title: Leptin corrects host defense defects after acute starvation in murine pneumococcal pneumonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that declines dramatically during fasting and plays a pivotal role in the neuroendocrine response to starvation. Previously, we employed leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice to identify an important role for leptin in the host defense against Klebsiella pneumonia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of fasting on the innate immune response against pneumococcal pneumonia and to determine the effects of maintaining circulating leptin levels on host defense in fasted mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice were either fed ad libitum or fasted for 48 h and given an intraperitoneal injection of saline or recombinant leptin (1 microg/g of body weight) twice daily for 48 h before bacterial challenge. Mice were challenged with 10(5) cfu of Streptococcus pneumoniae via the intranasal route.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lung homogenate S. pneumoniae burden was nearly 20-fold greater in the fasted as compared with fed mice. The impairment in bacterial clearance observed in fasted animals was associated with reduced bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophil counts and interleukin-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 levels. Alveolar macrophages from fasted animals also exhibited defective phagocytosis and killing of S. pneumoniae and reduced calcium-ionophore-stimulated leukotriene B(4) synthesis in vitro. In contrast, the provision of exogenous leptin to fasted animals restored bacterial clearance, bronchoalveolar lavage levels of neutrophils and cytokines, alveolar macrophage bacterial killing, and leukotriene B(4) synthesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that reduced leptin levels substantially contribute to the suppression of pulmonary antibacterial host defense during starvation and that administration of this adipokine may be of therapeutic benefit clinically.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences SPH II, University of Michigan, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA. pmancuso@umich.edu
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mancuso
authors.forename: Gary B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Huffnagle
authors.forename: Mihal A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Olszewski
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Phipps
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peters-Golden
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000276:immunology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000276:immunology; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage / Q000379:methods; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D007975:Leukotriene B4 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013217:Starvation / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020738:Leptin; D007975:Leukotriene B4; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D003345:Corticosterone