title: Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and combined modality for Hodgkin's disease, with emphasis on second cancer risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Second malignancies (SM) are a major late effect of treatment for Hodgkin's disease (HD). Reliable comparisons of SM risk between alternative treatment strategies are lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Radiotherapy (RT), chemotherapy (CT) and combined chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) for newly-diagnosed Hodgkin's disease are compared with respect to SM risk, overall (OS) and progression-free (PFS) survival. Further, involved-field (IF-)RT is compared to extended-field (EF-)RT.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, PubMed, EMBASE, CancerLit, LILACS, relevant conference proceedings, trials lists and publications.
  
  
  METHODS
  RCTs accruing 30+ patients and completing accrual before/during 2000, comparing at least two treatment modalities for newly-diagnosed HD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual patient data were collected and assessed for data quality. Trialists submitted additional information concerning methods and data quality. Peto Odds Ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for OS, PFS and SM-free survival. Secondary acute leukemia (AL), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and solid tumours (ST) were also analysed separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  37 trials (9312 patients) were analysed: 15 (3343) for RT vs. CRT, 16 (2861) for CT vs. CRT, 3 (415) for RT vs. CT and 10 (3221) for IF-RT vs. EF-RT.CRT was superior to RT in terms of OS (OR=0.76, CI=0.66 to 0.89, p=0.0004), PFS (OR=0.49, CI=0.43 to 0.56, p<0.0001) and SM (OR=0.78. CI=0.62 to 0.98, p=0.03). The superiority of CRT also applied to early and advanced stages (mainly IIIA) separately. Excess SM with RT is due mainly to ST and is apparently caused by greater need for salvage therapy after RT.CRT was superior to CT in terms of PFS (OR=77, CI 0.68 to 0.77, p<0.0001). OS was better with CRT for early stages only (OR=0.62, CI 0.44 to 0.88, p=0.006). SM risk was higher with CRT (OR=1.38, CI 1.00 to 1.89, p=0.05), although not significant for early stages alone. This effect, also seen in AL and ST separately, was due directly to first-line treatment. Data were insufficient to compare RT to CT.EF-RT was superior to IF-RT (each additional to CT in most trials) in terms of PFS (OR=81, CI 0.68 to 0.95, p=0.009) but not OS. No significant difference in SM was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CRT seems to be optimal for most early stage (I-II) HD patients. For advanced stages (III-IV), CRT better prevents progression/relapse but CT alone seems to cause less SM. RT alone gives a higher overall SM risk than CRT due to increased need for salvage therapy. Reduced SM risk after IF-RT instead of EF-RT could not be demonstrated. Due to the large number of studies excluded because no IPD were received, to the inclusion of many outdated treatments and to the limited amount of long-term data, one must be cautious in applying these results to current therapies.
authors.affiliation: University of Cologne, Biometrie, German Hodgkins Lymphoma Study Group, Herderstr. 52-54, Cologne, Germany 50931. Jeremy.Franklin@uk-koeln.de
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Paus
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pluetschow
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Specht
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents