title: The precise location and nature of the nerves to the male human urethra: histological and immunohistochemical studies with three-dimensional reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The precise location, origin and nature of nerve fibers innervating the male urethral sphincter have not been clearly established. Classical anatomical studies based on cadaver dissections have provided conflicting results concerning the location of somatic and autonomic nerve fibers. This study was designed to identify nerve fibers innervating the male urethral sphincter and to provide a three-dimensional representation of their tissue relations in the human male fetus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histology and immunohistochemistry (Hematein-Eosin-Safran, Luxol Fast Blue, Protein S 100 immunolabeling and smooth fibers actin immunolabeling) were performed in male external urethral sphincter of ten male fetuses (114-342 mm crown-rump length). Three-dimensional reconstruction of the urethral structure and innervation were obtained from serial sections using Surf Driver 3.5.3 software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three-dimensional reconstruction of the same section levels with different strains allowed to identify the precise structure of the muscular layers and the nature of nervous elements (myelinated and unmyelinated), their distributions and their relations with the urethral wall, the prostate and the seminal vesicles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Histological and immunohistochemical three-dimensional reconstruction of the nervous elements of the urethral sphincter gives a very didactical understanding of the three dimensional arrangement of the urethral nerves and their relationships with the urethral layers. It allows a better understanding of the origin, the course and the nature of the nervous elements participating in the urinary continence.
authors.affiliation: Université René Descartes--Faculté de Médecine Paris V Institut d'Anatomie des Saints Pères, France. karam-ibrahim@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karam
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Droupy
authors.forename: Issam
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Abd-Alsamad
authors.forename: Aiham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Korbage
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Uhl
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benoît
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Delmas
mesh_terms: D005333:Fetus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D036421:Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated; D014521:Urethra / Q000294:innervation*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000033:anatomy & histology