title: Selective activation of the sacral anterior roots for induction of bladder voiding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the efficacy of selective activation of the smaller diameter axons in the sacral anterior roots for electrically induced bladder voiding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acute experiments were conducted in five adult dogs. The anterior sacral roots S2 and S3 were implanted bilaterally with tripolar electrodes. Pressures were recorded from the bladder and from the proximal urethra and the external urethral sphincter. A detector and flow meter monitored fluid flow. A complete sacral dorsal rhizotomy was carried out. The effects of two types of pulse trains at 20 Hz were compared; quasitrapezoidal pulses (500 microsec with 500 microsec exponential decay) and interrupted rectangular (100 microsec, 2 sec on/2 sec off). Before rhizotomy, rectangular pulse trains (100 microsec) to activate all fibers were also applied. The experimental design was block randomized before and after rhizotomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quasitrapezoidal pulses showed block of sphincter activation with average minimum current for maximum suppression of 1.37 mA. All pulse types evoked average bladder pressures above the basal sphincter closure pressure. The pressure patterns in the proximal urethra closely followed the bladder pressures. Before dorsal rhizotomy, stimulation evoked a superadded increase in sphincter pressures with slow rise time. After rhizotomy, the sphincter pressure patterns followed the bladder pressures during selective activation and voiding occurred during stimulation with quasitrapezoidal trains and in between bursts with interrupted rectangular stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selective activation of sacral ventral roots combined with dorsal rhizotomy may provide a viable means of low-pressure continuous voiding in neurological impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Neural Engineering Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4912, USA. narendra.bhadra@case.edu
authors.forename: Narendra
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhadra
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grünewald
authors.forename: Graham H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Creasey
authors.forename: J Thomas
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Mortimer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology; D004285:Dogs; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D011312:Pressure; D019051:Rhizotomy; D014521:Urethra / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology