title: Erysipelas in the critically endangered kakapo (Strigops habroptilus).
abstract: This paper describes the effect of a disease outbreak on the success of a translocation for conservation management in a critically endangered species. Three juvenile kakapo from a group of 19 translocated birds died within 72 h of transport between New Zealand offshore islands. Clinical findings, gross necropsy changes, cytology, histopathology and bacterial culture confirmed systemic disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. On the island from which the kakapo were sourced, positive cultures of E. rhusiopathiae were obtained from the medulla of the ulna from 10 out of 15 seabird carcasses examined, suggesting that this could be the source of infection for the kakapo. Immediately after the diagnosis, all of the translocated birds were re-captured and treated with antibiotics. A vaccination programme has commenced using a commercial killed bacterin developed for turkeys. The disease outbreak has had costly implications for the population and conservation management of the species. This is the first report of erysipelas in wild parrots, and the first report of the management of erysipelas in a critically endangered wild population of birds.
authors.affiliation: New Zealand Wildlife Health Centre, Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Private Bag 11222, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. B.Gartrell@massey.ac.nz
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Gartrell
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Alley
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Donald
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McInnes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jansen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D004886:Erysipelas / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D004888:Erysipelothrix; D006652:Histological Techniques / Q000662:veterinary; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D010311:Parrots; D014457:Ulna / Q000382:microbiology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary*