title: Are investigations anxiolytic or anxiogenic? A randomised controlled trial of neuroimaging to provide reassurance in chronic daily headache.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aims were to investigate (a) whether neuroimaging in patients with chronic daily headache reassures patients or fails to reassure them and/or worsens outcome, impacting on service use, costs, health anxieties, and symptoms, and (b) whether this reassurance process occurs differentially in patients with different levels of psychological morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  randomised controlled trial; setting: headache clinic in secondary care, South London; participants: 150 patients fulfilling criteria for chronic daily headache, stratified using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); intervention: treatment as usual or the offer of an MRI brain scan; main outcome measures: use of services, costs, and health anxiety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy six patients were randomised to the offer of a brain scan and 74 patients to treatment as usual. One hundred and thirty seven (91%) primary care case notes were examined at 1 year, 103 (69%) patients completed questionnaires at 3 months and 96 (64%) at 1 year. Sixty six (44%) patients were HADS positive (scored >11 on either subscale). Patients offered a scan were less worried about a serious cause of the headaches at 3 months (p = 0.004), but this was not maintained at 1 year; other health anxiety measures did not differ by scan status. However, at 1 year HADS positive patients offered a scan cost significantly less, by 465 pounds Sterling (95% confidence interval (CI): -1028 pounds Sterling to -104 pounds Sterling), than such patients not offered a scan, due to lower utilisation of medical resources.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuroimaging significantly reduces costs for patients with high levels of psychiatric morbidity, possibly by changing subsequent referral patterns of the general practitioner.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, UK. l.howard@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wessely
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leese
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Page
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McCrone
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dowson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003710:Demography; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006261:Headache / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires