title: Cardioplegia prevents ischemia-induced transcriptional alterations of cytoprotective genes in rat hearts: a DNA microarray study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Energy conservation and calcium homeostasis contribute to myocardial protection provided by hyperkalemic cardioplegia during ischemia. Complimenting these established mechanisms of protection, previous work suggested that activation of cytoprotective signaling pathways also contributes to reduced injury with cardioplegia. We proposed that cardioplegia would recruit cytoprotective pathways and investigated the transcriptional response of the heart after cardioplegia-protected ischemia compared with that after ischemia alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated perfused rat hearts underwent 40 minutes of global ischemia alone or with St Thomas cardioplegia, followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. The expression profiles of isolated RNA were determined by using Affymetrix microarrays and assessed by comparing cardioplegia-protected hearts and hearts undergoing unprotected ischemia with time-matched control hearts. The content of selected proteins was assessed by means of immunoblotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardioplegia preserved the expression of multiple genes involved in carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism, glycolysis, and electron transport compared with ischemia alone. The expression of the sodium-calcium exchanger and ryanodine receptor was preserved in line with the ability of cardioplegia to decrease calcium overload. The expression of multiple cytoprotective molecules, including protein-tyrosine kinase, calcineurin B, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, voltage-dependent anion channel, protein kinase C , heat shock protein 70, and manganese superoxide dismutase all showed decreased expression in ischemia but were preserved to near nonischemic levels by cardioplegia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardioplegia during ischemia maintained an expression profile similar to that seen in nonischemic hearts for genes involved in energy conservation, calcium homeostasis, and cytoprotective pathways, whereas ischemia alone did not. Exposing the transcriptional differences in cytoprotective genes during untreated and cardioplegia-treated ischemia provides valuable insight into an additional mechanism of cardioprotection induced by cardioplegia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-5011, USA.
authors.forename: Steve J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Schomisch
authors.forename: Deborah G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Murdock
authors.forename: Nasim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hedayati
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Carino
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lesnefsky
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Cmolik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000235:genetics*; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014158:Transcription, Genetic