title: Racial and ethnic differences in the treatment and outcome of cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: We investigated the association between race/ethnicity on the use of cardiac resources in patients who have acute myocardial infarction that is complicated by cardiogenic shock. The Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock (SHOCK) trial examined the effect of reperfusion and revascularization treatment strategies on mortality. Patients screened but not enrolled in the SHOCK Trial (n = 1,189) were entered into the SHOCK registry. Of the patients in the United States registry (n = 538) who had shock due to predominant left ventricular failure, 440 were characterized as white (82%), 42 as Hispanic (8%), 34 as African-American (6%), and 22 as Asian/other (4%). The use of invasive procedures differed significantly by race/ethnicity. Hispanic patients underwent coronary angiography significantly less often than did white patients (38 vs 66%, p = 0.002). Among those patients who underwent coronary angiography, there were no race/ethnicity differences in the proportion of patients who underwent revascularization (p = 0.353). Overall in-hospital mortality (57%) differed significantly by race/ethnicity (p = 0.05), with the highest mortality rate in Hispanic patients (74% vs 65% for African-Americans, 56% for whites, and 41% for Asian/other). After adjustment for patient characteristics and use of revascularization, there were no mortality differences by race/ethnicity (p = 0.262), with all race/ethnicity subgroups benefiting equally by revascularization. In conclusion, the SHOCK registry showed significant differences in the treatment and in-hospital mortality of Hispanic patients who had cardiogenic shock, with these patients being less likely to undergo percutaneous coronary intervention. Therefore, early revascularization should be strongly considered for all patients, independent of race/ethnicity, who develop cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA. palmerse@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Sebastian T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Palmeri
authors.forename: April M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: Lynn A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sleeper
authors.forename: Jorge F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Saucedo
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Desvigne-Nickens
authors.forename: Judith S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hochman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D001794:Blood Pressure; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012042:Registries; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy