title: Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Status epilepticus is a medical emergency associated with significant mortality and morbidity, which requires immediate and effective treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To determine whether a particular anticonvulsant is more effective or safer to use in status epilepticus compared to another and compared to placebo.(2) To delineate reasons for disagreement in the literature regarding recommended treatment regimens and to highlight areas for future research.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the following electronic databases using the highly sensitive search strategy for identifying published randomised controlled trials: (1) Cochrane Epilepsy Group Specialized Register (July 2005); (2) Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 2,2005); (3) MEDLINE (1966 - August 2004); (4) EMBASE (1966 - January 2003).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials of participants with premonitory, early, established or refractory status epilepticus using a truly random or quasi-random allocation of treatments were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, assessed trial quality and extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven studies with 2017 participants were included. Few studies used the same interventions. Diazepam was better than placebo in reducing the risk of non-cessation of seizures (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.92), requirement for ventilatory support (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.94) or continuation of status epilepticus requiring use of a different drug or general anaesthesia (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.92). Lorazepam was better than placebo for risk of non-cessation of seizures (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.71) and for risk of continuation of status epilepticus requiring a different drug or general anaesthesia (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.71). Lorazepam was better than diazepam for reducing risk of non-cessation of seizures (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.90) and had a lower risk for continuation of status epilepticus requiring a different drug or general anaesthesia (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.88). Lorazepam was better than phenytoin for risk of non-cessation of seizures (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.86). Diazepam (30 mg intrarectal gel) was better than a lower dose (20 mg intrarectal gel) in premonitory status epilepticus for the risk of seizure continuation (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.86).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lorazepam is better than diazepam or phenytoin alone for cessation of seizures and carries a lower risk of continuation of status epilepticus requiring a different drug or general anaesthesia. Both lorazepam and diazepam are better than placebo for the same outcomes. In the treatment of premonitory seizures, diazepam 30 mg in an intrarectal gel is better than 20 mg for cessation of seizures without a statistically significant increase in adverse effects. Universally accepted definitions of premonitory, early, established and refractory status epilepticus are required.
authors.affiliation: All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Neurosciences Center, Room No. 704, AIIMS, 11002 New Delhi, India. drkameshwarprasad@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al-Roomi
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sequeira
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003975:Diazepam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D010672:Phenytoin; D008140:Lorazepam; D003975:Diazepam; D008874:Midazolam; D010634:Phenobarbital