title: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) gene polymorphisms and their relationship to Type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the present investigation was to examine the relationship of three polymorphisms, Thr394Thr, Gly482Ser and +A2962G, of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma co-activator-1 alpha (PGC-1alpha) gene with Type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group comprised 515 Type 2 diabetic and 882 normal glucose tolerant subjects chosen from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study, an ongoing population-based study in southern India. The three polymorphisms were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Haplotype frequencies were estimated using an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. Linkage disequilibrium was estimated from the estimates of haplotypic frequencies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three polymorphisms studied were not in linkage disequilibrium. With respect to the Thr394Thr polymorphism, 20% of the Type 2 diabetic patients (103/515) had the GA genotype compared with 12% of the normal glucose tolerance (NGT) subjects (108/882) (P = 0.0004). The frequency of the A allele was also higher in Type 2 diabetic subjects (0.11) compared with NGT subjects (0.07) (P = 0.002). Regression analysis revealed the odds ratio for Type 2 diabetes for the susceptible genotype (XA) to be 1.683 (95% confidence intervals: 1.264-2.241, P = 0.0004). Age adjusted glycated haemoglobin (P = 0.003), serum cholesterol (P = 0.001) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (P = 0.001) levels and systolic blood pressure (P = 0.001) were higher in the NGT subjects with the XA genotype compared with GG genotype. There were no differences in genotype or allelic distribution between the Type 2 diabetic and NGT subjects with respect to the Gly482Ser and +A2962G polymorphisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The A allele of Thr394Thr (G --> A) polymorphism of the PGC-1 gene is associated with Type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects and the XA genotype confers 1.6 times higher risk for Type 2 diabetes compared with the GG genotype in this population.
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Gopalapuram and Dr Mohans' M.V Diabetes Specialities Centre, 4 Conran Smith Road, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600 086, India.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Vimaleswaran
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Radha
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Majumder
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deepa
authors.forename: H N S
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Babu
authors.forename: M R S
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mohan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics*; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D047495:PPAR gamma; C486497:PPARGC1A protein, human; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D014157:Transcription Factors