title: Delusions and decision-making style: use of the Need for Closure Scale.
abstract: Clinicians and researchers have suggested that rapidity in belief formation, due to having a high 'need for closure' (NFC), may contribute to the acceptance of delusional explanations. The aim of the study is to determine whether NFC has such a direct link with delusions. A secondary aim is to examine if NFC is related to the delusion-associated reasoning process of 'jumping to conclusions'. One hundred and eighty-seven patients with psychosis, recruited for a treatment trial of psychological therapy (the PRP trial), completed the Need for Closure Scale (NFCS), symptom measures, and probabilistic reasoning tasks. The NFCS was considered in terms of its two dimensions: a desire for simple structure and a preference for quick, decisive answers. The individuals with psychosis reported being poor at making quick, decisive answers but required a greater need for simple structure. NFC was associated with levels of anxiety and depression. There were weak links between NFC and both positive and negative symptoms of psychosis, but these were explained by differences in affect. NFCS scores were unrelated to jumping to conclusions. Contrary to the argument that NFC is directly linked to delusions, individuals with delusions actually perceive themselves as indecisive. There was no evidence that NFC-at least as assessed by the NFCS-could be a proximal cause of delusions. Any potential effect on psychotic symptom presentation is indirect, mediated through affect. The use of the NFCS on its own in the study of psychotic symptoms cannot be recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, University of London, PO Box 77, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK. D.Freeman@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Philippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garety
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.forename: Susannah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colbert
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jolley
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bebbington
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D003657:Decision Making; D003702:Delusions / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology