title: Does a pre-hospital emergency pathway improve early diagnosis and referral in suspected stroke patients?--Study protocol of a cluster randomised trial [ISRCTN41456865].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early interventions proved to be able to improve prognosis in acute stroke patients. Prompt identification of symptoms, organised timely and efficient transportation towards appropriate facilities, become essential part of effective treatment. The implementation of an evidence based pre-hospital stroke care pathway may be a method for achieving the organizational standards required to grant appropriate care. We performed a systematic search for studies evaluating the effect of pre-hospital and emergency interventions for suspected stroke patients and we found that there seems to be only a few studies on the emergency field and none about implementation of clinical pathways. We will test the hypothesis that the adoption of emergency clinical pathway improves early diagnosis and referral in suspected stroke patients. We designed a cluster randomised controlled trial (C-RCT), the most powerful study design to assess the impact of complex interventions. The study was registered in the Current Controlled Trials Register: ISRCTN41456865--implementation of pre-hospital emergency pathway for stroke--a cluster randomised trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-arm cluster-randomised trial (C-RCT). 16 emergency services and 14 emergency rooms were randomised either to arm 1 (comprising a training module and administration of the guideline), or to arm 2 (no intervention, current practice). Arm 1 participants (152 physicians, 280 nurses, 50 drivers) attended an interactive two sessions course with continuous medical education CME credits on the contents of the clinical pathway. We estimated that around 750 patients will be met by the services in the 6 months of observation. This duration allows recruiting a sample of patients sufficient to observe a 30% improvement in the proportion of appropriate diagnoses. Data collection will be performed using current information systems. Process outcomes will be measured at the cluster level six months after the intervention. We will assess the guideline recommendations for emergency and pre-hospital stroke management relative to: 1) promptness of interventions for hyperacute ischaemic stroke; 2) promptness of interventions for hyperacute haemorrhagic stroke 3) appropriate diagnosis. Outcomes will be expressed as proportions of patients with a positive CT for ischaemic stroke and symptoms onset < or = 6 hour admitted to the stroke unit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fields in which this trial will play are usually neglected by randomised controlled trial (RCT). We have chosen the cluster-randomised controlled trial (C-RCT) to address the issues of contamination, adherence to real practice, and community dimension of the intervention, with a complex definition of clusters and an extensive use of routine data to collect the outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Agenzia di Sanità Pubblica della Regione Lazio, Via di Santa Costanza, 53, 00198 Rome, Italy. ferri@asplazio.it
authors.forename: Marica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.forename: Assunta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giorgi Rossi
authors.forename: Giuliano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lori
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guasticchi
mesh_terms: D002545:Brain Ischemia; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019091:Critical Pathways; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards*; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000592:standards*; D012107:Research Design; D012384:Rome; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors