title: Relation between dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome in women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a prevalent condition, but information on risk or protective factors is lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine the association between the dietary intake and ratio of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (FAs) and DES occurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 39876 female health professionals in the Women's Health Study (WHS), 32470 women aged 45-84 y who provided information on diet and DES were cross-sectionally studied. We assessed FA intakes by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire and assessed DES by using self-reports of clinically diagnosed cases. Of the sample, 1546 (4.7%) subjects reported DES. We used logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs to describe the relation of FA intake with DES.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for demographic factors, hormone therapy, and total fat intake, the OR for the highest versus the lowest quintile of n-3 FAs was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.70, 0.98; P for trend = 0.05). A higher ratio of n-6 to n-3 FA consumption was associated with a significantly increased risk of DES (OR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.13, 5.58) for >15:1 versus <4:1 (P for trend = 0.01). In addition, tuna consumption [1 serving was 113 g (4 oz)] was inversely associated with DES (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.99 for 2-4 servings/wk; OR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.79 for 5-6 servings/wk versus < or =1 serving/wk; P for trend = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that a higher dietary intake of n-3 FAs is associated with a decreased incidence of DES in women. These findings are consistent with anecdotal clinical observations and postulated biological mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Biljana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Miljanović
authors.forename: Komal A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.forename: M Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Dana
authors.forename: Jeffery P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gilbard
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Buring
authors.forename: Debra A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schaumberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6