title: Polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine origin upregulate mitochondrial biogenesis and induce beta-oxidation in white fat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces adipose tissue mass, preferentially in the abdomen. The more pronounced effect of marine-derived eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids on adiposity, compared with their precursor alpha-linolenic acid, may be mediated by changes in gene expression and metabolism in white fat.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of EPA/DHA concentrate (6% EPA, 51% DHA) admixed to form two types of high-fat diet were studied in C57BL/6J mice. Oligonucleotide microarrays, cDNA PCR subtraction and quantitative real-time RT-PCR were used to characterise gene expression. Mitochondrial proteins were quantified using immunoblots. Fatty acid oxidation and synthesis were measured in adipose tissue fragments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression screens revealed upregulation of genes for mitochondrial proteins, predominantly in epididymal fat when EPA/DHA concentrate was admixed to a semisynthetic high-fat diet rich in alpha-linolenic acid. This was associated with a three-fold stimulation of the expression of genes encoding regulatory factors for mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha [Ppargc1a, also known as Pgc1alpha] and nuclear respiratory factor-1 [Nrf1] respectively). Expression of genes for carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A and fatty acid oxidation was increased in epididymal but not subcutaneous fat. In the former depot, lipogenesis was depressed. Similar changes in adipose gene expression were detected after replacement of as little as 15% of lipids in the composite high-fat diet with EPA/DHA concentrate, while the development of obesity was reduced. The expression of Ppargc1a and Nrf1 was also stimulated by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in 3T3-L1 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anti-adipogenic effect of EPA/DHA may involve a metabolic switch in adipocytes that includes enhancement of beta-oxidation and upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flachs
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Horakova
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brauner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rossmeisl
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pecina
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Franssen-van Hal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruzickova
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sponarova
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Drahota
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vlcek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keijer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Houstek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kopecky
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D004822:Epididymis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D050155:Lipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051265:NF-E2-Related Factor 1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D005395:Fish Oils; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D051265:NF-E2-Related Factor 1; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; C485290:Ppargc1a protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase