title: Reducing bias in telephone survey estimates of the prevalence of drug use: a randomized trial of telephone audio-CASI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of telephone audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (T-ACASI) on reporting of alcohol use, alcohol problems and illicit drug use in telephone surveys of the general population. Prior research suggests that illicit drug use is underreported in traditional, interviewer-administered, telephone surveys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized experiment embedded in telephone survey of probability samples of populations of USA and Baltimore, MD. Survey respondents were randomly assigned to be interviewed either by human telephone interviewers or by T-ACASI after household screening, recruitment, and informed consent procedures were completed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Respondents were interviewed by telephone in their homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Probability samples of 1543 English-speaking adults ages 18-45 residing in telephone-accessible households in USA and 744 similarly defined adults residing in Baltimore, MD, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine questions on alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and injection drug use adapted from 1994 NHSDA and four CAGE questions on alcohol problems. Crude odds ratios and odds ratios controlling for demographic factors calculated to test for differences between responses obtained by T-ACASI and human interviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T-ACASI had mixed effects on reporting of alcohol use, but it did increase reporting of one of four CAGE alcohol problems: feeling guilty about drinking (23.0% in T-ACASI vs. 17.6% in T-IAQ, OR = 1.4, P < 0.01). T-ACASI also obtained significantly more frequent reporting of marijuana, cocaine, and injection drug use. The impact of T-ACASI was most pronounced for reporting of recent use of 'harder' drugs. Thus T-ACASI respondents were more likely to report marijuana use in the past month (10.0% vs. 5.7%, crude OR = 1.9, P < 0.001), cocaine use in the past month (2.1% vs. 0.7%, crude 3.2, P < 0.001) and injection drug use in the past five years (1.6% vs. 0.3%, crude OR = 4.8, P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Telephone survey respondents were more likely to report illicit drug use and one alcohol problem when interviewed by T-ACASI rather than by human telephone interviews.
authors.affiliation: Program in Health and Behavior Measurement, Research Triangle Institute, Washington DC 20036, USA. cft@rti.org
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Villarroel
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eggleston
authors.forename: Laxminarayana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ganapathi
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: Alia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Tayyib
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015982:Bias; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012650:Self Disclosure; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013689:Telephone; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology