title: Changing patterns of inpatient respiratory care services over a decade at the Cleveland Clinic: challenges posed and proposed responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changing characteristics of hospitalized patients over the last decade have created challenges for all health-care providers in delivering optimal care. In the specific case of respiratory care, trends that hospitalized patients have generally become sicker over time and that average lengths of stay have generally become shorter have posed the challenge of meeting demands for more services delivered with greater immediacy. We undertook the current analysis to assess how the delivery of respiratory care services at a tertiary-care academic medical center, the Cleveland Clinic Foundation Hospital, has evolved over the decade 1991 to 2001. In this observational study, we examined concurrent departmental trends and speculated that the capability to increase clinical activity with maintained or improved clinical outcomes, preserved costs, and a lower turnover rate among respiratory therapists reflects features of the professional environment within our Section of Respiratory Therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This analysis compares patterns of respiratory care service delivery in two 5-year intervals: from 1991 to 1996 and from 1996 to 2001. Data were collected using a respiratory care information-management system and an inpatient hospital information system, which track the volume and actual cost of services provided. These analyses accounted for the actual time-based cost of the services, including labor (with benefits), necessary equipment and supplies, medications, and equipment maintenance and depreciation. Hospital case-mix index values were determined according to guidelines from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, as the weighted average of resource allocation scores assigned to diagnosis-related-group categories of hospitalized patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1991 to 2001, there were important expansions in the scope of respiratory care practice by our Section of Respiratory Care, while the volume of respiratory care services delivered per year increased 1.96-fold (from 339,600 to 665,921 services/y). The number of respiratory therapy consults performed yearly, beginning in 1992 when the service was first implemented, rose to over 10,000/y by 2001. At the same time, the cost of respiratory therapy services delivered per patient decreased by 4.2%. Regarding staffing trends, the number of full-time-equivalent employees increased by 50% (from 65 to 97.5). However, the percent turnover rate among respiratory therapists decreased by 2.3-fold (from 11.5% to 5%). In the face of these trends, the hospital mortality rate for patients with diagnosis-related group 088 (high users of respiratory care services) decreased by 53%, and the length of hospital stay for all patients receiving respiratory treatments decreased by 30%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis shows that trends of growing demands for respiratory care services have been accompanied by generally improving clinical outcomes and favorable retention of respiratory therapists in our section. We believe that a focus on the process of care, including enhanced professionalism, communication, and participation, has permitted a favorable response to these rising demands.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Orens
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kester
authors.forename: Dale J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Konrad
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Stoller
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D009820:Ohio; D010563:Personnel Turnover; D012124:Respiratory Care Units / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000639:trends*; D016896:Treatment Outcome