title: Thirty years of a ban on the sale of noniodized salt: impact on iodine nutrition in children in Himachal Pradesh, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A survey conducted by the central iodine-deficiency disorders team in Himachal Pradesh, a state in the goiter-endemic belt of India, revealed that 10 of its 12 districts have an endemic prevalence of goiter. The survey was conducted to provide health program managers data to determine whether it would be necessary to initiate intervention measures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the status of urinary iodine excretion and household salt iodization levels after three decades of a complete ban on the sale of noniodized salt in this goiter-endemic state in India as measured by assessment of urinary iodine excretion levels and iodine content of salt at the household level.
  
  
  METHODS
  The guidelines recommended by WHO/ UNICEF/ICCIDD for a rapid assessment of salt iodization were adopted. In each of the 12 studied districts, all senior secondary schools were enlisted and one school was selected by using a random sampling procedure. Two hundred fifty children 11 to 18 years of age were included in the study. Urine samples were collected from a minimum of 170 children and analyzed using the wet digestion method. Salt samples were also collected from a minimum of 170 children and analyzed using the spot testing kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All districts had a median urinary iodine excretion level > 200 microg/L and 82% of the families were consuming salt with an iodine content of 15 ppm or higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study high-light the successful implementation of the salt iodization program in the state of Himachal Pradesh. This positive impact may be due to the comprehensive strategy adopted by the state government to improve the quality of salt, development of an effective monitoring information system and effective information, education, and communication activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 1-110029, India. kapilumesh@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Umesh
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kapil
authors.forename: Thakur Dutt
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Preeti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Sada Nand
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
authors.forename: Supreet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaur
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006043:Goiter, Endemic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007455:Iodine / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009752:Nutritional Status; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; C034024:iodized salt; D007455:Iodine