title: Diabetic retinopathy screening model for rural population: awareness and screening methodology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Worldwide, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is increasing at an alarming rate. WHO has predicted that in India the number of adults with diabetes will be the highest in the world: from 19 million in 1995 to 80 million in 2030. Although originally thought to be a disease of an urban population, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing in rural areas as well. The socioeconomic burden resulting from visual impairment or blindness caused by diabetic retinopathy, particularly in the working age group, is a serious concern.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In order to combat diabetic retinopathy related blindness, Sankara Nethralaya, the premier eye institute of India, in collaboration with the Lions Clubs International Foundation (LCIF) and the RD Tata Trust, Mumbai, India launched a major diabetic retinopathy screening program in the rural community of South India. The objectives were to create awareness among the rural population of diabetic retinopathy with emphasis on early detection, to conduct diabetes and diabetic retinopathy screening camps, and to bring to the base hospital patients who have sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy, for ancillary investigations such as fluorescein angiography, ultrasound and to perform laser photocoagulation or vitreous surgery, or both. Other objectives included training general ophthalmologists and general physicians in order to develop an integrated diabetic retinopathy model. To address the question as to why certain individuals run the risk of developing sight threatening diabetic retinopathy, biochemical and genetic factors were also studied. The program was launched in June 2003 and 3 rural districts have been screened. To the time of writing, 128 screening camps had been organized, 103 awareness meetings conducted, 23 ophthalmologists trained and 43 general physicians attended the continuing medical education program on diabetic retinopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The key elements in the successful implementation of this program have been a team approach, involvement of community leaders and voluntary organizations, and support of the district and state administrators.
authors.affiliation: Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. rpk11@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Padmaja Kumari
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Rani
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Pradeep G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Satagopan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uthra
authors.forename: Gouthaman
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Margabandhu
authors.forename: Dhanapal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Senthilkumar
authors.forename: Govindasamy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kumaramanickavel
authors.forename: Tarun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005544:Forecasting; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography