title: Chemoprophylaxis and intermittent treatment for preventing malaria in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria causes repeated illness in children living in endemic areas. Policies of giving antimalarial drugs at regular intervals (prophylaxis or intermittent treatment) are being considered for preschool children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate chemoprophylaxis and intermittent treatment with antimalarial drugs to prevent malaria in young children living in malaria endemic areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register (April 2005), CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2005), MEDLINE (1966 to April 2005), EMBASE (1974 to April 2005), LILACS (1982 to April 2005), and reference lists of identified trials. We also contacted researchers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing antimalarial drugs given at regular intervals (prophylaxis or intermittent treatment) with placebo or no drug in children aged one month to six years or less living in an area where malaria is endemic.
  
  
  METHODS
  We independently extracted data and assessed methodological quality. We used relative risk (RR) or weighted mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for meta-analyses. Where we detected heterogeneity and considered it appropriate to combine the trials, we used the random-effects model (REM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen trials (14,393 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Children receiving antimalarial drugs as prophylaxis or intermittent treatment had fewer clinical malaria episodes (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.77, REM; 4051 participants, 8 trials), and severe anaemia was less common (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.68; 2727 participants, 8 trials). We did not detect a difference in the number of deaths from any cause (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.04; 7929 participants, 9 trials), but the confidence intervals do not exclude a potentially important difference. None of the trials reported serious adverse events. Three trials measured morbidity and mortality six months to two years after stopping regular antimalarial drugs; overall, there was no statistically significant difference, but participant numbers were small.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylaxis and intermittent treatment with antimalarial drugs reduce clinical malaria and severe anaemia in preschool children. There is insufficient evidence to detect an effect on mortality.
authors.affiliation: University of Calabar, Department of Paediatrics, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria, PMB 1115. mmeremiku@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Meremikwu
authors.forename: A A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Omari
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garner
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003622:Dapsone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008288:Malaria / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D002738:Chloroquine; D003622:Dapsone; D011739:Pyrimethamine