title: In-house nucleic acid amplification tests for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum specimens: meta-analysis and meta-regression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More than 200 studies related to nucleic acid amplification (NAA) tests to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis directly from clinical specimens have appeared in the world literature since this technology was first introduced. NAA tests come as either commercial kits or as tests designed by the reporting investigators themselves (in-house tests). In-house tests vary widely in their accuracy, and factors that contribute to heterogeneity in test accuracy are not well characterized. Here, we used meta-analytical methods, including meta-regression, to identify factors related to study design and assay protocols that affect test accuracy in order to identify those factors associated with high estimates of accuracy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By searching multiple databases and sources, we identified 2520 potentially relevant citations, and analyzed 84 separate studies from 65 publications that dealt with in-house NAA tests to detect M. tuberculosis in sputum samples. Sources of heterogeneity in test accuracy estimates were determined by subgroup and meta-regression analyses. Among 84 studies analyzed, the sensitivity and specificity estimates varied widely; sensitivity varied from 9.4% to 100%, and specificity estimates ranged from 5.6% to 100%. In the meta-regression analysis, the use of IS6110 as a target, and the use of nested PCR methods appeared to be significantly associated with higher diagnostic accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estimates of accuracy of in-house NAA tests for tuberculosis are highly heterogeneous. The use of IS6110 as an amplification target, and the use of nested PCR methods appeared to be associated with higher diagnostic accuracy. However, the substantial heterogeneity in both sensitivity and specificity of the in-house NAA tests rendered clinically useful estimates of test accuracy difficult. Future development of NAA-based tests to detect M. tuberculosis from sputum specimens should take into consideration these findings in improving accuracy of in-house NAA tests.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. LFlores@medsfgh.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: Madhukar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Colford
authors.forename: Lee W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Riley
mesh_terms: D005784:Gene Amplification; D006801:Humans; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis