title: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of oral cancer: a nested case-control study.
abstract: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) seem to prevent several types of cancer, but could increase the risk of cardiovascular complications. We investigated whether use of NSAIDs was associated with a change in the incidence of oral cancer or overall or cardiovascular mortality.
  
  
  
  We undertook a nested case-control study to analyse data from a population-based database (Cohort of Norway; CONOR), which consisted of prospectively obtained health data from all regions of Norway. People with oral cancer were identified from the 9241 individuals in CONOR who were at increased risk of oral cancer because of heavy smoking (15 pack-years), and matched controls were selected from the remaining heavy smokers (who did not have cancer).
  
  
  
  We identified and analysed 454 (5%) people with oral cancer (279 men, 175 women, mean [SD] age at diagnosis 63.3 [13.2] years) and 454 matched controls (n=908); 263 (29%) had used NSAIDs, 83 (9%) had used paracetamol (for a minimum of 6 months), and 562 (62%) had used neither drug. NSAID use (but not paracetamol use) was associated with a reduced risk of oral cancer (including in active smokers; hazard ratio 0.47, 95% CI 0.37-0.60, p<0.0001). Smoking cessation also lowered the risk of oral cancer (0.41, 0.32-0.52, p<0.0001). Additionally, long-term use of NSAIDs (but not paracetamol) was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular-disease-related death (2.06, 1.34-3.18, p=0.001). NSAID use did not significantly reduce overall mortality (p=0.17).
  
  
  
  Long-term use of NSAIDs is associated with a reduced incidence of oral cancer (including in active smokers), but also with an increased risk of death due to cardiovascular disease. These findings highlight the need for a careful risk-benefit analysis when the long-term use of NSAIDs is considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology and Radiotherapy, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway. jon.sudbo@rh.uio.no
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sudbø
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lippman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mork
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sagen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Flatner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ristimäki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sudbø
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kildal
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Evensen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reith
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dannenberg
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000082:Acetaminophen