title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a new mechanism of action.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are valuable agents for the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, and other cardiovascular and renal diseases. The cardioprotective effects of ACE inhibitors are mediated by blockade of both conversion of angiotensin (Ang) I to Ang II and kinin hydrolysis. Here, we report a novel mechanism that may explain the cardiac antifibrotic effect of ACE inhibition, involving blockade of the hydrolysis of N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  To study the role of Ac-SDKP in the therapeutic effects of the ACE inhibitor captopril, we used a model of Ang II-induced hypertension in rats treated with the ACE inhibitor either alone or combined with a blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) to Ac-SDKP. These hypertensive rats had left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) as well as increases in cardiac fibrosis, cell proliferation, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) expression, and phosphorylation of Smad2 (P-Smad2), a signaling mediator of the effects of TGF-beta. The ACE inhibitor did not decrease either blood pressure or LVH; however, it significantly decreased LV collagen from 13.3+/-0.9 to 9.6+/-0.6 microg/mg dry wt (P<0.006), and this effect was blocked by the mAb (12.1+/-0.6; P<0.034, ACE inhibitor versus ACE inhibitor+mAb). In addition, analysis of interstitial collagen volume fraction and perivascular collagen (picrosirius red staining) showed a very similar tendency. Likewise, the ACE inhibitor significantly decreased LV monocyte/macrophage infiltration, cell proliferation, and TGF-beta expression, and these effects were blocked by the mAb. Ang II increased Smad2 phosphorylation 3.2+/-0.9-fold; the ACE inhibitor lowered this to 0.6+/-0.1-fold (P<0.001), and the mAb blocked this decrease to 2.1+/-0.3 (P<0.001, ACE inhibitor versus ACE inhibitor+mAb). Similar findings were seen when the ACE inhibitor was replaced by Ac-SDKP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that in Ang II-induced hypertension, the cardiac antifibrotic effect of ACE inhibitors is a result of the inhibition of Ac-SDKP hydrolysis, resulting in a decrease in cardiac cell proliferation (probably fibroblasts), inflammatory cell infiltration, TGF-beta expression, Smad2 activation, and collagen deposition.
authors.affiliation: Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202-2689, USA.
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Oscar A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Carretero
authors.forename: Nikola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vuljaj
authors.forename: Tang-Dong
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Apurva
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Motivala
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Nour-Eddine
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Rhaleb
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002216:Captopril / Q000494:pharmacology; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000503:physiopathology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000804:Angiotensin II; D003094:Collagen; D002216:Captopril