title: Effect of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate/protein kinase a pathway on markers of cell proliferation in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alterations in cAMP signaling have been identified as a cause of endocrine neoplasia. In particular, activating mutations of the G(s)alpha gene and protein kinase A (PKA) overactivity due to low expression of PKA regulatory subunit 1A (R1A) have been implicated in somatotroph proliferation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cAMP-PKA cascade activation in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA).
  
  
  METHODS
  By immunohistochemistry, R1A, R2A, and R2B expression was evaluated in cells obtained from eight surgically removed NFPA positive for gonadotropins. Cyclin D1 expression and ERK1/2 activity were analyzed under basal conditions and after cAMP-PKA cascade activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemistry studies demonstrated a low R1/R2 ratio in all NFPA. Additional unbalance of R1/R2 ratio by 8-chloroadenosine cAMP (8-Cl-cAMP) and direct adenylyl cyclase stimulation by forskolin did not increase cyclin D1 expression or ERK1/2 activity in five NFPA (group 1), but even caused 74 +/- 15% and 85 +/- 13% inhibitions of cyclin D1 and ERK1/2 activity, respectively, in the remaining NFPA (group 2). Moreover, in group 2, PKA blockade by the specific inhibitor PKI increased cyclin D1 expression (96 +/- 25% over basal) and ERK1/2 activity (116 +/- 28% over basal).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that in contrast with what was previously observed in transformed somatotrophs, activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway did not generate proliferative signals in tumoral cells of the gonadotroph lineage, and in a subset of tumors even exerted a tonic inhibitory effect, thus confirming a different role for the cAMP-mediated pathway in promoting proliferation in the pituitary.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Ospedale Maggiore, IRCCS, University of Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mantovani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bondioni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrero
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gamba
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrante
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peverelli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Corbetta
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Locatelli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rampini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beck-Peccoz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spada
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Lania
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001483:Base Sequence; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D054756:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIalpha Subunit; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D054756:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIalpha Subunit; C517834:PRKAR1A protein, human; D011506:Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D019938:Cyclin D1; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3