title: Rotator cuff repair: an ex vivo analysis of suture anchor repair techniques on initial load to failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the best combination of anchors and suture techniques for repairing torn rotator cuff tendons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ex vivo biomechanical investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty fresh-frozen sheep infraspinatus tendons were repaired using 6 different repair techniques: transosseous sutures with 2 sutures and mattress stitches; 2 suture anchors with 1 suture per anchor using either simple stitches, mattress stitches, or modified Kessler stitches; 2 suture anchors with 2 sutures per anchor using simple stitches; or 5 suture anchors with 1 suture per anchor and a mattress stitch pattern.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No difference was identified between transosseous sutures (mean +/- SD, 147 +/- 68 N) and suture anchors (140 +/- 36 N) when 2 mattress stitches were used. The weakest construct with suture anchors was when the tendon was grasped with 2 suture anchors with 1 suture per anchor and a simple stitch pattern (72 +/- 25 N). Repair strength increased 2-fold with 2 suture anchors single loaded and a mattress stitch configuration (140 +/- 36 N; P = .026), 3-fold with 2 suture anchors single loaded and a modified Kessler stitch pattern (204 +/- 32 N; P < .001), and 3-fold with 2 suture anchors double loaded and a simple stitch suture pattern (212 +/- 39 N; P < .001). The highest tensile load was observed with 5 suture anchors in a double-row configuration, single loaded, that grasped the tendon with mattress stitches (336 +/- 59 N; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that in an ovine model, initial rotator cuff repair strength can be enhanced by increasing the number of suture anchors used in the repair and by using anchors that are double loaded with suture and suture configurations that pass more frequently through the tendon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical relevance of this ex vivo investigation is that the initial load to failure of a rotator cuff repair may be increased by increasing the number of suture anchors, the number of sutures per anchor, or using suture patterns that grab more adjacent tendon fibers.
authors.affiliation: Lake Cook Orthopedic Associates, Barrington, Illinois, USA. CraigACummins@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cummins
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Appleyard
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strickland
authors.forename: Pieter-Stijn
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Haen
authors.forename: Shiyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: George A C
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Murrell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004868:Equipment Failure; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000601:surgery*; D012756:Sheep; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D016474:Weight-Bearing