title: Rituximab for refractory Wegener's granulomatosis: report of a prospective, open-label pilot trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Standard therapy for Wegener's granulomatosis is fraught with substantial toxicity and not always effective. B lymphocytes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Wegener's granulomatosis. Their depletion has been proposed as salvage therapy for refractory disease. Earlier encouraging reports are confounded by concomitant immunosuppressive medications and include only limited available biomarker data.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of rituximab for remission induction in refractory Wegener's granulomatosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective open-label pilot trial was conducted with 10 patients monitored for 1 yr. Included were patients with active severe antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, ANCA positivity, and resistance to (or intolerance of) cyclophosphamide. The remission induction regimen consisted of oral prednisone (1 mg/kg/d) and four weekly infusions of rituximab (375 mg/m(2)). Prednisone was tapered and discontinued over 5 mo. Failure to achieve remission, a clinical flare in the absence of B lymphocytes, and inability to complete the glucocorticoid taper were considered treatment failures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three women and seven men (median age, 57 yr; range, 25-72 yr) were enrolled. All had ANCA reacting with proteinase-3. The median activity score at enrollment was 6 (range, 5-10). All patients tolerated rituximab well, achieved swift B-lymphocyte depletion and complete clinical remission (activity score, 0) by 3 mo, and were tapered off glucocorticoids by 6 mo. Five patients were retreated with rituximab alone for recurring/rising ANCA titers according to protocol. One patient experienced a clinical flare after B lymphocyte reconstitution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cohort, rituximab was a well-tolerated and effective remission induction agent for severe refractory Wegener's granulomatosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Karina A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Keogh
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ytterberg
authors.forename: Fernando C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Fervenza
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Darrell R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Specks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D014890:Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011241:Prednisone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012074:Remission Induction / Q000379:methods; D000069283:Rituximab; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000069283:Rituximab; D011241:Prednisone