title: A computer-simulated liver phantom (virtual liver phantom) for multidetector computed tomography evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of study was to develop a computer-simulated liver phantom for hepatic CT studies. A computer-simulated liver phantom was mathematically constructed on a computer workstation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The computer-simulated phantom was calibrated using real CT images acquired by an actual four-detector CT. We added an inhomogeneous texture to the simulated liver by referring to CT images of chronically damaged human livers. The mean CT number of the simulated liver was 60 HU and we added numerous 5-to 10-mm structures with 60+/-10 HU/mm. To mimic liver tumors we added nodules measuring 8, 10, and 12 mm in diameter with CT numbers of 60+/-10, 60+/-15, and 60+/-20 HU. Five radiologists visually evaluated similarity of the texture of the computer-simulated liver phantom and a real human liver to confirm the appropriateness of the virtual liver images using a five-point scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total score was 44 in two radiologists, and 42, 41, and 39 in one radiologist each. They evaluated that the textures of virtual liver were comparable to those of human liver.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our computer-simulated liver phantom is a promising tool for the evaluation of the image quality and diagnostic performance of hepatic CT imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan. yfunama@hs.kumamoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Funama
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Awai
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: Yoshiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Da
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Taiga
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hori
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed