title: C4d staining of pulmonary allograft biopsies: an immunoperoxidase study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of antibody-mediated/humoral rejection in lung allografts is not fully elucidated. In other organ systems, deposition of a specific complement product, C4d, is a sensitive and specific marker for humoral rejection. C4d can be evaluated in tissue biopsies by immunofluorescence or light microscopic immunohistochemical staining techniques. Using immunohistochemical staining techniques we sought to determine whether there was any specific staining pattern for C4d in lung allograft biopsies with or without the diagnosis of acute or chronic cellular or humoral rejection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 68 lung transplant biopsies, performed at UCLA Medical Center from January 2002 to August 2004, were collected and the paraffin blocks were re-cut and stained for C4d by an immunoperoxidase technique. The cases were separated by the presence or absence of features of acute and/or chronic rejection based on the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation working formulation for the classification of pulmonary allograft rejection, revised 1995. The pattern of staining for C4d was then systematically examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive staining in a variable, focal non-specific pattern was observed. There was no consistent staining pattern within the different diagnostic groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C4d staining of paraffin-embedded lung allograft biopsies, using currently available techniques, does not identify acute or chronic cellular or humoral rejection in lung allograft tissue.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anatomic Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: W Dean
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Elaine F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Lassman
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fishbein
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015935:Complement C4b / Q000276:immunology*; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D015935:Complement C4b; C032261:complement C4d