title: Mitoxantrone for multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mitoxantrone (MX) has been shown to be moderately effective in reducing the clinical outcome measures of disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to assess the efficacy and safety of MX in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), progressive relapsing MS (PRMS) and secondary progressive MS (SPMS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane MS Group Trials Register (searched April 2005), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2004), MEDLINE (Pub Med) (January 1966 to April 2005), EMBASE (January 1974 to April 2005), and reference lists of articles. We also undertook hand searching and contacting trialists and pharmaceutical companies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The trials were selected if double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised, irrespective of eventual additive therapy (such as steroids).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three reviewers independently selected articles for inclusion, assessed trials' quality and extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four trials involving 270 participants were included. MX was found to reduce the progression of disability at 2 years follow-up (proportion of participants with 6-months confirmed progression of disability: Odds Ratios (OR) 0.3, p = 0.05). Similar figures were found regarding the reduction in annualised relapse rate and the proportion of patients free from relapses at 1 and 2 years, as well as the number of patients with active MRI lesions at 6 months/ 1 year only. Side effects reported in the trials were more frequent in treated patients than in controls. Caution must be exercised in drawing conclusions from such data because of the heterogeneous quality and characteristics of the included trials, which are different in terms of treatment schedule and type of enrolled patients. More than half of the included patients came from a single study. Moreover, from the included trials, it was not possible to estimate the long-term efficacy and safety of MX, which may raise concerns about the risk of cardiotoxicity and therapy-related leukemias, which is increasingly reported in the literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MX is moderately effective in reducing the disease progression and the frequency of relapses in patients affected by RR, PR and SP MS in the short-term follow-up (2 years), even if the results are based on trials heterogeneous in terms of drug dosage and inclusion criteria. No major neoplastic or symptomatic cardiotoxicity related to MX have been reported from the trials. However, longer follow-up studies are highly warranted to better explore the efficacy and safety of the drug, mainly as regards the long-term risk of therapy-related leukemias and cardiotoxicity. As a conclusion, MX has a partial efficacy, but, due to its unclear long-term safety profile, it should be used to treat patients with worsening RR and SP MS with evidence of worsening disability.
authors.affiliation: Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Nerological Department, Via Olgettina, 48, Milano, Italy 20132. filippo.martinelli@hsr.it
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martinelli Boneschi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rovaris
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Capra
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Comi
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008942:Mitoxantrone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D008942:Mitoxantrone