title: A human transferrin-vascular endothelial growth factor (hnTf-VEGF) fusion protein containing an integrated binding site for (111)In for imaging tumor angiogenesis.
abstract: Our objective was to synthesize a recombinant protein (hnTf-VEGF [VEGF is vascular endothelial growth factor]) composed of VEGF(165) fused through a flexible polypeptide linker (GGGGS)(3) to the n-lobe of human transferrin (hnTf) for imaging angiogenesis. The hnTf domain allowed labeling with (111)In at a site remote from the VEGF receptor-binding domain.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA encoding hnTf, peptide linker (GGGGS)(3), and VEGF(165) genes were cloned into the Pichia pastoris vector pPICZalphaB to generate the pPICZalphaB-hnTF-VEGF plasmid. The expression vector was transformed into P. pastoris KM71H strain. The protein was purified using Co(2+) metal affinity resin. The growth-stimulatory effects of hnTf-VEGF on human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) and its binding to porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs) transfected with VEGF receptors were evaluated. hnTf-VEGF protein was labeled with (111)InCl(3) in 10 mmol/L HEPES/15 mmol/L NaHCO(3) buffer, pH 7.4 (HEPES is N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N'-(2-ethanesulfonic acid). The loss of (111)In in vitro from (111)In-hnTf-VEGF to transferrin in human plasma and to diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) in buffer was determined. Tumor and normal tissue distributions of (111)In-hnTf-VEGF were evaluated in athymic mice implanted subcutaneously with U87MG human glioblastoma xenografts. Tumor imaging was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamine gel electrophoresis under reducing and nonreducing conditions showed bands for hnTf-VEGF monomer (M(r) of 65 kDa) and dimer (M(r) of 130 kDa). hnTf-VEGF stimulated the growth of HUVECs 3-fold and demonstrated binding to PAECs displaced by a 50-fold excess of VEGF(165) but not by apotransferrin. There was 21.3% +/- 3.4% loss of (111)In per day from (111)In-hnTf-VEGF to transferrin in plasma, but <5% loss to DTPA over 4 h. (111)In-hnTf-VEGF accumulated in U87MG tumors (6.7% injected dose per gram at 72 h after injection) and its tumor uptake decreased 15-fold by coadministration of a 100-fold excess of VEGF but not by apotransferrin. The tumor-to-blood ratio was 4.9:1 at 72 h after injection and tumors were imaged at 24-72 h after injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (111)In-hnTf-VEGF is a promising radiopharmaceutical for imaging tumor angiogenesis and represents a prototypic protein harboring the metal-binding site of transferrin for labeling with (111)In without introducing DTPA metal chelators.
authors.affiliation: Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Conrad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Jasbir
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sandhu
authors.forename: Abhijit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guha
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Scollard
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Raymond M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Reilly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007205:Indium Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011485:Protein Binding; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014168:Transferrin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D007205:Indium Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014168:Transferrin; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A