title: Smoking and incidence of diabetes among U.S. adults: findings from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the association between smoking and incident diabetes among U.S. adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) was a prospective study of the associations of insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors. We examined the relationship between smoking status categories (never, former, and current) and incident 5-year type 2 diabetes among 906 participants free of diabetes at baseline. We also considered the effect of pack-year categories (never, former <20 pack-years, former > or = 20 pack-years, current <20 pack-years, and current > or = 20 pack-years) upon diabetes incidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of current smokers, 96 (25%) developed diabetes at 5 years, compared with 60 (14%) never smokers. After multivariable adjustment, current smokers exhibited increased incidence of diabetes compared with never smokers (odds ratio [OR] 2.66, P = 0.001). Similar results were found among current smokers with > or = 20 pack-years with normal glucose tolerance (5.66, P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking shares a robust association with incident diabetes, supporting the current Surgeon General's warnings against cigarette smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA. cfoy@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Capri Gabrielle
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Foy
authors.forename: Ronny A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Deborah F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: Lynne E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Wagenknecht
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology