title: Early trauma may increase the risk for psychotic experiences by impacting on emotional response and perception of control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exposure to early trauma may increase the risk of dysfunctional responses to anomalous psychotic experiences resulting in psychotic symptom formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a three-wave longitudinal general population study, 4045 never-psychotic individuals exposed and non-exposed to trauma before the age of 16 years, according to baseline interview were interviewed for the onset of psychotic experiences 3 years later (T2). In 36 individuals with incident psychosis at T2, assessments were made, for each psychotic experience, of i) the amount of distress associated with and ii) the degree of coping and subjective control over the experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 16 observations of an incident psychotic experience, in the absence of distress, the baseline rate of early trauma was low (6%), whereas it was much higher in the 21 observations of an incident psychotic experience with distress [43%; odds ratio=10.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 96.3; P=0.046]. Similarly, coping attempts in the context of early trauma was associated with less control (reduction of 2 points on a seven-point scale, 95% CI: -4.0, -0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early experience of trauma may create lasting cognitive and affective vulnerabilities to develop clinical symptoms arising out of early, non-clinical psychotic experiences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands. m.bak@sp.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bak
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krabbendam
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vollebergh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Os
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000523:psychology*