title: Root architecture and wind-firmness of mature Pinus pinaster.
abstract: This study aims to link three-dimensional coarse root architecture to tree stability in mature timber trees with an average of 1-m rooting depth. Undamaged and uprooted trees were sampled in a stand damaged by a storm. Root architecture was measured by three-dimensional (3-D) digitizing. The distribution of root volume by root type and in wind-oriented sectors was analysed. Mature Pinus pinaster root systems were organized in a rigid 'cage' composed of a taproot, the zone of rapid taper of horizontal surface roots and numerous sinkers and deep roots, imprisoning a large mass of soil and guyed by long horizontal surface roots. Key compartments for stability exhibited strong selective leeward or windward reinforcement. Uprooted trees showed a lower cage volume, a larger proportion of oblique and intermediate depth horizontal roots and less wind-oriented root reinforcement. Pinus pinaster stability on moderately deep soils is optimized through a typical rooting pattern and a considerable structural adaptation to the prevailing wind and soil profile.
authors.affiliation: INRA - Bordeaux, EPHYSE - 69, Gazinet, France. fred@pierroton.inra.fr
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Danjon
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fourcaud
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bert
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002980:Climate; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D028223:Pinus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014919:Wind