title: Is it safe to perform cardiac catheterizations on adults with congenital heart disease in a pediatric catheterization laboratory?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the complication rate during the catheterization in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) in a pediatric catheterization laboratory (PCL).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  An increasing number of patients with CHD are surviving into adulthood, with diagnostic and interventional cardiac catheterization being essential for the management of their disease. The complication rate during the catheterization of adults with CHD has not been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was performed on all adult patients (>18 years) with CHD who underwent diagnostic or interventional catheterization in our PCL within the past 8.5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 576 procedures were performed on 436 adult patients (median age 26 years). Complex heart disease was present in 387/576 (67%) procedures. An isolated atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale was present in 115/576 (20%) procedures, and 51/576 (9%) procedures were performed on patients with structurally normal hearts with arrhythmias. Interventional catheterization was performed in 378/576 (66%) procedures. There were complications during 61/576 (10.6%) procedures; 19 were considered major and 42 minor. Major complications were death (1), ventricular fibrillation (1), hypotension requiring inotropes (7), atrial flutter (3), retroperitoneal hematoma, pneumothorax, hemothorax, aortic dissection, renal failure, myocardial ischemia and stent malposition (1 each). The most common minor complications were vascular entry site hematomas and hypotension not requiring inotropes. Procedures performed on patients > or = 45 years of age had a 19% occurrence of complications overall compared with 9% occurrence rate in patients of age < 45 years (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The complication rate during the catheterization of adults with CHD in a PCL is similar to the complication rate of children with CHD undergoing cardiac catheterization. The older subset of patients are more likely to encounter complications overall. The encountered complications could be handled effectively in the PCL. With screening in place, it is safe to perform cardiac catheterization on most adults with CHD in a PCL.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garekar
authors.forename: Melissa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Paules
authors.forename: Surendranath V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanjeev
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wynne
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Karpawich
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Forbes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D003325:Coronary Care Units; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies