title: Radiation exposure to operators during vertebroplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the radiation received by physicians during percutaneous vertebroplasty with use of two types of injection devices with the interventional equipment guided by computed tomography (CT) and an angiographic/CT system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups, the 1-mL syringe group and the bone cement injector group. Percutaneous vertebroplasties were performed with the IVR-CT system, which combines angiographic and CT equipment with a single fluoroscopy table. Radiation dose to operators was measured as equivalent dose penetrating at a 10-mm tissue depth with use of electronic personal dosimeters attached outside and inside lead aprons. Effective radiation dose (HE) was estimated based on the radiation dose outside the lead apron (Ha) and the radiation dose inside the lead apron (Hb). Differences between the groups in doses and fluoroscopic duration were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 1-mL syringe group and bone cement injector group, mean Ha measurements were 320.8 microSv and 116.2 microSv, respectively. Mean Hb measurements were 14.5 microSv versus 7.8 microSv and mean HE measurements were 48.2 microSv versus 19.7 microSv. Significant differences were found in Ha, Hb, and HE. However, duration of fluoroscopy did not differ significantly between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiation dose was relatively high for operators performing percutaneous vertebroplasty. The bone cement injector was useful in reducing the level of radiation exposure to operators during vertebroplasty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8507, Japan. kome64@yo.ri-m.or.jp
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Komemushi
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanigawa
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kariya
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: Yuzo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shomura
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sawada
mesh_terms: D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods