title: Racial and gender differences in susceptibility to tobacco smoke among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been considered a disease of Caucasian men, recent data show mortality rising faster among women and African-Americans. Some have suggested these groups are more susceptible to tobacco smoke. We examined this issue in our own population of COPD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Beginning in March 2003 we prospectively developed a COPD research database to facilitate recruitment for clinical trials. Enrollees are recruited from clinics and paid advertising and their demographics, medical/smoking histories, and spirometric data are recorded. We examined the smoking histories and pulmonary function of enrollees over 45, with 20 pack-years of smoking, FEV(1)/FVC (forced expiratory volume forced vital capacity) <0.70, and a race-adjusted post-bronchodilator FEV(1)<80%. The primary outcome was the loss of lung function per pack-year smoked, or Susceptibility Index (SI), calculated using the formula: (% predicted FEV(1)-100)/pack-years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 585 patients enrolled during the study period and 330 met our inclusion criteria. Caucasians were older than African-Americans (63 vs. 58, P=0.0003) and had more pack-years of smoking (57 vs. 43, P=0.0003). There were no differences in lung function or bronchodilator reversibility among the racial or gender subgroups. Caucasians had less loss of lung function per pack-year smoked than African-Americans (SI=-1.02% vs. -1.34%, P=0.007) and men less than women (SI=-0.98% vs. -1.21%, P=0.001). Caucasian males appeared relatively protected from tobacco smoke (SI=-0.93%), while African-American women appeared most susceptible (SI=-1.42%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are important differences in racial and gender susceptibility to tobacco smoke among patients with COPD. African-American females appear to be at highest risk and may benefit most from smoking cessation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA. mdransfield99@msn.com
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Dransfield
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Lynn B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Gerald
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Bailey
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018579:Patient Selection; D011446:Prospective Studies; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents