title: Nonsurgical management of urolithiasis: an overview of expulsive therapy.
abstract: Although minimally invasive stone therapies such as shockwave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy are efficacious, these techniques are not free of risks and are relatively expensive. Watchful waiting may be appropriate in patients without infection whose pain can be controlled with oral medication but is associated with pain, uncertainty, potential risks to renal function, and time lost from work. Hydroxyprogesterone, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, calcium-channel blockers such as nifedipine, alpha-1 blockers such as tamsulosin, and corticosteroids may have some beneficial effect. Future studies are likely to provide additional data in support of their use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Healy
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogan
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006908:Hydroxyprogesterones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D006908:Hydroxyprogesterones