Differential expression of chemokines, risk of stable coronary heart disease, and correlation with established cardiovascular risk markers.
OBJECTIVE
We investigated the association of several chemokines with the risk of stable coronary heart disease (CHD) in a large case-control study after adjustment for other established risk factors. Furthermore, we analyzed their correlation with various acute-phase proteins, inflammation-associated cytokines, and an adhesion molecule.


RESULTS
We included 312 patients aged 40 to 68 years with angiographically confirmed and stable CHD and 472 age- and gender-matched controls in this study. The main outcome measure was the odds ratio (OR) for CHD associated with increased levels of interferon (INF)-inducible protein of 10 kd (IP-10), interleukin (IL)-8, regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammation protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha), or eotaxin determined by rigidly evaluated sandwich ELISAs. Serum levels of IP-10 and IL-8 were higher, and serum levels of RANTES were lower in CHD patients when compared with age- and gender-matched controls. In addition, values in the second and top tertile of IP-10 and IL-8 were associated with an increased OR for CHD when compared with values in the bottom tertile [OR for IP-10 (top tertile) was 2.62 (95% CI, 1.79 to 3.85) in the age- and gender-adjusted model and 1.93 (95% CI, 1.23 to 3.04) in the fully adjusted model, and for IL-8, the OR was 1.77 (95% CI, 1.20 to 2.59) and 1.53 (95% CI, 0.98 to 2.39), respectively]; increased RANTES values were associated with a lower OR for CHD [OR, 0.67 (95% CI, 0.47 to 0.96) and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.94)]. Furthermore, positive correlations of IP-10 and IL-8 with several acute-phase proteins or inflammation-associated cytokines were evident, and positive correlations for IP-10 plasma viscosity and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 were also present.


CONCLUSIONS
The current study suggests that there may be no universal upregulation of chemokines in CHD-associated inflammation but different upregulation of IP-10 and IL-8 versus downregulation of RANTES; there was no clear disease association for MCP-1, MIP-1alpha, or eotaxin.
Rothenbacher
Dietrich
D
Department of Epidemiology, The German Centre for Research on Ageing, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
Müller-Scholze
Sylvia
S
Herder
Christian
C
Koenig
Wolfgang
W
Kolb
Hubert
H
D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D054413:Chemokine CCL11; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000097:blood; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood*; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000097:blood; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000097:blood; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology
D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; C515456:CCL11 protein, human; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; D054413:Chemokine CCL11; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D018925:Chemokines; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D016209:Interleukin-8; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1