title: Bronchial matrix and inflammation respond to inhaled steroids despite ongoing allergen exposure in asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammatory and structural changes of the airway mucosa are chronic features of asthma. The mechanisms underlying these changes and their modulation by steroid prophylaxis have not been clarified.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We postulated that asymptomatic ongoing allergen exposure could drive airway inflammation as well as changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM), and that inhaled steroids could prevent this.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therefore, we exposed patients with mild asthma to 2 weeks of repeated low-dose allergen, with concomitant inhaled steroid or placebo treatment. Bronchial biopsies, which were taken before and after this exposure, were stained and digitally analysed. The ECM proteins in asthmatics were also compared with a normal control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low-dose allergen exposure alone resulted in a significant increase of bronchial epithelial macrophages. Despite ongoing allergen exposure, inhaled steroids reduced the numbers of mucosal eosinophils, neutrophils and T lymphocytes. At baseline, the mean density of the proteoglycans (PGS) biglycan and decorin were, respectively, higher and lower in the bronchial mucosa of asthmatics as compared with normal controls. Steroid treatment, during allergen exposure, increased the mean density of the PGS biglycan and versican.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that chronic allergen exposure induces inflammatory changes in the bronchial mucosa. Despite ongoing allergen exposure, steroid treatment decreases mucosal inflammatory cells while altering PG density. The latter observation highlights the need to examine steroid-induced changes closely in the airway structure in patients with asthma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Kluijver
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schrumpf
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Evertse
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Sont
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Roughley
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Rabe
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Hiemstra
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mauad
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sterk
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000485:Allergens / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D001706:Biopsy; D001980:Bronchi / Q000473:pathology*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D019819:Budesonide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000032:analysis; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020397:Goblet Cells / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000032:analysis; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005353:Fibronectins; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011509:Proteoglycans; D019819:Budesonide