title: Target spatial frequency determines the response to conflicting defocus- and convergence-driven accommodative stimuli.
abstract: Asthenopia, or visual fatigue, is a frequent complaint from observers of stereoscopic three-dimensional displays. It has been proposed that asthenopia is a consequence of anomalous oculomotor responses generated by conflict between accommodative and convergence stimuli. The hypothesis was examined by measuring accommodation and convergence continuously with a Shin-Nippon SRW5000 infrared autorefractor and a limbus tracking device. Subjects viewed a high contrast Maltese Cross target at three levels of Gaussian filter target blur under conditions of relatively low- and high-conflict between accommodation and convergence stimuli, the latter inducing the sensation of stereopsis. Under the low-conflict conditions accommodation was stable, but convergence-driven accommodation was dominant when the target was extremely blurred. Under the high-conflict conditions the role of convergence-driven accommodation increased systematically with the degree of target blur. It is proposed that defocus-driven accommodation becomes weak when the target comprises low spatial frequency components. Large accommodative overshoots to step stimuli that are not blurred or only mildly blurred were consistently observed and are attributed to the initial accommodative response being convergence-driven. Whereas the possibility that high-conflict conditions are a cause of asthenopia has been previously reported, this is the first evidence that they specifically affect accommodative responses while viewing stereoscopic displays.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ukai
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wolffsohn
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gilmartin
authors.forename: Atsuhiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iijima
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bando
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular; D000328:Adult; D001248:Asthenopia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D003290:Convergence, Ocular; D003867:Depth Perception; D006801:Humans; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology