title: Assessing nondrinking outcomes in combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy clinical trials for the treatment of alcohol dependence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article argues that nondrinking outcomes are essential to include in complex trials such as COMBINE to assess the hypothesized mechanisms of action and behavioral change associated with both medications and psychotherapy. Toward this end, COMBINE is used as a case study for (1) discussing hypothesized mechanisms of action for behavior change, (2) discussing distinctive design features of combined studies, (3) highlighting issues in the selection of outcome measures, (4) providing a framework for organizing outcome domains and measures and (5) providing a dose-response model for assessing alcoholism treatment outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the literature and discussion of methodological issues in assessing nondrinking outcomes is provided as well as a case study in developing a conceptual framework for selecting outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the review and case study include the development of a framework for categorizing outcome dimensions and measures into condition-specific clinical status, condition-specific symptoms and personal and interpersonal functioning outcomes. In addition, a model is provided for assessing the dose-response of combined alcoholism treatment with multiple dimensions of outcome during and after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with previous observations that recovery from alcohol dependence is a multidimensional developmental process, the COMBINE Study will examine the effects of different combinations of pharmacotherapy and behavioral interventions on the magnitude and pattern of changes in various outcome dimensions (both drinking and nondrinking) over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. rac@uwm.edu
authors.forename: Ron A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cisler
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kivlahan
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: Margaret E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mattson
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D016896:Treatment Outcome