title: Pain and physical function are similar following axillary, muscle-sparing vs posterolateral thoracotomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We set out to determine whether there is a difference in postoperative pain and recovery after the patient undergoes the axillary muscle-sparing incision (ie, muscle-sparing thoracotomy [MT]) vs the modified posterolateral incision (ie, posterolateral thoracotomy [PT]).
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of a database originally collected to determine the effect of the timing of epidural analgesia on long-term outcome after thoracotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients presenting for lobectomy, segmentectomy, or bilobectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain, physical activity, and the extent that pain interfered with activities following major thoracotomy were prospectively assessed with standard questionnaires (ie, the brief pain inventory and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short form) on postoperative days 1 to 5, and at postoperative weeks 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 by a blinded research assistant. Perioperative care was standardized and included patient-controlled thoracic epidural analgesia until thoracostomy tube removal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-two subjects underwent MT and 38 subjects underwent PT during the 16-month accrual period. There were no significant differences in demographics. Pain reported during hospitalization and after hospital discharge did not differ with respect to incision type (p > or = 0.17). Postoperative physical activity levels were significantly less than those reported preoperatively, with a trend toward better functioning in the MT groups after 8 weeks. Incision type did not predict complications, morbidity, or mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When comparing patients who had undergone vertical, axillary, wholly MT to those who had undergone modified serratus muscle-sparing PT, postoperative differences in pain were not apparent. One should not anticipate reduced pain or more rapid overall recovery following MT, at least when epidural analgesia is used aggressively for perioperative pain control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, 3400 Spruce St, 680 Dulles, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. ochrocha@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: E Andrew
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ochroch
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gottschalk
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Augoustides
authors.forename: Stanley J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Aukburg
authors.forename: Larry R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Shrager
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000601:surgery; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors