title: Iatrogenic harm caused by diagnostic errors in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about diagnostic errors for a disease worldwide. Such errors could alter the disease's natural history, especially if unwarranted interventions cause irreversible harm. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a rare, autosomal dominant genetic disease characterized by episodes of permanent heterotopic ossification of soft tissues, occurs worldwide without racial, ethnic, or geographic predilection. There is no effective treatment, and soft-tissue trauma (eg, biopsies, surgical procedures, intramuscular injections, or mandibular blocks for dental procedures) and viral illnesses are likely to induce episodes of rapidly progressive heterotopic ossification, with resultant permanent loss of motion in the affected area. Accurate diagnoses can be made on the basis of the clinical findings of tumor-like swellings on the head, neck, back, or shoulders and characteristic short great toes with hallux valgus-like malformations and missing interphalangeal joints. On the basis of conversations with numerous individuals with FOP, we suspected that diagnostic errors with FOP are common and often associated with inappropriate and harmful diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document the frequency of diagnostic errors with FOP and complications resulting from misdiagnoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire requesting detailed demographic, diagnostic, and treatment information was sent to all 269 patient-members of the International FOP Association; the sampling frame included > 90% of all known FOP patients worldwide. We received 138 replies (51% response) from 25 countries. The age range was 2 to 71 years; there were 78 female subjects and 60 male subjects. In addition, to assess the availability and adequacy of information about FOP, we reviewed 184 English-language textbooks in relevant specialties published in the past 20 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incorrect diagnoses were given initially to 87% of individuals with FOP. This astonishing rate of diagnostic errors occurred worldwide, regardless of ethnicity, geographic background, or misdiagnosing physician's specialty. The most common incorrect diagnosis was cancer (32%). The mean period from the onset of symptoms to correct diagnosis was 4.1 years, and the median number of physicians consulted before the correct diagnosis of FOP was 6. For 67% of patients, unnecessary invasive procedures (biopsies) were performed; 68% received inappropriate therapies. Forty-nine percent of all patients reported permanent loss of mobility resulting from invasive medical interventions that caused posttraumatic ossification. Notably, only 8% of the 184 textbooks that were reviewed contained adequate descriptions of FOP, including the caution that trauma can accelerate the process of heterotopic ossification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diagnostic errors and inappropriate medical procedures, which may lead to permanent harm, can alter the natural history of a disease. In FOP, the astonishing rates of diagnostic errors and inappropriate invasive medical procedures likely result from lack of physician awareness because of failure of information transfer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, California 94143, USA. kittermj@peds.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kitterman
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kantanie
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rocke
authors.forename: Frederick S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors; D008875:Middle Aged; D009221:Myositis Ossificans / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011379:Prognosis