title: CT computer-optimized high-dose-rate brachytherapy with surface applicator technique for scar boost radiation after breast reconstruction surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Immediate breast reconstruction has become increasingly prevalent after mastectomy for breast cancer. Postoperative scar boost radiation for the reconstructed breast presents many planning challenges due to the shape, size, and curvature of the scar. High-dose-rate (HDR) surface applicator brachytherapy is a novel and effective method of delivering scar boost radiation. Two cases, one with a saline implant and one with a transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap reconstruction, illustrate the method and advantages of HDR optimization of surface applicators.
  
  
  METHODS
  For 2 patients a mold of the breast was made with Aquaplast sheets. A reproducible system was used for arm positioning. Skin fiducials, including tattoos from external beam planning, were matched to fiducials on the mold. HDR catheters were sited on the mold at 1cm intervals, with the central catheter situated along the scar. Topographically, both scars demonstrated extreme curvature in both craniocaudal and mediolateral directions. A CT computer-optimized HDR plan was developed, with the reference dose prescribed at the skin surface. The dosimetry was compared to single-field and matched-field electron plans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This surface applicator technique provided a uniform skin dose of 100% to the entire clinical target volume (CTV) without hot spots in both patients. The patient position and surface applicator setup were consistently reproducible. The patients tolerated the treatment well with minimal skin erythema. In the single-field electron plan, skin dose was decreased to 50% at the periphery of the scar. Matching fields addressed this depth dose decrement, but resulted in large localized hot spots of more than 200% centrally in each field.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT computer-optimized HDR surface applicator brachytherapy provided a reproducible homogeneous method of treating highly curved scars on the reconstructed breast. Electron beam treatment would result in longer and more complex treatments yet still provide a less homogeneous dose than this surface applicator technique.
authors.affiliation: Dana Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. astewart@lroc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Alexandra J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Desmond A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: O'Farrell
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bellon
authors.forename: Jorgen L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Czerminska
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cormack
authors.forename: Phillip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Devlin
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D008408:Mastectomy; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome