title: Low back pain among nurses: a follow-up beginning at entry to the nursing school.
abstract: METHODS
  A prospective cohort.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of back pain from entering the nursing school through 5 years in nursing and the determinants and modifiers of back pain and disability.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Physical loading, psychologic characteristics, and several other factors have been associated with back pain at work in earlier studies. Because of the lack of the prework entry morbidity data, the nature of the associations between these exposures and the symptoms is unclear. That previous back pain is a predictor of later pain underlines the importance to have pre-employment data in investigations of the role of exposures at work.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female nursing students (n = 174) were followed for 7.5 years. Data on constitutional and behavioral factors, occupational exposures, and back-related symptoms and disability were collected. Back pain was grouped into "sciatic," "sudden," or "other" and related disability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lifetime cumulative prevalence of back pain increased from 31% at entry to nursing school to 72% at the end of the school and further to 82% after 5 years as a nurse. The 1-year prevalence of any back pain was 54% for the first year in nursing school, 57% for the first year as a nurse, and 64% for the fifth year as a nurse. In multivariate analyses, other back pain and related disability as a nurse were associated with back pain history at the entry to nursing school (odds ratio, 7.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-34; and 3.6; 1.2-11, respectively), and working in twisted/bent positions (odds ratio, 6.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-23; and 7.5; 2.9-20, respectively). Sudden back pain was not associated with any of the studied risk factors. Sciatic back pain was associated only with working positions (odds ratio, 6.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.1-23).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lifetime prevalence of back pain increased sharply during nursing school but slowly after that. Back pain at entering the nursing school was a predictor for back-related pain and disability. Self- reported occupational physical work load was associated with back pain and related disability. The nature of the association is unclear, but it is likely that back pain is exacerbated during nursing.
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. tapio.videman@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Tapio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Videman
authors.forename: Anneli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ojajärvi
authors.forename: Hilkka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Riihimäki
authors.forename: J D G
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Troup
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009726:Nurses / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016272:Occupational Health; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012579:Schools, Nursing; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016526:Workload