title: Evidence for the innervation of pelvic floor muscles by the pudendal nerve.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether the pudendal nerve innervates the levator ani muscles by assessing the effect of pudendal nerve blockade on pelvic floor muscle function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven nulliparous women without symptoms of anal or urinary incontinence were studied before and after pudendal nerve blockade with vaginal manometry, electromyography of the external anal sphincter and puborectalis muscle, and 3-dimensional transperineal ultrasound imaging of the urogenital hiatus during rest and squeeze.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After pudendal nerve blockade, mean vaginal resting pressures decreased from 19 +/- 10 mm Hg to 15 +/- 10 mm Hg (P < .05), and mean vaginal squeeze pressures decreased from 61 +/- 29 mm Hg to 37 +/- 24 mm Hg (P < .05). After pudendal nerve blockade, the anterior-posterior length of the urogenital hiatus increased from 51 +/- 4 mm to 55 +/- 5 mm at rest (P < .05) and increased from 47 +/- 3 mm to 52 +/- 5 mm during squeeze (P < .05). Resting and squeeze electromyography amplitude of the external anal sphincter and puborectalis muscle was markedly reduced by pudendal nerve blockade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pudendal nerve blockade decreases vaginal pressures, increases length of urogenital hiatus, and decreases electromyography activity of the puborectalis muscle, all of which suggest that the pudendal nerve does innervate the levator ani muscle.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Reproductive Medicine, Internal Medicine, Radiology, and Neurology, The Pelvic Floor Function and Disorder Group, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92161, USA.
authors.forename: Noelani M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Guaderrama
authors.forename: Jianmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Nager
authors.forename: Dolores H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pretorius
authors.forename: Geoff
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sheean
authors.forename: Ghada
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kassab
authors.forename: Ravinder K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Mittal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000503:physiopathology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009407:Nerve Block; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014621:Vagina / Q000503:physiopathology*