title: The management of strabismus in adults--III. The effects on disability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This is the third article in a series on the various facets of the management of strabismus in adults. Here, we give a broad overview of the types and severity of disability and provide initial validation of an instrument (questionnaire) to assess these disability aspects.
  
  
  METHODS
  After undergoing strabismus surgery, 101 patients from 6 centers completed a 6-item questionnaire in which they rated both the before-surgery and after-surgery severity of problems associated with their strabismus, ranging from specific health, daily functioning, social interaction, concerns about the future, and self-image to job-related difficulties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The before-surgery outcomes showed significant variation across the 6 types of problems (P < 0.001), with "specific health" and "daily tasks" yielding the highest problem rating. Patients with diplopia reported more severe problems with "daily tasks" (P = 0.004) and "concerns about the future" (P = 0.026) than patients without diplopia. Overall, all problem ratings declined after surgery (P < 0.001), but patients who were not successfully aligned were left with higher problem ratings on "specific health" (P = 0.005), "daily tasks" (P = 0.003), and "social interaction" (P = 0.024).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate a wide range of disability aspects in adult patients with strabismus, with moderate differences between patients with or without diplopia. Improvements in disability after surgery, as reflected by these ratings, should be taken into account when assessing the health value of adult strabismus management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75225, USA.
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Beauchamp
authors.forename: Bradley C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Coats
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Enzenauer
authors.forename: Amy K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Stager
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Stager
authors.forename: M Edward
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Jitka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zobal-Ratner
authors.forename: Joost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Felius
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013285:Strabismus / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000601:surgery; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology