Antiproliferation and induction of cell death of Phaffia rhodozyma (Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous) extract fermented by brewer malt waste on breast cancer cells.
Astaxanthin has been shown to have antiproliferative activity on breast cancer and skin cancer cells. However, the high cost of production, isolation and purification of purified astaxanthin from natural sources or chemically synthetic methods limit its usage on cancer therapy. We show that astaxanthin could be produced by fermentating the Phaffia rhodozyma (Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous) yeast cells with brewer malt waste using a 20 L B. Braun fermentor. The percentage composition of astaxanthin from the P. rhodozyma was >70% of total pigment as estimated by the high performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Furthermore, the antiproliferative activity of this P. rhodozyma cell extract (PRE) was demonstrated on breast cancer cell lines including the MCF-7 (estrogen receptor positive) and MDA-MB231 (estrogen receptor negative) by using the [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-arboxymethoxyphenyl)-2- (4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] (MTS) assay. No apoptotic cell death, but growth inhibitory effect was induced after 48 h of PRE incubation as suggested by morphological investigation. Anchorage-dependent clonogenicity assay showed that PRE could reduce the colony formation potential of both breast cancer cell lines. Cell death was observed from both breast cancer cell lines after incubation with PRE for 6 days. Taken together, our results showed that by using an economic method of brewer malt waste fermentation, we obtained P. rhodozyma with a high yield of astaxanthin and the corresponding PRE could have short-term growth inhibition and long-term cell death activity on breast cancer cells.
Teo
Ivy Tuang Ngo
IT
State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Shenzhen, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, PR China.
Chui
Chung Hin
CH
Tang
Johnny Cheuk On
JC
Lau
Fung Yi
FY
Cheng
Gregory Yin Ming
GY
Wong
Raymond Siu Ming
RS
Kok
Stanton Hon Lung
SH
Cheng
Chor Hing
CH
Chan
Albert Sun Chi
AS
Ho
Kwok Ping
KP
D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D006801:Humans; D014866:Waste Products; D024341:Xanthophylls; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000627:therapeutic use
D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D014866:Waste Products; D024341:Xanthophylls; D019207:beta Carotene; C005948:astaxanthine