title: Selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor induces indefinite survival of fully allogeneic cardiac grafts and generates CD4+ regulatory cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 has been reported to have not only anti-inflammatory effects but also effects on the immune response. We investigated ability of a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor to inhibit alloimmune response in a murine cardiac transplantation model.
  
  
  METHODS
  CBA (H2(k)) mice underwent transplantation of C57BL/10 (H2(b)) hearts. On the day of transplantation, the recipients received either no treatment or single administration of aspirin (a cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 inhibitor) or the selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor NS-398. Naive CBA mice (secondary recipients) underwent adoptive transfer of splenocytes from treated mice with long-surviving grafts (primary recipients) to determine whether regulatory cells developed after NS-398 treatment. Histologic, cell-proliferation, and cytokine studies were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Untreated CBA mice rejected C57BL/10 cardiac grafts acutely (median survival time, 8 days). The majority of recipients given aspirin rejected their grafts within 20 days (median survival time, 11 days). In mice given NS-398, the majority of the grafts survived indefinitely (median survival time, >100 days). Secondary CBA recipients given CD4+ splenocytes from primary CBA recipients treated with NS-398 also had indefinite survival of C57BL/10 hearts (median survival time, >60 days). Graft acceptance and proliferative hyporesponsiveness were also confirmed by the histologic and cell-proliferation studies, respectively. Production of interleukin 4 and 10 from splenocytes of the recipients treated with NS-398 were significantly higher than that from untreated recipients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our model administration of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor induced indefinite survival of fully mismatched cardiac grafts and generated CD4+ regulatory cells. Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor could warrant consideration for use as an immunomodulating agent in clinical transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery of Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Aramaki
authors.forename: Tadatoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: Seigo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Motohide
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimazu
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitajima
authors.forename: Yoshifumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Nozomu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shirasugi
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niimi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D013449:Sulfonamides; C080955:N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide