title: Pregnancy loss in dairy cattle in the Waikato region of New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the incidence rate of pregnancy loss and risk factors for those losses in pasture-fed dairy cattle in the Waikato region of New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cows (n=2,004) from 10 pasture-fed, spring-calving dairy herds in the Waikato were enrolled following confirmation of pregnancy 29-45 days after insemination, for inseminations that occurred within the first 16 days of the seasonal breeding period. Transrectal ultrasonographic examinations for pregnancy were conducted at approximately 6, 8, 10, 14 and 22 weeks gestation, and subsequent calving data were recovered. Pregnancy loss was defined as having occurred when a confirmed pregnancy was not re-diagnosed, when gross abortion was detected, or when a cow calved <265 days after the confirmed conception date. Data were analysed using reverse stepwise logistic regression and Cox's proportional hazards analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 128 (6.4%) pregnancy losses were detected. The incidence rate was higher in early compared to late gestation (10.9 vs 2.8 losses/10,000 cow-days between Weeks 6-10 vs Weeks 10-14, respectively; p<0.001). Higher rates of loss were associated with the occurrence of clinical mastitis (Hazards ratio (HR)=1.57; p=0.071), being treated for anoestrus (HR=1.69; p=0.007), and in cows that had calving-to-conception intervals < or =63 days compared with those that had calving-to-conception intervals >92 days (HR=2.49; p=0.06). In addition, the rate of pregnancy loss differed between herds (p=0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The highest rate of pregnancy loss occurred in early gestation. Clinical mastitis, anoestrus and calving late in the calving season were risk factors for pregnancy loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnancy diagnosis using ultrasonography can be undertaken from 28 days post-insemination. However, due to the high rate of pregnancy loss at this stage of gestation, herdowners need to be warned of possible losses, and cows should be re-examined to confirm pregnancy before certification of pregnancy status is given.
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Centre, PO Box 21, Morrinsville, New Zealand. smoucdoug@ahc.co.nz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McDougall
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Verkerk
mesh_terms: D000034:Abortion, Veterinary / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D004971:Estrus / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008414:Mastitis, Bovine / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors