title: [Factors influencing incipient diabetic nephropathy: ESODIAH study].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High cholesterol levels might contribute to the presence of albuminuria. The objective of our study was to evaluate the influence of lipid levels on the development of incipient diabetic nephropathy. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the effects of diabetes control, high blood pressure, age, sex, years of diabetes evolution, body mass index and smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  930 subjects were enrolled in an open observational prospective cohort study of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and high cholesterol levels (ESODIAH study) for 2 years. In our nephropathy study we selected 590 patients who had albuminuria measurements done. In every 4-month interval visit we made a clinical evaluation and blood analysis including HbA1c, lipid profile and microalbuminuria. Statistical analysis included t-Student, chi2 test, and binary logistic regressions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  51.7% men, aged 62.08 years of age and with an evolution of their diabetes of 8.49 years were studied. 40.6% had microalbuminuria and 59.4% had normoalbuminuria. High HbA1c correlated with the presence of albuminuria (odds ratio [OR] = 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-1.55; p = 0.001). The development of microalbuminuria was more frequent in younger (OR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.89-0.98), smoker (OR = 3.19; 95% CI, 1.02-9.96), subjects with high systolic blood pressure (OR = 1.02; 95% CI, 1-1.05). Total cholesterol levels at the end of the study were higher in new microalbuminuric (group I) than normoalbuminuric patients (group II) (group I: 211.08 [34.75] mg/dl vs group II: 200.67 [30.50]; p = 0.042).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tobacco, blood pressure and diabetes control influences the presence and development of microalbuminuria. More studies are required to study the influence of hypercholesterolemia.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Diabetes, Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitari Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain. uden.jbiarnes@htrueta.scs.es
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biarnés
authors.forename: Lluís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Masana
authors.forename: Clotilde
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pintó
authors.forename: Wifredo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ricart
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000209:etiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000150:complications*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies