title: Cyclic loading alters biomechanical properties and secretion of PGE2 and NO from tendon explants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tendon overuse injuries are a common occurrence; accounting for a large proportion of occupational and athletic injuries. The concept examined in this study is the role of load-induced intrinsic inflammation to the mechanism of these injuries. This study examined the influence of cyclical loading on the mechanical properties, cell viability, and inflammatory mediators of cultured tendon explants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chicken digital flexor tendon explants were isolated and separated into no-load (24 h rest), moderate load (0.25-3.0 MPa, 1 Hz, 4 h, 20 h rest), and aggressive load (0.25-12.0 MPa, 1 Hz, 24 h) treatment groups. Tissue loading was carried out with a pneumatic device under load-control. The loading regimens for each explant treatment group started at a uniform time point (day 3 from isolation, t = 0 h). Medium was collected at t = 24 and t = 48 h and analyzed for the inflammatory mediators prostaglandin E(2) and nitric oxide. Viability was evaluated at t = 48 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biomechanical data revealed a significantly (P < 0.05) lower strength in the aggressively loaded specimens compared to the moderately loaded samples. Prostaglandin E(2) concentrations of aggressively loaded samples showed significantly higher values compared to moderately loaded samples at t = 48 h. Nitric oxide concentrations were greater in the moderately loaded samples relative to the no-load group at t = 24 h. Viability was not found to differ among the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alterations in cyclical loading of tendon may cause a change in fibroblast-mediated inflammatory mediator production in tendon. This response is of clinical significance as it may have a role in the pathology of tendon overuse injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flick
authors.forename: Aaditya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Devkota
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuzaki
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Almekinders
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Weinhold
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002645:Chickens; D019245:Compressive Strength; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism*; D004548:Elasticity; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010507:Periodicity; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013710:Tendons / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015232:Dinoprostone