title: Epidemiology of enuresis among school-age children in Thailand.
abstract: Enuresis is a very common developmental problem in young children. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of enuresis in school-age children, to determine the factors associated with nocturnal enuresis, and to evaluate the parental strategies for managing enuresis. A randomly selected cross-sectional population-based study was conducted in eight elementary schools in Bangkok, Thailand. A total of 3453 parents of children aged 5 through 15 years completed the questionnaires. The overall response rate to the questionnaire was 70%. The prevalence of enuresis was 4.2% and that of nocturnal enuresis was 3.9%. The prevalence declined with increasing age from 10%, 5.3%, 3%, and 1.2% at ages 5, 7, 10, and 12 years, respectively. There was no enuretic child at ages 13 through 15 years. The prevalence of bed-wetting was slightly more frequent in females than males. Nocturnal enuresis was also found to be significantly associated with the history of encopresis and positive family history of enuresis. There was no significant associated with parental education, birth order, socioeconomic status, diaper use, toilet training, and behavioral and school problems. Behavioral techniques mostly used by parents for management of their children with bed-wetting were ensuring that the child voids before bedtime (72.9%), waking the child up at night to void (61.8%), and evening water intake restriction (28.5%). The overall prevalence rate of nocturnal enuresis in Bangkok school-age children is lower than that of many previous studies reported from other countries. The significant differences in the prevalence reported by other countries' studies attributed to the criteria selection for ranges of age, definition of enuresis, genetic predisposition, and traditional and cultural background.
authors.affiliation: Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pratumthanee, Thailand. htippawan@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Tippawan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansakunachai
authors.forename: Nichara
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ruangdaraganon
authors.forename: Umaporn
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Udomsubpayakul
authors.forename: Tasnawat
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sombuntham
authors.forename: Nittaya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kotchabhakdi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004688:Encopresis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004775:Enuresis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology