title: Intra-operative prostate examination: predictive value and effect on margin status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ability of intra-operative prostate examination (IOPE) to predict extraprostatic extension (EPE) and its effect on margin status in the region of the neurovascular bundle (NVB) when combined with wide excision.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 403 patients with clinical stage T1c prostate adenocarcinoma undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP). All patients had IOPE during RRP, and those with palpable abnormalities in the region of the NVB underwent wide excision. Pathological outcomes were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 403 patients, 49 (12%) had a palpable abnormality in the region of the NVB. After wide excision, 18 (37%) of these 49 patients were found to have EPE at the site of the palpable abnormality; with wide excision of the NVB, only one of these 18 patients (6%) had a corresponding positive surgical margin (PSM). In 354 patients with a normal IOPE and who underwent bilateral NVB preservation, 30 were found to have EPE in the region of the NVB. The PSM rate in this subset was 23% (seven of 30). The positive predictive value of IOPE for detecting EPE was 37%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IOPE detects abnormalities in 12% of patients with preoperative stage T1c prostate cancer. Although the predictive value of this test is limited, IOPE may decrease PSMs in a subset of patients with EPE in the region of the NVB. The present study reaffirms the value of IOPE for assessing the risk of extraprostatic disease, and for guiding surgical management.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. derapp@yahoo.com
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: Marcelo A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Orvieto
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lucioni
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Arieh L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shalhav
authors.forename: Charles B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Brendler
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D010173:Palpation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011467:Prostate / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology*; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies