title: The International Infant Hydrocephalus Study: concept and rational.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the recent meetings of the International Study Group on Neuroendoscopy and the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, the consensus view emerged that there is a need to assess the value and efficacy of neuroendoscopic procedures against shunting in a scientific manner, to resolve long-lasting debates on the subject.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective randomized, controlled trial of endoscopic third ventriculostomy vs shunting in children presenting under the age of 2 years with pure aqueduct stenosis is been proposed and organized (the International Infant Hydrocephalus Study, IIHS). The participating surgeons must adhere to the philosophy of randomization and be suitably experienced in endoscopic techniques in infants. The primary outcome of the trial will be the overall health-related quality of life of these children at 5 years of age. Hence, the study is focusing on the effect of surgery on neurodevelopment, rather than the less important issue of shunt or stoma survival, that has been debated extensively with no conclusion so far. Intention-to-treat analysis will be performed according to the first surgery. Secondary outcomes such as complication and reoperation rate, total hospitalization time and cost, need for repeat imaging, and others will be analyzed as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pure aqueduct stenosis is relatively rare, making recruitment problematic, but has been chosen to avoid other confounding factors that could influence outcome. More than 25 centers worldwide have committed already to patient recruitment to the study. It is anticipated that recruitment will last for 2 years, aiming for 91 patients per arm. The study has started recruiting patients already in some countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is hoped that the trial will not only provide answers to unsettled debates on the value of neuroendoscopy but also create a network of collaborating pediatric neurosurgeons for future initiatives.
authors.affiliation: Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sgouros
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kulkharni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Constantini
mesh_terms: D002535:Cerebral Aqueduct / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007391:International Cooperation; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D020542:Third Ventricle / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods