title: Variability in pain expression characteristics in former preterm infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document pain expression characteristics in former preterm infants in the first year of life in whom systematic evaluation and treatment of pain was provided.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on the Modified Behavioral Pain Scale (MBPS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS, crying time and heart rate were collected during immunization. The effect of clinical characteristics {postconception and gestational age [PCA], surgery, ventilation, fentanyl, length of stay (LOS)} on bio-behavioral parameters was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  121 procedures were recorded in 49 infants. GA was 28 (25-32) weeks. PCA was 60 (34-90) weeks. Median MBPS was 8 (2-10), median crying time 44 (0-112) s. Median pre-procedural heart rate was 144 (103-201) and increased to 184 (147-220) afterwards, resulting in a relative increase of 29 (5-99)%. Median VAS score was 7 (1-10). Significant correlations of PCA with pre-procedural heart rate (r=-0.36) and with relative increase in heart rate (r=0.33) were identified. A correlation of LOS on crying time (r=0.37) was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Correlations of PCA with pre-procedural and relative increase in heart rate reflect the maturational decrease in heart rate. LOS had an effect on pain expression, potentially reflecting the impact of cumulative 'minor' procedural pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg Leuven, Belgium. karel.allegaert@uz.kuleuven.ac.be
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Allegaert
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Devlieger
authors.forename: Dominiek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bulckaert
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Naulaers
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Casaer
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tibboel
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001530:Belgium; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000592:standards*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D005283:Fentanyl