title: Intramural activation and repolarization sequences in canine ventricles. Experimental and simulation studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are no published data showing the three-dimensional sequence of repolarization and the associated potential fields in the ventricles. Knowledge of the sequence of repolarization has medical relevance because high spatial dispersion of recovery times and action potential durations favors cardiac arrhythmias. In this study we describe measured and simulated 3-D excitation and recovery sequences and activation-recovery intervals (ARIs) (measured) or action potential durations (APDs) (simulated) in the ventricular walls.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recorded from 600 to 1400 unipolar electrograms from canine ventricular walls during atrial and ventricular pacing at 350-450 ms cycle length. Measured excitation and recovery times and ARIs were displayed as 2-D maps in transmural planes or 3-D maps in the volume explored, using specially developed software. Excitation and recovery sequences and APD distributions were also simulated in parallelepipedal slabs using anisotropic monodomain or bidomain models based on the Lou-Rudy version 1 model with homogeneous membrane properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulations showed that in the presence of homogeneous membrane properties, the sequence of repolarization was similar but not identical to the excitation sequence. In a transmural plane perpendicular to epicardial fiber direction, both activation and recovery pathways starting from an epicardial pacing site returned toward the epicardium at a few cm distance from the pacing site. However, APDs were not constant, but had a dispersion of approximately 14 ms in the simulated domain. The maximum APD value was near the pacing site and two minima appeared along a line perpendicular to fiber directions, passing through the pacing site. Electrical measurements in dog ventricles showed that, for short cycle lengths, both excitation and recovery pathways, starting from an epicardial pacing site, returned toward the epicardium. For slower pacing rates, pathways of recovery departed from the pathway of excitation. Highest ARI values were observed near the pacing site in part of the experiments. In addition, maps of activation-recovery intervals showed mid-myocardial clusters with activation-recovery intervals that were slightly longer than ARIs closer to the epi- or endocardium, suggesting the presence of M cells in those areas. Transmural dispersion of measured ARIs was on the order of 20-25 ms. Potential distributions during recovery were less affected by myocardial anisotropy than were excitation potentials.
authors.affiliation: CVRTI Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84112 Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Taccardi
authors.forename: Bonnie B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Punske
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sachse
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tricoche
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colli-Franzone
authors.forename: Luca F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Pavarino
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zabawa
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004285:Dogs; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D012984:Software; D016276:Ventricular Function / Q000502:physiology*