title: Spinal canal narrowing during simulated frontal impact.
abstract: Between 23 and 70% of occupants involved in frontal impacts sustain cervical spine injuries, many with neurological involvement. It has been hypothesized that cervical spinal cord compression and injury may explain the variable neurological profile described by frontal impact victims. The goals of the present study, using a biofidelic whole cervical spine model with muscle force replication, were to quantify canal pinch diameter (CPD) narrowing during frontal impact and to evaluate the potential for cord compression. The biofidelic model and a sled apparatus were used to simulate frontal impacts at 4, 6, 8, and 10 g horizontal accelerations of the T1 vertebra. The CPD was measured in the intact specimen in the neutral posture (neutral posture CPD), under static sagittal pure moments of 1.5 Nm (pre-impact CPD), during dynamic frontal impact (dynamic impact CPD), and again under static pure moments following each impact (post-impact CPD). Frontal impact caused significant (P<0.05) dynamic CPD narrowing at C0-dens, C2-C3, and C6-C7. The narrowest dynamic CPD was observed at C0-dens during the 10 g impact and was 25.9% narrower than the corresponding neutral posture CPD. Interpretation of the present results indicate that the neurological symptomatology reported by frontal impact victims is most likely not due to cervical spinal cord compression. Cord compression due to residual spinal instability is also not likely.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., P.O. Box 208071, New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA.
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ivancic
authors.forename: Manohar M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Panjabi
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tominaga
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elena Gimenez
authors.forename: Travis G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Maak
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration / Q000009:adverse effects; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D013115:Spinal Canal / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013117:Spinal Cord Compression / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology