title: Doctor-patient communication about prognosis: the influence of race and financial status.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although many studies have documented problems in communication between physicians and patients, few have focused on discussions regarding prognosis among community dwelling patients with terminal illness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of patient race and financial status with patient and clinician reports of discussions about prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants' homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred fourteen patients age 60 years or older seriously ill secondary to congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cancer; and their primary clinicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient/clinician agreement regarding discussions of prognosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In adjusted analysis, patients and clinicians were more likely to agree that discussions about prognosis had taken place when patients had a lower financial status (odds ratio [OR] 2.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-4.96), or were nonwhite (OR 2.56, CI 0.85-7.68), compared to patients who had a higher financial status or were white. Agreement about prognosis discussions was also more likely (adjusted OR 4.12, 95% CI 1.15-14.76) when patients were younger (i.e., age < 80).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among a cohort of seriously ill community-dwelling patients, patients and clinicians were more likely to agree that discussions about prognosis had occurred when patients were poorer and nonwhite. These findings contrast with the majority of studies examining the relationship between race or income and patient-physician communication about other end-of-life issues.
authors.affiliation: Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. nathan.goldstein@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Nathan E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Concato
authors.forename: Elizabeth H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: Terri R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Fried
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003237:Connecticut; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011379:Prognosis; D044469:Racial Groups; D013727:Terminal Care; D014342:Truth Disclosure