Ethical aspects of neonatal screening for sickle cell disease in Western European countries.
Sickle cell disease raises some important ethical questions regarding neonatal screening in Western European countries such as France, England or Belgium, which have already introduced either universal or selective screening. Such screening is aimed at benefiting children affected with major sickle cell syndrome. It also detects heterozygous babies and, in doing so, heterozygous parents. The latter information, which is ignored most of the time, risks making parents feel guilty and can raise fears of stigmatization. Whether it would change their future reproductive decisions requires further studies, for cultural and religious reasons may have a strong negative influence on the request for prenatal diagnosis. Disclosure of the child's illness may oblige the family to remain in the country they have emigrated to because it offers the best chance of treatment. As a result, links between the family and its original community are modified. Parents must more or less sever links with their family in Africa and try to trust and adapt to the public health services in Europe.


CONCLUSIONS
Neonatal screening of sickle cell disease is highly ethical in facilitating the prevention of the early death of affected children. It also detects heterozygous parents and offers at-risk couples the possibility to perform a prenatal diagnosis during the next pregnancy. Adequate counselling must consider the risk of stigmatization that carrier status represents, especially for women in many cultural beliefs, and the numerous cultural and religious reasons which limit parental uptake for prenatal diagnosis. Disclosure of their child's illness may oblige immigrant families to stay in Europe, where free and adapted healthcare is available.
de Montalembert
Mariane
M
Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France. mariane.demontal@nck.ap-hop-paris.fr
Bonnet
Doris
D
Lena-Russo
Danielle
D
Briard
Marie Louise
ML
D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000941:ethics*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*