title: N-methyl-D-aspartate subunit expression during mouse development altered by in utero alcohol exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders are contributors to long-term learning disabilities. By using a model for fetal alcohol syndrome, we have shown that prenatal alcohol exposure results in adult learning deficits of unknown mechanisms. In the developing hippocampus, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit NR2B triggers long-term potentiation, fundamental to learning and memory; this is supplemented by the less plastic NR2A subunit in the adult. To understand the mechanism of learning deficits in FAS, we evaluated NR2B and NR2A expression in embryonic and adult mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant C57Bl6/J mice were treated on gestational day 8 with alcohol or control (saline solution). Embryos were harvested at 6 hours, 24 hours, and 10 days, and brains from adult offspring were collected at 3 months (after evaluation for learning deficit). Calibrator-normalized relative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed for NR2B and NR2A with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase standardization. Statistical analysis included analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 6 hours, NR2B expression in the alcohol-exposed embryos was higher than in controls (P < .01). NR2A was not expressed in either group. By 24 hours there was no difference in NR2B (P = .3). However, at 10 days NR2B was lower in alcohol-exposed animals (P = .02). In the adult brains there was a relative decrease in NR2B (P = .03) and an increase in NR2A (P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal alcohol exposure during development induces NR2B expression deregulation in the embryos that persists until adulthood, when a relative increase in the less modifiable subunit NR2A occurs. This alteration in NMDA receptor subunits may underlie the learning abnormalities in fetal alcohol syndrome.
authors.affiliation: NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0925, USA. laura_toso@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toso
authors.forename: Sarah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Poggi
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abebe
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roberson
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dunlap
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Catherine Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Spong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000378:metabolism*; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011247:Pregnancy; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: C120997:NR2A NMDA receptor; C121001:NR2B NMDA receptor; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate