title: Parenteral nutrition-associated hepatotoxicity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parenteral nutrition has been associated with the development of several hepatobiliary complications. The aim of this article was to review the current available literature associated with parenteral nutrition-induced hepatotoxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a literature search and reviewed all related articles published within the past 5 years, from 1999 to 2003.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a result of this review, we were able to determine the suspected etiology and pathogenesis, commonly used diagnostic tests and procedures, and current methods used for prevention and treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated hepatotoxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regardless of current advances in research, much is left to be determined in the areas of etiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of parenteral nutrition-induced hepatobiliary complications. Practitioners should be encouraged to participate in further research, particularly in studies involving human subjects.
authors.affiliation: St. Luke's Hospital, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fulford
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Scolapio
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aranda-Michel