title: Surgical drainage of late cardiac tamponade following open heart surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few reports on postoperative late cardiac tamponade with surgical therapy in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital records of 87 patients with postoperative late cardiac tamponade who had undergone cardiac surgery between January 1999 and December 2003 were evaluated retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 8400 patients who had undergone cardiac surgery, 87 patients (1 %) had postoperative late cardiac tamponade. The incidence was 0.1 % for patients with coronary artery bypass grafting and 3.4 % for those with heart valve replacement ( p < 0.01). Subxiphoid midline incision was carried out in 67 patients (77 %). Conversion to re-sternotomy was required in 8 patients due to either ineffective drainage (5 patients, 7.5 %) or laceration and bleeding (3 patients, 4.5 %). Re-sternotomy was undertaken in 20 patients with no complication. Early death occurred in 3 patients with subxiphoid drainage (3.5 %), two of which were related to bleeding. Out of 84 patients who survived, 10 patients had recurrent cardiac tamponade, 5 of which required surgical drainage (6 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bleeding due to dense adhesions between the epicardium and the sternum may be encountered during subxiphoid drainage for postoperative late cardiac tamponade and lead to a 3 % mortality rate.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Surgery Clinics, Türkiye Yüksek Ihtisas Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. aaksoyek@yahoo.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aksöyek
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tütün
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ulus
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ihsan Parlar
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Budak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Temürtürkan
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Katircioğlu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cobanoğlu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002305:Cardiac Tamponade / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000601:surgery; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013249:Sternum / Q000601:surgery; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery