title: Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with type 2 diabetes are at high risk of fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction and stroke. There is indirect evidence that agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) could reduce macrovascular complications. Our aim, therefore, was to ascertain whether pioglitazone reduces macrovascular morbidity and mortality in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did a prospective, randomised controlled trial in 5238 patients with type 2 diabetes who had evidence of macrovascular disease. We recruited patients from primary-care practices and hospitals. We assigned patients to oral pioglitazone titrated from 15 mg to 45 mg (n=2605) or matching placebo (n=2633), to be taken in addition to their glucose-lowering drugs and other medications. Our primary endpoint was the composite of all-cause mortality, non fatal myocardial infarction (including silent myocardial infarction), stroke, acute coronary syndrome, endovascular or surgical intervention in the coronary or leg arteries, and amputation above the ankle. Analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered as an International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial, number ISRCTN NCT00174993.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients were lost to follow-up, but were included in analyses. The average time of observation was 34.5 months. 514 of 2605 patients in the pioglitazone group and 572 of 2633 patients in the placebo group had at least one event in the primary composite endpoint (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.80-1.02, p=0.095). The main secondary endpoint was the composite of all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and stroke. 301 patients in the pioglitazone group and 358 in the placebo group reached this endpoint (0.84, 0.72-0.98, p=0.027). Overall safety and tolerability was good with no change in the safety profile of pioglitazone identified. 6% (149 of 2065) and 4% (108 of 2633) of those in the pioglitazone and placebo groups, respectively, were admitted to hospital with heart failure; mortality rates from heart failure did not differ between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pioglitazone reduces the composite of all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes who have a high risk of macrovascular events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Vascular Research, Ingelby House, St Georges Hospital, Blackshaw Road, London SW17 0QT, UK. john.dormandy@btinternet.com
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dormandy
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Charbonnel
authors.forename: David J A
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Eckland
authors.forename: Erland
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erdmann
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Massi-Benedetti
authors.forename: Ian K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Moules
authors.forename: Allan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Skene
authors.forename: Meng H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Pierre J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lefèbvre
authors.forename: Gordon D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Standl
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wilhelmsen
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Betteridge
authors.forename: Kåre
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Birkeland
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Golay
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Korányi
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laakso
authors.forename: Marián
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mokán
authors.forename: Antanas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Norkus
authors.forename: Valdis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pirags
authors.forename: Toomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Podar
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheen
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Scherbaum
authors.forename: Guntram
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schernthaner
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skrha
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists*; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D047495:PPAR gamma; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077205:Pioglitazone