title: A comparison of two double-injection techniques for peribulbar block analgesia: infero-temporal plus supero-medial vs. infero-temporal plus medial-percaruncular.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Combinations of infero-temporal and either supero-nasal ('inferior-superior') or medial percaruncular ('inferior-medial') injections are popular double-injection techniques for establishing peribulbar block analgesia. This study compared the efficacy of these two techniques in achieving ocular and lid akinesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred patients were randomized to receive inferior-superior or inferior-medial injections in a study in which injectate, injectate volumes, 5-min ocular akinesia scoring (0-8), lid scoring (0-2) and supplemental injection protocols were standardized. The numbers of supplemental injections required at each observation period and the total volume of injectate required to produce ocular and lid akinesia were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two test groups were demographically similar. The inferior-medial combination achieved greater ocular akinesia than the inferior-superior combination 5 min after the initial injections (mean score +/- standard deviation of 1.74 +/- 1.86 vs. 2.66 +/- 2.39; P < 0.05), with a reduced requirement for supplementary injections (3 vs. 23 supplementary injections; P < 0.025). The inferior-superior technique achieved greater lid akinesia at 5 min than the inferior-medial technique (mean score +/- standard deviation of 0.7 +/- 0.9 vs. 0.3 +/- 0.58; P < 0.005). A medial subconjunctival hemorrhage occurred in one patient in the inferior-medial group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with the inferior-superior technique, the inferior-medial combination achieved more rapid ocular akinesia with less need for supplementation, but induced less efficient lid akinesia and had a propensity to cause iatrogenic subconjunctival hemorrhage. The latter complication is considered by our surgeons to be a contraindication to the inferior-medial technique in patients undergoing trabeculectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239-3908, USA. antonvdb2000@yahoo.com
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: van den Berg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001767:Blinking / Q000187:drug effects; D005123:Eye; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000187:drug effects; D005143:Eyelids / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D013748:Tetracaine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D013748:Tetracaine