title: T for two: when helpers need help.
abstract: This article discusses forms of cell cooperation involving CD4 T cells and their impact on adaptive immunity. In particular, evidence will be presented in favor of cooperation among CD4 T cells of different specificity, its molecular basis and functional significance. Th-Th cooperation, or help for helpers, will be discussed in relation to the induction of anti-tumor responses and, in converse, the generation of autoimmunity. A model is proposed where Th-Th cooperation may represent the structure/function substrate for the control of self/non-self discrimination and peripheral tolerance in vivo.
authors.affiliation: The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0837, USA. mzanetti@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zanetti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015551:Autoimmunity; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008211:Lymphocyte Cooperation / Q000276:immunology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology