title: Economic burden and co-morbidities of atrial fibrillation in a privately insured population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assesses the direct (medical and drugs) and indirect (work loss) annual costs associated with Atrial Fibrillation (AFIB) in a privately insured population.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  AFIB is the most common sustained rhythm disturbance, affecting 2.3 million people in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost and co-morbidity measures for AFIB patients were compared to matched controls using a privately insured administrative database (including medical, drug, and disability claims) for 2 million enrollees, 1999-2002 from 16 employers across the United States. Patients with an AFIB diagnosis on at least two occasions were included in the co-morbidity analysis (n = 3944). A non-AFIB control sample was randomly selected with a 1:1 ratio, with characteristics (i.e., age, gender, health plan) matched to AFIB patients. Excess medical costs (i.e., employer payments) were estimated for AFIB patients, defined as the difference in average annual costs between AFIB and control patients (n = 3944); excess work-loss costs were defined similarly for employees with available work-loss data (n = 603). Statistical significance in the descriptive analysis was measured by paired t-tests for cost, or Chi-square tests for co-morbidity comparisons. A two-part multivariate model of excess cost was further estimated to control for co-existing conditions and other patient characteristics. The excess costs of AFIB patients were estimated as the difference between the observed costs of AFIB patients and their estimated costs, assuming they did not have AFIB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multivariate analysis found that the excess annual direct cost of AFIB was $12,349 (p < 0.01), with AFIB patients approximately 5 times as costly as non-AFIB individuals ($15,553 versus $3204, respectively). The excess annual total cost was $14,875 (p < 0.01), with AFIB patients again approximately 5 times as costly as non-AFIB individuals ($18,454 versus $3,579, respectively). AFIB was associated with increased incidence of atrial flutter (p < 0.01), heart failure (Relative Risk (RR) = 29, p < 0.01), other arrhythmias/conduction disorders (RR = 16, p < 0.01), heart attack (RR = 8, p < 0.01), and stroke (RR = 6, p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AFIB is a costly disease and one for which more definitive therapies might offer some potential for reducing, not only the clinical impact, but also the economic burden of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Analysis Group, Inc., Boston, MA 02119, USA. ewu@analysisgroup.com
authors.forename: Eric Q
authors.initials: EQ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Howard G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mareva
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tuttle
authors.forename: Adam R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Castor
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jackman
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruskin
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000191:economics*; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000150:complications; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014481:United States