title: Atherosclerosis: the carbonic anhydrase, carbon dioxide, calcium concerted theory.
abstract: Atherosclerosis is a dynamic multifaceted disease which affects the aorta and its major branches, characterized by the presence of lesions called atheromatous plaques. The plaque is a focal thickening of the intima caused by proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and the deposition of cholesterol, other lipids, hydroxyapatite and fibrous connective tissue. It is proposed that the determinant step of the process which leads to the disease atherosclerosis is the calcium precipitation which traps cholesterol in the plaque precursor matrix which contains lipoproteins, calcium carbonate, hydroxyapapatite, triglycerides, albumin, calmodulin and other proteins. The bear, a species which does not contract the disease is used as an example in support of the hypothesis. The bear's ability to regulate calcium levels and the regulation of acid base balance via regulation of carbon dioxide levels permits the control of the determinant step of plaque formation, that is calcification of the plaque.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, 2011 ALS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. gamblew@science.oregonstate.edu
authors.forename: Wilbert
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gamble
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D010313:Partial Pressure; D001503:Ursidae / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; D002118:Calcium