title: An improved method for clearing and staining free-hand sections and whole-mount samples.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Free-hand sectioning of living plant tissues allows fast microscopic observation of internal structures. The aim of this study was to improve the quality of preparations from roots with suberized cell walls. A whole-mount procedure that enables visualization of exo- and endodermal cells along the root axis was also established.
  
  
  METHODS
  Free-hand sections were cleared with lactic acid saturated with chloral hydrate, and observed with or without post-staining in toluidine blue O or aniline blue. Both white light and UV light were used for observation. Lactic acid was also used as a solvent for berberine, and fluorol yellow for clearing and staining the samples used for suberin observation. This procedure was also applied to whole-mount roots with suberized celllayers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clearing of sections results in good image quality to observe the tissue structure and cell walls compared with non-cleared sections. The use of lactic acid as a solvent for fluorol yellow proved superior to previously used solvents such as polyethylene glycol-glycerol. Clearing and fluorescence staining of thin roots such as those of Arabidopsis thaliana were successful for suberin visualization in endodermal cells within whole-mount roots. For thicker roots, such as those of maize, sorghum or tea, this procedure could be used for visualizing the exodermis in a longitudinal view. Clearing and staining of peeled maize root segments enabled observation of endodermal cell walls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clearing procedure using lactic acid improves the quality of images from free-hand sections and clearings. This method enhances the study of plant root anatomy, in particular the histological development and changes of cell walls, when used in combination with fluorescence microscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina B-2,SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lux
authors.forename: Shigenori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D002473:Cell Wall; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D008867:Microtomy / Q000379:methods*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology*; D013048:Specimen Handling; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*