title: West Nile Virus detection in kidney, cloacal, and nasopharyngeal specimens.
abstract: We compared kidney tissue samples and cloacal and nasopharyngeal swab samples from field-collected dead crows and blue jays for West Nile virus surveillance. Compared to tissue samples, 35% more swab samples were false negative. Swab samples were usually positive only when the corresponding tissue sample was strongly positive.
authors.affiliation: Ohio Department of Health, Columbus, Ohio 43229, USA. oohajuru@odh.ohio.gov
authors.forename: Ojimadu A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Ohajuruka
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grimes
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farkas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002988:Cloaca / Q000821:virology*; D046368:Crows / Q000821:virology*; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D007668:Kidney / Q000821:virology*; D016014:Linear Models; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000821:virology*; D009820:Ohio; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*