title: Sedation with target-controlled propofol infusion during shoulder surgery under interscalene brachial plexus block in the sitting position: report of a series of 140 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess target-controlled propofol infusion as a technique of sedation for shoulder surgery under interscalene brachial plexus block in the sitting position and to evaluate the effect of sedation on hypotensive/bradycardic events during this procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and forty patients undergoing elective shoulder surgery in the sitting position under interscalene brachial plexus block (with 30 mL of ropivacaine 0.75%) were prospectively enrolled. All patients were premedicated with hydroxyzine 1 mg kg(-1), none received beta-blockers. No patients were given atropine except for the patients who experienced a vasovagal event either during the block procedure or intravenous catheter placement. The target-controlled propofol infusion was started immediately after positioning the patient on the operating table. The initial target concentration was 1 microg mL(-1). The infusion rate was adjusted every 15 min by increasing or decreasing the target concentration by 0.2 microg mL(-1) steps to maintain the patient rousable to verbal commands (score of 3 on Wilson sedation scale). The following parameters were assessed: minimal, maximal, optimal target concentration, respiratory and haemodynamic parameters, total propofol dose, additional alfentanil needs, occurrence of hypotensive/bradycardic events, complications. Results are mean +/- SD. Statistical analysis used t-test and chi2-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The optimal propofol target concentration was 0.8 mug mL(-1). No respiratory complications or conversion to general anaesthesia was reported. Two patients experienced transient and inconsequential intraoperative agitation. The incidence of hypotensive/bradycardic events during the procedure was 5.7% (eight patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Target-controlled propofol infusion (0.8-0.9 microg mL(-1)) following hydroxyzine premedication is a safe and effective technique for sedation when combined with interscalene brachial plexus block during shoulder surgery in the sitting position.
authors.affiliation: Clinique Générale, Department of Anaesthesiology, Annecy, France. vsouron@club-internet.fr
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Souron
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Delaunay
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laurent
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bonner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Francis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001917:Brachial Plexus; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D011187:Posture; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012782:Shoulder / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D015742:Propofol