title: Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease as risk factors for age-related macular degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure and contrast 2 biomarkers of cardiovascular disease, C-reactive protein (CRP) and plasma homocysteine, in individuals with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and control individuals without AMD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-nine affected individuals and 77 unaffected individuals from the AMD Genetic Study Group returned to obtain CRP and homocysteine levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both affected and unaffected individuals underwent testing for CRP and homocysteine. A detailed cardiovascular history was taken.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mean CRP and homocysteine levels in affected and unaffected individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean CRP levels for affected and unaffected individuals were 3.42 and 2.30 mg/l, respectively (P = 0.03). Mean homocysteine levels for affected and unaffected individuals were 11.72 and 8.88 micromol/l, respectively (P<0.0001). In logistic regression models, older age, higher CRP, and higher homocysteine were risk factors for AMD. There were no significant differences between cases and controls in terms of gender, diabetes, hypertension, use of statin drugs, and smoking. The control group was significantly younger and had a lower rate of vitamin usage than the affected group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated CRP and homocysteine levels are associated with AMD and implicate the role of chronic inflammation and atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA. akv@umich.edu
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Vine
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stader
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Branham
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Musch
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swaroop
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006710:Homocysteine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein