title: Negative consequences and cognitions about drinking and driving.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Drinking and driving has been found to be a highly persistent behavior, even after experiencing negative consequences, such as arrest. This study tested the association between consequences of drinking and driving and cognitions related to drinking and driving (e.g., attitudes, normative beliefs). We tested whether exposure to negative consequences was associated with perceptions of risk associated with drinking and driving.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 938 college students. The sample was 57% female and primarily white (86%). Questionnaire measures were used to assess alcohol use, drinking and driving behaviors, drinking and driving cognitions, and lifetime drinking and driving consequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that participants who had experienced consequences of drinking and driving (either as a driver or rider) reported more current drinking and driving and greater alcohol consumption. Analyses indicated that most cognition measures differentiated those reporting lifetime consequences from the rest of the sample, with the consequence groups reporting more risky cognitions. However, experiencing a personal consequence of drinking and driving was associated with perceiving negative consequences of drinking and driving to be more likely.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide evidence that most cognitive risk factors for drinking and driving remain high even after experiencing a negative consequence. This may contribute to the persistence of drinking and driving in prior offenders. The finding that the perception of negative consequences may be influenced by experiencing consequences may have implications for intervention and treatment efforts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA. mccarthydm@missouri.edu
authors.forename: Denis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Melanie E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Leuty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001290:Attitude; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires