title: The robot and the satellite for tele-operating echographic examination in Earth isolated sites, or onboard ISS.
abstract: The objective was to design and validate a method for tele-operating (from an expert site) an echographic examination in an isolated site.
  
  
  METHODS
  The isolated places, defined as areas with reduced medical facilities, could be secondary hospitals 20 to 50 km from the university hospital, or dispensaries in Africa or Amazonia, or a moving structure like a rescue vehicle or the International Space Station (ISS). At the expert center, the ultrasound medical expert moves a fictive probe, connected to a computer (n degrees 1) which sends, the coordinate changes of this probe via an ISDN or satellite line to a second computer (n degrees 2), located at the isolated site, which applies them to the robotic arm holding the real echographic probe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The system was tested at Tours Hospital on 105 patients. A complete investigation (visualization) of all the organs requested for different clinical cases was obtained in 76% of the cases with the robot, and 87% at the reference echography: In 11% of the cases, at least one of the organ visualized at reference echo could not be investigated by the robot, thus the diagnostic was not done. The number of repositioning was higher for the robot (6.5 +/- 2) than for the reference echo (5.1 +/- 2 = or > 24% more with robot). The duration of the examination was higher with the robot (16 +/- 10 min) than for the reference echography (11 +/- 4 min = or > +43% with the robot compare to reference echography. The system was also tested successfully using satellite links in a limited number of cases (approx 30).
authors.affiliation: Medecine, Phyiologie Spatiales, CHU Trousseau, Tours, France.
authors.forename: Ph
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arbeille
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ayoub
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vieyres
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Porcher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boulay
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Poisson
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D019114:Remote Consultation; D012371:Robotics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013026:Space Flight / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018531:Spacecraft / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013686:Telemetry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*