title: PPAR-gamma response element activity in intact primary human adipocytes: effects of fatty acids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the activity and regulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma response element (PPRE) in primary human adipocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We transfected primary human adipocytes with a plasmid-encoding firefly luciferase cDNA under control of a PPRE from the acyl-coenzyme A oxidase gene by using our newly developed electroporation-based method. Several fatty acids were added to the fat cells to study potential activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cells responded maximally to 5 microM of rosiglitazone at a 5.1 +/- 1.4-fold over basal increase in luciferase activity. There was a positive correlation between body mass index and the response to 5 microM of rosiglitazone (r = 0.36, P = 0.03). Patients with type 2 diabetes had similar basal PPRE activity but responded more strongly to 5 microM of rosiglitazone than did non-diabetic subjects (10.2 +/- 5-fold and 5.4 +/- 1-fold over basal increase, respectively, P < 0.0001). Among saturated fatty acids, lauric acid was without effect, but 10 microM of palmitic or stearic acid increased PPRE activity 20% to 35% above basal levels. Monounsaturated palmitoleic acid at 1 microM induced a PPRE transcriptional activity that corresponded to half the therapeutic levels of rosiglitazone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adipocytes from obese subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes responded particularly strongly to the effect of rosiglitazone on PPRE. Because fatty acids in the diet can affect the transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma over decades, the stimulation induced by stearic and palmitoleic acids can affect insulin sensitivity and, hence, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in humans.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sauma
authors.forename: Karin G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Stenkula
authors.forename: Preben
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kjølhede
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Strålfors
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Söderström
authors.forename: Fredrik H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Nystrom
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D050612:Fatty Acid Transport Proteins; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D050612:Fatty Acid Transport Proteins; D005227:Fatty Acids; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D047495:PPAR gamma; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D008156:Luciferases