title: Rhinovirus induces airway epithelial gene expression through double-stranded RNA and IFN-dependent pathways.
abstract: Rhinovirus (RV) infection is the major cause of common colds and of asthma exacerbations. Because the epithelial cell layer is the primary target of RV infection, we hypothesize that RV-induced airway disease is associated with the perturbation of airway epithelial gene expression. In this study, well differentiated primary human airway epithelial cells were infected with either RV16 (major group) or RV1B (minor group). Transcriptional gene profiles from RV-infected and mock-infected control cells were analyzed by Affymetrix Genechip, and changes of the gene expression were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR analysis. At 24 h after infection, 48 genes induced by both viruses were identified. Most of these genes are related to the IFN pathway, and have been documented to have antiviral functions. Indeed, a significant stimulation of IFN-beta secretion was detected after RV16 infection. Neutralizing antibody specific to IFN-beta and a specific inhibitor of the Janus kinase pathway both significantly blocked the induction of RV-inducible genes. Further studies demonstrated that 2-aminopurine, a specific inhibitor double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, could block both IFN-beta production and RV-induced gene expression. Thus, IFN-beta-dependent pathway is a part of the double-stranded RNA-initiated pathway that is responsible for RV-induced gene expression. Consistent with its indispensable role in the induction of antiviral genes, deactivation of this signaling pathway significantly enhanced viral production. Because increase of viral yield is associated with the severity of RV-induced airway illness, the discovery of an epithelial antiviral signaling pathway in this study will contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of RV-induced colds and asthma exacerbations.
authors.affiliation: Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Genomic and Biomedical Sciences Facility, Suite 6510, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA. yinchen@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hamati
authors.forename: Pak-Kei
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Wai-Ming
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wachi
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schnurr
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yagi
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dolganov
authors.forename: Homer
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boushey
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Avila
authors.forename: Reen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D015075:2-Aminopurine / Q000494:pharmacology; D016764:Cell Polarity; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000821:virology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000235:genetics; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded / Q000378:metabolism*; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C104647:PRKRA protein, human; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D015075:2-Aminopurine; D007371:Interferon-gamma