title: Interfacial failure of a dental cement composite bonded to glass substrates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the interfacial fracture toughness and investigate failure mechanisms of dental cements bound to soda-lime glasses elastically equivalent to dental ceramics, as loading angle changes from 0 to 20 degrees .
  
  
  METHODS
  Two half-circle glass discs received surface treatment were bound using dental cement (3M RelyXTM ARC BLBL) to make Brazil-nut sandwich specimens for interfacial toughness testing. Before bonding the two half-circle glass disks, 8% hydrofluoric acid (HF) was applied on the surfaces to bond for 2 min, washed thoroughly for 1 min under tap water and air dried. The surfaces were further treated using silane primer Monobond-s (Vivadent, Liechtenstein) for 60s and air dried. Interfacial toughness as a function of mode mixity was measured using an Instron testing machine by changing loading angels from 0 to 20 degrees . The interfacial fracture surfaces were examined using SEM and EDX to determine the failure modes when loading angles change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interfacial toughness increases from approximately 1 to 8 J/m/m when loading angle increases from 0 to approximately 20 degrees . Increasing deformation and fracture in dental cement occur when loading angle increases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing interfacial toughness can be attributed to more deformation and fracture of dental cement when loading angle increases. Brazil-nut sandwich samples are shown to provide a promising alternative method to evaluate bond strength and interfacial failure for dental restoration. Research was supported by NIH (NYU/PHS No. F5262-07).
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton Institute for Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA. zhous@llni.gov
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sagnang
authors.forename: W O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Soboyejo
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D004548:Elasticity; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008832:Microchemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; C076808:Monobond S; D010087:Oxides; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C462240:RelyX ARC; D019279:Resin Cements; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; C004569:soda lime; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid