title: Analysis of estrogen agonism and antagonism of tamoxifen, raloxifene, and ICI182780 in endometrial cancer cells: a putative role for the epidermal growth factor receptor ligand amphiregulin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In different tissues, estrogens, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), and anti-estrogens exert different biologic activities. For the endometrium, estradiol and tamoxifen induce proliferation, and because of this, tamoxifen treatment of breast cancer patients results in a two- to sevenfold increased risk for development of endometrial cancer. Use of raloxifene, or the anti-estrogen ICI182780, does not result in such an increased risk. The objective of the current study was to generate and analyze gene expression profiles that reflect the transcriptional response of the human endometrium to estradiol, SERMs like tamoxifen and raloxifene, and anti-estrogens like ICI182780.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transient transfections were performed to analyze the transcriptional response of ECC-1 cells to estradiol, tamoxifen, raloxifene, and ICI182780. Subsequently, to reveal the molecular mechanism of action, gene expression profiles were generated and some of the observed regulated genes were confirmed by Northern blotting. Biostatistical methods were employed to analyze the expression profile results further, and amphiregulin effects on ECC-1 cell signaling were investigated using Northern and Western blotting, and 3H-thymidine incorporation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of the profiles revealed that estradiol, tamoxifen, raloxifene, and ICI182780 influence the same biologic processes, but they do so via regulation of different sets of genes. Upon construction of a genetic network it was observed that the largest possible network centered on epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor signaling. Furthermore, the EGF receptor ligand amphiregulin was differentially regulated by all four ligands. Next it was shown that amphiregulin indeed could stimulate EGF receptor signaling in ECC-1 cells. Based on these results, it was hypothesized that EGF receptor signaling could differentially be affected by estrogen, tamoxifen, raloxifene, and ICI182780 because these four compounds differentially regulate the EGF receptor ligand amphiregulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regulation of amphiregulin coincides with the described in vivo effect of the four ligands on the endometrium. Therefore, it is possible that modulation of EGF receptor signaling is a significant player in estrogen-agonistic growth of the endometrium and needs to be investigated further.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Susanne C J P
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gielen
authors.forename: Curt W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: Liesbeth C M
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Kühne
authors.forename: Payman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hanifi-Moghaddam
authors.forename: Leen J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Blok
mesh_terms: D066258:Amphiregulin; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066255:EGF Family of Proteins; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C587848:AREG protein, human; D066258:Amphiregulin; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D066255:EGF Family of Proteins; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D006023:Glycoproteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D013629:Tamoxifen; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D004958:Estradiol