Macrophage activation by polysaccharide fraction isolated from Salicornia herbacea.
We demonstrate that polysaccharides isolated from Salicornia herbacea (Salicornia polysaccharides, SPS) significantly induces nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) transcription through the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB/Rel (NF-kappaB/Rel). SPS dose-dependently induced the production of NO in isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7, a mouse macrophage-like cell line. Moreover, iNOS gene expression was strongly induced by SPS in RAW 264.7 cells. To further investigate the mechanism responsible for the induction of iNOS gene expression, we investigated the effect of SPS on the activation of transcription factors including NF-kappaB/Rel and Oct, whose binding sites were located in the promoter of iNOS gene. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with SPS produced strong induction of NF-kappaB/Rel-dependent reporter gene expression, whereas Oct-dependent gene expression was not affected by SPS. Nuclear translocation and DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB/Rel was significantly induced by SPS. The treatment with NF-kappaB SN50, an inhibitor of NF-kappaB/Rel nuclear translocation, effectively inhibited the activation of NF-kappaB/Rel binding complexes and NO production. In conclusion, we demonstrate that SPS stimulates macrophages to express iNOS gene through the activation of NF-kappaB/Rel.
Lee
Kun Yeong
KY
Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea.
Lee
Mee Hong
MH
Chang
In Youb
IY
Yoon
Sang Pil
SP
Lim
Dong Yoon
DY
Jeon
Young Jin
YJ
D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D019663:Chenopodiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020569:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rel / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism
D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010455:Peptides; D011134:Polysaccharides; D020569:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rel; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C118258:SN50 peptide; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse