title: Diagnostic approach to recurrent bacterial meningitis in children.
abstract: Recurrence of bacterial meningitis in children is not only potentially life-threatening, but also involves or induces psychological trauma to the patients through repeated hospitalization and multiple invasive investigations if the underlying cause remains undetected. Bacteria migration, along congenital or acquired pathways from the skull or spinal dural defects, gains entrance into the central nervous system (CNS) and should be taken into consideration when children face recurrent bacterial meningitis, however, symptoms and signs of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea or otorrhea are rare in such patients. Without evidence of CSF leakage, a cranial symptom/sign or coccygeal cutaneous stigmata may suggest the approximate lesion site, diagnosis and detection remains difficult. To detect an occult dural lesion along the craniospinal axis, such as basal encephalocele, dermal sinus tract, or neurenteric cyst, a detailed clinical evaluation and the use of the modern diagnostic imaging methods is necessary. Because of the possibility of concomitant occurrence of more than one malformation, both the frontal and the lateral skull base should be carefully evaluated. Precise localization of the dural lesion is a prerequisite for successful surgical repair. In addition, the bacteria specificity could leave significant clues: Pneumoccocus or Hemophilus suggests cranial dural defects, E. coli or other gram negative bacilli suggests spinal dural defects, and meningococci suggest immunologic deficiency. Asplenia or immunodeficiency such as complement or immunoglobulin deficiency rarely causes recurrent meningitis without a history of frequent infection of non-CNS areas. Salmonella meningitis or brain abscess should not be treated incompletely or inadequately and could lead to recrudescence, relapse or recurrence of bacterial meningitis. Antibiotic (penicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) induced meningitis may repetitively occur on occasion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan. wanghs444@cgmh.org.tw
authors.forename: Huei-Shyong
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Meng-Fai
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Song-Chei
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D002559:Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D004677:Encephalocele / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007153:Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / Q000209:etiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012008:Recurrence; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed