From oppression towards empowerment in clinical practice--offering doctors a model for reflection1.
OBJECTIVE
This article aims to present an Oppression Model describing how and explaining why doctors sometimes take up the role of oppressor in clinical practice, and to furthermore create change by proposing alternatives. The model is intended to increase awareness of power issues in medical practitioners, thus creating an urge for empowering practices.


METHODS
The Oppression Model is constructed by theoretical reasoning, inspired by empirical findings of doctor-as-oppressor from a Norwegian research project with users of psychiatric services. The model is composed of the chosen theoretical elements, assembled as a staircase model. The model is intended to give descriptions and explanations and foster change relevant to oppressive processes in clinical practice, and is mainly relevant when meeting patients from vulnerable or stigmatized groups. An Empowerment Track is conceptualized in a similar way by theoretical reasoning.


RESULTS
The Oppression Model describes a staircase built on a foundation of objectifying, proceeding by steps of stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination up to the final step of institutionalized oppression. An Empowerment Track is proposed, built on a foundation of acknowledgement, proceeding by steps of diversity, positive regard, and solidarity towards empowerment. It represents, however, only one of several possible ways of proceeding in developing empowering practices.


CONCLUSIONS
Keeping the Oppression Model in mind during patient encounters may help the busy clinician to counteract oppressive attitudes and actions.
Thesen
Janecke
J
Section for General Practice, Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Norway. janecke.thesen@isf.uib.no
D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003142:Communication; D005194:Family Practice; D006801:Humans; D008605:Mental Health Services; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010819:Physician's Role; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011209:Power, Psychological