title: Mothers' experiences of serious life events increase the risk of diabetes-related autoimmunity in their children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stressful life events have been shown to constitute a risk factor for type 1 diabetes during childhood. Our aim was to investigate in the general child population (i.e., irrespective of genetic risk for type 1 diabetes) whether mothers' experiences of serious life events, such as divorce and violence, were associated with diabetes-related autoimmunity in their children at age 2.5 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study cohort was comprised of the first 5,986 consecutive children and their families from the prospective population-based All Babies in Southeast Sweden project for whom 2.5-year study data were available. Data were drawn from parental questionnaires that included questions about experiences of serious life events and the blood samples taken from the children when the children were age 2.5 years. The blood samples were analyzed for diabetes-related autoantibodies against tyrosine phosphatase and GAD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mothers' experiences of divorce (odds ratio 3.6, 95% CI 1.4-9.6, P < 0.05) and violence (2.9, 1.0-7.8, P < 0.05) were associated with diabetes-related autoimmunity in the children, independent of a family history of type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support the beta-cell stress hypothesis and suggest that maternal experiences of serious life events such as divorce and violence seem to be involved in the induction or progression of diabetes-related autoimmunity in children at age 2.5 years, independent of family history of type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatrics, Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE 581 85, Linköping, Sweden. anneli.sepa@imk.liu.se
authors.forename: Anneli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sepa
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frodi
authors.forename: Johnny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D015551:Autoimmunity; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003643:Death; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D004243:Divorce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D054562:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000276:immunology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D054562:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase