title: Predictors of incident tuberculosis among HIV-1-infected women in Tanzania.
abstract: METHODS
  The development of tuberculosis (TB) in HIV-1-infected individuals is associated with accelerated HIV-1 disease progression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the predictors of incident TB in HIV-1-infected Tanzanian women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort of 1078 HIV-1-infected pregnant women was enrolled in a randomized clinical trial to examine the role of vitamin supplements in HIV-1 disease progression and fetal outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1008 women evaluated for TB, 88 (8.7%) developed TB. After controlling for age, education and hemoglobin concentration, in multivariate analysis, low CD4 cell count, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), decreased mid-upper arm circumference, and high viremia were associated with an increased risk of TB. CD4 <200 vs. > or = 500 cells/mm3 was associated with a 4.44-fold increase in risk of TB (95%CI 2.10-9.40). Individuals with high viremia (> or = 50,000 copies/ml) had a 2.43-fold increase in risk of TB (95%CI 1.24-4.76). Elevated malarial parasite density was slightly associated with a 65% (95%CI 19-85) decreased risk of TB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of developing TB was elevated among women with low CD4 cell counts, elevated ESR, coinfections with other pathogens, poor nutrition and high viremia. There is a slight inverse association between malarial infection and TB, possibly because treating malaria may reduce the risk of TB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. pravina@post.harvard.edu
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Venkatesh
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mugusi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Msamanga
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Fawzi
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019562:Viral Load; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins