title: DNA and mRNA elements with complementary responses to hemin, antioxidant inducers, and iron control ferritin-L expression.
abstract: Ferritins, an ancient family of protein nanocages, concentrate iron in iron-oxy minerals for iron-protein biosynthesis and protection against oxy radical damage. Of the two genetic mechanisms that regulate rates of ferritin-L synthesis, DNA transcription and mRNA translation, more is known about mRNA regulation where iron targets complexes of an mRNA structure, the iron-responsive element (IRE) sequence, and ferritin IRE repressors (iron regulatory proteins 1 and 2). Neither the integration of mRNA and DNA regulation nor the ferritin-L DNA promoter are well studied. We now report the combined effects of DNA transcription and mRNA translation regulation of ferritin-L synthesis. First, the promoter of human ferritin-L, encoding the animal-specific subunit associated with human diseases, was identified, and contained an overlapping Maf recognition element (MARE) and antioxidant responsive element (ARE) that was positively regulated by tert-butylhydroquinone, sulforaphane, and hemin with responses comparable to thioredoxin reductase (ARE regulator) or quinone reductase (MARE/ARE regulator). Iron, a poor regulator of the ferritin-L promoter, was 800 times less effective than sulforaphane. Combining the ferritin-L MARE/ARE and IRE produced a response to hemin that was 3-fold greater than the sum of responses of the MARE/ARE or IRE alone. Regulation of ferritin-L by a MARE/ARE DNA sequence emphasizes the importance of ferritin-L in oxidative stress that complements the mRNA regulation in iron stress. Combining DNA and mRNA mechanisms of regulation, as for ferritin-L, illustrates the advantages of using two types of genetic targets to achieve sensitive responses to multiple signals.
authors.affiliation: Center for BioIron at CHORI, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
authors.forename: Korry J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hintze
authors.forename: Elizabeth C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Theil
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D005293:Ferritins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006427:Hemin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020218:Response Elements; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D006427:Hemin; D004247:DNA; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron