title: Treatment of acute achilles tendon ruptures. A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a lack of consensus regarding the best option for the treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture. Treatment can be broadly classified as operative (open or percutaneous) or nonoperative (casting or functional bracing). Postoperative splinting can be performed with a rigid cast (proximal or distal to the knee) or a more mobile functional brace. The aim of this meta-analysis was to identify and summarize the evidence from randomized, controlled trials on the effectiveness of different interventions for the treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched multiple databases (including EMBASE, CINAHL, and MEDLINE) as well as reference lists of articles and contacted authors. Keywords included Achilles tendon, rupture, and tendon injuries. Three reviewers extracted data and independently assessed trial quality with use of a ten-item scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve trials involving 800 patients were included. There was a variable level of methodological rigor and reporting of outcomes. Open operative treatment was associated with a lower risk of rerupture compared with nonoperative treatment (relative risk, 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.11 to 0.64). However, it was associated with a higher risk of other complications, including infection, adhesions, and disturbed skin sensibility (relative risk, 10.60; 95% confidence interval, 4.82 to 23.28). Percutaneous repair was associated with a lower complication rate compared with open operative repair (relative risk, 2.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 7.62). Patients who had been managed with a functional brace postoperatively (allowing for early mobilization) had a lower complication rate compared with those who had been managed with a cast (relative risk, 1.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.27 to 2.76). Because of the small number of patients involved, no definitive conclusions could be made regarding different nonoperative treatment regimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Open operative treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures significantly reduces the risk of rerupture compared with nonoperative treatment, but operative treatment is associated with a significantly higher risk of other complications. Operative risks may be reduced by performing surgery percutaneously. Postoperative splinting with use of a functional brace reduces the overall complication rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic Level I.
authors.affiliation: Perth Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Surgery and Pathology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. riazkhan@aol.com
authors.forename: Riaz J K
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fick
authors.forename: Angus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keogh
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brammar
authors.forename: Martyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000293:injuries*; D000208:Acute Disease; D006801:Humans; D008349:Manipulation, Orthopedic; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012421:Rupture; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome