title: KnowledgeLink: impact of context-sensitive information retrieval on clinicians' information needs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infobuttons are message-based content search and retrieval functions embedded within other applications that dynamically return information relevant to the clinical task at hand. The objective of this study was to determine whether infobuttons effectively answer providers' questions about medications or affect patient care decisions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors implemented and evaluated a medication infobutton application called KnowledgeLink. Health care providers at 18 outpatient clinics were randomized to one of two versions of KnowledgeLink, one that linked to information from Micromedex (Thomson Micromedex, Greenwood Village, Co) and the other to material from SkolarMD (Wolters Kluwer Health, Palo Alto, CA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected about the frequency of use and demographics of users, patients, and drugs that were queried. Users were periodically surveyed with short questionnaires and then with a more extensive survey at the end of one year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the first year, KnowledgeLink was used 7,972 times by 359 users to look up information about 1,723 medications for 4,961 patients. Clinicians used KnowledgeLink twice a month on average, and during an average of 1.2% of patient encounters. KnowledgeLink was used by a wide variety of medical staff, not just physicians and nurse practitioners. The frequency of usage and the questions asked varied with user role (primary care physician, specialist physician, nurse practitioner). Although the median KnowledgeLink session was brief (21 seconds), KnowledgeLink answered users' queries 84% of the time, and altered patient care decisions 15% of the time. Users rated KnowledgeLink favorably on multiple scales, recommended extending KnowledgeLink to other content domains, and suggested enhancing the interface to allow refinement of the query and selection of the target resource.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An infobutton can satisfy information needs about medications. Although used infrequently and for brief sessions, KnowledgeLink was positively received, answered most users' questions, and had a significant impact on medical decision making. The next steps would be to broaden the domains that KnowledgeLink covers to more specifically tailor results to the user type, to provide options when queries are not immediately answered, and to implement KnowledgeLink within other electronic clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Partners HealthCare System, Inc., 93 Worcester Street, PO Box 81905, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA. smaviglia@partners.org
authors.forename: Saverio M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Maviglia
authors.forename: Catherine S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: Gilad
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kuperman
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D003657:Decision Making; D004360:Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods*; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014584:User-Computer Interface
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations