title: Evolutionary aspects and muscular properties of the trunk--implications for human low back pain.
abstract: Considerations about back pain, its aetiology, pathogenesis and therapy often argue that low back pain is the "price" that humanity has to pay for the upright body posture and the bipedal mode of locomotion. In fact, there are only few species that have evolved an obligate bipedal locomotion (e.g. kangaroos). Surprisingly, there are only minor morphological adaptations in humans clearly connected to the upright body posture (e.g. the habitual lumbar lordosis). The overall organization of the body axis has been evolved in quadrupedal animals and was more or less unchanged suitable for the human bipedal mode of locomotion. Up to now, the assumed uniqueness of human's trunk does not explain the frequency of back problems. Because of minor macroscopic differences between humans and other mammals, and even primates, we started to take a closer look at the paravertebral musculature. A three-dimensional investigation of muscle's fibre type distribution was undertaken on laboratory rats. Serial sections from the caudal thoracic and lumbar regions of the back were analysed, and the fibre type distribution pattern in all paravertebral muscles was described. Comparisons to other species imply more general characters of the fibre type distribution in mammals. Established concepts of human back muscle function were exposed to be valid for quadruped mammals as well. Muscle properties predicted by a biomechanical model based on human's anatomy (Wagner et al., this issue) were confirmed by results of the current study on a small mammal. Therefore, we propose only minor differences from the observed pattern in human back muscles.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Systematic Zoology und Evolutionary Biology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Erbertstr. 1, 07743 Jena, Germany. nadja.schilling@uni-jena.de
authors.forename: Nadja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fischer