Swimming pool water--fractionation and genotoxicological characterization of organic constituents.
Swimming pool water treatment in general includes flocculation, sand filtration, and subsequent disinfection with chlorine. The continuous chlorination and input of organic material by bathers in combination with recirculation of the pool water leads to an accumulation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the water. Several DBPs have been identified as human carcinogens and are thought to cause allergic asthma. Therefore, the elimination of DBPs is one major aim of pool water treatment. Using membrane filtration as an alternative treatment technology, DBPs can be removed more efficiently than with conventional treatment. In this study membrane filtration and genotoxicity testing were applied for the characterization of pool water constituents and for the identification of the necessary molecular weight cut off of the membrane for an efficient elimination. Two-step membrane filtration revealed that most of the DBPs (as adsorbable organically bound halogen, AOX) were present in the molecular weight fraction below 1000 g/mol. The fraction below 200 g/mol contained more than 30% of the AOX. The distribution of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) across the fractions was similar to that of the AOX. The genotoxicity was found to be strongest in the low-molecular weight fraction. Thus, considerable DBP removal by membrane treatment requires membranes with low-molecular weight cut offs down to 200 g/mol. The comprehensive elimination of the genotoxic compounds requires further treatment steps.
Glauner
Thomas
T
Water Chemistry, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. thomas.glauner@ciw.uni-karlsruhe.de
Waldmann
Petra
P
Frimmel
Fritz H
FH
Zwiener
Christian
C
D000327:Adsorption; D002460:Cell Line; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D020552:Comet Assay; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods; D006219:Halogens / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity*; D013551:Swimming Pools; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000592:standards
D006219:Halogens; D009153:Mutagens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water