title: Field study of pulsed air sparging for remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil and groundwater.
abstract: Recent laboratory-scale studies strongly suggested an advantage to operating air-sparging systems in a pulsed mode; however, little definitive field data existed to support the laboratory-scale observations. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a field-scale pulsed air-sparging system during a short-term pilot test and during long-term system operation. The air-sparging system consisted of 32 sparging points and had been previously operated in a continuous mode for two years before the field study was performed. The field study used instruments with continuous data logging capabilities to monitor the dynamic responses of groundwater and soil vapor parameters to air injection. The optimum pulsing frequency was based on the evidence that the hydrocarbon volatilization and oxygen dissolution rates dramatically dropped after the air-sparging system reached steady state. The short-term pilot test results indicated a substantial increase in hydrocarbon volatilization and biodegradation in pulsed operation. On the basis of the results of the pilottest, the air-sparging system was set to operate in a pulsed mode at an optimum pulsing frequency. Operation parameters were collected 2, 8, and 12 months after the start of the pulsed operation. The long-term monitoring results showed thatthe pulsed operation increased the average hydrocarbon removal rate (kg/day) by a factor of up to 3 as compared to the previous continuous operation. The pulsed air sparging has resulted in higher reduction rates of dissolved benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) than were observed during the continuous operation. Among BTEX, benzene's reduction rate was the highest during the pulsed air-sparging operation.
authors.affiliation: BP p.l.c., 28100 Torch Parkway, Warrenville, Illinois 60555, USA. Xiaomin.Yang@BP.com
authors.forename: Xiaomin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beckmann
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fiorenza
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Niedermeier
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D001554:Benzene / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008824:Michigan; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010578:Petroleum / Q000032:analysis*; D011312:Pressure; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013997:Time Factors; D014050:Toluene / Q000032:analysis; D014867:Water; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000032:analysis; D014992:Xylenes / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D010578:Petroleum; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014873:Water Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014992:Xylenes; D014867:Water; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D014050:Toluene; D001554:Benzene; C004912:ethylbenzene; D010100:Oxygen