title: Root-surface gap-formation with RMGIC restorations minimized by reduced P/L ratio of the first increment and delayed polishing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This in vitro study evaluated the effect on interfacial gap-formation around resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGIC) root surface restorations with (a) variations in powder/liquid ratio (P/L) of the first increment of an incremental procedure, compared with a bulk restoration technique, and (b) delayed versus immediate polishing, to permit maturation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cavity preparations were placed in premolar teeth on upper facial root surfaces. Two RMGICs were studied (Fuji II LC and Vitremer), with their associated conditioner or primer, applied with an incremental technique. The P/L ratio of the first increment was reduced to fractional (normalized) values between 0.2 and 1.0 of the manufacturers' recommended P/L, and the manufacturers' P/L was used for the second increment. Control groups were bulk filled. After polishing, either: (i) immediately after light-activation or (ii) after 24h storage, the restored teeth were sectioned in a buccolingual direction through the center of the restoration and the presence or absence of marginal gaps was measured at x 1000 magnification at 14 points (each 0.5-mm apart) along the cavity restoration interface; (n=10; total points measured per group=140).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both RMGICs, significant differences (p<0.05) in gap-incidence were observed between polishing (i) immediately and (ii) after one-day storage. In the former case, 30-70 gaps were found, with or without the incremental technique. In the latter case, only 2-14 gaps were observed. With fluid mixes (normalized P/L ratios between 0.3 and 0.6) for the first increment, gap-formation was greatly reduced, especially with Fuji II LC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To minimize gap formation, more fluid mixes could be used especially with Fuji II LC to give improved adaptation to the dentin. Secondly, whenever possible, polishing should be delayed on the final increment to permit maturation and minimize mechanical disruption of both increments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan. mirie@md.okayama-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Irie
authors.forename: Rosalina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tjandrawinata
authors.forename: Kazuomi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Watts
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid; D003188:Composite Resins; D018772:Dental Marginal Adaptation; D003775:Dental Polishing; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000379:methods*; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D044367:Phase Transition; D011208:Powders; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; D013997:Time Factors; D014092:Tooth Root; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; C079765:Fuji II LC cement; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D011208:Powders; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; C084550:Vitremer; D014867:Water