title: Arterial embolization and prophylactic catheterization for the treatment for severe obstetric hemorrhage*.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate indications, efficacy, and complications associated with arterial embolization and prophylactic balloon catheterization in the management of obstetric hemorrhage at a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two women underwent arterial embolization between February 2001 and November 2003 for the treatment for primary postpartum hemorrhage resulting from abnormal placentation (n=11), uterine atony (n=7), paravaginal laceration (n=3), and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (n=1). Blood loss was between 3.2 and 15 l. In seven patients, abnormal placentation was diagnosed prenatally and in these patients balloon catheterization was performed prophylactically before elective cesarean section.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the seven patients, who underwent prophylactic catheterization, embolization was successful in five resulting in adequate hemostasis. Hysterectomy was performed in three, in two patients for uncontrolled hemorrhage and in one patient for placental invasion to bladder. There were no complications associated with prophylactic catheterization and embolization. The other 15 patients were treated in an emergency setting. In eight patients, embolization was performed as a primary surgery, and it was successful in six. In the other seven patients, hysterectomy was performed as an emergency surgery, but bleeding continued. Of these, in six patients, hemostasis was achieved with embolization. Complications associated with emergency embolization were observed in three patients. These were thrombosis of left popliteal artery, vaginal necrosis, and paresthesia of the right leg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arterial embolization is of significant value in treating obstetric hemorrhage. Prophylactic insertion of balloon catheters before cesarean section seems to be a safe and effective method in controlling anticipated bleeding. In patients with persistent bleeding following cesarean section and hysterectomy, embolization could be a primary procedure before re-surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, Finland. kati.ojala@oulu.fi
authors.forename: Kati
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ojala
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perälä
authors.forename: Juho
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kariniemi
authors.forename: Pirjo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ranta
authors.forename: Tytti
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Raudaskoski
authors.forename: Aydin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tekay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001158:Arteries; D021721:Balloon Occlusion / Q000379:methods*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004211:Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation / Q000150:complications; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy; D010921:Placenta Accreta; D010923:Placenta Previa / Q000175:diagnosis; D006473:Postpartum Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D014593:Uterine Inertia