title: Learning disabilities in a population-based group of children with hydrocephalus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess cognitive functions in a population-based group of children with hydrocephalus and to analyse differences between children with and without myelomeningocoele (MMC); with hydrocephalus already present at birth and those who developed it later; children born at full term and those born preterm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 103 children with hydrocephalus born in the western-Swedish region in 1989-1993, 73 were assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scales or the Griffith Developmental Scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-third of the children were normally gifted (IQ >85), another 30% had a low average IQ of 70-84 and 37% had learning disabilities with an IQ of <70. The median IQ was 75, verbal IQ 90 and performance IQ 76 (p<0.001). An IQ of <70 was found in 19 of 45 (42%) children without MMC and in 8 of 28 (29%) of those with MMC. Children born preterm had a lower IQ of 68 than those born at full term with an IQ of 76, while children with hydrocephalus present at birth but without MMC had a lower IQ of 60 than the others with an IQ of 77. Children with cerebral palsy and/or epilepsy (n=22) had a lower IQ of 66 than the IQ of 78 in those without these impairments (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive functions in children with hydrocephalus need to be carefully assessed before school age to ensure adequate support and education. Even the one-third near normally gifted children with an IQ of 70-85 require special attention, due to the profile of relatively well-preserved verbal functions but greatly impaired perceptual and non-verbal abilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Habilitation, Halmstad County Hospital, Halmstad, Sweden.
authors.forename: Barbro
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindquist
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.forename: Eva-Karin
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Uvebrant
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000150:complications*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D007360:Intelligence; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000150:complications