title: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate as a marker of inflammation and ongoing coagulation in stroke and transient ischaemic attack.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systemic infection and inflammation have been implicated in the aetiology of thrombotic cerebral events, particularly in younger patients. We decided to determine whether those patients with raised D-dimer levels, indicating continuing thrombosis and fibrinolysis, had evidence of concurrent infection or inflammation as manifested by a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) measured after an ischaemic stroke/transient ischaemic attack (TIA).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and forty-eight patients who had suffered either single or recurrent cerebrovascular episodes were analysed. The patients were referred to the thrombosis and haemostasis unit at Johannesburg Hospital for evaluation of their thrombotic profiles, including D-dimer levels. Concurrent infection was assessed by measurement of white cell count (WCC) and ESR. The variable time interval between the date of the most recent cerebrovascular event and the date of venesection was determined. A history was taken, a physical and neurological examination was performed, and a cardiology assessment and neuroimaging studies were done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Raised D-dimer levels correlated significantly with ESR levels (p = 0.0094) in all patients. This was particularly evident when comparing the 70 younger patients (aged less than 45 years) with the 78 older patients (> 45 years) with raised D-dimers (p = 0.0070). When analysing other markers of inflammation/infection in association with raised D-dimer levels and ESR, mean fibrinogen levels were significantly raised at 6.56 g/l (p = 0.0122). An elevated WCC, as a categorical variable, was significantly associated with an elevated ESR (p = 0.0092).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a significant correlation between elevated D-dimer levels (indicating abnormalities of coagulation and fibrinolysis) and markers of inflammatory and/or infective processes. This is particularly evident in black patients below the age of 45 years. These patients are believed to be at decreased risk for generalised atheromatous disease compared with older white patients. The ramifications of these findings are potentially important with regard to thrombotic cerebrovascular disease aetiology, investigation, management and prevention.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Swartz
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: V U
authors.initials: VU
authors.lastname: Fritz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C036309:fibrin fragment D