title: A multispecies study to assess the toxic and genotoxic effect of pharmaceuticals: furosemide and its photoproduct.
abstract: Pharmaceutical products for humans and animals, as well as their related metabolites end up in the aquatic environment after use. Recent investigations show that concentrations of pharmaceuticals are detectable in the order of ng/l-mug/l in municipal wastewater, groundwater and also drinking water. Little is known about the effects, and the hazard of long-term exposure to low concentrations of pharmaceuticals for non-target aquatic organisms. This study was designed to assess the ecotoxicity of furosemide, a potent diuretic agent, and its photoproduct in the aquatic environment. Bioassays were performed on bacteria, algae, rotifers and microcrustaceans to assess acute and chronic toxicity, while the SOS Chromotest and the Ames test were utilized to detect the genotoxic potential of the investigated compounds. A first approach to risk characterization was to calculate the environmental impact of furosemide by measured environmental concentration and predicted no effect concentration ratio (MEC/PNEC). To do so we used occurrence data reported in the literature and our toxicity results. The results showed that acute toxicity was in the order of mg/l for the crustaceans and absent for bacteria and rotifers. Chronic exposure to these compounds caused inhibition of growth population on the consumers, while the algae did not seem to be affected. A mutagenic potential was found for the photoproduct compared to the parental compound suggesting that byproducts ought to be considered in the environmental assessment of drugs. The risk calculated for furosemide suggested its harmlessness on the aquatic compartment.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, via A. Vivaldi, 43 I-81100 Caserta, Italy. marina.isidori@unina2.it
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Isidori
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nardelli
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parrella
authors.forename: Luigia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pascarella
authors.forename: Lucio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Previtera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria; D003445:Crustacea; D004232:Diuretics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D056890:Eukaryota; D005665:Furosemide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D012403:Rotifera; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005665:Furosemide