title: The treatment of fistulae and ureteral stenosis after kidney transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of urological complications after kidney transplantation varies from 3% to 14%, with a probable loss of the graft in 10% to 15% of cases and a mortality rate of up to 15%, despite improvements in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment as well as the use of new immunosuppressive therapies. Urinous fistulae, which are considered early complications of transplantation, are due to ischemic damage or necrosis generally occurring in the distal third of the ureter. Preservation of accessory arteries to the lower portion of the kidney is important, as they may constitute the blood supply of this segment of the collecting system or ureter. Their ligation may lead to necrosis and urinary fistulae. Ureteral stenosis, as late complication, is related to a pathology of the ureter itself, to infections, to abscesses, to fibrosis, and to ischemia. An early endoscopic approach permits resolution in 70% of cases. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine incidence and treatment of these complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1991 to 2004 we performed 453 kidney transplantations both from cadaveric and living donors. In 199 patients we performed a transvesical ureteroneocystostomy (UNCS), and in 260, an extravesical UNCS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nine patients who showed fistulae (1.9%) underwent surgical treatment. In eight we used a direct ureteral reimplantation, and in one, a Boari flap technique. Nephrectomy was necessary in four patients, including two who died of septic complications. In all 26 cases of ureteral stenosis (5.6%), we used an endourological approach (anterograde or retrograde), with surgical treatment afterward in 11 patients (42%) nine direct reimplants, one anastomosis to the native ureter (transplantation from a living donor), and in one case a Boari flap technique four patients who underwent surgical treatment showed progressive damage to graft function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In all patients who showed fistulae we suggest surgical review: for patients with ureteral stenosis, we suggest first an endourological approach and only when it is not successful do we consider surgical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology II, Florence University, Florence, Italy. vlimarzi@hotmail.com
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Li Marzi
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Filocamo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dattolo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zanazzi
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Paoletti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marzocco
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Villari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salvadori
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nicita
mesh_terms: D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000628:therapy; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery; D014515:Ureteral Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery; D014548:Urinary Fistula / Q000628:therapy*