title: How infectious diseases got left out--and what this omission might have meant for bioethics.
abstract: In this article, we first document the virtually complete absence of infectious disease examples and concerns at the time bioethics emerged as a field. We then argue that this oversight was not benign by considering two central issues in the field, informed consent and distributive justice, and showing how they might have been framed differently had infectiousness been at the forefront of concern. The solution to this omission might be to apply standard approaches in liberal bioethics, such as autonomy and the harm principle, to infectious examples. We argue that this is insufficient, however. Taking infectious disease into account requires understanding the patient as victim and as vector. Infectiousness reminds us that as autonomous agents we are both embodied and vulnerable in our relationships with others. We conclude by applying this reunderstanding of agency to the examples of informed consent and distributive justice in health care.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Ethics, Salt Lake City, UT 84143, USA. francis1@law.utah.edu
authors.forename: Leslie P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Margaret P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Battin
authors.forename: Jay A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Charles B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Botkin
mesh_terms: D026688:Bioethical Issues; D001675:Bioethics / Q000266:history; D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy / Q000635:transmission*; D003219:Confidentiality / Q000941:ethics; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000941:ethics*; D017007:Duty to Warn / Q000941:ethics; D026689:Ethical Analysis; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D010361:Patients; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D035842:Research Subjects; D012935:Social Justice; D012941:Social Responsibility; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016312:Treatment Refusal / Q000941:ethics