title: A shift to a peripheral Th2-type cytokine pattern during the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer becomes manifest in CIN III lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A shifted balance between T helper 1 (Th1)-type and Th2-type cytokines has been hypothesised in cervical dysplasia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate possible deregulation of the cytokine network by estimating the expression of peripheral cytokines in different stages of cervical disease and in relation to the presence or absence of high risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty one HR-HPV positive women with high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN II-III) and 12 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma formed the study groups. Two control groups consisted of 10 HR-HPV positive and 11 HR-HPV negative women without CIN. Differences in leucocyte subgroups were evaluated by a differential leucocyte count. Plasma concentrations of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), TNFalpha receptors TNFRI and TNFRII, interferon gamma (IFNgamma), interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-12, IL-4, and IL-10 were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leucocyte counts in patients with CIN III and carcinoma were significantly higher than in controls. Plasma IFNgamma concentrations were significantly lower in patients with CIN III and carcinoma than in women with CIN II or controls. Plasma concentrations of IL-12, IL-2, IL-4, and TNFalpha did not differ significantly between groups, but significantly lower plasma concentrations of TNFRII were found in CIN III and carcinoma compared with CIN II. IL-10 was detected with increased frequency in the plasma of patients with CIN III and carcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that a shift to a Th2-type cytokine pattern during the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer occurs in women with CIN III lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Bais
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Beckmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindemans
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ewing
authors.forename: C J L M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: P J F
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Snijders
authors.forename: T J M
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Helmerhorst
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines