title: Reduced arteriolar conducted vasoconstriction in septic mouse cremaster muscle is mediated by nNOS-derived NO.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increased nitric oxide (NO) production in sepsis precipitates microcirculatory dysfunction. We aimed (i) to determine if NO is the key water-soluble factor in the recently discovered sepsis-induced deficit in arteriolar conducted vasoconstriction, (ii) to identify which nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms account for this deficit, and (iii) to examine the potential role of connexin37 (Cx37, a hypothesized signaling target of NO) in arteriolar conduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using intravital microscopy and the cecal ligation and perforation 24-h model of sepsis, arterioles in the cremaster muscle of male C57BL/6 wild-type (WT), iNOS-/-, eNOS-/-, nNOS-/- and Cx37-/- mice were locally stimulated with KCl to initiate conducted vasoconstriction. We used the ratio of conducted constriction (500 microm upstream) to local constriction as an index of conduction (CR500). NOS enzymatic activity and protein expression were determined in control and septic cremaster muscles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sepsis reduced CR500 in WT mice [from 0.77 +/- 0.05 to 0.20 +/- 0.02 (means +/- SE) independent of the site of stimulation along the arteriole], in iNOS-/- and eNOS-/- mice, but not in nNOS-/- mice. The nNOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole or NO scavenger HbO2 restored CR500 in septic WT mice, but blockade of soluble guanylate cyclase had no effect. Sepsis increased cNOS (eNOS + nNOS) activity in WT mice (from 340 +/- 40 to 490 +/- 30 pmol/mg/h) and in eNOS-/-, but not in nNOS-/- mice (iNOS activity was negligible in all mice). Sepsis did not alter nNOS protein expression in WT mice. CR500 in non-septic Cx37-/- mice (0.15 +/- 0.1) was similar to that observed in septic WT mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased nNOS activity and the resultant increased NO production in the septic mouse cremaster muscle are the key factors responsible for the deficit in conducted vasoconstriction along the arteriole. Deletion of Cx37 results in reduced CR500, which is consistent with the hypothesis that Cx37 in the arteriole could be a target of NO signaling.
authors.affiliation: Lawson Health Research Institute, The Centre for Critical Illness Research, Victoria Research Laboratory, 6th Floor, 800 Commissioners Road East London, Ontario, Canada, N6C 2V5.
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: McKinnon
authors.forename: Darcy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lidington
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bolon
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ouellette
authors.forename: Gerald M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Kidder
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tyml
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001160:Arterioles; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D017630:Connexins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010069:Oxadiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000494:pharmacology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D014661:Vasoconstriction; D000097006:Gap Junction alpha-4 Protein
chemical_list: D017630:Connexins; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D007191:Indazoles; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D010069:Oxadiazoles; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins; D011810:Quinoxalines; D000097006:Gap Junction alpha-4 Protein; C494582:1H-(1,2,3)oxadiazolo(4,4-a)quinoxalin-1-one; C080122:7-nitroindazole