title: The detection of differentiation-inducing chemicals by using green fluorescent protein expression in genetically engineered teratocarcinoma cells.
abstract: The murine embryonal teratocarcinoma cell line, P19, was genetically manipulated in order to provide preliminary information on compounds that induce differentiation. Without chemical induction, P19 cells remain in an undifferentiated state, but can be induced to differentiate into specific cell types. For example, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) induces cardiac and skeletal muscle differentiation, whereas retinoic acid stimulates neuronal differentiation. P19 cells were transfected with a construct containing a segment of the murineTert (mTert) promoter sequence combined with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, which acts as a reporter gene. mTert expression, the reverse transcriptase component of murine telomerase, is closely linked to telomerase activity and is down-regulated during differentiation. Three retinoids and DMSO induced the differentiation of P19 cells, which was determined by a reduction in mTert_GFP expression, detected by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy as independent methods of detection. A test substance, ethanol, and a control substance, saccharin, did not cause a decrease in mTert_GFP expression. In addition, it could be demonstrated that the mTert_GFP test detects developmentally relevant effects at non-cytotoxic concentrations. The ID50 values derived for the reduction of mTert_GFP expression were lower than the IC50 values detected with the MTT test, by a factor of 21.4 for all-trans retinoic acid, 12.7 for 9-cis retinoic acid, 29.6 for 13-cis retinoic acid, and 8.7 for DMSO. In comparison to the IC50 value for the P19 cell line, a similar IC50 value was obtained with 3T3 cells for ethanol, but there was a 2-fold increase for DMSO. The retinoids were not cytotoxic to 3T3 cells at the concentrations tested. This newly developed test is capable of detecting differentiation-inducing compounds at non-cytotoxic concentrations within 4 days. It offers a method for detecting chemicals with specific toxicological mechanisms, such as the retinoids, which could provide additional information in embryotoxicity testing as different promoters could be employed. Here, we report the use of this novel test system for the successful analysis of DMSO and three retinoids with different in vivo teratogenic potentials.
authors.affiliation: ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paparella
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pellizzer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hartung
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bremer
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D041702:BALB 3T3 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D023381:Endpoint Determination / Q000379:methods; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D015202:Protein Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D019098:Telomerase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018243:Teratocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014162:Transfection; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000145:classification* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D015262:Xenobiotics; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D019098:Telomerase