title: Seasonal bone mass of college and senior female field hockey players.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to observe the relationship of field hockey playing with bone, muscle and fat in young and older adult women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in college players, senior players and controls after a 4-month playing-season and 8-month off-season. Whole body (WB), proximal femur (PF), lumbar spine (LS), right and left forearm (RF, LF) bone mineral density (BMD), percent fat and lean mass of college players (20.6+/-1.1 years; 7.7+/-1 playing years) were compared with those of non-playing controls (19.5+/-1.5 years). BMD of senior players (37.3+/-10.3 years; 19.7+/-9.3 playing years) was compared to normative values. The differences between right and left forearm BMDs during the on and off seasons were also compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  College player BMD was higher than controls at the WB (p=0.02), PF (p=0.00004), RF (p=0.006) and LF (p=0.005), but not the LS. Senior player BMD was higher than age-matched norms at the WB (p=0.001) and PF (p=0.006), but not the LS, RF or LF. There were no differences between on and off-season BMDs for either group. There were no differences between college player RF and LF BMD in either season, nor in the senior players during the off-season, however, during the season, senior players developed greater RF than LF BMD (p=0.02). College players had greater lean mass (p=0.00008) and lower fat mass than controls (p=0.003). Neither changed significantly between seasons. Senior players lost fat (p=0.04) and gained lean mass (p=0.02) in season.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adult female field hockey players have higher than average bone mass that does not change significantly according to seasonal involvement.
authors.affiliation: Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia. b.beck@griffith.edu.au
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Doecke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D015519:Bone Density; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006688:Hockey / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D012621:Seasons; D013334:Students; D013997:Time Factors; D014495:Universities; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology