title: Laboratory scale Clean-In-Place (CIP) studies on the effectiveness of different caustic and acid wash steps on the removal of dairy biofilms.
abstract: A laboratory scale, bench top flow system was used to partially reproduce dairy plant conditions under which biofilms form and to quantify the effectiveness of caustic and acid wash steps in reducing the number of viable bacteria attached to stainless steel (SS) surfaces. Once bacteria attached to surfaces, a standard clean-in-place (CIP) regime (water rinse, 1% sodium hydroxide at 65 degrees C for 10 min, water rinse, 1.0% nitric acid at 65 degrees C for 10 min, water rinse) did not reproducibly ensure their removal. Standard CIP effectiveness was compared to alternative cleaning chemicals such as: caustic blends (Alkazolv 48, Ultrazolv 700, Concept C20, and Reflex B165); a caustic additive (Eliminator); acid blends (Nitroplus and Nitrobrite); and sanitizer (Perform). The addition of a caustic additive, Eliminator, enhanced biofilm removal compared to the standard CIP regime and further increases in cleaning efficiency occurred when nitric acid was substituted with Nitroplus. The combination of NaOH plus Eliminator and Nitroplus achieved a 3.8 log reduction in the number of cells recovered from the stainless steel surface. The incorporation of a sanitizer step into the CIP did not appear to enhance biofilm removal. This study has shown that the effectiveness of a "standard" CIP can possibly be enhanced through the testing and use of caustic and acid blends. There are many implications of these findings, including: the development of improved cleaning regimes and improved product quality, plant performance, and economic returns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. phil.bremer@stonebow.otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bremer
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fillery
authors.forename: A James
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: McQuillan
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002417:Cattle; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005516:Food Microbiology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology*; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004202:Disinfectants; D013193:Stainless Steel