title: Genetic modifiers of lung disease in cystic fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polymorphisms in genes other than the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene may modify the severity of pulmonary disease in patients with cystic fibrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed two studies with different patient samples. We first tested 808 patients who were homozygous for the DeltaF508 mutation and were classified as having either severe or mild lung disease, as defined by the lowest or highest quartile of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), respectively, for age. We genotyped 16 polymorphisms in 10 genes reported by others as modifiers of disease severity in cystic fibrosis and tested for an association in patients with severe disease (263 patients) or mild disease (545). In the replication (second) study, we tested 498 patients, with various CFTR genotypes and a range of FEV1 values, for an association of the TGFbeta1 codon 10 CC genotype with low FEV1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the initial study, significant allelic and genotypic associations with phenotype were seen only for TGFbeta1 (the gene encoding transforming growth factor beta1), particularly the -509 and codon 10 polymorphisms (with P values obtained with the use of Fisher's exact test and logistic regression ranging from 0.006 to 0.0002). The odds ratio was about 2.2 for the highest-risk TGFbeta1 genotype (codon 10 CC) in association with the phenotype for severe lung disease. The replication study confirmed the association of the TGFbeta1 codon 10 CC genotype with more severe lung disease in comparisons with the use of dichotomized FEV1 for severity status (P=0.0002) and FEV1 values directly (P=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic variation in the 5' end of TGFbeta1 or a nearby upstream region modifies disease severity in cystic fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.
authors.forename: Mitchell L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Drumm
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Konstan
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Schluchter
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Handler
authors.forename: Rhonda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pace
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Maimoona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zariwala
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fargo
authors.forename: Airong
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Darrah
authors.forename: Ruslan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dorfman
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sandford
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corey
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zielenski
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Durie
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goddard
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Yankaskas
authors.forename: Fred A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Knowles
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator / Q000235:genetics; D004261:DNA Replication; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D016015:Logistic Models; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C505032:CFTR protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator