title: Multicenter study on the prevalence of sexual symptoms in male hypo- and hyperthyroid patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thyroid hormones have a dramatic effect on human behavior. However, their role on sexual behavior and performance has seldom been investigated in men.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of sexual dysfunctions in patients with hyper- and hypothyroidism and their resolution after normalization of thyroid hormone levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a multicenter prospective study at endocrinology and andrology clinics in university hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 48 adult men, 34 with hyperthyroidism and 14 with hypothyroidism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were screened for hypoactive sexual desire (HSD), erectile dysfunction (ED), premature ejaculation (PE), and delayed ejaculation (DE) on presentation and 8-16 wk after recovery from the thyroid hormone disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In hyperthyroid men, HSD, DE, PE, and ED prevalence was 17.6, 2.9, 50, and 14.7%, whereas in hypothyroid men, the prevalence of HSD, DE, and ED was 64.3% and of PE was 7.1%. After thyroid hormone normalization in hyperthyroid subjects, PE prevalence fell from 50 to 15%, whereas DE was improved in half of the treated hypothyroid men. Significant changes were found in the subdomains of the International Index of Erectile Function; ejaculation latency time doubled after treatment of hyperthyroidism (from 2.4 +/- 2.1 to 4.0 +/- 2.0 min), whereas for hypothyroid men it declined significantly, from 21.8 +/- 10.9 to 7.4 +/- 7.2 (P < 0.01 for both). TSH and thyroid hormone levels normalized rapidly after treatment, and changes in circulating sex steroids partially reflected the changes in SHBG levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, most patients with thyroid hormone disorders experience some sexual dysfunctions, which can be reversed by normalizing thyroid hormone levels. Despite the associated changes in sex hormone levels, the high prevalence of ejaculatory disorders and their prompt reversibility suggest a direct involvement of thyroid hormones in the physiology of ejaculation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, University of Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carani
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Isidori
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Granata
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carosa
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maggi
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lenzi
authors.forename: Emmanuele A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Jannini
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013956:Antithyroid Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004542:Ejaculation / Q000187:drug effects; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007989:Libido; D008297:Male; D008713:Methimazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015995:Prevalence; D011433:Propranolol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D013956:Antithyroid Agents; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D008713:Methimazole; D011433:Propranolol; D013974:Thyroxine