title: The effect of stretching on the release of fluoride from fluoridated elastomeric ligatures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this in-vitro investigation was to determine whether stretching increases the amount of fluoride released from fluoridated elastomeric ligatures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten groups of 4 fluoridated elastomeric ligatures stretched over edgewise premolar brackets were compared with 10 groups of 4 ligatures that were not stretched over brackets. Each group was placed in individual polyethylene bottles containing 1 mL of distilled water and maintained at 37 degrees C in an incubator. A polyethylene bottle containing only distilled water and 4 brackets was used as the control. The fluoride content of the samples was determined once a day for 7 days and regularly thereafter up to 196 days. A fluoride-ion selective electrode coupled to an analyzer was used to determine the fluoride content of the solutions. The sample solutions were changed 24 hours before readings to prevent the results from being cumulative.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fluoride-ion release for each of the groups was calculated and expressed as total fluoride release in micrograms of fluoride per day per milliliter per elastomer. During the first month in solution, the stretched fluoridated elastomers released approximately 32 microgF.day/mL and the unstretched speciments released 30 microgF.day/mL. This represents a 7% increase in fluoride release, which was statistically significant (P = .007). Over the entire test period (196 days), the modules stretched over the brackets released about 13% more fluoride. This was also a statistically significant difference (P = .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stretching increases the concentration and amount of fluoride released from fluoridated elastomeric ligatures.
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Department, Charles Clifford Dental Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jonathan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: O'Dwyer
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tinsley
authors.forename: Philip E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Benson
mesh_terms: D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004548:Elasticity; D020724:Elastomers / Q000737:chemistry*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D020724:Elastomers; D005459:Fluorides