title: Vitamin Intervention For Stroke Prevention trial: an efficacy analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention trial (VISP) intention-to-treat analysis did not show efficacy of combined vitamin therapy for recurrent vascular events in patients with nondisabling stroke. Reasons for lack of efficacy may have included folate fortification of grain products, inclusion of the recommended daily intake for B12 in the low-dose arm, treatment with parenteral B12 in patients with low B12 levels in both study arms, a dose of B12 too low for patients with malabsorption, supplementation with nonstudy vitamins, and failure of patients with significant renal impairment to respond to vitamin therapy. We conducted an efficacy analysis limited to patients most likely to benefit from the treatment, based on hypotheses arising from evidence developed since VISP was initiated. The criteria for this subgroup were defined before any data analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this analysis, we excluded patients with low and very high B12 levels at baseline (<250 and >637 pmol/L, representing the 25th and 95th percentiles), to exclude those likely to have B12 malabsorption or to be taking B12 supplements outside the study and patients with significant renal impairment (glomerular filtration rate <46.18; the 10th percentile).
  
  
  RESULTS
  This subgroup represents 2155 patients (37% female), with a mean age of 66+/-10.7 years. For the combined end point of ischemic stroke, coronary disease, or death, there was a 21% reduction in the risk of events in the high-dose group compared with the low-dose group (unadjusted P=0.049; adjusted for age, sex, blood pressure, smoking, and B12 level P=0.056). In Kaplan-Meier survival analysis comparing 4 groups, patients with a baseline B12 level at the median or higher randomized to high-dose vitamin had the best overall outcome, and those with B12 less than the median assigned to low-dose vitamin had the worst (P=0.02 for combined stroke, death, and coronary events; P=0.03 for stroke and coronary events).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the era of folate fortification, B12 plays a key role in vitamin therapy for total homocysteine. Higher doses of B12, and other treatments to lower total homocysteine may be needed for some patients.
authors.affiliation: The Stroke Prevention and Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada. dspence@robarts.ca
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.forename: Heejung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.forename: Lloyd E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Chambless
authors.forename: Meir J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000378:metabolism; D014815:Vitamins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12