title: Terminal care: the last weeks of life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The care of patients in their last weeks of life is a fundamental palliative care skill, but few evidence-based reviews have focused on this critical period.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of published literature and expert opinion related to care in the last weeks of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The evidence base informing terminal care is largely descriptive, retrospective, or extrapolated. While home deaths and hospice use are increasing, medical care near death is becoming more aggressive and hospice lengths of stay remain short. Though the prediction of impending death remains imprecise, studies have identified several common terminal signs and symptoms. Decreased communication near death complicates the determination of patient wishes, and advanced directives prior to the terminal stage are recommended. Anorexia and cachexia are common in dying patients but there is no evidence that this process is painful or responsive to intervention. While there is general consensus that artificial nutrition is not beneficial in dying patients, the use of artificial hydration is controversial, especially in the setting of delirium. Breathlessness has been shown to benefit from oral and parenteral opioids but not anxiolytics. Accumulation of respiratory tract secretions (death rattle) is common and usually responds to antimuscarinics. Physical pain typically decreases toward death but its assessment in dying patients is difficult. Terminal delirium may occur in up to one-third of patients, may have a reversible cause, and may respond to antipsychotics or benzodiazepines. Palliative sedation is controversial but widely used, especially internationally. Caregiver stress and bereavement may benefit from improved communication and hospice involvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the terminal care literature is characterized by varying quality, numerous knowledge gaps, and frequent inconsistencies, it supports several common clinical interventions. More research is needed to resolve controversies, define effective therapies, and improve the outcomes of dying patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA. wmp9xn@virginia.edu
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Plonk
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Arnold
mesh_terms: D001601:Bereavement; D003643:Death; D006738:Hospices; D006801:Humans; D007326:Institutionalization; D010166:Palliative Care; D010829:Physiological Phenomena; D013727:Terminal Care; D014481:United States