title: Canine tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene and dopamine beta -hydroxylase (DBH) gene: their sequences, genetic polymorphisms, and diversities among five different dog breeds.
abstract: Dopamine and noradrenaline are catecholamine neurotransmitters that are produced by biosynthetic enzymes such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta -hydroxylase (DBH). As a first step to elucidate the genetic background of canine behavioral traits, we selected these genes as targets and sequenced these canine genes, and found that both were highly homologous with those of human beings. Then brain cDNAs derived from ten unrelated Beagles were used to search for polymorphisms in these genes. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (C97T, G168A, G180A and C264T), one of which (C97T) will cause amino acid substitution in the TH gene, and two SNPs (C789A and A1819G), both of which will cause amino acid substitutions in the DBH gene were identified. The allelic frequencies among five dog breeds (47 Golden Retrievers, 41 Labrador Retrievers, 40 Malteses, 26 Miniature Schnauzers, and 39 Shibas) were examined and found to have significant variation between them with regards to all these SNPs, except for C97T in the TH gene and A1819G in the DBH gene. The polymorphisms of C97T and A1819G were found only in the Shiba. The present results suggest that the polymorphisms of the genes encoding catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes may become important markers for examining the genetic background of behavioral characteristics in dogs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo.
authors.forename: Yukari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Chie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hashizume
authors.forename: Esther Myung Ha
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Chon
authors.forename: Yukihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Momozawa
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: Takefumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kikusui
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mori
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D004285:Dogs / Q000235:genetics*; D004299:Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000662:veterinary; D013045:Species Specificity; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D004299:Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase