title: Targeted chemotherapy with cytotoxic bombesin analogue AN-215 can overcome chemoresistance in experimental renal cell carcinomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by membrane transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (MDR-1) and MDR-associated protein (MRP), remains a challenge in the therapy of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Chemotherapy targeted to hormone receptors may provide a new approach to overcome chemoresistance. The cytotoxic analogue of bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), AN-215, consists of a superactive derivative of doxorubicin, AN-201, which is linked to a bombesin analogue carrier: RC-3094.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors examined the expression of bombesin/GRP receptors in 3 human RCC cell lines (A-498, ACHN. and 786-0) by using reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and radioligand-binding assays. They also evaluated the effects of AN-215 and its cytotoxic radical AN-201 in the same RCC models in vivo, and they studied the effects of AN-215 and AN-201 on the expression levels of MDR-1 and subtype 1 of MRP (MRP-1) by using real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A N-215 significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the growth of A-498, ACHN, and 786-0 RCC xenografted into nude mice by 59.2-67.6%, whereas the cytotoxic radical AN-201 alone had no significant antitumor effects. The efficacy of AN-215 was independent of the expression patterns of MDR-1 and MRP-1 in these RCC cell lines. The induction of MDR-1 by AN-215 was similar (Experiment 2) or weaker (Experiment 1) compared with AN-201. Both AN-215 and AN-201 caused only a minor induction of MRP-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current findings indicated that targeted chemotherapy with cytotoxic bombesin/GRP analogue AN-215 can inhibit the growth of RCC, providing a new treatment modality for patients with advanced RCC.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112-1262, USA.
authors.forename: Gunhild
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Andrew V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Schally
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: Gabor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Halmos
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Jorg B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Engel
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001839:Bombesin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D018004:Receptors, Bombesin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: C416531:AN 215; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D011758:Pyrroles; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018004:Receptors, Bombesin; C070959:Ccl6 protein, mouse; C098751:AN 204; D004317:Doxorubicin; D001839:Bombesin