title: Diazeniumdiolate ions as leaving groups in anomeric displacement reactions: a protection-deprotection strategy for ionic diazeniumdiolates.
abstract: Diazeniumdiolate ions [R2N-N(O)=N-O-] are of growing interest pharmacologically for their ability to generate up to two molar equivalents of bioactive nitric oxide (NO) spontaneously on protonating the amino nitrogen. Accordingly, their stability increases as the pH is raised. Here we show that the corresponding beta-glucosides [R2N-N(O)=N-O-Glc] decreased in stability with pH; when R2N was diethylamino, the rate equation was kobs = ko + kOH- [OH-], where ko = 7.8 x 10-7 s-1 and kOH- = 5.3 x 10-3 M-1 s-1. The primary products were 1,6-anhydroglucose and the regenerated R2N-N(O)=N-O- ion. The results were qualitatively similar to those of beta-glucosyl fluoride and p-nitrophenoxide, whose hydrolyses have been rationalized as proceeding via a glycal oxide intermediate. This chemistry offers a convenient strategy for protecting heat- and acid-sensitive diazeniumdiolate ions during manipulations that would otherwise destroy them. As an example, a poly(urethane) film that generated NO in physiological buffer at a surface flux comparable to that of the mammalian vascular endothelium was prepared by glucosylating the ionic diazeniumdiolate group attached to the diol monomer before reacting it with the bis-isocyanate, then removing the saccharide with base when the protecting group was no longer needed.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
authors.forename: Brett M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Showalter
authors.forename: Melissa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Valdez
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Saavedra
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Klose
authors.forename: Gwendolyn N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Chmurny
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Citro
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Barchi
authors.forename: Scott I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Merz
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Meyerhoff
authors.forename: Larry K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Keefer
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D015394:Molecular Structure; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; C452539:diazeniumdiolate