title: Sputum cathelicidin, urokinase plasminogen activation system components, and cytokines discriminate cystic fibrosis, COPD, and asthma inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interest in airways inflammatory disease has increasingly focused on innate immunity. We investigated several components of innate immunity in induced sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), COPD, and asthma, and healthy control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty eight patients with mild CF lung disease (age > or = 12 years; FEV1, 74 +/- 3% predicted [mean +/- SE]), 74 adults with COPD (FEV1, 55 +/- 2% of predicted), 34 adults with persistent asthma (FEV1, 66 +/- 2% of predicted), and 44 adult control subjects (FEV1, 85 +/- 1% of predicted) were studied while in stable clinical condition. Levels of sputum interleukin (IL)-8, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, human cationic antimicrobial protein 18 (CAP18), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA receptor (uPAR), and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 were determined. Cell sources were investigated by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Spirometry was performed prior to sputum induction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CF patient sputum showed greatest increase in IL-8 compared to that of patients with COPD and asthma (which were also greater than control subjects), and elevated levels of TNF-alpha and IL-10 compared to other groups. There were no differences in IFN-gamma. CAP18 levels were elevated in CF and COPD patients compared to control subjects, while asthma patients had reduced CAP18 levels. uPA levels were similar but uPAR was elevated in CF and COPD patients more so than in asthma patients, while PAI-1 levels were elevated in all three disease groups. CAP18 localized to neutrophil secondary granules; neutrophils were also sources of IL-8 and PAI-1. CAP18 and PAI-1 negatively correlated with pulmonary function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Induced-sputum innate immune factor levels discriminate inflammatory changes in CF, COPD, and asthma, suggesting potential roles in pathophysiology and as well as providing disease-specific biomarker patterns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Yao-Pi
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Akitoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishizaka
authors.forename: Teruo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kirikae
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Moss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000032:analysis*; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000032:analysis; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D013183:Sputum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000032:analysis*; D054804:Cathelicidins
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; C524898:PLAUR protein, human; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D054804:Cathelicidins