title: Prognostic and predictive molecular markers in DCIS: a review.
abstract: Eighteen percent of all new breast cancers detected on screening mammography are ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), a preinvasive lesion that is highly curable. However, some women with DCIS will develop life-threatening invasive breast cancer. Because the determinants of invasive recurrence are unknown, all women with DCIS require the same treatment (usually with surgery and radiation). Therefore, there is a need to identify biologic markers and create a profile that will provide prognostic information that is more accurate than the currently used van Nuys Index to predict invasive recurrence. In the present review, we examined the many biologic markers studied in breast cancer, describe their main biologic role and their expression in DCIS, and review the various studies regarding their ability to serve as prognostic factors in breast cancer with an emphasis on predicting invasive recurrence in patients with DCIS. This review covers established markers, namely, ER, PR and HER2/neu, that are used routinely to make treatment decisions as well as investigative biologic factors involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, extracellular molecules, factors involved in extracellular matrix degradation, and angiogenesis. However, controversies exist regarding the value of these prognostic factors, their interrelationship, and their advantages over morphologic evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nofech-Mozes
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spayne
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rakovitch
authors.forename: Wedad
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hanna
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008408:Mastectomy; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011379:Prognosis; D039781:PubMed; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor