title: Stress urinary incontinence in women: review and update on neurological control.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common disease that involves leakage of urine during coughing, sneezing, or other increases in intraabdominal pressure. Treatments for SUI include pelvic floor muscle training, electrical stimulation, surgery, and off-label alpha-adrenergic agonists that stimulate contraction of the urethral smooth muscle. None of these treatments is universally or completely effective, and because drug therapy with the alpha- adrenergic agonists phenylpropanolamine and ephedrine can cause serious pressor adverse effects, the former has been banned in the United States, and the latter is under scrutiny. The central nervous system (CNS) affects reflexes that control urine storage and micturition, and norepinephrine and serotonin play a key role in maintaining storage capability by means of contraction of the external striated muscle of the urethral sphincter. Duloxetine hydrochloride, which inhibits reuptake of both of these neurotransmitters, has been shown to promote striated urethral sphincter contraction in animal models and to reduce the incidence of involuntary urine release in women with SUI without interfering with micturition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuromodulation of noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmitters with such drugs as duloxetine provides an additional treatment option for women with SUI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA. klmiller@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011788:Quality of Life; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States; D014521:Urethra / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014554:Urination / Q000187:drug effects; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors