title: Paternal leakage sustains the cytoplasmic polymorphism underlying gynodioecy but remains invasible by nuclear restorers.
abstract: Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in plants often results in gynodioecious populations, composed of hermaphrodites and male-sterile females. All models of gynodioecy assume maternal inheritance of the cytoplasmic alleles and postulate a variety of negatively frequency-dependent mechanisms to maintain the cytoplasmic polymorphisms observed in many natural populations. However, in some plant species, mitochondria are transmitted at least occasionally by pollen, a process called paternal leakage. We show that even a small amount of paternal leakage is sufficient to sustain a permanent, stable cytoplasmic polymorphism. Because only hermaphrodites provide pollen in gynodioecious species, the effects of paternal leakage are biased and occur more often from the non-CMS male-fertile haplotype to the CMS male-sterile haplotype. We also show that a nuclear restorer disrupts the polymorphic cytoplasmic equilibrium, leading to fixation of both the CMS allele and the restorer. Although a dominant nuclear restorer fixes, it fixes much more slowly than in the standard CMS models. Although a stable cytonuclear polymorphism is possible with "matching alleles" nuclear restoration, oscillations to low frequencies present a risk of loss by drift. Paternal leakage enhances the stability of joint cytonuclear polymorphism by reducing the chance that a CMS allele is lost by drift.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA. mjwade@bio.indiana.edu
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: McCauley
mesh_terms: D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D035263:Flowering Tops / Q000235:genetics; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic