title: Assessment of obstruction in adult ureterocele by means of color Doppler duplex sonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to present a method for identifying a ureteral obstruction in unilateral orthotopic ureterocele by means of conventional sonography and color Doppler duplex sonography. We focus on the measurement of the ureterocele dimensions, the degree of dilation it causes to the ipsilateral upper urinary tract, the registration of urine out-flow from the ureteral orifice into the bladder and its spectral analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over 2 years at our institutions, 8 adult patients (7 women, 1 man) were diagnosed as having a single system orthotopic ureterocele. Four of them presented with lumbar pain, dysuria and recurrent urinary tract infections, while the remainder were asymptomatic and diagnosed accidentally. The diagnosis was based on serial sonography of the upper and lower urinary tract confirmed by intravenous pyelography and cystoscopy. We also performed color Doppler duplex sonographic evaluation of the urine jets ejected from both ureteral orifices into the bladder. Using the flow spectral study we analyzed the waveforms and measured their duration and flow rate. The study was completed with a comparative analysis of the data obtained from both ureteral orifices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cystic dilation of the lower ureteric extremity into the bladder was presented in all cases. Upper urinary tract dilation, of various grades, was present in 4 of 8 patients. Differences in urine jets between those derived from the ureterocele and those from the healthy contralateral ureteral orifice were significant in those patients with dilation of the upper urinary tract. The differences concerned mainly the frequency and symmetry of the jets as well as the pattern, duration and velocity of their waves. The 4 above-mentioned patients, with dilated upper urinary tracts and waveforms differentiated from the contralateral ones, were characterized as obstructive. On the other hand, the remaining 4 patients with subclinical ureterocele showed insignificant differences in urine jets and waveforms, and were found to be non-obstructive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conventional sonography of the urinary tract in combination with color Doppler duplex sonography of the ureteral jets can be used in an attempt to diagnose and evaluate a unilateral orthotopic (single system) ureterocele and assess the necessity of intervention to identify the obstruction.
authors.affiliation: 1st Urology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, and Urology Department, General Hospital of Rhodes, Greece. alexmar@otenet.gr
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zougkas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kalafatis
authors.forename: St
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ioannidis
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Katsikas
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Radopoulos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014518:Ureterocele / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology