title: A neuroendocrine mechanism for sustaining fear.
abstract: Fear is an adaptive response to recognition of a potentially dangerous event. Glucocorticoids are essential for maintaining a wide variety of behavioral events by their regulation of numerous genes; one such gene encodes corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH). CRH is involved in diverse behavioral responses to changing environmental demands. In this review, we focus on one aspect of glucocorticoid regulation of CRH--namely, fear-related responses to diverse classes of adverse events, such as those represented by contextual and cue-specific stimuli. Three extra-hypothalamic forebrain sites appear crucial for fear-related behavioral responses: the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis for sustaining adaptive fear-related behaviors, and the medial prefrontal cortex for modulating fear-related behaviors. Central regulation of CRH by glucocorticoids is important for adaptive and sustained fear-related behaviors, and its aberration is associated with anxiety and depressive disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA. jschulkin@acog.org
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schulkin
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Jeffrey B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rosen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009489:Neurosecretion / Q000502:physiology; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone