title: Randomized study of the safety and efficacy of fish oil (omega-3 fatty acid) supplementation with dietary and exercise counseling for the treatment of antiretroviral therapy-associated hypertriglyceridemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Omega-3 fatty acids (fish oils) reduce fasting serum triglyceride levels and cardiovascular disease risk in individuals without HIV infection. Whether omega-3 fatty acid supplementation can reduce hypertriglyceridemia associated with antiretroviral therapy is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an open-label, randomized trial that enrolled 52 patients receiving > or =3 active antiretrovirals who had fasting triglyceride levels of >200 mg/dL and were randomized to receive nutritionist-administered dietary and exercise counseling with or without fish oil supplementation for 16 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients assigned to receive fish oil experienced a 25% mean decline in fasting triglyceride levels at week 4 (95% CI, -34.6% to -15.7% change), compared with a 2.8% mean increase among patients assigned to receive counseling alone (95% CI, -17.5% to +23.1% change) (P=.007). By week 16, the mean reduction in triglyceride levels in the fish oil arm remained significant, at 19.5% (95% CI, -34.9% to -4.0% change), whereas the mean decrease in the diet and exercise only arm was 5.7% (95% CI, -24.6% to +13.2% change); however, the difference between study arms was no longer statistically significant (P=.12). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels had increased by 15.6% (95% CI, +4.8% to +26.4% change) at week 4 and by 22.4% (95% CI, +7.91% to +36.8% change) at week 16 in the fish oil arm but did not change in the diet and exercise only group. Fish oil was well tolerated; only 1 patient experienced treatment-limiting toxicity. Patients assigned to receive fish oil experienced a 25% mean decline in fasting triglyceride levels at week 4 (95% CI, -34.6% to -15.7% change), compared with a 2.8% mean increase in patients assigned to receive counseling alone (95% CI, -17.5% to 23.1% change) (P=.007). By week 16, the mean reduction in triglyceride levels in the fish oil arm remained significant, at 19.5% (95% CI, -34.9% to -4.0% change), whereas the mean decrease in the diet and exercise only arm was 5.7% (95% CI, -24.6% to 13.2% change); however, the difference between study arms was no longer statistically significant (P=.12). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels had increased by 15.6% (95% CI, 4.8%-26.4% change) at week 4 and by 22.4% (95% CI, 7.91%-36.8% change) at week 16 in the fish oil arm but did not change in the diet and exercise only group. Fish oil was well tolerated; only 1 patient experienced treatment-limiting toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids in combination with dietary and exercise counseling was well tolerated and reduced fasting triglyceride levels in patients receiving antiretrovirals. To what extent the increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels observed in patients assigned this intervention is attributable to omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and whether this increase attenuates any benefit in lowering triglyceride levels is unclear. Given these results, further investigation of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected patients is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. wohl@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wohl
authors.forename: Hsiao-Chuan
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Tien
authors.forename: Marjorie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Busby
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Macintosh
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Napravnik
authors.forename: Elisheva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Danan
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hossenipour
authors.forename: Ross J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Simpson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000628:therapy; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents