title: Healer shopping in Africa: new evidence from rural-urban qualitative study of Ghanaian diabetes experiences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide counter evidence to existing literature on healer shopping in Africa through a systematic analysis of illness practices by Ghanaians with diabetes; to outline approaches towards improving patient centred health care and policy development regarding diabetes in Ghana.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal qualitative study with individual interviews, group interviews, and ethnographies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two urban towns (Accra, Tema) and two rural towns (Nkoranza and Kintampo) in Ghana.
  
  
  METHODS
  26 urban people and 41 rural people with diabetes with diverse profiles (sex, age, education, socioeconomic status, diabetes status).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six focus groups, 20 interviews, and three ethnographical studies were conducted to explore experiences and illness practices. Analysis identified four kinds of illness practice: biomedical management, spiritual action, cure seeking (passive and active), and medical inaction. Most participants privileged biomedicine over other health systems and emphasised biomedical management as ideal self care practice. However, the psychosocial impact of diabetes and the high cost of biomedical care drove cure seeking and medical inaction. Cure seeking constituted healer shopping between biomedicine, ethnomedicine, and faith healing; medical inaction constituted passive disengagement from medical management and active engagement with faith healing. Crucially, although spiritual causal theories of diabetes existed, they were secondary to dietary, lifestyle, and physiological theories and did not constitute the primary motivation for cure seeking. Cure seeking within unregulated ethnomedical systems and non-pharmacological faith healing systems exacerbated the complications of diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To minimise inappropriate healer shopping and maximise committed biomedical and regulated ethnomedical management for Ghanaians with diabetes, the greatest challenges lie in providing affordable pharmaceutical drugs, standardised ethnomedical drugs, recommended foods, and psychosocial support. For health systems, the greatest challenges lie in correcting structural deficiencies that impinge on biomedical practices, regulating ethnomedical diabetes treatment, and foregrounding faith healer practices within diabetes policy discussions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RQ. ada21@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ama
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de-Graft Aikins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016488:Medicine, African Traditional; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D011306:Prescription Fees; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012648:Self Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D026443:Spiritual Therapies; D029181:Spirituality; D019037:Urban Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin