title: Sex-dependent variables in the modulation of postalimentary lipemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify in young adults the sex-dependent differences in lipemic responses to a fat meal, we measured the association of these responses with markers of atherosclerosis and determined their metabolic regulators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine normolipidemic volunteers, 25 women and 24 men, were matched according to age, body mass index, waist circumference, diet, physical activity, and apolipoprotein-E phenotyping. After receiving a standardized fat meal (40 g of fat/m2 of body surface area), serial blood samples were drawn for laboratory analysis. Common carotid intima-media thickness was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lipemic responses were much greater in men than in women for plasma triacylglycerol (TAG), cholesterol, and TAG in TAG-rich lipoproteins, non-esterified fatty acids, phospholipids, and apolipoprotein-B100. Men presented with increased blood pressure, carotid intima-media thickness, TAG, hepatic lipase, and insulin and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein-AI, and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations. Only in men did carotid intima-media thickness correlate marginally with titers of autoantibodies to epitopes of oxidized low-density lipoprotein; in addition, phospholipids and cholesteryl esters were negatively related to autoantibodies. Multivariate analysis indicated that age (R2 = 45%), waist circumference (R2 = 19%), phospholipids (R2 = 39%), non-esterified fatty acids (R2 = 29%), insulin (R2 = 17%), lipoprotein lipase activity (R2 = 16%), and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (an exploratory variable; R2 = 6%) are strong determinants of postalimentary lipemia in women and that only insulin (R2 = 55%) and phospholipids (R2 = 37%) are determinants in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have provided data explaining that postalimentary lipemia is differently regulated by sex. Several risk factors for coronary heart disease and significant associations with atherosclerosis biomarkers were found only in men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Sciences and NMCE-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tentor
authors.forename: Lila Mina
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Rui T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gidlund
authors.forename: Lúcia Nassi
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Castilho
authors.forename: Eliana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cotta de Faria
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000032:analysis; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D001053:Apolipoproteins; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007328:Insulin; D010743:Phospholipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol