title: Open trial of pindolol in the treatment of fibromyalgia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence suggests that fibromyalgia is related to both chronic sympathetic hyperactivity and decreased levels of serotonin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the efficacy of pindolol, a mixed serotonin (5-HT)(1A) presynaptic autoreceptor/beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, in the treatment of fibromyalgia.
  
  
  METHODS
  An open trial was conducted using 20 female patients who met the American College of Rheumatology criteria for fibromyalgia. Treatment was initiated with pindolol 7.5 mg/day and titrated to a maximum dose of 15 mg/day for a total of 90 days. Primary outcome measures were tender point analysis and the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ). Anxiety and depression were measured with the Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Scales and Beck Depression Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant improvement in primary outcome measures, including Tender Point Count (mean +/- SD, 16.3 +/- 2.2 vs 12.3 +/- 5.0; F = 8.9; p < 0.001), Tender Point Score (24.4 +/- 5.7 vs 17.5 +/- 9.4; F = 7.8; p < 0.001), and FIQ (45.3 +/- 10.8 vs 35.0 +/- 15.0; F = 5.6; p < 0.005). The depression and anxiety scores did not change significantly among women who completed the study, while the impact on cardiovascular parameters was clinically insignificant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the current results are encouraging, further studies are needed to determine whether pindolol might be effective in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Limitations of this study include small group size and lack of placebo control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center-Shreveport, LA 71103-3932, USA. pwood@lsuhsc.edu
authors.forename: Patrick B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Anita S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kablinger
authors.forename: Gloria S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Caldito
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004244:Dizziness / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006261:Headache / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D006941:Hyperesthesia / Q000139:chemically induced; D008875:Middle Aged; D010352:Patient Dropouts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018579:Patient Selection; D010869:Pindolol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D010869:Pindolol