title: Quantitative assessment and repeatability of chlorine in exhaled breath condensate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Airway condition is presumably reflected in epithelial lining fluid (ELF). Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has been used as a surrogate marker of the composition of ELF.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed at assessing the technical repeatability of chlorine measurements in EBC and comparing two separate condensators (Ecoscreen and R Tube regarding recovery and repeatability. Furthermore, the association between condensate recoveries and variations in the airway status were scrutinized.
  
  
  METHODS
  EBC was collected using two condensators from 10 healthy volunteers. In addition, 13 asthmatic patients produced EBC with or without an added resistance of 5 cm H2O (Res5), applied to the outflow tract of Ecoscreen. All tests were done in random order. Chlorine levels (analyzed by a coulometric technique) in EBC served as a tool for investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chlorine was measurable in all samples. The coefficient of repeatability of chlorine measurements was <10%. Chlorine levels were higher in EBC obtained from R Tube (p < 0.001), and differences in recoveries and variability in chlorine levels were presumably related to technical differences in the condensators and not to the repeatability of chlorine measurements per se. Air-flow-dependent chlorine levels were obtained from healthy volunteers. Application of Res5, recruiting additional alveoli, resulted in increased recovery of the EBC volume, but not of chlorine, from those that had the most pronounced airway obstruction (p = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that by employing a sensitive analysis technique, chlorine is repeatedly measurable in EBC. We suggest that the bulk of chlorine in EBC originates from large airways and not from the alveolar area. Both condensators were comparable regarding repeatability but differed regarding chlorine recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Institute of Medicine and Care, University Hospital, Linkoping, Sweden. anette.davidsson@lio.se
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davidsson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naidu Sjöswärd
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lundman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmekel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002713:Chlorine / Q000378:metabolism*; D045853:Exhalation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013990:Tidal Volume
chemical_list: D002713:Chlorine