title: Frontal sinus fractures in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the epidemiologic characteristics, clinical course, and management of pediatric patients with frontal sinus fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of 120 patients with maxillofacial fractures who presented to a tertiary children's hospital from 1998 to 2003 revealed 11 patients with frontal sinus fractures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study group included 9 males and 2 females with a mean age of 9.7 (range 4-14) years. The most common mechanisms of injury were unrestrained motor vehicle accident and all-terrain vehicle accident. All patients suffered concomitant orbital fractures. Other maxillofacial fractures included sphenoid (4), naso-orbitoethmoid (3), midface (2), and mandible (1). Seven (63.6%) patients sustained significant intracranial injuries including intraparenchymal hemorrhage, expanding pneumocephalus, and subdural hematoma. The average age of patients with intracranial injury was younger than those without intracranial injury (8.1 vs. 12.8 years, P = .025). Four patients had a total of six sites of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. The most common sites of dural injury were the cribriform area (4) and frontal region (2). All patients with CSF leaks had significant intracranial injuries and required bifrontal craniotomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric frontal sinus fractures are likely to involve other maxillofacial injuries, particularly involving the orbit. Frontal sinus fractures in children are associated with increased risk of serious intracranial injury and CSF leak when compared with adults. The most common site of dural injury was the cribriform area. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary to manage concomitant injuries, obtain separation of the sinonasal tract from intracranial contents, and to restore cosmesis to the brow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, USA. wwhatley@midsouth.rr.com
authors.forename: Wesley S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Whatley
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: Rakesh K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Jerome W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Fredrick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Boop
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000150:complications; D010348:Patient Care Team; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy