title: Endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory process in transfusion-dependent patients with beta-thalassemia major.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beta-thalassemia major is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We examined endothelial function and serum levels of inflammatory mediators in transfusion-dependent patients with beta-thalassemia major.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 67 patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia major, (aged 24.6+/-0.7 years) and 71 healthy age and sex matched controls. Forearm blood flow was measured with gauge-strain plethysmography. Forearm vasodilatory response to reactive hyperemia (RH%) or to nitrate (NTG%) was expressed as the percentage change of forearm blood flow from baseline to the maximum flow during reactive hyperemia or sublingual nitroglycerin, respectively. Serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM-1) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM-1) were determined with ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients had significantly lower levels of total cholesterol (125+/-4.5 vs. 207+/-7 mg/ml, p<0.01), ApoA1 (120+/-3 vs. 129+/-5 mg/ml, p<0.05), ApoB (60.5+/-2 vs. 95+/-4 mg/ml, p<0.01), ApoE (3+/-2 vs. 4+/-0.2 mg/ml, p<0.01) and Lp(a) (7.9+/-1.3 vs. 14.5+/-3.2 mg/ml, p<0.01) than controls. IL-6 levels were significantly higher in patients (3.03+/-0.31 pg/ml) than controls (1.15+/-0.15 pg/ml, p<0.01). Similarly, sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 levels were significantly higher in patients (513+/-31 and 368+/-25.5 ng/ml, respectively) than controls (333+/-13.8 and 272+/-14.05 ng/ml, respectively, p<0.01 for both). Maximum hyperemic forearm blood flow and RH% were lower in patients (7.1+/-0.3 ml/100 ml tissue/min and 49+/-2.8%, respectively) than controls (8.26+/-0.32 ml/100 ml tissue/min and 86.3+/-5.57%, respectively, p<0.01 for both).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Beta-thalassemia major is associated with impaired endothelial function and increased levels of IL-6, sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1, suggesting a potential role of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in the complications of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Athens University Medical School, A'Cardiology Department, Hippokration Hospital, Greece. caggeli@hol.gr
authors.forename: Constadina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aggeli
authors.forename: Charalambos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antoniades
authors.forename: Constadina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cosma
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chrysohoou
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tousoulis
authors.forename: Vasilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ladis
authors.forename: Markisia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karageorga
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pitsavos
authors.forename: Christodoulos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stefanadis
mesh_terms: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000097:blood; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007229:Infant Welfare; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D005293:Ferritins; D002784:Cholesterol