title: Unambiguous detection of astaxanthin and astaxanthin fatty acid esters in krill (Euphausia superba Dana).
abstract: HPLC atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)/MS, GC MS, HPLC diode array detection (DAD), and NMR were used for the identification of astaxanthin and astaxanthin fatty acid esters in krill (Euphausia superba Dana). Matrix solid phase dispersion was applied for the extraction of the carotenoids. This gentle and expeditious extraction technique for solid and viscous samples leads to distinct higher enrichment rates than the conventional liquid-liquid extraction. The chromatographic separation was achieved employing a C30 RP column that allows the separation of shape-constrained geometrical isomers. A methanol/tert-butylmethyl ether/water gradient was applied. (all-E) Astaxanthin and the geometrical isomers were identified by HPLC APCI/MS, by coelution with isomerized authentical standard, by UV spectroscopy (DAD), and three isomers were unambiguously assigned by microcoil NMR spectroscopy. In this method, microcoils are transversally aligned to the magnetic field and have an increased sensitivity compared to the conventional double-saddle Helmholtz coils, thus enabling the measurement on small samples. The carotenol fatty acid esters were saponified enzymatically with Lipase type VII from Candida rugosa. The fatty acids were detected by GC MS after transesterification, but also without previous derivatization by HPLC APCI/MS. C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, C20:0, C20:5, and C22:6 were found in astaxanthin monoesters and in astaxanthin diesters. (all-E) Astaxanthin was identified as the main isomer in six fatty acid ester fractions by NMR. Quantitation was carried out by the method of internal standard. (13-cis) Astaxanthin (70 microg/g), 542 microg/g (all-E) astaxanthin, 36 microg/g unidentified astaxanthin isomer, 62 microg/g (9-cis) astaxanthin, and 7842 microg/g astaxanthin fatty acid esters were found.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Marc David
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Grynbaum
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hentschel
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Putzbach
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehbein
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krucker
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Albert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D033201:Euphausiacea / Q000737:chemistry*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D024341:Xanthophylls; D002338:Carotenoids; C005948:astaxanthine