title: Randomised, double blind trial of oxytocin nasal spray in mothers expressing breast milk for preterm infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human milk has considerable short and long term benefits for preterm infants, but mothers may experience difficulties in expressing breast milk for infants too immature or sick to breast feed. Oxytocin has been used to assist breast feeding and milk expression, but few data are available to support this intervention in the neonatal unit setting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that oxytocin nasal spray increases early milk output in mothers expressing milk for preterm infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised, double blind trial of oxytocin nasal spray (100 microl per dose) versus placebo was conducted in mothers delivering infants <35 weeks gestation. Sprays were used before expression of milk using an electric pump up to day 5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total weight of milk expressed while using spray (study powered to detect >1SD difference between groups).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pattern of milk production; number of pumping sessions; weight/fat content of milk expressed during a fixed 20 minute period on day 5 ("physiological study"); mother's opinion of expressing and spray assessed by questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty one mothers were randomised (27 oxytocin, 24 placebo). Total milk production did not differ between groups. Repeated measures analysis of variance suggested significantly (p = 0.001) different patterns of milk production, with initial faster production in the oxytocin group then convergence between groups. Parity did not influence the response to the intervention. No significant differences were seen in milk weight or fat content in the physiological study nor in mothers' opinions of milk expression and treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite marginal differences in the pattern of early milk production, the use of oxytocin nasal spray did not significantly improve outcome. Most mothers believed they were receiving the active spray, suggesting a significant placebo effect (supported by limited data from historical controls) and benefits from the extra breast feeding support available during the study.
authors.affiliation: Childhood Nutrition Reserach Centre, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK. m.fewtrell@ich.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fewtrell
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blake
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ridout
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hawdon
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001942:Breast Feeding; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007774:Lactation; D008423:Maternal Age; D008893:Milk Ejection / Q000187:drug effects*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D010120:Oxytocics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010120:Oxytocics; D010121:Oxytocin