title: Key issues in end point selection for heart failure trials: composite end points.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Composite outcomes are commonly used in heart failure trials. The aim of this article is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of composite outcomes and recommend guidelines for reporting them. Examples are used to illustrate key points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A workshop jointly planned by the Heart Failure Society of America and the US Food and Drug Administration was convened in April 2004. One of the panel discussions concerned the use of composite outcomes in heart failure trials. With use of composite outcomes, event rates are higher and if it is reasonable to assume that the treatment effect is similar for each component of the composite outcome, sample size will be smaller than using one of the components as the primary end point. Composites end points are difficult to interpret if effects are not similar for all components or if the effect of treatment is primarily on a more common, less serious component of the composite. Composite outcomes typically only focus on the first occurring event. This can lead to a substantial loss of information in some trials. When composite end points are used, data collection for all components should continue until the end of the trial so that each component can be separately evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Composite end points should be used with caution. Additional research is need on optimally weighting components of composite outcomes and to better using the entire event history of patients in heart failure trials. Further analyses of completed trials could be useful in this respect.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Neaton
authors.forename: Gerry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Bram D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Zuckerman
authors.forename: Marvin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Konstam
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D016896:Treatment Outcome