title: Preservative-free nasal drug-delivery systems.
abstract: Unpreserved nasal sprays are the latest trend in nasal drug delivery. Different technologies are discussed here in the context of mechanically protected systems, which may provide additional benefits. New test protocols are suggested to evaluate the improved microbiological protection that can be achieved.
authors.affiliation: Ing.Erich Pfeiffer GmHbH, Pharma Division, Radolfzell, Germany. rene_bommer@pfeiffer.de
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bommer
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.forename: Kilian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hennes
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zwisler
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000336:Aerosols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004209:Disposable Equipment; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical