title: Craving to smoke in orthodox Jewish smokers who abstain on the Sabbath: a comparison to a baseline and a forced abstinence workday.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies suggest that craving for cigarettes is substantially influenced by non-nicotine mechanisms such as habits, cues, and expectations. As orthodox Jews must refrain from smoking during the Sabbath, examining their craving levels during this habitual abstinence may be informative in separating smoking deprivation from other determinants of craving and withdrawal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the extent to which the habitual abstinence of Orthodox Jews during the Sabbath is associated with craving to smoke and with other reactions to smoking abstinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty orthodox Jewish heavy smokers were assessed three times: on a workday when smoking as usual, on a Sabbath when they never smoke, and on a forced abstinence workday. Craving, irritability, and other commonly reported smoking withdrawal symptoms were assessed retrospectively at several time points during the preceding 24 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Craving to smoke, and to a lesser extent, irritability, was lower during the Sabbath than during the two other test days. Self-reported difficulty in abstaining was also lower on the Sabbath than on the workday. Craving in the evening preceding the test day was always significantly higher than in the next morning, despite the overnight abstinence before the morning assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support previous findings in showing that craving to smoke is determined to a large extent by smoking-related habits, cues, and expectations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. ruvidar@freud.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Reuven
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dar
authors.forename: Florencia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stronguin
authors.forename: Roni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marouani
authors.forename: Meir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krupsky
authors.forename: Hanan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frenk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007585:Jews; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*