title: NMDA antagonist inhibits the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and suppresses cancer growth.
abstract: Glutamate antagonists limit the growth of human cancers in vitro. The mechanism of anticancer action of NMDA antagonists is not known, however. In this article, we report that the NMDA antagonist dizocilpine inhibits the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway, an intracellular signaling cascade that is activated by growth factors and controls the proliferation of cancer cells. Dizocilpine reduces the phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element binding protein, suppresses the expression of cyclin D1, up-regulates the cell cycle regulators and tumor suppressor proteins p21 and p53, and increases the number of lung adenocarcinoma cells in the G(2) and S phases of the cell cycle. Silencing of the tumor suppressor protein p21 abolishes antiproliferative action of dizocilpine. Consistent with inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-signaling cascade, dizocilpine reverses the stimulation of proliferation induced by epidermal, insulin, and basic fibroblast growth factors in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, dizocilpine prolongs the survival of mice with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma and slows the growth of neuroblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma in mice. These findings reveal the mechanism of antiproliferative action of dizocilpine and indicate that it may be useful in the therapy of human cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurology, Technical University, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stepulak
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sifringer
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rzeski
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Endesfelder
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gratopp
authors.forename: Elena E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bittigau
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Felderhoff-Mueser
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kaindl
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bührer
authors.forename: Henrik H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stryjecka-Zimmer
authors.forename: Lechoslaw
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Turski
authors.forename: Chrysanthy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ikonomidou
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases