title: Tissue engineering of bone: search for a better scaffold.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Large bone defects still represent a major problem in orthopedics. Traditional bone-repair treatments can be divided into two groups: the bone transport (Ilizarov technology) and the graft transplant (autologous or allogeneic bone grafts). Thus far, none of these strategies have proven to be always resolving. As an alternative, a tissue engineering approach has been proposed where osteogenic cells, bioceramic scaffolds, growth factors and physical forces concur to the bone defect repair. Different sources of osteoprogenitor cells have been suggested, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) being in most cases the first choice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In association with mineral tridimensional scaffolds, BMSC form a primary bone tissue which is highly vascularized and colonized by host hemopoietic marrow. The chemical composition of the scaffold is crucial for the osteoconductive properties and the resorbability of the material. In addition, scaffolds should have an internal structure permissive for vascular invasion. Porous bioceramics [hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate] are osteoconductive and are particularly advantageous for bone tissue engineering application as they induce neither an immune nor an inflammatory response in the implanted host. Earlier, we first reported a cell-based tissue engineering procedure to treat three patients with long bone segmental defects. Cells were loaded on a 100% HA porous ceramic. These scaffolds proved to have good osteoconductive properties resulting in a good functional recovery, but they have not been resorbed after more than 5 years from the implant. In addition, due to the high density of the mineral and the relatively low porosity (50-60%), it was very difficult to monitor the patient recovery during the post-surgery time using X-rays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report here some pre-clinical testing of new scaffolds. To compare these second generation ceramic scaffolds more suitable for a tissue engineering approach we had to first establish animal models and analysis procedures including the use of X-ray-computed microtomography associated with X-rays synchroton radiation.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Oncologia, Biologia e Genetica, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, dell'Universita di Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mastrogiacomo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muraglia
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Komlev
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Peyrin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rustichelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crovace
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cancedda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D040761:Biomimetic Materials; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002516:Ceramics; D017886:Durapatite; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D023421:Models, Animal; D016062:Porosity; D012756:Sheep; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D017886:Durapatite; C018392:tricalcium phosphate