title: Ionizing radiation and tobacco use increases the risk of a subsequent lung carcinoma in women with breast cancer: case-only design.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the risk of lung cancer in women treated with radiotherapy for breast cancer. We accessed the lung dose in relation to different radiotherapy techniques, provided the excess relative risk (ERR) estimate for radiation-associated lung cancer, and evaluated the influence of tobacco use.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Swedish Cancer Registry was used to identify 182 women diagnosed with breast and subsequent lung cancers in Stockholm County during 1958 to 2000. Radiotherapy was administered to 116 patients. Radiation dose was estimated from the original treatment charts, and information on smoking history was searched for in case records and among relatives. The risk of lung cancer was assessed in a case-only approach, where each woman contributed a pair of lungs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average mean lung dose to the ipsilateral lung was 17.2 Gy (range, 7.1 to 32.0 Gy). A significantly increased relative risk (RR) of a subsequent ipsilateral lung cancer was observed at > or = 10 years of follow-up (RR = 2.04; 95% CI, 1.24 to 3.36). Squamous cell carcinoma (RR = 4.00; 95% CI, 1.50 to 10.66) was the histopathologic subgroup most closely related to ionizing radiation. The effect of radiotherapy was restricted to smokers only (RR = 3.08; 95% CI, 1.61 to 5.91). The ERR/Gy for women with latency > or = 10 years after exposure was 0.11 (95% CI, 0.02 to 0.44).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiotherapy for breast cancer significantly increases the risk of lung carcinoma more than 10 years after exposure in women who smoked at time of breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. Michaela.Prochazka@meb.ki.se
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prochazka
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gagliardi
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Granath
authors.forename: Bo N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tennis
authors.forename: Kamila
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Czene
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D003043:Cocarcinogenesis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes