title: Chloroplasts in envelopes: CO(2) fixation by fully functional intact chloroplasts.
abstract: Dan Arnon, Bob Whatley, Mary Belle Allen, and their colleagues, were the first to obtain evidence for 'complete photosynthesis by isolated chloroplasts' albeit at rates which were 1% or less of those displayed by the intact leaf. By the 1960s, partly in the hope of confirming full functionality, there was a perceived need to raise these rates to the same order of magnitude as those displayed by the parent tissue. A nominal figure of 100 mumol/mgcchlorophyll/h (CO(2) assimilated or O(2) evolved) became a target much sought after. This article describes the contributions that Dick Jensen and Al Bassham [(1966) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 56: 1095-1101], and my colleagues and I, made to the achievement of this goal and the way in which it led to a better understanding of the role of inorganic phosphate in its relation to the movement of metabolites across chloroplast envelopes.
authors.affiliation: Robert Hill Institute, Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK, d.a.walker@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David Alan
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Walker