title: [Incidence and risk factors for non-traumatic lower extremity amputation in hemodialysis patients].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence and risk factors for non-traumatic lower extremity amputation (LEA) in patients on haemodialysis (HD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated our HD population attending our clinic between Jan 1988 and Dec 2002, who had had LEA. Uni- and multivariate analyses were used to determine association of LEA with demographic characteristics such as diabetes, hypertension, smoking, myocardial infarction, stroke, dyslipidaemia, haematocrit, urea, creatinine, calcium, phosphorous, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and albumin levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 516 patients, 20 (3.9%) underwent 32 amputations; 21 major and 11 minor. The incidence was 1. I amputees/100 p-years. There were 11 (10.8%) diabetics and 9 (2.2%) non-diabetics; incidence of 4.2 and 0.6 amputees/100 p-years, respectively. Non-diabetic amputees were older than non-amputees: 68.9 vs 58.2 years (p = 0.013) and had been on HD longer: 71.4 +/- 44 vs 42 +/- 37 months (p = 0.019). There were 60% deaths within the first year of amputation and the causes were 60% cardiovascular. Univariate analysis indicated significant association of LEA with ageing, diabetes, smoking, myocardial infarction, stroke, high cholesterol, and low PTH levels. Multivariate Cox regression identified independent associations of amputation with diabetes, previous myocardial infarction and stroke and/or transient ischaemic attack.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of LEA in HD patients is very high and is associated with diabetes and previous cardiovascular events. Advanced age and longer time on HD are factors related to LEA in non-diabetics. With increasing numbers of diabetics and older people on HD, new strategies are needed for peripheral arterial disease management so as to avoid its progression to critical ischaemia.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Nefrología, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén, Jaén. mcsanchezp@senefro.org
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Sánchez Perales
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: García Cortés
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Borrego Utiel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Viedma
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pérez del Barrio
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borrego Hinojosa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liébana
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pérez Bañasco
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy; D007866:Leg / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone