title: Immunolocalization of estrogen receptor alpha and beta in human fetal prostate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the immunolocalization of estrogen receptor (ER)alpha and ERbeta in the human fetal prostate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue sections from human fetal prostates at 7 to 22 weeks of gestation were stained with antibodies to ERalpha, ERbeta, and cytokeratin 10 and 14.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ERalpha expression was not detected until 15 weeks of gestation with sparse staining in the utricle. By 19 weeks increased ERalpha expression was seen in the luminal cells of the ventral urogenital epithelium (UGE), basal cells of the dorsal UGE, utricle, distal periurethral ducts, peripheral stroma and posterior prostatic duct. K14 was detected in basal cells of the UGE and in several posterior acini. At 22 weeks ERalpha expression was more intense in all of these areas. ERbeta was expressed throughout the UGE, ejaculatory ducts, müllerian ducts and entire stroma at 7 weeks. Intense ERbeta staining was observed in these areas and in the prostatic buds by 8 weeks with persistent intense staining through 22 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge we report the first immunolocalization of ERalpha in the human fetal prostate and the earliest demonstration of ERbeta expression in the prostate at 7 weeks of gestation. ERbeta expression is intense during ductal morphogenesis, suggesting a role in normal glandular growth and proliferation. The induction of squamous metaplasia in the UGE, distal periurethral ducts and utricle is associated with ERalpha expression in these areas, while the induction of squamous metaplasia in peripheral prostatic acini is associated with peripheral stromal ERalpha expression. This study suggests estrogen signaling pathways in the human fetal prostate via ERalpha that involve epithelial-epithelial and epithelial-stromal interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA. ellen.shapiro@med.nyu.edu
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Hongying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Rachel J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Masch
authors.forename: Deborah E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: McFadden
authors.forename: E Lynette
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Xue-Ru
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta