title: Production of chemokines by perivascular adipose tissue: a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Although it is known that white adipose tissue (WAT) produces numerous proinflammatory and proatherogenic cytokines and chemokines, it is unclear whether adipose-derived chemotactic signals affect the chronic inflammation in atherosclerosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histological examination showed that perivascular WAT (pWAT) is in close proximity to vascular walls, particularly at sites that have a tendency to develop atherosclerosis. In rodents, the amount of pWAT is markedly increased by a high-fat diet. At a functional level, supernatant from subcutaneous and pWAT strongly induced the chemotaxis of peripheral blood leukocytes. The migration of granulocytes and monocytes was mostly mediated by interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, respectively, whereas both chemokines contributed to the migration of activated T cells. Moreover, pWAT produces these chemokines, as shown by immunohistochemistry and by explant culture. The accumulation of macrophages and T cells at the interface between pWAT and the adventitia of human atherosclerotic aortas may reflect this prochemotactic activity of pWAT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human pWAT has chemotactic properties through the secretion of different chemokines, and we propose that pWAT might contribute to the progression of obesity-associated atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Elvire
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Henrichot
authors.forename: Cristiana E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Juge-Aubry
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pernin
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pache
authors.forename: Valdimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Velebit
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dayer
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meda
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chizzolini
authors.forename: Christoph A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Meier
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000276:immunology; D004036:Diet, Atherogenic; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology; D009765:Obesity / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D004041:Dietary Fats; D016209:Interleukin-8