title: Antigenic and genetic characterization of rabies viruses isolated from domestic and wild animals of Brazil identifies the hoary fox as a rabies reservoir.
abstract: Fifty Brazilian rabies viruses, collected from many different animal species and several regions of the country, were characterized by partial sequencing of the central, variable region of the P gene, a locus useful for sensitive molecular epidemiological studies. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences, which included comparison with other rabies strains recovered from throughout the Americas, identified three main groups of Brazilian viruses, arbitrarily designated BRL-1 to BRL-3. BRL-1 was found in terrestrial carnivores and clusters with other American strains of the cosmopolitan lineage. BRL-2 comprised two distinct isolates, recovered from two species of non-haematophagous bats, that had evolutionary links to insectivorous-bat-derived strains of North America. BRL-3 consisted of isolates from vampire bats and from livestock species probably infected via contact with vampire bats. The terrestrial group was further subdivided into three subtypes: BRL-1a was associated exclusively with dogs and cats, while BRL-1b and BRL-1c were found exclusively in hoary foxes. These observations strongly support the role of the Brazilian hoary fox as a rabies reservoir. Screening of representative Brazilian rabies viruses against a collection of anti-rabies monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) identified a small panel of mAbs that could be used to discriminate between all Brazilian subgroups as defined by genetic classification in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, FMVZ-USP, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-000 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.affiliation: Rabies Centre of Expertise, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Canada K2H 8P9.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nadin-Davis
authors.affiliation: Rabies Centre of Expertise, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Canada K2H 8P9.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Wandeler
authors.affiliation: Rabies Centre of Expertise, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Canada K2H 8P9.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine - DMV, 'Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural - CSTR', Federal University of Campina Grande, Caixa Postal 64, 58700-000 Patos-PB, Brazil.
authors.forename: A A B
authors.initials: AAB
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine - DMV, 'Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural - CSTR', Federal University of Campina Grande, Caixa Postal 64, 58700-000 Patos-PB, Brazil.
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine - DMV, 'Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural - CSTR', Federal University of Campina Grande, Caixa Postal 64, 58700-000 Patos-PB, Brazil.
authors.forename: F R B
authors.initials: FRB
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, FMVZ-USP, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-000 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000821:virology; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000821:virology; D000940:Antigenic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D001938:Brazil; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000662:veterinary*; D005589:Foxes / Q000821:virology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011818:Rabies / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D011820:Rabies virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral