title: Indicators for chemicals: sources, impacts and policy performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Different types of indicators have been developed to describe the impact of chemicals on society and environment. Due to the high number of substances and their different types of use, most of these indicators are directed to specific areas of interest--regarding workplace safety, environmental health or consumer health. They address a specific subset of chemicals and can be used for monitoring enterprise-specific, national or international management measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey of existing indicators for chemicals has shown that indicators already exist for a remarkable number of problem fields. As soon as the release and the environmental fate of chemicals are taken into account, the complexity of the approaches increases considerably. The distinction between indicators for drivers, pressures, state, impacts and responses, as proposed by the European Environmental Agency, supports the identification of proper indicators for a specific type of problem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No single indicator exists which is able to cover the whole range of chemicals and their applications. Several indicator approaches cover at least a subset of the most relevant substances. If they are intended to be used for European monitoring, robust data must be provided by EU Member States. Chemicals in enterprises (ancillary inputs as well as process chemicals) are an important element of in-plant material flow management--in terms of occupational safety and health as well as environmental protection. Existing indicators for hazardous chemicals can be a valuable tool for process and product refinement regarding hazardous chemicals, especially for enterprises.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indicators for production and impact of chemicals, as well as policy performance indicators, are essential elements in order to monitor the management of chemicals. They have to be established for the national and for the EU level.
authors.affiliation: Oko-Institut e.V., PF 50 02 40, 79028 Freiburg, Germany. d.bunke@oeko.de
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bunke
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oldenburg
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000506:poisoning*; D005060:Europe; D007391:International Cooperation; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011050:Policy Making; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants