title: Correlation between musical responsiveness and developmental age among early age children as assessed by the Non-Verbal Measurement of the Musical Responsiveness of Children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The currently-available standardized music tests are not suitable for administration to young children and children with special needs because they are complicated and require verbal instructions and verbal responses. A test that was named the Non-Verbal Measurement of the Musical Responsiveness of Children, was developed to assess the musical responsiveness of young children. This test does not depend on verbal instructions, and is composed of two parts, Rhythm and Melody.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-two children [age, range, 6-69 months; 36.39+/-17.61 (mean +/-standard deviation) months] who attended mainstream pre-schools were studied. Each child was tested to see whether the child correctly imitated 7 different patterns of rhythm and 6 different patterns of melody that were delivered by clapping of hands or the voice of the examiner, respectively. The examiner rated whether the child could imitate each pattern and the total score was the sum of successfully reproduced patterns. Two independent observers viewed videotapes of the testing sessions and assigned scores in a similar manner. The inter-rater reliability among the three raters was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total score in Melody (R=0.63, p<0.001) and the total score in Rhythm (R=0.81, p<0.001) were each correlated with developmental age. The inter-rater reliability was good (Melody: Kendall's W=0.78, Rhythm: Kendall's W=0.95).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The degree of musical responsiveness of normal young children is correlated with general development. This measurement tool is valid and reliable for use in young children who lack sufficient verbal understanding to take standardized music tests. This test may also be administered to children with special needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, Postgraduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan. kumipf@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuyama
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009146:Music