title: Intracranial hemorrhage complicating acute stroke: how common is hemorrhagic stroke on initial head CT scan and how often is initial clinical diagnosis of acute stroke eventually confirmed?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assessment of possible hemorrhage in acute stroke before appropriate therapy remains important. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency with which patients present with clinical stroke and have intracranial hemorrhage on initial noncontrast head CT scan (NCCT). In addition, we sought to determine the frequency with which initial clinical diagnosis acute stroke is confirmed in this group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of 691 consecutive patients with admitting diagnosis of acute stroke were evaluated retrospectively. Results of initial NCCT performed within 24 hours after presentation were assessed. All patients were examined before anticoagulation or thrombolysis. Correlation with treatment and leading differential etiology was made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five patients (25/691 [3.6%]) had hemorrhage. Twenty-three patients (23/25 [92%]) had intraparenchymal hemorrhage only. One patient (1/25 [4%]) had a combination of intraparenchymal and subarachnoid hemorrhage. One patient (1/25 [4%]) had subdural hemorrhage only. Twenty-two NCCT scans (22/25 [88%]) were performed within 6 hours of presentation. Seventeen NCCT scans (17/25 [68%]) were performed within 3 hours of presentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite frequent concerns for intracranial hemorrhage complicating acute stroke and treatment, a low percentage of patients had this complication. Moreover, our frequency is much lower than the wide ranges reported elsewhere. The most common type of intracranial hemorrhage in this cohort was intraparenchymal, but subarachnoid and subdural hemorrhages were also diagnosed and must also be considered. Twenty-eight percent of patients with initial suspicion of acute ischemic stroke are eventually given other diagnoses. These results may have implications for use of CT imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mullins
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lev
authors.forename: Dawid
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schellingerhout
authors.forename: R Gilberto
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Pamela W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Schaefer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed