title: Reduction in diagnostic and therapeutic interventions by non-invasive determination of fetal sex in early pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study reviews our clinical experience of non-invasive techniques for early sex determination. It assesses the effectiveness of these techniques at reducing invasive prenatal testing for X-linked genetic disease or for ambiguous development of the external genitalia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study of 30 pregnancies was referred to a tertiary unit for prenatal diagnosis. Fetal gender was determined using two non-invasive techniques: analysis of free fetal DNA (ffDNA) in maternal plasma and ultrasound visualisation. The results were compared to fetal gender determined by invasive testing or at birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fetal gender was accurately determined by analysis of ffDNA at a mean of 10 + 1 (7 + 6 to 14 + 1) weeks' gestation in all cases. Ultrasound assessment was accurate in 20 of the 23 cases where this was attempted at 12 + 0 (10 + 4 to 14 + 1) weeks' gestation, but could not be determined in the remaining 3 cases. Thirteen of 28 (46%) women chose not to have invasive testing on the basis of these findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the techniques appear to offer an accurate means of assessing fetal gender, giving parents the option of avoiding invasive testing in the 50% of cases where the fetus would not be affected. The molecular technique is performed at an earlier gestation, but female fetal status is predicted by a negative test result. Ultrasound cannot be applied until 11 weeks' gestation but diagnostic signs are sought in both sexes. Combining these approaches offers a highly sensitive method of non-invasive determination of gender in high-risk pregnancies. Health professionals, clinical geneticists and genetics associates, in particular, who refer women at high risk should be aware of these non-invasive options for prenatal sex determination.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College London, Chenies Mews, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jon A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hyett
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gardener
authors.forename: Taita
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stojilkovic-Mikic
authors.forename: Kirstin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Finning
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Rodeck
authors.forename: Lyn S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chitty
mesh_terms: D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004247:DNA / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D040181:Genetic Diseases, X-Linked / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012732:Sex Determination Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
chemical_list: D004247:DNA