Potential utility of statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in diabetic retinopathy.
Diabetic retinopathy is a common and potentially devastating microvascular complication in diabetes and is a leading cause of acquired blindness among the people of occupational age. However, therapeutic options for the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, photocoagulation and vitrectomy, are limited by considerable side effects. Therefore, to develop novel therapeutic strategies that specifically target diabetic retinopathy is desired for patients with diabetes. In diabetes mellitus, the formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) progress. There is a growing body of evidence to show that AGEs-their receptor (RAGE) interactions are involved in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, have been recently shown to reduce the risk for cardiovascular events in diabetic patients with or without coronary artery disease. However, the efficacy of statin therapy for diabetic retinopathy is not fully investigated. We have recently found that protein prenylation is crucial for the AGE-RAGE signaling in microvascular endothelial cells. By blocking the protein prenylation, cerivastatin completely prevented the AGE-RAGE-elicited angiogenesis via suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These observations let us to speculate that statins might be a promising remedy for treating patients with diabetic retinopathy by acting as a potential inhibitor of the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in microvascular endothelial cells. In this paper, we would like to propose the possible ways of testing our hypotheses. (1) Does treatment with statins decrease the risk for the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in patients with normocholesterolemia? (2) If the answer is yes, is this beneficial effect of statins superior to that of other cholesterol-lowering agents with equihypolipidemic properties? (3) Does statin treatment suppress retinal VEGF expression in diabetic patients? (4) Does treatment with pyridoxamine, a post-Amadori inhibitor of AGE formation, attenuate the beneficial effects of statins on diabetic retinopathy? These clinical studies could clarify whether the use of statins is of benefit in patients with AGE-RAGE-related disorders such as diabetic retinopathy, even in the absence of hypercholesterolemia.
Yamagishi
S
S
Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan. shoichi@med.kurume-u.ac.jp
Nakamura
K
K
Matsui
T
T
Sato
T
T
Takeuchi
M
M
D000214:Acyl Coenzyme A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008954:Models, Biological; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*
D000214:Acyl Coenzyme A; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C008047:3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases