Spermicide used alone for contraception.
BACKGROUND
Spermicides have been used as contraceptives for thousands of years. Despite this long use, only recently have studies examined the comparative efficacy and acceptability of these vaginal medications. Spermicides contain an active ingredient (most commonly nonoxynol-9) and a formulation used to disperse the product, such as foam or vaginal suppository.


OBJECTIVE
This review examined all known randomized controlled trials of a spermicide used alone for contraception.


METHODS
We searched the following computerized databases from inception to July 2004 for randomized controlled trials of spermicides for contraception: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, POPLINE, LILACS, and EMBASE. We examined the reference list of each trial found as well as that of review articles and textbook chapters.


METHODS
We included any trial of a commercial product used alone for contraception. Each included trial must have provided sufficient information to determine pregnancy rates. We located reports from 14 trials.


METHODS
Two reviewers independently extracted information from the trials identified. We did not conduct a meta-analysis, since most trials had large losses to follow-up. We entered the data into tables and presented the results descriptively.


RESULTS
In the largest trial to date, the gel (Advantage S) containing the lowest dose of nonoxynol-9 (52.5 mg) was significantly less effective in preventing pregnancy than were gels with higher doses of the same agent (100 mg and 150 mg). Probabilities of pregnancy by six months were 22% for the 52.5 mg gel, 16% for the 100 mg dose, and 14% for the 150 mg dose. In the same trial, the three different vehicles with 100 mg of nonoxynol-9 had similar efficacy. Interpretation of these figures is limited, since 39% of participants discontinued the method or were lost from the trial. Few important differences in efficacy emerged in other trials.


CONCLUSIONS
The probability of pregnancy varied widely in reported trials. A gel containing nonoxynol-9 52.5 mg was inferior to two other products tested in the largest trial. Aside from this finding, personal characteristics and behavior of users may be more important than characteristics of the spermicide products in determining the probability of pregnancy. Gel was liked more than the film or vaginal suppository in the largest trial. Spermicide trials have the dual challenges of difficult recruitment and high discontinuation rates; the latter threatens trial validity.
Grimes
D A
DA
Family Health International, P. O. Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, USA. dgrimes@fhi.org
Lopez
L
L
Raymond
E G
EG
Halpern
V
V
Nanda
K
K
Schulz
K F
KF
D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013089:Spermatocidal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
D013089:Spermatocidal Agents