title: Direct hypothalamic innervation of the trigeminal motor nucleus: a retrograde tracer study.
abstract: It is currently thought that the hypothalamus influences motor output through connections with premotor structures which in turn project to motor nuclei. However, hypocretinergic/orexinergic projections to different motor pools have recently been demonstrated. The present study was undertaken to examine whether hypocretinergic/orexinergic neurons are the only source of projections from the hypothalamus to the trigeminal motor nucleus in the guinea-pig. Cholera toxin subunit b was injected into the trigeminal motor nucleus in order to retrogradely label premotor neurons. Two anatomically separated populations of labeled neurons were observed in the hypothalamus: one group was distributed along the dorsal zone of the lateral hypothalamic area, the lateral portion of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and the perifornical nucleus; the other was located within the periventricular portion of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. Numerous cholera toxin subunit b+ neurons in both populations displayed glutamate-like immunoreactivity. In addition, premotor neurons containing hypocretin/orexin were distributed throughout the lateral dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, perifornical nucleus and lateral hypothalamic area. Other premotor neurons were immunostained for melanin concentrating hormone; these cells, which were located within the lateral hypothalamic area and the perifornical nucleus, were intermingled with glutamatergic and hypocretinergic/orexinergic neurons. Nitrergic premotor neurons were located only in the periventricular zone of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. None of the hypothalamic premotor neurons were GABAergic, cholinergic or monoaminergic. The existence of diverse neurotransmitter systems projecting from the hypothalamus to the trigeminal motor pool indicates that this diencephalic structure may influence the numerous functions that are subserved by the trigeminal motor system.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral Flores 2125, Montevideo-11800, Uruguay.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McGregor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Damián
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fabbiani
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Torterolo
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pose
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Morales
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D000418:Albumins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count / Q000379:methods; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D007028:Hypothalamic Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D000068797:Orexins; D010907:Pituitary Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014278:Trigeminal Nuclei / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D007028:Hypothalamic Hormones; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008543:Melanins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D000068797:Orexins; D010907:Pituitary Hormones; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009249:NADP; C019463:melanin-concentrating hormone; D002772:Cholera Toxin; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase