title: [Exposure assessment to harmful agents in workplaces in sewage plant workers].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the study was to evaluate exposure to biological and chemical agents in a sewage treatment plant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sampling was carried out in the summer and wintertime at the morning workshift. Ninety-nine sewage workers taking part in the study were divided into four occupational subgroups: mechanical treatment, biological treatment, sewage sludge treatment, and operation control workers. Exposure to: H2S, SO2, Pb, Cd, Cr3+, Cr6+, endotoxins, (1 --> 3)-beta-D glucans, and microorganisms was evaluated with special identification of Gram-negative rods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentrations of dust containing heavy metals and concentrations of gases from all stations did not exceed MAC values. Concentrations of endotoxins ranged from 0.08 to 223 ng/m3, and glucans from 0.00 to 163 ng/m3. The highest concentrations were found among sewage sludge treatment workers, in the summertime (geometric mean value = 37 ng/m3). In the winter, concentrations were almost ten times lower. Over sixty percent of all results exceeded the proposed reference value for airborne endotoxins (10 ng/m3). Concentrations of airborne bacteria in the sewage plant were at low level (10(2)( cfu/m3), except the sludge lagoon and sludge concentration building, where the results exceeded the proposed reference value for mesophilic bacteria (10(5) cfu/m3) "Environmental" bacteria (Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Shewanella) predominated in the samples. There were also found enterobacteria genus (Enterococcus, family Enterobacteriaceae)--good indicators of hygienic cleanliness of the air.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study proved that the exposure varied and depended on the stage of sewage treatment. The sewage sludge treatment process was characterized by the highest emission of bioaerosols. All microorganisms found in the sewage plant belong to the second occupational risk group, under the ordinance of the Ministry of Health.
authors.affiliation: Zakładu Srodowiskowych Zagrozeń Zdrowia, Instytutu Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera w Lodzi. marc@imp.lodz.pl
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cyprowski
authors.forename: Jadwiga
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szarapińska-Kwaszewska
authors.forename: Bozena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dudkiewicz
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Krajewski
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Szadkowska-Stańczyk
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000328:Adult; D000391:Air Microbiology; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D003904:Mitosporic Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D011044:Poland; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D017132:Workplace / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D004731:Endotoxins; D012722:Sewage