title: Multilocus analyses of estrogen-related genes reveal involvement of the ESR1 gene in male infertility and the polygenic nature of the pathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether polymorphisms within the ESR1, FSHR, ESR2, CYP19A1, and NRIP1 genes are susceptibility factors for human male idiopathic infertility and to test the joint effects of these genes on male reproductive function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genetic association study of male infertility with polymorphisms, using both single-gene and multilocus approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Private and public fertility units and a private center for biomedical research.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred four Spanish men with azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia and 95 unselected race-matched healthy controls from the same geographic region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood extraction, DNA purification, and ESR1 g.938T>C, FSHR Ser680Asn, ESR2 *39A>G, CYP19A1 *19C>T, and NRIP1 Gly75Gly polymorphism analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-gene statistical analyses and multilocus statistical analyses with Sumstat, Permutation and Model-free analysis, and Estimating Haplotypes software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed an excess of homozygous infertile men for the ESR1 g.938T>C marker. Multilocus analyses detected genetic interaction between the five candidate gene markers that are influential over male infertility. In addition, we detected a five-loci protector genetic pattern with a frequency of 9.4% in controls but absent in infertile men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support a relevant role for the estrogenic pathway, notably the ESR1 gene, in human male reproductive function and advocate a complex trait model for male infertility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Structural Genomics, Neocodex, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Galan
authors.forename: Belen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buch
authors.forename: Natalio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Segura
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Moron
authors.forename: Lluis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bassas
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martinez-Pineiro
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Real
authors.forename: Agustin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruiz
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000235:genetics*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000235:genetics; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D020412:Multifactorial Inheritance / Q000235:genetics*; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D004967:Estrogens; D005819:Genetic Markers