title: Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Public debate over the safety of the trivalent measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine, and the resultant drop in vaccination rates in several countries, persists despite its almost universal use and accepted effectiveness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We carried out a systematic review to assess the evidence of effectiveness and unintended effects associated with MMR.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2004), MEDLINE (1966 to December 2004), EMBASE (1974 to December 2004), Biological Abstracts (from 1985 to December 2004), and Science Citation Index (from 1980 to December 2004). Results from reviews, handsearching and from the consultation of manufacturers and authors were also used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible studies were comparative prospective or retrospective trials testing the effects of MMR compared to placebo, do-nothing or a combination of measles, mumps and rubella antigens on healthy individuals up to 15 years of age. These studies were carried out or published by 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 139 articles possibly satisfying our inclusion criteria and included 31 in the review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMR was associated with a lower incidence of upper respiratory tract infections, a higher incidence of irritability, and similar incidence of other adverse effects compared to placebo. The vaccine was likely to be associated with benign thrombocytopenic purpura, parotitis, joint and limb complaints, febrile convulsions within two weeks of vaccination and aseptic meningitis (mumps) (Urabe strain-containing MMR). Exposure to MMR was unlikely to be associated with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, autism or aseptic meningitis (mumps) (Jeryl-Lynn strain-containing MMR). We could not identify studies assessing the effectiveness of MMR that fulfilled our inclusion criteria even though the impact of mass immunisation on the elimination of the diseases has been largely demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The design and reporting of safety outcomes in MMR vaccine studies, both pre- and post-marketing, are largely inadequate. The evidence of adverse events following immunisation with MMR cannot be separated from its role in preventing the target diseases.
authors.affiliation: Servizo Sovrazonale di Epidemiologia, ASL 20, Via Venezia 6, Alessandria, Piemonte, Italy 15100. demichelivittorio@asl20.piemonte.it
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Demicheli
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jefferson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rivetti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008457:Measles / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009107:Mumps / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012409:Rubella / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated