title: Factors predicting motor recovery and functional outcome after traumatic central cord syndrome: a long-term follow-up.
abstract: METHODS
  A prospectively maintained database-generated retrospective review and cross-sectional outcome analysis was performed at a single academic center.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the improvement in ASIA motor score (AMS) and secondarily to assess generic health related quality of life (HRQoL) and functional status; correlating these with variables that may predict outcome.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Many variables are potential contributors to motor recovery, patient function, and outcome following cervical trauma. Studies often suffer from low power, short follow-up, heterogeneous cohorts, and use of outcome instruments that are neither valid nor psychometrically sound.
  
  
  METHODS
  AMS were collected within 72 hours of the time of injury and again at follow-up by trained examiners. The SF-36 and FIM were administered to all patients at follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AMS improved from a mean of 58.7 at injury to a mean of 92.3 at follow-up. Bowel and bladder continence was reported by 81% while independent ambulation was reported by 86%. Final AMS was positively correlated with the AMS at injury, formal education, and presence of spasticity at follow-up. Functional status (FIM) was positively correlated with higher AMS at injury, formal education, absence of comorbidities, absence of spasticity, and younger age. Generic HRQoL outcomes (SF-36) were improved in individuals with more formal education, fewer comorbidities, absence of spasticity, and anterior column fractures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the majority of patients improve to an AMS between 90 and 100, many have significant disability and are less functional than the general population. Significant predictive variables include the initial motor score, formal education, comorbidities, age at injury, and development of spasticity. An assessment of more than just the motor score is required to obtain an appreciation of the function and outcomes in this population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics and Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Marcel.Dvorak@vch.ca
authors.forename: Marcel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dvorak
authors.forename: Charles G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoekema
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Noonan
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Wing
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D020127:Recovery of Function; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013577:Syndrome