title: A randomized phase III study of doxorubicin versus cisplatin/interferon alpha-2b/doxorubicin/fluorouracil (PIAF) combination chemotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Single-agent doxorubicin has been widely used to treat unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the response rate is low (< 20%) and there is no convincing evidence for improved survival. Cisplatin, interferon, doxorubicin, and fluorouracil (PIAF) used in combination, by contrast, has shown promise in a phase II study. We compared doxorubicin to PIAF in patients with unresectable HCC in a phase III trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with histologically confirmed unresectable HCC were randomly assigned to receive either doxorubicin or PIAF every 3 weeks, for up to six cycles. The primary endpoint was overall survival, and secondary endpoints were response rate and toxicity. Survival differences were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Treatment groups were compared for differences in the incidence of adverse events using chi-square tests. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median survival of the doxorubicin and PIAF groups was 6.83 months (95% confidence [CI] = 4.80 to 9.56) and 8.67 months (95% CI = 6.36 to 12.00), respectively (P = 0.83). The hazard ratio for death from any cause in the PIAF compared with the doxorubicin groups was 0.97 (95% CI = 0.71 to 1.32). Eighty-six of the 94 patients receiving doxorubicin and 91 of the 94 receiving PIAF were assessable for response. The overall response rates in the doxorubicin and PIAF groups were 10.5% (95% CI = 3.9% to 16.9%) and 20.9% (95% CI = 12.5% to 29.2%), respectively. Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and hypokalemia were statistically significantly more common in patients treated with PIAF than in patients treated with doxorubicin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although patients on PIAF had a higher overall response rate and better survival than patients on doxorubicin, the differences were not statistically significant. PIAF was also associated with increased treatment-related toxicity. The prognosis of patients with unresectable HCC remains poor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Winnie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: Tony S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.forename: Benny
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zee
authors.forename: Thomas W T
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Paul B S
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Wan Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Frankie K F
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.forename: Simon C H
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Anthony T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Pun
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: Brigette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Kwok C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Wing M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Herman T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004317:Doxorubicin; D002945:Cisplatin; D005472:Fluorouracil