title: Bandwidth constraints to using video and other rich media in behavior change websites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Web-based behavior change interventions often include rich media (eg, video, audio, and large graphics). The rationale for using rich media includes the need to reach users who are not inclined or able to use text-based website content, encouragement of program engagement, and following the precedent set by news and sports websites.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We describe the development of a bandwidth usage index, which seeks to provide a practical method to gauge the extent to which websites can successfully be used within different Internet access scenarios (eg, dial-up and broadband).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted three studies to measure bandwidth consumption. In Study 1, we measured the bandwidth usage index for three video-rich websites (for smoking cessation, for caregivers, and for improving eldercare by family members). We then estimated the number of concurrent users that could be accommodated by each website under various Internet access scenarios. In Study 2, we sought to validate our estimated threshold number of concurrent users by testing the video-rich smoking cessation website with different numbers of concurrent users. In Study 3, we calculated the bandwidth usage index and threshold number of concurrent users for three versions of the smoking cessation website: the video-rich version (tested in Study 1), an audio-rich version, and a Web-enabled CD-ROM version in which all media-rich content was placed on a CD-ROM on the client computer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Study 1, we found that the bandwidth usage index of the video-rich websites ranged from 144 Kbps to 93 Kbps. These results indicated that dial-up modem users would not achieve a "good user experience" with any of the three rich media websites. Results for Study 2 confirmed that usability was compromised when the estimated threshold number of concurrent users was exceeded. Results for Study 3 indicated that changing a website from video- to audio-rich content reduced the bandwidth requirement by almost 50%, but it remained too large to allow satisfactory use in dial-up modem scenarios. The Web-enabled CD-ROM reduced bandwidth requirements such that even a dial-up modem user could have a good user experience with the rich media content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the bandwidth usage index represents a practical tool that can help developers and researchers to measure the bandwidth requirements of their websites as well as to evaluate the feasibility of certain website designs in terms of specific use cases. These findings are discussed in terms of reaching different groups of users as well accommodating the intended number of concurrent users. We also discuss the promising option of using Web-enabled CD-ROMs to deliver rich media content to users with dial-up Internet access. We introduce a number of researchable themes for improving our ability to develop Web-based behavior change interventions that can better deliver what they promise.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR 97403, USA. briand@ori.org
authors.forename: Brian G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Danaher
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jazdzewski
authors.forename: H Garth
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.forename: Clinton R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hudson
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D003146:Communications Media; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008490:Medical Informatics; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010820:Physicians; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D012984:Software; D014584:User-Computer Interface