title: Unnecessary interruptions of cardiac massage during simulated cardiac arrests.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation should not be interrupted until the return of spontaneous circulation or the decision to withhold further treatment. There are no data on how consistent in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation is performed. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to identify length and type of unnecessary interruptions in simulated cardiac arrests.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out in a patient simulator. A scenario of cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation was used. Resuscitation teams consisted of three nurses, a resident and a staff physician. Using videotapes recorded during simulations, the activities of the teams were coded in 5-s intervals. Unnecessary interruptions were defined as any interruptions in cardiac massage of 10 s or more that were not caused by defibrillation or endotracheal intubation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve teams were studied. The total time of possible cardiac massage was 414 +/- 125 s. In each team at least one unnecessary interruption occurred (range 1-5). Interruptions mounted up to 65 +/- 40 s (range 20-155) or 16 +/- 10% (range 5-41) of the total time of possible cardiac massage. Failure to swiftly resume cardiac massage after an unsuccessful defibrillation accounted for 14 of 39 episodes and for 44 +/- 40% of the time of unnecessary interruptions. The debriefings revealed that participants had generally not noticed the unnecessary interruptions during the simulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study identified a significant amount of unnecessary interruptions in cardiac massage. These interruptions were not noticed by the health-care workers involved.
authors.affiliation: University of Basel, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S C U
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Marsch
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tschan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Semmer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spychiger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Breuer
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hunziker
mesh_terms: D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D006336:Heart Massage / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000592:standards*; D016544:Patient Simulation; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors