title: Effects of radiotherapy on olfactory function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Changes in olfactory function have been reported in patients receiving significant doses of radiation to the olfactory epithelium. Aim of this study was to investigate severity and time course of changes in olfactory function in patients irradiated for tumours of the head and neck region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four patients receiving radiotherapy (RT) for tumours in the area of the head and neck participated (16 women, 28 men; age 11-81 y; mean 55 y). Olfactory function was measured before and bi-weekly during RT for 6 weeks. A subgroup (25 patients) was followed for 12 months. Patients were divided into two groups according to the dose to the olfactory epithelium. Twenty-two patients ('OLF group') had radiation doses to the olfactory epithelium between 23.7 and 79.5 Gy (median 62.2 Gy). In the 22 patients of the 'non-OLF group' the dose applied to the olfactory epithelium was significantly lower (2.9-11.1 Gy, median 5.9 Gy). Total tumour dose (30-76.8 Gy), age, sex distribution, and baseline chemosensory function were not significantly different between groups. Testing was performed for odour identification, odour discrimination, and olfactory thresholds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Odour discrimination, but not odour identification or odour threshold, was significantly decreased 2-6 weeks after begin of therapy in the OLF group. In addition, a significant effect of the radiation dose was observed for odour discrimination. More than 6 months after therapy, OLF group patients had significantly lower odour identification scores compared to the non-OLF group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As indicated through the non-significant change of olfactory thresholds, the olfactory epithelium is relatively resistant against effects of radiation. It is hypothesized that RT has additional effects on the olfactory bulb/orbitofrontal cortex responsible for the observed changes of suprathreshold olfactory function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hölscher
authors.forename: Annedore
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seibt
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Appold
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dörr
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Karl-Bernd
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Hüttenbrink
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hummel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009831:Olfactory Mucosa / Q000528:radiation effects*; D009833:Olfactory Pathways / Q000528:radiation effects; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000528:radiation effects; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric