title: Drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in western Turkey: prevalence, clinical characteristics and treatment outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although high antituberculosis (anti-TB) drug resistance rates have been reported in Turkey, the clinical characteristics and implications for the outcome of anti-TB treatment have not been fully investigated. We determined the prevalence of anti-TB drug resistance and examined demographic data, clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in relation to patterns of resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the TB case registry of a university hospital and the two largest dispensaries in Manisa city, we identified all pulmonary TB cases with a culture-proven definitive diagnosis and antimicrobial susceptibility results for a 7-year period. We collected and analyzed demographic and clinical data and information on treatment outcome for those cases in relationship to anti-TB drug resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 355 M. tuberculosis strains, 71.5% were susceptible to streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol. Any drug resistance and multi-drug resistance (MDR) rates were 21.1% and 7.3% and were higher in males (53% and 9%, respectively) than in females (22% and 1%, respectively). Drug resistance was significantly higher in old cases (acquired drug resistance) vs new cases (primary drug resistance), and was associated with treatmentfailure (P<0.001). The prevalence of MDR was significantly higher in the old cases (22.4%) than in the new cases (4.4%) (P<0.001). Symptoms, radiographic findings, associated diseases, and sputum smear positivity were unrelated to the development of resistance. The prevalence of any drug resistance and MDR was significantly higher in those with treatment failure than in patients with treatment success.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High resistance rates, particularly for acquired MDR, indicate a need for improvement in the TB control programme in our region.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Celal Bayar University School of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey. suheylasurucuoglu@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Suheyla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Surucuoglu
authors.forename: Nuri
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ozkutuk
authors.forename: Pinar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.forename: Horu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gazi
authors.forename: Gonul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dinc
authors.forename: Semra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kurutepe
authors.forename: Galip
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koroglu
authors.forename: Yavuz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Havlucu
authors.forename: Gulgun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tuncay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D004977:Ethambutol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis; D015995:Prevalence; D012293:Rifampin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013307:Streptomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017211:Treatment Failure; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D004977:Ethambutol; D007538:Isoniazid; D012293:Rifampin; D013307:Streptomycin