title: Clinical and radiographic subtypes of vascular cognitive impairment in a clinic-based cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a need for empirical studies to define criteria for vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) subtypes. In this paper, we report the predictive validity of a subtype classification scheme based on clinical and radiographic features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine Canadian memory clinics participated in the Consortium to Investigate Vascular Impairment of Cognition. This cohort consisted of 1347 patients, of whom 324 had VCI, and was followed for up to 30 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical and neuroimaging features defined three subtypes: vascular cognitive impairment, no dementia, (n=97), vascular dementia (n=101) and mixed neurodegenerative/vascular dementia (n=126). Any ischemic lesion on neuroimaging increased the odds (odds ratio=9.31; 95% confidence interval 6.46, 13.39) of a VCI diagnosis. No VCI subtype, however, was associated with a specific neuroimaging abnormality. Compared to those with no cognitive impairment, patients with each VCI subtype had higher rates of death and institutionalization (hazard ratio for combined adverse events=6.08, p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both clinical features and radiographic features help establish a diagnosis of VCI. The outcomes of VCI subtypes, however, are more strongly associated with clinical features than with radiographic ones.
authors.affiliation: Dalhousie University, Canada. kenneth.rockwood@dal.ca
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rockwood
authors.forename: Sandra E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Xiaowei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gauthier
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: MacKnight
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vandorpe
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kertesz
authors.forename: Remi W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Bouchard
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003943:Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011859:Radiography; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors