title: In vivo imaging of cerebral "peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites" in patients with hepatic encephalopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One proposed mechanism whereby hepatic encephalopathy (HE) leads to loss of brain function is dysregulated synthesis of neurosteroids. Mitochondrial synthesis of neurosteroids is regulated by "peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites" (PBBS). Expressed in the brain by activated glial cells, PBBS can be measured in vivo by the specific ligand [11C](R)-PK11195 and positron emission tomography (PET). Recently, it has been suggested that PBBS expressing glial cells may play a role in the general inflammatory responses seen in HE. Therefore, we measured PBBS in vivo in the brains of patients with minimal HE using [11C](R)-PK11195 PET.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five patients with minimal HE and biopsy proven cirrhosis of differing aetiology were assessed with a neuropsychometric battery. Regional expression of PBBS in the brain was detected by [11C](R)-PK11195 PET.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients showed brain regions with increased [11C](R)-PK11195 binding. Significant increases in glial [11C](R)-PK11195 binding were found bilaterally in the pallidum, right putamen, and right dorsolateral prefrontal region. The patient with the most severe cognitive impairment had the highest increases in regional [11C](R)-PK11195 binding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HE is associated with increased cerebral binding of [11C](R)-PK11195 in vivo, reflecting increased expression of PBBS by glial cells. This supports earlier experimental evidence in rodent models of liver failure, suggesting that an altered glial cell state, as evidenced by the increase in cerebral PBBS, might be causally related to impaired brain functioning in HE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cagnin
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Taylor-Robinson
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Forton
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Banati
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000378:metabolism*; D001665:Binding Sites; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines