title: Dietary intake and the insulin-like growth factor system: effects of migration in two related populations in India and Britain with markedly different dietary intake.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We report the effects of total energy intake on the IGF system in two populations with markedly different dietary macronutrient intake and cardiovascular event rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary macronutrient intake was measured in a specific Gujarati migrant community in Sandwell, UK (n=205) compared with people still resident in the same villages of origin in India (n=246). Fasting IGF-I, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1 and IGFBP-3, insulin and glucose (0 and 2-hour) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total energy and total fat intake were higher in UK migrants, as were IGFBP-3 and IGF-I (mean (95% confidence interval): 145.9 (138.1-153.6) vs. 100.9 (94.6-107.3) ng ml(-1); F=76.6, P<0.001). IGFBP-1 was lower in UK migrants (29.5 (25.9-33.0) vs. 56.5 (50.6-62.5) microg l(-1); F=48.4, P<0.001). At both sites, IGF-I correlated positively with total energy (Spearman's rho=0.45, P<0.001) and total fat (rho=0.44, P<0.001) as did IGFBP-3 with total energy (rho=0.21, P<0.05) and fat (rho=0.26, P<0.001). Conversely, in Indian Gujaratis, IGFBP-1 fell with increasing total energy (rho=-0.27, P<0.001) and fat intake (rho=-0.26, P<0.01) but not in UK Gujaratis. Multiple linear regression modelling showed that increasing quartiles of fat intake were associated with higher IGF-I (beta=0.42, P=0.007) independent of age, body mass index, plasma insulin, fatty acids and 2-hour glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these genetically similar groups, migration to the UK and adoption of a different diet is associated with marked changes in the IGF system, suggesting that environmental factors profoundly modulate serum concentrations and actions of IGFs.
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospitals University Trust, Hope Hospital, Stott Lane, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 8HD, UK. aheald@fs1.ho.man.ac.uk
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Heald
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vyas
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Siddals
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prabharkaran
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rudenski
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Durrington
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Cruickshank
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 / Q000097:blood; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000097:blood; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I