title: Individual differences in male body-image: an examination of self-objectification in recreational body builders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Male bodybuilders have been found previously to have higher levels of disordered eating and body-image disturbance than do other men. This study investigated whether objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) could be used to explain these observed differences in male body-image.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, self-report design was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three samples of men were recruited: bodybuilders (N = 31), weightlifters (N = 17), and non-athletic controls (N = 35). Participants completed a questionnaire containing measures of self-objectification, self-surveillance, body shame, appearance anxiety, and four outcomes: body dissatisfaction, drive for muscularity, bulimia, and depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As predicted, bodybuilders had significantly higher levels of self-objectification than weightlifters and controls, and higher levels of body dissatisfaction and drive for muscularity than controls. Overall, the relationships between self-objectification and the outcome variables, and self-surveillance and the outcome variables, were mediated by appearance anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bodybuilding is associated with outcomes that suggest it may not result in greater overall health for men. It was concluded that objectification theory provides a useful framework for examining body-image differences in men.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hallsworth
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: Marika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tiggemann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001828:Body Image; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D011998:Recreation; D012016:Reference Values; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012752:Shame; D014891:Weight Lifting / Q000523:psychology*