title: Economic evaluation of an HIV prevention intervention for seropositive injection drug users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the cost-effectiveness of Intervention for HIV-Seropositive injection drug users--Research and Evaluation (INSPIRE), designed to reduce risky sexual and needle-sharing behaviors in research sites in four US cities (2001-2003).
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected data on program and participant costs. We used a mathematical model to estimate the number of sex partners of injection drug users expected to become infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (with and without intervention), cost of treatment for sex partners who became infected, and the effect of infection on partners' quality-adjusted life expectancy. We determined the minimum effect that INSPIRE must have on condom use among participants for the intervention to be cost-saving (intervention cost less than savings from averted HIV infections) or cost-effective (net cost per quality-adjusted life year saved less than $50,000).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intervention cost was $870 per participant. It would be cost-saving if it led to 53 percent reduction in the proportion of participants who had any unprotected sex in 1 year and cost-effective with 17 percent reduction. If behavior change lasted 3 months, the cost-effectiveness threshold was 66 percent; if 3 years, the threshold was 6 percent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although cost-saving thresholds may not be achievable by the intervention, we anticipate that cost-effectiveness thresholds will be attained.
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. ktuli@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Karunesh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tuli
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sansom
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Purcell
authors.forename: Lisa R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Metsch
authors.forename: Carl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Latkin
authors.forename: Marc N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Gourevitch
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gómez
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population