title: Cluster roots of Leucadendron laureolum (Proteaceae) and Lupinus albus (Fabaceae) take up glycine intact: an adaptive strategy to low mineral nitrogen in soils?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  South African soils are not only low in phosphorus (P) but most nitrogen (N) is in organic form, and soil amino acid concentrations can reach 2.6 g kg(-1) soil. The Proteaceae (a main component of the South African Fynbos vegetation) and some Fabaceae produce cluster roots in response to low soil phosphorus. The ability of these roots to acquire the amino acid glycine (Gly) was assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Uptake of organic N as 13C-15N-Gly was determined in cluster roots and non-cluster roots of Leucadendron laureolum (Proteaceae) and Lupinus albus (Fabaceae) in hydroponic culture, taking account of respiratory loss of 13CO2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both plant species acquired doubly labelled (intact) Gly, and respiratory losses of 13CO2 were small. Lupin (but not leucadendron) acquired more intact Gly when cluster roots were supplied with 13C-15N-Gly than when non-cluster roots were supplied. After treatment with labelled Gly (13C : 15N ratio = 1), lupin cluster roots had a 13C : 15N ratio of about 0.85 compared with 0.59 in labelled non-cluster roots. Rates of uptake of label from Gly did not differ between cluster and non-cluster roots of either species. The ratio of C : N and 13C : 15N in the plant increased in the order: labelled roots < rest of the root < shoot in both species, owing to an increasing proportion of 13C translocation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cluster roots of lupin specifically acquired more intact Gly than non-cluster roots, whereas Gly uptake by the cluster and non-cluster roots of leucadendron was comparable. The uptake capacities of cluster roots are discussed in relation to spatial and morphological characteristics in the natural environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Private Bag, University of Cape Town, 7701, South Africa. hhawkins@botzoo.uct.ac.za
authors.forename: Heidi-Jayne
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: Gabrielle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: William David
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Stock
mesh_terms: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D005998:Glycine / Q000378:metabolism*; D031297:Lupinus / Q000502:physiology*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000502:physiology*; D039105:Proteaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes; D012987:Soil; D009584:Nitrogen; D005998:Glycine