title: Formalin attenuates the stress-induced increase in plasma epinephrine levels.
abstract: Subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of formalin into rats is frequently used as a painful stressor that produces a three-phase nociceptive response. We have shown previously that s.c. administered formalin (0.2 ml of 4% solution per 100 g body weight) unexpectedly attenuated the increase of plasma epinephrine levels in rats exposed to exteroceptive stressors (handling, immobilisation). To clarify the mechanism(s) responsible for this phenomenon, the effect of formalin applications on epinephrine plasma levels was investigated in various experimental conditions. Subcutaneous application of formalin combined with exposures of animals to an interoceptive stressor, insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, significantly attenuated the stress-induced increase in plasma epinephrine levels, whereas plasma norepinephrine levels remained highly elevated. Moreover, administration of formalin to unstressed animals also manifested signs of an attenuated epinephrine secretion. Interestingly, intraperitoneal administration of formalin did not reduce the elevated levels of plasma epinephrine. We suggest that formalin attenuates epinephrine secretion from the adrenal medulla most probably via irritation of s.c. somatosensory receptors. We hypothesise that the irritation of the primary sensory afferents fibres might reduce the activity of the sympathetic preganglionic neurones innervating adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. Further investigations are required to establish whether the observed reduction of epinephrine secretion from the adrenal medulla is controlled by either spinal or supraspinal neuronal circuits.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mravec
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bodnar
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Uhereczky
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kvetnansky
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palkovits
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D005552:Forelimb / Q000502:physiology; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000502:physiology; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007103:Immobilization; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin; D007509:Irritants; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: C486859:1-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D007509:Irritants; D007546:Isoquinolines; D005557:Formaldehyde; D004837:Epinephrine