title: Characterization of Mycobacterium caprae isolates from Europe by mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit genotyping.
abstract: Mycobacterium caprae, a recently defined member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, causes tuberculosis among animals and, to a limited extent, in humans in several European countries. To characterize M. caprae in comparison with other Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex members and to evaluate genotyping methods for this species, we analyzed 232 M. caprae isolates by mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU) genotyping and by spoligotyping. The isolates originated from 128 distinct epidemiological settings in 10 countries, spanning a period of 25 years. We found 78 different MIRU patterns (53 unique types and 25 clusters with group sizes from 2 to 9) but only 17 spoligotypes, giving Hunter-Gaston discriminatory indices of 0.941 (MIRU typing) and 0.665 (spoligotyping). For a subset of 103 M. caprae isolates derived from outbreaks or endemic foci, MIRU genotyping and IS 6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism were compared and shown to provide similar results. MIRU loci 4, 26, and 31 were most discriminant in M. caprae, followed by loci 10 and 16, a combination which is different than those reported to discriminate M. bovis best. M. caprae MIRU patterns together with published data were used for phylogenetic inference analysis employing the neighbor-joining method. M. caprae isolates were grouped together, closely related to the branches of classical M. bovis, M. pinnipedii, M. microti, and ancestral M. tuberculosis, but apart from modern M. tuberculosis. The analysis did not reflect geographic patterns indicative of origin or spread of M. caprae. Altogether, our data confirm M. caprae as a distinct phylogenetic lineage within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Microbiology, and Social Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz Pregl-Strasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. wolfgang.prodinger@uibk.ac.at
authors.forename: Wolfgang M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Prodinger
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brandstätter
authors.forename: Ludmila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Naumann
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pacciarini
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubica
authors.forename: Maria Laura
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Boschiroli
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aranaz
authors.forename: György
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: Zeljko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cvetnic
authors.forename: Matjaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ocepek
authors.forename: Artem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skrypnyk
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Erler
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niemann
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pavlik
authors.forename: Irmgard
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Moser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000382:microbiology; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005838:Genotype; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D006041:Goats / Q000382:microbiology; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D020071:Interspersed Repetitive Sequences / Q000235:genetics*; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D009161:Mycobacterium / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000032:analysis; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D009841:Oligonucleotides