title: A survey of off-label prescribing for inpatients with mild intellectual disability and mental illness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The term 'off-label prescribing' refers to the use of a drug outside the terms of its Marketing Authorisation, including prescribing for an unlicensed indication. There have been few reports about off-label prescribing in psychiatry. The aims of the study were to determine the frequency of off-label prescribing of psychotropics for inpatients with mild intellectual disability (ID) and mental illness resident in a large psychiatric hospital, the nature of the off-label clinical indications and details about patient consent and case note documentation of the off-label usage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey of inpatients of the ID division of a charitable hospital was carried out. Interviews with consultant psychiatrists about off-label use of psychotropics were also made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 56 patients studied, 38 (67.9%) were receiving one or more psychotropic drugs and 26 (46.4%) were receiving at least one off-label psychotropic. The most frequently cited off-label indications were: reduction of aggression, arousal and behavioural disturbance (14 cases) and mood stabilization of affective disturbance (13). The principle psychotropics involved were atypical antipsychotics (17 cases) and mood stabilizers (13). Although in most instances the psychiatrist was aware the drug was being used off-label and had consulted other professionals, in only two (6%) instances had the patient been informed of the off-label usage, largely because the psychiatrist felt they lacked the capacity to understand the off-label concept. In most cases the off-label usage had not been documented in the case notes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Off-label prescribing is common in patients with comorbid ID and mental disorder. When prescribing off-label, psychiatrists need to consider the evidence that the drug is likely to be effective for the unlicensed indication and any risks involved. Where there is limited evidence of benefit a trial of the drug, with clinical monitoring may be indicated. Patients should be fully informed about their medication. However, many patients with ID cannot understand the off-label concept. In some circumstances psychiatrists may find it helpful to consult other professionals before prescribing off-label. Good case note documentation of the process is important and supports the prescriber.
authors.affiliation: St. Andrew's Hospital, Northampton, UK. chaw@standrew.co.uk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haw
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stubbs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017277:Drug Approval; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs