title: Influence of the addition of rosemary essential oil on the volatiles pattern of porcine frankfurters.
abstract: The effect of the addition of increasing levels of rosemary essential oil (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg) on the generation of volatile compounds in frankfurters from Iberian and white pigs was analyzed using solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). Lipid-derived volatiles such as aldehydes (hexanal, octanal, nonanal) and alcohols (pentan-1-ol, hexan-1-ol, oct-1-en-3-ol) were the most abundant compounds in the headspace (HS) of porcine frankfurters. Frankfurters from different pig breeds presented different volatile profiles due to their different oxidation susceptibilities as a likely result of their fatty acid composition and vitamin E content. Rosemary essential oil showed a different effect on the generation of volatiles depending on the type of frankfurter in which they were added. In frankfurters from Iberian pigs, the antioxidant effect of the essential oil improved with increasing levels, showing the highest activity at 600 mg/kg. In contrast, 150 mg/kg of the essential oil improved the oxidative stability of frankfurters from white pigs, whereas higher levels led to no effect or a prooxidant effect. The activity of the essential oil could have been affected by the different fatty acid compositions and vitamin E contents between types of frankfurters. SPME successfully allowed the isolation and analysis of volatile terpenes from frankfurters with added rosemary essential oil including alpha-pinene, beta-myrcene, l-limonene, (E)-caryophyllene, linalool, camphor, and 1,8-cineole, which might contribute to the aroma characteristics of frankfurters.
authors.affiliation: Food Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain. mariovet@unex.es
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Estévez
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ventanas
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramírez
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cava
mesh_terms: D000438:Alcohols / Q000032:analysis; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007659:Ketones / Q000032:analysis; D008461:Meat Products / Q000032:analysis*; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027542:Rosmarinus; D013552:Swine; D013729:Terpenes / Q000032:analysis; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000032:analysis; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D000447:Aldehydes; D005227:Fatty Acids; D007659:Ketones; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D013729:Terpenes; C053775:rosemary oil; D024505:Tocopherols