title: Trihalomethane formation potential of filter isolates of electrolyte-extractable soil organic carbon.
abstract: Certain organic C moieties of soil origin in drinking source waters of Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Delta) can react with chlorine to form trihalomethanes (THMs) during the disinfection process. Isolation and characterization of them and quantitation of their THM formation potential (THMFP) is necessary for developing effective strategies to reduce their influxes in Delta waters and for removing them during drinking water treatment. In this study, organic C from two Delta soils was extracted using deionized H(2)O and four Na- or Ca-based electrolytes of varying electrical conductivity values. Extracts were filtered into particulate, colloidal, fine colloidal, and soluble organic C for quantitation and THMFP determination. Results suggested that <1.5% of soil organic C was electrolyte-extractable. The soluble organic C fraction from both soils dominated in quantity and THMFP. Electrolyte effects were cation dependent. Sodium-based electrolytes at either conductivity level did not significantly decrease extractable organic C (EOC) or THMFP compared with deionized H(2)O. In contrast, Ca-based electrolytes reduced EOC and THMFP by >50% even at 1 dS m(-1). Further increase in Ca concentration did not significantly decrease EOC or THMFP. Most reduction in EOC and THMFP by Ca-based electrolytes occurred with the fractions other than the soluble organic C. Results suggested that under natural soil leaching and runoff conditions, the majority of THMFP is associated with organic C of <0.025 mum in diameter. Further molecular characterization of the fractions with high THMFP may help understand the nature of chlorine-reactive organic C from Delta soils.
authors.affiliation: Hydrology Program, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Alex T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Fengmao
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Suduan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Breuer
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D002244:Carbon / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002625:Chemistry, Organic / Q000379:methods; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014867:Water; D002244:Carbon