title: [Treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis with leflunomide and steroid: a prospective multi-center controlled clinical trial].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Leflunomide (LEF) is a selective inhibitor of de novo pyrimidine synthesis, currently used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of LEF in the treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis, a prospective multi-center controlled clinical trial was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with biopsy-confirmed proliferative lupus nephritis were recruited. Patients of recent onset who had not used any immunosuppressive drug were given either oral LEF (group A) or IV cyclophosphamide (group B); relapsed patients who had received immunosuppressive therapy 3 months before were given LEF (group C). Efficacy and safety were evaluated at 6 months after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total 51 patients were enrolled, 4 patients withdrew due to adverse events. For those initial treated patients, total response rate were 80% in group A and 75% in group B, complete remission rate were 40% and 25% respectively, not statistically different. Renal parameters (proteinuria, serum albumin and serum creatinine) and systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) improved similarly in both groups. For 14 relapsed patients, total response rate was 60% and complete remission rate was 6.7%. Major adverse events reported in LEF treated patients were infection and alopecia. Herpes zoster was the most often type among infectious events, and one case of severe lung infection was reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LEF combined with steroid was effective in the induction therapy of proliferative lupus nephritis. LEF was generally well-tolerated, its efficacy in maintenance therapy and long-term safety remains to be clarified.
authors.affiliation: Renal Division and Institute of Nephrology, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Tai-gen
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Fan-fan
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Zhao-hui
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Xiang-mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Feng-shan
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Tong-ying
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Xue-zhi
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Chun-de
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Ming-hui
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Guo-bao
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jia-qi
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Guang-yan
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Ying-nan
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Fu-ming
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Chang-lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.forename: Wan-zhong
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Hai-yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077339:Leflunomide; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007555:Isoxazoles; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D000077339:Leflunomide