title: Independence between the amount and structure of variability at low force levels.
abstract: The purpose of the current experiment was to investigate the amount (standard deviation (S.D.) and coefficient of variation (CV)) and structure (approximate entropy (ApEn)) of force variability at very low force levels. Participants produced isometric force output of index finger abduction at five levels (0.4, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 N) with high and low visual feedback gain. The findings showed that: subjects scaled their force output to the targets; S.D. increased non-linearly with force level and decreased with visual gain; and CV decreased with force level as well as visual gain. ApEn of the force output did not change as a function of force level, although the high gain increased ApEn in contrast to low gain. It is proposed that the recruitment of additional motor units at very low force levels does not significantly alter the structure of the force output, although it does increase the magnitude of force and its amount of variability. Overall, the findings provide evidence that the amount and structure of motor variability can be influenced by separate control processes at low force levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, USA. jsosnoff@uiuc.edu
authors.forename: Jacob J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sosnoff
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Valantine
authors.forename: Karl M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Newell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005246:Feedback / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D016014:Linear Models; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception; D014894:Weights and Measures