title: Chlorinated phenol analysis using off-line solid-phase extraction and capillary electrophoresis coupled with amperometric detection and a boron-doped diamond microelectrode.
abstract: The analysis of chlorinated phenols (2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol) in river water was accomplished using off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) and capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrochemical detection. A key to the sensitive, reproducible, and stable detection of these pollutants was the use of a boron-doped diamond microelectrode in the amperometric detection mode. An off-line SPE procedure was utilized to extract and preconcentrate the pollutants prior to separation and detection, with ENVI-Chrom P, a highly cross-linked styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, being employed as the sorbent. Pollutant recoveries in the 95-100% range with relative standard deviations of 1-4% were achieved. The diamond microelectrode provided a low and stable background current with low peak-to-peak noise. The oxidative detection of the pollutants was accomplished at +1.05 V vs Ag/AgCl without the need for electrode pretreatment. The method was evaluated in terms of the linear dynamic range, sensitivity, limit of quantitation, response precision, and response stability. A reproducible electrode response was observed during multiple injections of the chlorinated phenol solutions with a relative standard deviation of < or =5.4%. Good electrode response stability was observed over many days of continuous use with no significant electrode deactivation or fouling. The separation efficiencies for all six pollutants were greater than 170,000 plates/m. The minimum concentration detectable for all six ranged from 0.02 to 0.2 ppb (S/N > or = 3) using a 250:1 preconcentration factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, USA.
authors.forename: Grace W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Muna
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Quaiserová-Mocko
authors.forename: Greg M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Swain
mesh_terms: D001895:Boron / Q000737:chemistry*; D002733:Chlorophenols / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004563:Electrochemistry; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D008839:Microelectrodes; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002733:Chlorophenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001895:Boron