title: Utility of ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation in pediatric surgical patients: a clinical series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Central venous cannulation can be particularly difficult in pediatric patients. Central line placement is associated with many well-known complications. While ultrasound-guided techniques are well established, the majority of central venous catheters are placed using landmark guidance. This retrospective study compares the safety and efficacy of ultrasound guidance vs landmark guidance in central venous cannulation of pediatric cardiac surgery patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 149 pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery over 3-year period were reviewed. Patients were classified into two cohorts based on whether central venous cannulation of the internal jugular vein was performed by ultrasound or landmark guidance. Overall success and traumatic complication rates were compared between the two groups. Additionally, comparisons between the groups were made to determine if patient size or age affected the success rate of either approach in different manner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in the ultrasound-guided (n = 47) and the landmark-guided (n = 102) groups were similar with respect to age, weight, and surgical procedure for which central venous access was indicated. The overall success rate for cannulation of the internal jugular vein was 91.5% in the ultrasound-guided group and 72.5% in the landmark-guided group (P = 0.010). But in the subgroup of children under 1 year of age, success rate was 77.8% in ultrasound group and 60.9% in landmark group (P = 0.44); in children under 10 kg in weight, success rate was 80% in ultrasound group and 56.7% in landmark group (P = 0.19). There were no significant differences in the rate of traumatic complications between the two methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall success of internal jugular vein cannulation for pediatric cardiac surgery is significantly improved with the use of ultrasound guidance, without a significant difference in traumatic complications. However, mostly children above 1 year of age or 10 kg of weight experience advantages of ultrasound technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, AECOM/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA. gleyvi@montefiore.org
authors.forename: Galina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leyvi
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reith
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wasnick
mesh_terms: D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008499:Medical Records; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000601:surgery; D014463:Ultrasonography