title: Inhaled insulin improves glycemic control when substituted for or added to oral combination therapy in type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with type 2 diabetes who do not achieve glycemic control with oral agent therapy eventually require insulin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect on glycemic control of inhaled insulin alone or added to dual oral therapy (insulin secretagogue and sensitizer) after failure of dual oral therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open-label, randomized, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  48 outpatient centers in the United States and Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  309 patients with type 2 diabetes, no clinically significant respiratory disease, and hemoglobin A(1c) level of 8% to 11% who were receiving dual oral therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary end point was change in hemoglobin A(1c) level from baseline to 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included hemoglobin A(1c) level less than 8% and less than 7%, hypoglycemia, weight, lipid levels, pulmonary function, insulin antibody binding, and adverse events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inhaled insulin (Exubera; Pfizer Inc. [New York, New York], sanofi-aventis Group [Paris, France], and Nektar Therapeutics [San Carlos, California]), titrated to blood glucose, administered alone (n = 104) or added to dual oral agents (n = 103) versus oral therapy alone (n = 99).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reductions in hemoglobin A(1c) level were greater with inhaled insulin. Adjusted treatment group differences for inhaled insulin plus oral agents and inhaled insulin alone compared with continued oral agent therapy were -1.67 percentage points (95% CI, -1.90 to -1.44 percentage points; P < 0.001) and -1.18 percentage points (CI, -1.41 to -0.95 percentage point; P < 0.001), respectively. Hemoglobin A(1c) level less than 7% was achieved by 32% (inhaled insulin plus oral agents) and by 1% (oral agent therapy) of patients (adjusted odds ratio, 44.7 [CI, 6.0 to 335.2]). Hypoglycemia, mild weight gain, mild cough, and insulin antibodies were more frequent with inhaled insulin than with oral agent therapy alone. Pulmonary function was similar in all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study evaluated only patients with hemoglobin A1c levels of 8% to 11%, did not compare inhaled insulin with other insulins or oral therapy except a dual regimen of secretagogue and sensitizer, and lasted only 12 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhaled insulin improved overall glycemic control and hemoglobin A1c level when added to or substituted for dual oral agent therapy with an insulin secretagogue and sensitizer. Consistent with other insulin therapies, hypoglycemia and mild weight gain occurred. Pulmonary function showed no between-group differences.
authors.affiliation: Dallas Diabetes and Endocrine Center at Medical City, Dallas, Texas 75230, USA. juliorosenstock@dallasdiabetes.com
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenstock
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zinman
authors.forename: Liam J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: C Keith
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Bowering
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hendler
authors.forename: Shu-Ping
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Cefalu
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007330:Insulin Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D007330:Insulin Antibodies; C473734:Exubera