title: Changes in the etiology of sexually transmitted diseases in Botswana between 1993 and 2002: implications for the clinical management of genital ulcer disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years, increasing evidence has accumulated that suggests the majority of cases of genital ulcer disease in sub-Saharan Africa are due to viral and not bacterial infections. Although many cross-sectional studies support such a trend, few serial cross-sectional data are available to show the evolution of genital ulcer disease over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  We surveyed the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among patients with STD symptoms and women recruited from family planning clinics in 3 cities in Botswana in 2002 and compared our findings with those from a survey of a similar population conducted in 1993.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The observed proportion of cases of genital ulcer disease due to chancroid decreased from 25% in 1993 to 1% in 2002, whereas the proportion of ulcers due to herpes simplex virus increased from 23% in 1993 to 58% in 2002. Although the proportion of ulcers due to syphilis was similar for both surveys, the rate of positive serologic test results for syphilis among patients with genital ulcer disease decreased from 52% in 1993 to 5% in 2002. During this period, decreases in the prevalence of gonorrhea, syphilis-reactive serologic findings, chlamydial infection, and trichomoniasis were also detected among patients with STDs and women from family planning clinics. These changes remained significant after estimates were adjusted for the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest a decrease in the prevalence of bacterial STDs and trichomoniasis, a reduction in the proportion of ulcers due to bacterial causes, and an increase in the proportion of ulcers due to herpes simplex virus during the period 1993-2002. These changes should be taken into consideration when defining new guidelines for the syndromic management of genital ulcer disease.
authors.affiliation: National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. gpbz@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paz-Bailey
authors.forename: Mafiz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.forename: Howard J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Moffat
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kenyon
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kilmarx
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Totten
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Astete
authors.forename: Marie Claude
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Boily
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001902:Botswana; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D014456:Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy