title: Biomarkers in chronic kidney disease: utility and issues towards better understanding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biomarkers are substances that reflect the presence of a given disease, its pathophysiology or organ damage. These indicators are increasingly proposed to assess prognosis or the response to treatment. This review examines the value of a series of biomarkers which have been recently tested in prospective studies in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C reactive protein has coherently emerged as an early marker of renal dysfunction. The usefulness of this measurement for predicting the evolution of chronic kidney disease or for monitoring the response to renoprotective treatment, however, still remains unproven. On the other hand the measurement of C reactive protein can be recommended for monitoring the risk of atherosclerotic complications in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease, particularly in those with evidence of coronary heart disease or other cardiovascular complications (i.e. in the vast majority of patients followed up in nephrology clinics). There is growing interest in homocysteine and asymmetric dimethyl arginine as biomarkers of cardiovascular and renal risk but the usefulness of these biomarkers in clinical practice remains to be proven. Brain natriuretic peptide and troponin T are strongly related to cardiovascular outcomes in end-stage renal disease patients but their value in this population still requires to be proper tested in specifically designed intervention studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among emerging biomarkers C reactive protein is the only one which is very near to fulfilling the methodological requirements for being recommended in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, CNR-IBIM Clinical Epidemiology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Riuniti Hospital, Reggio Cal, Italy. carmine.zoccali@tin.it
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zoccali
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002908:Chronic Disease; D018450:Disease Progression; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D020107:Troponin T / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020107:Troponin T; D006710:Homocysteine; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; C018524:N,N-dimethylarginine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D001120:Arginine