title: Central nervous system injury-induced repulsive guidance molecule expression in the adult human brain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) is involved in formation of the central nervous system during development by moderating the repulsion of growing axons. However, the role of RGM in adult central nervous system lesions remains to be clarified.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify and determine RGM expression in adult brains with focal cerebral ischemia or traumatic brain injury and in neuropathologically unaffected control brains. Patients Twenty-one brains of patients with focal cerebral ischemia, 25 brains after traumatic brain injury, and 4 control brains. Main Outcome Measure Expression of RGM as assessed by immunohistochemical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In normal brains, RGM expression was detected on the perikarya of some neurons, choroid plexus, smooth muscle and endothelial cells, oligodendrocytes, and myelinated white matter fibers. After focal cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury, RGM-immunopositive cells accumulated in lesional and perilesional areas. In hemorrhagic lesions, a massive accumulation of RGM-immunopositive cells was observed. During the first week after insult, RGM expression remained confined to neurons, smooth muscle and endothelial cells, and leukocytes infiltrating the lesion. Thereafter, with maturation of the lesion, we observed RGM expression by components of the developing scar tissue, such as fibroblastoid cells, reactive astrocytes, and a pronounced extracellular RGM deposition resembling neo-laminae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study of RGM in the human central nervous system. Following central nervous system injury, RGM, a novel, potent axonal growth inhibitor, is present in axonal growth impediments: the mature myelin, choroid plexus, and components of the developing scar.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Brain Research, School of Medicine, and Experimental Tissue Engineering, Institute of Anatomy, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. Jschwab@zeus.bwh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: Philippe P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Monnier
authors.forename: Hermann J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schluesener
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: Rudi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beschorner
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meyermann
authors.forename: Bernhard K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Mueller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000378:metabolism*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins