title: Ethnic differences in glycaemic control in adult Type 2 diabetic patients in primary care: a 3-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate ethnic differences and characteristics related to glycaemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes in primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study; 500 adult patients with Type 2 diabetes, who were not on insulin therapy, were followed up annually for 3 years. HbA(1c) at baseline and 3-year changes and subsequent insulin therapy were related to baseline characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Malay patients had significantly higher HbA(1c) (mean 8.7% +/- sd 1.66) compared with Chinese (8.2 +/- sd 1.67) and Indian (8.2 +/- sd 1.55) (P = 0.032) at baseline, and consistently for all years of HbA(1c) assessment (P = 0.017). At baseline, Malay patients were significantly more obese than Chinese or Indians (P < 0.001); fewer of them received structured shared-care intervention (P = 0.001), but they had a significantly higher glucose control educational score (P < 0.05). Multivariable analyses showed that HbA(1c) at baseline was significantly related to age (P = 0.001), BMI (P = 0.031) and ethnicity (P = 0.002). HbA(1c) declined significantly over 3 years in the whole population and in all ethnic groups. Significantly greater HbA(1c) declines were associated with higher baseline HbA(1c), structured shared-care intervention and non-insulin therapy. Correcting for differences on these factors, the decline in HbA(1c) in Malays was significantly less than in the Chinese. Insulin therapy was associated with higher baseline HbA(1c) and higher BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malay ethnicity was associated with persistently poor glycaemic control. Sociocultural and behavioural factors should be addressed in improving care for patients with poorly controlled diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074. pcmngtp@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: T-P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: L-G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: E-G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: A-C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Thai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012846:Singapore
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents