title: Gender-specific issues in liver and kidney failure and transplantation: a review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Historically, research has been performed in male animals and extrapolated to the care of females regardless of biological differences. Men and women differ, however, with regard to severity and pathogenesis of disease and healthcare needs and this uniform approach, regardless of gender, is not always in the best interests of the patient. The relationship between sex hormones and immunological processes has been extensively documented but is not yet well understood and these differences will be discussed as they relate to liver and kidney failure and transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Certain forms of organ failure are more common in either men or women and the physiological changes associated with pregnancy present unique challenges to the transplant physician since pregnancy may adversely affect graft function and immunosuppression presents a risk for opportunistic infection in the mother or fetal injury. Donor and recipient gender affect graft and patient survival after transplantation and there is clearly some gender bias in organ donation and transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We need to be mindful of these differences in relation to gender-specific diseases, hormonal and immunological differences in designing clinical protocols and treatment pathways in order to improve outcomes in transplantation. Unfortunately, this is difficult in an environment where our practice is largely restricted by a shortage of donor organs and the need to decrease waiting list mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Transplant Division, University of Virginia Health Systems, PO Box 800709, Charlottesville, VA 22908-8709, USA. has9s@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sanfey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D019520:Living Donors; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement; D016896:Treatment Outcome