title: Clinicopathological study of depth of subserosal invasion in patients with pT2 gallbladder carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined whether depth of subserosal cancer invasion predicts lymph node involvement and survival in gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) patients with pathologicial subserosal invasion (pT2), to explore which patients benefit from radical second resection among patients with inapparent pT2 tumor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects comprised 31 patients with pT2 GBC. Thickness of the subserosal layer and vertical length of carcinoma invasion into the subserosa were measured under microscopy. Depth of subserosal invasion was divided subjectively into three categories: ss1, ss2, and ss3 (invasion of upper, middle, and lower thirds of the subserosal layer, respectively). Relationships between subserosal subclassification, histopathological factors, and prognosis were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subserosal layers were significantly thicker (P < 0.001) in portions with cancer invasion (5.46 +/- 0.68 mm; range 1.0 approximately 13.75 mm) than those without cancer invasion (1.89 +/- 0.16 mm, range, 0.88 approximately 4.50 mm). Depth of carcinoma invasion into subserosa was 4.20 +/- 0.65 mm (range, 0.25 approximately 12.5 mm). Rate of lymphatic permeation, venous permeation, and lymph node involvement significantly increased with deeper subserosal invasion (P = 0.014, P = 0.027, P = 0.018, respectively). Among histopathological factors examined, only subserosal subclassification had a significant correlation with presence or absence of lymph node metastasis. Further, there was a significant correlation (P = 0.043) between the degree of subserosal invasion (ss1, ss2, and ss3) and involved nodal disease (pN0, pN1, and pM1 [lymph]). Although 5-year survival rates, according to the degree of subserosal invasion, tended to decrease with deeper invasion into the subserosal layer (ss1, 83.3%; ss2, 62.5%; ss3, 50.0%), no significant differences were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pathological characteristics tend to become more aggressive with increasing depth of subserous carcinoma invasion in pT2 GBC. Depth of subserosal invasion is a predictor of presence and degree of lymph node metastasis in pT2 GBC. A sampling biopsy of the para-aortic nodes is recommended for inapparent pT2 GBC patients with subserosal invasion beyond one-thirds of the subserosal layer when they undergo radical second resection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery I, and Division of Pathology, Department of Central Clinical Laboratory, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan. rsasaki@iwate-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Ryoko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uesugi
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Itabashi
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoshikawa
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Funato
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nitta
authors.forename: Tamotsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugai
authors.forename: Senji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanno
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D002277:Carcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate