title: The effect of nasopharyngoscopic biofeedback in patients with cleft palate and velopharyngeal dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the immediate, long-term, and carry-over effects of nasopharyngoscopic biofeedback therapy in patients with cleft palate who exhibit velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre- versus posttreatment and follow-up comparisons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cleft palate center of the Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients with VPD who had received conventional speech therapy without showing significant improvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  A four-stage feedback procedure. The patients watched and evaluated their velopharyngeal (VP) valving during speech by an endoscopic image displayed on a video monitor. Two feedback sessions took place for every target sound.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mean occurrence of VP closure during speech sound production on different linguistic levels. Patients' self-perception was assessed by a questionnaire and speech diary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant improvement and stability of VP closure was noted. Mean occurrence of VP closure was 5% before therapy, 91% after two biofeedback sessions, and 86% in the follow-up after 6 months. Velopharyngeal dysfunction associated with compensatory articulation proved to be equally well trained as VPD on sounds with good articulatory placement. No significant difference was observed in the degree of improvement between phoneme-specific VPD and generalized VPD. The transfer to the level of words and sentences was successful and showed significant stability. The stability of VP closure for vowels was less than the stability for fricatives and stop sounds. Patients gained improved auditory and kinesthetic self-perception of their articulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nasopharyngoscopic biofeedback therapy proves to be a quick and effective method to change VPD. It shows stable results and carry-over effects.
authors.affiliation: Cleft Palate Center, Department of Orthodontics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Monika_Brunner@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stellzig-Eisenhauer
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pröschel
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verres
authors.forename: Gerda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Komposch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000503:physiopathology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000503:physiopathology; D010700:Phonetics; D012649:Self Concept; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology; D013065:Speech Intelligibility / Q000502:physiology; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology; D013070:Speech Therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000628:therapy*; D014741:Video Recording