title: Increase of microcirculatory blood flow enhances penetration of ciprofloxacin into soft tissue.
abstract: The present study addressed the effect of microcirculatory blood flow on the ability of ciprofloxacin to penetrate soft tissues. Twelve healthy male volunteers were enrolled in an analyst-blinded, clinical pharmacokinetic study. A single intravenous dose of 200 mg of ciprofloxacin was administered over a period of approximately 20 min. The concentrations of ciprofloxacin were measured in plasma and in the warmed and contralateral nonwarmed lower extremities. The microdialysis technique was used for the assessment of unbound ciprofloxacin concentrations in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Microcirculatory blood flow was measured by use of laser Doppler flowmetry. Warming of the extremity resulted in an increase of microcirculatory blood flow by approximately three- to fourfold compared to that at the baseline (P < 0.05) in subcutaneous adipose tissue. The ratio of the maximum concentration (C(max)) of ciprofloxacin for the warmed thigh to the C(max) for the nonwarmed thigh was 2.10 +/- 0.90 (mean +/- standard deviation; P < 0.05). A combined in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK)-in vitro pharmacodynamic (PD) simulation based on tissue concentration data indicated that killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853 and two clinical isolates) was more effective by about 2 log(10) CFU/ml under the warmed conditions than under the nonwarmed conditions (P < 0.05). The improvement of microcirculatory blood flow due to the warming of the extremity was paralleled by an increased ability of ciprofloxacin to penetrate soft tissue. Subsequent PK-PD simulations based on tissue PK data indicated that this increase in tissue penetration was linked to an improved antimicrobial effect at the target site.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Vienna, Austria. christian.joukhadar@meduniwien.ac.at
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joukhadar
authors.forename: Pejman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dehghanyar
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Traunmüller
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sauermann
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mayer-Helm
authors.forename: Apostolos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Georgopoulos
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D017551:Microdialysis; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D012881:Skin Temperature; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin