title: Depressive-like effects of the kappa-opioid receptor agonist salvinorin A on behavior and neurochemistry in rats.
abstract: Endogenous opioids seem to play a critical role in the regulation of mood states. For example, there is accumulating evidence that stimulation of kappa-opioid receptors, upon which the endogenous opioid dynorphin acts, can produce depressive-like behaviors in laboratory animals. Here we examined whether systemic administration of salvinorin A (SalvA), a potent and highly selective kappa-opioid agonist, would produce depressive-like effects in the forced swim test (FST) and intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) test, which are behavioral models often used to study depression in rats. We extracted, isolated, and purified SalvA from Salvia divinorum plant leaves and examined its effects on behavior in the FST and ICSS test across a range of doses (0.125-2.0 mg/kg) after systemic (intraperitoneal) administration. SalvA dose dependently increased immobility in the FST, an effect opposite to that of standard antidepressant drugs. Doses of SalvA that produced these effects in the FST did not affect locomotor activity in an open field. Furthermore, SalvA dose dependently elevated ICSS thresholds, an effect similar to that produced by treatments that cause depressive symptoms in humans. At a dose that caused the depressive-like effects in both the FST and ICSS assays, SalvA decreased extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) within the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a critical component of brain reward circuitry, without affecting extracellular concentrations of serotonin (5-HT). These data provide additional support for the hypothesis that stimulation of brain kappa-opioid receptors triggers depressive-like signs in rats and raise the possibility that decreases in extracellular concentrations of DA within the NAc contribute to these effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, MRC 217, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478. bcarlezon@mclean.harvard.edu
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Carlezon
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Béguin
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: DiNieri
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: Michele R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Todtenkopf
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: Zhongze
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: David Y-W
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045785:Diterpenes, Clerodane; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000819:agonists*; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D013550:Swimming / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D045785:Diterpenes, Clerodane; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; D012701:Serotonin; C090499:salvinorin A; D004298:Dopamine