title: Occurrence of two newly named oral treponemes - Treponema parvum and Treponema putidum - in primary endodontic infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent evidence from molecular genetic studies has revealed that oral Treponema species are involved in infections of endodontic origin. This study assessed the occurrence of two newly named oral treponemes - Treponema parvum and Treponema putidum - in primary endodontic infections using a culture-independent identification technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA was isolated directly from clinical samples, and a 16S rRNA gene-based nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to determine the presence of T. parvum and T. putidum. Species-specific primer pairs were developed by aligning closely related 16S rRNA gene sequences. The specificity for each primer pair was validated by running PCR against a panel of oral bacteria and by sequence analysis of PCR products from positive clinical samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T. parvum was detected in 52% of the root canals associated with chronic apical periodontitis, in 20% of the cases diagnosed as acute apical periodontitis, and in no abscessed case. In general, T. parvum was detected in 26% of the samples from primary endodontic infections. T. putidum was found in only one case of acute apical periodontitis (2% of the total number of cases investigated).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The devised nested PCR protocol was able to identify both T. parvum and T. putidum directly in clinical samples and demonstrated that these two treponemes can take part in endodontic infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: I N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Rôças
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Siqueira
mesh_terms: D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology; D003788:Dental Pulp Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology; D010482:Periapical Abscess / Q000382:microbiology; D010485:Periapical Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis; D013045:Species Specificity; D014208:Treponema / Q000145:classification*; D014211:Treponemal Infections / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S