title: Tumors of the lateral and third ventricle: removal under endoscope-assisted keyhole conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intraventricular tumors usually are managed by approaches and microsurgical techniques that need retraction and dissection of important brain structures. Minimally invasive endoscopic procedures achieve a remarkable alternative to conventional microneurosurgical techniques. Endoscope-assisted microneurosurgery may be a minimally invasive technique with maximally effective treatment. Using the keyhole concept for planning the surgical strategy, the reduction of the brain retraction is achieved, which is one of the main benefits of this technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  We treated 35 patients (16 female patients and 19 male patients) with tumors in the lateral (n = 8) and the third (n = 27) ventricle. Patient age at the date of surgery ranged from 5 to 73 years. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 83 months. The tumors were operated on using transcortical, transcallosal, or suboccipital transtentorial or infratentorial supracerebellar approaches after precise planning of the skin incision, the trephination, and the trajectory to the center of the tumor, performed earlier with a magnetic resonance imaging scan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total removal of the tumor was achieved in 28 patients (78.5%). In 2 patients (6.5%), recurrent tumor occurred. In 5 patients (15%), parts of the tumors remained because of infiltration of eloquent areas. Overall clinical improvement was achieved in 31 patients (87%). Three patients (10%) were unchanged and 1 patient (3%) deteriorated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscope-assisted keyhole neurosurgery seems to be a safe method of removing tumors in all regions inside the ventricular system with a low risk of permanent neurological deficits. The exact surgical corridor planning on the basis of the keyhole strategy offers less traumatic exposure of even deep-seated endoventricular tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany. charalampaki@yahoo.de
authors.forename: Patra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Charalampaki
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Filippi
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Welschehold
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perneczky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002551:Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008488:Medical Illustration; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D009873:Operating Rooms; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000379:methods*