title: Use of laboratory markers and the audit questionnaire by primary care physicians to detect alcohol abuse by patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate how often laboratory markers [Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Gamma-glutamyl transferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, or Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT)] and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) are used to detect alcohol abuse in primary health care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional self-administered questionnaire survey to all 3193 primary health care physicians in Finland. Response rate was (65.7%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CDT was used at least occasionally by 43.4% of the physicians. Corresponding figures were 53.4% for conventional alcohol laboratory markers (MCV, transaminases) and 67.0% for AUDIT. Almost all the respondents used some laboratory marker to detect alcohol abuse. The use of brief alcohol intervention was associated with the greater likelihood that a physician uses different methods to detect alcohol abuse. The data also indicates that gender, age, and having a specialist licence influence activity in using different methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the ambivalences in relation to alcohol issues in health care, the use of CDT and AUDIT are reasonably frequent. This may indicate that tools to facilitate the work may also help in adapting new activities.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute, PO Box 33, FIN-00251 Helsinki, Finland. mauri.aalto@ktl.fi
authors.forename: Mauri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aalto
authors.forename: Kaija
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seppä
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D004909:Erythrocyte Indices; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008111:Liver Function Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008511:Medicine; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013038:Specialization; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014168:Transferrin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014168:Transferrin; C056759:carbohydrate-deficient transferrin; D000431:Ethanol; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase