title: The changing composition of the pediatric medical subspecialty workforce.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the composition of the pediatric subspecialty workforce in terms of the distribution of women and international medical graduates (IMGs) across pediatric medical subspecialties and to determine whether the proportions of board-certified pediatric subspecialists who are women or IMGs differ between graduation cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used board certification data from the American Board of Pediatrics. Within each pediatric subspecialty, we classified physicians into 2 groups, ie, recent graduates, defined as those who completed medical school after January 1, 1987, and nonrecent graduates, who completed medical school before that date. We calculated the percentage of female physicians for each subspecialty and computed 95% confidence intervals around those estimates to identify male-dominated subspecialties. Using Pearson chi2 tests, we compared the percentages of women between the 2 graduation cohorts for each subspecialty. Similar calculations were performed for the percentage of IMGs in each subspecialty. Sensitivity analyses were performed with data from the 2002 American Medical Association Physician Masterfile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 9 of 16 pediatric medical subspecialties studied, the percentages of board-certified women were significantly greater in the recent cohort than in the nonrecent cohort. Subspecialties that remain predominantly male in the recent graduation cohort include cardiology, critical care medicine, gastroenterology, pulmonology, and sports medicine. In contrast, the percentages of board-certified IMGs were significantly lower for 6 of the 16 specialties studied; endocrinology and gastroenterology remain relatively reliant on IMGs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the majority of pediatric medical subspecialties, concerns that the predominance of women in pediatric training may negatively affect the supply of subspecialists are likely unfounded; however, a small number of procedure-based specialties, as well as sports medicine, continue to rely disproportionately on men. There do not seem to be consistent differences in the role of IMGs across the pediatric medical subspecialties between recent and nonrecent graduates, which may reflect differing tendencies to become certified.
authors.affiliation: Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7590, USA. michelle_mayer@unc.edu
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Preisser
mesh_terms: D002568:Certification; D005260:Female; D005550:Foreign Medical Graduates / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008511:Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013038:Specialization; D014481:United States