title: Regulation of osteoclast differentiation by the redox-dependent modulation of nuclear import of transcription factors.
abstract: This study sought to characterize the reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized GSSG ratio during osteoclast differentiation and determine whether changes in the intracellular redox status regulate its differentiation through a RANKL-dependent signaling pathway. A progressive decrease of the GSH/GSSG ratio was observed during osteoclast differentiation, and the phenomenon was dependent on a decrease in total glutathione via downregulation of expression of the gamma-glutamylcysteinyl synthetase modifier gene. Glutathione depletion by L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) was found to inhibit osteoclastogenesis by blocking nuclear import of NF-kappaB and AP-1 in RANKL-propagated signaling and bone pit formation by increasing BSO concentrations in mature osteoclasts. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of BSO in mice resulted in an increase in bone density and a decrease of the number of osteoclasts in bone. Conversely, glutathione repletion with either N-acetylcysteine or GSH enhanced osteoclastogenesis. These findings indicate that redox status decreases during osteoclast differentiation and that this modification directly regulates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biochemistry and Craniomaxillofacial Reconstructive Science, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Dentistry, Seoul 110-749, Korea.
authors.forename: Y-J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: H-H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: S-C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: D-W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: B-M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Min
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; C505687:Tnfrsf11a protein, mouse; C505689:Tnfsf11 protein, mouse; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide