title: Removal of Streptococcus mutans biofilm by bubbles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Air bubbles had been shown to remove particles and bacteria from surfaces, but they had not yet been studied regarding the removal of mature biofilm from a surface.
  
  
  METHODS
  Streptococcus mutans were grown as a biofilm on glass coverslips and were exposed to a fluid stream with or without bubbles. Three parameters (stream velocity, gas fraction, and bubble size) were varied in the bubble stream to determine which conditions best remove the biofilm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At low velocities bubbles enhance biofilm removal compared with the liquid alone. Stream conditions that were shown to be the most effective in removing biofilm were large bubbles at low gas fractions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that flowing bubble streams may be a desirable feature to incorporate into oral hygiene products to remove accumulated biofilms such as dental plaque.
authors.affiliation: Department ofChemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provom UT 84602, USA.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Parini
authors.forename: Dennis L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Eggett
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Pitt
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D018441:Biofilms; D012212:Rheology; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013295:Streptococcus mutans
chemical_list: D012464:Saliva, Artificial