title: Early esophageal cancer: pattern of lymphatic spread and prognostic factors for long-term survival after surgical resection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and pattern of lymphatic spread in patients with early squamous cell and adenocarcinoma and identify prognostic factors for long-term survival after resection and lymphadenectomy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Limited endoscopic approaches without lymphadenectomy are increasingly applied in patients with early esophageal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 290 patients with early esophageal cancer (157 adenocarcinoma, 133 squamous cell cancer) had surgical resection with systematic lymphadenectomy. Specimens were assessed for prevalence and pattern of lymphatic spread. Prognostic factors were determined by multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the 70 patients with adenocarcinoma limited to themucosa had lymphatic spread, as compared with 2 of 26 with mucosal squamous cell cancer. Lymphatic spread was more common in patients with submucosal squamous cell cancer as compared with submucosal adenocarcinoma (36.4% versus 20.7%). Although lymph node metastases were usually limited to locoregional lymph node stations in early adenocarcinoma, distant lymphatic spread was frequent in early squamous cell cancer. On multivariate analysis, only histologic tumor type and the presence of lymph node metastases were independent predictors of long-term survival. Five-year survival rate was 83.4% for early adenocarcinoma versus 62.9% for early squamous cell cancer and 48.2% versus 79.5% for patients with/without lymphatic spread.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence and pattern of lymphatic spread as well as long-term prognosis differ markedly between early esophageal squamous cell and adenocarcinoma. Limited resection techniques and individualized lymphadenectomy strategies appear applicable in patients with early adenocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany. stein@nt1.chir.med.tu-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Hubert J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feith
authors.forename: Bjorn L D M
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Bruecher
authors.forename: Jorg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Naehrig
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarbia
authors.forename: J Rudiger
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Siewert
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome