title: Comparison of biological effects of non-nucleoside DNA methylation inhibitors versus 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine.
abstract: DNA cytosine methylation plays a considerable role in normal development, gene regulation, and carcinogenesis. Hypermethylation of the promoters of some tumor suppressor genes and the associated silencing of these genes often occur in certain cancer types. The reversal of this process by DNA methylation inhibitors is a promising new strategy for cancer therapy. In addition to the four well-characterized nucleoside analogue methylation inhibitors, 5-azacytidine, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR), 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine, and zebularine, there is a growing list of non-nucleoside inhibitors. However, a systemic study comparing these potential demethylating agents has not been done. In this study, we examined three non-nucleoside demethylating agents, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, hydralazine, and procainamide, and compared their effects and potencies with 5-Aza-CdR, the most potent DNA methylation inhibitor. We found that 5-Aza-CdR is far more effective in DNA methylation inhibition as well as in reactivating genes, compared with non-nucleoside inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
authors.forename: Jody C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: Christine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: Tony W H
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Gangning
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Allen S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D002392:Catechin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D003562:Cytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects*; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000077209:Decitabine; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D020868:Gene Silencing / Q000187:drug effects; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D006830:Hydralazine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D011342:Procainamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D006830:Hydralazine; D003562:Cytidine; D000077209:Decitabine; C009131:pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside; D002392:Catechin; C045651:epigallocatechin gallate; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases; C007746:5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine; D011342:Procainamide; D001374:Azacitidine