title: Microalbuminuria in pediatric obesity: prevalence and relation to other cardiovascular risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microalbuminuria (MA) has emerged as a strong predictor of cardiovascular (CV) events, even in nondiabetic adults. While the mechanisms behind this association remain to be established, most studies suggest that MA is the result of increased vascular leakage denoting endothelial dysfunction associated with early vasculopathy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine if a urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) in the microalbuminuric range is related to metabolic markers of CV risk in obese and pre-diabetic youth recruited from an obesity clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  MA was defined as a UACR between 2.0 and 20 mg/mmol. Subjects with gross proteinuria (UACR>20 mg/mmol) were excluded from the study. Analyses were performed to assess the relationship of MA and markers of CV risk, including body mass index (BMI), % body fat, blood pressure (BP), lipid profile, inflammatory markers, insulin sensitivity indexes and degrees of oral glucose tolerance. MA was also correlated with risk factor constellations unique to the metabolic syndrome, a distinct CV risk entity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postchallenge alterations in glucose metabolism and overall loss in insulin sensitivity were strongly and positively correlated with the presence of MA (P = 0.002 and 0.01, respectively). Neither the metabolic syndrome nor any of the individual CV risk factors examined were associated with MA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that early glucose toxicity, as reflected by postchallenge elevations in plasma glucose even below the diagnostic cutoff for diabetes mellitus may contribute to the presence of MA. Whether MA is equally as predictive of CV disease in youth, as in adulthood, remains to be investigated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and The General Clinical Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven 06520, USA. Tania.Burgert@yale.edu
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Burgert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dziura
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yeckel
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Taksali
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tamborlane
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caprio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008055:Lipids; D003404:Creatinine