title: Clamping short-term indwelling catheters: a systematic review of the evidence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review is to determine the effects of clamping short-term indwelling urethral catheters before removal on the incidence of urinary tract infection, time to first void, voiding dysfunction, incidence of recatheterization, and the length of hospital stay.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published and unpublished randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials, completed between January 1966 and July 2004, in English and other languages that compared the effects of clamping short-term indwelling urethral catheters, were systematically reviewed using multiple electronic databases. Determination of eligibility of trials for inclusion in the review, assessment of methodological quality, and data extraction were undertaken independently by 2 reviewers. Relative risks for dichotomous data and a weighted mean difference for continuous data were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Where synthesis was inappropriate, a narrative overview has been undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three trials that investigated the effect of clamping the indwelling urethral catheter compared to free drainage before removal were eligible for inclusion. Two trials reported no significant difference in the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI), number of patients who developed urinary retention or required recatheterization, and the length of hospital stay between the 2 groups. Another reported that the postvoid residual urine volume for patients who did not receive reconditioning of the bladder increased from 4.25 mL at baseline to 42.25 mL after removal of the indwelling urethral catheter, whereas the residual urine volume for patients who received reconditioning increased from 17.25 mL at baseline to 22 mL at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence for clamping indwelling urethral catheters before removal remains equivocal. Given the current state of evidence, procedures relating to clamping of indwelling urinary catheters should not be initiated. Until stronger evidence becomes available, however, practices relating to clamping indwelling urethral catheters will continue to be dictated by local preferences and cost factors.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Applied Nursing Research, South Western Sydney Area Health Service, and University of Western Sydney, NSW, Australia. ritin.fernandez@swsahs.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: Ritin S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Rhonda D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Griffiths
mesh_terms: D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D020878:Device Removal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing; D006801:Humans; D014546:Urinary Catheterization; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control