title: Sophorolipids, microbial glycolipids with anti-human immunodeficiency virus and sperm-immobilizing activities.
abstract: The increased incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS disease in women aged 15 to 49 years has identified the urgent need for a female-controlled, efficacious, and safe vaginal topical microbicide. To meet this challenge, sophorolipid (SL) produced by Candida bombicola and its structural analogs have been studied in this report for their spermicidal, anti-HIV, and cytotoxic activities. The sophorolipid diacetate ethyl ester derivative is the most potent spermicidal and virucidal agent of the series of SLs studied. Its virucidal activity against HIV and sperm-immobilizing activity against human semen are similar to those of nonoxynol-9. However, it also induced enough vaginal cell toxicity to raise concerns about its applicability for long-term microbicidal contraception. Its structure-activity relationship has been established for creating new analogs with less cytotoxicity and higher activity.
authors.affiliation: NSF Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
authors.forename: Vishal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Gustavo F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Doncel
authors.forename: Theodoros
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seyoum
authors.forename: Kristin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zalenskaya
authors.forename: Rena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hagver
authors.forename: Abul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azim
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gross
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002175:Candida / Q000737:chemistry; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003588:Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006017:Glycolipids / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D013089:Spermatocidal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013997:Time Factors; D014621:Vagina / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D006017:Glycolipids; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016209:Interleukin-8; D013089:Spermatocidal Agents