title: Calcium antagonists and deep gingival pockets in the population-based SHIP study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gingival overgrowth is a common undesired side-effect in patients taking calcium channel blockers. Different reports have suggested that the drug-induced gingival hyperplasia may aggravate inflammatory periodontal disease. However, representative epidemiological data are lacking. We investigated the association between the intake of calcium antagonists and periodontitis in a population-based analysis including the most important risk factors of periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional epidemiological investigation involving 4290 subjects aged 20-80 years, we recorded periodontal risk factors and identified participants using calcium antagonists. Periodontal parameters, attachment loss, probing depth and number of teeth were assessed. In a subgroup analysis with matched pairs, 456 subjects using calcium antagonists and 456 without were compared for periodontal status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects treated with calcium antagonistic drugs had significantly deeper gingival pockets than their drug-free counterparts. This was observed in the total population of 4290 and confirmed by logistic regression analyses (P < 0.001) controlled for the known risk factors of periodontitis (age, sex, smoking, education). In the matched-pair analysis only the probing depth was increased: extent probing depth > or = 4 mm median 23.5 vs. 17.0% (P < 0.001); mean probing depth 3.0 +/- 0.8 vs. 2.7 +/- 0.9 mm (P < 0.001). No differences were found in extent and severity of clinical attachment loss and in the number of teeth. The risk of gingival overgrowth was aggravated in smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the general population, treatment with calcium antagonists leads to gingival overgrowth without an aggravation of periodontal disease. Interaction with smoking indicates the multifactorial background of the undesired effect of calcium antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Dental Clinics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, F.-Loeffler-Strasse 23d, D.-17486 Greifswald, Germany. meiselp@uni-greifswald.de
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meisel
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schwahn
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Heyo K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kroemer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kocher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers