title: Dietary advice for reducing cardiovascular risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in population diet are likely to reduce cardiovascular disease and cancer, but the effect of dietary advice is uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of providing dietary advice to achieve sustained dietary changes or improved cardiovascular risk profile among healthy adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register on The Cochrane Library (Issue 2 2000), MEDLINE (January 1966 to December 2000), EMBASE (January 1985 to December 2000), DARE (December 2000), CAB Health (December 1999), dissertation abstracts, and reference lists of articles. We contacted researchers in the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised studies with no more than 20% loss to follow-up, lasting at least three months involving healthy adults comparing dietary advice with no advice or less intensive advice. Trials involving children, trials to reduce weight or those involving supplementation were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Study authors were contacted for additional information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three trials with 29 intervention arms (comparisons) comparing dietary advice with no advice were included in the review. Dietary advice reduced total serum cholesterol by 0.13 mmol/l (95% CI 0.03 to 0.23) and LDL cholesterol by 0.13 mmol/l (95% CI 0.01 to 0.25) after 3-12 months. Mean HDL cholesterol levels were unchanged. Dietary advice reduced blood pressure by 2.10 mmHg systolic (95% CI 1.37 to 2.83) and 1.63 mmHg diastolic (95% CI 0.56 to 2.71) and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion by 44.2 mmol (95% CI 33.6 to 54.7) after 3-36 months. Plasma triglycerides, ss-carotene and red cell folate were each measured in one small study which suggested no significant effect. Self-reported dietary intake may be subject to reporting bias, and there was significant heterogeneity in all the following analyses. Compared to no advice, dietary advice increased fruit and vegetable intake by 1.24 servings/day (95% CI 0.43 to 2.05). Dietary fibre intake increased with advice by 7.22 g/day (95% CI 2.84 to 11.60), while total dietary fat as a percentage of total energy intake fell by 6.18 % (95% CI 4.00 to 8.36) with dietary advice and saturated fat intake fell by 3.28 % (95% CI 1.92 to 4.64).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary advice appears to be effective in bringing about modest beneficial changes in diet and cardiovascular risk factors over approximately 9 months but longer term effects are not known.
authors.affiliation: University College London, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK WC1E 6BT. e.brunner@public-health.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thorogood
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hewitt
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004046:Dietetics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol