title: Confocal examination of untreated fresh specimens from basal cell carcinoma: implications for microscopically guided surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of confocal examination of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in microscopy-guided surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four independent observers with no previous experience in confocal laser scanning (CLS) microscopy received standardized instruction about diagnostic CLS microscopic features. Subsequently, 120 confocal images of fresh excisions from BCCs or normal skin were evaluated by each observer, imaged using a commercially available, near-infrared, reflectance CLS microscope. Logistic regression analysis was performed on a combination of all morphologic features using the forward-stepwise (Wald) method. Reliability (interobserver agreement) data were evaluated by kappa statistic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with histologically verified BCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluation of fresh BCC excisions by CLS microscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnostic accuracy of the method was evaluated by chi2 test. Diagnostic impact and reliability of each morphologic feature were evaluated by logistic regression analysis and kappa statistic, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, high diagnostic accuracy was achieved by the 4 observers. Logistic regression analysis revealed that mainly tumor cell nuclei and tumor nests should be taken into account for diagnostic decisions, whereas disintegration of tumor cells, peripheral palisading, and retraction of stroma were rarely useful. However, most of the features were highly reliable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This diagnostic validation study of CLS microscopy in microscopy-guided surgery yielded promising results and opens avenues for further studies. In the future, CLS microscopy may guide microsurgery of any skin cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gerger
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koller
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weger
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Massone
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leinweber
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kerl
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smolle
mesh_terms: D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000592:standards; D015588:Observer Variation; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*