title: Secondhand smoke and respiratory ill health in current smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies have concluded that secondhand smoke (SHS) is harmful to non-smokers but controversy persists regarding its effects on smokers. The impact of SHS exposure on the acute respiratory health of current active smokers was examined using a cross sectional design.
  
  
  METHODS
  9923 uniformed staff in the Hong Kong Police Force completed a standardised questionnaire on current and past smoking, SHS exposure at home and at work, acute respiratory symptoms, and recent physician consultation. 3999 male current smokers were included in the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 5% of the smokers were exposed to SHS at home only, 53% were exposed at work only, and 30% were exposed both at home and at work. The prevalence ratios for respiratory symptoms (throat and nasal problems, cough, phlegm, and wheeze), physician consultation, and self medication were higher for those who were exposed to SHS at home or at work. The odds ratios of reporting one or more respiratory symptoms, for SHS exposures at home or at work, were 1.33 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12 to 1.59) and 1.66 (95% CI 1.36 to 2.02) respectively, after adjusting for age, marital status, education, rank and duties, exposure to self perceived dusty or polluted environment in previous job, and total dose of active smoking. The adjusted odds ratios showed significant positive dose-response gradients with SHS exposure at home, at work, and at both places combined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SHS exposure is strongly associated with increased acute respiratory symptoms and recent outpatient service utilisation in current smokers. If the association is causal, public health action to limit SHS exposure could also benefit smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: T-H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: L-M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hedley
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adab
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fielding
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: McGhee
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aharonson-Daniel
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016495:Police; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution