title: Absorption enhancement, mechanistic and toxicity studies of medium chain fatty acids, cyclodextrins and bile salts as peroral absorption enhancers.
abstract: The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate an oral 'drug delivery' approach, which involves co-administration of absorption enhancers (AEs). The representative low permeable hydrophilic (biopharmaceutic classification system (BCS) Class III) drugs used in the study comprised of cefotaxime sodium and ceftazidime pentahydrate, whereas low permeable lipophilic (BCS Class IV) drugs include cyclosporin A and lovastatin. AEs from three different chemical classes, namely, medium chain fatty acids (sodium caprylate and caprate), cyclodextrins (beta-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin) and bile salts (sodium cholate and deoxycholate) were evaluated for absorption enhancement efficacy, mechanism of action and toxicity using in vitro everted intestinal sac model. These AEs were found to enhance intestinal permeability of drugs from 2- to 27-fold. Light microscopy studies of intestinal sac incubated with AEs for 120 min revealed morphological changes in absorptive mucosa and rank order of toxicity were cyclodextrins>bile salts congruent with medium chain fatty acids. Fluorescence polarization studies indicated that brush bordered membrane vesicles labeled with lipophilic (DPH, 12AS) and hydrophilic dyes (ANS), when treated with AEs exhibited concentration and time dependent decrease in fluorescence polarization. Total protein released in presence of AEs was more than control but considerably less than EDTA (0.58% w/v), which is known to cause toxic release of proteins from cell. Overall, AEs were found to significantly enhance drug permeability by decreasing lipid membrane fluidity and/or interacting with hydrophilic domains of membrane, and has the potential to improve oral delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector No. 67, SAS Nagar 160 062, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Manthena V S
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Varma
authors.forename: Harmander P S
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Chawla
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Panchagnula
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D001702:Biopharmaceutics; D002439:Cefotaxime / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D003505:Cyclodextrins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D005454:Fluorescence Polarization; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008148:Lovastatin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008560:Membrane Fluidity / Q000187:drug effects; D008871:Microvilli / Q000187:drug effects; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D003505:Cyclodextrins; D005227:Fatty Acids; D011506:Proteins; D016572:Cyclosporine; D008148:Lovastatin; D002439:Cefotaxime