title: Overnight changes in the cerebral vascular response to isocapnic hypoxia and hypercapnia in healthy humans: protection against stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The reduction in hypercapnic cerebral vascular reactivity that occurs in the morning after sleep is associated with an increased risk of cerebral ischemia and stroke. It is not known if the cerebral vascular response to hypoxia is similarly reduced in the morning, but such a reduction could be considered a further risk factor for cerebral vascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test if the cerebral vascular response to hypoxia is reduced in the morning, the overnight changes in the left middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAV) in response to isocapnic hypoxia (IH) and hypercapnia before and after a normal night sleep were determined in 18 individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From evening to morning, hypercapnic cerebral vascular reactivity decreased significantly (evening 2.0+/-0.4, morning 1.3+/-0.2 cm/sec/mm Hg; P<0.05); in contrast, the increase in MCAV in response to IH (-10% SaO2) was unchanged (evening 9.0+/-1.4, morning 8.7+/-2.2%; P>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that substantial differences exist in the regulation of the cerebral circulation in response to hypoxia and hypercapnia on waking from sleep. An intact cerebral vascular response to IH, during this time period, could be interpreted as a protective mechanism against cerebral ischemia and stroke; this is of particular relevance to patients with obstructive sleep apnea who arouse from sleep during hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Academic Unit of Sleep and Breathing, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Guy E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Meadows
authors.forename: Futoshi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kotajima
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vazir
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kostikas
authors.forename: Anita K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Simonds
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Morrell
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Corfield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000473:pathology; D000860:Hypoxia; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000473:pathology; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011312:Pressure; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000473:pathology; D020521:Stroke / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010100:Oxygen