title: Motor evoked potential monitoring during cerebral aneurysm surgery: technical aspects and comparison of transcranial and direct cortical stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluates technical aspects, handling, and safety of intraoperatively applied transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) and direct cortical stimulation (DCS) for eliciting muscle motor evoked potentials (mMEPs) during cerebral aneurysm surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 119 patients undergoing cerebral aneurysm surgery, mMEPs were evoked by a train of five stimuli with individual pulse duration of 0.5 milliseconds, a repetition rate of 2 Hz, and constant current anodal stimulation. The maximal stimulation intensity was 240 mA for transcranial and 33 mA for direct stimulation. mMEPs were recorded continuously from the abductor pollicis brevis, from tibial anterior muscles bilaterally, and from the biceps brachii and extensor digitorum communis muscles contralateral to the side operated on.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 118 (99%) of 119 patients, transcranially evoked mMEPs were monitorable for the vascular territory of interest. DCS was performed successfully in 95 (95%) of 100 patients. In 86 (99%) of 87 patients with internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery, or posterior circulation aneurysms, mMEPs from upper-extremity muscles were obtained with DCS. In 11 (55%) of 20 patients with anterior communicating artery, anterior cerebral artery, or pericallosal aneurysms, mMEPs from the lower-extremity muscles could be recorded. The incidence of seizures was 0.84% for TES and 1% for DCS. Minor and inconsequential subdural bleeding after positioning of the strip electrode occurred in 2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cogent comprehensive combination of transcranial and direct cortical electrical stimulation allows for the continuous mMEP monitoring of the cerebral vascular territory of interest in 99% of the patients with cerebral aneurysms. Unwarranted effects of electrode placement and stimulation are rare and without clinical consequences.
authors.affiliation: Division of Intraoperative Neurophysiology, Hyman-Newman Institute for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. A.Szelenyi@em.uni-frankfurt.de
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szelényi
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kothbauer
authors.forename: Adauri Bueno
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: de Camargo
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: Eugene S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Flamm
authors.forename: Vedran
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Deletis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D004566:Electrodes; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*