Craving to smoke in orthodox Jewish smokers who abstain on the Sabbath: a comparison to a baseline and a forced abstinence workday.
BACKGROUND
Previous studies suggest that craving for cigarettes is substantially influenced by non-nicotine mechanisms such as habits, cues, and expectations. As orthodox Jews must refrain from smoking during the Sabbath, examining their craving levels during this habitual abstinence may be informative in separating smoking deprivation from other determinants of craving and withdrawal.


OBJECTIVE
To examine the extent to which the habitual abstinence of Orthodox Jews during the Sabbath is associated with craving to smoke and with other reactions to smoking abstinence.


METHODS
Twenty orthodox Jewish heavy smokers were assessed three times: on a workday when smoking as usual, on a Sabbath when they never smoke, and on a forced abstinence workday. Craving, irritability, and other commonly reported smoking withdrawal symptoms were assessed retrospectively at several time points during the preceding 24 h.


RESULTS
Craving to smoke, and to a lesser extent, irritability, was lower during the Sabbath than during the two other test days. Self-reported difficulty in abstaining was also lower on the Sabbath than on the workday. Craving in the evening preceding the test day was always significantly higher than in the next morning, despite the overnight abstinence before the morning assessment.


CONCLUSIONS
These results support previous findings in showing that craving to smoke is determined to a large extent by smoking-related habits, cues, and expectations.
Dar
Reuven
R
Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. ruvidar@freud.tau.ac.il
Stronguin
Florencia
F
Marouani
Roni
R
Krupsky
Meir
M
Frenk
Hanan
H
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007585:Jews; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*