title: Relation of weight maintenance and dietary restraint to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2, glucocorticoid receptor, and ciliary neurotrophic factor polymorphisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic variation in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 (PPARgamma2), glucocorticoid receptor (GRL), and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) genes may play a role in the etiology of obesity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined biological, psychological, and genetic determinants associated with weight maintenance (WM) after weight loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (n = 120) followed a 6-wk diet and then a 1-y period of WM. Body weight (BW), body composition, leptin concentration, attitude toward eating (measured with the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire), physical activity, and the polymorphisms of the PPARgamma2, GRL, and CNTF genes were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BW loss was 7.0 +/- 3.1 kg. After 1 y, 21 subjects showed successful WM (<10% regain); 99 were unsuccessful (> or =10% regain). Compared with unsuccessful subjects, successful subjects had a higher increase in dietary restraint over time (4.8 +/- 5.0 and 1.8 +/- 3.9, respectively; P < 0.01) but significantly less sensation of general hunger (-4.0 +/- 4.9 and -1.2 +/- 2.7, respectively; P < 0.05). Successful subjects had a significantly different frequency distribution for the PPARgamma2 (P = 0.05) and GRL (P < 0.05) genes than did unsuccessful subjects. The more successful genotypes showed a higher baseline body mass index and waist circumference (PPARgamma2), a greater decrease in disinhibition of dietary restraint (GRL), and less sensation of hunger (GRL). The G/G genotype (GRL) was an independent predictor of successful WM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The different genotypes of the PPARgamma2 and GRL genes contribute to WM, either directly (GRL) or indirectly (PPARgamma2 and GRL) via baseline body mass index and waist circumference, and to changes in Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire scores.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Human Biology and Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Neeltje
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vogels
authors.forename: Edwin C M
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Mariman
authors.forename: Freek G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Bouwman
authors.forename: Arnold D M
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kester
authors.forename: Kristel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Diepvens
authors.forename: Margriet S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Westerterp-Plantenga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D020934:Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D004435:Eating / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000502:physiology; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D020934:Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor; D020738:Leptin; D047495:PPAR gamma; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid