title: Alterations in eliminative and sexual reflexes after spinal cord injury: defecatory function and development of spasticity in pelvic floor musculature.
abstract: Spinal cord injury often results in loss of normal eliminative and sexual functions. This chapter is focused on defecatory function, although aspects of micturition and erectile function will be covered as well due to the overlap in anatomical organization and response to injury. These systems have both autonomic and somatic components, and are organized in the thoracolumbar (sympathetic), lumbosacral (somatic), and sacral (parasympathetic) spinal cord. Loss of supraspinal descending control and plasticity-mediated alterations at the level of the spinal cord, result in loss of voluntary control and in abnormal functioning of these systems including the development of dyssynergies and spasticity. There are several useful models of spinal cord injury in rodents that exhibit many of the autonomic dysfunctions observed after spinal cord injury in humans. Numerous studies involving these animal models have demonstrated development of abnormalities in bladder, external anal sphincter, and erectile function, such as detrusor-sphincter-dyssynergia and external anal sphincter hyperreflexia. Here we review many of these studies and show some of the anatomical alterations that develop within the spinal cord during the development of these hyperreflexias. Furthermore, we show that spasticity develops in other pelvic floor musculature as well, such as the bulbospongiosus muscle, which results in increased duration and magnitude of pressures developed during erectile events and increased duration of micturition. Advances and continued improvement in the use of current animal models of spinal cord injury should encourage and increase the laboratory work devoted to this relatively neglected area of experimental spinal cord injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of CNS Repair and Spinal Trauma and Repair Laboratories, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Yvette S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Nout
authors.forename: Gail M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Leedy
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Beattie
authors.forename: Jacqueline C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bresnahan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003672:Defecation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000294:innervation*; D010410:Penile Erection / Q000502:physiology*; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D012021:Reflex, Abnormal; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology