title: Dietary fat intake and proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary fat intake affects proinflammatory cytokine levels of healthy adults. Whether dietary fats have similar effects in patients with heart failure (HF) is unknown. The purposes of this study were to determine (1) effect of dietary fat on interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and soluble receptors sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2 levels in patients with HF and (2) subsequent impact of these levels on event-free survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two patients provided 4-day food diaries and blood for cytokines. Event-free survival curves were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method and groups compared using log-rank test. IL-6 was not related to fat intake. TNF-alpha levels were elevated in patients with diets higher versus lower in saturated (6.9 +/- 5 versus 4.2 +/- 2 pg/mL) and trans fats (6.8 +/- 4.5 versus 4.5 +/- 2.8 pg/mL). Patients consuming diets higher in polyunsaturated fats had lower sTNF-R1 (2391 +/- 1010 versus 3373 +/- 2098 pg/mL) and sTNF-R2 (3803 +/- 1187 versus 5974 +/- 3275 pg/mL) levels. Higher omega-3 intake produced similar results: sTNF-R1 (2323 +/- 1304 versus 3307 +/- 1973) and sTNF-R2 (4117 +/- 2646 versus 5409 +/- 2801). Event-free survival was decreased in patients with higher TNF-alpha and sTNF-R1 levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary fat intake may affect proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with HF. Research to determine whether changing composition of dietary fat can alter proinflammatory cytokine activity of HF patients is warranted.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.
authors.forename: Terry A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lennie
authors.forename: Misook L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Diane L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Habash
authors.forename: Debra K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Moser
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007629:Kentucky / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I / Q000097:blood; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II / Q000097:blood; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D004041:Dietary Fats; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha