title: Hydrops fetalis: an unusual prenatal presentation of hereditary congenital lymphedema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a rare case of primary congenital lymphedema (PCL) presenting as hydrops fetalis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patient presented at 33(+4) weeks' gestation with polyhydramnios, massive bilateral hydrothorax, skin edema, scalp edema and minimal ascites. In utero thoracocentesis was performed and delivery was induced. Follow-up at 12 months of age revealed moderate bilateral foot edema with otherwise normal development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diagnosis of PCL was suspected on the basis of the family history. DNA analysis revealed a novel missense mutation, E1106K, in the tyrosine kinase domain of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 gene (VEGFR3/FLT4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCL should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hydrops fetalis. Knowledge of the favorable course, variable clinical presentation, therapy options and genetic basis should contribute to better pregnancy counseling and management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel.
authors.forename: Etty
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Daniel-Spiegel
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghalamkarpour
authors.forename: Ronen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spiegel
authors.forename: Ehud
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: Miikka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vikkula
authors.forename: Eliezer
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shalev
authors.forename: Stavit Alon
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shalev
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000151:congenital; D006801:Humans; D015160:Hydrops Fetalis / Q000209:etiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010375:Pedigree; D006831:Polyhydramnios; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal