title: Detection of outliers in reference distributions: performance of Horn's algorithm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medical laboratory reference data may be contaminated with outliers that should be eliminated before estimation of the reference interval. A statistical test for outliers has been proposed by Paul S. Horn and coworkers (Clin Chem 2001;47:2137-45). The algorithm operates in 2 steps: (a) mathematically transform the original data to approximate a gaussian distribution; and (b) establish detection limits (Tukey fences) based on the central part of the transformed distribution.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the specificity of Horn's test algorithm (probability of false detection of outliers), using Monte Carlo computer simulations performed on 13 types of probability distributions covering a wide range of positive and negative skewness. Distributions with 3% of the original observations replaced by random outliers were used to also examine the sensitivity of the test (probability of detection of true outliers). Three data transformations were used: the Box and Cox function (used in the original Horn's test), the Manly exponential function, and the John and Draper modulus function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For many of the probability distributions, the specificity of Horn's algorithm was rather poor compared with the theoretical expectation. The cause for such poor performance was at least partially related to remaining nongaussian kurtosis (peakedness). The sensitivity showed great variation, dependent on both the type of underlying distribution and the location of the outliers (upper and/or lower tail).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although Horn's algorithm undoubtedly is an improvement compared with older methods for outlier detection, reliable statistical identification of outliers in reference data remains a challenge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet HF, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Helge Erik
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Solberg
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lahti
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019963:Clinical Chemistry Tests / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D012015:Reference Standards; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016008:Statistical Distributions