title: Effects of sublethal UVA irradiation on activity levels of oxidative defense enzymes and protein oxidation in Escherichia coli.
abstract: When bacterial cells are stressed by a change in the environment, they respond by changing the activity of enzymes at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. The UVA component (400-315 nm) of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface is one of the most common stresses encountered by bacteria in their environment. Bacteria have evolved various antioxidant defense systems to increase survival when subjected to the deleterious effects of UVA irradiation. Recently, UVA-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative damage have been shown to be dependent on radiation intensity and dose distribution, not just total energy dose. We now report that when Escherichia coli is subjected to continuous sublethal, low-fluence UVA irradiation (7.4 W/m(2)) while growing to stationary phase, it responds by changing the activity levels of hydroperoxidases (HPI, HPII), glutathione reductase and manganese superoxide dismutase. This leads to an attenuation of the growth-delay response and an increase resistance to lethal UVA irradiation. When E. coli is given a UVA dose of 135 kJ/m(2) delivered at a fluence rate of 50 W/m(2), extensive protein oxidation occurs which may contribute to the inhibition of key cellular enzymes, leading to cellular dysfunction, DNA damage and eventually death. Changes in antioxidant enzymes induced by low-fluence UVA irradiation do not confer greater protection from protein oxidation after a challenge dose of UVA irradiation delivered at a fluence rate of 50 W/m(2).
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI 49307, USA. hoerterj@ferris.edu
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hoerter
authors.forename: Alan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Dorota A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kuczynska
authors.forename: Akemi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.forename: Admasu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gizachew
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hotchkiss
authors.forename: Todd J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D016923:Cell Death / Q000528:radiation effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D008954:Models, Biological; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C068477:ferric uptake regulating proteins, bacterial; C102664:hydroperoxidase II; D002374:Catalase; C051253:katG protein, E coli; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase