title: Cellulose acetate 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate protects against challenge with pathogenic X4 and R5 simian/human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the protective efficacy of cellulose acetate 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate (CAP) formulated in a glycerol-based gel against infection with CXCR4 (X4) and CCR5 (R5) viruses in the simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)/rhesus macaque model of HIV-1 transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mucosal infection of non-human primates is a reasonable model for use in the investigation of HIV-1 intervention strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rhesus macaques treated with Depo-Provera 5 weeks prior to challenge were inoculated intravaginally twice, over a period of 6 h with mixed inocula of pathogenic X4- and R5-SHIV in the presence or absence of CAP. Plasma viral load, peripheral and mucosal CD4 T cell counts as well as the genotype of the circulating virus were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CAP protected seven of ten macaques against transmission of both X4- and R5-SHIV, reaching statistically significant values (P = 0.0256). Delayed and/or reduced virus replication, as well as blunting of peripheral and mucosal CD4 T cell loss was noted in the three macaques that were infected in the CAP treated group compared to those in the placebo group. Further, protection conferred by CAP appeared to be more effective against X4- than R5-SHIV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAP is protective against highly permissive challenges with X4 and R5 viruses in vivo. Research on further development of this promising compound as a candidate microbicide for the prevention of sexual HIV-1 transmission is therefore warranted.
authors.affiliation: Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boadi
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Agegnehu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gettie
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ratterree
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.forename: A Robert
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Neurath
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cheng-Mayer
mesh_terms: D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002460:Cell Line; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005260:Female; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D011374:Progesterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D019562:Viral Load; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; C496530:cellulose acetate 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate; D011374:Progesterone; D002482:Cellulose