title: Dysmorphic features: an important clue to the diagnosis and severity of fetal anticonvulsant syndromes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can result in several different teratogenic effects including major malformations, dysmorphic facial features, and learning and behavioural problems. It is estimated that there is a 2-3-fold increase in the risk of malformations compared with the general population. The risk of cognitive impairment and behavioural problems is less clear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report the frequency and specificity of individual dysmorphic features and to relate the dysmorphic facial phenotype to developmental outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of 375 children born to 219 mothers with epilepsy. The age of the study group ranged from 6 months to 16 years. Each child underwent a physical examination and a battery of neuropsychological tests. Dysmorphic features were scored from photographs on a blind basis by a panel of dysmorphologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 274 children were exposed to AEDs (63 to valproate, 94 to carbamazepine, 26 to phenytoin, 15 to other monotherapies, and 76 to polytherapy). Major malformations were identified in 14% of children exposed to valproate in utero, 5% exposed to carbamazepine, and 4% in the non-exposed group. Overall, 47% of exposed children were correctly identified as having been exposed to AEDs in utero. There was a significant correlation between verbal intelligence quotient and dysmorphic facial features in the valproate exposed children only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children exposed to valproate have more distinctive facial features, but a subtle and distinctive facial phenotype is also seen in children exposed to carbamazepine. Nearly half (45%) of unexposed children had some of the facial features associated with AED exposure, showing that many of these features may be seen as part of normal variation and that the diagnosis of the fetal anticonvulsant syndrome is difficult to make on the basis of facial gestalt alone. Developmental surveillance should be offered to children with prenatal exposure to AEDs, particularly those with exposure to high doses of valproate.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Medical Genetics, St Mary's Hospital, Hathersage Road, Manchester M13 0JH, UK. usha.kini@orh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kini
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Adab
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vinten
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fryer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clayton-Smith
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy; D019066:Facies; D005260:Female; D006128:Growth; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007360:Intelligence; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013577:Syndrome; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D002220:Carbamazepine; D014635:Valproic Acid