title: Osteoblasts generate harder, stiffer, and more delamination-resistant mineralized tissue on titanium than on polystyrene, associated with distinct tissue micro- and ultrastructure.
abstract: This study revealed that osteoblasts generate harder, stiffer, and more delamination-resistant mineralized tissue on titanium than on the tissue culture polystyrene, associated with modulated gene expression, uniform mineralization, well-crystallized interfacial calcium-phosphate layer, and intensive collagen deposition. Knowledge of this titanium-induced alteration of osteogenic potential leading to enhanced intrinsic biomechanical properties of mineralized tissue provides novel opportunities and implications for understanding and improving bone-titanium integration and engineering physiomechanically tolerant bone.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Bone-titanium integration is a biological phenomenon characterized by continuous generation and preservation of peri-implant bone and serves as endosseous anchors against endogenous and exogenous loading, of which mechanisms are poorly understood. This study determines the intrinsic biomechanical properties and interfacial strength of cultured mineralized tissue on titanium and characterizes the tissue structure as possible contributing factors in biomechanical modulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat bone marrow-derived osteoblastic cells were cultured either on a tissue culture-grade polystyrene dish or titanium-coated polystyrene dish having comparable surface topography. Nano-indentation and nano-scratch tests were undertaken on mineralized tissues cultured for 28 days to evaluate its hardness, elastic modulus, and critical load (force required to delaminate tissue). Gene expression was analyzed using RT-PCR. The tissue structural properties were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), collagen colorimetry and localization with Sirius red stain, mineral quantification, and localization with von Kossa stain and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hardness and elastic modulus of mineralized tissue on titanium were three and two times greater, respectively, than those on the polystyrene. Three times greater force was required to delaminate the tissue on titanium than that on the polystyrene. SEM of the polystyrene culture displayed a porous structure consisting of fibrous and globular components, whereas the titanium tissue culture appeared to be uniformly solid. Cell proliferation was remarkably reduced on titanium. Microscopic observations revealed that the mineralized tissue on titanium was composed of uniform collagen-supported mineralization from the titanium interface to the outer surface, with intensive collagen deposition at tissue-titanium interface. In contrast, tissue on the polystyrene was characterized by collagen-deficient mineralization at the polystyrene interface and calcium-free collagenous matrix formation in the outer tissue area. Such characteristic microstructure of titanium-associated tissue was corresponded with upregulated gene expression of collagen I and III, osteopontin, and osteocalcin mRNA. Cross-sectional TEM revealed the apposition of a high-contrast and well-crystallized calcium phosphate layer at the titanium interface but not at the polystyrene interface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Culturing osteoblasts on titanium, compared with polystyrene, enhances the hardness, elastic modulus, and interfacial strength of mineralized tissue to a higher degree. Titanium per se possesses an ability to alter cellular phenotypes and tissue micro- and ultrastructure that result in enhanced intrinsic biomechanical properties of mineralized tissue.
authors.affiliation: The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and Hospital Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095-1668, USA.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Saruwatari
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aita
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Butz
authors.forename: Hiromi K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Jianyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Wen-An
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003094:Collagen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004548:Elasticity; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics; D006244:Hardness; D008297:Male; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D036103:Nanotechnology; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011137:Polystyrenes; D003094:Collagen; D014025:Titanium; D002118:Calcium