title: Cancer in the oropharynx: cost calculation of different treatment modalities for controlled primaries, relapses and grade III/IV complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper presents a model for cost calculation using the different treatment modalities for oropharyngeal (OPh) cancers used in our hospital. We compared full hospital costs, the associated costs of localregional relapses (LRR) and/or treatment related grade III/IV complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with OPh cancer are treated in the Erasmus MC preferably by an organ function preservation protocol. That is, by external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) followed by a brachytherapy (BT) boost, and neck dissection in case of N+ disease (BT-group: 157 patients). If BT is not feasible, resection with postoperative EBRT (S-group [S=Surgery]: 110 patients) or EBRT-alone (EBRT-group: 77 patients) is being pursued. Actuarial localregional control (LRC), disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) at 5-years were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. The mean costs per treatment group for diagnosis, primary Tx per se, follow-up, (salvage of) locoregional relapse (LRR), distant metastasis (DM), and/or grade III/IV complications needing clinical admission, were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the BT-, S-, or EBRT treatment groups, LRC rates at 5-years were 85, 82, and 55%, for the DFS, 61, 48, and 43%, and for the OS 65, 52, and 40%, respectively. The mean costs of primary Tx in case of the BT-group is 13,466; for the S-group 24,219, and 12,502 for the EBRT-group. The mean costs of S (the main salvage modality) for a LRR of the BT group or EBRT-group, were 17,861 and 15,887, respectively. The mean costs of clinical management of Grade III/IV complications were 7184 (BT-group), 16,675 (S-group) and 6437 (EBRT-group).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical outcome illustrates excellent LRC rates at 5-years for BT (85%), as well as for S (82%). The relatively low 55% LRC rate at 5-years for EBRT probably reflects a negative selection of patients. It is of interest that the total mean costs of patients alive with no evidence of disease is least for the BT-group: 15,101 as opposed to 25,288 (S) and 18,674 (EBRT). Main underlying cause for the high costs with S as opposed to RT alone is the number of associated clinical admission days, not only during primary treatment, but also at relapse. This might be taken into consideration when treating these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation-Oncology, Erasmus MC, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. w.nijdam@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Wideke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nijdam
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Levendag
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Noever
authors.forename: Carin Uyl-de
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Groot
authors.forename: Michel van
authors.initials: Mv
authors.lastname: Agthoven
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000191:economics*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002945:Cisplatin; D005472:Fluorouracil