title: Smoking and celiac disease: a population-based cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Earlier studies indicate a protective effect of smoking against celiac disease (CD), but have been based on small numbers and retrospective collection of smoking data.
  
  
  METHODS
  We linked the Swedish national inpatient register and the medical birth register to study the association between smoking status during pregnancy and CD (diagnosed or undiagnosed at delivery) in women who were pregnant from 1983 to 2001. We adjusted for civil status, age, and year when smoking data were collected. We identified 873 cases of CD (636 diagnosed and 237 undiagnosed).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 249,967 smokers, 67 (.27%) had undiagnosed CD (vs 170 of 794,912 nonsmokers [.21%]) (odds ratio [OR], 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], .94-1.66; P = .118). Point estimates remained unchanged when adjusting for civil status, age, and year of smoking data collection (adjusted OR [AOR], 1.25; 95% CI AOR, .94-1.67). There were no associations between smoking and future (undiagnosed at delivery) CD when we adjusted for potential confounders and stratified for comorbidity or time to diagnosis (< 5 vs > or =5 y after infant birth). In women with diagnosed CD, smoking was more common than in women who never had a diagnosis of CD (AOR, 1.36; 95% CI AOR, 1.12-1.64; P = .002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking seems to have little effect on the risk for future CD in pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Department, Orebro University Hospital, Orebro, Sweden. jonasludvigsson@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Jonas F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekbom
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D011247:Pregnancy; D012042:Registries; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology