title: Comparison of brucella and non-specific epididymorchitis: gray scale and color Doppler ultrasonographic features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to find out if it is possible to differentiate between brucellar and non-specific epididymorchitis by comparing ultrasonography (US) and color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six patients diagnosed to have epididymorchitis both clinically and ultrasonographically were included to study. All of the patients were investigated serologically for brucella. Twenty-eight of those patients were admitted brucella epididymorchitis because of high agglutinations titers for brucella. The other 28 patients were admitted non-specific epididymorchitis because of normal agglutinations titers for brucella. Testicular size, echogenicity, hydrocele, internal echoes and/or septations within hydrocele, and scrotal skin thickness of normal and involved testis were compared by ultrasonography. Besides, pick systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, resistive index and pick systolic velocity ratio values were measured by bilateral testicular color Doppler ultrasonography in both groups. When the p-value is <0.05, the difference between groups is accepted as statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thickening of scrotal skin was seen in 17 of 28 patients with brucella epididymorchitis (BEPO) (67%) and in 25 of 28 patients with non-specific epididymorchitis (NEPO) (89.2%) (p < 0.01). There was no difference between groups regarding presence of hydrocele. However hydrocele seen in all patients was anechoic except for two patients (8.6%). Hydrocele seen in 18 of 22 patients with BEPO and hydrocele had internal echogenicity or septation (p < 0.001). Sizes of testes and epididymis were found to be increased in involved testis compared to normal testis. Testes of all patients with NEPO were homogenous with decreased echogenicity except for five patients (17.8%). However, 23 patients with BEPO (82%) found to have heterogenous testis (p < 0.001). Spectral measurements showed increased PSV and EDV values and decreased RI values in involved sides in both groups. There was statistical significant difference in respect to maximum and minimum flow velocity between two groups (p < 0.05). There was no difference between the two groups regarding RI values. PSV ratio was 3.1+/-1.3 in patients with BEPO and 2.2+/-0.7 in patients with NEPO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heterogenicity, focal echogenicity differences and hydrocele with granularity and/or septation seen in a patient presenting with scrotal infection in brucella endemic areas must rise the possibility of brucellosis rather than NEPO. By this way, effective treatment can commence immediately and complications can be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Harran University School of Medicine, Arastirma ve Uygulama Hastanesi, TR-63100 Sanliurfa, Turkey. ozturka26@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Adil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozturk
authors.forename: Ebru
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ozturk
authors.forename: Fadile
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zeyrek
authors.forename: Kahraman
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Onur
authors.forename: Ocal
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sirmatel
authors.forename: Nurcan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D002006:Brucellosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004822:Epididymis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004823:Epididymitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009920:Orchitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology*; D012611:Scrotum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012867:Skin / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006848:Testicular Hydrocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology