title: Switchability of neoral and equoral according to Food and Drug Administration rules and regulations.
abstract: According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), if a drug product contains a drug substance that is chemically identical and is delivered to the site of action at the same rate and extent as another drug product, then it is equivalent and can be substituted (switchable) for that drug product. Methods used to define bioequivalence as stated by the FDA rules (FDA 21 CFR 320, 24) are (1) pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in healthy volunteers, (2) comparative clinical trials, and (3) pharmacodynamic (PD) studies (bioactivity). We evaluated the switchability of Equoral (IVAX-USA) with Neoral (Novartis Switzerland using all FDA rules. In a single oral dose, we undertook a comparative bioavailability study of Equoral (IVAX, USA) Neoral (Novartis, USA), and Neoral (Novartis UK). The pharmacokinetics of Equoral and Neoral were determined with blood levels at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 hours. The area under curve (AUC), AUC extrapolated to infinity (AUC0-inf), rate of absorption (Tmax), extent of absorption (Cmax), half time (t1/2) of Equoral and Neoral were all within the 90% confidence interval of 80% to 125% boundaries. A comparative multinational multicenter clinical trial in stable renal transplant patients included 70 patients (22 women and 48 men) of mean age of 33 years (range, 26 to 43) was performed in Turkey, Lebanon, and Pakistan. In this study the ratios of LSM and the 90% confidence intervals for the Nontransformed/Parameters (AUC0-t, AUCinf, Tmax, and Cmax) of Equoral and Neoral SGC were 98% and 95%, respectively, which are within the 80% to 125% FDA acceptance range. For immunosuppressive drugs, the site of action is the lymphocyte and the measurable response is the decrease in lymphocyte count caused by the relative concentration of the drug in the lymphocyte. In a controlled switch, fixed-dose study, both Equoral and Neoral achieved the same concentration in the lymphocytes and caused the same degree of lymphocyte count reduction. The results of the testing (bioavailability-bioequivalence, clinical studies, and pharmacodynamic-bioactivity) required by FDA for interchangeability ("switchability") of immunosuppressive agents suggests that Neoral and Equoral are switchable.
authors.affiliation: Rizk Hospital, Ankara Turkey. marwan.masri@mysalima.com
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Masri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haberal
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rizvi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bilgin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naqvi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barbari
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kamel
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zafar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Emiroğlu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Colak
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Manzoor
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Matha
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kamarad
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rost
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rizk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hazime
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Perlik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine