title: Measuring ADHD behaviors in children with symptomatic accommodative dysfunction or convergence insufficiency: a preliminary study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accommodative dysfunction and convergence insufficiency (CI) are common pediatric vision problems that have been associated with an increase in frequency and severity of vision-specific symptoms that affect children when doing schoolwork. However, the relationship between accommodative dysfunction and CI and other learning problems, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of ADHD behaviors in school-aged children with symptomatic accommodative dysfunction or CI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children 8 to 15 years of age with symptomatic accommodative dysfunction or CI were recruited from the teaching clinic at the Southern California College of Optometry. Children with learning disabilities or ADHD were excluded. One parent of each child completed the Conners Parent Rating Scale-Revised Short Form (CPRS-R:S). The children's scores on the CPRS-R:S were compared with the normative sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four children (9 boys and 15 girls) participated in the study with a mean age of 10.93 years (SD = 1.75). On the CPRS-R:S, cognitive problem/inattention, hyperactivity, and ADHD index were significantly different from normative values (p < or = .001 for all tests).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this preliminary study suggest that school-aged children with symptomatic accommodative dysfunction or CI have a higher frequency of behaviors related to school performance and attention as measured by the CPRS-R:S.
authors.affiliation: Southern California College of Optometry, 2575 Yorba Linda Boulevard, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA. eborsting@scco.edu
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Borsting
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rouse
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular; D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*