title: A dose-dependent dual effect of oestrogen on voiding in the male mouse?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the effect of different degrees of oestrogenization on male voiding, by treating adult castrated and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-maintained male mice with different doses of oestrogens, as exposure of male mice to excessive amounts of oestrogens can cause bladder outlet obstruction (BOO); in addition, male mice lacking oestrogen receptor (ER)alpha (ERKO) or ERbeta (BERKO) were studied to assess the importance of ER subtypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Castrated, DHT-maintained adult mice were treated with 17beta-oestradiol (E(2); 50 and 250 microg/kg) or oestrone (E(1); 5, 50 and 500 microg/kg) daily for 10 days. Control mice were treated only with the vehicle. BERKO and ERKO mice, and their wild-type littermates used as their controls, remained untreated. Under anaesthesia, the bladder and distal urethra were exposed to record simultaneously the bladder pressure and urinary flow rate from the distal urethra.
  
  
  RESULTS
  E(2)-treated mice showed obstructive voiding, seen as increased bladder pressure, decreased average flow rate and prolonged micturition time. This was also evident when a high dose (500 microg/kg) of E(1) was used. After treatment with a dose of 50 microg/kg, the urodynamic variables were similar to those in the control mice. Surprisingly, after treatment with a low dose (5 microg/kg) all urodynamic variables improved. There was a minor increase in the bladder pressure in BERKO mice; ERKO mice had a significantly lower urinary flow rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High doses of oestrogens caused BOO in castrated, DHT-maintained male mice. A small dose of E(1) had a positive effect on voiding, suggesting that oestrogens are needed for normal male voiding. Reduced urinary flow rates in ERKO mice suggest that oestrogen effects on voiding are mediated at least partly via ERalpha.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Tomi K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Streng
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Talo
authors.forename: Karl-Erik
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004970:Estrone / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009919:Orchiectomy; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; D004970:Estrone; D004958:Estradiol