title: Effects of non toxic doses of acyclovir on nitric oxide and cellular death responses in herpesvirus types 1 and 2 infected hep-2 cells.
abstract: Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and type-2 (HSV-2) are among the most "successful" pathogens and code for a variety of proteins to direct the apoptosis/necrosis responses of the cells they infect. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important intracellular signaling molecule in pathological processes. Acyclovir (ACV) is a chain terminator that targets the viral DNA polymerase as an antiviral agent. In this study, NO signals, and apoptosis/necrosis responses of HEp-2 cells were compared when infected by HSV-1 and -2 for 24 hours against non toxic doses (starting from 48.8, 24.4, 12.2, 6.1, 3 to 1.5 microg/mL) of ACV. In 48.8, 24.4 and 12.2 microg/mL of ACV, HSV-1 had an "upregulating effect" whereas HSV-2 had a "downregulating effect" on NO production, and in 6.1, 3 and 1.5 microg/mL of ACV HSV-1 had a "down-regulating effect" whereas HSV-2 had an "upregulating effect" on NO responses (HSV-1 had a "downregulating effect" on NO production whereas HSV-2 had an "upregulating effect" on NO production without any ACV). In 48.8, 24.4 and 12.2 microg/mL of ACV, HSV-1 had an "anti-apoptotic effect" whereas HSV-2 had a stimulation on "apoptotic effect", and in 6.1, 3 and 1.5 microg/mL of ACV HSV-1 had an "apoptotic effect" and HSV-2 turned to "its natural viral apoptotic effect level" (HSV-1 had an "natural viral apoptotic effect" whereas HSV-2 had a "natural viral apoptotic effect" on apoptosis response without any ACV). In 48.8, and 24.4 microg/mL of ACV, HSV-1 had significant "necrotic effect" on necrotic cellular death, "necrosis" increased in 12.2, 6.1, 3 and 1.5 microg/mL of ACV (HSV-1 had a negligible "necrotic effect" on HEp-2 cells alone), and HSV-2 had a "natural viral necrotic effect" alone; and also in all non toxic ACV concentrations. These results showed that HSV-1 and -2 had different "strategies" on apoptosis/necrosis and NO with and without non toxic ACV. These differences deserve further studies in order to explain the interactions between apoptotic/anti apoptotic, necrotic genes and NO, and ACV in HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti, 35340, Izmir, Turkey. huseyin.baskin@deu.edu.tr [corrected]
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baskin
authors.forename: Zafer
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yazici
authors.forename: Yasemin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baskin
authors.forename: Nur
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Olgun
authors.forename: Aykut
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozkul
authors.forename: I Hakki
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Bahar
mesh_terms: D000212:Acyclovir / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003588:Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009336:Necrosis; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000212:Acyclovir