title: Influence of high-M alginate on the growth and survival of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) and spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor Olafsen) fry.
abstract: Atlantic cod and spotted wolffish fry were fed high-M alginate containing feed for 59 and 55 days, respectively. During this period the fry showed a higher specific growth rate compared to controls. Uptake and distribution of alginate was studied by inclusion of the (125)I-labelled molecule in the feed. The stomach and intestine contained the highest amount while the kidney, liver and spleen contained some, indicating that the alginate was taken up by the gut and transported to internal organs. Cod fry fed 0.06% and 0.1% high-M alginate showed a death rate of 51.4% and 53.3%, respectively. The lowest mortality, 48.1%, was found in fry fed 0.01% high-M alginate. Controls showed a mortality rate of 49.0%. Differences were, however, not statistically significant. Challenge of the immunostimulated fry (fed 0.02% and 0.06% alginate for 62 days) with atypical Aeromonas salmonicida bacteria resulted in accumulated mortalities of 56% and 49%, respectively, 47 days after infection. The group that received 0.06% alginate for a shorter period (47 days) and then control feed until challenged, and the group that received alginate by bath reached a cumulative mortality of 59% and 60%, respectively. Lowest mortality (44%) was seen in the control group. Numerous microabscesses were found in both immunostimulated and control fish in secondary lamellae of the gills, haematopoietic tissues of the kidneys, the submucosa and mucosa of the intestine, the spleen, the liver and the myocardium of the heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biotechnology, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Dag
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vollstad
authors.forename: Jarl
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bøgwald
authors.forename: Olav
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gåserød
authors.forename: Roy A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dalmo
mesh_terms: D000333:Aeromonas / Q000276:immunology*; D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D005399:Fishes / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005880:Gills / Q000473:pathology; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014781:Viscera / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; C008324:mannuronic acid