title: S-Naproxen and desmethylnaproxen glucuronidation by human liver microsomes and recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT): role of UGT2B7 in the elimination of naproxen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the kinetics of S-naproxen ('naproxen') acyl glucuronidation and desmethylnaproxen acyl and phenolic glucuronidation by human liver microsomes and identify the human UGT isoform(s) catalysing these reactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Naproxen and desmethylnaproxen glucuronidation were investigated using microsomes from six and five livers, respectively. Human recombinant UGTs were screened for activity towards naproxen and desmethylnaproxen. Where significant activity was observed, kinetic parameters were determined. Naproxen and desmethylnaproxen glucuronides were measured by separate high-performance liquid chromatography methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Naproxen acyl glucuronidation by human liver microsomes followed biphasic kinetics. Mean apparent K(m) values (+/-SD, with 95% confidence interval in parentheses) for the high- and low-affinity components were 29 +/- 13 microm (16, 43) and 473 +/- 108 microm (359, 587), respectively. UGT 1A1, 1A3, 1A6, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9, 1A10 and 2B7 glucuronidated naproxen. UGT2B7 exhibited an apparent K(m) (72 microm) of the same order as the high-affinity human liver microsomal activity, which was inhibited by the UGT2B7 selective 'probe' fluconazole. Although data for desmethylnaproxen phenolic glucuronidation by human liver microsomes were generally adequately fitted to either the single- or two-enzyme Michaelis-Menten equation, model fitting was inconclusive for desmethylnaproxen acyl glucuronidation. UGT 1A1, 1A7, 1A9 and 1A10 catalysed both the phenolic and acyl glucuronidation of desmethylnaproxen, while UGT 1A3, 1A6 and 2B7 formed only the acyl glucuronide. Atypical glucuronidation kinetics were variably observed for naproxen and desmethylnaproxen glucuronidation by the recombinant UGTs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UGT2B7 is responsible for human hepatic naproxen acyl glucuronidation, which is the primary elimination pathway for this drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Kushari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bowalgaha
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Elliot
authors.forename: Peter I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Knights
authors.forename: Stellan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swedmark
authors.forename: John O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Miners
mesh_terms: D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D009288:Naproxen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009288:Naproxen; C491474:UGT2B7 protein, human; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase; C034451:desmethylnaproxen