title: Bone mineral density, body height, and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in middle-aged men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have been suggested to account for some of the genetic variation in bone mass. However, the relationship has been controversial. It has been suggested that environmental factors such as physical activity may be one of the many reasons for this controversy.AIM. We investigated the possible interactions of VDR gene polymorphisms and low to moderate intensity exercise on bone mineral density (BMD) in a four-year controlled, randomized intervention trial in 140 middle-aged Finnish men.
  
  
  METHODS
  The TaqI, FokI, and ApaI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-markers of the VDR gene were evaluated. BMDs of the lumbar spine (L2-L4), femoral neck, and total proximal femur were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In addition, the relations of the VDR gene polymorphism with bone turnover markers (serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) 5b activity and serum osteocalcin concentration) were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the randomization, the subjects with the VDR TaqI Tt or tt genotype had a greater body height than the subjects with TT genotype (P=0.001). In addition, the association of VDR TaqI polymorphism with femoral BMD was found. The Tt or tt genotype associated with higher femoral neck values than the TT genotype (P=0.003) at randomization. After adjusting the femoral neck for body height, the association remained (P=0.021). We did not find any association between VDR gene polymorphism and bone turnover markers or any interactions of VDR gene polymorphisms and exercise on BMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TaqI polymorphism may be associated with body height and femoral neck BMD values. The present findings also suggest that the VDR polymorphisms do not modify the effect of regular aerobic exercise on BMD. However, more randomized controlled exercise trials are needed to investigate the role of exercise intensity on VDR gene polymorphisms, and the role of VDR gene polymorphisms on BMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. tremes@hytti.uku.fi
authors.forename: Terhi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Remes
authors.forename: Sari B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Väisänen
authors.forename: Anitta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahonen
authors.forename: Jouni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huuskonen
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kröger
authors.forename: Jukka S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jurvelin
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rauramaa
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height; D015519:Bone Density; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol