title: Effects of cystine and hydrogen peroxide on glutathione status and expression of antioxidant genes in Escherichia coli.
abstract: Cysteine or cystine was earlier shown to multiply enhance the toxic effect of hydrogen peroxide on Escherichia coli cells. In the present work, the treatment of E. coli with H2O2 in the presence of cystine increased fivefold the level of extracellular oxidized glutathione (GSSG(out)) and decreased fivefold the GSH/GSSG(out) ratio (from 16.8 to 3.6). The same treatment of cells with deficiency in glutathione oxidoreductase (GOR) resulted in even more severe oxidation of GSH(out), so that the level of oxidized glutathione exceeded that of reduced glutathione and the GSH/GSSG(out) ratio decreased to 0.4. Addition of cystine to the GOR deficient cells resulted in significant oxidation of extracellular glutathione even in the absence of oxidant and in tenfold increase in intracellular oxidized glutathione along with a decrease in the GSH/GSSG(out) ratio from 282 to 26. However, in the cytoplasm of wild type cells, the level of oxidized glutathione (GSSG(in)) was changed insignificantly and the GSH/GSSG(in) ratio increased by 26% (from 330 to 415). Data on glutathione status and cystine reduction in the E. coli gsh and gor mutants suggested that exogenous cystine at first should be reduced with extracellular GSH outside the cells and then imported into them. The high toxicity of H2O2 in the presence of cystine resulted in disorders of membrane functions and inhibition of the expression of genes including those responsible for neutralization of oxidants and DNA repair.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, 614081, Russia. smirnova@iegm.ru
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Smirnova
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Muzyka
authors.forename: O N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Oktyabrsky
mesh_terms: D002374:Catalase / Q000235:genetics; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003553:Cystine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D016877:Oxidants; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C499299:oxyR protein, E coli; D003553:Cystine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase; C051253:katG protein, E coli; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide