title: Pseudouridine modification in Caenorhabditis elegans spliceosomal snRNAs: unique modifications are found in regions involved in snRNA-snRNA interactions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pseudouridine (Psi) is an abundant modified nucleoside in RNA and a number of studies have shown that the presence of Psi affects RNA structure and function. The positions of Psi in spliceosomal small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) have been determined for a number of species but not for the snRNAs from Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a popular experimental model system of development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a prelude to determining the function of or requirement for this modification in snRNAs, we have mapped the positions of Psi in U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 snRNAs from worms using a specific primer extension method. As with other species, C. elegans U2 snRNA has the greatest number of Psi residues, with nine, located in the 5' half of the U2 snRNA. U5 snRNA has three Psis, in or near the loop of the large stem-loop that dominates the structure of this RNA. U6 and U1 snRNAs each have one Psi, and two Psi residues were found in U4 snRNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The total number of Psis found in the snRNAs of C. elegans is significantly higher than the minimal amount found in yeasts but it is lower than that seen in sequenced vertebrate snRNAs. When the actual sites of modification on C. elegans snRNAs are compared with other sequenced snRNAs most of the positions correspond to modifications found in other species. However, two of the positions modified on C. elegans snRNAs are unique, one at position 28 on U2 snRNA and one at position 62 on U4 snRNA. Both of these modifications are in regions of these snRNAs that interact with U6 snRNA either in the spliceosome or in the U4/U6 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snRNP) and the presence of Psi may be involved in strengthening the intermolecular association of the snRNAs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. patton@med.sc.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Padgett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics*; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; D011560:Pseudouridine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012342:RNA, Small Nuclear / Q000737:chemistry*; D017381:Spliceosomes / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012342:RNA, Small Nuclear; C405483:U1 small nuclear RNA; C405484:U2 small nuclear RNA; C405482:U4 small nuclear RNA; C405485:U5 small nuclear RNA; C405486:U6 small nuclear RNA; D011560:Pseudouridine