title: Role of a FMRFamide-like family of neuropeptides in the pharyngeal nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans.
abstract: The nervous system of C. elegans has a remarkable abundance of flp genes encoding FMRFamide-like (FLP) neuropeptides. To provide insight into the physiological relevance of this neuropeptide diversity, we have tested more than 30 FLPs (encoded by 23 flps) for bioactivity on C. elegans pharynx. Eleven flp genes encode peptides that inhibit pharyngeal activity, while eight flp genes encode peptides that are excitatory. Three potent peptides (inhibitory, FLP-13A, APEASPFIRFamide; excitatory, FLP-17A, KSAFVRFamide; excitatory, FLP-17B, KSQYIRFamide) are encoded by flp genes, which, according to reporter gene constructs, are expressed in pharyngeal motoneurons. Thus, they may act through receptors localized on the pharyngeal muscle. The two other potent peptides, FLP-8 (excitatory AF1, KNEFIRFamide,) and FLP-11A (inhibitory, AMRNALVRFamide), appear to be expressed in extrapharyngeal neurons and are therefore likely to act either indirectly or as neurohormones. Intriguingly, a single neuron can express peptides that have potent but opposing biological activity in the pharynx. Only five flp genes encode neuropeptides that have no observable effect on the pharynx, but none of these have shown reporter gene expression in the pharyngeal nervous system. To examine the roles of multiple peptides produced from single precursors, a comparison was made between the bioactivity of different neuropeptides for five flp genes (flp-3, flp-13, flp-14, flp-17, and flp-18). For all but one gene (flp-14), the effects of peptides encoded by the same gene were similar. Overall, this study demonstrates the impressive neurochemical complexity of the simple circuit that regulates feeding in the nematode, C. elegans.
authors.affiliation: Neurosciences Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, United Kingdom, SO16 7PX.
authors.forename: Sylvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Papaioannou
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marsden
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Franks
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Lindy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Holden-Dye
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods; D019835:FMRFamide / Q000737:chemistry*; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009420:Nervous System / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000502:physiology*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D019835:FMRFamide