fibrosis diagnosis (OR: 7.4 [95% CI: 1.6 to 35.6], p = 0.01) and blood glucose level (OR 2.2 per mmol/liter [95% CI 1.1 to 4.5], p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of cyclosporine-treated lung transplant recipients develop new-onset hypertension or hypercholesterolemia early after transplantation. Pre-transplant blood pressure, serum cholesterol levels and blood glucose levels are independent predictors of post-transplant hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silverborn
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jeppsson
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mårtensson
authors.forename: Folke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nilsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015984:Causality; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014180:Transplantation
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents