title: Multiagent chemotherapy and deferred radiotherapy in infants with malignant brain tumors: a report from the Children's Cancer Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate response rate, event-free survival (EFS), and toxicity of two chemotherapeutic regimens for treatment of children younger than 36 months with malignant brain tumors and to estimate control intervals without irradiation in children with no residual tumor after initial surgery and induction chemotherapy and with delayed irradiation in patients with residual tumor or metastatic disease at diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to one of two regimens of induction chemotherapy (vincristine, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide v vincristine, carboplatin, ifosfamide, and etoposide). Maintenance chemotherapy began after induction in children without progressive disease. Children with no residual tumors after induction therapy and no metastatic disease at diagnosis were not to receive radiation therapy unless their tumors progressed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred ninety-nine infants were enrolled. Forty-two percent of patients responded to induction chemotherapy. At 5 years from study entry, the EFS rate was 27% +/- 3%, and the survival rate was 43% +/- 3%. There was no significant difference between the two arms in terms of response rate or EFS. For medulloblastoma, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor, ependymoma, and rhabdoid tumors, 5-year EFS rates were 32% +/- 5%, 17% +/- 6%, and 32% +/- 6%, and 14% +/- 7%, respectively. Fifty-eight percent of patients who were alive 5 years after study entry had not received radiation therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intensified induction chemotherapy resulted in a high response rate of malignant brain tumors in infants. Survival was comparable to that of previous studies, and most patients who survived did not receive radiation therapy.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. russ.geyer@seattlechildrens.org
authors.forename: J Russell
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Geyer
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sposto
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Boyett
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Axtell
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Breiger
authors.forename: Emmett
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Broxson
authors.forename: Bernadine
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Finlay
authors.forename: Joel W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Goldwein
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Heier
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mazewski
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Puccetti
authors.forename: Jerilynn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Radcliffe
authors.forename: May Lin
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiminski-Maher
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004806:Ependymoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D018241:Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014750:Vincristine; D005047:Etoposide; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D002945:Cisplatin; D007069:Ifosfamide