title: Inflammatory cytokines in pediatric cardiac surgery and variable effect of the hemofiltration process.
abstract: Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) elicits an inflammatory response and has a multitude of biological consequences, ranging from subclinical organ dysfunction to severe multiorgan failure. Pediatric patients are more prone to have a reaction that can jeopardize their outcome. Cytokines are supposed to be important mediators in this response: limiting their circulating levels is, therefore, appealing. We investigated the pattern of cytokine release during pediatric operation for congenital heart anomalies in 20 patients, and the effect of hemofiltration. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) was elevated after anesthesia induction and showed significant decrease during CPB. Hemofiltration reduced its concentration, but the effect disappeared on the following day. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) increased slowly at the end of CPB and hemofiltration had no effect. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) showed a tendency toward augmentation during rewarming and hemofiltration did not significantly affect the course. Soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6r) had a pattern similar to TNF-alpha, but hemofiltration had no effect. On the other hand, interleukin-8 (IL-8) behaved like IL-6. Our findings suggest that baseline clinical status, anesthetic drugs, and maneuvers before incision may elicit a cytokine response, whereas rewarming is a critical phase of CPB. Hemofiltration is effective in removal of TNF-alpha, but its role is debatable for the control of IL-1, IL-6, sIL-6r and IL-8 levels.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy. gbrancaccio70@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brancaccio
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: Elia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Girolami
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Michielon
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feltri
authors.forename: Ennio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mazzera
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Isacchi
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iannace
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amodeo
authors.forename: Roberto M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Di Donato
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D006440:Hemofiltration / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D017694:Rewarming; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007378:Interleukins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha