title: Evaluating the program of a smoking cessation support group for adult smokers: a longitudinal pilot study.
abstract: Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in Taiwan. In order to increase cessation rates among adult smokers, the Department of Health in Taiwan has begun providing financial support for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). However, therapies based on multiple interventions can lead to significantly higher cessation rates than NRT alone. This study develops and evaluates the outcomes of a smoking cessation program that provides a combination of physiological and psychological treatment in the context of a short-term support group. In this study, ten adult smokers were recruited by means of advertisements broadcast on local television over a seven-day period and one thousand flyers that advertised free assistance with quitting smoking. The smoking cessation support group was carried in Tainan County, in southern Taiwan. The three-month program consisted of three, monthly group sessions, free nicotine patches, telephone counseling by public health nurses, and telephone interviews by community health volunteers. Those participating in the group were encouraged to keep a record of all smoking behavior and its "triggers" in a diary, list the personal benefits of quitting, draw up a quitting contract, and enlist significant family members to monitor their quitting behavior. Participants were also trained in behavioral strategies to avoid smoking, including imagery rehearsal, relaxation techniques, exercise, and distraction. The outcome of the project was assessed by the following two criteria: (1) carbon monoxide (CO) level in the breath before and after the three-month program, as measured by percentage of carboxyhemoglobin (%COHB), and (2) the self-reported number of cigarettes smoked per month, taken at the outset of the three-month program, at the conclusion of the program, and six months after the termination of the program. The Wilcoxon signed-rank and Friedman tests respectively revealed that there were significant decreases both in the subjects' %COHB level at the 3-month data-point, and in the number of cigarettes smoked at one month from the pretest, at the 3-month test and at the 9-month follow-up test. At the 9-month follow-up, five of the ten participants (50%) were abstinent, and three (30%) had decreased cigarette consumption by at least 49% of their pretest levels. Eighty percent of participants had, therefore, changed their smoking behavior. These results demonstrate the promise of integrated smoking cessation therapy in a group support context and indicate the need to pursue implementation and evaluation of this type of therapy on a larger scale.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan. chhuang@mail.cju.edu.tw
authors.forename: Chih-Ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D001944:Breath Tests; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000458:organization & administration; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011637:Public Health Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012657:Self-Help Groups / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013624:Taiwan; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin