title: Pregnancy outcomes before and after a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate pregnancy outcomes before and after diagnosis of lupus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Successive selection criterion applied to 148 lupus and 78,905 non-lupus pregnancies, generated 3 groups: lupus group, 84 pregnancies (not-yet-diagnosed group, 15 women; already-diagnosed group, 69 women), and control group, 51,000 pregnancies. Three-way analysis of variance and the chi-squared test were used for analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stillbirth outcome was increased in the lupus group compared with the control group (odds ratio, 4.84 [95% CI, 1.72,11.08]); the not-yet-diagnosed group (odds ratio, 9.89 [95% CI, 1.09,42.63]), and the already-diagnosed group (odds ratio, 3.85 [95% CI, 1.02,10.31]). Considering >1 pregnancy per patient would have overestimated the stillbirth rate. Stillbirth risk was increased significantly in severe maternal disease that was marked by central nervous system involvement. The already-diagnosed group had more hypertensive complications (P = .001 and .0001). Both lupus groups showed a significantly greater proportion of preterm births (P = .03), growth restriction (P = .019), and infants in the very low birth weight category (P = .021) compared with the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor fetal outcomes are seen in pregnancies that are complicated by lupus, even before clinical appearance of disease, which supports a predisease state.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. pdhar@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: J Patricia
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dhar
authors.forename: Lynnette M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Essenmacher
authors.forename: Joel W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ager
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sokol
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D050497:Stillbirth; D013997:Time Factors