title: A confocal microscopic study of solitary pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in human airway epithelium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNEC) are specialized epithelial cells that are thought to play important roles in lung development and airway function. PNEC occur either singly or in clusters called neuroepithelial bodies. Our aim was to characterize the three dimensional morphology of PNEC, their distribution, and their relationship to the epithelial nerves in whole mounts of adult human bronchi using confocal microscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bronchi were resected from non-diseased portions of a lobe of human lung obtained from 8 thoracotomy patients (Table 1) undergoing surgery for the removal of lung tumors. Whole mounts were stained with antibodies to reveal all nerves (PGP 9.5), sensory nerves (calcitonin gene related peptide, CGRP), and PNEC (PGP 9.5, CGRP and gastrin releasing peptide, GRP). The analysis and rendition of the resulting three-dimensional data sets, including side-projections, was performed using NIH-Image software. Images were colorized and super-imposed using Adobe Photoshop.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PNEC were abundant but not homogenously distributed within the epithelium, with densities ranging from 65/mm2 to denser patches of 250/mm2, depending on the individual wholemount. Rotation of 3-D images revealed a complex morphology; flask-like with the cell body near the basement membrane and a thick stem extending to the lumen. Long processes issued laterally from its base, some lumenal and others with feet-like processes. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was present in about 20% of PNEC, mainly in the processes. CGRP-positive nerves were sparse, with some associated with the apical part of the PNEC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our 3D-data demonstrates that PNEC are numerous and exhibit a heterogeneous peptide content suggesting an active and diverse PNEC population.
authors.affiliation: Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia. weichsel@cyllene.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weichselbaum
authors.forename: Malcolm P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Sparrow
authors.forename: Elisha J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Darryl A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Knight
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001980:Bronchi / Q000473:pathology*; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008875:Middle Aged; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000473:pathology*