title: The Goteborg MCI study: mild cognitive impairment is a heterogeneous condition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been considered a transitional state between normal aging and dementia, characterised by memory impairment but normal general cognitive functioning. Recently other cognitive deficits have been reported. This has led to a modification of MCI criteria.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine which neuropsychological tests most clearly distinguish MCI subjects from normal controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  112 consecutive MCI subjects and 35 controls were included in the study. The diagnosis of MCI was based on an objective history of cognitive decline and a neuropsychiatric examination, comprising instruments STEP, I-Flex, MMSE, and CDR. Participants were examined with 21 neuropsychological tests in the cognitive domains speed/attention, memory and learning, visuospatial function, language, and executive function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controls were significantly older. No differences were found in education or general intellectual capacity. Controls performed significantly better than MCI on tests within all five cognitive domains. The clearest differences were seen on language tests, followed by executive function, and learning and memory. Only two subjects (1.8%) were purely amnestic; 17% showed no impairment compared with controls, with a cut off of 1.5 SD below age mean. These subjects were better educated and performed significantly better on measures of general cognitive capacity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results illustrate the heterogeneity of MCI, with a significant degree of impairment in all five cognitive domains. When examined with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, very few subjects had an isolated memory impairment.
authors.affiliation: Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Göteborg University, Sweden. arto.nordlund@neuro.gu.se
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nordlund
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rolstad
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hellström
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjögren
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wallin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011930:Reaction Time; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013028:Space Perception; D014796:Visual Perception