title: Impact of the Medicare modernization act on low-income persons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low-income Medicare beneficiaries without prescription benefits have high out-of-pocket medication expenses that can discourage adherence to treatment regimens. The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (MMA) of 2003 created a temporary drug discount card program and a prescription benefit with low-income provisions to assist with medication expenditures for eligible seniors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of the new drug discount card and prescription benefit on medication expenditures by low-income Medicare recipients who require pharmaceutical company assistance for obtaining medications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, nonrandomized evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family practice physicians' office in northern Virginia.
  
  
  METHODS
  137 Medicare recipients without prescription coverage who received assistance from pharmaceutical companies for medications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were stratified into 3 categories according to income, household size, and the federal poverty line (FPL), as defined by the new Medicare act. Participants' long-term oral and inhaled medications, dosages, and instructions for use were obtained. The MMA criteria for low-income provisions were applied for the drug discount program and for the prescription benefit. Medication costs under the new Medicare benefits were compared with those incurred without assistance and with the use of pharmaceutical company programs for the cohort and FPL categories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all income categories, medication costs were lower after enrollment in all programs than those of patients without assistance. Compared with pharmaceutical company assistance, Medicare drug discount cards resulted in less savings for all income groups. For the prescription benefit, persons with incomes less than 135% of FPL had the greatest benefit because of low-income subsidies. Persons ineligible for low-income subsidies receiving the standard benefit had a smaller reduction in out-of-pocket costs and variable monthly expenditures; they realized a superior savings with pharmaceutical company assistance programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The generalizability of these findings is limited because the authors used a discount pharmacy to determine drug costs for persons receiving no assistance, could not determine asset criteria for the MMA drug benefit low-income subsidy, and used a selected Medicare population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a low-income Medicare population without prescription coverage, pharmaceutical company programs offered considerable savings and were superior to the Medicare drug discount cards. For the Medicare prescription plan, the greatest savings was among those eligible for low-income subsidies. Month-to-month medication costs may vary substantially for persons ineligible for such subsidies, and pharmaceutical company assistance may be a better alternative.
authors.affiliation: Shenandoah University School of Pharmacy and Amherst Family Practice, Winchester, Virginia 22601, USA. dhavrda@su.edu
authors.forename: Dawn E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Havrda
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Omundsen
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017046:Cost Savings; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007880:Legislation, Drug; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States