title: UV hazard on a summer's day under Mediterranean conditions, and the protective role of a beach umbrella.
abstract: Mediterranean beaches are very crowded during summer and, because of the high values of solar UV radiation, the potential risk for human health is relevant. In this study, all-day measurements of biologically effective global and diffuse UV radiation for skin (UVBE(eryt)) and eye (UVBE(pker), UVBE(pconj), UVBE(cat)) disorders were carried out on differently tilted surfaces on a summer's day on a Mediterranean beach. The role played by beach umbrellas in protection from excessive sun exposure was also investigated. Erythema, photokeratitis and cataract seem to require almost the same exposure time to reach the risk threshold dose. Under full sunlight, the highest global and diffuse UV values are reached on surfaces normally oriented towards sunlight and on horizontal surfaces, respectively. Over vertical surfaces, at this northern hemisphere site, global and diffuse UV radiation reaches maxima values in the south-facing direction around noon, while maxima values are reached early in the morning and late in the afternoon over surfaces facing east and west, respectively. The quality of the beach umbrella's protection (efficiency in blocking solar UV radiation) varies with surface orientation; the highest efficiency for our specific site and geometrical conditions occurs over horizontal surfaces, with efficiency being least over vertical surfaces when incident radiation values are still relevant.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Giovanni Caproni 8, 50145 Florence, Italy. grifoni@lamma.rete.toscana.it
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grifoni
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carreras
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sabatini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zipoli
mesh_terms: D001493:Bathing Beaches; D002386:Cataract / Q000209:etiology; D003231:Conjunctivitis / Q000209:etiology; D004890:Erythema / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007634:Keratitis / Q000209:etiology; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D011835:Radiation Protection; D012621:Seasons; D013471:Sunburn / Q000209:etiology; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*