title: Height changes associated with pigment aggregation in Xenopus laevis melanophores.
abstract: Melanophores are pigment cells found in the skin of lower vertebrates. The brownish-black pigment melanin is stored in organelles called melanosomes. In response to different stimuli, the cells can redistribute the melanosomes, and thereby change colour. During melanosome aggregation, a height increase has been observed in fish and frog melanophores across the cell centre. The mechanism by which the cell increases its height is unknown. Changes in cell shape can alter the electrical properties of the cell, and thereby be detected in impedance measurements. We have in earlier studies of Xenopus laevis melanophores shown that pigment aggregation can be revealed as impedance changes, and therefore we were interested in investigating the height changes associated with pigment aggregation further. Accordingly, we quantified the changes in cell height by performing vertical sectioning with confocal microscopy. In analogy with theories explaining the leading edge of migrating cells, we investigated the possibility that the elevation of plasma membrane is caused by local swelling due to influx of water through HgCl2-sensitive aquaporins. We also measured the height of the microtubule structures to assess whether they are involved in the height increase. Our results show that pigment aggregation in X. laevis melanophores resulted in a significant height increase, which was substantially larger when aggregation was induced by latrunculin than with melatonin. Moreover, the elevation of the plasma membrane did not correlate with influx of water through aquaporins or formation of new microtubules, Rather, the accumulation of granules seemed to drive the change in cell height.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Linköpings universitet, SE-581 85, Linköping, Sweden. chaim@imk.liu.se
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Immerstrand
authors.forename: Harriet M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Margaretha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindroth
authors.forename: Tommy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sundqvist
authors.forename: Karl-Eric
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.forename: Kajsa Holmgren
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic / Q000494:pharmacology; D048430:Cell Shape; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004594:Electrophysiology; D008547:Melanophores / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D020460:Melanosomes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008550:Melatonin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000378:metabolism*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D053778:Thiazolidines; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D013844:Thiazoles; D053778:Thiazolidines; D008550:Melatonin; C037067:latrunculin A