title: Mitral annular disjunction in advanced myxomatous mitral valve disease: echocardiographic detection and surgical correction.
abstract: Mitral annular disjunction is a structural abnormality of the mitral annulus fibrosus described by pathologists in association with mitral leaflet prolapse and defined as a separation between the atrial wall-mitral valve (MV) junction and the left ventricular attachment allowing for hypermobility of the MV apparatus. The transesophageal echocardiographic characteristics of this abnormality have not been previously described. In patients undergoing MV repair for myxomatous MV degeneration and evaluated using a standardized transesophageal echocardiographic protocol, annular disjunction (mean value 10 +/- 3 mm) was seen at the base of the posterior leaflet in 98% of patients with advanced, and in 9% of patients with mild/moderate MV degeneration. There was a significant correlation between the magnitude of disjunction and the number of segments with prolapse/flail (r = 0.397, P = .001). We found annular disjunction to be a common component of MV apparatus in advanced MV degeneration. Its recognition on transesophageal echocardiography is important to facilitate optimal MV repair. The modification of the repair technique allows surgical correction of the annular disjunction, which seems to optimize long-term results in these challenging cases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Catarina Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Bitkover
authors.forename: Ahmad S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Omran
authors.forename: Tirone E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.forename: Mohamed J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Samuel C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Siu
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rakowski
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006338:Heart Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008945:Mitral Valve Prolapse / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D009232:Myxoma / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome