title: Mobilization of bone marrow-derived cells enhances the angiogenic response to hypoxia without transdifferentiation into endothelial cells.
abstract: Bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) have been implicated as a modifiers of vascular growth either directly by transdifferentiation into endothelial cells (ECs) or indirectly through growth factor release. To examine these possibilities under physiological conditions, we developed a model of hypoxia-mediated angiogenesis in the mouse spinotrapezius muscle. This allows whole-mount analysis; therefore, the morphology and location of BMCs within the vascular network may be observed along with differentiation markers. We exposed bone marrow transplant chimeric mice to hypoxia and treated a subset with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Exposure to hypoxia caused an 13% increase in capillary density relative to control. Hypoxia did not increase the overall number of muscle-resident BMCs, but did increase the number of rounded BMCs by 25%. There was no discernable BMC contribution to the endothelium, although some BMCs assumed a pericyte morphology around capillaries. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor treatment further increased the number of round BMCs within the muscle and caused a 23% increase in angiogenesis. The results of this study suggest a potentially beneficial action of BMCs during hypoxia through paracrine release of growth factors but not transdifferentiation into ECs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0736, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Wamhoff
authors.forename: Gary K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Skalak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D002452:Cell Count; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D019650:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9