Risk factors for goiter in a previously iodine-deficient region.
OBJECTIVE
Little information exists from formerly iodine-deficient areas regarding gender-specific risk factors for goiter and their synergisms. The aim of the present study was to investigate such gender-specific risk factors and their interactions in a large population-based sample.


RESULTS
The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) comprised 4310 randomly selected participants, aged 20 - 79 years. SHIP was performed in a previously iodine-deficient region. Data from 3915 participants with no known thyroid disorders were analyzed. Goiter was determined by thyroid ultrasound. Sociodemographic characteristics, smoking and alcohol drinking habits, marital status, education level, urine thiocyanate concentrations, and specifically in women, parity and previous or current use of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, were considered as candidate risk factors for multivariable statistical tests. Only two variables, an advanced age and current smoking, were independently associated with an increased risk for goiter in both genders. Analyses further revealed specific risk factor profiles for goiter which were different among men, pre- and postmenopausal women.


CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that besides previous iodine deficiency, other risk factors for goiter exist which differ between gender. Among the avoidable risk factors, current smoking was strongly associated with the risk of goiter in men and women. These findings should influence activities which are intended to prevent thyroid disease.
Völzke
H
H
Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Germany. voelzke@uni-greifswald.de
Schwahn
C
C
Kohlmann
T
T
Kramer
A
A
Robinson
D M
DM
John
U
U
Meng
W
W
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006043:Goiter, Endemic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000172:deficiency*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D007455:Iodine