title: Primary radical external beam radiotherapy of rectal adenocarcinoma: long term outcome of 271 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess local control, survival and toxicity following primary radical external beam radiotherapy of rectal adenocarcinoma treated between 1978 and 1997, and to compare practices and outcomes between the two decades of study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of 271 patients who underwent primary radical external beam radiotherapy, without prior or concurrent chemotherapy, was conducted. All patients received radiation doses of at least 40 Gy. Most patients (82%) were followed until death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor fixation was the only significant prognostic factor for complete response by multivariate analysis. Complete response rates for mobile, partially fixed and fixed tumors were 49, 22 and 9%, respectively. For patients with mobile, partially fixed and fixed tumors, overall 5 year survival was 48, 26 and 6%, respectively, and cancer specific 5 year survival was 59, 33 and 9%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, tumor fixation and CEA higher than 8.7 microg/L at presentation were associated with significantly shortened survival. Outcomes did not change significantly during the two decades of the study. RTOG grade 3 or higher acute (1.8%) and late (1.5%) toxicity occurred only in the first decade of study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radical external beam radiotherapy is a reasonable treatment option for rectal carcinoma for patients who are not surgical candidates or refuse surgery. However in patients with fixed tumors in this study, the outcome is poor and treatment should be considered palliative. Severe radiation toxicity is infrequent with current schedules and techniques of radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Yongjin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Catton
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jolie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ringash
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Qi-Long
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brierley
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011336:Probability; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000379:methods*; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome