title: A three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the long jump take-off.
abstract: The long jump has been widely studied in recent years. Two models exist in the literature which define the relationship between selected variables that affect performance. Both models suggest that the critical phase of the long jump event is the touch-down to take-off phase, as it is in this phase that the necessary vertical velocity is generated. Many three dimensional studies of the long jump exist, but the only studies to have reported detailed data on this phase were two-dimensional in nature. In these, the poor relationships obtained between key variables and performance led to the suggestion that there may be some relevant information in data in the third dimension. The aims of this study were to conduct a three-dimensional analysis of the touch-down to take-off phase in the long jump and to explore the interrelationships between key variables. Fourteen male long jumpers were filmed using three-dimensional methods during the finals of the 1994 (n = 8) and 1995 (n = 6) UK National Championships. Various key variables for the long jump were used in a series of correlational and multiple regression analyses. The relationships between key variables when correlated directly one-to-one were generally poor. However, when analysed using a multiple regression approach, a series of variables was identified which supported the general principles outlined in the two models. These variables could be interpreted in terms of speed, technique and strength. We concluded that in the long jump, variables that are important to performance are interdependent and can only be identified by using appropriate statistical techniques. This has implications for a better understanding of the long jump event and it is likely that this finding can be generalized to other technical sports skills.
authors.affiliation: Directorate of Sport, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK. p.graham-smith@salford.ac.uk
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Graham-Smith
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lees
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014142:Track and Field / Q000502:physiology*