title: Cardiovascular disease prevention in Russia: challenges and opportunities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper examines the challenges that have faced the implementation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention programmes in Russia since the 1980s in two regions of Russia, and identifies opportunities for improving such efforts.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used a mixed methods design consisting of archival data review of health-related policy documents and legislation, and key informant interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CVD is the leading cause of death in Russia, with rapid increases in prevalence following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The MONICA, Tacis and CINDI programmes have played major roles in the development of non-communicable and CVD prevention policies and programmes in Russia since the 1980s. These programmes have assisted in policy and guideline development, and programme implementation. However, significant barriers in realizing such policies and sustaining prevention programmes have been encountered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Numerous barriers exist in developing and implementing CVD prevention programmes in Russia. More government engagement backed by strong public support is necessary in order to sustain and build capacity for CVD prevention in Russia.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Health, University of California San Francisco, 74 New Montgomery Street, Ste 508, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA. mlevintova@psg.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levintova
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003256:Community Participation; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D011639:Public Opinion; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology