Clinical evaluation of a lead mobilization test using the chelating agent dimercaptosuccinic acid.
BACKGROUND
The lead mobilization test reflects the mobilizable and likely toxicologically active fraction of the lead body burden. We propose a safe and convenient protocol for this test, to assess concomitant copper and zinc excretion and to determine the size of the chelatable lead pool in nonoccupationally exposed adults.


METHODS
The study population included 80 white adults: 40 controls [median blood lead concentration (PbB), 25 microg/L] and 40 lead-exposed individuals (315 microg/L). After collection of 4- and 24-h baseline urine specimens and a blood sample, dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) was administered orally (1 g), and additional 4- and 24-h urine specimens were obtained. Determinants of the chelatable urinary lead (DMSA-PbU) were traced by linear regression analysis.


RESULTS
Urinary DMSA and lead excretion peaked within 2-3 h after DMSA administration. The amounts of DMSA, lead, copper, and zinc recovered in the 4-h urinary collections were highly correlated with those in 24-h collections (r = 0.857, 0.859, 0.958, and 0.757, respectively). At PbB concentrations >300 microg/L, the relationship between DMSA-PbU and PbB showed a steep increase and a widespread dispersion of DMSA-PbU around the regression line. After DMSA, copper and zinc excretion rates were increased up to 91- and 33-fold, respectively. No side effects were reported after DMSA.


CONCLUSIONS
Determination of DMSA-PbU in a 4-h collection after DMSA is convenient, apparently safe, and inexpensive. An upper reference limit value of 22 microg/4 h is proposed for Belgian reference individuals. The diagnostic value of DMSA-PbU is likely to be contributive for PbB >300 microg/L.
Hoet
Perrine
P
Unit of Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. hoet@toxi.ucl.ac.be
Buchet
Jean-Pierre
JP
Decerf
Laurence
L
Lavalleye
Benoît
B
Haufroid
Vincent
V
Lison
Dominique
D
D000328:Adult; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003300:Copper / Q000652:urine; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000652:urine*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000652:urine; D004113:Succimer / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015032:Zinc / Q000652:urine
D002614:Chelating Agents; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper; D004113:Succimer; D015032:Zinc