title: Endogenous occurrence of some anabolic steroids in swine matrices.
abstract: Following findings of 17beta-19-nortestosterone (150-200 microg kg(-1)) in pigs of unspecified gender imported into the European Union, a study to determine steroid and hormone levels in swine from six age/gender categories (uncastrated 'old' boars, cryptorchids, one intersex, barrows, gilts and sows) was initiated. Indeed, for some hormones there has been a discussion about their being endo- or exogenous. Tissue and urine samples from swine from each of the six categories were obtained in Belgium, France, the Netherlands and the USA. Samples were analysed in three laboratories. Quantitation was obtained for norandrostenedione, 19-nortestosterone and boldenone. The results give a well-documented overview of the status of the presence of these hormones in swine. The data illustrate that uncastrated 'old' boars produce the highest percentage of 'positive' matrices, followed by the cryptorchids. Concentrations in the matrices of the barrows and the gilts are lower. Also, sow matrices contain low amounts of nor-steroids. Furthermore, urine samples from an intersex pig contains a higher concentration of nortestosterone than sows and can therefore be suspected for illegal use of these hormones. Veterinarians taking samples in pig farms for the analysis of hormones need to be aware of the presence and concentrations of these substances in the different categories.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Research Group of Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Salisburylaan, 133 B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poelmans
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Wasch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noppe
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Van Hoof
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Cruchten
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Le Bizec
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deceuninck
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sterk
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Van Rossum
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: De Brabander
mesh_terms: D000735:Androstenedione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis; D009277:Nandrolone / Q000032:analysis; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000662:veterinary; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D013739:Testosterone; D000735:Androstenedione; C013915:boldenone; D009277:Nandrolone; C002828:19-norandrostenedione