title: A prospective study of agitation in a medical-surgical ICU: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although agitation is thought to be common in the ICU, it has been poorly studied. We evaluated the incidence, risks factors, and outcomes of agitation in ICU.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  All consecutive ICU admissions over an 8-month period were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred eleven patients were admitted a total of 216 times during the period of the study. Twenty-nine patients were excluded from the study because their pathology findings did not allow an evaluation of their level of consciousness; 182 patients were actually enrolled. Agitation developed in 95 of 182 patients (52%). Agitation began 4.4 +/- 5.6 days (+/- SD) after admission to the ICU and lasted 3.9 +/- 4.1 days. Patients with agitation had a higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II on ICU admission than those who did not have agitation (40 +/- 16 vs 33 +/- 13, p < 0.01). By stepwise logistic regression, the independent risks factors for development of agitation included psychoactive drug use at the time of ICU admission (odds ratio, 5.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32 to 23.70), history of alcohol abuse (odds ratio, 3.32; 95% CI, 1.12 to 10.00), dysnatremia (odds ratio, 4.95; 95% CI, 1.95 to 12.54), fever (odds ratio, 4.52; 95% CI, 1.80 to 11.49), use of sedatives in the ICU (odds ratio, 4.03; 95% CI, 1.62 to 10.40), and sepsis (odds ratio, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.03 to 6.58). Agitation was associated with a prolonged ICU stay (16 +/- 19 days vs 6 +/- 6 days, p = 0.0001), nosocomial infections (34% vs 7%, p < 0.0001), unplanned extubations (17% vs 2%, p = 0.003), and unplanned central venous catheter removal (16% vs 1%, p = 0.001), but not with mortality (12% in the agitation group vs 8% in patients without agitation).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Agitation is a common event in a mixed medical-surgical ICU. It is associated with adverse outcomes including prolonged stay, nosocomial infections, and unplanned extubations. A better knowledge of incidence and risk factors should facilitate identification of patients at risk and decrease the incidence of agitation.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit and Transplantation, Department of Anesthesiology, DAR B, Hospital Saint Eloi, University of Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France. s-jaber@chu-montpellier.fr
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaber
authors.forename: Gérald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chanques
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Altairac
authors.forename: Mustapha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sebbane
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vergne
authors.forename: Pierre-François
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Perrigault
authors.forename: Jean-Jacques
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Eledjam
mesh_terms: D004282:Documentation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome