title: Molecular basis for the exploitation of spore formation as survival mechanism by virulent phage phi29.
abstract: Phage phi29 is a virulent phage of Bacillus subtilis with no known lysogenic cycle. Indeed, lysis occurs rapidly following infection of vegetative cells. Here, we show that phi29 possesses a powerful strategy that enables it to adapt its infection strategy to the physiological conditions of the infected host to optimize its survival and proliferation. Thus, the lytic cycle is suppressed when the infected cell has initiated the process of sporulation and the infecting phage genome is directed into the highly resistant spore to remain dormant until germination of the spore. We have also identified two host-encoded factors that are key players in this adaptive infection strategy. We present evidence that chromosome segregation protein Spo0J is involved in spore entrapment of the infected phi29 genome. In addition, we demonstrate that Spo0A, the master regulator for initiation of sporulation, suppresses phi29 development by repressing the main early phi29 promoters via different and novel mechanisms and also by preventing activation of the single late phi29 promoter.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular Eladio Viñuela (CSIC), Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma, Canto Blanco, Madrid, Spain. wmeijer@cbm.uam.es
authors.forename: Wilfried J J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Castilla-Llorente
authors.forename: Laurentino
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Villar
authors.forename: Heath
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Errington
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salas
mesh_terms: D017103:Bacillus Phages / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D020090:Chromosome Segregation; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D016679:Genome, Viral / Q000502:physiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C080950:Spo0A protein, Bacillus subtilis; D014157:Transcription Factors; C030069:spore-specific proteins, Bacillus