title: A review of the risks and benefits of differing prophylaxis regimens for the treatment of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in neurosurgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Annually, 2 million people in the United States develop deep venous thrombosis (DVT), and nearly 100,000 sustain fatal pulmonary emboli. Prophylaxis against DVT/pulmonary embolism (PE) is a critical issue, and options include elastic stockings, intermittent pneumatic compression stockings, low-dose unfractionated heparin (5000 U every 8-12 hours), and low molecular-weight heparin (ie, enoxaparin and dalteparin). The risks and benefits associated with different prophylaxis regimens used in the prevention of DVT and PE in neurosurgical procedures were analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurosurgical studies focusing on different methods of prophylaxis used for the prevention of DVT and PE were reviewed. The efficacy, risks, and benefits of varied treatment options were evaluated, with particular emphasis on minor and major hemorrhages occurring where heparin-based protocols were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Flinn et al series (Arch Surg. 1996;131(5):472-80), the incidence of DVT was greater for cranial (7.7%) than spinal procedures (1.5%). Although intermittent pneumatic compression devices provided adequate reduction of DVT/PE in some cranial and combined cranial/spinal series, low-dose subcutaneous unfractionated heparin or low molecular-weight heparins further reduced the incidence, not always of DVT, but of PE (Br J Neurosurg 1995;9(2):159-63; J Intensive Care Med 2003;18(2):59-79). Nevertheless, low-dose heparin-based prophylaxis in cranial and spinal series risks minor and major postoperative hemorrhages: 2% to 4% in a cranial series, 3.4% minor and 3.4% major hemorrhages in a combined cranial/spinal series, and a 0.7% incidence of major/minor hemorrhages in a spinal series (J Neurosurg 2003;99(4):680-4; Neurosurgery 1986;18(4):440-5; Eur Spine J 2004;13(1):1-8; J Intensive Care Med 2003;18(2):59-79).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although mechanical prophylaxis provided effective prophylaxis against DVT/PE in many series, the added efficacy of low-dose heparin regimens has to be weighed against risks of major postoperative hemorrhages and their neurological sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D001458:Bandages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005676:Gravity Suits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D006493:Heparin