title: Galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides as prebiotics in infant formulas: a review.
abstract: The present review summarizes clinical and experimental data concerning the possible effects of a prebiotic mixture of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides. The results from several studies, made up of over 400 preterm and term infants, clearly demonstrate that the prebiotic mixture under examination specifically stimulates the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and reduces the growth of pathogens. As a consequence of the changed intestinal flora by the dietary galacto-oligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides, the faecal pH values and the short-chain fatty acid pattern were similar to those found in breastfed infants. In addition, the stool consistency was the same as in breastfed infants. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that the specific short-chain fatty acid pattern, at a pH similar to that found in faecal samples of breastfed infants, reduces the growth of pathogens in a dose-dependent manner but does not influence the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. In an animal vaccination model, the prebiotic mixture improved the response to vaccination. In an allergy model (sensitization by ovalbumin), the allergic reaction was reduced by the prebiotic mixture. The data obtained from animal experiments are in agreement with preliminary data from clinical trials which indicate a reduced allergic response (reduced plasma IgE/IgG4 ratio) and reduced episodes of upper airway infection during the first year of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experimental evidence demonstrates that the prebiotic mixture employed in these studies modulates the intestinal flora and modulates the immune system as human milk does. There are sufficient experimental data to put forward the hypothesis that substances like the prebiotic mixture under study will substantially contribute to the improvement of the protective properties of infant formulas.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy. fnrslv@unife.it
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fanaro
authors.forename: Günther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garssen
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knol
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mosca
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stahl
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vigi
mesh_terms: D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005526:Food, Formulated; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000032:analysis*; D019936:Probiotics / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D009844:Oligosaccharides; C116580:fructooligosaccharide