title: Norepinephrine kinetics and dynamics in septic shock and trauma patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is considerable variability in the inter-patient response to norepinephrine. Pharmacokinetic studies of dopamine infusion in volunteers and in patients have also shown large variability. The purpose of this study was to define the pharmacokinetics of norepinephrine in septic shock and trauma patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  After Ethical Committee approval and written informed family consent, 12 patients with septic shock and 11 trauma patients requiring norepinephrine infusion were studied. Norepinephrine dose was increased in three successive steps of 0.1 mg kg(-1) min(-1) at 15-min intervals (20% maximum allowed increase in arterial pressure). Arterial blood was sampled before and at 0.5, 13, and 15 min after each infusion rate change and 30 s, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15 min after return to baseline dosing. Norepinephrine was assayed by HPLC. The pharmacokinetics were modelled using NONMEM (one-compartment model). The effects of group, body weight (BW), gender and SAPS II (Simplified Acute Physiology Score II) [Le Gall JR, Lemeshow S, Saulnier F. A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study. J Am Med Assoc 1993; 270: 2957-63] patients score on clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (V) were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group, gender, and BW did not influence CL or V. CL was negatively related to SAPS II. CL and T(1/2) varied from 3 litre min(-1) and 2 min, respectively, when SAPS II=20 to 0.9 litre min(-1) and 6.8 min when SAPS II=60.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In trauma patients and in septic shock patients, norepinephrine clearance is negatively related to SAPS II.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Bicêtre, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Beloeil
authors.forename: J-X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Mazoit
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benhamou
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duranteau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001835:Body Weight; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000097:blood*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D009638:Norepinephrine